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Syed Abid Husain

2026-05-07T10:29:06Z

Shirttheory: Created New Entry

{{Short description|Indian educator and philosopher (1896–1978)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Syed Abid Husain
| image = Syed Abid Husain.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Manzoor Husain
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1896|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|12|13|1896|07|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| education = [[University of Allahabad]], [[Muir Central College]], [[University of Berlin]]
| notable_works = ''The National Culture of India'', ''The Destiny of Indian Muslims''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1956), [[Padma Bhushan]] (1957)
| spouse = {{marriage|Shafat Fatima|1917}},{{marriage|[[Saliha Abid Hussain]]|1933}}
|thesis_title =
|thesis_year =
|doctoral_advisor = [[Eduard Spranger]]
}}
'''Syed Abid Husain''' (25 July 1896 - 13 December 1978) was an Indian academic, author, educator, and philosopher, who played a crucial role in the development of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. He taught philosophy and led several administrative responsibilities for over 30 years at the university, and shaped the making of the policies and programs. He was an alumnus of [[University of Allahabad]] and [[Muir Central College]], and had obtained his PhD from the [[University of Berlin]], where he studied under [[Eduard Spranger]].

Husain wrote 18 books in English and Urdu, and translated 24 books, including [[Immanuel Kant]]'s ''Critique of Pure Reason'' and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[Glimpses of World History]]''. His works include ''Musalman aur asri masa'il'' and ''The way of Gandhi and Nehru''. He founded the Islamic and the Modern Age Society. He contributed to Indo-German intellectual history with his focus on German educational reform ideas and social theories, which he implemented at the Jamia Millia Islamia. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1956, and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1957 for his contributions to literature. [[Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School]] at the Jamia is named after him.

==Early life and education==
Abid Husain was born Manzoor Husain, in [[Bhopal]] on 25 July 1896, coinciding with the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] date of 14 [[Safar]] 1314.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=26}}{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=10}} His forefathers came from [[Tirmiz]], and settled in India.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=9}}

Husain received his early education at the Jahangiria High School in Bhopal and completed high school at [[University of Allahabad]], being one of the seven students with the top first rank.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=47}} He completed his senior secondary education at the [[Muir Central College]], studying science and mathematics.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=10}} He received a monthly scholarship of 10 rupees from [[Hamidullah Khan]] since his senior classes at the school, which continued throughout his higher education, together with a monthly grant of 20 rupees from his elder brother Nasrullah Khan.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=49}}

Husain completed his undergraduate studies in 1920 with a Bachelor of Arts, having studied English, Persian, and philosophy, and secured top first rank in the entire university.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=11}} Continuing existing scholarship grants, Hamidullah Khan offered him an additional monthly scholarship of 30 rupees for an MA in English, while also receiving several other scholarships.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=60}} He briefly enrolled at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] for an M.A. but could not continue due to the political situation.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=11}} He then enrolled at Oxford for an Honours, completing the foundational subjects in a span of six months, subsequently moving to Berlin, Germany, due to lack of financial resources.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=70}}

Husain initially enrolled at the [[University of Berlin]] as a visitor student, learning the German language in a period of three months.{{Sfn|Husain|1984|p=70}} He subsequently did his PhD under the supervision of [[Eduard Spranger]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jan |first1=Svenja Von |title=Entangled Biographies: Non-elite South Asian Migrants to Northern Europe in the Interwar Period |journal=Südasien-Chronik - South Asia Chronicle |date=2019 |issue=9 |page=226}}</ref> and completed his doctoral thesis in 1926 in which he explored the education theory of [[Herbert Spencer]].{{Sfn|Pernau|2023|p=1129}}{{Sfn|Jan|2019|p=227}} He was also conferred with an honorary D. Litt by the [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]].{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=8}}

==Personal life==
Husain was married off to his cousin Shafat Fatima in 1917,{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=10}} though he felt he was forced into this marriage and saw it as incompatible.{{Sfn|Alam|2010|p=667}}. His father insisted on a second marriage since the couple had no children, which he ignored, and went to Europe for his higher studies. Upon his return, his father insisted again, and Husain did not initially agree due to his dislike for polygyny and his desire not to have children. He subsequently considered marrying again only because he felt his current marriage lacked love, companionship, and a stable home life.{{Sfn|Alam|2010|p=667}}

Husain then sought to marry Misdaq Fatima, famously known as [[Saliha Abid Hussain]], who was reluctant to accept the marriage offer because she believed that he was marrying only because his father was demanding an heir, which she perceived as an insult to herself. She then realised Husain's dislike for polygyny, and the consent of his first wife for this marriage. He intended to remain legally married to his first wife and continue supporting her, and he would not proceed without Saliha's acceptance.{{Sfn|Alam|2010|p=667}} The two married in 1933.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=10}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fatima |first1=Nuzhat |title=صالحہ عابد حسین بحیثیت ناول نگار |date=1974 |publisher=Nami Press Lucknow |page=11 |language=ur |trans-title=Saliha Abid Hussain as a novelist}}</ref> Both of the wives maintained a friendly and sisterly relationship with each other.{{Sfn|Alam|2010|p=667}}

==Career==
===Jamia Millia Islamia===
[[File:Jamia Millia Islamia University - India Stamp 1970.jpg|thumb|1970 postal stamp, Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] moved to Delhi from Aligarh in March 1925, and many people left its service, believing that the university should have remained in Aligarh.{{Sfn|Mohsini|2012|p=50}} The shift affected Jamia's courses and resources, with Jamia's most notable Arts and Crafts being discontinued alongside BA and BSc courses.{{Sfn|Mohsini|2012|p=51}} Husain was part of a triumvirate with [[Mohammad Mujeeb]] and [[Zakir Husain]] that shaped the future of the university.{{Sfn|Nizami|2011|p=205}} They responded to an appeal of [[Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]],{{Sfn|McDonough|2001|p=151}} committing to development and foundation of the Jamia.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Al-Hamarneh |editor1-first=Ala |editor2-last=Thielmann |editor2-first=Jörn |title=Islam and Muslims in Germany |date=31 January 2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789047430001 |page=304 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/17850}}</ref>

The three friends joined Jamia in February 1926, with "their arrival bringing a sense of hope to the university."{{Sfn|Mohsini|2012|p=51}} Zakir Husain, who later on became the president of India, took over as [[List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia's vice-chancellor]] on 15 March 1926, while Abid Husain was appointed as the [[Registrar (education)|registrar]], and Mujeeb becoming a teacher of history and politics.{{Sfn|Mohsini|2012|p=51}}

Husain taught philosophy to the BA students and the Urdu language at the Jamia school, and received a monthly stipend of INR 200, which was then reduced to INR 100.{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=12}} He served as an officiating vice-chancellor in the absence of Zakir Husain.{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=79-80}} Husain in particular utilised Spranger's educational phlilosophy, implementing them at the Jamia schools, university, and across his advisory roles in the policy-making institutions, playing a crucial role in adaptation, cultural translation, and transformation in the Indo-German intellectual history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Razak |title=Rethinking “National Culture” of India: An Entangled Indo-German Intellectual History |url=https://trafo.hypotheses.org/5729 |publisher=TRAFO – Blog for Transregional Research |date=16 January 2017}}</ref> His intellectual focus was on German social theory and educational reform ideas from the early 1900s, which differed from the British liberal trends of that era.{{Sfn|Khan|2020|p=295}} He was appointed as a principal of Jamia school after the death of E.J. Kellat in 1949, a role he served until his return from Germany.{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=81}} He retired from the university after thirty years of service,{{Sfn|McDonough|2001|p=156}} after having played a crucial role in shaping its policies and programs.{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=8}}

===Beyond Jamia===
In 1930, he took a leave from Jamia to collaborate with [[Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)|Abdul Haq]] at [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] on an English-Urdu dictionary and translation projects. He returned to Delhi three years later in 1933, working remotely for the Anjuman at a monthly stipend of INR 200.{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=79-80}} According to a 10 June 1963 letter of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], which he addressed to [[S. K. Dey]], Husain was deputed as a community development expert to the [[Government of Turkey]], providing the services for about a year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palat |first1=Madhavan K. |title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-012417-2 |page=473 |url=https://nehruarchive.in/documents/to-s-k-dey-abid-hussain-in-turkey-10-june-1963-9n6wy}}</ref>

Husain was appointed a member of the [[Official Languages Commission]], which was constituted in 1955. He then served as a director of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]'s Department of Education from 1957 to 1960.{{Sfn|McDonough|2001|p=156}}{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=83}} Afterwards, at the behest of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=84}}, he served as a literary advisor to the [[All India Radio]] from 1960 to 1967,{{Sfn|McDonough|2001|p=156}} resigining before March 1968.{{Sfn|Ram|1974|pp=84}}

===Journals===
Husain was appointed as the editor of the ''Risalah Jamia'', and he started a fortnightly, ''Payam-e-Taleem'', to share the Jamia's works and objectives with the public.{{Sfn|Nizami|2011|p=205}} The labor associated with the two journals was divided in 1930, with ''Jamia'' serving adults, while ''Payam-e-Taleem'' became a children's journal.{{Sfn|Pernau|2023|p=1132}} He was subsequently given the administrative responsibilities of the Department of Writing and Compilation.{{Sfn|Nizami|2011|p=205}}

Husain started a weekly ''Nai Roshni'' (New Light), the first edition of which was published on 16 June 1948.{{Sfn|Wasey|Ehsas|2006|pp=11}} He founded the Islamic and the Modern Age Society, and started academic journals including ''Islam aur Asr-i-Jadeed'' and ''Islam and the Modern Age'', to explore the role of religions and religious thought to overcome [[materialism]].{{Sfn|Wasey|Ehsas|2006|pp=9-10}}

===Rockefeller Foundation fellowship===
In 1954-55, Husain received a fellowship from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to facilitate work on minority and national culture in India, allowing him to revise and translate his own three-volume work ''Hindustani qaumiyat aur qaumi tahzib'' (''Indian Nationalism and National Culture''), to explore and examine the historical impact of Islam and the Muslim community in India. The Urdu edition was revised as ''Qaumi tahzib ka maslah'', translated as ''The Question of National Culture''. He had originally written this book in 1946, before the [[Partition of India]]. He spent the fellowship time with his teacher Spranger in [[Tübingen]].{{Sfn|Khan|2017}}

== Books ==
Husain was an Urdu litterateur who has been described as a front-rank thinker and scholar, "who authored several books of high academic value and national importance".{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=8}} He wrote about 18 original books, both in English and Urdu, and translated about 24 books,{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|pp=95-98}} in the genres of biography, literature, philosophy, and social sciences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |isbn=9788126018031 |page=8}}</ref> He analysed and evaluated "movements outside the conventional category of religion" in his works.<ref name="mushir"/>

===Original works===
Husain was an Urdu playwright and authored dramas including ''Parda-i-Ghaflat'' ({{translation|The Veil of Ignorance}}) and ''Shareer Ladka'' ({{translation|The Wicked Boy}}).{{Sfn|Husain|1980|p=3}} ''Parda-i-Ghaflat'' explored the effect and impact of the seclusion of women inside homes, and initiated social reform discourses, particularly related to women's access to modern education,{{Sfn|Khan|2020|p=298}} while ''Shareer Ladka'' examined the mental and emotional struggles of teenagers through the story of a teacher’s new approach to instruction, highlighting how using theater as a teaching method provided a unique and creative way to improve education.{{Sfn|Khan|2020|p=304}} He authored ''Qaumī tahzīb kā masʼalah'' (''National Culture of India''), for which he was awarded the Sahitya Academy Award in 1956.{{Sfn|Husain|1980|p=3}}. His 1965 work ''The Destiny of Indian Muslims'' explored potential future outcomes of the Muslim community in India, and tried to help resolve the challenges that they had been facing after the 1947 [[Partition of India]].<ref name="brill" />

Husain's other works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ḥusain, Sayyid ʻĀbid 1896-1978 |url=https://viaf.org/en/viaf/30508443 |website=viaf.org |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|pp=95-98}}
* ''Bazmi- Be-takalluf''
* ''Compulsory education in India; Progress of compulsory education in India, 1951-1966'', co-authored with [[Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain]], and [[Jayant Pandurang Naik]].
* ''[[Gandhi]] and communal unity''
* ''Hindustani Qawmiyat aur Qawmi tahzīb'' (3 volumes)
* ''MusalmanoN ki Talim aur Jamia Millia''
* ''Musalman aur asri masa'il''.
* ''The way of Gandhi and Nehru''
* ''What is general education?''

===Translations===
Husain was a high-volume translator. He contributed to several translation projects of the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]].{{Sfn|Khan|2020|p=300}}. He translated works from English, German, and French into Urdu.<ref name="mushir">{{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mushirul |title=Muslim Intellectuals, Institutions and the Post-Colonial Predicament |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1995 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=114 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23003714}}</ref>. His translations include:{{Sfn|Husain|1980|p=3}}{{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|pp=95-98}}
* ''[[Faust, Part One]]''
* ''Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem'', Urdu translation of [[Zakir Husain]]'s ''Educational reconstruction in India''.
* ''Jag Jeeti'', two volume translation of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[Glimpses of World History]]''.
* ''Nafsiyat-e-Unfawan-i-Shabab'', Urdu translation of [[Eduard Spranger]]'s ''Psychology of the Youth''.
* ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]''
* ''Talash-i-Hind'', Urdu translation of Jawaharlal Nehru's ''[[The Discovery of India]]''
* ''Talash-i-Haq'', Urdu translation of ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'', autobiography of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* ''Tarikh Falsafa-i-Islam'', originally written as ''The History of Philosophy in Islam'' by T.J. de Boer in German language.
* ''Tanqeed Aql-i-Mahaz'', Urdu translation of Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''
* ''Wilhelm Meister'' - two volumes

==Reception and awards==
Husain, together with [[Mohammad Mujeeb]], propounded an alternative to [[composite nationalism]] and secularism,{{Sfn|Gautier|2019|p=244}} promoting a conception that the Indian Muslim community did not confine to a separate community, which was very distinct from the [[Composite Nationalism and Islam|thoughts of Deobandi scholars]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=Laurence |title=A Laboratory for a Composite India? Jamia Millia Islamia around the time of partition |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=31 July 2019 |volume=54 |issue=1 |page=243 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000161 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/laboratory-for-a-composite-india-jamia-millia-islamia-around-the-time-of-partition/24BFB3822F6EA7E90C4EAEBEECD287E3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

In 1956, Husain received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Urdu, and a year later, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], third-highest civilian award in India. He received the Sahitya Kala Parishad Award in 1973.<ref name=brill>{{cite book |author1=Mushirul Hasan |author1-link=Mushirul Hasan |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=Denis |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Stewart |editor5-first=Devin J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/SIM-0242.xml |chapter=Abid Husain}}</ref> [[Mushirul Hasan]] described him as a Muslim intellectual whose work focused on interfaith relations and the promotion of liberal Islamic principles.<ref name="brill" />

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Syed Abid Hussain Senior Secondary School, Jamia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School at the Jamia Millia Islamia]]
Husain was diagnosed with a [[bladder cancer]] in 1974. He died of this on 13 December 1978, and was buried in the cemetery of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. {{Sfn|Hashmi|1995|p=15-16}} The [[Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School]] at Jamia Millia Islamia is named after him.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources cited===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Asiya |title=Polygyny, Family and Sharafat: Discourses amongst North Indian Muslims, circa 1870–1918 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=9 November 2010 |volume=45 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000168 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/polygyny-family-and-sharafat-discourses-amongst-north-indian-muslims-circa-18701918/4FFB8A093D5A9A817A1D39B06DD56C3D |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hashmi |first1=Ubaidur Rahman |title=سید عابد حسین |date=1995 |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |isbn=81-7201-797-9 |language=ur |trans-title=Syed Abid Husain}}
* {{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Syed Abid |editor1-last=Mehdi |editor1-first=Sughra |title=حیات عابد |date=December 1984 |publisher=Maktaba Jamia |location=New Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Life of Abid}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Husain |first1=Shehbaz |title=Aabid Husain Number |journal=Aaj Kal |date=June 1980 |volume=38 |issue=11 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Razak |title=Entanglements of Translation: Psychology, Pedagogy, and Youth Reform in German and Urdu |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |date=2020 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages= 295–308|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-abstract/40/2/295/166274/Entanglements-of-TranslationPsychology-Pedagogy |doi=10.1215/1089201X-8524226}}
* {{cite book |last1=McDonough |first1=Sheila |editor1-last=Bairo |editor1-first=Robert D. |title=Religion in Modern India |date=2001 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |pages=144-165 |edition=4th |chapter=The Spirit of the Jamia Millia Islamia as Exemplified in the Writings of S. Abid Husain}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mohsini |first1=Shamsur Rahman |title=ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کی قومی تعلیمی تحریک جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ |date=2012 |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] |isbn=978-81-7587-788-7 |language=ur |trans-title=National Educational Movement of Indian Muslims: Jamia Millia Islamia}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nizami |first1=Zafar Ahmad |author1-link=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=معماران جامعہ |date=2011 |publisher=Maktaba Jamia |isbn=978-81-7587-475-6 |pages=197-216 |language=ur |chapter=Dr Syed Abid Husain |trans-title=Makers of the Jamia}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pernau |first1=Margrit |title=Education among Indian Muslims. Jamia Millia Islamia's journal Payām-e taʿlīm |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=3 August 2023 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=1-17 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/education-among-indian-muslims-jamia-millia-islamias-journal-payame-talim/80501AE390037C956A7620E64897CCF7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Malik |editor1-last=Ram |editor1-first=Malik |editor1-link=Malik Ram |title=نذر عابد |date=1974 |publisher=Majlis Nazr-i-Abid |location=New Delhi |language=ur |chapter=Dr Syed Abid Husain}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Wasey |editor1-first=Akhtarul |editor2-last=Ehsas |editor2-first=Farhat |editor1-link=Akhtarul Wasey |title=سید عابد حسین: تہذیبی و سیاسی بصیرتیں |date=2006 |publisher=Maktabah Jamia |language=ur |trans-title=Syed Abid Husain: Cultural and Political Insights}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abid Husain, Syed Abid}}
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]

ITI Township Mankapur

2026-05-07T01:59:03Z

Shirttheory: Started the location first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''ITI Township Manakur''' (also Sanchar Vihar Colony) is a township and a [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] (Notified Area Council) in [[Gonda district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Administration ==
It is a residential colony under the [[Mankapur]] Unit of ITI Limited. It is a constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

== History ==
It was established in 1983 for manufacturing Nation’s first Electronic Switching System (E-10B) in collaboration with M/S CIT-Alcatel. Mankapur started manufacturing OCB/CSN Exchanges from 1993-94 and supplied 3000 KL to BSNL/ MTNL. The plant started manufacturing Base Trans-receiver Station (BTS rack) for GSM equipment in technical collaboration with M/S ALCATEL from July 2005. The plant produces Bank Mechanization Products like Note Counting and Fake Note Detecting machines. The plant has built a new infrastructure for manufacturing LED-based products like LED solar lantern and LED street lights for rural applications, LED tube lights and decorative indoor lights for Grid-based urban applications.

Projects of national importance like Network For Spectrum (NFS) and National Population Register (NPR-40) are being executed by ITI Mankapur plant.

The Unit is proud of winning Prime Minister’s National Shram Award (viz, 11 Shram Devi & 01 Shram Shree). The Unit is ISO 9001-2008 certified and accredited with ISO 14001: 2004 Certification for Environment Management System.

==Climate ==

The climate is a subtropcal humid climate. The rainiest month is in July and the coldest month is in January.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Mankapur-weather-averages/Uttar-Pradesh/IN.aspx|title = Mankapur Monthly Climate Average, India|date = |accessdate = 4 January 2015|website = World Weather Online|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

==Education==

The township hosts three schools:
* Kendriya Vidayala<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kvitimankapur.com/|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya ITI MANKAPUR :: Home Page|publisher=Kvitimankapur.com|accessdate=4 January 2015|archive-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104102038/http://kvitimankapur.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is situated in the premises of ITI Limited, Mankapur. The school works for students' physical, mental, educational, emotional, ethical and spiritual development. The founding stone was [[Keel laying|laid]] on 24 November 1987 by Shri Dharmavir Gupta, the then Caretaker Managing Director.
* St. Michael’s Convent School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smcsmankapur.org/|title=St. Michael's Convent School-"Not for ourselves alone"|publisher=Smcsmankapur.org|accessdate=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604104632/http://www.smcsmankapur.org/|archive-date=4 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* DAV ITI Mankapur. Dayanand Adarsh Vidyalaya

== Geography ==
* [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] (30 km)
* [[Faizabad]] (50 km)
* [[Gorakhpur]] (156 km)
* [[Lucknow]] (179 km)
* [[Varanasi]] (235 km)

== Transport==
Mankapur is well connected by train and road. The nearest railway station is [[Mankapur]] Junction (4 km). The nearest airport is [[Ayodhya Airport]] (46 km).

Railway stations such as Gorakhpur, Lucknow, and Varanasi are connected with Mankapur Junction.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mankapur-junction-mur/912 MANKAPUR JUNCTION]</ref>

==Tourism==
Major tourist places near Mankapur
* Ayodhaya (35 km), Train Links <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/ayodhya-ay-to-mankapur-mur/1748/0/912|title=AY / Ayodhya to MUR / Mankapur - 10 Trains - India Rail Info - A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts|work=India Rail Info|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Varanasi]] (235 km),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/mankapur-mur-to-varanasi-bsb/912/0/334|title=MUR / Mankapur to BSB / Varanasi - 20 Trains - India Rail Info - A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts|work=India Rail Info|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Shravasti district|Shravasti]] (90 km)
* Sunauli, Nepal Border<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/sunauli-and-the-nepal-border/transport/getting-there-away|title=Transport in Sunauli & the Nepal Border - Lonely Planet Travel Information|author=|publisher=Lonelyplanet.com|accessdate=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104105125/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/sunauli-and-the-nepal-border/transport/getting-there-away|archive-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Website|http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/mankapur/196497/weather-forecast/196497|Weather in Mankapur}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Gonda district]]
[[Category:Townships in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Uttar Pradesh]]

First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry

2026-05-03T17:27:05Z

Shirttheory:

'''First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry''' could refer to one of the following cabinets headed by Indian politician [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]:
* [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)]], 1956–57, as chief minister of [[Bombay State]]
* [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)]], 1960–62, as chief minister of [[Maharashtra]]

== See also ==
* [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)]], 1957–1960, as chief minister of Bombay State
* [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)]], 1962, as chief minister of Maharashtra

{{disambiguation}}

Thane taluka

2026-05-02T13:16:58Z

Shirttheory: Created Post

{{Short description|Sub-urban area in Thane District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Thane taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra state]] in [[Konkan division]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|accessdate=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ThaneDistrictCollectorate-20150816">{{cite web|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|title=Circle Saja Revenue Village List - Tahsil Office|publisher=Thane District Collectorate|accessdate=16 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092256/http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thane taluka consists of three municipal corporations—[[Mira-Bhayandar]], [[Thane]] and [[Navi Mumbai]]—and also few small villages. These three cities lies respectively on northern, north-eastern and eastern boundaries of [[Mumbai]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Municipal corporation !! Population 2011 census <ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4165-thane-thane-maharashtra.html Thane Taluka - Thane]. Censusindia.gov.in</ref>!! Area in km2
|-
| [[Thane Municipal Corporation|Thane]] ||align="right"| 1,841,488 ||align="right"| 147
|-
| [[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation|Mira-Bhayandar]] ||align="right"| 809,378 ||align="right"| 79.4
|-
| [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation|Navi Mumbai]] ||align="right"| 1,120,547 ||align="right"| 344
|-
| 14 villages ||align="right"| 15,623 ||
|-
| Total taluka ||align="right"| 3,787,046 ||align="right"| 570 (w/o villages)
|}

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Thane Taluka has a population of 3,787,036. The sex-ratio of Thane Taluka is around 872 compared to 929 which is the state average of Maharashtra.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=XLS |url-status=live |archive-date=5 Oct 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005055324/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |language=en |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The literacy rate of Thane Taluka is 79.57% out of which 82.13% males are literate and 76.63% females are literate. The total area of Thane is 400.04 km2 with population density of 9,467 per km2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thane Taluka Population Thane, Maharashtra, List of Villages & Towns in Thane Taluka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/thane/thane-population.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Thane Taluka (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 44.07 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 22.37 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 8.73 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 6.15 |color4 = lightblue
|label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value5 = 3.01 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 2.42 |color6 = crimson
|label7 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]] |value7 = 2.27 |color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Malayalam]] |value8 = 1.69 |color8 = cornflowerblue
|label9 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value9 = 1.66 |color9 = darkslateblue
|label10 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value10 = 1.35 |color10 = royalblue
|label11 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value11 = 1.28 |color11 = steelblue
|label12 = Others |value12 = 5.00 |color12 = gray
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]] in the Thane Taluka, 44.07% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 22.37% [[Hindi]], 8.73% [[Urdu]], 6.15% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 3.01% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.42% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 2.27% [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], 1.69% [[Malayalam]], 1.66% [[Kannada language|Kannada]], 1.35% [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and 1.28% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Thane Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion" />
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|74.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|14.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|4.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|2.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.57}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.42}}
}}

==Thane district==
Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 12 million.<ref name="DNA-20140801">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-gets-its-36th-district-palghar-craved-out-of-india-s-most-populous-thane-district-2007051|title=Maharashtra gets its 36th district - Palghar; carved out of India's most populous Thane district|date=2014-08-01|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]]. The talukas Thane, [[Bhiwandi taluka|Bhiwandi]], [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]], [[Ulhasnagar taluka|Ulhasnagar]], [[Ambernath taluka|Ambernath]], [[Murbad taluka|Murbad]] and [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]] were retained in Thane district.<ref name="DNA-20140801" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thane district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Thane district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Telo, Bokaro

2026-04-30T17:29:32Z

Shirttheory: Created New Article.

{{other uses|Telo (disambiguation){{!}}Telo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Telo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India#India3
| coordinates = {{coord|23.820256|N|86.125389|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.79
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14,274
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 828403
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06549
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dumri(Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]]
| website = {{URL|bokaro.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Telo ''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Chandrapura (community development block)|Chandrapura]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bermo subdivision]] of the [[Bokaro district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=610| height=330| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|86|4|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Factory, A: Coal Mining Area Abbreviation used: TPS – Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|41|2|N|86|22|26|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Amlabad | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Amlabad]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|38|39|N|86|26|46|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Bhojudih| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhojudih]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|48|55|N|85|53|3|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Bokaro (Thermal)| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bokaro (Thermal)]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|55|22|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Kurpania| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Kurpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|57|0|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Bermo| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bermo]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|45|30|N|85|55|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jaridih Bazar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jaridih Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|12|N|86|7|31|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Telo| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Telo, Bokaro (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|47|50|N|86|6|35|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Narra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Narra, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Chandrapura| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chandrapura]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|46|16|N|86|3|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Termi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Termi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|45|52|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Bursera| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Bursera, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|9|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sijua| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sijua, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|9|32|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dugda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Dugda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|12|N|86|9|0|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bokaro Steel City| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Bokaro Steel City]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|9|8|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bandhgora| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Bandhgora]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|48|48|N|85|49|23|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gomia| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Gomia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|53|N|85|48|18|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Hasir| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Hasir]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|44|0|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Lalpania| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Lalpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|49|25|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saram| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Saram, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|50|N|85|50|39|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Tenudam-cum-Kathara| numbered20=CT| mark-title20 =[[Tenudam-cum-Kathara]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|39|55|N|86|0|58|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Bandh Dih| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Bandh Dih]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|1|12|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Jena| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Jena, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|38|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Tanr Balidih| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Tanr Balidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|52|57|N|86|6|29|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhandra| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bhandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|50|50|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Tenu| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Tenu]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|38|44|N|86|10|25|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Chas| numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] (M) |label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|46|22|N|86|0|24|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Phusro| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Phusro]] (M) |label-size27=12 |label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|47|55|N|85|58|18|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= CCL B&K Area | numbered28=A| mark-title28= [[Bokaro and Kargali Area]] (A) | label-size28=12|label-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|58|38|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= CCL Dhori Area| numbered29=A| mark-title29= [[Dhori Area]] (A) | label-size29=12|label-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|45|50|N|85|53|12|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= CCL Kathara Area| numbered30=A| mark-title30= [[Kathara Area]] (A) |label-size30=12|label-color30=#AA6666
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|45|0|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Tenughat TPS| numbered31=F| mark-title31= [[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color31=#967117
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Bokaro B TPS| numbered32=F| mark-title32= [[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B]] |shape-color32=#967117
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|7|40|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Bokaro Steel Plant| numbered33=F| mark-title33= [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] |shape-color33=#967117
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|34|41|N|86|21|35|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34= Chandankiyari| numbered34=R|mark-title34=[[Chandankiyari]] (R) |shape-color34= #C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|38|2|N|86|18|16|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35= Siyaljori| numbered35=R|mark-title35=[[Siyaljori]] (R) |shape-color35= #C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|30|56|N|86|12|9|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Pindrajora| numbered36=R|mark-title36=[[Pindrajora]] (R) |shape-color36= #C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|9|N|85|40|6|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37= Mahuatand| numbered37=R|mark-title37=[[Mahuatand]] (R) |shape-color37= #C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|36|44|N|85|56|6|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Kasmar| numbered38=R|mark-title38=[[Kasmar]] (R) |shape-color38= #C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|51|32|N|86|2|31|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Nawadih| numbered39=R|mark-title39=[[Nawadih]] (R) |shape-color39= #C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|37|17|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos40=top|label40= Petarwar| numbered40=R|mark-title40=[[Petarwar]] (R) |shape-color40= #C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|49|50|E}}| label41= Tenughat|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=left| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Tenughat Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|42|40|N|86|7|0|E}} |label42= Damodar River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=9| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|51|30|N|85|49|0|E}} |label43= Konar |labela43= River|label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 60| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|47|50|N|85|43|0|E}} |label44= Bokaro |labela44= River|label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 10| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|30|0|N|86|24|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-75| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Telo is located at {{coord|23.820256|N|86.125389|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Bokaro district consists of undulating uplands on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] with the [[Damodar River]] cutting a valley right across. It has an average elevation of {{convert|200 to 540|m}} above mean sea level. The highest hill, Lugu Pahar, rises to a height of {{convert|1070| m}}. The [[East Bokaro Coalfield]] located in the [[Bermo]]-[[Phusro]] area and small intrusions of [[Jharia Coalfield]] make Bokaro a coal rich district. In 1965, one of the largest steel manufacturing units in the country, [[Bokaro Steel Plant]], operated by [[Steel Authority of India Limited]], was set-up at [[Bokaro Steel City]]. The [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] established its first thermal power station at [[Bokaro (Thermal)]]. The {{convert|5|km}} long, {{convert|55|m}} high earthfill dam with composite masonry cum concrete spillway, [[Tenughat Dam]], across the Damodar River, is operated by the Government of Jharkhand. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1291.2|mm}}. The soil is generally infertile and agriculture is mostly rain-fed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bokaro 2011 |work= Physical features, Mines and minerals, Indistires, p 7-8 |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations | access-date = 30 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tenughat-Dam-49898.htm | title = Tenughat Dam |publisher =india9 | access-date = 30 May 2021 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Telo had a total population of 14,274, of which 7,406 (52%) were males and 6,868 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 2,127. The total number of literate persons in Telo was 8,894 (73.22% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2010_PART_B_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Bokaro, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 362286, page 114|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 9 March 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bokaro'', Telo covered an area of 12.79 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 18 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered wells, hand pumps. It had 50 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 9 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 6 maternity and child welfare centres, 9 maternity homes, 10 nursing homes, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 4 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bokaro, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 384-397| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |accessdate = 2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Telo on the [[Railways in East Central Railway ]]. It is 8 km from [[Chandrapura Junction railway station]] and 9 km from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barwadih-gomoh-passenger-53348/8626/1834/1426 | title= Barwadih Gomoh Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| accessdate = 10 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bokaro District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bokaro district]]

Kingdom of Jhalavad

2026-04-28T01:13:19Z

Shirttheory: Started some article with sources

{{Short description|Former monarchy in India (1090–1948)}}
{{About|the kingdom in Saurashtra called the Kingdom of Jhalavad|the natural and historical region|Jhalawad (region)}}
{{redirect|Jhalawad State|For the state present in hadoti region|Jhalawar State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Jhalavad
| common_name = Jhalavad
| nation =
| subdivision =
| capital = {{plainlist|* [[Patdi]] (1090–1304) [[Santalpur]] (1304–1325) [[Patdi]] (1325–1413) [[Mandal, Gujarat|Mandal]] (1413–1425) Kuva-Kanakavati (1425–1488) [[Halvad]] (1488–1735) [[Dhrangadhra]] (1735–1949)}}
| era =
| year_start = 1090
| date_start =
| title_deputy = [[Dewan]]
| year_deputy1 = 1894–1898
| deputy1 = Govindram Sawailal (''first'')
| year_deputy2 = 1945–1948
| deputy2 = G.R. Raddi (''last'')
| event_start = Established as a vassal kingdom under [[Solanki dynasty]]
| status = Vassal under [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (1090–1244) [[Sovereign State]] (1244–1808) [[Princely state]] (1858–1948)
| year_end = 1949
| date_end =
| event_end = Accession to the [[India|Indian union]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Solanki dynasty
| s1 = Limbdi State{{!}}'''1500:''' Limbdi State
| flag_p1 =
| flag_p2 = Lakhtarflag.png
| p2 = Lakhtar State{{!}}'''1943:''' Lakhtar State
| flag_p3 = Muli Flag.png
| p3 = Muli State
| flag_p4 = Chuda coa.png
| p4 = Chuda State
| p5 = Sayla
| p6 = Ramparda
| p7 = Munjpur
| flag_s1 = Limbdi State CoA.jpg
| flag_s2 = Lakhtarflag.png
| s2 = Lakhtar State{{!}}'''1604:''' Lakhtar State
| flag_s3 = Flag of Wankaner State.png
| s3 = Wankaner State{{!}}'''1620:''' Wankaner State
| flag_s4 = Wadhwan flag.svg
| s4 = Wadhwan State{{!}}'''1630:''' Wadhwan State
| flag_s5 = Flag of India.svg
| s5 = India{{!}}'''1948:''' India
| image_flag = Flag of Dhrangadhra 1911-1946.jpg
| image_coat = Dhrangadhra.jpg
| other_symbol = [[File:Dhrangadhra-Emblem-of-Raj-of-Dhrangadhra.png|Emblem of Dhrangadhra State|120px]]
| other_symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = {{plain list|
*Anatha Vajrapanjaro Mama Bahuh
*''"My Arm Protects the Defenceless"''}}
| anthem = {{plain list|
*Sri-Sakti-Prasadana Jayatu Sri-Rajah Sukhino Bhavatu Dhararyah
*''"The Noble King be the Conqueror by the Favour of Sri Sakti, the Noble Dara be Happy"''}}
| image_map = Kathiawar map.jpg
| image_map2 =
| image_map_caption = Jhalavad in kathiawad
| image_map2_caption =
| title_leader = [[Rana (title)|Maharana Raj Sahib]]
| year_leader1 = 1090–1126
| leader1 = Harpaldev (''first'')
| year_leader2 = 1942–1948
| leader2 = [[Meghrajji III]] (''last'')
| stat_area1 = 13,800
| stat_year1 = 1090
| today = [[India]]
| footnotes = {{URL|http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html}}
| native_name = Dharangadhra State Halvad-Dhrangadhra State
| demonym =
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| stat_area2 = 3023
| stat_area3 = 4800
| stat_year2 = 1892
| stat_year3 = 1943<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3JDQAAQBAJ&dq=mayurdhwajsinhji+kcie&pg=PA162 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1948 |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27077-0 |language=en}}</ref>
| stat_pop2 = 100,000
| stat_pop3 = 170,563
| flag_caption = Top: Flag of Dhrangadhra State (1911-1946) Bottom: Flag of Dhrangadhra State (1946-49)
| image_flag2 = Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png
}}

The '''Kingdom of Jhalavad''' was a [[Monarchy|kingdom]] present in the [[Kathiawar]] region of [[Gujarat]]. The kingdom came to be known as the '''Dhrangadhra State''' after it became a [[13-gun salute]] ([[15-guns salute|15-guns personal]]) [[princely state]] in the nineteenth century. The town of [[Dhrangadhra]] served as its capital.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref> It was also known as '''Halvad-Dhrangadhra State'''. [[Halvad]] once had been the capital of this state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat |first=India (Republic) Superintendent of Census Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKoWAQAAMAAJ&q=HALVAD+STATE |title=Surendranagar |date=1964 |publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State |language=en}}</ref> It was ruled by the [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] clan of [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=dhrangadhra+state+established&pg=PA387 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain-Neubauer |first=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC&dq=dhrangadhra+state+established&pg=PA44 |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02284-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early history ===
The state was founded as '''Jhalawad/Zalawad''' in 1090 by Rajput ruler Harpal Makwana who led the Jhalas (or Makawanas) from Sindh to Patdi in North Gujarat establishing Kingdom of Jhalavad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Rajputs_of_Saurashtra/NYK7ZSpPzkUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Harpal+Makwana&pg=PA30&printsec=frontcover |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |language=en |quote="In the 11th century, Harpal Makwana led the Jhalas (or Makawanas) from Sindh to Patdi in North Gujarat. His descendants subsequently established a small principality at Halwad."|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Monuments of the Makwanas of Kerti |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2020/07/03/monuments-of-the-makwanas-of-kerti/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=The Friday Times |language=en |quote='"Kesar Makwano stole the horses of Hamir Soomro and distributed them among his people as wished by his father. After that he also took the camels of Hamir Soomro. On this occasion, Hamir Soomro invaded Kertigad and burnt the town. Kesar Makwano was killed in 1089 AD, fighting Hamir Soomro It is said that seven of Kesar Makwano's ten sons were also killed in the battle, and another two were wounded. The eldest son, Harpal Makwano was unhurt. He fled to Gujarat and took refuge at the court of King Karan Solanki (1064-1094 AD). In fact, Karan Solanki later utilized him in subjugating the turbulent tribes in Saurashtra. He succeeded in subduing them. Harpal Makwano Rajput was granted five hundred villages by Karan Solanki which later came to be called Jhalwar/Jhalward. The Jhala (also called Zala) claim their ancestry from Harpal Makwano and his wife Shakti De who was from the Solanki caste. According to legend Shakti De, the wife of Harpal Makwano rescued her three sons – Sodhoji (d.1160 AD), Manguji and Shekhraji from a wild elephant. Later their descendants assumed the sub-clan name Jhala, also called Zala, meaning "to seize or snatch up Thus the Jhalas are the progeny of Harpal Makwano Rajput (d. 1130 AD) and Shakti De (d. 1105 AD).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ&q=dhrangadhra+established |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son Sodhoji, who was appointed 'Mahamandaleshwara' (the great provincial Governor) by [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiUbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Surendranagar District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> Sodhoji succeeded by his son, Durjansalji, who was appointed as ''Grihadyaksha'' (guard of the queen [[Naiki Devi|Naikidevi]] and the two infant sons [[Mularaja II|Mulraja]] and Bhim), ''Ran-su-ran'' (chief of nobles) and ''Mahamandaleshwara'' of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] by [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajaypala Solanki]], he fought the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] on behalf of young [[Mularaja]] and defeated the Ghurids led by [[Muhammad Ghuri]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25904/page/n73/mode/1up?q=Durjansalji |title=History of the dhrangadhra state |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co, Calcutta}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Santaldev found a new capital [[Santalpur]] in 1304, named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiUbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Surendranagar District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=93 |language=en |quote=...Santalji . Santalji founded the town of Santalpur in north Gujarat, ( now in Banas Kantha district ) ...}}</ref>

Ranmalsinhji I resigned from 1392-1408, he was imprisoned by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathores of Barmer]] in Kotra fort, released by his son Shatrusal dev who brought a large army with him in 1394, later he ploughed up entire kotra with large number of donkeys and burnt down entire Kotra Barmer. Ranmal Sinh I was succeeded by his son Shatrusaldev (also called Satarsalji and Sultanji) in 1408. Shatrushaldev shifted his capital to [[Mandal, Gujarat|Mandal]]. As mentioned in Mirat-i-Sikandri and [[Tabaqat-i-Akbari|Tabakát-i-Akbari]] rebelled 3 times against the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]], [[Ahmad Shah I|Ahmed Shah I]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIEoAAAAYAAJ&q=Satars%C3%A1lji+ruled+from+1408+to+1420.+He+was+a+renowned+chieftain+and+made+his+capital+at+Mandal.+It+is+said+that+in+revenge+for+the+treachery+practised+onhis+father%2C+he+ploughed+up+the+site+of+B%C3%A1rmer+Kotd%C3%A1+with+donkeys.+Satars%C3%A1lji+rebelled+three+times+against+S%C3%BAlt%C3%A1n+Ahmad+Shah+of+Gujarat%2C+and+was+three+times+reduced+%3B+he+is+mentioned+in+both+the+Mirat-i-Sikandri+and+Tabak%C3%A1t-i-Akbari.+He+was+also+called+S%C3%BAlt%C3%A1nji%2C+and+founded+the+village+of+S%C3%BAlt%C3%A1np%C3%BAr.+ |title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer |date=1878 |publisher=Education Society's Press, Byculla |pages= |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2533 |title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-iii |date=1939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sikandar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04446 |title=Mirati sikandari |date=1944 |publisher=The Education Society, Dharampur}}</ref>

===''Kuva-no-Ker''===
In 1486, [[Muzaffar Shah II|Khalil Khan]] marched against Rana Vaghoji, as he was rebellious. A battle took place between them near Saidpur, 6 km north of [[Dhrangadhra]] where Jhalas gained a decisive victory and [[Muzaffar Shah II|Khalil Khan]] was captured, later released. [[Mahmud Begada]] accordingly marched towards Kuva (now Kankavati), the capital of Jhalas then. Rana Vaghoji assembled his vassals in his fort and prepared for battle. During the battle Rana Vaghoji's flag fell and his Rani's misunderstood that he is no more. So Vaghoji's 8 queens along with 750 women committed [[Jauhar|Jal Jauhar]] by jumping into a well.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McLeod2017" />
[[File:Rajput-queens-sacrifice-themselves-at-Kuva-1486.png|thumb|Jal Jauhar of Rana Vaghji's queens at Kuva, 1486]]
Rana Vaghoji on knowing that his all his wives committed [[Jauhar]], full of grief decided to die in the battlefield with his men. On Rana Vaghoji's death, Mahmud Begada sacked and destroyed the fort of Kuva, the day is known as ''Kuva-no-ker'' (disaster of Kuva).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIEoAAAAYAAJ&q=Sack+of+kuwa |title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer |date=1878 |publisher=Education Society's Press, Byculla |pages=21–22 |language=en}}</ref>

===Establishment of Halvad===
After the death of Vaghoji, his son Raidharji established [[Halvad]] as Jhalavad's new capital in 1488. Raidharji died in 1499, succeeded by his son Ajajji (or Ajay singh), who was betrayed and deposed by his step brother [[Ranoji]] (Ranigdev) with the help of [[Muli State|Thakore of Muli]]. Ajajji along with his brother Sajoji sought asylum in [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], as he was married to [[Rana Raimal]]'s daughter from his Chauhan wife and had his sister Ratan kunwar married to [[Rana Raimal]]. Ajajji was granted the title of ''Raj Rana'' and thikanas of [[Ajmer]] and [[Bari Sadri]]. He died fighting in the [[Battle of Khanwa|battlefield of Khanwa]] against [[Babur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Tej Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PR4uAAAAMAAJ&q=jhala+ajja+ajmer |title=Feudal Polity in Mewar, 1750-1850 A.D. |date=1987 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-32-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVqgAAAAMAAJ |title=Reversing the Gaze: Amar Singh's Diary, a Colonial Subject's Narrative of Imperial India |last2=Rudolph |first2=Susanne Hoeber |last3=Rudolph |first3=Lloyd I. |last4=Kanota |first4=Mohan Singh |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565869-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tod |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQxuAAAAMAAJ&q=ajja+bari+sadri |title=Lt. Col. James Tod's Travels in Western India: Supplementary Volume |last2=Sinh |first2=Raghubir |date=1998 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-28-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1523, [[Ranoji]] was killed by Malik Shajiv of [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]], whose father, Malik Bakhan had been killed by [[Ranoji]]. [[Ranoji]] was succeeded by his son, [[Mansinhji I]] (also called Man Singh I). To avenge his father's death, [[Mansinhji I|Mansinhji]] killed Malik Shahjiv, the son of Malik Bakhan, and captured Dasada.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Rai Singh I ===
{{Main|Raisinhji I of Halvad}}

Mansinhji I was succeeded by his son, [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh I]] (also known as Raya), in 1564. When the [[Sultan of Gujarat|Sultan]] prisoned and imposed a tax of 1 lakh rupees on the [[Charan]]s and later again 1 lakh rupees on [[Ahir]]s of [[Ahmedabad]], threatening to convert them to [[Islam]] if they did not pay, [[Mahatma Isardas]] promised them of their bail and sought help from [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] twice. [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] then paid the tax on their behalf both times and rescued the Charans and Ahirs.<ref name=":2" />

[[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] kettled drums at [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]], to which Rao Jasol of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]], his maternal uncle, warned not to. But [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] didn't obey him and Rao Jasol unwilling had to fight with Rai Singh. Rai Singh defeated and killed Jasol Jadeja. In retaliation for Jasol's death, [[Khengarji I|Rao Khengar]]'s brother, Sahibji, along with the army of [[Cutch State|Kutch]], fought the Battle of Mavlia against Rai Singh. Sahibji was slain in the battle, and [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] was severely wounded. [[Mahatma Isardas]] composed ''Hala-Jhala ra kundaliya'' based on this event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=halvad+isardas |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=hala+jhala+ra+kundaliya&pg=PA1572 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc5jAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Selections |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0665-6 |pages=44 |language=en |quote=Hala Jhala ra Kundaliya concerning the battle between Jhala Rae Singh of Halwad and his brother - in - law Hala Jasraj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=hala+jhala+ra+kundaliya&pg=PA126 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Rayasinhji-I-defeats-wrestler-Eko-Mal-Hebat-Khan.png|thumb|Rana Rai Singh I of Halvad defeats Akbar's wrestler Ekomal Hebat Khan at Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rai Singh]] was later taken to [[Delhi]] by a group of [[Sadhu]]s returning from [[Hinglaj Mata Temple|Hinglaj]]. He remained in Delhi for two years and eventually sought help from [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Khan-i-Khanan]] while attending the imperial durbar at [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. During the durbar, Hebat Khan 'Ekkomat', a celebrated wrestler in [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]’s court, mocked Rai Singh for being dressed like a [[Sadhu]] pushed him. In response, Rai Singh gave Hebat Khan such a powerful blow that he died on the spot. The impact of Rai Singh's strike was so great that it displaced a stone in the palace wall.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC&q=+The+dagger+of+Amarsingh&pg=PA428 |title=Gazetteer |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="McLeod2017" />

In 1742, [[Dhrangadhra]], a new capital was found and a fort was built by Rana Rai Singh II. The state is still sometimes styled Halwad(-Dhrangadhra).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddUgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha |pages=875 |language=en |quote=Harpaldev, who first esta- blished the Jhala rule at Patdi ( now Dhrangadra )}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
In 1886, Dhrangadhra was raised to a permanent salute of [[11-guns salute|11 guns]] and [[Ranmalsinhji II]] was granted the title of [[His Highness]]. [[Mansinhji II]] was raised to a personal salute of [[15-guns salute|15 guns]] in 1887 and received a ''[[Sanad (deed)|sanad]]'' for adoption in 1890. The state had a population of 100,000 in 1892 on 3,023 Square Kilometers km2.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
Under the British Raj, the colonial [[Eastern Kathiawar Agency]] was in charge of Dhrangadhra. The state was entitled to a Hereditary salute of [[13-guns salute|13 guns]] as well as hereditary title of [[Maharaja]] was granted to its rulers in 1918.<ref name=":5" />

[[Princely state]]s of as [[Muli State|Muli]], [[Lakhtar State|Lakhtar]], [[Chuda State|Chuda]] and [[Sayla taluka|Sayla]] along with talukas of [[Munjpur]], Kesharia and [[Ramparda]] were attached into Dhrangadhra state under the Attachment scheme, 1943. The state had an area of 4800 km² and population of 170,563 people in 1943. The [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]] was fixed at 380,000 Rupees when it ceased to exist by accession to recently independent India's western state [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] (now in [[Gujarat]]) on 15 February 1948.<ref name=":0" />

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl no
! style="background:White;" |Maharaj-Maharana
!From
! style="background:white;widh:150px;" |Till
|-
!1
!Harpal Dev
!1090
!1126
|-
!2
!Sodhshal Dev I
!1126
!1160
|-
!3
!Durjanshal Dev
!1160
!1185
|-
!4
!Jhalak Devji
!1185
!1210
|-
!5
!Arjundev Sinh
!1210
!1240
|-
!6
!Devraj
!1240
!1265
|-
!7
!Durjanshal Dev II
!1266
!1280
|-
!8
!Sur Sinh
!1280
!1304
|-
!9
!Shantal Dev
!1304
!1325
|-
!10
!Vijaypal
!1325
!1326
|-
!11
!Meghraj I
!1326
!1331
|-
!12
!Padam Sinh
!1331
!1340
|-
!13
!Udai Sinh
!1340
!1352
|-
!14
!Prithuraj Sinh
!1352
!1355
|-
!15
!Vegad Dev
!1355
!1368
|-
!16
!Ram Sinh
!1368
!1385
|-
!17
!Vir Sinh
!1385
!1392
|-
!18
!Ranmal Sinh I
!1392
!1408
|-
!19
!Shatrusal Dev
!1408
!1420
|-
!20
!Jet Sinh
!1420
!1441
|-
!21
!Ranvir Sinh
!1441
!1460
|-
!22
!Bhim Sinh
!1460
!1469
|-
!23
!Vagh Vijayraj Sinh
!1469
!1482
|-
!24
!Rajdhar Dev
!1482
!1499
|-
!25
!Ajay Sinh (Jhala Ajja)
!1499
!1500
|-
!26
!Ran Sinh
!1500
!1523
|-
!27
!Man Sinh I
!1523
!1563
|-
!28
!Rai Sinh II
!1563
!1587
|-
!29
!Chandra Sinh
!1587
!1628
|-
!30
!Askaran Dev
!1628
!1634
|-
!31
!Amar Sinh I
!1634
!1645
|-
!32
!Meghraj II
!1645
!1661
|-
!33
!Gaj Sinh I
!1661
!1673
|-
!34
!Jaswant Sinh I
!1673
!1717
|-
!35
!Pratap Sinh
!1717
!1730
|-
!36
!Rai Sinh II
!1730
!1745
|-
!37
!Gaj Sinh II
!1745
!1782
|-
!38
!Jaswant Sinh II
!1782
!1801
|-
!39
!Rai Sinh III
!1801
!1804
|-
!40
!Amar Sinh II
!1804
!1843
|-
!41
!Ranmal Sinh II
!1843
!1869
|-
!42
!Man Sinh II
!1869
!1900
|-
!43
!Ajit Sinh
!1900
!1911
|-
!44
!Ghanshyam Sinh
!1911
!1942
|-
!45
![[Meghrajji III|Meghraj Jhala III]]
!1942
!1949
|}

==Armed forces==
[[File:Maharana-Raj-Bhimdevji-goes to recieve-his-son-in-law-Ra-Mandalik-III-of-Sorath-1455.png|thumb|Maharana Raj Bhimdevji of Jhalavad rides to receive his son-in-law [[Mandalika III|Ra Mandalik III]] of Sorath with his cavalry, 1455.]]
The earliest reference to the State's military is made by [[Abul Fazl]] stating that it had 2,200 villages, 10,000 cavalry and same number of infantry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissariat |first=Manekshah Sorabshah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758 |date=1957 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===Dhrangadhra State Forces ===
[[File:HH Maharana's own lancers, Dhrangadhra.jpg|thumb|HH Maharana's own lancers, Dhrangadhra State]]
[[File:Dhrangadhra State Forces 1936.jpg|thumb|Officer of Dhrangadhra State forces at Delhi, 1936]]
[[File:The state artillery of Dhrangadhra.jpg|thumb|State artillery, Dhrangadhra State]]
The State had its own artillery, HH Maharana's own lancers, Dhrangadhra Makhwan [[infantry]], state [[cavalry]] and police until 1948. The State also had an additional unit called Dhrangadhra bodyguards, which was later renamed as Jhaladhip Bodyguards<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=dhrangadhra+lancers&pg=PA399 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Dhrangadhra_Makhwan_infantry.jpg|thumb|Dhrangadhra Makhwan infantry]]
HH Maharana's own lancers, Dhrangadhra Makhwan infantry and State [[artillery]] were maintained as a cost of 60,000-70,000 rupees per year
The State police consisted of 783 men in 1911, while 48 men in Jhaladip Bodyguards and 489 men in Makhwan infantry in 1921.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6VCAAAAIAAJ&q=dhrangadhra+lancers |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |date=1929 |publisher=Manager of Publications. |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Coat of Arms and emblem ===
<gallery>
File:Jhala coat of arms.png|Coat of Arms of Maharana Raj of Dhrangadhra
File:Dhrangadhra.jpg|Coat of Arms of Maharana Raj of Dhrangadhra
File:Dhrangadhra-Emblem-of-Raj-of-Dhrangadhra.png|State Emblem of Dhrangadhra
File:Dhrangadhra-Raj-Emblem-2.jpg|State Emblem of Dhrangadhra</Gallery>
Coat of arms features the motto:''"Anatha Vajra Panjaro Mama Bahu"'' (My arm an adamant shelter for the helpless)

=== Flags ===
<Gallery>
File:Flag of Dhrangadhra 1911-1946.jpg|Flag of Dhrangadhra: '''c. 1911-1946'''
</gallery>
State flag and standard of the Maharana Raj Sahib, certainly in existence in 1911, replaced by new flags between 1944 and 1946. Approximately 1/2 in proportion, swallow-tailed. The central figure represented a stone canopy ( ''gonkh'' ), the traditional emblem of the goddess Sri Shakti Devi, ''[[kuldevi]]'' of the [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala Rajputs]]. It was adopted on subsequent flags and standards and was always present on the princely coat of arms.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbvex.it/asiapag/gujarat3.html| title=Dhrangadhra| author=Roberto Breschi| access-date=2013-07-25}}. The site cites J. D. McMeekin, ''Arms and Flags of the Indian Princely States'', 3, sec. 12, 1990.</ref>
<Gallery>File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|Flag of Dhrangadhra: '''1946-1948'''</gallery>
National and state flag adopted on October 5, 1946, and abolished along with the state in 1948. Apparent proportions 3:5. The flag was called ''Sakti Dhwaj'' because it featured a ''gonkh'' in the center, the emblem of the mother goddess ''Shakti Devi''. The two pink stripes represented the sunset and dawn of the night (the blue stripe in the middle) during which the mother goddess built the state. The 18 ripples of the yellow stripe—the shape of which recalled the festoons ( ''[[Festoon|torana]]'' ) placed on village gates—alluded to the 1,800 original villages of the principality.<ref name=":4" />

===Banners===
<Gallery>File:Royal standard dhrangadhra.jpg|Royal standard banner of Maharana Raj Sahib
File:Dhrangadhra maharaja flag.jpg|Maharana Raj Sahib's personal banner</gallery>
Two princely standards are known, contemporary with the state flag, also bright pink and bearing three yellow ''gonkhs'' . The difference was in the color of the inside of the ''gonkhs'' : blue for the royal standard and green for the personal one of the Maharana Raj Sahib.<ref name=":4" />

===Stamps===
<gallery>
File:Dhrangadhra state stamp.jpg|Dhrangadhra state stamp featuring HH Maharana Raj Sahib [[Ajitsinhji]]
File:Dhrangadhra state stamp 2.jpg|Dhrangadhra state stamp featuring HH Maharana Raj Sahib [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji|Ghanshyam Singhji]]
</gallery>
Stamps featuring the HH Maharana Raj Sahibs: Ajit Singhji and Ghanshyam Singhji

=== Orders of chivalry ===
The Royal House of Dhrangadhra awards a [[dynastic order]] of knighthood called the Order of Jhalavad, in six grades.<ref name="McLeod2017">{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=John |title=The Making of Jhallesvar Genealogy: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c.1090–2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Research Gate |page=8|language=English}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meghrajji III]]
* [[Jhalawar State]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Salute states}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord|22.98|N|71.47|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:States under the Kathiawar Agency]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:1742 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Location/India

2026-04-27T19:44:17Z

Shirttheory: Created A Page.

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This gallery includes '''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|userbox]] [[Help:Template|templates]] about the {{nobreak|[[India|Republic of India]]}}''' {{nobreak|( [[India|भारत गणराज्य]] ).}}
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Ajit Ray

2026-04-18T20:06:30Z

Shirttheory: Stub!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Ray
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi]]
| predecessor = [[Dipali Saha]]
| successor = [[Dibakar Gharami]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ajit Ray''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Sonamukhi, as a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AJIT RAY (Winner) SONAMUKHI (SC) (BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=165|access-date=2025-07-01|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonamukhi Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sonamukhi-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Ajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Raja Huli

2026-04-17T21:08:25Z

Shirttheory: starting a stub nd citations

{{Short description|2013 film by Guru Deshpande}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Huli
| native_name =
| image = Raja Huli poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Guru Deshpande
| producer = K. Manju
| screenplay = Guru Deshpande
| story = S. R. Prabhakaran
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sundarapandian]]''|[[S. R. Prabhakaran]]}}
| starring = {{hlist|[[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]] | [[Meghana Raj]] | [[Vasishta N. Simha]] }}
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = K. M. Vishnuvardhan
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Lakshmisri Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|1}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹3 crore<ref name=":ibt"/>
| gross = {{INR}}30Crore<ref name=":ibt">{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/yashs-raja-huli-takes-box-office-by-storm-526302 |title=Yash's 'Raja Huli' Takes Box Office by Storm |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/dec/30/sandalwood-report-card-557121.html|title=Sandalwood Report Card|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Raja Huli''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by Guru Deshpande and written by [[S. R. Prabhakaran]]. Produced by K. Manju's home production,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-12/news-interviews/36295274_1_actor-yash-kirataka-actress-meghana-raj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203031726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-12/news-interviews/36295274_1_actor-yash-kirataka-actress-meghana-raj |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Yash's look in Raja Huli |date=12 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> the film stars [[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]] in title role, along with [[Meghana Raj]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]], and [[Chikkanna]] in supporting roles. The soundtrack and score are composed by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film, which made its theatrical release on 1 November 2013, coinciding with the [[Kannada Rajyotsava]] festival became a commercial hit at the box office. It was Yash's third consecutive hit after ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' and ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'',<ref name="Raja Huli Super Hit 100 days">{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4546-rajahuli-completes-100-days.html |title=Raja Huli Super Hit 100 days |publisher= |date= |access-date= |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220160546/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/4546-rajahuli-completes-100-days.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> paving the way for Yash to emerge as the top star of Sandalwood.

The movie is a remake of the 2012 Tamil movie ''[[Sundarapandian]]''.

==Plot==
{{Cleanup|reason=Complete plot is needed. See [[WP:TEASER]]|date=April 2025}}
Raja Huli is the son of a rich landlord in [[Mandya]]. He leads a happy life and spends all his time with his friends. Raja Huli ensures that he is always of some help to his friends. One day, he goes to ensure that his friend's love is conveyed to a girl named Kaveri, who happens to be his ex-flame. As it happens, she falls in love with Raja Huli again. But Raja Huli realises that one of his best friends, Jagga, loves Kaveri. A murder happens, the blame falls on Raja Huli, and the remaining incidents form the climax.<ref name="rajahuli">{{cite news |title=Raja Huli |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/previews/43559193_1_raja-huli-meghana-raj-yash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111091706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/previews/43559193_1_raja-huli-meghana-raj-yash|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 October 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as Raja Huli
* [[Meghana Raj]] as Kaveri
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Jagga
* Harsha as Moni
* [[Chikkanna]] as Chikka
* [[Charan Raj]]
* [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] as Andravi
* Ashwini Gowda as Mayuri
* Manu
* Shashikala
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] as Rajahuli's grandmother
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Kaveri's mother
* Nishchitha Gowda
* Hamsa Prathap as Savitri
* Soujanya
* Girish Shivanna as Cheluvaraj
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Rajahuli's mother
* Jadesh Kumar
* Prakash Heggodu
* Vijay Koundinya
* Manju Mandavya as Bharatha
* Raj Kumar
* Jayaram
* Gajendra Rao
* Gandasi Nagaraj
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Rajahuli. This actor appeared alongside [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in ''[[Suntaragaali]]'' (2006)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Huli
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10|20}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:39
| label = D Beats
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Hamsalekha]] created the music and lyrics for the film. The lyrics for the soundtrack "Falling In Love" were penned by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. The album has six soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Huli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raja-huli-original-motion/id883265207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907070428/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raja-huli-original-motion/id883265207 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=iTunes.com |date= |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 23:39
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chaltha Chaltha
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 4:03
| title2 = Falling In Love
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Kaveri Kaveri
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| extra3 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Loveenalli Bidre
| extra4 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 = 5:03
| title5 = Om Hindu Guruthu
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 = 4:00
| title6 = Yavvanada Gundigeya
| extra6 = Desi Mohan
| lyrics6 = Hamsalekha
| length6 = 2:15
}}

==Critical reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "It is a romantic story very well handled by Deshapande with some great sequences".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rajahuli/movie-review/25070679.cms |title=RAJAHULI MOVIE REVIEW |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S. of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "The film is a perfect blend of entertainment and drama".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/yash-meghana-raj-harsha-charanraj/articleshow/25072379.cms? |title=Movie review:Raja Huli |last=S. |first=Shyam Prasad |date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Raja Huli'' was released on 1 November 2013, the day of [[Kannada Rajyotsava]] and got a fantastic opening at the box office upon release.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Raja-Huli-breaks-box-office-records-in-first-week/articleshow/25582750.cms |title=Raja Huli box office records in first week |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher= |date= |access-date=|last1=Muthanna |first1=Anjali }}</ref> The film took the box office by storm despite facing competition from a major Bollywood release ''[[Krrish 3]]''. According to trade reports, collections of ''Raja Huli'' was better than ''[[Krrish 3]]'' at Bangalore Box Office.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/raja-huli-beats-arrambam-krissh-3-box-office-124442.html |title=Raja Huli Beats Arrambam-Krrish 3 At Bangalore Box Office |publisher= |date=9 November 2013 |access-date= |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725081127/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/raja-huli-beats-arrambam-krissh-3-box-office-124442.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also did good business on weekdays and collected approximately {{INR}}5 crore Nett and {{INR}}8 crore Gross in the first week. The movie, which was made with a budget of {{INR}}6 crore, recovered its production cost in just seven days.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/526302/20131130/raja-huli-yash-kannada-hit-10crore-googly.htm |title=Raja Huli first week box office |website=[[International Business Times]] |publisher= |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=}}</ref> ''Raja Huli'' went on to complete 119 days of successful run, collected a total of {{INR}}18 crore, and performed fairly well at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=8652&sid=29db26f75889cb1e2b22711b86397e9a |title=2013 Sandalwood Box Office Report |publisher= |date= |access-date=}}</ref> ''Raja Huli'' also became [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]'s third consecutive success after ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' and ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''.<ref name="Raja Huli Super Hit 100 days"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3119074|Raja Huli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Huli}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guru Deshpande]]

Paik (soldier)

2026-04-17T14:18:12Z

Shirttheory: starting the stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Archers in medieval India}}
{{other uses|Paik (disambiguation)}}
'''Paik''' were [[foot soldier]]s during the [[Medieval India|medieval period in India]]. They were used in offensive and defensive combat specialised in [[archery]].<ref name="Indian History Congress">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143381|publisher=Indian History Congress|date=1994|jstor=44143381 |access-date=30 September 2022|title=The "Paik" in the Army of Delhi Sultans During the 13Th Century (Summary) |last1=Athar |first1=ALI |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=404–406 }}</ref>

==History==
===Delhi sultanate===
During the rule of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Paik were foot soldiers used in offensive and defensive combat. They were specialised in archery.The skilled archers from [[Bengal]], known as the Paiks, were highly sought after and given priority during recruitment. Paiks salary was fixed.<ref name="Indian History Congress"/>

===Assam===
{{Main|Paik system}}
The official record of [[Aurangzeb]] state that the king of [[Assam]], [[Rudra Singha]] collected around 4 lakh Paik to fight with Bengal in 1714. Out of 4 lakh paik, 2.6 lakh were Kanri paik or foot soldiers. Paik were engaged in building embarkment, clearing forest, construction of roads, houses, royal palace and employed as soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTvmPLv5_V0C&pg=PA95|title=Agrarian System of Medieval Assam|author=Jahnabi Gogoi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=2002|isbn=8170229677|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

===Odisha===
In [[Odisha]], Paik were foot soldiers employed by kings until [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="telegraphindia">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/soldiers-dance/cid/361980|title=Soldiers' dance|website=telegraphindia|date=29 August 2011|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> During [[Paika Rebellion]], Paika rebelled against [[Company rule in India]] in 1817 in [[Khurdha district|Khurdha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|year=1994|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|pages=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC|isbn=9780809318766}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Military history of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]

Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:51Z

Shirttheory: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Gujarat legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the constituency in Surat district|the constituency in Bhavnagar district|Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahuva (Surat)
| mla = [[Mohanbhai Dhodiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:228967}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 170
}}

'''Mahuva (Surat)''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mahuva Taluka
# Valod Taluka
# Bardoli Taluka (Part) Villages – Masad, Miyawadi, Rajwad, Nasura, Vadhvaniya, Junvani, Balda, Vanskui, Bhensudla, Nani Bhatlav, Mangrolia, Vadhava, Timbarva, Pipariya, Madhi, Surali, Manekpor, Uva, Karachaka, Hindolia, Kikvad, Gotasa, Sarethi, Moti Bhatlav, Sejvad, Allu, Vankaner, Kanai, Pardi Valod.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
*2007 - Ishwarbhai Vahia, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2012 - Mohanbhai Dhodiya, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohanbhai Dhodiya]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanbhai Dhodiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 81383
|percentage = 47.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hemangini Dipakkumar Garasiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49875
|percentage = 29.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kunjan Patel Dhodiya
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 35591
|percentage = 20.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3131
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 18.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 227199}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mahuva (Surat)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanbhai Dhodiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 82,607
|percentage = 50.07
|change = +2.4
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76,174
|percentage = 46.17
|change = +6.01
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,990
|percentage = 76.87
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |archive-date=26 November 2013|date= |author= |access-date= 1 June 2021 |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanbhai Dhodiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 74161
|percentage = 47.67
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ishwarbhai Vahiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62474
|percentage = 40.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11687
|percentage = 7.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155568
|percentage = 76.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.02|73.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

HRBR Layout metro station

2026-04-14T03:08:04Z

Shirttheory: Started a stub initial version

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = HRBR Layout
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = HRBR Layout metro station (Aug '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of August 2025
| address = NH 44, Babusabpalya, Kalyan Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043
| coordinates = {{coord|13.02254|77.64739|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Babusapalya Bus Stop
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Horamavu|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Kalyan Nagar|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''HRBR Layout metro station''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on '''HRBR Layout''' area on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the main '''Babusapalya Park''', followed by the main '''Hennur Police Station''', Pai Internationals (Electronics Supermarket), [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation]] (HRBR Branch) and [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] Bike Showroom (HRBR Branch). This metro station is slated to become operational around June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Description ==
[[File:HRBR Layout pic1.jpg|thumb|left|HRBR Layout metro station surrounding area]]
HRBR Layout also known as '''Hennur Road Banaswadi Road Layout''' is a planned area in Bengaluru that was primarily developed in the year 1984-85 by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). The layout was formed on the dried-up Channasandra Tank.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Dec/23/bengaluru-at-hrbr-residents-fightfor-ownership-2530848.html</ref>
HRBR Layout is popular for nightlife and shopping in the areas of 5th Main Road, 7th Main road, CMR Main Road, 80 Feet Road and PNS Layout.

== History ==
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the HRBR Layout metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = HRBR Layout track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Horamavu}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalyan Nagar}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Horamavu metro station|Horamavu]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kalyan Nagar metro station|Kalyan Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[Kammanahalli]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Kamakshi Bhaskarla

2026-04-12T06:06:50Z

Shirttheory:

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamakshi Bhaskarla
| image = Kamakshi Bhaskarla.jpg
| caption = Kamakshi in 2024
| birth_name = Sai Kamakshi Bhaskarla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|06|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Eluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education = [[MBBS]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|model|doctor}}
| years_active = 2021{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Sai Kamakshi Bhaskarla''' (born 18 June 1995) is an Indian actress and model who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240921/kamakshi-bhaskarla-making-her-mark-in-tollywood.html | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla making her mark in Tollywood Kamakshi Bhaskarla making her mark in Tollywood |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]| date=24 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/actress-kamakshi-bhaskarla-says-versatility-is-the-key-to-impressive-filmography-article-119659802 | title=Actress Kamakshi Bhaskarla Says, Versatility is the Key to Impressive Filmography |website=[[Times Now]]| date=28 March 2025 }}</ref> She won the title of [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Telangana]] 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/interesting-facts-about-maa-oori-polimera-actress-saikamakshi-bhaskarla-792817?infinitescroll=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325100156/http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/interesting-facts-about-maa-oori-polimera-actress-saikamakshi-bhaskarla-792817?infinitescroll=1 | archive-date=25 March 2022 | title='మా ఊరి పొలిమేర'.. ఈ బ్యూటీ ఎవరో తెలుసా? |website=[[TV5 (Telugu)]]| date=16 December 2021 }}</ref> Kamakshi made her film debut in 2021 with ''[[Priyuraalu]]'' and got recognition through ''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sai-kamakshi-bhaskarla-on-maa-oori-polimera-working-for-small-films-provide-a-lot-of-opportunities-to-learn/a3d51b7125691 | title=Exclusive! Sai Kamakshi Bhaskarla on Maa Oori Polimera: Working for small films provide a lot of opportunities to learn|website=[[OTT Play]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugucinema.com/news/kamakshi-bhaskarla-is-overjoyed-winning-best-actress-award | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla is overjoyed winning Best Actress award |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]| date=May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/28/kamakshi-bhaskarla-polimera-has-allowed-me-to-explore-different-dimensions-as-an-actor | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla: Polimera has allowed me to explore different dimensions as an actor | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=28 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kamakshi was born on 18 June 1995 in [[Eluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. She completed her [[MBBS]] in [[China]], and worked at [[Apollo Hospitals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/photo-gallery/star-heroine-shocking-comments-on-eating-cockroaches-and-scorpions-vn-207642|title=Star Actress: బొద్దింకలు, తేళ్లే ఆహారంగా తిన్నాను...స్టార్ హీరోయిన్ షాకింగ్ కామెంట్స్..|website=Zee News Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title=Actress Kamakshi Bhaskarla Reveals Her Experience of Eating Insects in China |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/95922/actress-kamakshi-bhaskarla-reveals-her-experience-of-eating-insects-in-china |website=ap7am.com}}</ref> Later, she trained in acting at [[Samahaara]], a theatre group in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sai-kamakshi-bhaskarla-i-hope-to-be-the-face-of-everyday-women-from-various-walks-of-life-in-my-films/4af806a173828 | title=Exclusive! Sai Kamakshi Bhaskarla: I hope to be the face of 'everyday women' from various walks of life in my films|website=[[OTT Play]] }}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhaskarla began her career as a model, winning the title of [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Telangana]] 2018. She also participated in the 2018 Miss India competition and reached the finals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2018/02/24/kamakshi-bhaskarla-wins-femina-miss-india-telangana-2018/#google_vignette | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla wins Femina Miss India Telangana 2018 |website=thegreatpageantcommunity.com| date=24 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/actress-kamakshi-bhaskarla-sensational-comments-on-miss-india-pageant-778472.html | title=కెరియర్ లేకుండా చేస్తామన్నారు.. మిస్ ఇండియా పోటీలపై నటి సంచలన వ్యాఖ్యలు |website=[[10TV]]| date=27 January 2024 }}</ref>

In 2021, Kamakshi made her debut with the film ''[[Priyuraalu]]'', directed by [[G. V. Rama Raju]]. She gained recognition through ''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]'' and its sequel ''[[Maa Oori Polimera 2]]''.

Her upcoming films include ''12A Railway Colony'' alongside [[Allari Naresh]], ''Show Time'' with [[Naveen Chandra]], and ''Maa Oori Polimera 3'', which is currently filming.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamakshi-bhaskarala-signs-polimera-3-announces-three-more-crazy-telugu-projects/026ef30910601 | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarala kickstarts Polimera 3, announces three more crazy Telugu projects|website=[[OTT Play]] }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Year
! style="text-align:center;"| Title
! style="text-align:center;"| Role
! style="text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|2021
|''[[Priyuraalu]]''
|Sarita
|
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
|Harsha's friend
|
|-
|''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]''
|Lachimi
|
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
|Pollamma
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]''
|Venkata Chalapathy's wife
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/i-stayed-there-for-six-years-and-ate-scorpions-and-cockroaches-tollywood-heroines-shocking-comments-416595 | title=ఆరేళ్ల పాటు అక్కడే ఉన్నా.. తేళ్లు, బొద్దింకలు తిన్నానంటూ టాలీవుడ్ హీరోయిన్ షాకింగ్ కామెంట్స్ | website=dishadaily.com|date=26 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maa Oori Polimera 2]]''
|Lachimi
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/photos/polimera-2-heroine-kamakshi-bhaskarla-latest-glamorous-photos-121729951863826-5.html | title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla: గ్లామ‌ర్ రోల్స్‌కు రెడీ అంటోన్న పొలిమేర 2 హీరోయిన్‌! |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Mix Up (film)|Mix Up]]''
|Ritu
|
|-
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Neha Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|Sundari
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/photo-gallery/kamakshi-bhaskarla-in-saree-at-laila-movie-opening-photos-840775.html | title='లైలా' మూవీ ఓపెనింగ్‌లో.. చీరకట్టులో కళకళలాడుతున్న కామాక్షి |website=[[10TV]]| date=3 July 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Show Time (film)|''Show Time'']]
|Shanthi
|<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=నవీన్ చంద్ర కొత్త సినిమా.. కామాక్షి భాస్కర్లతో.. క్రైం థ్రిల్లర్ తో |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/naveen-chandra-kamakshi-bhaskarla-new-movie-show-time-announced-sy-931161.html |website=[[10TV]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[12A Railway Colony]]''
|Aaradhana
|<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Kamakshi Bhaskarla juggles multiple films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kamakshi-bhaskarla-juggles-multiple-films-1869321 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''Mension House Mallesh''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]''
|Malli
|Telugu-[[Hindi]] bilingual film
|-
|{{pending film|Maa Oori Polimera 3}}
|Lachimi
|Filming
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Year
! style="text-align:center;"| Title
! style="text-align:center;"| Role
!Network
! style="text-align:center;" |Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[The Baker and the Beauty (Indian TV series)|The Baker and the Beauty]]''
|Smrithi
| rowspan="3" |[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|''[[Anya’s Tutorial]]''
|Nikitha
|
|-
|''[[Qubool Hai?]]''
|Anusha
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-girls-should-be-given-a-chance-to-act-in-tollywood-kamakshi/articleshow/87232820.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326091357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-girls-should-be-given-a-chance-to-act-in-tollywood-kamakshi/articleshow/87232820.cms | archive-date=26 March 2022 | title=Telugu girls should be given a chance to act in Tollywood: Kamakshi | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]''
|Naaziya
| rowspan="2" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Shaitan (TV series)|Shaitan]]''
|Kalavati
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-the-heroine-in-this-viral-photo-she-is-kamakshi-bhaskarla-1446295.html | title=Tollywood: సాదాసీదాగా కనిపిస్తోన్న ఈ చిన్నది.. ఇప్పుడు అందాల అటామ్ బాంబ్.. ఎవరో గుర్తుపట్టారా.? |website=[[TV9 Telugu]]| date=14 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhootha]]''
|Kala
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/short-film-starring-opp-naga-chaitanya-dhoota-2-294680 | title=From Short Film to Starring Opp Naga Chaitanya in Dhoota 2 |website=sakshipost.com| date=2 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=12944909}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskarla, Kamakshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Haresh Gurnani

2026-04-05T00:28:56Z

Shirttheory: Started first page first draft

{{Short description|Indian-American academic administrator and professor}}

{{orphan|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Haresh Gurnani
| office = Dean of the [[Stony Brook University]] College of Business
| term_start = July 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Manny London
| successor =
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Institute of Technology]]
* [[Carnegie Mellon University]]}}
}}

'''Haresh Gurnani''' is an Indian-American academic administrator, professor and current dean of the [[Stony Brook University]] College of Business since July 2023. Prior to joining Stony Brook, he held multiple leadership positions at [[Wake Forest University]], including serving as area chair of Business Analytics, Operations Management, Marketing, and Economics in the School of Business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veena |date=2023-04-26 |title=Haresh Gurnani named new dean of Stony Brook University's college of business |url=https://nripulse.com/haresh-gurnani-named-new-dean-of-stony-brook-universitys-college-of-business/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=NRI Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="stonybrook-news">{{cite web |title=Haresh Gurnani Selected to Lead College of Business |url=https://news.stonybrook.edu/newsroom/press-release/general/2023-02-06-haresh-gurnani-selected-to-lead-college-of-business/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Stony Brook University News }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Haresh Gurnani earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]], followed by a master's and doctorate in operations research from [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crabtree |first=Sky |title=Haresh Gurnani selected as new dean of College of Business |url=https://sbstatesman.com/118514/news/haresh-gurnani-selected-as-new-dean-of-college-of-business/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Statesman}}</ref>

==Career==
Gurnani's was appointed as Dean of the College of Business at [[Stony Brook University]] in July 2023, following his time at [[Wake Forest University]]. At Wake Forest, his roles included area chair of Business Analytics, Operations Management, Marketing, and Economics, as well as holding the Thomas H. Davis Chair. Prior to [[Wake Forest University|Wake Forest]], Gurnani chaired the Department of Management at the [[University of Miami]], contributing to various university councils and boards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=2023-04-26 |title=Haresh Gurnani to lead Stony Brook College of Business - The American Bazaar |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2023/04/26/haresh-gurnani-to-lead-stony-brook-college-of-business-453412/,%20https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2023/04/26/haresh-gurnani-to-lead-stony-brook-college-of-business-453412/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research ==
Gurnani's work spans a range of areas including operations and supply chain analytics, retail distribution channel design and marketing, healthcare operations and marketing, sharing economy, and sustainability. He has been published in prominent journals such as [[Management science|Management Science]], [[Marketing Science (journal)|Marketing Science]], [[Journal of Marketing Research]], [[Production and Operations Management]], and the [[Journal of International Business Studies]].<ref name="stonybrook-bio">{{cite web |title=Haresh Gurnani Bio |url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/president/bio.php |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Stony Brook University}}</ref><ref name="stonybrook-news" />

=== Selected publications ===

* {{Cite journal |last1=Gurnani |first1=H. |last2=Tang |first2=C. S. |year=1999 |title=Note: Optimal ordering decisions with uncertain cost and demand forecast updating |url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.45.10.1456 |journal=Management Science |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1456–1462 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.45.10.1456|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gurnani |first1=H. |last2=Gerchak |first2=Y. |year=2007 |title=Coordination in decentralized assembly systems with uncertain component yields |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221705008659 |journal=European Journal of Operational Research |volume=176 |issue=3 |pages=1559–1576 |doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2005.10.040|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=S. Y. |last2=Gurnani |first2=H. |last3=Gupta |first3=D. |year=2014 |title=Managing disruptions in decentralized supply chains with endogenous supply process reliability |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.12160 |journal=Production and Operations Management |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1211 |doi=10.1111/poms.12160|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gurnani |first1=H. |last2=Shi |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=A bargaining model for a first-time interaction under asymmetric beliefs of supply reliability |url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0498 |journal=Management Science |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=865–880 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.1050.0498|url-access=subscription }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurnani, Haresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category:Stony Brook University faculty]]
[[Category:Wake Forest University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Miami faculty]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. Damodaran (politician)

2026-04-04T11:19:40Z

Shirttheory: starting first pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Tamil Nadu politician|the Kerala politician|Mararikulam Assembly Constituency}}
{{use dmy dates|date = September 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = File:S. Damodaran.jpg
| caption = S.Damodaran
| office = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for [[Agriculture]] [[Tamil Nadu government]]
| term_start = 11 November 2011
| term_end = 14 July 2014
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[J. Jayalalitha]]
| predecessor = [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
| successor = [[Agri Krishnamoorthy]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2021
| constituency1 = [[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
| predecessor1 = Ettimadai A. Shanmugam
| term2 = 14 May 2001 — 20 May 2016
| constituency2 = [[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
| successor2 = Ettimadai A. Shanmugam
| predecessor2 = [[M. Shanmugham]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Madras State]], India (presently [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], India)
| alt =
| state =
| education = 10th Pass<ref name="bio"/>
| children =
| occupation = Agriculture, Industrialist, Politician, Social Worker
}}

'''S. Damodaran''' (born 18 September 1952) is an Indian politician and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

S. Damodaran was born in [[Pollachi]] on 18 September 1952. He is married and has one child.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/122.htm |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |title=Thiru S. Damodaran(AIADMK) |accessdate=2017-05-02}}</ref>

Prior to being elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], Damodaran was President of Thalakkarai Panchayat (1984–1989) and a member of Pollachi North Panchayat Union (1996–2001).<ref name="bio"/>

Damodaran, who represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], was elected to the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu constituency]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-02}}</ref> He had previously been elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the same constituency in [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> and [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

Damodaran had been a minister in the [[Jayalalithaa]]-led government of 2001–2006 and she appointed him to cabinet office again in November 2011 during a reshuffle. He took over the Agriculture portfolio from [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]], who became Minister for Information Technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa sacks six Tamil Nadu ministers |agency=PTI |date=4 November 2011 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-sacks-six-tamil-nadu-ministers-572958 |work=NDTV |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref> Damodaran was replaced as Minister for Agriculture by [[S. S. Krishnamoorthy]] on 19 May 2014, when the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], Jayalalithaa, again reshuffled her government.<ref>{{cite news |work=DNA India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-sacks-three-ministers-six-aiadmk-functionaries-1989827 |title=Jayalalithaa sacks three ministers, six AIADMK functionaries |date=19 May 2014 |agency=PTI |accessdate=2017-05-02}}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in his constituency being won by [[A. Shanmugam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/101_150.html |accessdate=2017-05-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodaran, S.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Tamil Nadu]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Saloni Batra

2026-04-04T00:16:40Z

Shirttheory: Created Article.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saloni Batra
| image =
| birth_name = Saloni Batra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|singer}}
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Chennai]]
| relatives = Karan Batra (Brother)
}}
'''Saloni Batra''' (born on 29 November 1987) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Animal actor Saloni Batra says she'd be 'offended' if someone behaved like Ranbir Kapoor's 'toxic' character in real life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-actor-saloni-batra-says-shed-be-offended-if-someone-behaved-like-ranbir-kapoors-toxic-character-in-real-life-9057807/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's on-screen sister Saloni Batra admits Animal characters are flawed: 'We can't be preaching' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-animal-characters-flawed-saloni-batra-101702181293575.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Actress Saloni Batra On The Film: "As A Woman, I Would Be Offended If..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-actress-saloni-batra-on-the-film-as-a-woman-i-would-be-offended-if-4642362 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Saloni Batra was born in [[Delhi]], India. She graduated with a Bachelors of [[Fashion design|Fashion Technology]] from the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=Who is Saloni Batra? All you need to know about actor pl|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/who-is-saloni-batra-all-you-need-to-know-about-actor-playing-ranbir-kapoors-sister-in-animal-1260962 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''The Unnamed Crime''
|
|Short film
|-
|2016
|''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]''
|
|
|-
|2016
|''Life Sahi Hai''
|Neha
|Television series
|-
|2017
|''Love at First Sight''
|
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Soni (film)|''Soni'']]
|Kalpana
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soni Movie Review: Saloni Batra's Slow-Burning Drama Grabs You From Scene One |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/soni-movie-review-saloni-batras-slow-burning-drama-grabs-you-from-scene-one-4-5-stars-out-of-5-1979851 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Atif |date=2018-09-12 |title=Combating expectations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/combating-expectations/article24933911.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''White Matter''
|Rhea
| rowspan="2" |Television series
|-
|2019
|''Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond''
|Simran
|-
|2020
|''[[Taish]]''
|Sanobar Brar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshvardhan Rane bonds with cast of 'Taish' in the UK |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/harshvardhan-rane-bonds-cast-of-taish-the-uk-190820 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''The Knot''
|Geeta Mathur
|
|-
|''[[200 Halla Ho]]''
|Purva
|
|-
|2023
|[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
|Reet Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Gaanth Chapter 1: Jamnaa Paar''
|Satyawati Mittal
|Television series
|-
|''[[Khalbali Records]]''
|Ananya Rai Singh
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Murderbaad]]''
|Shaili Pandey
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batra, Saloni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Mukti Bhoomi

2026-04-01T18:36:24Z

Shirttheory: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name= Mukti Bhoomi
|image= Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Mooktibhoomi Memorial, Yeola.jpg
|caption= Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Mooktibhoomi Memorial, Yeola
|location= [[Yeola]], India
|begin= 13 October 2009
|complete= 2 April 2014
}}
'''Mukti Bhoomi''' (lit. 'Land of Liberation') is a Buddhist [[stupa]], and memorial and museum located in [[Yeola]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The site is dedicated to [[B. R. Ambedkar]], a scholar, the father of the [[Indian Constitution]] and the leader of the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]. The memorial was officially inaugurated on 2 April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2023/01/21/places-related-to-dr-ambedkar.html|title=Ambedkar continues to live in these places|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Where-Ambedkar-had-urged-all-to-abandon-stir-for-entry-to-temples/articleshow/51816285.cms|title=Where Ambedkar had urged all to abandon stir for entry to temples|work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

Mukti Bhoomi holds historical importance as the site where Ambedkar first publicly renounced [[Hinduism]] and announced his decision to convert to another religion. During this momentous occasion, he declared, ''“Though I was born a [[Hindu]], I solemnly assure you that I will not die as a [[Hindu]].”'' This announcement took place on 13 October 1935 and marked a turning point in the history of social reform and religious identity in India. The event laid the foundation for Ambedkar's eventual conversion to [[Buddhism]] in 1956, along with millions of his followers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2023/01/21/places-related-to-dr-ambedkar.html|title=Ambedkar continues to live in these places|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Where-Ambedkar-had-urged-all-to-abandon-stir-for-entry-to-temples/articleshow/51816285.cms|title=Where Ambedkar had urged all to abandon stir for entry to temples|work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

Recognizing its cultural and historical significance, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] has designated Mukti Bhoomi as a 'Category B' pilgrimage site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/yeola-mukti-bhumi-che-inauguration-will-be-held-on-march-3-the-monument-will-be-built-at-a-cost-of-15-crores-2457|title=येवला मुक्ती भूमी का उद्घाटन 3 मार्च को, 15 करोड़ की लागत से बनेगा डॉ. आंबेडकर का स्मारक|website=Hindi Mid-day}}</ref> Since its inauguration, the memorial has become a major destination for Ambedkarites, Buddhists and general visitors, drawing large numbers of people throughout the year.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms|title=Nashik News: येवला मुक्तीभूमीवर होणार 'मुक्ती महोत्सव' - mukti mahostav in yeola from 13 oct 2017 | Maharashtra Times|date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427201900/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms |archive-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref>

The site frequently hosts a range of events, including cultural festivals, social gatherings, and educational programs, aimed at promoting the values of equality, justice, and human rights espoused by Ambedkar. These activities have contributed to Mukti Bhoomi’s role as a living center of inspiration and community engagement.<ref name="auto"/>

==Museum and Buddhist stupa==
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar announced his decision to renounce Hinduism at Yeola on 13 October 1956. Recognizing the significance of this declaration, activists of the [[Ambedkarite movement]] and the [[Government of Maharashtra]] decided to construct a memorial at the site. This memorial has been developed in the form of a museum and a Buddhist stupa. The construction of the Buddhist memorial began with a foundation ceremony on 13 October 2009, and the memorial was inaugurated on 2 April 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms|title=Nashik News: येवला मुक्तीभूमीवर होणार 'मुक्ती महोत्सव' - mukti mahostav in yeola from 13 oct 2017 | Maharashtra Times|date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427201900/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms |archive-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref>

Inside of the memorial display a detailed account of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's life, important related documents, original photographs, statues of Lord Buddha and Dr. Ambedkar, and a mural depicting the declaration of religious conversion. The site serves as a center of educational, historical, and religious importance.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms|title=Nashik News: येवला मुक्तीभूमीवर होणार 'मुक्ती महोत्सव' - mukti mahostav in yeola from 13 oct 2017 | Maharashtra Times|date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427201900/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/mukti-mahostav-in-yeola-from-13-oct-2017/articleshow/60944658.cms |archive-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref>

== Buddhist Bhikkhu Vipassana Center ==
On 3 March 2024, [[Chhagan Bhujbal]], then serving as the Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection in the Government of Maharashtra, inaugurated the Buddhist [[Bhikkhu]] Vipassana Center at Mukti Bhoomi in Yeola. The inauguration marked a significant development in the continued commemoration of Ambedkar’s legacy at the site. During the event, Bhujbal highlighted the historical importance of Mukti Bhoomi, stating: "This is the place where Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar made the announcement of his conversion in Yeola. Around 10 thousand people witnessed this historic moment. This place is one of the most important places in Ambedkar's life. Hence, today is a significant day."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/nashik-buddhist-bhikkhu-vipassana-center-inaugurated-in-mukti-bhoomi|title=Nashik: Buddhist Bhikkhu Vipassana Center Inaugurated In Mukti Bhoomi|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nashik/nashik-historic-mukti-bhumi-in-yeola-was-inaugurated-on-sunday-in-presence-of-bhujbal-marathi-news-dsp97|title=Nashik News : येवल्यातील ऐतिहासिक मुक्तिभूमीला झळाळी! भुजबळांच्या उपस्थितीत रविवारी लोकार्पण सोहळा|first=सकाळ|last=वृत्तसेवा|date=2 March 2024|website=Marathi News Esakal}}</ref>

The establishment of the Vipassana Center reflects the site's growing role not only as a memorial but also as a center for Buddhist practice and education, aligning with Ambedkar’s vision of social transformation through Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/nashik-buddhist-bhikkhu-vipassana-center-inaugurated-in-mukti-bhoomi|title=Nashik: Buddhist Bhikkhu Vipassana Center Inaugurated In Mukti Bhoomi|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nashik/nashik-historic-mukti-bhumi-in-yeola-was-inaugurated-on-sunday-in-presence-of-bhujbal-marathi-news-dsp97|title=Nashik News : येवल्यातील ऐतिहासिक मुक्तिभूमीला झळाळी! भुजबळांच्या उपस्थितीत रविवारी लोकार्पण सोहळा|first=सकाळ|last=वृत्तसेवा|date=2 March 2024|website=Marathi News Esakal}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ambedkar speech at Yeola.png|thumb|B. R. Ambedkar delivering a speech]]
[[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] held an important conference on 13 October 1935 in [[Yeola]], a town in [[Nashik]] district, Maharashtra. There, he withdrew from the Kalaram Temple Satyagraha and made a powerful declaration:
"Though I was born a [[Hindu]], I will not die a Hindu."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Prakash-Ambedkar-calls-for-peace/articleshow/54842929.cms|title=Prakash Ambedkar calls for peace|work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Muktibhoomi}}
* [https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ITwN9yIv7PGKpRrmtmu2fI/The-day-Shivaji-Park-turns-blue.html?facet=amp The day Shivaji Park turns blue; 15 Dec 2018; Bhanuj Kappal] by [[Mint (newspaper)|mint]]

{{coord|20.0505|74.4892|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nashik]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik]]

IIT Bombay Racing

2026-03-30T11:29:30Z

Shirttheory: Started initial page with sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=February 2021}}
{{Fan POV|date=February 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| title = {{flagicon|India}} IIT Bombay Racing
| image = <nowiki>[[</nowiki>[[File:Iitbracing logo.png|thumb|Racing_iitb]]<nowiki>]]</nowiki>
| headerstyle = background-color: gainsboro;
| label1 = Full name
| data1 = IIT Bombay Racing
| class1 = fn org
| label2 = Base
| data2 = [[Mumbai]], [[India]] {{Coord|19|08|.24|N|72|54|47.88|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-KA_type:landmark}}
| class2 = label
| label3 = Faculty Advisor
| data3 = {{flagicon|India}} [https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sa/ Prof. Sandeep Anand]
| class3 = agent
| label5 = Team Leader
| data5 = {{flagicon|India}} [https://www.linkedin.com/in/varun-pathak-511179194 Varun Pathak]
| class5 = agent
| label8 = Website
| data8 = {{URL|www.iitbracing.org}}
| class8 = agent
| label9 = Facebook
| data9 = {{URL|www.facebook.com/iitbracing/}}
| class9 = agent
| label10 = Twitter
| data10 = {{URL|www.twitter.com/iitb_racing}}
| class10 = agent
| label11 = Instagram
| data11 = {{URL|www.instagram.com/iitbombayracing}}
| class11 = agent
| header19 = [[Formula Student|2016 Formula Student UK]]

| label22 = Car Name
| data22 = EvoK
| label23 = Chassis
| data23 = Steel Tubular Space Frame
| label24 = Powertrain
| data24 = 40 kW @ 4770 RPM 80 Nm @ 4770 RPM
| label25 = Battery
| data25 = 95S1P 7.72 kWh LiPo battery, 400 V max., 400 A max.
| label26 = Tires
| data26 = Hoosier 20.5 x 7.5 x 13
| header27 = [[Formula Student]] World Championship
| label28 = Debut
| data28 = 2008 Formula Student Michigan
| label29 = Latest race
| data29 = 2019 Formula Student UK
| label30 = Competitions competed
| data30 = 7x FS UK 3x BAJA SAE INDIA 1x FSAE Michigan
}}
[[File:Racing logo.jpg|thumb|IITB racing team]]'''IIT Bombay Racing'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=IITB Racing 2016 |url=https://www.iitbracing.org/cars.html |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=www.iitbracing.org}}</ref> is a [[Formula Student]] team from [[India]] based at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] since 2007.

IIT Bombay Racing made its debut at [[Formula Student]] Michigan, 2008 with an entry car Vayu as only Indian team participating in the event. In the following year, the team participated in [[Formula Student]] UK, 2009 at [[Silverstone Circuit]] with entry car Agni<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitbracing.org/cars/agni.php|title=Agni {{!}} IITB Racing 2016|website=www.iitbracing.org|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> and was 2nd best Asian entry at [[Formula Student]] UK. The team also achieved highest score among Indian participating teams along with a 2nd rank in Cost Event.

In the year 2012, IIT Bombay Racing developed Prithvi 3.0 securing 1st in low weight sustainability and won the best car award by peers at the [[Baja SAE]] India event held at Pithampur. The same year also witnessed the launch of EVo 1.0,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitbracing.org/cars/evo1.php|title=Evo1 {{!}} IITB Racing 2016|website=www.iitbracing.org|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> India's first student designed electric racing vehicle.

Since 2012, the team has launched 11 electric vehicles with giant leaps in design and performance.

==Team Philosophy==
IIT Bombay Racing Team has established itself as a leading Indian Formula Student Electric team, driving innovation through sustainable and advanced engineering solutions. The team is united by a common vision of “Driving innovation and powering sustainability,” continuously pushing the boundaries of electric mobility. With a strong focus on excellence and performance, the team is committed to pioneering the future of electric vehicles in India. It works with passion and technical expertise to build high-performance electric race cars while contributing to the growth of the EV ecosystem. The team plays a key role in advancing sustainable electric mobility and aims to position India prominently on the FS stage. Moving forward, IIT Bombay Racing remains dedicated to showcasing the true potential of electric vehicles through innovation, sustainability, and engineering excellence.

==Achievements==

=== Competition Achievements ===

* '''2025–26''' – Secured '''3rd overall''' in the Electric category at Formula Bharat, with '''1st''' in Engineering Design and Statics, '''2nd''' in Cost & Manufacturing, Best Powertrain Design, and became the first Indian team to unveil a '''Driverless (DV)''' platform at Formula Bharat.
* '''2024''' – Secured '''1st overall''' at ''Formula Student Bharat'', along with '''2nd place in Cost''', '''3rd place in Engineering Design''', and a *''Special Award for Best Control''.
* '''2022''' – Finished '''3rd overall''' at ''Formula Student UK'', placing '''2nd in Engineering Design''', '''3rd in Cost and Manufacturing''', and *''3rd in Real-World AI''.
* '''2021''' – Won the '''overall title''' at the ''Formula Student UK Concept Class''; received '''Best Business Presentation''' at ''Formula Student Bharat''; and earned a ''Formula Student UK'' award recognizing '''design improvements and financial performance'''.
* '''2020''' – Awarded '''Best EV Design Presentation''' at the ''Formula Student Electric Vehicle (FSEV) Concept Challenge''.
* '''2019''' ''', 2018, 2016, 2015, 2014''' – Received a ''Formula Student UK'' award for '''design improvements and financial performance'''.
* '''2012''' – Won '''five awards''' at ''BAJA SAE'', including the *''AQ Peer’s Choice Award for Best ATV''.
* '''2011''' – Received the '''RAFTAR Award''' at ''BAJA SAE'' for the *''lightest and fastest vehicle''.
* '''2009''' – Won the '''Best Engineering Design Award''' at ''BAJA SAE''.
* '''2008''' – Debuted at ''Formula SAE Michigan'', earning '''Best New Entrant''' and the '''Best Perseverance Award'''.

==Vehicles==
=== General specifications ===

The following are the general specifications common to every car built by IIT Bombay Racing.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis
| Single-piece carbon fibre monocoque · Carbon fibre–aluminium honeycomb sandwich structure · Twill weave carbon fibre prepreg, oven cured
|-
! Aerodynamics
| Fully carbon fibre front wing, rear wing and side trays · Designed through CFD simulations · Manufactured entirely in-house
|-
! Drivetrain
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 motors · Combined power: 80 kW / 105 bhp · Single-stage planetary gearbox
|-
! Accumulator
| 400 V Li-ion battery · Laser-welded cylindrical cells · Custom BMS monitoring cell temperature and state of charge
|-
! Suspension
| Double wishbone · Pushrod configuration · Front & rear anti-roll bar (ARB)
|-
! Electronics
| In-house designed PCBs for vehicle controls, data communication and data acquisition · Interactive touchscreen dashboard with live telemetry and driver performance controls
|}

=== Vayu ===
Vayu was the first car fabricated by IIT Bombay Racing, participating at [[FSAE]] Michigan in 2008. It was the only Indian team participating at the competition. The team won the Perseverance Award and Best New Entrant Award.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 01 IC Car (FSAE Michigan)
|-
! Engine
| Honda CBR 600 F4i
|-
! Differential type
| Honda Integra GSR 92-93 Quaife ATB Helical LSD · Chain drive
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20"×6.5"-13" · Alloy 13"×5.5" Aura alloy wheels
|-
! Total Weight
| 288 kg
|}

=== Agni ===
Agni participated at [[FSAE]] UK in 2009 at [[Silverstone Circuit]], UK. It was the 2nd best Asian entry at the competition. The team achieved the highest score among participating Indian teams along with 2nd rank in Cost Event and 9th rank in Business Presentation.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 02 IC Car (FSAE UK)
|-
! Engine
| Honda CBR 600 F4i
|-
! Differential type
| Honda Integra GSR 92-93 Quaife ATB Helical LSD · Chain drive
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20"×6.5"-13" · Alloy 13"×5.5" Aura alloy wheels
|-
! Total Weight
| 275 kg
|}

=== EVo 1.0 ===
IIT Bombay Racing launched EVo 1.0 in 2012, India's first electric race car, marking a breakthrough in Indian racing history.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 01 EV Car (FSAE UK)
|-
! Battery
| Lithium polymer pouch cells · Elithion distributed BMS with passive balancing
|-
! Motors
| 95R Agni motors · Brushed PM DC motors · 60 kW @ 78 V
|-
! Differential type
| Honda Integra GSR 92-93 Quaife ATB Helical LSD · Chain drive
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20"×6.5"-13" · Al alloy rims
|-
! Total Weight
| 388 kg
|}

=== EVo 2.0 ===
EVo 2.0 participated in [[FSAE]] UK 2013. It was the first Indian race car to implement an electronic differential successfully. The team achieved an overall rank of 54th out of 120 teams and was the first Indian car to complete all safety checks and participate in dynamic events.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 02 EV Car (FSAE UK)
|-
! Battery
| LiPo battery packs · 20S×2 configuration · Dow Kokam cells 60 A-h
|-
! Motors
| 95R Agni motors · Brushed PM DC motors · 60 kW @ 72 V
|-
! Differential type
| Electronic differential · Two-step linear gearbox with helical gears
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20.5"×6"-13" · Al alloy rims
|-
! Total Weight
| 290 kg
|}

=== EVo 3.0 ===
EVo 3.0 participated in [[FSAE]] UK 2014. It was the first Indian FS car to complete all static and dynamic events, and the first to qualify for the endurance event. The team achieved a rank of 15th among 33 participating electric cars and received the [[Formula Student]] Award of £3,000.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 03 EV Car (FSAE UK)
|-
! Performance
| Maximum lateral acceleration: 1.5g · 0–75 km/h in 4.8 sec
|-
! Battery
| LiPo battery packs · 20S×2 configuration · Dow Kokam cells 60 A-h
|-
! Motors
| Lynch motors · Brushed PM DC motors · 60 kW @ 72 V
|-
! Differential type
| Electronic differential with torque vectoring · Two-step linear gearbox
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20.5"×7"-13" · Al alloy rims
|-
! Total Weight
| 264 kg
|}

=== EVo 4.0 ===
EVo 4.0 participated in [[FSAE]] UK 2015. IIT Bombay Racing fabricated an aluminium honeycomb monocoque chassis, a feat achieved for the first time by an Indian team. The team received the [[Formula Student]] Award of £3,000 for the second consecutive year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 04 EV Car (FSAE UK)
|-
! Performance
| Maximum lateral acceleration: 1.7g · 0–75 km/h in 4.29 sec
|-
! Battery
| 3P96S configuration · 400/370 V
|-
! Motors
| Compact Dynamics motors · Brushless DC motors · 42 kW peak power
|-
! Differential type
| Electronic differential · Hybrid planetary gearbox
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20.5"×7"-13" · Al alloy rims
|-
! Total Weight
| 300 kg
|}

=== Orca ===
Orca participated in [[Formula Student]] UK 2016. IIT Bombay Racing fabricated carbon fibre bodyworks in-house, a first by a student team at [[IIT Bombay]]. The team received the Formula Student Award of £3,000 for the third consecutive year. The team completed all static events and participated in the endurance event.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 05 EV Car (Formula Student UK 2016)
|-
! Performance
| Maximum lateral acceleration: 1.7g · 0–75 km/h in 4.29 sec
|-
! Battery
| LiPo battery packs · 20S×2 configuration · Dow Kokam cells 60 A-h
|-
! Motors
| Compact Dynamics motors · Brushless DC motors · 80 kW @ 370 V nominal
|-
! Differential type
| Electronic differential · Planetary gearbox
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20.5"×7.5"-13" · Al alloy rims
|-
! Total Weight
| 242 kg
|}

=== EvoX ===
EvoX was the 6th electric race car developed by IIT Bombay Racing, marking the team's transition to a fully carbon fibre monocoque chassis manufactured entirely in-house.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 06 EV Car
|-
! Battery
| 400 V Li-ion · Laser-welded cylindrical cells · Custom BMS
|-
! Motors
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 · 80 kW / 105 bhp combined · 90 Nm peak torque
|-
! Drivetrain
| Single-stage planetary gearbox
|}

=== EvoK ===
EvoK was the 7th electric race car developed by IIT Bombay Racing, participating in [[Formula Student]] UK 2019 at [[Silverstone Circuit]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 07 EV Car (Formula Student UK 2019)
|-
! Performance
| 0–100 km/h: 3.47 sec · Top speed: 145+ km/h · Power: 108 bhp · Weight: 245 kg
|-
! Battery
| 95S1P Li-ion · 351 V · 7.72 kWh · 400 A max · Custom BMS
|-
! Motors
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 · 80 kW / 105 bhp combined · 90 Nm peak torque
|-
! Drivetrain
| Single-stage planetary gearbox · Final drive ratio: 4.55
|-
! Tires
| Hoosier 20.5 × 7.5 × 13
|}

=== E12 (EvoLV) ===
E12, also known as EvoLV, was the 8th electric race car developed by IIT Bombay Racing, featuring a refined 96S2P lithium-ion accumulator and an improved aerodynamic package.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 08 EV Car (E12 / EvoLV)
|-
! Performance
| 0–100 km/h: 2.88 sec · Top speed: 158 km/h · Max power: 80 kW
|-
! Battery
| 96S2P Li-ion · 403.2 V peak / 355.2 V nominal · 7.95 kWh · 330 A max discharge · Custom BMS
|-
! Motors
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 · 80 kW combined · 90 Nm peak torque
|-
! Drivetrain
| Single-stage planetary gearbox · Final drive ratio: 4.55
|-
! Weight bias
| 52% Rear
|}

=== E13 (Etherion) ===
E13, named Etherion, was the 9th electric race car developed by IIT Bombay Racing. Etherion secured '''1st overall''' at Formula Student Bharat 2024, along with 2nd place in Cost, 3rd in Engineering Design, and a Special Award for Best Control.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 09 EV Car (E13 / Etherion)
|-
! Performance
| 0–100 km/h: 3.2 sec · Top speed: 160 km/h · Max power: 80 kW
|-
! Battery
| 90S6P Li-ion · 378 V peak / 324 V nominal · 8.1 kWh · Self-developed BMS
|-
! Motors
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 · 80 kW combined · 90 Nm peak torque
|-
! Drivetrain
| Single-stage planetary gearbox · Final drive ratio: 4.55
|-
! Weight bias
| 55% Rear
|}

=== E14 ===
E14 is the 10th electric race car and the current car under development by IIT Bombay Racing, continuing the team's established carbon fibre monocoque architecture and dual Emrax 188 powertrain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Number
| 10 EV Car (E14) — Current
|-
! Battery
| 400 V Li-ion · Laser-welded cylindrical cells · Custom BMS
|-
! Motors
| 2× PMSM Emrax 188 · 80 kW / 105 bhp combined · 90 Nm peak torque
|-
! Drivetrain
| Single-stage planetary gearbox
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*http://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-b-india-fastest-electric-racing-car-orca-2825209/
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMRcTdSIw0w
*http://www.insightiitb.org/2016/full-throttle/
*http://www.insightiitb.org/2015/iitb-racings-performance-at-formula-student-15/
*http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/iit-bombay-develops-fifth-electric-racecar-compete-formula-student-uk-20025
*http://www.dailyo.in/technology/iit-bombay-racing-formula-electric-car-student-tech-fests/story/1/11449.html
*http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/iit-bombay-team-unveils-electric-racing-car/article7216205.ece

[[Category:IIT Bombay|Formula Student]]
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]

Assam State Commission for Women

2026-03-30T04:26:49Z

Shirttheory:

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Assam State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 1993
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Assam]]
| headquarters = Assam State Commission for Women, Beltola, Near Sankardev Netralaya Guwahati-781028.Present Residential Address : Gangapath, Anandapur, Hengrabari, House No. 4, P.O. & P.S. Dispur, Guwahati-6, Assam.<ref name="asw ref2">{{cite web |title=GOVERNMENT OF ASSAM |url=https://socialwelfare.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/women-commission |website=GOVERNMENT OF ASSAM |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="asw ref1">{{cite web |title=Assam State Commission for Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Assam |website=Assam State Commission for Women |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Angoorlata Deka]]
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Assam}}
{{Official website|https://socialwelfare.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/women-commission}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| native_name_a =
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| keydocument1 =
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}}

'''Assam State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Assam]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Assam|Assam Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Assam State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and studying women-related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues women face in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.

* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.

* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.

* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

Assam State Commission for Women had launched its own website for women of the state to lodge any women issues-based complaint from any part of the state.<ref name="asw ref3" /><ref name="asw ref4">{{cite news |title=Assam State Commission for Women launches official website, Facebook page, Twitter handle |url=https://nenow.in/guwahati/assam-state-commission-for-women-launches-official-website-facebook-page-twitter-handle.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=nenow.in |date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Term
!Chairperson
!Members
!Members
!Members
|-
|2025-2028
|[[Angoorlata Deka]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2025-08-05 |title=Assam Government Appointed Angoorlata Deka as ASCW Chairperson |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-government-appointed-angoorlata-deka-as-ascw-chairperson |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
|Kabita Roy Saikia
|Nilima Brahma
|
|-
|2022-2025
|Dr. Hemoprova Borthakur
|Lucky Gogoi
|
|
|}

== Composition ==

Assam State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and 4 members.

Since 2025, [[Angoorlata Deka]] has been serving as the Chairperson of the Assam State Commission for Women.<ref name="asw ref3">{{cite news |title=Assam State Commission for Women (ASCW) launches website www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/assam-state-commission-for-women-ascw-launches-website-522863 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/assam-state-commission-for-women-ascw-launches-website-522863 |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Assam State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:<ref name="asw ref5">{{cite news |title=Assam State Commission for Women (ASCW) solves less than 50% cases in 10 years |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-state-commission-for-women-ascw-solves-less-than-50-cases-in-10-years-2004375 |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under Constitution of India and women related legislations.

* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.

* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.

* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="asw ref6">{{cite news |title=Assam horror: Women Commission records statements of three sisters ‘stripped and tortured’ by cops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/18/assam-horror-women-commission-records-statements-of-three-sisters-stripped-and-tortured-by-cops-2035577.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=newindianexpress |date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.

* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.

* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.

* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.

* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.

* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.

* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== Related Articles ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://socialwelfare.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/women-commission Official Website]
* [http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Assam Official Website]



[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Red Wine (2013 film)

2026-03-25T09:52:18Z

Shirttheory: starting a details nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Red Wine
| image = Red Wine (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Salam Bappu]]
| producer = A. S. Gireesh Lal
| screenplay = Mammen K. Rajan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Fahadh Faasil]]
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
}}
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = Gowri Meenakshi Movies
| distributor = {{plainlist|
*Reelax Eveents
*Tricolor Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|21|ref1=<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130213200822/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/red-wine-malayalam-movie-is-set-to-be-released-on-march-22/371372-71-210.html Red Wine – Release]</ref>}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Red Wine''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Salam Bappu]] and written by Mammen K. Rajan from a story by Noufal Blathoor. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahad Faasil]] as lead alongside [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121027014615/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-in-red-wine-news-malayalam-mkyteHhbfga.html Red Wine – Malayalam Movie]</ref> The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Bijibal]]. ''Red Wine'' was released on 21 March 2013.<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11547/malayalam/red-wine/preview.htm Red Wine – Preview]</ref> The film was later dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the same title.<ref>{{Citation |title=Red wine (2013) New Released Telugu Dubbed Movie {{!}} Mohanlal, Fahad Fasil and Asif Ali |url=https://youtube.com/rorqHK0jCQw |access-date=2022-10-12 |language=English}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=October 2019}}

[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ratheesh Vasudevan, a brilliant and experienced police officer, is appointed to investigate the murder of Anoop C V, a part-time theatre actor who performed at local stage plays. He is assisted by [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rafi.

During the initial stages of the investigation, Ratheesh learns from Anoop's family members, friends, acquaintances, neighbours and from Anoop's close friend Joe Sebastian that Anoop was a brilliant student both in school and in the engineering college and also that he was the Local Committee Secretary of [[The Communist Party]] and was interested in social service and also helping the local population rather than using his engineering degree to get a well-paying job abroad. Joe Sebastian is running a catering service and is also a quarry owner. KP Ramesh Kumar is a young man who is employed in a private firm and he is in debt. Ramesh has a wife Deepthi and a newborn child and he is struggling to make ends meet. Navas Paramban is a friend of Anoop who owns an advertisement company.

Narayanan is a man who is Anoop's close friend and mentor, who had known Anoop right from his childhood since Narayanan had enrolled Anoop in school when Anoop was a kid and who influenced him to read a lot. During the investigation and through various people he met, Ratheesh comes across a suspicious private bank CAPITAL FINCORP which was situated in the heart of the city. Later he gets to know more about the bank from Navas and also from Abhilash who is a clerk at the bank. One day, before leaving the village to set off for a short journey, Narayanettan comes to meet Ratheesh at his office and tells more about Anoop and also the things he did for the welfare and betterment of the common people. Narayanan also told that a few days before Anoop's death, Anoop had filed a petition along with the tribals in [[Wayanad]] to the [[Revenue Divisional Officer|RDO]] about a land encroachment attempt by the private bank, which could result in the life of tribals being evicted from there. The bankers had planned to construct an ayurvedic resort in that area. Naryanan doubted whether Anoop's murder was a political murder. Later, Ratheesh meets the [[Revenue Divisional Officer|RDO]] Ann Mary and inquires about the whereabouts of the petition. She replied that she had forwarded it to the Land Acquisition section head Rathnakaran Pillai for immediate action after knowing the seriousness of the situation. She also said that Rathnakaran was on sick leave for many days and that the files were with him. Later, Ratheesh finds out that Pillai was corrupt and had given the files to the credit card manager of CAPITAL FINCORP. Pillai is eventually arrested from his flat by Ratheesh and his team. Later one day during a casual talk with Ann Mary at her home, she revealed to Ratheesh that Anoop was her Facebook friend and also revealed that Anoop was in love with his fiancé Jasmine. On further investigation, Ratheesh finds out that Ramesh is a suspect in the crime after Abhilash gives Ramesh's [[non-liability certificate]] from the bank to Ratheesh which showed that he had closed his loan quickly. Later, lookout notices for Ramesh were put up around the main cities.

After gathering clear and concrete evidence, Ratheesh formally arrests the bank manager Venugopal, the regional head Philipose Koshy and their henchman Shibumon. On questioning them, they admit and confess their crimes that they were behind it and also that Ramesh was the murderer as they made Ramesh to commit the crime in order to close his loan which he was unable to pay. The commissioner asks Ratheesh to speed up the investigation since it was an unusual murder case and that he is having a lot of pressure from the top brasses in the [[Kerala Police|police department]]. On questioning Philipose and Venu again, Ratheesh finds out that Dr Paul Alexander, who is a rich businessman is also involved in the act under the pretext of a charitable trust named Karunya Charitable Trust. Ratheesh later arrests Paul from the Baby Memorial Hospital at [[Calicut]] where he was undergoing treatment.

Ratheesh and his police team had properly planned to nab Ramesh to produce him in the court along with the other culprits the next day. That night, Ramesh reached his residence. Then quickly the police team led by SI Rafi who were hiding nearby jumped out from nowhere and began chasing him. While running from the police, Ramesh gets hit by a passing truck, thrown onto a passing car and dies on the spot. Finally, Ratheesh goes to the mortuary to see Ramesh's corpse. While coming out of the mortuary, he find's Deepthi and their infant sitting inside an autorickshaw. The movie ends as Ratheesh leaves in his jeep, speechless with a heavy heart. In the final credits scene, Ratheesh is seen spending his time at a lonely seashore.

In a deleted climax scene, it was shown that the souls of Anoop and Ramesh appear to Ratheesh at the beach to speak to him, where both the souls thanked him for finding out the real truth and also for knowing about how both of their lives came to a drastic end. Anoop's soul also tells him that there is neither friend nor foe in the eyes of death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Ratheesh Vasudevan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Kozhikode City Police]], the investigating officer
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Comrade C.V. Anoop, LC Secretary
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as K.P. Ramesh Kumar
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Navas Paramban
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[inspector|CI]] Rafi, the officer who assists Ratheesh in the investigation
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Subair, a medical student
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Dr.Paul Alexander
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Deepthi
* [[Anusree]] as Sreelakshmi
* Maria John as Jasmin
* [[Meghana Raj]] as RDO Ann Mary
* [[Meera Nandan]] as Jasna
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Joe Sebastian
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Narayanan aka Narayanettan
* [[Priyanandanan]] as Unni
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Rethnakaran Pillai, Revenue Superintendent
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Venugopal S, Credit Card Manager of CAPITAL FINCORP
* [[Satheesh Menon]] as Philipose Koshy, Regional Head of CAPITAL FINCORP
* [[Roshan Basheer]] as Alfy, a singer and musician
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Fasaluddeen, [[CyberCell]] officer
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Sakhavu Joseph (Photo Appearance)
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Elsey
* Sreejith as Raghu
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Abhilash
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Bhaskaran
* Nandan Unni as Kunjikannan
* Sundara Pandian as Shibu Mon
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]] George Joseph [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Kozhikode City Police]]
* Chithara Bhanu as Chandran
* Favour Francis as Father
* Moideen Koya as Principal Hamsa
* Gabriella Demetriades (Special appearance in the promotional song "Neelaakaasham")
}}

==Production==
The film was shot on locations in [[Kozhikode]] and [[Wayanad]]. The film began its shoot and held its [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] on 30 November 2012.

The film's first teaser was released on 22 December 2012,<ref>{{YouTube|-JLH2fNGvKY|Red Wine – Official Teaser}}</ref> and a theatrical trailer was released on 5 March 2013.<ref>{{YouTube|QIDjlDv8YQg|Red Wine – Official Trailer}}</ref> A promotional song was released on 18 March 2013.<ref>{{YouTube|CXs0D-SbIGk|Red Wine – Official Promo Song}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
''Red Wine'' received mixed to positive reviews from film critics.

* Aswin of ''[[The Times of India]]'' says that "''Red Wine'' makes it too easy, too effortless and the thin element of suspense wanes no sooner than it even appears".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Red-Wine/movie-review/19254422.cms "Movie Review:Red Wine"] ''[[The Times of India]]'' {{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>
* [[Sify.com]] rated the film as "above Average", stating that "''Red Wine'' is not bad, but it is not great either. If you are not looking forward to some modern pattern, the film may be a fine option as well".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130326144534/http://www.sify.com/movies/red-wine-review-malayalam-15023973.html "Movie Review:Red Wine"] ''[[Sify]]''{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>
* Paresh of [[Rediff.com]] says that "''Red Wine'' is worth watching for its approach and its lead actors".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-red-wine-is-worth-a-watch/20130322.htm "Movie Review:Red Wine"] ''[[Rediff]]'' {{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>
* Nirmal of [[One India]] says that "''Red Wine'' is an interesting film by the 'super combo' of Mohanlal, Fahad Fazal and Asif Ali, a routine murder mystery, but a watchable one".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041508/http://malayalam.oneindia.in/movies/preview/2013/red-wine-movie-review-1-108105.html "Movie Review:Red Wine"] ''[[Oneindia.in|OneIndia]]'' {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>
* Indiaglitz.com says that "''Red Wine'' is a clean bit of film which can definitely be prescribed for families. One time watch for others though it is quite predictable to the core".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130324011804/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17049.html "Movie Review:Red Wine" ''Indiaglitz'']{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Red Wine
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]] [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|07}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:32
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Music]]
| producer = A. S. Gireesh Lal
| prev_title = [[Da Thadiya]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Thank You (2013 film)|Thank You]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Bijibal]], with lyrics penned by [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] and Santhosh Varma. The album was launched on 7 March 2013 at Crown Plaza in [[Kochi]].<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/133963/ Audio CD of `Red Wine' released]</ref> The event was attended by [[Mohanlal]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], Anusree, Maria John and other personalities from the film industry, along with the technical crew and cast of the film. The audio rights were acquired by [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:32
| title1 = Ilam Veyil
| lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| extra1 = [[Najim Arshad]], Veetraag, Prashanth
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Neelaakaasham
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma
| extra2 = Aditi Gopinathan
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Akaluvathenthino
| lyrics3 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra3 = [[Job Kurian]]
| length3 = 4:20
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://redwinethemovie.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114741/http://redwinethemovie.com/ |date=15 April 2016 }}
* {{IMDb title|2773898}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]

Aparajito

2026-03-22T00:58:27Z

Shirttheory: Done!

{{Short description|1956 film by Satyajit Ray}}
{{for-multi|the 2022 film|Aparajito (2022 film){{!}}''Aparajito'' (2022 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aparajito
| image = Aparajito poster.jpg
| alt = Poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| producer = Satyajit Ray
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'' and ''Aparajito''|[[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Pinaki Sengupta|[[Kanu Banerjee]]|[[Karuna Banerjee]]|Smaran Ghosal|Ramani Ranjan Sengupta|Charaprakash Ghosh|Subodh Ganguly}}
| music = [[Ravi Shankar]]
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| studio = [[Satyajit Ray|Epic Films]]
| distributor = [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1956|10|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aparajito''''' ({{IPA|bn|ɔpɔradʒito|pron}} {{lang|bn-Latn|Ôporajito}}; ''The Unvanquished'') is a 1956 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]], and is the second part of ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]''. It is an adaptation of the last part of [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay|Bibhutibhushan Bannerjee's]] novel ''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'' and the first part of his followup novel ''Aparajito''.<ref name="r94">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=94}}</ref> The film starts off where the previous film ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955) ended, with Apu's family moving to [[Varanasi]], and chronicles Apu's life from childhood to adolescence in college.

When Ray started making ''Pather Panchali'', he had no plans of following it up with a sequel, but the critical and commercial success of that film prompted him to start making ''Aparajito''.{{sfn|Ray|2013|p=63}} Unlike his previous venture, where he stayed faithful to the novel, Ray took some bold artistic decisions here, such as portraying the relationship between Apu and his mother in a very different manner from the book. As a result, in contrast to its predecessor, the film was not received well locally; Ray recalled that "as for the suburban audience, it was shocked by the portrayal of the mother and son relationship, so sharply at variance with the conventional notion of mutual sweetness and devotion".{{sfn|Ray|2013|p=42}}

Critical reception outside of India, however, was overwhelmingly positive. The film won 11 international awards, including the [[Golden Lion]] and Critics Award at the [[Venice Film Festival]], becoming the first film to ever win both awards.{{sfn|Ray|2012|pp=168}} Veteran film-maker [[Mrinal Sen]] said he considered ''Aparajito'' to be one of the best Indian movies he had ever seen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/i-dont-rank-my-films-mrinal-sen/article435026.ece |title=I don't rank my films: Mrinal Sen |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 September 2014 |date=2010 |last=Das Gupta |first=Ranjan}}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]] wrote that "it is done with such rare feeling and skill at pictorial imagery, and with such sympathetic understanding of Indian character on the part of Mr. Ray, that it develops a sort of hypnotism for the serene and tolerant viewer".<ref name="bosley">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F04E2DC113CE63BBC4151DFB2668382649EDE |title=The Screen: 'Aparajito'; Indian Movie Continues 'Pather Panchali' Story |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 September 2014 |date=29 April 1959 |last=Crowther |first=Bosley}}</ref> The critical acclaim this movie received encouraged Ray to make another sequel, ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (1959), which was equally well received, and thus concluded one of the most critically acclaimed movie trilogies of all time, as [[Roger Ebert]] later pointed out: "The three films ... swept the top prizes at Cannes, Venice and London, and created a new cinema for India – whose prolific film industry had traditionally stayed within the narrow confines of swashbuckling musical romances. Never before had one man had such a decisive impact on the films of his culture".<ref name="ebert">{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959 |title=The Apu Trilogy |access-date=24 September 2014 |date=4 March 2001 |last=Ebert |first=Roger}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1920, Apu and his parents, who have left their home in rural [[Bengal]], have settled into an apartment in [[Varanasi]] where his father Harihar works as a priest. Harihar is making headway in his new pursuits: praying, singing, and officiating among the [[ghat]]s on the sacred river [[Ganges]]. Harihar catches a fever and soon dies, however, and his wife Sarbajaya is forced to begin work as a maid. With the assistance of a great uncle, Apu and his mother return to Bengal and settle in the village Mansapota. There Apu apprentices as a priest, but pines to attend the local school which his mother is persuaded to allow. He excels at his studies, impressing a visiting dignitary, and the headmaster takes special interest in him.

Within a few years, the teenaged Apu has done well enough to receive a scholarship to go to Kolkata for further studies. Sarbajaya feels abandoned and frightened by this, but gives in and lovingly packs his suitcase. Apu travels by train to the city and starts working at a printing press, after school hours, to subsist. He becomes more accustomed to the city life and feels out of place in the village. Sarbajaya expects visits from him, but he visits only a few times. Her loneliness and yearning for her son grow. She becomes seriously ill, but does not disclose her illness to Apu, lest his studies be disturbed. When Apu finally realises her poor health, he returns to the village to find that she has died. Bhabataran, Apu's great uncle, requests that he stay there and perform last rites of his mother. Apu replies that he will perform the last rites in Kolkata and begins his journey back to the city.

==Cast==
[[File:Still from Aparajito.jpg|thumb|Smaran Ghosal in ''Aparajito'']]
* Pinaki Sengupta as Apurba "Apu" Roy (boy)
* Smaran Ghosal as Apu (adolescent)
* [[Kanu Banerjee]] as Harihar Roy, Apu's father
* [[Karuna Banerjee]] as Sarbajaya Roy, Apu's mother
* Ramani Ranjan Sengupta as Bhabataran, Sarbajaya's uncle and Apu's great uncle
* Charu Prakash Ghosh as Nanda Babu
* Subodh Ganguly as Headmaster

==Production==
=== Origin and development ===
''Aparajito'' was based on the last fifth of the novel ''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'' and the first third of the novel ''Aparajito'' by Banerjee.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=94}} The novel ''Pather Panchali'' is a classic [[bildungsroman]] (a type of [[coming-of-age story]]) in the canon of [[Bengali literature]].{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=277}}{{sfn|Gugelberger|1996|p=173}} It first appeared as a [[serial (literature)|serial]] in a Calcutta periodical in 1928{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=74}} and was published as a book the next year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sekhar |first=Saumitra |year=2012 |chapter=Pather Panchali |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pather_Panchali |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> According to Ray's biographer, Robinson, among the three films of the [[Apu trilogy]], ''Aparajito'' bears the closest resemblance with its literary source. Banerjee's depiction of the mother-son relation fascinated Ray. Robinson writes: "Their relationship had some echoes on a purely psychological plane for him". Ray was in particular moved by Banerjee's "daring and profound revelation", that "for some time after Sarbajaya's death Apu becomes familiar with a strange sensation ... his immediate reaction had been one of pleasure, like a surge of release ... a delight in the breaking of bonds ... there was no doubt he loved his mother, but the news of her death had at first brought him pleasure—he couldn't avoid the truth".{{sfn | Robinson | 2010 | p=44}} Ray's wife [[Bijoya Ray|Bijoya]] also voiced her concerns when she discovered the plot, asking him "Do you think people in our country will accept a son's relief at having won his freedom at his mother's death?" Ray was aware of the risk, saying: "let's see what happens. After all, later Apu was full of regret at his initial reaction upon his mother's death. And as he realized, her death actually came as a very big blow to him".{{sfn|Ray|2012|pp=153}}

===Script and crew===
The novel had a female character named Leela who influenced Apu's alienation from his mother when he was living in Calcutta. After rejecting two aspirants, Ray found one actress to portray the character, but the actress was not allowed to act in the film by her fiancé. Eventually, Ray reluctantly removed the character from the script.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=94}} He later commented that he thought Leela, with whom Apu had an understated affair, was a strong reason behind Apu's attraction to Calcutta, and that, without her presence in the film, this attraction might seem to some extent artificial: "I'm never sure, whether Apu's attachment to the city without the element of the girlfriend is strong enough, the pull that the city exerts is a bit abstract". However, when he watched the movie later, he did not feel the absence of Leela.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=94–95}}

[[Subrata Mitra]], the cinematographer of ''The Apu Trilogy'', made his first technical innovation with this film: the application of [[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|bounce lighting]] on large scale diffusers to match studio sets with location shooting.{{sfn|Seton|2003|p=92}} According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers:
<blockquote>The fear of monsoon rain had forced the art director, Bansi Chandragupta, to abandon the original plan to build the inner courtyard of a typical Benares house in the open and the set was built inside a studio in Calcutta. Mitra recalls arguing in vain with both Chandragupta and Ray about the impossibilities of simulating shadowless diffused skylight. But this led him to innovate what became subsequently his most important tool—bounce lighting. Mitra placed a framed painter white cloth over the set resembling a patch of sky and arranged studio lights below to bounce off the fake sky.<ref name="cinematographers">{{Citation |title=Subrata Mitra |publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers |url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm |access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref></blockquote>

==Critical reception==
The film has been enthusiastically received by critics. [[James Berardinelli]] wrote:

<blockquote>''Aparajito'' was filmed forty years ago, half way around the world, yet the themes and emotions embedded in the narrative are strikingly relevant to modern Western society (thus explaining why it is called a "timeless classic"). ... ''Aparajito'' is an amazing motion picture. Its rich, poetic composition is perfectly wed to the sublime emotional resonance of the narrative. For those who have seen ''Pather Panchali'', ''Aparajito'' provides a nearly-flawless continuation of the journey begun there. Yet, for those who missed Ray's earlier effort, this film loses none of its impact. On its own or as part of the Apu Trilogy, ''Aparajito'' should not be missed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Aparajito (The Unvanquished) |url=https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/a/aparajito.html|access-date=2022-12-31|website= ReelViews | author1= James Berardinelli | date= 1996}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Roger Ebert]] said that "the relationship between Apu and his mother observes truths that must exist in all cultures: how the parent makes sacrifices for years, only to see the child turn aside and move thoughtlessly away into adulthood. ... It is about a time, place and culture far removed from our own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with our human feelings. It is like a prayer, affirming that this is what the cinema can be, no matter how far in our cynicism we may stray".<ref name="ebert" />

During the [[Venice Film Festival]], [[Penelope Houston (film critic)|Penelope Houston]], who was among the jury, broke protocol and told Ray personally: "I think it was magnificent".{{sfn|Ray|2012|pp=167}} The chairman of the award ceremony, [[René Clair]], was initially reluctant to give the film the festival's coveted top prize; he eventually acquiesced, but not before saying to Houston: "I hope Ray will go away and learn how to make films!" {{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=105}} The Japanese director [[Akira Kurosawa]] had an important film entered in that year's festival competition, ''[[Throne of Blood]]'' (''Kumonosu-jō''), which lost to Ray's film. However, many years later, Kurosawa's daughter generated a list of 100 films admired by him; this list quoted him as having affirmed the jury's choice as "Absolutely right" (though he misidentified the winning film as ''Pather Panchali'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieforums.com/community/showthread.php?t=23480 |title=Akira Kurosawa's Top 100 Films – Movie Forums |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref>

[[Emanuel Levy]] said: "Made in 1956 (and released in many countries a year later), ''Aparajito'' indicates India's processes of modernization and industrialization and their inevitable impact on both individual and culture. Nonetheless, in his upbeat outlook, Ray suggests that individuals can rise to the occasion and might not be compromised by the corruption that characterizes the society at large".<ref name="levy">{{cite web |url=http://emanuellevy.com/review/aparajito-1956/ |title=Aparajito (1956) |access-date=1 November 2014 |date=5 August 2011 |last=Levy |first=Emanuel}}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], who had earlier given a lukewarm response to ''Pather Panchali'', saying that it was so amateurish that "it would barely pass for a rough cut in Hollywood",{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=105}} praised ''Aparajito'', saying that "Mr. Ray's remarkable camera catches beauty in so many things, from the softness of a mother's sad expression to the silhouette of a distant train, that innuendos take up the slack of drama. Hindu music and expressive natural sounds complete the stimulation of the senses in this strange, sad, evocative film".<ref name="bosley" /> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Aparajito'' has a 94% fresh rating based on an aggregate of 18 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10.<ref>{{Rotten Tomatoes|id=aparajito}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
''Aparajito'' won the [[Golden Lion]] at the 1957 [[Venice Film Festival]] and, to date, remains the only film sequel to ever win the grand prize at the prestigious Venice, [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]], or [[Cannes Film Festival]]s. Along with the Golden Lion, it received the Cinema Nuovo Award and the [[FIPRESCI]] Critics Award, becoming the first movie to win all three.{{sfn|Ray|2012|pp=168}}

Ray won the Golden Gate awards for Best Picture and Best Director at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] in 1958, along with the Critics Award for this film.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=255&searchfield=aparajito |title=Aparajito |publisher=San Francisco Film Society |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref>

The film won the [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], as well as the [[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Award]] and Wington Award at the [[British Film Institute|British Film Institute Awards]] at [[London Film Festival]]. In Denmark, it won the [[Bodil Awards|Bodil Award]] for [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film of the Year]] in 1967.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4 |title=Bodilprisen (1960–69) |publisher=Filmmedarbejderforeningen |access-date=29 May 2008 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007153021/http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4 |archive-date=7 October 2008}}</ref>

At the [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1959 British Academy Film Awards]], the film was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Karuna Banerjee]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Foreign Actress]] for her role as Sarbajaya, Apu's mother.

==Accolades==
In 1992, ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' (the [[British Film Institute]]'s film magazine) ranked ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' at No. 88 in its Critics' Poll of [[Films considered the greatest ever|all-time greatest films]],<ref name="Caldwell">{{Citation |author=Aaron and Mark Caldwell |title=Sight and Sound |publisher=Top 100 Movie Lists |year=2004 |url=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026223644/http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while ''Aparajito'' itself was ranked separately at No. 127 on the same list.<ref name="SS-1992-ranking">{{Citation |title=Sight and Sound 1992 Ranking of Films |url=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html |archive-date=22 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2002, a combined list of ''Sight & Sound'' critics' and directors' poll results included ''Aparajito'' in its top 160.<ref>{{Citation |title=2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors |publisher=Cinemacom |year=2002 |url=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> In 1998, the [[Asian cinema|Asian film]] magazine ''[[Cinemaya]]''{{'}}s critics' poll of all-time greatest films ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 7.<ref>{{citation |title=The "Sight & Sound" of Canons |first=Donato |last=Totaro |journal=Offscreen Journal |publisher=[[Canada Council|Canada Council for the Arts]] |date=31 January 2003 |url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> In 1999, ''[[The Village Voice]]'' ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 54 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list, based on a poll of critics.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll |access-date=27 July 2006 |year=1999 |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref> In 2001, film critic [[Roger Ebert]] included ''The Apu Trilogy'' in his list of "100 Great Movies" of all time.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Apu Trilogy (1959) |author=Roger Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |publisher=rogerebert.com |date=4 March 2001 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010304%2FREVIEWS08%2F103040301%2F1023 |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082934/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010304%2FREVIEWS08%2F103040301%2F1023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005, ''The Apu Trilogy'' was included in [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|''Time''<nowiki/>'s All-Time 100 Movies]] list.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523235033/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2005 |title=All-time 100 Movies |access-date=29 May 2008 |magazine=Time |date=12 February 2005}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Smaran Ghosal, who, at the age of 14, played the role of adolescent Apu, only appeared in one more film, the documentary ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (1961), also made by Ray, in which he played a young [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Smaran died in 2008 in Kolkata, at the age of 64.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aparajito's Apu dies |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080712/jsp/calcutta/story_9538935.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916134645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080712/jsp/calcutta/story_9538935.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2008 |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India |date=12 July 2008 }}</ref>

''Pather Panchali'' (1955), ''Aparajito'', and ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') (1959) together constitute ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]''. ''Pather Panchali'' portrays the childhood of Apu in his family's ancestral house. ''Apur Sansar'' depicts Apu's adult life, his reaction to his wife's premature death, and his final bonding with his son whom he abandoned as an infant. Ray did not initially plan to make a trilogy: he decided to make the third film only after being asked about the possibility of a trilogy at the 1957 [[Venice Film Festival]],{{sfn|Wood|1972|p=61}} where ''Aparajito'' won the [[Golden Lion]].{{sfn|Bergan|2006|p=497}} ''Aparajito'' has been called the richest film of the trilogy in terms of its characterization.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=98}}

According to Michael Sragow of ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]'' in 1994: "The youthful [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Drama film|dramas]] that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy, which [[Terrence Rafferty]] has rightly called 'cinema's purest [[Bildungsroman]]'".<ref>{{citation |title=An Art Wedded to Truth |first=Michael |last=Sragow |year=1994 |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |access-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009}}</ref> Across the world, filmmakers such as [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Ingui |publisher=Hatchet |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml?norewrite200607071207&sourcedomain=www.gwhatchet.com |title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet |access-date=29 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102054806/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml?norewrite200607071207&sourcedomain=www.gwhatchet.com |archive-date=2 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Raging Bull: A film review |author=Jay Antani |year=2004 |publisher=[[Filmcritic.com]] |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull |access-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208084836/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull |archive-date=8 December 2007}}</ref> [[James Ivory]],<ref>{{Citation |author=Sheldon Hall |publisher=Screen Online |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |title=Ivory, James (1928–) |access-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[Elia Kazan]], and [[Wes Anderson]]<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite news |title=On Ray's Trail |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1 |newspaper=The Statesman |access-date=19 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103071501/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1 |archive-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> have been influenced by ''The Apu Trilogy'', with many others (such as Kurosawa) praising the work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=96}}</ref> After ''Aparajito'', Ray went on to make 35 more films, including feature films, documentaries, and [[short film|shorts]]. He worked on [[screenplay|scripting]], casting, [[Film score|scoring]], [[cinematography]], [[art director|art direction]], editing, and designing his own credit titles and publicity material, developing a distinctive style of film-making{{sfn|Santas|2002|p=18}} based on visual lyricism and strong humanism,{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2004|p=32}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/ray/ |title=Satyajit Ray |last=Goristas |first=Helen |date=May 2002 |work=[[Senses of Cinema]] |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511074653/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/ray.html |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> as in his Apu trilogy, and established himself as an [[Auteur theory|auteur]] of cinema.{{sfn|Santas|2002|p=18}}

==Preservation==
The [[Academy Film Archive]] preserved the entire Apu Trilogy in 1996, including ''Aparajito''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preserved Projects |url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=satyajit+ray&category=All&collection=All |website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref> In 2013, the video distribution company [[The Criterion Collection]], in collaboration with the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]' Film [[Academy Film Archive|Archive]], began the restoration of the original negatives of the Apu trilogy, including ''Aparajito''. These negatives had been severely damaged by a fire in London in 1993, and all film cans and fragments belonging to the Ray films were sent to the Motion Picture Academy for storage, where they lay unseen for two decades.<ref name="restoration">{{cite web|title=The Restoration|url=http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/restoration.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711002734/http://janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/restoration.html|archive-date=11 July 2015|access-date=1 August 2015|publisher=[[Janus Films]]}}</ref> It was discovered upon reexamination that, although many parts of the films were indeed destroyed by fire or the effects of age, other parts were salvageable. The materials were shipped to a restoration laboratory in Bologna, Italy: [[L'Immagine Ritrovata]]. For those parts of the negative that were missing or unusable, duplicate negatives and fine-grain masters from various commercial or archival sources were used.<ref name="restoration" /> The Criterion Collection's own lab then spent six months creating the digital version of all three films, at times choosing to preserve the distinctive look of the films even at the cost of retaining some imperfections.<ref name="restoration" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite book |last=Gugelberger |first=Georg M. |title=The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2RmcJm7zgQC |year=1996 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1844-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Satyajit |author-link=Satyajit Ray |title=Our Films, Their Films |date=2013 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1565-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnPaAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye |url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0 |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06946-6}}
* {{Cite book |surname1=Robinson |given1=A |year=2003 |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=1-86064-965-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=A | title=The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit Ray and the Making of an Epic | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-78672-962-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Santas |first=Constantine |year=2002 |title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-8304-1580-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Seton | first=M. | title=Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray | publisher=Penguin Books | series=Penguin original: Film, biography | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302972-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVILvhgqN6QC | access-date=1 January 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=R |year=1972 |title=The Apu trilogy |publisher=November Books Ltd |isbn=0-85631-003-4}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Bibhutibhushan |author-link=Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay |title=Aparajito |year=1999 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4FjAAAAMAAJ |pages=478 |isbn=978-81-7223-320-4}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151121160346/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aparaji.htm ''Aparajito''] at SatyajitRay.org (archived copy)
* [http://www.reelviews.net/movies/a/aparajito.html Reelviews review of ''Aparajito'']

{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Golden Lion}}
{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}

{{Authority control}}

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Constitution of Medina

2026-03-13T15:15:53Z

Shirttheory: adjust intro for accuracy and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Proclamation by Muhammad to end intertribal fighting}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Constitution of Medina
| long_name = ميثاق المدينة (Mithaq al-Madina)
| type = [[Constitution]], [[Agreement (disambiguation)|Agreement]], [[Social contract]]
| date_signed = 622 CE
| signatories = Various tribes and groups in Medina
| parties = '''Supreme Magistrate''' / '''Author''': [[Muhammad]] '''Muslims of Medina''': [[Muhajirun]] (migrants from Mecca) [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (helpers from Medina) '''Jewish tribes of Medina''': [[Banu Qaynuqa]] [[Banu Nadir]] [[Banu Qurayza]] '''Pagan Arabs of Medina''' '''Various polytheistic tribes'''
| language = [[Arabic]]}}{{Muhammad}}
The '''Mithaq al-Madina''' or the '''Constitution of Medina''' or the '''Charter of Medina''' ({{Langx|ar|وثيقة المدينة|Waṯīqat al-Madīna|rtl=Yes}}; or {{langx|ar|صحیفة المدينة|Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīna|label=none|rtl=yes}}; also known as the "Umma Document"),{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=227}} is a constitution<ref>John Burton, ''Those are the High-flying Cranes'', Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol 15 No. 2, pp. 265</ref><ref>Tarif Khalidi, ''Arab Historical Thought in The Classical Period'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 48</ref> that governed the affairs of [[Medina]]<ref name="Al-Dawoody1-19">{{cite book|first=Ahmed|last=Al-Dawoody|date=2011|title=The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations |page=19 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230111608}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rubin|2022|p=8}} which formed the basis of the [[First Islamic State]], a multi-religious polity under the Prophet Muhammad's leadership.<ref name="BLAiH-42">{{cite web |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |title=The Arabs in History |page=42 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2114/mode/2up |access-date=24 November 2023}}.</ref> Composed of approximately 47 clauses, the constitution established a [[legal]], [[economic]] and political framework for the diverse communities living in Medina, declaring all citizens as one community.<ref name="Crone-know-2008">{{cite web |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=What do we actually know about Mohammed? |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mohammed_3866jsp/ |website=Open Democracy |access-date=22 November 2023 |date=10 June 2008 |quote=sources dating from the mid-8th century onwards preserve a document drawn up between Mohammed and the inhabitants of Yathrib, which there are good reasons to accept as broadly authentic}}</ref>

According to [[Robert Bertram Serjeant]], the Constitution of Medina consisted of eight distinct documents, issued on several occasions over the first seven years or so of Muhammad's Medinan period.<ref name="Serjeant-1978-BotSoOaAS">{{cite journal |last1=Serjeant |first1=R. B. |title=The "Sunnah Jāmi'ah," Pacts with the Yaṯẖrib Jews, and the "Taḥrīm" of Yaṯẖrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called 'Constitution of Medina' |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1978 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |jstor=615621 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615621 |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> Many of the texts were recorded by Ibn Ishaq and [[Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam|Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam]],{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=227}} though how they encountered the text is unclear.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}}{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=221}} Although it does not fulfill any of the conditions of authenticity in the Islamic recording system (such as having a reliable chain of narrators up to the person who recorded it), it is widely accepted as authentic.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}} It may have been preserved due to interest in its manner of administration.{{Sfn|Donner|1998|p=209}} Many tribal groups are mentioned, including the [[Banu Najjar]] and [[Quraysh]], as well as many tribal institutions, like vengeance, [[Blood money in Islam|blood money]], [[ransom]], alliance, and [[Vassal|clientage]],{{Sfn|Cook|2024|p=69}} and has striking resemblances with [[Al-Ma'idah|Surah 5 (Al-Ma'idah)]] of the [[Quran]].{{Sfn|Goudarzi|2024|p=62–64}}

==Historical sources==
The Constitution is only known from excerpts in [[historiography of early Islam|early Muslim sources]], primarily the [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)|Al-Sīrah Al-Nabawiyyah]] of [[Ibn Hisham]] (early 800s CE), a recension of the [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)|Al-Sīrah Al-Nabawiyyah]] of [[Ibn Ishaq]], though transmitted without a chain of narration, a crucial criterion for hadith scholars.<ref name="aw"/> Other important sources for the Constitution includes those of Sayyid al-Nas and the ''Kitab al-Amwal'' of [[Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam|Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam]].

According to L. Ali Khan, scholars do not agree on whether the constitution was a single document or "a compilation of multiple agreements reached at different times".<ref name="Khan-2006"/> According to mid-20th century scholar, [[Robert Bertram Serjeant]], the 'Constitution of Medina' consists of "eight distinct documents ... issued on various occasions over the first seven years or so of Muhammad's Medinan period".<ref name="Serjeant-1978-BotSoOaAS"/> In its first [[recension]], Serjeant hypothesizes that the text sanctioned the establishment of a confederation; in its second, it admonished the Aws and Khazraj to abide by their treaty; in its third, in conjunction with the proceeding verses, it encouraged of Muhammad's adherents to face the Meccan forces they eventually fought at [[Uhud]]. He also suggests that 3:101–104 of the Qur'an may refer to the constitution.{{sfn|Serjeant|1964|p=8}}

== Genre and authenticity ==
The Constitution has been highly influential among contemporary Muslims,{{sfn|Anjum|2021}} celebrated for its religious pluralism,<ref name="Khan-2006"/> unique character and the first "Constitution"{{sfn|Hamidullah|1941|page=title page}} and belief that God is its ultimate source.{{#tag:ref|"In comparison to our constitution it is obvious that the constitution of Nabi SAW is superior because it is a constitution based on divinity, i.e. Qur’an and Hadith. There is no comparison."<ref name="IslamQA.org">{{cite web |last1=bin Moulana Yaseen Rahim |first1=Shaakir |last2=Ashraf |first2=Mufti Muhammad |title=The Madinah Constitution |url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/mahmoodiyah/54050/the-madinah-constitution/ |website=IslamQA.org |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>|group=Note}} On the other hand, historians have variously characterized it as a "municipal charter” (''Gemeindeordnung''); or as a "unilateral proclamation" by Muhammad, whose "purpose was purely practical and administrative", rather than a treaty in the modern sense.{{#tag:ref| "The document is not a treaty in the European sense, but rather a unilateral proclamation, its purpose was purely practical and administrative and reveals the cautious, cartful character of the Prophet."<ref name="BLAiH-42">{{cite web |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |title=The Arabs in History |page=42 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2114/mode/2up |access-date=24 November 2023}}.</ref>|group=Note}}

Most historians have accepted the authenticity of the Constitution of Medina.<ref name="Crone-know-2008">{{cite web |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=What do we actually know about Mohammed? |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mohammed_3866jsp/ |website=Open Democracy |access-date=22 November 2023 |date=10 June 2008 |quote=sources dating from the mid-8th century onwards preserve a document drawn up between Mohammed and the inhabitants of Yathrib, which there are good reasons to accept as broadly authentic}}</ref><ref name="Al-Dawoody1-19">{{cite book|first=Ahmed|last=Al-Dawoody|date=2011|title=The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations |page=19 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230111608}}</ref>{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=225|ps=: "This document has generally been regarded as authentic...."}}<ref name="BLAiH-42"/>{{sfn|Holland|2012|p=383}}{{#tag:ref| though "the most skeptical of contemporary 'source-critical' scholars", (Patricia Crone), has endorsed the text's antiquity, saying that in the Sira of Ibn Ishaq, “it sticks out like a piece of solid rock in an accumulation of rubble.”{{sfn|Arjomand|2009}} |group=Note}} This is based on its inclusion of non-Muslims and its portrayal of the [[Quraysh]] as enemies of God, a view inconsistent with later Islamic periods. Other factors include the perceived archaic style of the text, its abundance of unexplained allusions that were considered to be likely understood only by contemporaries, and its apparent inclination towards tribal law over developed Islamic norms.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}}

At least a few remain skeptical however, and some think that the Constitution existed but its wording or content is no longer accessible.<ref name="Al-Dawoody1-19"/>{{sfn|Cook|1983|p=65}}<ref>John Burton, ''Those are the High-flying Cranes'', Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol 15 No. 2, pp. 265</ref><ref>Tarif Khalidi, ''Arab Historical Thought in The Classical Period'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 48</ref> In the case of some historians, skepticism is constrained to particular aspects of the Constitution as well as the context of its emergence; disagreements persist on whether the documents resulted from negotiated settlements or were merely unilateral edicts by Muhammad, the identity of participants (including uncertainty about the inclusion of the three major Jewish tribes of Medina—[[Banu Qaynuqa]], [[Banu Nadir]], and [[Banu Qurayza]]),{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=227}} the quantity of documents, the precise timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), and the appropriate approach to its translation, among other issues.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}}

== Dating ==
[[File:PERF No. 665.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|An early manuscript of [[Ibn Hisham]]'s {{tlit|ar|[[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)|al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah]]}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Nabia |author-link=Nabia Abbott |title=Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary and Tradition |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1967 |volume=2 |location=Chicago, USA}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=61}}]]

One 20th-century scholar, [[W. Montgomery Watt]], suggested that the Constitution of Medina must have been written in the [[Muhammad in Medina|early Medinan period]] (i.e., in 622 CE or shortly thereafter), because if the document had been drafted any later, then it would have both had a positive attitude towards the Quraysh and given Muhammad a more prominent place. Malay scholars, Fadzilah Din and Mohamed Noh Abdul Jalil, as well as the noted Pakistani scholar, [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]],<ref>T̤āhirulqādrī Muḥammad and Muḥammad Muḥammad. The Constitution of Medina (63 Constitutional Articles). Minhaj-Ul-Quran International 2012. INSERT-MISSING-DATABASE-NAME http://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?TCR2;3211718. [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/950030374 Worldcat website] Accessed 20 Dec. 2023.</ref> cite the 622 CE drafting.<ref>Din, Fadzilah and Mohamed Noh Abdul Jalil. “Nationhood and loyalty in Islam: Between Dustur al-Madinah and the Bukit Seguntang Covenant.” (2018). [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Nationhood-and-loyalty-in-Islam%3A-Between-Dustur-and-Din-Jalil/e365c1f3fc545bd0613c99e448dda5142d618236 Semantic Scholar website] Retrieved 20 December 2023.</ref> Others, such as Hubert Grimme, suggested that it must have been drafted after the 624 CE [[Battle of Badr]]. Still others, such as [[Leone Caetani]], suggested that the document was written before that battle.{{sfn|Watt|1956|pp=225–226}}

Portions of the constitution are corroborated by multiple sound hadith reports. Its validity in its stated single form, however, has been called into question, as there is no single sound chain of authorities ([[Hadith studies|isnad]]) supporting it.{{sfn|Anjum|2021}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of Medina |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0209.xml |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref><ref name="aw">{{Cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] |date=2017-05-18 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5 |pages=324 |language=en}}</ref> There are differences of opinion as well as to how many documents the constitution comprises—from one to eight. It is also unclear with which [[Jews]] this agreement was made, whether it was only with some of the smaller Jewish social units that had lost their tribal structure and affiliated with the [[Arabs]], with the Judaized Arabs, or also included what later sources described as the three major Jewish clans in the city, namely [[Banu Qaynuqa]], [[Banu Nadir]], and [[Banu Qurayza]],<ref name="aw"/> (who are not mentioned in the agreement).

This constitution gave the [[prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], who had just escaped persecution in [[Mecca]], a leading role in the community of Medina. By dating this treaty at the outset of his arrival, it credited Muhammad with honor and power earlier than he would later gain, but more importantly, it gives the justification for Muhammad's subsequent attacks on the Jews as retaliation for their opposition to him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon Darnell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfxsPwAACAAJ |title=A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam |date=2009 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-885-3 |pages=80–2 |language=en}}</ref> Another question raised about the constitution is that though it gives a list of Jewish tribes/clans of Medina involved, not among them are three famous in traditional Islamic history for being driven into exile (the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] and [[Banu Nadir]] tribes) or "massacred and dumped into pits" (the [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe),{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|p=2}} after conspiring and rising up against Muhammad. There is a suggestion, however, that if this constitution really existed, it was probably created after the elimination of the three major Jewish clans in Medina by Muhammad and his troops.<ref>Watt (1956), p.227</ref> (see Also:[[Jewish tribes of Arabia]])

==Background==
According to traditional Islamic belief, in Muhammad's last years in Mecca, a delegation from Medina from its twelve important clans invited him as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the entire community.<ref name="Cambridge39">Watt, ''The Cambridge History of Islam'', p. 39</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |title=Islam : the straight path |date=1998 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-511233-7 |page=17 |edition=3rd}}</ref> There had been fighting in Medina involving mainly its pagan and Jewish inhabitants for around 100 years before 620. The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the [[Yawm al-Buath|Battle of Bu'ath]] in which all the clans had been involved, made it obvious to them that the tribal conceptions of blood feud and [[eye for an eye|an eye for an eye]] were no longer workable unless there was one man with the authority to adjudicate in disputed cases.<ref name= "Cambridge39"/> The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and to protect him physically as if he was one of them.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Welch |first=Alford |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam}}{{page needed|date=January 2016}}</ref>

After emigration to Medina, Muhammad drafted the constitution, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" of the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca and specifying the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina, including that of the Muslim community to other communities: the [[Jew]]s and the other "[[Peoples of the Book]]".<ref name="Cambridge39"/> According to chroniclers such as [[Ibn Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi]] (785-845 CE), the composition of the population of Medina at that time consisted of two supergroup local Arab tribes, the Aus and the Khazraj, with eight clans and 33 other smaller groups under them.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Meanwhile, the Jewish tribes at least consisted of around 20 groups, with the most well-known tribes Qaynuqa, Nadhir, and Qurayza among them,{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=153}} (who are not mentioned in the agreement). The constitution also appointed Muhammad as the [[Chief Magistrate]],<ref>Sallābi, A. (2001) Ar‑Rahmatul‑lil‑‘Alameen. Cairo: Dar al-Tawheed.</ref><ref>Ibn Hishām, A. (1955) As‑Sīrah an‑Nabawiyyah, Vol. 1–2. Cairo: Dar al‑Kutub.</ref> making him as the foremost judicial authority responsible for resolving conflicts and overseeing judicial welfare in [[Medina]]. This later unified the diverse tribal groups, including the Jewish tribes, and ended long standing internecine tensions. In this role, prophet Muhammad exercised final decision making in [[dispute resolution]], interpretation of law, and maintenance of [[public order]].<ref>Mubārakfūrī, S. (1996) Ar‑Raheeq al‑Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Darussalam.</ref><ref>Al‑Bukhārī, M. (n.d.) Ṣaḥīḥ al‑Bukhārī, Kitāb al‑Sulḥ and Kitāb al‑Aḥkām (reports of people seeking the Prophet’s arbitration).</ref>

==Text==
The following English translation is that of Michael Lecker from 2004.{{Sfn|Lecker|2004}} It is based on the version of the document found in Ibn Hisham's recension of the [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)|Seerah of Ibn Ishaq]], Abu Ubaid's ''Kitab-al-Amwal'', and Ibn Kathir's ''[[al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]]''.{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|loc=vol. 3|pp=224–226}} The translation was aimed at being clear, with clauses numbered in line with international standards for ease of future reference.{{Sfn|Lecker|2004}} There is general agreement on the authenticity of the text.<ref name="Al-Dawoody1-19"/>{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=225|ps=: "This document has generally been regarded as authentic...."}}

<blockquote>
# This is a prescript of Muhammad, the Prophet and Messenger of God (to operate) between the faithful and the followers of Islam ("Muslims") from among the Quraish and the people of Madina and those who may be under them, may join them and take part in wars in their company.
# They shall constitute a separate political unit ("''Ummah''") as distinguished from all the people (of the world).
# The emigrants from the Quraish shall be (responsible) for their own ward; and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and shall secure the release of their own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the mutual dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu ‘Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration, and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu Al-Harith-ibn-Khazraj shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu Sa‘ida shall be responsible for their own ward, and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu an-Najjar shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu ‘Amr-ibn-‘Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu-al-Nabit shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
# And Banu-al-Aws shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
#
## And the believers shall not leave any one, hard-pressed with debts, without affording him some relief, in order that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
## Also no believer shall enter into a contract of clientage with one who is already in such a contract with another believer.
# And the hands of pious believers shall be raised against every such person as rises in rebellion or attempts to acquire anything by force or is guilty of any sin or excess or attempts to spread mischief among the believers ; their hands shall be raised all together against such a person, even if he be a son to any one of them.
# A Believer will not kill a Believer [in retaliation] for a non-Believer and will not aid a non-Believer against a Believer.
# The protection (''dhimmah'') of Allah is one, the least of them [i.e., the Believers] is entitled to grant protection (''yujīr'') that is binding for all of them. The Believers are each other's allies (''mawālī'') to the exclusion of other people.
# And that those who will follow us among the Jews, will have help and equality. Neither shall they be oppressed nor will any help be given against them.
# And the peace of the believers shall be one. If there be any war in the way of God, no believer shall be under any peace (with the enemy) apart from other believers, unless it (this peace) be the same and equally binding on all.
# And all those detachments that will fight on our side will be relieved by turns.
# And the believers as a body shall take blood vengeance in the way of God.
## And undoubtedly pious believers are the best and in the rightest course.
## And that no associator (non-Muslim subject) shall give any protection to the life and property of a Quraishite, nor shall he come in the way of any believer in this matter.
# And if any one intentionally murders a believer, and it is proved, he shall be killed in retaliation, unless the heir of the murdered person be satisfied with blood-money. And all believers shall actually stand for this ordinance and nothing else shall be proper for them to do.
# And it shall not be lawful for any one, who has agreed to carry out the provisions laid down in this code and has affixed his faith in God and the Day of Judgment, to give help or protection to any murderer, and if he gives any help or protection to such a person, God‟s curse and wrath shall be on him on the Day of Resurrection, and no money or compensation shall be accepted from such a person.
# And that whenever you differ about anything, refer it to God and to Muhammad
# And the Jews shall share with the believers the expenses of war so long as they fight in conjunction,
# And the Jews of Banu ‘Awf shall be considered as one community (''Ummat'') along with the believers—for the Jews their religion, and for the Muslims theirs, be one client or patron. But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household.
# And the Jews of Banu-an-Najjar shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
# And the Jews of Banu-al-Harith shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
# And the Jews of Banu Sa‘ida shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf
# And the Jews of Banu Jusham shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
# And the Jews of Banu al-Aws shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
# And the Jews of Banu Tha‘laba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf. But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household.
# And Jafna, who are a branch of the Tha’laba tribe, shall have the same rights as the mother tribes.
# And Banu-ash-Shutaiba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf; and they shall be faithful to, and not violators of, treaty.
# And the mawlas (clients) of Tha'laba shall have the same rights as those of the original members of it.
# And the sub-branches of the Jewish tribes shall have the same rights as the mother tribes.
#
## And that none of them shall go out to fight as a soldier of the Muslim army, without the per-mission of Muhammad.
## And no obstruction shall be placed in the way of any one‟s retaliation for beating or injuries; and whoever sheds blood brings it upon himself and his household, except he who has been wronged, and Allah demands the most righteous fulfillment of this [treaty].
#
## And the Jews shall bear the burden of their expenses and the Muslims theirs.
## And if any one fights against the people of this code, their (i.e., of the Jews and Muslims) mutual help shall come into operation, and there shall be friendly counsel and sincere behaviour between them; and faithfulness and no breach of covenant.
# And the Jews shall be bearing their own expenses so long as they shall be fighting in conjunction with the believers.
# And the Valley of Yathrib (Madina) shall be a Haram (sacred place) for the people of this code.
# The clients (mawla) shall have the same treatment as the original persons (i.e., persons accepting clientage). He shall neither be harmed nor shall he himself break the covenant.
# And no refuge shall be given to any one without the permission of the people of the place (i.e., the refugee shall have no right of giving refuge to others).
# And that if any murder or quarrel takes place among the people of this code, from which any trouble may be feared, it shall be referred to God and God's Messenger, Muhammad; and God will be with him who will be most particular about what is written in this code and act on it most faithfully.
# The Quraish shall be given no protection nor shall they who help them.
# And they (i.e., Jews and Muslims) shall have each other's help in the event of any force invading Yathrib.
#
## And if they (i.e., the Jews) are invited to any peace, they also shall offer peace and shall be a party to it; and if they invite the believers to some such affairs, it shall be their (Muslims) duty as well to reciprocate the dealings, excepting that any one makes a religious war.
## On every group shall rest the responsibility of (repulsing) the enemy from the place which faces its part of the city.
# And the Jews of the tribe of al-Aws, clients as well as original members, shall have the same rights as the people of this code: and shall behave sincerely and faithfully towards the latter, not perpetrating any breach of covenant. As one shall sow so shall he reap. And God is with him who will most sincerely and faithfully carry out the provisions of this code.
# And this prescript shall not be of any avail to any oppressor or breaker of covenant. And one shall have security whether one goes out to a campaign or remains in Madina, or else it will be an oppression and breach of covenant. And God is the Protector of him who performs the obligations with faithfulness and care, as also His Messenger Muhammad.{{sfn|Hamidullah|1941|pages=31–42}}</blockquote>

== Commentaries ==
=== Relationship with Jewish tribes ===
According to [[Jonathan Berkey]], one of the constitution's more interesting aspects was the inclusion of the Jewish tribes in the ummah because although the Jewish tribes were "one community with the believers", they also "have their religion and the Muslims have theirs".<ref>{{citation | first = Jonathan | last = Berkey | title = The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 64}}</ref>

L. Ali Khan says that it was a [[social contract]] derived from a [[treaty]] and not from any [[fiction]]al [[state of nature]] or from behind the [[John Rawls|Rawlsian]] [[veil of ignorance (philosophy)|veil of ignorance]]. It was built upon the concept of one [[community]] of diverse [[tribe]]s living under the [[sovereignty]] of [[monotheism|one God]].<ref name="Khan-2006">{{cite web |title=The Medina Constitution |date=2006-11-17 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228245045 |last1=Khan |first1=L. Ali |website=researchgate.net |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

It also instituted peaceful methods of [[dispute resolution]] among diverse groups living as one people but without assimilating into one religion, language or culture.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Ramadan
|first = Hisham M
|year = 2006
|title = Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary
|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
|isbn = 978-0-7591-0990-2
}}</ref> Welch in ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'' states: "The constitution reveals [[Muhammad]]'s great diplomatic skills, for it allows the ideal that he cherished of an [[ummah]] (community) based clearly on a religious outlook to sink temporarily into the background and is shaped essentially by practical considerations."<ref name="EoI-Muhammad"/>

===Relationship between Believers===
Another important feature of the Constitution of Medina is the redefinition of ties between "Believers" (as they are described in the document). It sets faith relationships above blood-ties and emphasizes individual responsibility.<ref>{{citation | last = Williams | first = John Alden | title = Themes of Islamic Civilization | page = 12}}.</ref> Tribal identities are still important to refer to different groups, but the "main binding tie" for the newly created ummah is religion.<ref name= "Denny, Frederick 1977 p 44">{{citation | last = Denny | first = Frederick | contribution = Umma in the Constitution of Medina | title = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume= 36 | number = 1 | date = Jan 1977 | page = 44 | publisher = The University of Chicago Press}}.</ref> That contrasts with the norms of pre-Islamic Arabia, which was a thoroughly tribal society, but Serjeant postulates the existence of earlier theocratic communities.{{sfn|Serjeant|1964|p=4}} According to Denny, "Watt has likened the Ummah as it is described in the document to a tribe, but with the important difference that it was to be based on religion and not on kinship".<ref name="Denny, Frederick 1977 p 44"/> That is an important event in the development of the small group of Muslims in Medina to the larger Muslim community and empire.{{sfn|Serjeant|1964|p=4}}

== See also ==
*[[Early reforms under Islam]]
*[[Al-Risalah al-Huquq]]
*[[Ashtiname of Muhammad]]
*[[Islam and secularism]]
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
*[[Marrakesh Declaration]]
*[[Muhammad in Medina]]
*[[Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry]]
*[[Ummah]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|35em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Barakat |author-link=Barakat Ahmad |year=1979 |title=Muhammad and the Jews |publisher=Vikas Publishing House}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNGAEAAAQBAJ |title=Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam |date=25 October 2022 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38759-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Caetani |first=Leone |year=1905 |title=Annali dell'Islam |volume=I |location=Milan |publisher=Hoepli}}
* {{cite book|last=Cook|first=M. A.|title=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsZJ3X-UvJsC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1983|isbn=9780192876058}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmXiEAAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Muslim World |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-23658-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred |url=https://archive.org/details/NarrativesOfIslamicOriginsTheBeginningsOfIslamicHistoricalWriting |title=Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing |date=1998 |publisher=Darwin Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyrnEAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-50375-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535219-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6kVVeIkzDkC&pg=PA118}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2024 |title=Mecca's Cult and Medina's Constitution in the Qurʾān: A New Reading of al-Māʾidah |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islam-2024-0003/html |journal=Der Islam |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–73|doi=10.1515/islam-2024-0003 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Holland |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Holland (author) |year=2012 |title=In the Shadow of the Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World |isbn=978-0-349-12235-9 |publisher=Abacus |title-link=In the Shadow of the Sword (book)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-A9DwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry – Revised Edition |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00856-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book
|author=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir
|title=[[Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]]
|script-title=ar:البداية والنهاية
|trans-title=The Beginning and the End
}} Abridged edition available in English, {{cite book
|title=al Bidayah wan Nihayah Ibn Kathir Early Days
|date=30 March 2017
|url=https://archive.org/stream/IbnKathirEarlyDays_201703
}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Khatab|first1=Sayed|last2=Bouma|first2=Gary D.|author-link2=Gary Bouma|year=2007|title=Democracy in Islam|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415425742|url=https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415664165}}
*{{cite book|last= Mubarakpuri| first= Safiur Rahman|title= Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum|publisher= Maktaba Dar-us-Salam | year = 1996|location=Riyadh| title-link= Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum}}
*{{cite book|last=Rodinson|first=Maxime|title=Muhammad|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2002|orig-year=1960|isbn=978-1-56584-752-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqR_mU0qpE4C}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Uri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFqEAAAQBAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=19 April 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-88676-5 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Schaller|first=Günter|title=Die "Gemeindeordnung von Medina" – Darstellung eines politischen Instruments. Ein Beitrag zur gegenwärtigen. Fundamentalismus-Diskussion im Islam. Augsburg, Univ.-Diss.|year=1985|language=de|url=https://archive.org/stream/DieGemeindeordnungVonMedina/Die_Gemeindeordnung_von_Medina}}
*{{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R. B. |year=1964 |title=The Constitution of Medina |journal=[[Islamic Quarterly]] |volume=8 |pages=3–16}}
*{{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R. B. |year=1978 |title=Sunnah Jāmi'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrīm of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina' |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671}}
*{{cite book |last=Stillman|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Stillman |year=1979 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |isbn=0-8276-0198-0}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Suermann |first=Harald. |title=Die Konstitution von Medina. Erinnerung an ein anderes Modell des Zusammenlebens |journal=Collectanea Christiana Orientalia |year=2005 |volume=2 |pages=225–244 |doi=10.21071/cco.v2i.693 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |hdl=10396/4090 |hdl-access=free}} [https://www.uco.es/revistas/index.php/cco/article/view/693] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128051736/https://www.uco.es/revistas/index.php/cco/article/view/693 |date=2020-11-28}}
*{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ucPAQAAIAAJ |title=Muhammad at Medina |date=1956 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Watt|first=William Montgomery|author-link=W. Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C|orig-date=1961|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881078-0|access-date=27 June 2016}}
*{{cite book |last=Wellhausen |first=Julius |year=1889 |title=Skizzen und Vorabeiten |volume=IV |location=Berlin |publisher=Reimer}}
*{{cite book|last=Wensinck|first=Arendt Jan|year=1908|title=Muhammad and the Jews of Medina|publisher=Leiden}}

====Constitution translations====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last=Hamidullah |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah
|title=The First Written Constitution in the World
|date=1941
|location=Lahore, Pakistan
|publisher=Ashraf Press
|url=https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/THEFIRSTWRITTENCONSTITUTIONOFTHEWORLD/THE%20FIRST%20WRITTEN%20CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20WORLD.pdf

}}
* {{cite book
|last=Guillaume |first=A. |author-link=Alfred Guillaume
|title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
|orig-date=1955
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-636033-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Lecker |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Lecker
|title=The "Constitution of Medina": Muḥammad's First Legal Document
|date=2004
|publisher=Darwin Press
|isbn=0-87850-148-7
|url=https://www.academia.edu/42839772
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Arjomand |first=Saïd Amir |author-link=Saïd Amir Arjomand
|title=The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad's Acts of Foundation of the 'Umma.'
|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies
|volume=41
|number=4
|date=2009
|pages=555–75
|doi=10.1017/S0020743809990067 |jstor=40389306 |jstor-access=free
}}
* {{Cite web
|language=en
|last=Anjum |first=Ovamir |author-link=Ovamir Anjum
|date=4 February 2021
|title=The "Constitution" of Medina: Translation, Commentary, and Meaning Today
|website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
|url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-constitution-of-medina-translation-commentary-and-meaning-today
|access-date=2023-04-21
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Bellahcene |first=Yahia |title=La Şaḥīfa de Médine (VIIe siècle): une reflecture critique |year=2021 |publisher=Gorgias Press}}
*[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi|Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak]]. ''The Exiled and the Redeemed''. Jewish Publication Society, 1957
*[[Fred Donner|Donner, Fred M.]] "Muhammad's Political Consolidation in Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca". ''Muslim World'' '''69''': 229–47, 1979.
*[[F.E. Peters|Peters, Francis E.]] ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam''. State University of New York Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7914-1875-8}}
* Walker, Adam, "Constitution of Medina", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 113–115.
*Yildirim, Yetkin. "Peace and Conflict Resolution in the Medina Charter", Peace Review, Vol. 18, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 109–117.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Treaties of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Jewish Saudi Arabian history]]
[[Category:Defunct constitutions|Medina]]
[[Category:Muhammad in Medina]]
[[Category:Islam and other religions]]
[[Category:Islam and Judaism]]
[[Category:Muhammad and Judaism]]

Teen Yaari Katha

2026-03-04T00:22:24Z

Shirttheory: brief rework content for clarity further and corrected details

{{short description|2012 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Yaari Katha
| image = Teen_Yaari_Katha_poster.jpg
| alt = Poster depics three Indian men, and one Indian woman
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sudeshna Roy]] Abhijit Guha
| producer = Arpita Chattopadhyay
| writer = Anindya Bose Sudeshna Roy Abhijit Guha
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay|Neel Mukherjee]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] [[June Malia]] [[Rimjhim Mitra]]
| music = [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]]
| cinematography = Debnath Gangopadhyay
| editing = Sujay Dattaray
| studio = [[Sahara One]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Teen Yaari Katha''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: তিন ইয়ারি কথা; English: Tale of Three Friends) is a 2012 [[Bengali language]] comedy film by the director team of [[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]. The [[Music of Bengal|Bengali musical]] group [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]] composed the film's music.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061228/asp/calcutta/story_7187084.asp |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120913051219/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061228/asp/calcutta/story_7187084.asp |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 September 2012 |title= Bangla beats beyond borders |author= Pratim D. Gupta |date= 26 December 2006 |work= The Telegraph |accessdate=2 March 2010}}</ref> The film tells the story of three middle class friends and their personal struggles. The film's release was delayed by censors due to its sexual themes. It premiered at the 2006 [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema|Osian Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/can-indians-handle-bold-films/16238-8-single.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120514052505/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/can-indians-handle-bold-films/16238-8-single.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 14 May 2012 |title= Can Indians handle 'bold' films? |author= Press Trust of India |date= 21 July 2006 |work=IBN |accessdate=2 March 2010}}</ref> and was screened at the [[World Film Festival of Bangkok]] and the [[Kolkata Film Festival]].

==Synopsis==
Billu sells newspapers, Shyamal drives an [[autorickshaw]], and Antu is unemployed. The friends share a room in Billu's uncle's house in the Kolkata suburbs. Each friend becomes involved with different girls; Antu secretly likes fellow acting student Dola, Shyamal has fallen for his boss cum landlord's daughter Mamoni, and Biloo's crush is Paoli Dam (unnamed in the film) but three of them, mostly Biloo is obsessed with Sreeradha who lives next door.

==Cast==
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Shyamal
* [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]] as Biloo
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Antu
* [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] as Dola di
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Biloo's Uncle
* [[Gita Dey]] as Biloo's grandmother
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Mamoni
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Ajoy
* [[June Malia]] as Sreeradha
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Biloo's love interest
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Sentu da

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4192240}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bhoomi (band)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhijit Guha and Sudeshna Roy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anupam Roy]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Sanam (1997 film)

2026-03-04T00:05:46Z

Shirttheory: quick cleanup section additionally after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sanam
| image = dvd sanam.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Aziz Sejawal
| producer = Sameer Hingora, Hanif Kadawala
| writer = [[Anees Bazmee]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajeev Kaul, Praful Parekh
| story = Yunus Sajawal
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Vivek Mushran]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| country = India
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi
| editing = Gurudutt Shirali, Waman Bhonsle
| studio = Magnum Films International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997|05|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}1.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2686|title=Sanam – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}3.10 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Sanam''''' is a 1997 [[Hindi language]] [[romantic drama]] [[action film]] directed and produced by Aziz Sejawal. Written by [[Anees Bazmee]], it starred [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Vivek Mushran]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Anjan Srivastav]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Shakti Kapoor]]. The music, composed by [[Anand–Milind]], was the biggest strength of this film. The movie did average business at the box office.

== Plot ==
Gaurav ([[Vivek Mushran]]) lives a wealthy lifestyle, gets everything he wants except the love of his parents and family. Even though he lives with his parents, they love his elder brother Narendra ([[Sanjay Dutt]]) more. Narendra is often pronounced by the name of "Hero" by his parents, and goes abroad for his job once a while. When Hero comes back home for a holiday, he goes to a [[funfair]] with his family, and witnesses a little girl who is stuck on top of a [[Ferris wheel]], and when Hero gets the chance, he climbs up and rescues her. By the time he jumps off, it is already on fire, which causes it to explode, and blows Hero off with it as well. The whole family is devastated by Hero's death, and since he was the only one who made a name for his family, Gaurav finally feals pity and joins the [[Indian Army|army]] to prove to his father that he is worthy to be the Hero's younger brother. While on duty, Gaurav discovers that Angara and General ([[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]]) are about to plant bombs through the whole of [[India]], and that would just not mean for his parents and friends to die, but also his loving girlfriend, Sanam ([[Manisha Koirala]]).

==Cast==
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Sanam, Gaurav's love interest.
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Narendra Anand / Hero (special appearance)
*[[Vivek Mushran]] as Gaurav Anand
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Angara
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Seth Yashpal Anand, father of Gaurav and Narendra
*[[Kader Khan]] as Khan Bahadur
*[[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Marghat Lal
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as General
*[[Asrani]] as Police Inspector
*[[Maya Alagh]] as Mrs. Meeta Anand, Mother of Gaurav's and Narendra
*[[Razak Khan]] as Gama Pehlawan The Man with broken leg
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Major Altaf Khan
*[[Harish Patel]] as Balwant Sinha
*[[Usha Nadkarni]]
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Shera
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as the constable questioning Khan about his vehicle
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Lala Lambu Atta, Khan's landlord
*[[Sulabha Deshpande]]
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Office Clerk Laal Singh
*[[Viju Khote]] as Palmist Damodar
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Datta Leader
*[[Manav Kaul]] as Military Officer

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Anand–Milind]], with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The soundtrack for this film was released back in 1993. The songs "Ankhon Mein Neende Na Dil" and "Ishq Mein Mere Rabba" were very popular and featured in Cibaca Geet Mala 1993.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Ankhon Mein Neende Na Dil" || [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 2 || "Ishq Mein Mere Rabba" || Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu
|-
| 3 || "Khuda Kare Mohabbat Mein" || [[Pankaj Udhas]]
|-
| 4 || "Kal Tak Jo Maine Na" || Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 5 || "Maine Kal Ek Sapna Dekha" || [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
| 6 || "Kasam Se Kasam Khake Kahdo" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 7 || "Raqs Mein Hain Sara Jahan" || Arun Ingle, Chorus
|-
| 8 || "Dhak Dhak Dil Ghabraye Sajna" || Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 9 || "Sanam Ka Naam Aaye" || Sadhana Sargam
|}

==Controversy==
The film was in news because of Dutt's involvement in the [[1993 Bombay Bombings]]. During his statement he said that while he was shooting for the film producers Hanif and Samir arranged the gun from gangster [[Abu Salem]]. As a result, Dutt distanced himself from the film and its delayed release.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503214754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6279/index.html Sanam] at the [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{IMDb title|0152278}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aziz Sejawal]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in amusement parks]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]
[[Category:1993 controversies]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]

Kalavida (1997 film)

2026-03-03T22:04:32Z

Shirttheory: Started the post and citations

{{short description|Film by V. Ravichandran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalavida
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = Ravichandran
| producer = Ravichandran
| starring = V. Ravichandran [[Heera Rajagopal]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| cinematography = G. V. S. Seetharam
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Eeshwari Productions
| released = {{Film date|1997|01|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Kalavida''''' ({{translation|Artist}}) is a 1997 [[Kannada]]-language film produced, written, directed and enacted by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]. The rest of the cast includes [[Heera Rajagopal]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Umashree]], [[Raghuvaran]] amongst others.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/kalavida.html Kalavida - cast & crew]</ref>

The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]] and was declared a musical hit upon release.

==Plot==
Kavana buys a painting of her favorite artist Vishwa. She accidentally ruins it. Her brother is a police and is investigating a girl's murder. He informs her that Vishwa was in love with a girl. After she died, Vishwa has become mentally ill and his family is too busy to help him get treatment.

Feeling bad about her favorite artist, Kavana decides to go to Vishwas's house as a nurse along with her father who is a doctor. Gradually, she learns that Vishwa's love interest was Prema, a model. Prema hid the fact of being a model from her blind mother who stayed in their house in a village. Prema and Vishwa truly loved each other.

One day in a competition, another model wanted to win the title. Seeing Prema as a threat to the title, her rival's boyfriend kill Prema in an amusement park. Although Vishwa rushed, but couldn't save Prema. The shock has made Vishwa forget everything except Prema.

Kavana, gradually improves Vishwa's condition, makes him dine with the family. During her last stage in curing Vishwa completely, he becomes excited. As he has believed Kavana to be his Prema all these days, he unknowingly rapes her. Later, Kavana goes to Vishwa's house, explains everything to his family and tells them her true identity, asks them to accept her into their family. But Vishwa's family rejects and talks ill about her. Vishwa regains consciousness, becomes normal and now understands what he has done to Kavana. He reaches his house and admonishes his family, their words at girl who brought light to his life.

As he now remembers everything, Vishwa goes to kill Prema's killer. He kills him the same way, in the same park as Prema was killed. The film ends with a happy note of Vishwa and Kavana visiting Prema's house wherein Kavana dresses and talks like Prema as Prema's mother doesn't know that her daughter has died long back.

==Cast==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Vishwa, an artist, Prema's love interest. He becomes mentally ill after Prema's murder
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Kavana, Vishwa's fan who help him get well
* [[Heera Rajagopal]] as Prema, a model, Vishwa's love interest, later dies
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Prema's killer
* [[Dolly Minhas]]
* [[Umashree]] as Prema's mother
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] as Vishwa's mother
* [[Anjali Sudhakar]]
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as Kavana's brother, an investigation officer, aka kadlekayi
* [[B. V. Radha]] as doctor (guest appearance)
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Kavana's father, a doctor
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Vishwa's father
* [[Shivaram]] as Vishwa's house help
* Umesh
==Production==
During the shoot, Ravichandran fell and had a spinal injury after his horse hit a lamp at Cubbon Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/871277.cms|title=Danger on the sets|work=Times of India|date=2 October 2004|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/auditya-survives-deadly-stunt/articleshow/21932948.cms|title=Auditya survives Deadly stunt|date=3 February 2010|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = [[Kalavida]]
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| type = soundtrack
| cover =
| border = yes
| released = 1997
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 39:42
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| prev_title = Stree
| prev_year = 1996
| year = 1997
| next_title = Lakshmi Mahalakshmi
| next_year = 1997
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
}}
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Hamsalekha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kalavida-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/667173809|title=Kalavida (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Apple Music|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
| all_music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hoova Roja Hoova
| length1 = 4:46
| extra1 = Mano
| title2 = Hey Navile Nanna Navile -Male
| length2 = 5:17
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = O Tuntiye
| length3 = 4:55
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], S. Janaki
| title4 = Hey Navile Nanna Navile -Duet
| length4 = 1997
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra
| title5 = Saavirake Obba
| length5 = 5:06
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title6 = Iniya Iniya
| length6 = 5:05
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Swarnalatha
| title7 = Andagara Alimayya
| length7 = 5:03
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
| title8 = Ondu Bechane
| length8 = 4:56
| extra8 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| total_length = 39:42
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15085416}}
{{V. Ravichandran}}

[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Rann (film)

2026-03-02T09:57:06Z

Shirttheory: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|2010 Indian film}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rann
| image = Rann film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Verma]]
| producer = [[Madhu Mantena]] Sheetal Vinod Talwar
| writer = Rohit G. Banawilkar
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Sudeep]]
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Mohnish Bahl]]
}}
| music = Sanjeev Kohli [[Amar Mohile]] Sandeep Patil Jayesh Gandhi Kumar Bapi Dharmaraj Bhatt
| cinematography = Amit Roy
| editing = Nipun Gupta
| studio = Cinergy Pictures Friday Entertainment Venture Vistaar Religre Film Fund
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]] Big House Films Production WSG Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|01|29}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INR|13.7}} [[crore]]
}}
'''''Rann''''' ({{Translation|Battle}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[political drama|political]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sudeep]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Paresh Rawal]], and [[Gul Panag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmicafe.com/movie_page.php?movie_id=879|title=Rann: Complete cast and crew details|publisher=Filmicafe Media Inc|access-date=17 October 2009|archive-date=12 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012111455/http://www.filmicafe.com/movie_page.php?movie_id=879|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/rann-film-review-29253|title=Rann -- Film Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=14 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2010 films2010|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2010/photo/flops-of-the-year-364785-2010-12-13|website=India Today|date=13 December 2010 |access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> The film explores the reality of [[yellow journalism|sensational nature of news and mass media]] and political nexus.

A [[Strategy video game|strategy]] [[mobile video game]] based on the film was also released by [[Indiagames]] as a promotional tie-in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rann |url=http://dedomil.net/games/6619/screen/8 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=dedomil.net}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
Vijay Harshvardhan Malik is a reputed journalist and the CEO of India 24x7, a struggling news channel falling behind to rival channel Headlines 24, headed by Vijay's former employee Amrish Kakkar, which is thriving primarily because of their focus on [[Aesthetic Journalism|aesthetic journalism]]. Malik's son Jay, who has recently returned to India after completing his MBA in the US, runs the channel going against his father's morals. Jay plans to launch new channels much to the disapproval of his father and employee, Purab Shastri, a budding journalist.

Nalini Kashyap, India 24x7's COO, was discovered to be leaking information about launching new shows to Kakkar, which were conceived by Vijay and Jay, in exchange for money. Jay had borrowed {{Indian Rupee}} 30 crores from investors to launch new channels and, with India 24x7 failing miserably, is in a large sum of debt. Jay's brother-in-law Naveen Shankalya partners with corrupt politician Mohan Pandey, who orchestrated a bomb blast in [[Muzaffarnagar]], to modify all industrial policies in his favour and eventually become India's biggest industrialist.

Pandey creates a conspiracy involving the Prime Minister Digvijay Hooda, his associate Atul Kumar Dubey and another man allegedly named Khanna. Dubey and Khanna are forced by Pandey and are recorded by Jay to discuss the aftermath of the bomb blast and falsely accuse Hooda of organising the blast to create fear amongst the public. Jay shows the footage to Vijay and convinces him to expose Hooda to the public immediately. Vijay, being honest and dutiful, addresses the fabricated news to the public. This leads to a [[coup d'état]] and several journalists sabotage the footage to make Hooda seem guilty. Pandey assassinates Dubey and Khanna to ensure that there are no obstacles, whilst Khanna's identity and whereabouts are still under speculation from the public. In the elections, Pandey becomes the frontrunner to be elected as Prime Minister.

Meanwhile, Purab suspects that there is foul play involved after having noticed the increasing number of benefits the channel has received despite being in financial decline. During an interview with Pandey, Purab begins to question Pandey about his crimes but is stopped by Jay, who threatens to fire him. Purab, having realised that Jay is working with Pandey, goes undercover under the alias of Khanna. Jay, distressed about the message he receives from Khanna's impersonator, reaches Khanna's residence. Purab follows him and is shocked to learn that Khanna was Jay's friend from college.

Upon Nalini's insistence, Purab reluctantly visits Kakkar, who appears to be having similar suspicions. Despite being aware of Kakkar's intentions to overthrow his mentor's channel, Purab ultimately submits the evidence he has with the hope that Kakkar would reveal the truth behind the scandal. Nevertheless, Kakkar is shown to be just as corrupt when he gives away the evidence to Pandey after extorting 500 crores from him, in exchange for not exposing his crimes. Purab confronts him whilst secretly recording their conversation about the conspiracy.

Purab, left with no other option, reveals the conspiracy to Vijay and presents all the evidence he has collected, including Kakkar's testimony. Vijay, distraught upon realising that he is responsible for the scandal, goes on-air to expose everyone involved in the scandal, including his own son. During the oath-taking ceremony, Pandey is subjected to public outrage as Vijay's segment gets broadcast. In the aftermath, Vijay's daughter Priya leaves Naveen and takes their son with her. Jay, unable to bear the guilt, commits suicide by jumping off the balcony of his apartment. Kakkar hires a reputed lawyer to help him avoid legal punishment but fails, while Vijay resigns from his post at India 24x7 with Purab taking over as CEO as only he has the courage to expose corruption.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Vijay Harshvardhan Malik
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] as Purab Shastri
* [[Sudeepa|Sudeep]] as Jay V. Malik, Vijay's son
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Mohan Pandey
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] as Amrish Kakkar
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Naveen Shankalya, Vijay's son-in-law
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Anand Prakash Trivedi
* [[Gul Panag]] as Nandita Sharma, Purab's girlfriend
* [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]] as Nalini Kashyap
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Lata Malik, Vijay's wife
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as Yasmin Hussain, Jay's girlfriend
* [[Simone Singh]] as Priya Malik Shankalya, Vijay's daughter, Jay's sister and Naveen's wife
* Rahul Pendkalkar as Tinu Shankalya, Priya and Naveen's son, Vijay's grandson
* [[K. K. Raina]] as Prime Minister Digvijay Hooda
* Anuj Tikku as Khanna
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as News Reporter (uncredited role)
}}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] praised the film and its cast, especially Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14012/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081227131046/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14012/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 December 2008 |title= Rann |author= Taran Adarsh |date= 29 January 2010 |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of the ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film four stars, calling it a "riveting experience."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Rann/articleshow/5509463.cms |title= Rann |author= Nikhat Kazmi |date= 28 January 2010 |work= The Times of India |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref> Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL gave the film 3.5 out of a possible 5 and said, "Overall, 'Rann' is quite an inspirational fare. It might just teach you to own up and admit that you were wrong at point."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/rann-movie-review/768384 |title= Rann |author= Noyon Jyoti Parasara |date= 28 January 2010 |work= AOL India |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Rann|author=Nikhat Kazmi|author-link=Nikhat Kazmi|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Rann/movie-review/5509463.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2010 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/RGV-replaces-Jana-Gana-with-Vande-Mataram/articleshow/5309942.cms |title= RGV replaces Jana Gana with Vande Mataram |date= 7 December 2009 |work= The Times of India |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-movie-review-rann-embarrassingly-illresearched/109407-8.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100131160723/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-movie-review-rann-embarrassingly-illresearched/109407-8.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 31 January 2010 |title= Rann, embarrassingly ill-researched |author= Rajeev Masand |date= 29 January 2010 |publisher= CNN-IBN |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Rann/H1-Article1-503120.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100201022313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Rann/H1-Article1-503120.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 February 2010 |title= Mayank Shekhar's review: Rann |author= Mayank Shekhar |date= 29 January 2010 |work= The Hindustan Times |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref> while other critics complained that the film is cliché.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://movies.indiatimes.com/Rann-Movie-Review/moviereview/5506472.cms |title= Rann: Movie Review |author= Gaurav Malani |date= 27 January 2010 |work= Indiatimes Movies |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=474&ShowID=119 |title= Review : Rann |author= Anupama Chopra |date= 29 January 2010 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rann
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Amar Mohile Dharam-Sandeep Bapi-Tutul Sanjeev Kohli Jayesh Gandhi
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:06
| label = Times Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|U_evz9tPRes|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's music is composed by [[Amar Mohile]], Dharmaraj Bhatt, Sandeep Patil, Kumar Bapi, [[Sanjeev Kohli]] and Jayesh Gandhi. The lyrics were written by [[Prashant Pandey]] and [[Sarim Momin]]. The title song, "Rann Hai", was written by [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]. The background score of the film was composed by Dharmaraj Bhatt and Sandeep Patil. The track "Sikkon Ki Bhook" was also composed by the duo. The lyrics are written by [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Rann/Sikkon-Ki-Bhook-Anthem-Of-Rann/Eh4lVjJ0WX0 | title=Sikkon Ki Bhook (Anthem of Rann) (Full Song) - Rann - Download or Listen Free - Saavn }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sikkon Ki Bhook
| extra1 =
| lyrics1=
| length1=
| title2 = Remote Ko Baahar Phek
| extra2 =
| lyrics2=
| length2=
| title3 = Kaanch Ke Jaise
| extra3 =
| lyrics3=
| length3=
| title4 = Rann Hai
| extra4 =
| lyrics4=
| length4=
| title5 = Gali Gali Mein
| extra5 =
| lyrics5=
| length5=
| title6 = Besharam
| extra6 =
| lyrics6=
| length6=
| title7 = Mera Bharat Mahaan
| extra7 =
| lyrics7=
| length7=

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1451797|Rann}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=792514|title=Rann}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rann}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:Films about television]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Byculla

2026-03-02T03:22:37Z

Shirttheory: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Byculla
| other_name = Bhaykhala
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Haji Ismail Gani building in Byculla in 2002.
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.98|N|72.835|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400027, 400011, 400008
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = MH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Byculla''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Bhāykhaḷā; pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[bʱaːjkʰəɭaː]]]) is an area of [[South Mumbai]].

==Location==
Byculla is neighboured by [[Nagpada]] and [[Mumbai Central]] and [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]] on the west; [[Agripada]], [[Jacob Circle]] on the north-west: [[Chinchpokli]] to the north; [[Madanpura]] in the centre;{{clarify|date=July 2020}} [[Reay Road]] and [[Ghodapdeo]] on the north-east; [[Mazagaon]] and [[Dockyard Road]] to the east; and [[Sandhurst Road]] and [[Bhendi Bazaar]] to the south.

Byculla falls under "E" [[Ward (subnational entity)|Ward]] within the [[municipal]] limits of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] or BMC.

==History==

"Bhaikhale" is mentioned as a place name in the 15th-17th century Marathi-language text ''[[Mahikavatichi Bakhar]]''; the name indicates the existence of a farm ("''khale''") owned by a person named "Bhai".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipesh Karmarkar |title=Understanding Place Names in 'Mahikavati's Bakhar': A Case of Mumbai-Thane Region |journal=Studies in Indian Place Names |issn=2394-3114 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |location=Mysore |volume=XXXI |year=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308925531 |page=129 }}</ref>

During the late 18th century, Byculla was an extension of [[Mazagaon]], one of the seven islands that originally formed the city of Mumbai. The area was low-lying Flats inundated during the high tide through the Great Breach at [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]]. However, the breach was closed by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project in 1784, which joined all seven islands of Bombay into a single island. This was followed by the construction of the Bellasis Road causeway in 1793. Thereafter the area saw habitation as Europeans living in the Mazagaon area started shifting here.<ref>{{cite web | title = Byculla (Bycullah): Mumbai/Bombay pages |publisher =TIFR| url = http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/bycullah.html| access-date = 19 April 2014 }}</ref> The Byculla Club was opened in 1833. Birthplace of Lady Patricia Helen Marie Rodrigues<ref>{{cite book |title=The Byculla Club, 1833-1916, a history |author= Samuel T. Sheppard|publisher= Bombay Bennet, Coleman |year=1916|url=https://archive.org/details/bycullaclub1833100shepuoft }}</ref>

The [[Byculla railway station]] was completed by 1857. This was also the time the first mills came into this area, until then, used only for residential purposes. Byculla used to house many of the city's textile mills until the mills shut shop and moved out of the island city. As of today, few mills are operational and even they are on the brink of closure. Many of these old mills are now desolate and some are being razed down to make way for newer constructions. The Khatau Mills were situated in Byculla, in the news for the alleged murder of the owner [[Sunit Khatau]] in May 1994.

Byculla saw some horrible riots during 1936-37 rose during temple-mosque dispute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rioters |url=https://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/8874/News/Rioters-Police-scuffle-communal-rio.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Times Content}}</ref>{{better source|date=February 2021}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Haji Ismail Gani building Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Haji Ismail Gani building in Byculla in 2002]]
* Traditionally, Byculla has been inhabited by [[Parsis]], [[Christians]], [[Jews]], [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].
* Byculla, like many other locations of Mumbai have witnessed strong [[real estate]] growth, particularly in the [[Motisha Lane]] area where there are many tall residential buildings, occupied by affluent [[Jain]] community.
* Of late, Byculla has also witnessed the increase of population of [[Dawoodi Bohra]] and other traditional [[Muslims]], who are primarily a business community like most of the [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]].
*The [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David Synagogue]] of Byculla, the place of worship of the Jewish community is a tourist attraction.
* There is also a BIT [[Chawl]] in Love lane, primarily housing Marathi working class community, home to one of the largest [[Ganesha]] idols during the [[Ganeshotsav]] celebrations. '''Love Lanecha Raja''' is one of the largest Ganeshotsav Mandal in Byculla East.

==Places of interest==
[[File:Mumbai Firefighters Memorial.jpg|thumb|Bombay Fire Services Memorial]]
* Heritage Botanical Garden & Zoo: [[Jijamata Udyaan|Veermata Jijabai Bhonsale Udyan]] or Rani Baug (earlier the Victoria Gardens). Spread over 50 acres in the heart of central Mumbai, it is the oldest public garden in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veermata Jijabai Bhosale Udyan |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/-/veermata-jijabai-bhonsale-udyan |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Maharashtra Tourism}}</ref>
* Mumbai's oldest museum: Byculla is home to the [[Bhau Daji Lad Museum|Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum]] (formerly, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Bombay,<ref>{{cite web |title=DR. BHAU DAJI LAD MUMBAI CITY MUSEUM - About |url=https://www.bdlmuseum.org/about/museum-story.php |website=www.bdlmuseum.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> which opened to the public on 2 May 1872. It reopened on 5 January 2008, following an extensive restoration project.<ref>{{cite web |title=DR. BHAU DAJI LAD MUMBAI CITY MUSEUM - About |url=https://www.bdlmuseum.org/about/restoration.php |website=www.bdlmuseum.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Gloria Church]]: The Nossa Senhora de Gloria or Our Lady of Gloria Church originally stood in Mazagaon. The Church was rebuilt at its prominent corner site in Byculla in 1913.
* [[Manockjee Cursetjee|Khada Parsi]]: The Khada Parsi statue, or the Standing Parsi Statue, is a memorial fountain dedicated to Seth Cursetjee Manockjee Shroff (1763–1845), a Parsi businessman and educational reformer. Originally, the cast-iron structure with the bronze statue atop a Corinthian pillar was placed at the Nagpada junction. Today, it stands at the intersection of Byculla, Clare Road and Nagpada, between the branches of the Y-Bridge.
* BIT Chawl: The old and most amazing chawl. The houses and build structures are most ungraded then other Mumbai Chawls.
* National Railway Hospital: Byculla also possesses the biggest National Railway Hospital called "[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] Railway Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89.+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF/@19.0010124,72.8309766,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be7ce5cafc189db:0x375b4b90c854877a!8m2!3d18.9803317!4d72.8337021?shorturl=1|title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Central Railway Hospital|website=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Central Railway Hospital|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>" in front of [[Jijamata Udyaan|Veermata Jijabai Prani Sangrahalaya]].
* Vegetable Market: The Byculla Vegetable Market is the largest vegetable market in Mumbai (even larger than the [[Crawford Market]]).
* Fly-overs and bridges: Byculla is also known for Mumbai's first-ever Y-shaped bridge built across [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] Road which then splits further to go to Byculla East and West before the Clare Road intersection, thereby forming a Y shape when seen from the air. This was one of the oldest fly-overs built in Mumbai. It also has one of its kind S-shaped bridge<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/S+Bridge,+Mumbai,+Maharashtra+400011/@18.979145,72.8327733,20z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be7ce5c902c4009:0x6dcfe5007d36c033!8m2!3d18.9795261!4d72.8329798?shorturl=1|title=S Bridge. P.S. Mandlik Bridge|website=S Bridge|language=en|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> called as P. S. Mandlik bridge which connects the Byculla East to West near ''[[Jijamata Udyaan]]''.
* Fire Brigade Headquarters: [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]]'s headquarters are situated just below the "Y Bridge". In the front of the Headquarters building stands a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died during the [[Bombay Explosion (1944)|Bombay Explosion]] of April 1944.
* Mustafa bazaar: A wholesale timber market is frequently visited by many from the city.
* Jerbai Baug and Rustom Baug: are the two [[Parsi]] colonies where most of the Parsis of Byculla live.
*[[Masina Hospital]]: Built in memory of Jerbai Masina by her family and descendants, this hospital is a well-known landmark in Byculla. It is run by a Parsi trust.
* Seva Niketan: A solar-powered [[Jesuit]]-run men's hostel that has served as headquarters for various NGOs.
* [[Mazagaon]]: A residential locality close to Byculla which has a hospital named "Prince Aly Khan Hospital".
*[[Orphanage]]: Ashadaan is an old age home and a home for specially abled kids.

==Places of worship==
[[File:Byculla Church, Bombay, From Western Entrance (12676179324).jpg|thumb|Christ Church, Byculla in the late-1850s.]]
*[[Christ Church, Byculla]], built in 1833, was one of the last 19th-century churches to be built in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style, as thereafter [[Gothic Revival]] became the preferred style
*Hindu Temple: Byculla has an old Shree Mankeshwar Shivmandir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/mumbaiheritage/status/632937416295256065|title=Mankeshwar Temple nr Byculla railway stn was built in 1850s by Ranmull Lakha|date=16 August 2015|website=Mumbaiheritage|language=en|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80.+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/@18.9723148,72.8331562,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x10bcba9f3a77be9d!8m2!3d18.9723151!4d72.8331562?hl=mr&shorturl=1|title=श्री. माणकेश्वर शिवमंदिर|website=श्री. माणकेश्वर शिवमंदिर|language=mr-US|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> in east and Shree Vitthal Mandir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/@18.9780025,72.8320122,19z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be7ce5cc8a8fdc9:0xcbdcdbab2be15792!8m2!3d18.9780025!4d72.8320123?hl=mr&shorturl=1|title=श्री विठ्ठल मंदिर|website=श्री विठ्ठल मंदिर|language=mr-US|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> in west.
*Jain Temple: Byculla is also known for the Jain Temple, [[Motisha]] [[Jain]] [[Derasar]]. This [[Jain temple]] is situated in Love Lane, which has now been renamed as [[Motisha Lane]].
*St. Anne's Church: Byculla is also home to St. Anne's Church in Mazagon. The present structure of St Anne's Church was erected in 1881 on top of the foundation of the small chapel that was originally built in 1787. The original chapel was erected by an Armenian woman called Rose Nesbit. The land on which the chapel (and now St Anne's Church) was built was her farmland, on the Island of Mazagon where she lived with her parents.
* Gloria Church: Byculla also houses [[Gloria Church]], the church frequented by most local Christians. The Church shares a common playing ground with [[Antonio D'Souza High School]] which was built in 1825.
* Magen David Synagogue is believed to be one of the oldest ones in the city. David Sassoon, a Baghdadi Jew, built the Magen David Synagogue in 1861 in Byculla, where the family first lived.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.jacobsassoon.org/synagogues.html | title=Synagogues &#124; Sir Jacob Sassoon Synagogues & AlliedTrusts}}</ref>
* [[File:Byculla Aerial View.jpg|thumb|Byculla Aerial View on the West Side]]Like most other localities of Mumbai, Byculla also is home to a number of small [[Hindu]] [[temple]]s and [[Muslim]] [[Mosque]]s located in its small pockets.

==Transportation==
Byculla is well connected by [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] via [[Byculla (railway station)|Byculla railway station]], as well as bus routes serviced by [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]].

Most of the bus routes servicing [[South Mumbai]], South-Central Mumbai, Central Mumbai and North-East Mumbai pass through Byculla. The resulting heavy traffic prompted city planners to develop major fly-overs in Byculla, as early as the 1980s.

Almost all local trains halt at [[Byculla railway station]] - meaning it is a halt station for the 'Fast' local trains on Mumbai's [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] line. [[Mumbai Central]] and [[Mahalakshmi]] on the [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Railway]] line and [[Dockyard Road]] and [[Reay Road]] stations on the [[Harbour Line]] of [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] also lie close to Byculla.

[[Ferry Wharf]], a major ferry servicing port is located at a small distance from Byculla, in the [[Dockyard Road]] locality.

[[File:Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters.jpg|thumb|The Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters and the west arm of the 'Y' Bridge]]
Another fly-over built near the [[Gloria Church]] was in the news when there was a collapse of one of its portions during its construction in the 1980s.

==In popular culture==
{{in popular culture|date=July 2020}}
* The Y-Bridge [[Overpass|fly-over]] was filmed in the [[Hindi]] comedy-satire film called ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro|Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron]]'' where the [[coffin]] scene between [[inebriated]] [[Om Puri]] and the dead-body of [[Satish Shah]] takes place. The fly-over is also shown being inaugurated at the beginning of the film.
* Gloria Church has been filmed in many Hindi films, including [[Amar Akbar Anthony]].
* ''[[Byculla Boy]]'' is the name of a [[novel]] written by the eminent author [[Ashok Banker]], on the place where he and his mother grew up.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Dom |title=Book review: Ashok Banker's 'Byculla Boy' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19940815-book-review-of-byculla-boy-by-ashok-banker-809510-1994-08-15 |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1994 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Byculla to Bangkok]]'', a book about organised crime and terror in Mumbai by S. Hussain Zaidi was published in 2014.
* To Byculla, a song from the album "The Golden Sun of the Great East (Metropolis Records, Wakyo Records) by the project Juno Reactor, released in 2013.

==Hospitals==
* [[Masina Hospital]]
* [[Prince Aly Khan Hospital]]
* [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]]

==Educational institutes==
[[File:St. Agnes Entrance.jpg|thumb|The Entrance to St. Agnes High School on Clare road]]
* [[Grant Medical College]]
* [[Christ Church School]]
* [[E.E.E. Sassoon High School]]
* [[M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering]]
* [[St. Agnes High School, Mumbai|St. Agnes High School]]
* [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary High School]]
* [[ Antonio De Souza High School]]
<ref>{{cite news |title=SSC result: School fails 150 students to 'engineer' 100% result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ssc-result-school-fails-150-students-to-engineer-100-result/articleshow/13047478.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2012}}</ref>
* Gloria Convent High School

==See also==
* [[Bombay Explosion (1944)]]
* [[Timeline of Mumbai events]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/bycullah.html History of Bycullah]
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170407031052/http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/Medicineandhealth/Nursingandhospitalcare/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={784F7AEE-9596-E94B-99F8-C52EDCFB5EAB}&s=S1&viewby=images& Byculla Railway Hospital in 1930]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095608/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/gallery/Bombay/dsc00043 Gloria Church from across the street]

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

Gulmohar (2023 film)

2026-03-02T01:14:45Z

Shirttheory: minor edit

{{Short description|2023 drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulmohar
| image = Gulmohar film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Rahul V. Chittella
| writer = Rahul V. Chittella Arpita Mukherjee
| producer = Vikesh Bhutani Rahul Chittella Shujaat Saudagar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
* [[Suraj Sharma]]
* [[Amol Palekar]]
* Kaveri Seth
}}
| cinematography = Eeshit Narain
| editing = Tanupriya Sharma
| music = [[Siddhartha Khosla]] Alan Demoss
| studio = [[Star Studios]] Chalkboard Entertainment Autonomous Works
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|03}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Gulmohar''''' ({{Translation|[[Delonix regia|Flame Tree]]}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] film written and directed by Rahul V. Chittella.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharmila Tagore, Manoj Bajpayee in Disney+ Hotstar Film 'Gulmohar': Watch First Trailer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/sharmila-tagore-manoj-bajpayee-disney-hotstar-gulmohar-trailer-1235519213/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Variety |date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217104415/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/sharmila-tagore-manoj-bajpayee-disney-hotstar-gulmohar-trailer-1235519213/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Suraj Sharma]], [[Amol Palekar]], and Kaveri Seth, amongst others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulmohar trailer: Manoj Bajpayee, Sharmila Tagore keep breaking family together |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulmohar-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-sharmila-tagore-keep-breaking-family-together-101676099481058.html |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409030433/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulmohar-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-sharmila-tagore-keep-breaking-family-together-101676099481058.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulmohar trailer: Manoj Bajpayee, Sharmila Tagore shine in this emotional story of a dysfunctional family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/gulmohar-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-sharmila-tagore-shine-in-this-emotional-story-of-a-dysfunctional-family-watch/articleshow/97819408.cms |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216050801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/gulmohar-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-sharmila-tagore-shine-in-this-emotional-story-of-a-dysfunctional-family-watch/articleshow/97819408.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 3 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulmohar First Look: सामने आया मनोज बाजपेयी की 'गुलमोहर' का फर्स्ट लुक, जानिए कब रिलीज होगी फिल्म? |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-gulmohar-first-look-released-now-see-here-2329171 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=ABP News |date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217104418/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-gulmohar-first-look-released-now-see-here-2329171 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was featured in the [[54th International Film Festival of India|54th IFFI]] Indian panorama mainstream section.<ref name="pib:ip">{{Cite news |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1970040 |title=Indian Panorama 2023 Announces Official Selection for 54th IFFI, 2023 |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |via=press release |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121185238/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1970040 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/gulmohar-wins-best-national-film-award-2024-manoj-bajpayee-gets-special-mention-9017429.html |title=Gulmohar Wins Best National Film Award 2024, Manoj Bajpayee Gets Special Mention |publisher=NEWS18}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Gulmohar'' received 14 nominations won 3 awards, including Best Actress in a Web Original Film (Critics) (Tagore) and Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film (Sharma). At the [[70th National Film Awards]], the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]], [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Dialogues)]] (Mukherjee and Chittella), and [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention (feature film)]] (Bajpayee).

== Plot ==
The Batra family has been living in a house named "Gulmohar" for many decades. As their Gulmohar villa is being brought down to give way to a high rise, the family meets up for one last party before the packers and movers take over. However, over the course of ghazal and gossip, the discordant notes in their relationships get exposed and one gets sucked into their tumultuous present and turbulent past. The postcards of memories are riddled with cryptic messages on the destiny.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Kusum Batra
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Arun Batra, Kusum Batra's son
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Indira "Indu" Batra, Arun Batra's wife
* [[Suraj Sharma]] as Aditya "Adi" Batra
* [[Amol Palekar]] as Sudhakar Batra
* Kaveri Seth as Divya Batra
* Utsavi Jha as Amrita "Amu" Batra
* Danish Sood as Ankur
* Anuraag Arora as Kamal Batra
* Devika Shahani as Neena Batra
* Sriharsh Sharma as Kishore Batra
* [[Santhy Balachandran]] as Reshma Saeed
* Jatin Goswami as Jeetendra "Jeetu" Kumar
* [[Chandan Roy]] as Param
* Gandharv Dewan as Irfan
* [[Talat Aziz]] as Avinash
* [[Vinod Nagpal]] as Baba, Arun's birth father
* Tanvi Rao as Deepika
* Abhinav Bhattacharjee as Radheshyam
* Tripti Sahu as Surekha
* Nargis Nandal as Payal
* Varun Narayan as Sameer
* Kanishk Seth as Rocky
* Deepak Bagga as Suri
* Hiba Qamar as Young Kusum
* Sanjina Gadhvi as Young Supriya
{{Div col end}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gulmohar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddhartha Khosla]], Alan Demoss
| released = 25 February 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:12
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
}}
The music for the film composed by Siddhartha Khosla and Alan Demoss with lyrics written by [[Shellee]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dilkash
| length1 = 4:29
| music1 = Siddhartha Khosla
| extra1 = Talat Aziz
| title2 = Sapno Ki Pakhi
| length2 = 4:39
| music2 = Siddhartha Khosla, Alan Demoss
| extra2 = [[Kavita Seth]]
| title3 = Woh Ghar
| length3 = 3:56
| music3 = Siddhartha Khosla, Alan Demoss
| extra3 = Utsavi Jha
| title4 = Hori Mein
| length4 = 3:03
| music4 = Siddhartha Khosla, Alan Demoss
| extra4 = Kavita Seth
| total_length = 16:12
}}

==Reception==
''Gulmohar'' received widespread critical acclaim. Critics praised the performances of Tagore, Bajpayee, and Simran. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|91|7.3|11|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulmohar (2023) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gulmohar_2023 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was highly praised by audiences too.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |date=16 August 2024 |title=Sharmila Tagore Is 'So Happy' As Gulmohar Wins National Film Award 2024: 'This Means a Lot' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sharmila-tagore-is-so-happy-as-gulmohar-wins-national-film-award-2024-this-means-a-lot-exclusive-9017501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216165734/https://www.news18.com/movies/sharmila-tagore-is-so-happy-as-gulmohar-wins-national-film-award-2024-this-means-a-lot-exclusive-9017501.html |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[News18 India]] |quote=The film was highly praised by the fans too and received positive reviews from critics.}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave the film giving 4 out of 5 stars and said that "there is a great deal of beauty in the muted melodrama", praising the cast's ensemble performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gulmohar-review-with-sharmila-tagore-and-manoj-bajpayee-a-treat-all-the-way-4-stars-3830429 |title=Gulmohar Review: With Sharmila Tagore And Manoj Bajpayee, A Treat All The Way |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

[[Alaka Sahani]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' drew a parallel between Gulmohar and [[Mira Nair]]'s [[Monsoon Wedding]] and termed it as director Rahul V Chittella's Tribute to his mentor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gulmohar-sharmila-tagore-manoj-bajpayee-drive-engrossing-family-drama-8476757/ |title=Gulmohar movie review: Sharmila Tagore, Manoj Bajpayee drive engrossing family drama |first=Alaka |last=Sahani |date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818213501/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gulmohar-sharmila-tagore-manoj-bajpayee-drive-engrossing-family-drama-8476757/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy, writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave the movie 3.5 stars and gave particular praise to the acting performance of the cast stating that Tagore "is par excellence" and that "while Manoj is outstanding, so is Simran as his wife, Indu. The duo's individual performances are as noteworthy as their on-screen chemistry as husband and wife". He highlighted the "commendable performances" of the rest of the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/gulmohar/ottmoviereview/98278232.cms |title=Gulmohar review: A bittersweet and profound story that will tug at your heart strings |first=Dhaval |last=Roy |date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/gulmohar/ottmoviereview/98278232.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' was more critical. While she praised the cast's performance she also stated that "the film needed much better editing" with certain subplots seeming "half-baked".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulmohar-movie-review-this-intriguing-family-saga-is-convincing-and-convoluted-at-the-same-time-101677813775222.html |title=Gulmohar movie review: This intriguing family saga is convincing and convoluted at the same time |first=Monika Rawal |last=Kukreja |date=3 March 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309210930/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulmohar-movie-review-this-intriguing-family-saga-is-convincing-and-convoluted-at-the-same-time-101677813775222.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sanjib Kalita in ''[[Gaysi]]'' critically examines the queer representation in the film, stating that "The queer representation in the film is mere tokenism, and is used to construct the illusion of diversity." Kalita further adds "Understanding female sexuality in isolation from class, the economy, and society is difficult. Society privileges men and stifles women’s desires, through various institutions like marriage (in this case, between Kusum and her husband), romantic relationships (between Ankur and Ambika), and forces women into compulsory heterosexuality. Director Rahul V. Chittella, who touches upon these subtleties, could have explored more by emphasizing the narratives of desire and longing while connecting critiques of heteronormativity to understandings of other social norms."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaysifamily.com/culture/deconstructing-the-queer-characters-in-gulmohar-for-their-aesthetics-and-activism/html |title=Deconstructing The Queer Characters In Gulmohar For Their Aesthetics And Activism |first=Sanjib |last=Kalita |date=31 March 2023 |publisher=[[Gaysi]] |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://gaysifamily.com/culture/deconstructing-the-queer-characters-in-gulmohar-for-their-aesthetics-and-activism/.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="15" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Web Original Film
|''Gulmohar''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="15" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=www.femina.in |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120101244/https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director in a Web Original Film
|Rahul V. Chittella
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharmila Tagore]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Web Original Film
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film
|[[Suraj Sharma]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film
|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story (Web Original Film)
| rowspan="3" |Rahul V. Chittella, Arpita Mukherjee
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Screenplay (Web Original Film)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Original Dialogue (Web Original Film)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music (Web Original Film)
|Siddhartha Khosla
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Web Original Film)
|Mansi Dhruv Mehta
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Web Original Film)
|Eeshit Narain
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Web Original Film)
|Tanupriya Sharma
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Design (Web Original Film)
|P. M. Satheesh, Manoj M. Goswami
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[70th National Film Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|Star India, Rahul V. Chittella
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards: Rishab Shetty wins Best Actor for 'Kantara,' 'Aattam' bags Best Feature Film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners/article68531760.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818213456/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners/article68531760.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Dialogues)]]
|Arpita Mukherjee, Rahul V Chittella
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
|Manoj Bajpayee
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt18951176}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | gulmohar_2023 }}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:Star Studios films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddhartha Khosla]]

Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilitation Centre

2026-02-23T03:47:30Z

Shirttheory: Started basic info with sources

{{short description|World's largest elephant rehabilation centre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilitation Centre
| iucn_category =
| map = India Kerala
| relief = yes
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| coordinates = {{coord|08.40|N|77.16|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 176 hectares
| established = 2006 (currently in upgradation)
| visitation_num =3,50,000 per year
| visitation_year = future after completion
| governing_body = [[Kerala Forest Department]]
}}
'''Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilitation Centre''' located near Kappukadu in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of [[Kerala]] is an elephant sanctuary and rehabilitation centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottur elephant centre comes alive after seven months|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2020/11/01/kottur-elephant-centre-comes-alive-after-seven-months.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> Started in 2006 as an elephant sanctuary, the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] announced a project in 2019 to expand it as an elephant rehabilitation centre with international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala jumbo care centre to be world's largest care-and-cure facility for elephants - The Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/11/06/Kerala-jumbo-care-centre-to-be-world-largest-care-and-cure-facility-for-elephants.amp.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> When completed, it will become the largest rehabilitation centre for the elephants in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Kerala jumbo care centre to be world's largest care-and-cure facility for elephants|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-jumbo-care-centre-to-be-worlds-largest-care-and-cure-facility-for-elephants-911616.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala's capital to have world's largest elephant care & cure centre - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/keralas-capital-to-have-worlds-largest-elephant-care-cure-centre/articleshow/79081461.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2020 }}</ref> It is also the first rehabilitation centre for elephants in India, constructed at an estimated cost of ₹105 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-08|title=India's first elephant rehabilitation centre in the works at Kerala's Kottoor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-elephant-rehabilitation-centre-in-the-works-at-kerala-s-kottoor/story-UWNLcgES2hUucexj31999I.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The centre is spread across 176 hectares of forest and currently have 16 elephants, with a capacity to accommodate 50 elephants in future after completion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre set to become largest care centre in the world|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Kottoor-elephant-rehabilitation-centre-set-to-become-largest-care-centre-in-the-world/05-11-2020-339774|access-date=2021-02-20|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref>

The first phase of the project was inaugurated in February 2021 by the [[Chief minister of Kerala]], [[Pinarai Vijayan]]. After the full completion, it is expected that Kottur will become a major tourist destination in the district with more than 3.5 lakh people, including half a lakh tourists from overseas expected to visit it every year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-06|title=India's elephant rehab in Kottor set to become the largest care and cure centre for the animal in the world|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/india-s-elephant-rehab-in-kottor-set-to-become-the-largest-care-and-cure-centre-for-the-animal-in-the-world/story-SveOYmp638l3j5lOVltEkK.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}
In 2006, the forest department of Kerala decided to set up an elephant sanctuary in Kottur. The forest department's project was to construct is an elephant park. It was converted into an elephant rehabilitation center in 2007 in the high level water areas of [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]]. At that time, the forest department had the objectives like to rehabilitate both the tamed and forest elephants in suitable habitat, special protection of old and young elephants, to conduct research and to make it a suitable place for tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|last=വിജയന്‍|first=അരുണ്‍ ടി|title=തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തെ കോട്ടൂരില്‍ ഒരുങ്ങുന്നത് അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര നിലവാരമുള്ള ആനകളുടെ വീട്, സഞ്ചാരികള്‍ക്ക് ഒരു ഗംഭീര ഡെസ്റ്റിനേഷന്‍|url=https://www.azhimukham.com/kerala-kottoor-kappukadu-elephant-rehabilitation-center-and-tourism-development/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Azhimukham|language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==

The proposed centre will have facilities to accommodate 50 elephants including the existing 16 elephants. It can also accommodate 80 [[mahout]]s. Presently 441 reservoirs and other check dams have been constructed to provide easy access to water in the forest for wild animals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=Kerala Will Soon Have The World's Largest Care And Cure Facility For Elephants|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-kottoor-world-largest-care-facility-for-elephants-527301.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref> In 2020, as a part of upgradation of the centre into the world's largest elephant care centre, the government allocated 72 crores for the construction of new facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2019-07-14|title=Kerala government to set up elephant rehabilitation centre|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-to-set-up-elephant-rehabilitation-centre/article28428673.ece|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As a part of it, fifty habitats surrounded by steel pillars and steel nets that allow elephants to live in their natural habitat, an elephant museum, a [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary]] hospital with super specialty facilities, a research center for nature lovers and students, training center for mahouts, facilities for visitors, entrance plaza, administrative office, cottages, spacious convention center, [[Amphitheatre|amphitheater]], various reservoirs, training facilities for baby elephants, a kitchen for cooking elephant foods, a feeding area, a [[Autopsy|post mortem]] facility for cremation including tamed elephants, a paper making unit from elephant dung and quarters and dormitories for mahouts to stay with their families will be constructed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=കുട്ടിയാനകളുടെ കുറുമ്പു കാണാന്‍ തിരക്ക് തുടങ്ങി; ലോകത്തെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ആന പരിപാലനകേന്ദ്രത്തിന്റെ നിര്‍മ്മാണ പുരോഗതി വിലയിരുത്താന്‍ മന്ത്രിയുമെത്തി|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thiruvananthapuram/kottoor-elephant-rehabilitation-centre-opened-for-visitors/articleshow/79167727.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml}}</ref> The construction of these facilities will be completed in various phases and the first phase was inaugurated in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-02-16|title=First-phase development of jumbo rehab centre launched|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/first-phase-development-of-jumbo-rehab-centre-launched/article33852143.ece|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Attractions==
In 2021, there were 15 elephants at the centre, the oldest being [[Kottur Soman|Kottoor Soman]], a former [[Kumki (elephant)|kumki]] born circa 1942. Baby elephant Raju was then around one year old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=കൊവിഡ് കാലമല്ലേ..; കാണാന്‍ ആരുമെത്താത്തതിന്‍റെ പരിഭവത്തില്‍ കോട്ടൂരിലെ ആനകള്‍ {{!}} special care to elephants in kottoor elephant center|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/local-news/special-care-to-elephants-in-kottoor-elephant-center-q9fvdu|access-date=2021-02-20|website=asianetnews.com}}</ref>

A major attraction at Kottur is the elephant parade. It is held on every weekends in which all elephants take part. In the parade, all the elephants move in a line, with each of the elephants holding the tail of the other one in front of them with their trunk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottur elephant centre comes alive after seven months|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2020/11/01/kottur-elephant-centre-comes-alive-after-seven-months.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> Another attractions are the bamboo rafting and a 3-km trekking to Kizhakkumalappara. The deer rehabilitation centre and the [[Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre|crocodile park]] under the [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary|Neyyar wildlife sanctuary]] are situated near to the centre.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-11-06|title=Elephant rehabilitation centre work on track|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/elephant-rehabilitation-centre-work-on-track/article33034111.ece|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Elephant sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2006]]

Rajapalayam

2026-02-17T16:29:07Z

Shirttheory:

{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajapalayam
| other_name =
| nickname = Cotton City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = SE View Rajapalayam South Tamil Nadu Aug24 A7CR 02018.jpg
| image_alt = Rajapalayam from the southeast
| image_caption = Rajapalayam from the southeast
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Rajapalayam (Tamil Nadu)
| coordinates = {{coord|09|27|05.4|N|77|33|15.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Virudhunagar district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu|Revenue Division]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rajapalaiyam taluk|Rajapalayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Special Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Rajapalayam Special grade municipality
| leader_title1 = Municipality Chairman
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Rajapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Thangappandian.S (2016–Current)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1 in district
| area_total_km2 = 11.36
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 187
| population_total = 130,442
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 34
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| Official Language =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 626117,626108,626110
| registration_plate = TN 67, TN 84
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-4563]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Rajapalayam''' ({{IPA|ta|ɾaːdʑabaːɭaɪjam|lang}}) is a City in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the largest municipality and the largest city in the [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]] district. Rajapalayam is located on the [[Madurai]] to [[Kollam]] National Highway at a distance of 562 km south of the state capital [[Chennai]] at the foothills of [[Western Ghats]]. The economy is primarily industrial with several mills for spinning and weaving. The city is known for its [[mango|mangoes]] and the [[Rajapalayam dog|Rajapalayam breed of dogs]].

== Climate ==
The climate of the region is of the [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] [[Tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon]] type. The average temperature range is 20 °C to 37 °C.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|94.53}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|3.48}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.75}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.21}}}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Rajapalayam had a population of 130,442 with 1,014 females for every 1,000 males, far above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 11,604 individuals (5,927 males and 5,677 females) were under the age of six. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 13.51% and 0.09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.87%; the national average was 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town has a total of 37,797 households. There are 53,913 workers, comprising 380 cultivators, 3,676 main agricultural labourers, 1,375 in household industries, 45,223 other workers, 3,259 marginal workers, 34 marginal cultivators, 326 marginal agricultural labourers, 286 marginal workers in household industries and 2,613 other marginal workers.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Rajapalayam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=689062|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> According to the religious census of 2011, the population is 94.53% [[Hindus|Hindu]], 3.48% [[Muslims|Muslim]], 1.75% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.02% [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and 0.21% other.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|format=XLS|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Geography==
The mountains of the [[Western Ghats]] are to the west of the town (12 km from the town), and the [[Sanjeevi]] hills are to the east. These moderate the climate, and several water catchment areas in the hills provide water for the town. Water is stored in the 6th mile water reservoir. There are several major lakes around the town, including Kondaneri, Karungulam, Pirandaikulam, and Sengulam. The soil in the area is classified by the government as [[Loam|red loam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/statistics_handbook/Agriculture.pdf|title=Soil in Rajapalayam|website=Virudhunagar district}}</ref>
The area of the municipality<ref>{{Cite web| title=IND: Tamil Nadu Urban Flagship Investment Program - Underground Sewerage System for Rajapalayam Municipality in Virudhunagar District Rajapalayam | url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/49107-003-ieeab-04.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619130821/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/49107-003-ieeab-04.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-19}}</ref> is about 11.36 sq.kms which makes the town the biggest municipality in Virudunagar district.<ref>{{Cite web | title=About Us - RAJAPALAYAM MUNICIPALITY - இராஜபாளையம் நகராட்சி | url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/rajapalayam/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116200853/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/rajapalayam/about-us/ | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2022-01-16}}</ref>

==Industries==
The principal industry was initially agriculture. In 1936, Thiru P. A. C. Ramasamy Raja started the first cotton spinning mill, called Rajapalayam Mills Ltd. Later, more [[textile mill]]s were started. Today, Rajapalayam is a major hub of the textile industry, famous for bandages, woven fabric, [[nighties|nightwear]], and other products. The neighboring town of [[Chatrapatti]] (Virudhunagar Dist.) is a large player in producing surgical cotton [[gauze]], and nearby [[Dhalavaipuram]] and Muhavoor manufacture women's nightwear.

==Transportation==

===By Land===

====Road====
The National Highway NH-744 from [[Madurai]] to [[Kollam]] passes through the town. State highway SH-41 (Rajapalayam-Sankarankovil-Tirunelveli) links the major parts of the extreme south of Tamil Nadu, including [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]] and [[Kanyakumari]]. The road also offers good freight connectivity to Tamil Nadu's second largest seaport, [[Tuticorin Port Trust|Tuticorin]]. State highway SH-186 (Rajapalayam-Vembakottai) connects the town to the east part of [[Virudhunagar]] district and passes through the fast-growing industrial towns of [[Chatrapatti]] and [[Alangulam, Tirunelveli|Alangulam]].

====Bus====
[[File:Rajapalayam Old Bus Stand.jpg|thumb|Rajapalayam Old Bus Stand|right|250px]]

Rajapalayam's long-distance bus station, located on Sankarankovil Road, is served by buses from the government of Tamil Nadu's TNSTC (Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation) and private transport companies. Several private and government operated services connect to [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hosur]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tirupati]], [[Tirupur|Tiruppur]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], [[Vellore]] and other major cities.

Rajapalayam old bus station is the boarding point for buses connecting nearby villages. It is also called Old bus stand or Town bus stand. [[Sankarankovil]] Mukku road connects the new bus stand.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

====Rail====
{{Main|Rajapalayam railway station}}

The Rajapalayam railway station is in the Southern Railways zone/Madurai division of [[Indian Railways]] and falls on the [[Virudhunagar]] to [[Kollam]] line. The station code is RJPM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/rajapalayam-rjpm/2680|title=Rajapalayam Station - 16 Train Departures SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=P|first=Arpit|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>

Passenger Trains running daily via Rajapalayam:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Train No/Name
!Origin
!Destination
!Rajapalayam Arrival Time
|-
|16848/Sengottai - Mayiladuthurai Express (Unreserved)
|Sengottai
|Madurai
|08:21am
|-
|06504/Madurai - Sengottai Express Special (Unreserved)
|Madurai
|Sengottai
|08:38am
|-
|06664/Sengottai - Madurai Express Special (Unreserved)
|Sengottai
|Madurai
|01:10pm
|-
|06663/Madurai - Sengottai Express Special (Unreserved)
|Madurai
|Sengottai
|01:13pm
|-
|06503/Sengottai - Madurai Express Special (Unreserved)
|Sengottai
|Madurai
|04;58pm
|-
|16847/Mayiladuthurai - Sengottai Express (Unreserved)
|Madurai
|Sengottai
|07:03pm
|}
Below Mail/SF Express services are currently running through Rajapalayam Railway station.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Train No/Name
!Origin
!Destination
!Rajapalayam Arrival Time
!Services
!Coach Type
|-
|12661/Pothigai Superfast Express
|Chennai Egmore
|Sengottai
|05:15am
|Daily
|LHB
|-
|12662/Pothigai Superfast Express
|Sengottai
|Chennai Egmore
|07:58pm
|Daily
|LHB
|-
|16101/Chennai-Kollam Express
|Chennai Egmore
|Kollam
|02:08am
|Daily
|ICF
|-
|16102/Kollam-Chennai Express
|Kollam
|Chennai Egmore
|04:23pm
|Daily
|ICF
|-
|20681/Silambu Super Fast Express
|Chennai Egmore
|Sengottai
|06:28am
|Wednesday, Friday, Saturday
|ICF
|-
|20682/Silambu Super Fast Express
|Sengottai
|Chennai Egmore
|06:08pm
|Thursday, Saturday, Sunday
|ICF
|-
|16362/Velankanni - Ernakulam Jn Express
|Velankanni
|Ernakulam Jn
|02:58am
|Sunday & Tuesday(From Velankanni)
|ICF
|-
|16361/Ernakulam Jn - Velankanni Express
|Ernakulam Jn
|Velankanni
|09:25pm
|Saturday & Monday
|ICF
|-
|06029/Mettupalayam - Tirunelveli Special Fare Special (PT)
|Mettupalayam
|Tirunelveli
|03:55am
|Friday(From Mettupalayam)
|LHB
|-
|06030/Tirunelveli - Mettupalayam Special Fare Special
|Tirunelveli
|Mettupalayam
|09:43pm
|Thursday
|LHB
|-
|06035/Tambaram - Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) Special Fare AC Special
|Tambaram
|Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli)
|04:13am
|Saturday(Friday From Tambaram)
|LHB
|-
|06036/Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) - Tambaram Special Fare AC Special
|Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli)
|Tambaram
|09:28pm
|Sunday
|LHB
|}

===By Air===
The nearest international airport is [[Madurai Airport]] (~80 km).

== Notable people ==
* [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]], Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1949–1952) and Governor of Orissa (1954–1956)
* [[S. Peter Alphonse]], Indian National Congress politician elected to Tamil Nadu legislative assembly twice from Tenkasi constituency (1989 and 1991) and once from Kadayanallur constituency (2006)
* [[Shiva Ayyadurai]]
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
* [[Samuthirakani]]
* [[Vasantha Balan]]
* [[Muthukaalai]]
* [[A. A. Subba Raja]], Municipal chairman for 6 terms and 1 time MLA
* [[N. A. P. Alagiri Raja]], Philanthropist, industrialist, 1st elected chairman of Rajapalayam municipality

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.Rajapalayam.com Rajapalayam]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Palayam]]

YouTube Live

2026-02-17T16:01:08Z

Shirttheory: updated layout also and corrected details

{{Short description|2008 event streamed live}}
{{About|the 2008 live event|YouTube's Live Streaming feature|List of YouTube features#Live streaming}}
{{Infobox website
|name = YouTube Live
|logo =
|screenshot = YouTube Live webcap.png
|screenshot_size = 250px
|caption = YouTube Live. [[Lisa Donovan|LisaNova]] and [[Alphacat]] impersonate [[Sarah Palin]] and [[Barack Obama]].
|url = https://archive.org/details/youtube-live-2008-full-2hrs-long
|alexa =
|commercial =
|type =
|language = English
|registration =
|owner = [[YouTube]], [[Google]]
|author =
|launch_date = {{start date and age|2008|11|22}}
|revenue =
}}
'''[[YouTube]] Live''' was a 2008 event [[Streaming video|streamed]] live on the [[Internet]] from San Francisco and Tokyo. It was launched November 22–23, 2008. It was hosted by a variety of [[YouTube celebrities]], including [[The Black Eyed Peas]] rapper [[will.i.am]], Tom Dickson of [[Will It Blend]], [[Michael Buckley (Internet celebrity)|Michael Buckley]], [[Happy Tree Friends|The Happy Tree Friends]], [[Fred (YouTube)|Fred]], [[Smosh]], [[Esmée Denters]], [[Bo Burnham]] and singer [[Katy Perry]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-youtube-idUSTRE4AB40U20081112|title=YouTube ventures into live event webcasting|date=12 November 2008|access-date=10 September 2016|via=Reuters}}</ref> On April 8, 2011, the channel was closed, effectively removing all videos. It was replaced by the YouTube live section page.

[[Jordan|Jordanian]] [[Queen Rania]] was also honoured at the event with the first YouTube Visionary Award for her efforts to combat [[stereotypes]] and misconceptions associated with [[Arabs]] and [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2008/11/jordan-queen-ra.html|title=JORDAN: Queen Rania receives YouTube award|date=15 November 2008|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> With over 3 million views, Queen Rania created her own channel on [[YouTube]] in March 2008 to start an international conversation, which she called "unscripted, unedited and unfiltered".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/03/31/jordans-queen-rania-launc_n_94209.html|title=Jordan's Queen Rania Launches YouTube Channel - Huffington Post|date=8 April 2008|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

As a sponsor for the event, [[Flip Video]] gave away a free [[Flip Video Mino]] to many of the audience members to record any of the event. A station to upload videos to YouTube from the Mino was also provided, and promoted, in sponsorship of Flip.

The event was meant to be an annual show, as referenced by Katy Perry at the beginning; however, it remains the only event to date.

==Visionary Award==
In 2008, YouTube honored [[Queen Rania]] of Jordan with the inaugural YouTube Visionary Award. Presenting the award, [[San Francisco]] [[Mayor]] [[Gavin Newsom]] explained the honor as for her "use of technology to instigate social change". The Queen accepted the award via taped message where she spoofed US comedian [[David Letterman]] by copying his Top 10 format in a humorous clip where she explained why she started her channel on [[YouTube]].<ref>
[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081125.wrania1125/BNStory/Entertainment/home "YouTube honours Jordan's Queen"], The Globe and Mail, Nov 25, 2008
</ref>
The Queen had launched her channel in March 2008 to break down [[stereotypes]] about the [[Arab]] and [[Muslim]] worlds.<ref>
[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-jordan-queen-rania-youtube,0,4539787.story "Jordan's Queen Rania says YouTube project challenging Arab stereotypes has sparked change"], Associated Press, August 11, 2008
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{YouTube navbox}}

[[Category:2008 in Japan]]
[[Category:2008 in San Francisco]]
[[Category:2008 YouTube events]]

Keshavrao Musalgaonkar

2026-02-08T01:05:34Z

Shirttheory: Started first biography needs work

{{Short description|Indian educationalist and Sanskrit scholar (born 1928)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keshavrao Musalgaonkar
| native_name = केशवराव मुसलगांवकर
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1928|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| education = M.A. in Sanskrit and Hindi and [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| occupation = Teacher
| years_active = 1971-1972 to 26 January 2013
| spouse = Pramila Musalgaonkar
| parents = Mahamahopadhyay Sadasivashastri
| awards = *[[Rashtrapati Award|President's Award]] in 2008
*[[Kalidas Samman]] in 2012-2013
*[[Vishwa Bharti Award]] in 2017
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2018
| honours = Certificate of Honor by [[President of India]]
}}

'''Keshav Rao Sadashiv Rao Shastri Musalgaonkar''' (born 30 January 1928) is an Indian educationalist and [[Sanskrit]] scholar known for writing book of two thousand page at the age of 90.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Musalgaonkar was born on 30 January 1928 in [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inventory of Sanskrit Scholars |url=https://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/I/Inventory%20of%20Sanskrit%20Scholars.pdf |website=[[Central Sanskrit University]]}}</ref> He is son of Mahamahopadhyay Sadasivashastri. He is married to Pramila Musalgaonkar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=5 दशक बजावले शिक्षकाचे कर्तव्य, 14 पुस्तकांचे लिखाण, 90व्या वर्षी साकारताहेत 2000 पानांचा ग्रंथ |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-OTS-UTLT-story-of-dr-5791677-NOR.html |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Musalgaonkar has done MA. in Sanskrit and M. A. in Hindi from [[University of Allahabad]] and holds [[Doctor of Philosophy]]. He has been served as a teacher.<ref name=":0" /> He retired on 26 January 2013 after 41 years of working.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-26 |title=Padma Shri to Shyam, Malti & Musalgaonkar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/padma-shri-to-shyam-malti-musalgaonkar/articleshow/62658903.cms |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

=== Awards ===
* [[Kalidas Samman]] in 2012-2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalidas Rashtriya Samman to Pt Musalgaonkar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/kalidas-rashtriya-samman-to-pt-musalgaonkar |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en | date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=PADMA AWARDEES – 2018 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/Padma2018List.pdf |website=Padma Awards, Government of India}}</ref>
* [[Rashtrapati Award|President's Award]] in 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Recipients of President's Certificate of Honour - 2008 |url=https://www.sanskrit.nic.in/president_award_scheme.php#2008 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=[[Central Sanskrit University]]}}</ref>
* [[Vishwa Bharti Award]] in 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=उज्जैन के मुसलगांवकर को मिलेगा सर्वोच्च विश्व भारती पुरस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/vishwa-bharti-award-will-be-given-to-musalganvkar-from-ujjain |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Honors ===
* Congratulated by [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], [[Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh]] on 11 February 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.M. Chouhan shares views on different issues through Dil Se |url=https://shivrajsinghchouhan.org/newsdetail.aspx?id=2854 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301100851/https://shivrajsinghchouhan.org/newsdetail.aspx?id=2854 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Certificate of Honor by [[President of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Gives Away Certificate of Honour |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71998 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
* Student of Vikram University is doing [[Doctor of Philosophy]] on his writing work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-25 |title=उज्जैन के डॉ. मूसलगांवकर को साहित्य व शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में पद्मश्री |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/ujjain-padmashri-to-dr-musalgaonkar-of-ujjain-in-the-field-of-literature-and-education-1528465 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Jagran Prakashan#Nai Dunia|Nai Dunia]] |language=hi}}</ref>
* His written books are in courses of [[Vikram University]] and [[Bastar Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musalgaonkar, Keshavrao}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Linguists of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of Kalidas Samman]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Upinder Singh

2026-02-06T11:48:47Z

Shirttheory:

{{short description|Indian historian (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Upinder Singh
| order = Dean of Faculty
| office = Ashoka University
| term_start = 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|06|22}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Manmohan Singh]] (father)|[[Gursharan Kaur]] (mother)}}
| spouse = Vijay Tankha
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Historian]]|[[Professor]]}}
| education = [[McGill University]], [[Canada]] {{small|([[PhD]])}} [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Daman Singh]] (sister)
| awards = [[Infosys Prize]]
}}

'''Upinder Singh''' (born 22 June 1959) is an Indian [[historian]] who is a [[professor]] of History and Dean of Faculty at [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/profile/upinder-singh | title=Ashoka University: Leading Liberal Arts and Sciences University }}</ref> She is the former head of the History Department at the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=UniDelhi>{{cite web | url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=270&fmember=2859&cid=437 | title=Prof. Upinder Singh | publisher=University of Delhi | access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=InfosysFoundationLink/> She is also the recipient of the inaugural [[Infosys Prize]] in the category of Social Sciences (History).<ref name=InfosysFoundationLink>[http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2009/upinder-singh.asp The Infosys Prize in Social Sciences – History], [[Infosys Science Foundation]]</ref> She is the daughter of Former Indian Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]].

==Education and professional life==
Singh is an [[alumna]] of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and received a [[PhD]] from [[McGill University]] in [[Canada]]. She has a [[Master of Arts]] in history and an [[M.Phil.]] in history, both from the [[University of Delhi]]. She has a Ph.D. from McGill University, Montreal, Canada, with a thesis titled ''Kings, Brahmanas, and Temples in Orissa: an epigraphic study (300-1147 CE)''. She is a Professor in the Department of History at [[Ashoka University]].<ref name="InfosysFoundationLink" />

==Personal life==
Singh is the daughter of [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]], the former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], and history professor [[Gursharan Kaur]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news | url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/pms-daughter-has-nothing-to-do-with-book-on-ramayana/278188/ | title=PM's daughter has nothing to do with book on Ramayana | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date=28 February 2008 | access-date=29 October 2012 | archive-date=23 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923022543/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/PMs-daughter-has-nothing-to-do-with-book-on-Ramayana/278188/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is married to Vijay Tankha, a professor of [[philosophy]] and has two sons.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raote|first=Rrishi|date=10 August 2008|title=This Singh is King of History|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/this-singh-is-king-of-history-108081001001_1.html|access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>

==Honours==
Singh was awarded the Netherlands Government Reciprocal Fellowship in 1985, to pursue research at the Instituut Kern, Leiden. She was awarded the [[Ancient India and Iran Trust]]/Wallace India Visiting Fellowship to pursue research in Cambridge and London in 1999. She was also a visiting fellow of [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge]]. Singh has received the prestigious Daniel Ingalls Fellowship at the [[Harvard-Yenching Institute]], [[Harvard University]] in 2005.<ref name=InfosysFoundationLink/>

She is the national coordinator for history at the Institute of [[Life Long Learning]] at the University of Delhi.<ref name=InfosysFoundationLink/>

She was visiting professor at the [[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]], Belgium, as the recipient of the [[Erasmus Mundus]] Fellowship, May–June 2010.<ref name=UniDelhi/>

==Controversies==
On 25 February 2008, right-wing activists demonstrated at the [[Delhi University]] campus, in protest against an essay by [[A.K. Ramanujan]] titled ''[[Three Hundred Ramayanas]]''. The activists felt the essay was offensive, and alleged that Singh was responsible for its inclusion in a list of recommended readings for the [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] programme in [[history]]. The University denied the allegation and stated that Singh was "… neither the editor nor compiler of the book on ''Cultural History of Ancient India''."<ref name="Indian Express"/>

==Publications==
===Books authored===
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Kings, Brāhmaṇas and temples in Orissa: an epigraphic study AD 300-1147|date=1994|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788121506212}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Ancient Delhi|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780195649192}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Mysteries Of The Past: Archeological Sites In India|publisher=National Book Trust|location=India|year=2002|isbn=9788123739793|language=en}} (for children)
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|isbn=9788178240886}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131716779}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Rethinking Early Medieval India: A Reader|date=2012|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780198086062}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|last2=Dhar|first2=Parul Pandya|last3=Vatsyayan|first3=Kapila|title=Asian Encounters: Exploring Connected Histories|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=9780198099802 |author-mask=With |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Political Violence in Ancient India|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674975279}}
*{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Ancient India: Culture Of Contradictions| date=2021 | publisher= Aleph Book Company | isbn=978-9390652617}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/upinder-singhs-ancient-india-meditations-on-the-past-343691|title=Upinder Singh's 'Ancient India', meditations on the past}}</ref>

===Books edited===
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Upinder|editor1-mask=0|title=Delhi: Ancient history|date=2006|publisher=Social Science Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788187358299}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Upinder|editor2-last=Lahiri|editor2-first=Nayanjot|editor2-link=Nayanjot Lahiri | title=Ancient India: new research|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=9780198060284|editor-mask=With}}
* Upnayan - the beginner children's educational ancient tradition in the Hindu religion scripts.

=== Papers ===
* {{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Amaravati: the dismembering of the Mahācaitya (1797–1886)|journal=South Asian Studies|date=January 2001|volume=17|issue=1|pages=19–40|doi=10.1080/02666030.2001.9628590|s2cid=194091154}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=Cults and shrines in early historical Mathura (c. 200 B.C. – A.D. 200)|journal=World Archaeology|date=September 2004|volume=36|issue=3|pages=378–398|doi=10.1080/0043824042000282803|s2cid=161320144}}

==See also==
*[[History of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Upinder}}
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]

Jawalamukhi Road railway station

2026-02-05T04:28:37Z

Shirttheory: formatting fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jawalamukhi Road Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 303 (India)|NH 303]], [[Ranital]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.0163|76.2269|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Kangra Valley Railway]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|549|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2 (2ft narrow gauge)
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1903
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JMKR
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
}}
'''Jawalamukhi Road railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Kangra district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The station lies on Pathankot–Jogindernagar [[narrow-gauge railway]]. This railway is also called Kangra Valley Railway. Jawalamukhi Road railway station is located at an altitude of {{convert|549|m|ft}} above mean sea level. It was allotted the railway code of JMKR under the jurisdiction of [[Firozpur railway division]]. This line was planned in 1926 and commissioned in 1929.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/jwalamukhi-road-jmkr/6330| title= JMKR/Jwalamukhi Road| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news-srh/PUN-OTH-MAT-latest-pathankot-news-030004-1451159-NOR.html| website=Bhaskar News| title=नैरोगेज रेल ट्रैक बाधित: आज भी ज्वालामुखी रोड तक ही चलेंगी ट्रेनें| date=4 March 2015| language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/gurdaspur-11572990.html| website=Jagran News| title=ज्वालामुखी तक बहाल हुआ नैरोगेज रेल सेक्शन| date=23 August 2014| language=hi}}</ref>

== Major trains ==
* Pathankot–Joginder Nagar Kangra Valley Passenger
* Baijnath–Pathankot Kangra Valley Rail Passenger
* Joginder Nagar–Pathankot Kangra Valley Passenger
* Pathankot–Jawalamukhi Road Kangra Valley Passenger

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Palampur Himachal railway station]]
* [[Joginder Nagar railway station]]
* [[Kangra railway station]]
* [[Pathankot Junction railway station]]

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1903]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kangra district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Alembic Pharmaceuticals

2026-01-30T04:25:18Z

Shirttheory: Article

{{Short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=November 2025}}
{{COI|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Alembic Pharmaceuticals
| logo = Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|533573}}|{{NSE|APLLTD}}}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| founded = 1907
| hq_location_city = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Chirayu Amin]] (Chairman & CEO)|Pranav Amin (managing director)<ref name="forbes" />|Shaunak Amin (managing director)}}<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=Pranav & Shaunak Amin: Living up to Alembic Pharma's legacy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2016/pranav-shaunak-amin-living-up-to-alembic-pharmas-legacy/44887/1 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
| products = [[Pharmaceutical drug|Pharmaceuticals]], branded and generic drugs
| revenue = ₹6,672 crore (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Alembic post ₹1700 cr in Q4 FY25, net profit drops 12% |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-performance/alembic-post-1700-cr-in-q4-fy25-net-profit-drops-12/120957750 |work=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>
| net_income = ₹583.42 crore (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals Share Price Today 18 Nov 2025: Live NSE/BSE Rates, Technical Analysis and Expert Forecasts |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/market-stats/stocks-alembic-pharmaceuticals-share-price-nse-bse-s0003266 |work=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref>
| num_employees = 16,571 (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd {{!}} Stock Overview {{!}} Morningstar India |url=https://morningstar.in/stocks/0p0000u27k/bse-alembic-pharmaceuticals-ltd/overview.aspx |work=morningstar.in}}</ref>
| parent = Nirayu Limited
| website = {{URL|https://www.alembicpharmaceuticals.com}}
}}

'''Alembic Pharmaceuticals''' is an Indian multinational [[Medication|pharmaceutical]] company headquartered in [[Vadodara|Vadodara, Gujarat]]. The company manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products, including [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]] (APIs) and formulations, and has a presence in the [[macrolide]] anti-infective drug segment.

Alembic Pharmaceuticals produces formulations for therapeutic areas such as cardiology, dermatology, diabetes, ophthalmology, and infectious diseases for domestic and international markets. It operates manufacturing facilities in [[Gujarat]] (Panelav and Karakhadi), [[Sikkim]], and [[Pithampur]] as well as [[research and development]] centres in India and the United States.

== History ==
Alembic Chemical Works Company Ltd. was established in 1907 in [[Vadodara]], [[Vadodara|Gujarat]], initially producing [[Tincture|tinctures]] and alcohol. It later diversified into cough syrups, vitamins, tonics, and sulphur drugs. In the 1960s, the company began producing [[penicillin]], with its plant inaugurated in 1961 by then Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Bulk production of [[B vitamins|vitamin B{{sub|12}}]] and [[erythromycin]] started in 1971. In 1999, the company changed its name from Alembic Chemical Works Company Ltd. to Alembic Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharma: Pranav and Shaunak Amin are running the show with an innovation-led approach |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/alembic-pharma-shaking-things-up/88227/1 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2007, Alembic Ltd. acquired the non-oncology formulation business of Dabur Pharma Ltd for ₹159 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Writankar |date=2007-02-08 |title=Alembic targets lifestyle drug firm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/alembic-targets-lifestyle-drug-firm/articleshow/1577915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Amin family scions changed Alembic's fortunes |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/super-50-companies-2016/how-the-amin-family-scions-changed-alembics-fortunes/43951/1 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Alembic Pharmaceuticals was formed after a demerger from Alembic Ltd. The demerger was carried out through the allotment of 133,515,914 equity shares of ₹2 each to Alembic Ltd. shareholders, reducing Alembic Ltd.’s stake to 29.18%. Shares of Alembic Pharmaceuticals were listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] on 20 September 2011, following the demerger.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, Alembic Pharmaceuticals formed a joint venture with Adwiya Mami SARL to enter [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic forms JV with Adwiya Mami to enter Algerian market |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-pharma/alembic-forms-jv-with-adwiya-mami-to-enter-algerian-market-114102700736_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2017, the company acquired Orit Laboratories LLC. USA.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, it entered the Chinese market through a joint venture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharma forms JV to enter a difficult $100 bn Chinese market |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/alembic-pharma-forms-jv-to-enter-a-difficult-100-bn-chinese-market-119050700826_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602235814/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/alembic-pharma-forms-jv-to-enter-a-difficult-100-bn-chinese-market-119050700826_1.html |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Alembic Pharmaceuticals acquired 100% stake in Aleor Dermaceuticals Ltd. and merged it with the company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals acquires 100% stake in Aleor Dermaceuticals - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/alembic-pharmaceuticals-acquires-100-stake-in-aleor-dermaceuticals-327782-2022-03-29 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 2025, the U.S. subsidiary of Alembic Pharmaceuticals acquired Utility Therapeutics Ltd, which produces the urinary tract infection drug Pivya (pivmecillinam 185 mg), for US$12 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharma |url=https://trendlyne-media-mumbai-new.s3.amazonaws.com/uploaded-documents/fundamental/92/64e18622fb7341a9a291e01477589676-05112025.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUABWFMACZL6M6VIP%2F20251118%2Fap-south-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251118T131248Z&X-Amz-Expires=7200&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=c25c0b00ba98cae4d71dabe18501a66e5e7c301b74143aaf6fd15038cc1e26cb |website=ICICI Securities}}</ref>

== Regulatory approvals ==
Between 2024 and 2025, Alembic Pharmaceuticals obtained multiple final and tentative approvals from the [[Food and Drug Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (US FDA) for generic medicines. In December 2024, the company received tentative approval for Olopatadine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution 0.7%, a generic version of ''[[Olopatadine|Pataday Once Daily Relief]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals secures tentative USFDA nod for generic eye drops - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/alembic-pharmaceuticals-share-price-secures-tentative-usfda-approval-for-olopatadine-hydrochloride-solution-19519281.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> This was followed by final approval for [[Rivaroxaban]] tablets in strengths of 2.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg, therapeutically equivalent to ''Xarelto'' in May 2025, and for Amlodipine and Atorvastatin tablets in multiple strengths, equivalent to ''Caduet''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Deva |first=Pranati |date=2025-06-30 |title=Alembic Pharma surges over 12% on USFDA approval for Cancer drug {{!}} Stock Market News |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/alembic-pharma-surges-over-12-on-usfda-approval-for-cancer-drug-11751258142994.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, Alembic Pharmaceuticals received final approval for Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome Injection (20 mg/10 mL and 50 mg/25 mL), a generic version of ''Doxil'', indicated for certain cancers.<ref name=":1" /> In August 2025, it obtained final approval for Tretinoin Cream USP 0.025%, equivalent to ''Retin-A'', for the treatment of acne vulgaris. During this period, the company's cumulative [[Abbreviated New Drug Application]] (ANDA) approvals from the US FDA increased from 219 to 223, including both final and tentative approvals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharma shares gain 2% on USFDA nod for Diltiazem Hydrochloride tablets |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/alembic-pharma-shares-in-focus-on-usfda-nod-for-diltiazem-hydrochloride-tablets-13678512.html |website=Money Control}}</ref> These products were added to the company's portfolio in therapeutic segments such as oncology, cardiovascular diseases, dermatology, and ophthalmology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic gets FDA nod for angina generic |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/drug-approvals-and-launches/alembic-gets-fda-nod-for-angina-generic/125399409 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Products and services ==
Alembic Pharmaceuticals manufactures and sells pharmaceutical products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Its operations include international and domestic formulations, with the latter comprising branded and generic drugs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/Initiating%20Coverage%20-%20Alembic%20Pharmaceuticals%20-%2024%20Sep-2020.pdf |website=HDFC Securities}}</ref>

=== Therapies ===
Alembic Pharmaceuticals has operations in therapy areas, including dermatology, cardiology, gastroenterology, ophthalmology, oncology, orthopedics, anti-infectives, anti-diabetics, gynecology, and treatments for cold and cough.<ref name=":0" /> Alembic Pharmaceuticals’s API plants are cGMP-compliant and have received approvals from various international regulatory agencies. The company operates two research and development (R&D) centers and reported an investment of ₹530 crore in R&D as of 31 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Alembic Pharma looks to expand branded portfolio, strengthen complex generics and injectables pipeline - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/alembic-pharma-looks-to-expand-branded-portfolio-strengthen-complex-generics-and-injectables-pipeline-501621-2025-11-11 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Animal Health Division ===
Alembic Pharmaceuticals established its Animal Health Division in 1986. The division develops pharmaceutical products for livestock, poultry, and companion animals. Among its formulations are Sharkoferrol, an oral hematinic, Moxel Inj, a preparation of amoxicillin and cloxacillin, and injectable cephalosporins such as Xceft Inj (ceftiofur sodium) and Mceft Inj (ceftizoxime sodium).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Alembic Pharma sees continued US growth, margin gains in animal health business - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/earnings/alembic-pharma-sees-continued-us-growth-margin-gains-in-animal-health-business-19600574.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the division entered into a strategic agreement with Amlan International to distribute mineral-based feed additives for poultry health in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Alembic Pharma and Amlan International partner on poultry health solutions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/alembic-pharma-and-amlan-international-partner-on-poultry-health-solutions/article69373510.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of pharmaceutical companies]]
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
* [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[Zydus Lifesciences]]
* [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[Intas Pharmaceuticals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.alembicpharmaceuticals.com}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India| ]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies based in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1907]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]

Demchok, Ngari Prefecture

2026-01-29T04:48:53Z

Shirttheory: new a info...

{{for-multi|the historical village|Demchok (historical village)|the Indian-administered village|Demchok, Ladakh}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Demchok
|other_name = Dêmqog
|native_name = {{resize|80%|{{Bo-textonly|བདེ་མཆོག}}}}, 典角村 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Village
|motto =

|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = China Tibet#China
|pushpin_relief = y
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China]]
|subdivision_type1 = Region
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Ngari Prefecture]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Gar County]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Township (China)|Township]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Zhaxigang Township|Zhaxigang]]

| population_footnotes = <ref name="2019-changes">{{cite web |title=典角村"五代房":见证阿里"边境第一村"变迁 |trans-title="Five-generation house" in Dianjiao Village: Witness the changes of Ngari's "No. 1 Border Village" |language=zh |publisher={{ill|China Tibet Network|zh|中国西藏新闻网}} |date=11 July 2019 |url=http://xz.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0711/c138901-33132423.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719090759/http://xz.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0711/c138901-33132423.html |archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>
| population_total = 171
| population_as_of = 2019

|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|32|41|40|N|79|27|45|E|region:CN|display=inline,title}}

|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 4240
|elevation_ft =13920

|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =

|website =
| module =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title=Demchok
|pic=
|c = {{linktext|lang=zh|典|角|村}}
|l="Demchok Village"
|p = Diǎnjiǎocūn
|tib = བདེ་མཆོག
|wylie = bde mchog
|thdl = dem chok
|zwpy = dêmqog
|showflag = p
}}

'''Demchok'''<ref>{{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps|2017|p=353}}: '... the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan,[14] described Demchok in his travel account as “the first location on the Tibetan side of the border”.'</ref>{{efn|Variant spellings include '''Demchog''',<ref>
{{citation |first=John |last=Bray |title=The Lapchak Mission From Ladakh to Lhasa in British Indian Foreign Policy |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=15 |number=4 |date=Winter 1990 |page=77 |jstor=43300375}}
</ref> '''Demjok''',<ref>
{{citation |editor1=Henry Osmaston |editor2=Nawang Tsering |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC&pg=PA299 |year=1997 |publisher=International Association for Ladakh Studies / Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1432-5 |page=299}}
</ref>
and '''Dechhog'''.<ref>
{{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |page=328}}
</ref>}}
({{bo|t=བདེ་མཆོག|w=bde mchog|s=dem chok|z=dêmqog}}),<ref name=KNAB>[https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm Tibet Autonomous Region (China): Ngari Prefecture], KNAB Place Name Database, retrieved 27 July 2021.</ref>{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926|pp=115-116}} is a Chinese-administered village in the [[Zhaxigang Township]], [[Ngari Prefecture]] in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of China. India disputes the status and claims it as part of the [[Demchok sector]] that it regards as part of [[Ladakh]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|32.63|79.42}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 10
| width = 270
| height = 200
| caption = {{center|Demchok and vicinity}}
| nolabels = 1
| map-data = Q96807758

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|32.7038|79.4467}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 6
| label1 = Demchok–Ladakh
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = right | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = -7
| mark-title1 = [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok–Ladakh]]
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Indian-administered village

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|32.6949|79.4593}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = Demchok–Tibet
| label-size2 = 10
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Demchok–Tibet
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = Chinese-administered village

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.6965849|79.4356986}}
| mark3 = BlackRedMountain.svg
| mark-size3 = 14
| label3 = Demchok |labela3= Lhari peak
| label-size3 = 10
| label-color3 = hard red
| label-pos3 = left |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = -10
| mark-title3 = [[Demchok Karpo|Demchok Lhari peak]]
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = Rocky white peak that is considered sacred; traditional name: Demchok Lhari Karpo


| mark-coord4 = {{coord|32.6622|79.5075}} 
| mark4 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size4 = 12
| label4 = Indus River
| label-size4 = 11
| label-color4 = hard blue
| label-pos4 = bottom |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0
| mark-title4 = Indus River
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 = Sengge Zangbo

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|32.5993|79.3999}} 
| mark5 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size5 = 14
| label5 = Lhari stream / | labela5 = Charding Nullah
| label-size5 = 10
| label-color5 = hard blue
| label-pos5 = right |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = -5
| mark-title5 = [[Charding Nullah]]
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 = Tributary of the Indus river

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|32.6103|79.3498}}
| mark6 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size6 = 12
| label6 = Nilung | labela6 = Nullah
| label-size6 = 10
| label-color6 = hard blue
| label-pos6 = top |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = Nilung Nullah
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 = Tributary of the Charding Nullah

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|32.5818|79.202}}
| mark7 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size7 = 12
| label7 = Koyul |labela13 = Lungpa
| label-size7 = 10
| label-color7 = hard blue
| label-pos7 = left |label-offset-x7 = 0 |label-offset-y7 = -5
| mark-title7 = [[Koyul Lungpa]] river
| mark-image7 =
| mark-description7 = Tributary of the Indus river


| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.5242|79.4019}}
| mark8 = Mountain pass 12x12 n.svg
| mark-size8 = 10
| label8 = Charding La
| label-size8 = 10
| label-color8 = hard red
| label-pos8 = left | label-offset-x8 = 0 | label-offset-y8 = 0
| mark-title8 = Charding La
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 =

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|32.7758|79.5344}}
| mark9 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
| mark-size9 = 10
| label9 = Jara La
| label-size9 = 10
| label-color9 = hard red
| label-pos9 = right | label-offset-x9 = 0 | label-offset-y9 = 0
| mark-title9 = Jara La
| mark-image9 =
| mark-description9 = Mountain pass on the Indian claim line

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|32.696355|79.284238}}
| mark10 = Mountain pass 12x12 e.svg
| mark-size10 = 10
| label10 = Umling La 
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = hard red
| label-pos10 = top | label-offset-x10 = -10 | label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = [[Umling La]]
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Mountain pass on the Chinese claim line

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|32.672861|79.168857}}
| mark11 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size11 = 6
| label11 = Chisumle
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = gray
| label-pos11 = top |label-offset-x11 = -10 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = Chisumle
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 =

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|32.5098|79.6762}}
| mark12 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size12 = 8
| label12 = Tashigang |labela9 = (Zhaxigang)
| label-size12 = 11
| label-color12 = gray
| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigang]]
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 = also spelt Zhaxigang
}}

Demchok is located on the west bank of the Indus, roughly 30 km from [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigang]] (Zhaxigang),<ref name="VOT-2014">{{cite news |publisher=[[China Tibet Broadcasting]] |title=《追梦喜马拉雅》之典角村的幸福生活 |first=Ying |last=Liu |language=zh |date=18 September 2014 |url=http://www.vtibet.cn/xw_702/jlxz/201409/t20140918_233516.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719111848/http://www.vtibet.cn/tbch/2016zt/2015lsxd_8113/jcxd_8119/201609/t20160912_426250.html |archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> at an elevation of over 4,000m.<ref name="VOT-2014"/> It is at the mouth of the [[Demchok River]] (also called "Charding Nullah" and "Lhari stream"), based in its alluvial plain.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>

The [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) passes along the northwest side of the village, following the Demchok River upstream till its source Charding La. The Indian-administered village of [[Demchok, Ladakh]] is roughly 600m away, across the stream.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| title = Ladakhis deplore Krishna's remark on Demchok road| access-date = 31 May 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101243/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| archive-date = 24 December 2013| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/> The Indian-claimed border extends {{convert|3|mi|km}} southeast of Demchok, while the Chinese-claimed border extends {{convert|10|mi|km}} northwest of Demchok.<ref name="Lamb-1965">{{cite journal |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |pages=37–52 |year=1965 |volume=1 |issue=1|doi=10.1163/26660229-001-01-900000005 }}</ref>{{rp|39,48}}

==History==
=== 17th to 19th centuries ===
{{Further|Demchok (historical village)}}

The village of [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]] was mentioned in the ''[[Chronicles of Ladakh]]'' as the boundary point between Tibet and Ladakh demarcated in the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]].{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}}

When [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] visited the area in 1847, he described Demchok as a single hamlet with settlements on both the sides of the Lhari stream and the stream as the prevailing border between Ladakh and Tibet.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}} A governor (''wazir-e-wazarat'') of Ladakh visited the area in 1904–05 and found the Tibetan Demchok village housing 8 to 9 huts of zamindars (landholders) while the Ladakhi Demchok village had only two zamindars.<ref>{{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962|pp=3–4}}: "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."</ref> When [[Sven Hedin]] visited the area in the November 1907, he described Demchok as four or five huts lying on the southeastern bank of the Lhari stream in Tibet, with the Ladakhi side of the Lhari stream only containing the pyramidal Lhari peak and the ruins of two or three houses.<ref>{{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps|2017|pp=353–354, 357}} 'Hedin described the place as follows: "Rolled stones play an important part in the country which we have now reached. The whole of Demchok, ''the last village on the Tibetan side'', is built of them. It consists, however, of only four or five huts with brushwood roofs."'</ref><ref name=Hedin>{{harvp|Hedin, Southern Tibet|1922|p=194}}: "A short distance N. W. of Demchok, the road passes a partly frozen brook [Lhari stream] coming from ''Demchok-pu'', a tributary valley from the left. ... At the left side [Ladakhi side] of the mouth of this little valley, are the ruins of two or three houses, which were said to have belonged to ''Hemi-gompa''. A pyramidal peak at the same.. side of the valley is called ''La-ri'' and said to be sacred. The valley, ''Demchok-pu'', itself is regarded as the boundary between Tibet and Ladak."</ref>

===1950s and 1960s===
In 1951, the [[People's Republic of China]] brought Tibet under [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|its control]]. In 1954, India and China held negotiations for adjusting the trade relations between India and Tibet in the light of the new political context. During the negotiations, China offered Demchok as the location for a trade mart.{{efn|China refused the traditional trade routes between Ladakh and Rudok, but it was happy to allow trade along the Tashigong route.}} India objected, claiming that Demchok was within Indian territory. The Chinese negotiator replied, "there can be no doubt about actual physical possession, which can be verified on spot, but to avoid any dispute we may omit mention of Demchok".<ref>{{citation |first=Claude |last=Arpi |title=The Case of Demchok |date=December 2016 |orig-date=abridged version published in Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017 |url=https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Demchok-IDR.pdf}}</ref> The [[Sino-Indian Agreement, 1954|final agreement]] carried the wording, "the customary route leading to Tashigong along the valley of the Indus River may continue to be traversed."{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar, Dwivedi|2015|p=12}}

Later in 1954, India published maps of its territory with defined borders, in which Demchok was claimed as Indian territory, border being set {{convert|3|mi}} southeast of Demchok.{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=48}} In contrast, China has held that the border was some 10 miles west along the Indus Valley in line with the old British maps.{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=50}} In October 1955, China established a Border Working Group in the Demchok village.<ref name="163.com"/>

The year 1959 witnessed an [[1959 Tibetan uprising|uprising]] in Lhasa and the Dalai Lama went into [[14th Dalai Lama#Exile to India|exile in India]]. China launched an "Anti-Rebellion Campaign" following this, subjecting Tibetans to forceful reforms and causing those living in border regions to flee to India.<ref>
{{citation |last=Shakya |first=Tsering |title=Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-dxAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=9780712665339 |pages=249–250 |quote=In nomadic communities in western Tibet the revolt in Lhasa made no impact and the people had not been in any way involved in the uprising, yet they were still subjected to the Anti-Rebellion campaign.... Most Tibetans who fled to India, particularly those in the border regions in western Tibet, did so after the Chinese campaign.}}</ref>
By the time the "turmoil" ended, there were only three households left in Demchok.<ref name="163.com">{{citation |title=Zhōng yìn biānjìng diǎn jiǎo cūn: Shìwàitáoyuán de shuǐshēnhuǒrè |script-title=zh:中印边境典角村：世外桃源的水深火热 |trans-title=Dianjiao Village on the Sino-Indian Border: The Dire Waters of Xanadu |publisher=163.com |date=10 January 2018 |url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/D7Q765CK0515E3PL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611122010/https://www.163.com/dy/article/D7Q765CK0515E3PL.html |archive-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

In the wake of rising border tensions in 1962, India established border outposts in its claimed territory. There was a post called "High Ground" above the Demchok village in the Charding Nullah valley, and another called "International Border Post" at India's claimed border point in the Indus Valley. Once the [[Sino-Indian War|war]] began in October 1962, these posts were either overrun by the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) or they were quickly withdrawn. The PLA advanced to China's claim line before withdrawing to their original locations.<ref>{{citation |last=Johri |first=Sitaram |title=Chinese Invasion of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJs9AAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Himalaya Publications |pages=144, 147}}</ref> The [[Line of Actual Control]] resulting from the war runs along the Charding Nullah to the west of Demchok village.

===1980 onwards===
In 1984, committees from the Tibet Autonomous Region, Ngari Prefecture, and [[Gar County]] governments selected 24 people from 5 households to move to Demchok from the Jiamu Village, 100 km away in the [[Shiquanhe]] township. After a year, two households returned to Jiamu because they found it hard to endure the border lifestyle.<ref name="2019-changes"/> In 1990, 9 more households were selected from Jiamu Village to move to Demchok, and there were a total of 15 households in Demchok divided into two working groups.<ref name="2019-changes"/> The residents that moved to Demchok were communist party members, who were committed to guarding the border.<ref name="2019-changes"/>

With 15 households, Demchok was administratively established as a village in 1990.<ref name="2019-changes"/> Between 1999 and 2008, an international border trade market operated here, perhaps unofficially. Chinese daily necessities were exchanged for Indian handicrafts.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/> This seems to have come to an end with the entry of PLA to the region.<ref name="Excelsior 2016"/><ref name="Ladakh Sargyur"/> Indian explorer Romesh Bhattacharji, who visited the area sometime after this, noticed a yellow windowless building, which was "optimistically" built by China to serve as a border market but was not operational.<ref name="Bhattacharji Ch. 9">{{cite book|first=Romesh |last=Bhattacharji |title=Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged |chapter=Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau |publisher=Rupa Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3575075 |via=Academia.edu }}</ref>

In 2008, the PLA established a post at Demchok on the grounds of security for [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]].<ref name="Excelsior 2016">[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/demchok-people-protest-on-china-border/ Demchok people protest on China border], Daily Excelsior, 14 April 2016.</ref><ref name="Ladakh Sargyur">[https://issuu.com/ladakhsargyur/docs/ladakh_sargyur_30th_april Demchok people protest on China border], Ladakh Sargyur, 30 April 2016, via issuu.com.</ref> Soon after this, border intrusions were reported on the Indian side, along with a serious incident where the PLA is said to have assumed firing positions to chase away the Indian [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] personnel from the [[Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction]] (on the Indian side of the border).<ref>{{citation |author=Saurabh Shukla |title=Beijing games |newspaper=India Today |date=23 June 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20080623-beijing-games-736607-2008-06-13 |id={{ProQuest|198650562}}}}</ref> Border incidents at Demchok have become endemic ever since.<ref>Ben Arnoldy, [https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0929/p06s06-wosc.html Growing number of China incursions into India lead to a strategy change], The Christian Science Monitor, 29 September 2009. {{ProQuest|405572474}}</ref><ref>China retreats, shepherds back, The Hindustan Times, 16 January 2010. {{ProQuest|471257077}}</ref><ref>Chinese 'transgressions' continue, says army commander, The Hindustan Times, 11 May 2010. {{ProQuest|275720221}}</ref><ref>Chinese troops enter Indian territory again; stop dev work, The Hindustan Times, 9 Jan 2011. {{ProQuest|840382132}}</ref><ref>Tarun Upadhyay, Chinese intrusion stops dev work, McClatchy-Tribune Business News, Washington, 9 January 2011. {{ProQuest|822932558}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2018, the [[Gar County]] government invested more than {{CNY|42 million}} on facilities and rebuilding the local residences.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>
The construction of the two-storey single-family villas, which replaced the previous low-rise [[adobe]] houses, was completed in 2018.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>

In 2017, Demchok was named a {{ill|National Civilized Village|zh|全国文明城市}} by the [[Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-11/17/c_1121973853.htm |title=（受权发布）第五届全国文明城市、文明村镇、文明单位和第一届全国文明校园名单 |language=zh |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In 2019, there were 171 people living in 51 households in Demchok. In 2015, the per capita income was {{CNY|8,234}}.<ref name="VOT-2016"/> The primary and secondary school enrollment rate for school-age children was 98%.<ref name="VOT-2016"/><ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>

==Economy==
The local economy of Demchok is largely based on cattle and sheep grazing.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/> Residents of Demchok receive government subsidies for living in a border region and for living in grasslands.<ref name="VOT-2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.vtibet.cn/tbch/2016zt/2015lsxd_8113/jcxd_8119/201609/t20160912_426250.html |publisher=[[China Tibet Broadcasting]] |script-title=zh:中印边境示范村——典角新颜 |language=zh |date=12 September 2016|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>

Before 2011, Demchok lacked electricity and running water.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography">{{cite magazine |url=https://card.weibo.com/article/m/show/id/2309404509127534575816?_wb_client_=1&object_id=1022%3A2309404509127534575816&extparam=lmid--4509127537747797&luicode=10000011&lfid=1076031826594470&featurecode=newtitle%E5%96%9C%E6%AC%A2 |script-title=zh:西藏典角村，前方距印度碉堡仅600米 |trans-title=Dianjiao Village in Tibet, only 600 meters away from the Indian Bunker in front |last1=Zhao |first1=Chunjiang |last2=Gao |first2=Baojun |editor-last=Lei |editor-first=Dongjun |date=May 2020 |publisher=[[Chinese National Geography]] |accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> By 2017, the village was completely electrified by two [[photovoltaic power station]]s and had water pumped from two newly drilled wells.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/> The village also has full [[cellular network]] coverage, contains 2 public toilets, and has a landfill.<ref name="Chinese-National-Geography"/>

==See also==
*[[List of towns and villages in Tibet]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |author=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
** Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hedin |first=Sven |title=Southern Tibet: Discoveries in Former Times Compared with My Own Researches in 1906–1908: Vol. IV – Kara-korum and Chang-Tang |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2214 |ref={{sfnref|Hedin, Southern Tibet|1922}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The China-India border |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfgNAQAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The China-India border|1964}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |year=1965 |doi=10.1163/26660229-001-01-900000005 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}}}
* {{citation |first=Diana |last=Lange |chapter=Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area between Western Tibet, Ladakh, and Spiti |title=Revue d'Études Tibétaines, The Spiti Valley Recovering the Past and Exploring the Present |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34449052 |ref={{sfnref|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps|2017}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar, Dwivedi|2015}}}}

{{Ngari Prefecture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demchok, Ngari Prefecture}}
[[Category:Populated places in Ngari Prefecture]]
[[Category:Divided cities]]
[[Category:Demchok sector]]

Filhaal 2: Mohabbat

2026-01-19T17:58:18Z

Shirttheory: minor cleanup

{{Short description|2021 single by B Praak and Jaani}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Filhaal 2: Mohabbat
| cover = Filhaal2 Mohabbat cover art.jpg
| artist = [[B Praak]]
| type = single
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|07|06|df=y}}
| format =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = 5:25
| label = Desi Melodies
| writer = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|DUwlGduupRI|"Filhaal2 Mohabbat"}}
}}
}}

"'''Filhaal 2: Mohabbat'''" ({{Translation|Momentary 2: Love}}) is a 2021 Indian album song written by [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] and sung by [[B Praak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/filhaal-2-akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-love-story-meets-tragic-end/|title=Filhaal 2: Akshay Kumar and Nupur Sanon's love story meets a tragic end |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 July 2021}}</ref> The song is sequel to [[Filhall]] which was released in 2019. The video of the song is directed by Arvindr Khaira while the music is produced by B Praak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/filhall-2-akshay-kumar-stalking-his-ex-is-not-the-only-bad-thing-about-this-nupur-sanon-ammy-virk-b-praak-song-4792436/|title=Filhall 2: Akshay Kumar Stalking His ex is Not The Only Bad Thing About This Song | Watch Video|first=Kritika|last=Vaid|date=6 July 2021|website=India News, Breaking News | India.com}}</ref> This song features [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Nupur Sanon]] in the music video.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filhaal-2-mohabbat-akshay-kumar-and-nupur-sanon-s-doomed-romance-continues-in-tragic-love-story-watch-101625565517149.html|title=Filhaal 2 Mohabbat: Akshay Kumar and Nupur Sanon's doomed romance continues in tragic love story. Watch|date=6 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Akshay Kumar]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/filhaal-2-mohabaat-song-akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-tragic-love-story-meets-a-shocking-end-in-this-music-video-sequel-article183705.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190345/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/filhaal-2-mohabaat-song-akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-tragic-love-story-meets-a-shocking-end-in-this-music-video-sequel-article183705.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2021|title=Filhaal 2 Mohabaat song: Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon's tragic love story meets a shocking end in this music video sequel|date=6 July 2021|website=Desimartini}}</ref> as Dr Kabir Malhotra
* [[Nupur Sanon]]<ref name=":1" /> as Meher Grewal
* [[Ammy Virk]]<ref name=":1" /> as Meher's husband

==Music video==
The music video titled "Filhaal 2: Mohabbat" was released by Desi Melodies on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/filhaal-2-mohabbat-song-akshay-kumar-ammy-virk-nupur-sanon-song-7391311/|title=Filhaal 2 song: Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon, Ammy Virk love triangle ends in heartbreak|date=6 July 2021}}</ref> It marks the second collaboration between [[Akshay Kumar]] and Nupur Sanon after [[Filhall]] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-selfless-love-story-continues-in-filhaal-2-mohabbat-watch-song-2374395.html|title=Akshay Kumar-Nupur Sanon's 'selfless love story' continues in Filhaal 2 Mohabbat - Watch song|date=6 July 2021|website=Zee News}}</ref> It also marks the second collaboration between [[Akshay Kumar]], singer [[B Praak]] and lyricist [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] after [[Filhall]] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/filhaal-2-mohabbat-out-now-akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-heartbreaking-love-story-will-leave-you-teary-eyed|title='Filhaal 2- Mohabbat' out now: Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon's heartbreaking love story will leave you teary-eyed|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

The song depicts the feelings of Kabir and the old loving time they spend together. Parts of the Songs were shot on the Flyover Parts of the underconstruction [[Dwarka Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-nupur-sanon-s-filhaal-2-is-a-soulful-track-that-will-stir-your-heart-1824564-2021-07-06|title=Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon's Filhaal 2 is a soulful track that will stir your heart|first=Samriddhi|last=Srivastava|date=July 6, 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Reception ==
It received more than 50 million views on YouTube within 24 hours of the official release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filhaal-2-mohabbat-a-heart-wrenching-end-to-akshay-kumar-nupur-sanons-incomplete-love-story-2480590|title=Filhaal 2 - Mohabbat: A Heart-Wrenching End To Akshay Kumar, Nupur Sanon's Incomplete Love Story|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The official video reached 100 million+ views on 9 July 2021 within just 3 days of release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-filhaal-2-mohabbat-creates-history-with-over-100m-views-in-3-days/article_cd9f1c0e-e0d6-11eb-9320-7ba235802aa1.html|title=Akshay Kumar's 'Filhaal 2 Mohabbat' Creates History with Over 100M Views in 3 Days|first=R. M.|last=Vijayakar|website=India West|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717072731/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-filhaal-2-mohabbat-creates-history-with-over-100m-views-in-3-days/article_cd9f1c0e-e0d6-11eb-9320-7ba235802aa1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Song credits==

* Song : Filhaal2 Mohabbat<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=DM – Desi Melodies |title=Filhaal2 Mohabbat {{!}} Akshay Kumar Ft Nupur Sanon {{!}} Ammy Virk {{!}} BPraak {{!}} Jaani {{!}} Arvindr Khaira|date=2021-07-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUwlGduupRI|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2022}}
* Singer : [[B Praak]]<ref name=":2" />
* Starring : [[Akshay Kumar]], Nupur Sanon, [[Ammy Virk]]<ref name=":2" />
* Lyricist and Composer : [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<ref name=":2" />
* Music Director : B Praak<ref name=":2" />
*Music Programmers : Gaurav Dev & Kartik Dev
* Mixing and Mastering : Gurjinder Guri & Akaash Bambar<ref name=":2" />
* Video Director : Arvindr Khaira<ref name=":2" />
* DOP : Anurag Solanki, Al Ameel <ref name=":2" />
*Creative Director / Steadicam : Amaninder Singh
* Editor : Adele Periera<ref name=":2" />
* Assistant Director : Satnam, Sukhman Sukhu, Jais Sivia, Gaurav<ref name=":2" />
* Producers : Jaani, Arvindr Khaira and Akshay Kumar
*Executive Producer : Avadh Nagpal
*Projection : Dilraj Nandha
*Online Promotion: Net Media
*Label : Desi Melodies<ref name=":2" />
*Supporting Production : Cape of Good Films
*Special Thanks : Azeem Dayani

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Filhall|Filhall}}
* {{IMDb title|id=7770158}}

{{Portal bar|India|Music}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Songs in Punjabi]]
[[Category:2021 songs]]

Tiruchengode

2026-01-13T16:40:36Z

Shirttheory: basic expanded layout based on references and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiruchengode
| native_name = Thirukodimadachenkunroor
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Tiruchengode, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)
| coordinates = {{coord|11.379000|N|77.894900|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 271
| population_total = 95,335
| literacy =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687715 | title=Census of India: Search results | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144703/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687715 | archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637(xxx)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-(0)4288
| registration_plate = TN-34
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tiruchengode''' is a special grade [[municipality]] town located in western part of southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is famous for the ancient hilltop [[Ardhanareeswarar Temple]], dedicated to the unique combined male-female form of Lord [[Shiva]] and Goddess [[Parvati|Parvathi]]. This important place of pilgrimage is mentioned in the Tamil work [[Silappatikaram|Silapathikaram]] as 'Nedulkundru' and is celebrated in the hymns of Saivite saints. The equally famous Chenkottu Velavar Temple, dedicated to Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], is situated on the same hill. As of 2011, the town had a population of 95,335. As per 2011 population, Tiruchengode is the largest city in Namakkal district. It is also famous for rig business.

==History==
In ancient days, Tiruchengode was known as ''[[Thirukodimaadachenkundrur]]'' – one of the historic places in Tamil Nadu.l.
Tiruchengode was formed on November 22 and that day is celebrated as tiruchengode day. It was also known as ''Thiruchengottankudi Nageswaram''. It enshrines the Ardhanareeswarar (man-woman) manifestation of Shiva, representing the unity of Shiva and Parvati, is enshrined in this revered hill temple of great significance, accessible by a motorable road; this is an ancient temple mentioned in the Tamil work, ''[[Silappadikaram]]'' as Neduvelkunru. The red color of the hill is the reason that it was called Chengode. The image above shows the view of the surrounding area from the top of the Tiruchengode hill. This temple is regarded as the 4th of the 7 Tevara Stalams in the Kongu Region of Tamil Nadu.
* It is believed that [[Kannagi]] (Silappathikaram), after demolishing the city of Madurai by fire is called to Sorgam (Heaven) by her husband [[Kovalan]] and is in a wrath at the peak of the Tiruchengode hill.
* The modern history of Tiruchengode includes many memorable events. Eminent leaders like Rajaji, EVR Periar, T.S. Pattabiraman, T.M.Kaliyannan Gounder and EVK Sampath are bound to this town.
*Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam was the 6th Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of the Indian Army from 1967 to 1969. who is from Tiruchengode, His father Paramasivan Subbarayan was the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency, India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications and Governor of Maharashtra was also from Tiruchengode
* Tiruchengode has the pride of having the country's first [[Sabarmati Ashram|Gandhi Ashram]] a tribute to India's great leader Mahatma Gandhi and opened by country's then viceroy Rajaji (Rajagopalachari).

==Location==
Tiruchengode is in northwestern part of [[Tamil Nadu]], approximately 20 km from the City of [[Erode]], 46 km from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and 120 km from [[Coimbatore]].

==Economy==
Tiruchengode has a more industry-oriented occupation rather than agriculture. Agriculture is not done here on a large scale due to lack of abundant water supply as it is solely dependent on the Cauvery river that flows near Pallipalayam, Erode and also dependent on the occasional rains. The major industries here are Rig Spares, Power Looms and Textile Industries, Bus and Lorry Body Building, Lathe Industry, Rice Mills, Granite Factory, etc. Tiruchengode is well known for its Rig (Borewell) Lorries. Tiruchengode can be called "The Borewell Hub of India" as it manufactures the largest number of Borewell Vehicles operated in India. Nearly more than half of borewells operating across India are from Tiruchengode.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census (2011)|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|95.88}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|2.95}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.05}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.0}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.0}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.1}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.0}}}}

{{bar box|title=Approx. Religious census (2018)|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|82.30}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|8.93}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|8.75}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.0}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.0}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.0}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.0}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Tiruchengode had a population of 95,335 with a sex-ratio of 994 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 8,901 were under the age of six, constituting 4,495 males and 4,406 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 11.36% and .07% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 75.87%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 26508 households. There were a total of 42,405 workers, comprising 329 cultivators, 686 main agricultural labourers, 1,279 in house hold industries, 38,804 other workers, 1,307 marginal workers, 7 marginal cultivators, 46 marginal agricultural labourers, 80 marginal workers in household industries and 1,174 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Tiruchengode|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687715|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Tiruchengode had 95.88% [[Hindus]], 2.95% [[Muslims]], 1.05% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.0% [[Buddhists]], 0.0% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.1% following other religions and 0.0% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==District profile==
[[File:Tmlai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|View of the city from Tiruchengode Tirumalai]]
* This [[city]] has various other names like Nagasalam, Panimalai, Kodhai Malai, Aravakiri, Vayu Malai, Kongumalai, Nagagiri, Vandhimalai, Siddharmalai, Didya and still more.
* It is a part of [[Kongu Nadu]] region of Tamil Nadu. [[Kongu Nadu]] includes in it 24 [[villages]], out of which Poondhurai, a suburb of Erode city is one of the important pilgrimage centre. West of [[Cauvery]] is Melakarai Pundhurai and East of Cauvery is Kilakarai Pundhurai. Kilakarai Pundhurai is famously known as Thiruchengodu.
* The word "Thiruchengodu" means beautiful, steeped hill in [[Tamil Language]].
* Thiruchengodu is famous for its reference in Kandhar Anuboothi sung by Arunagirinathar for Lord Murugan -as "Nagasala velava nalu kavi".
* Tiruchengodu is famous for its hill and the temple on the top.
* Ancient and historical Thiruchengodu is crowned with Mummurthies named Arthanareeswar, Chengodu Velan and Athikesava Perumal.
* The average annual rainfall is around 950 mm. The altitude is about 150–200 metres above sea level.
* Around Tiruchengode many schools and colleges are there.

==The Temples==
*Ardhanareeswarar, one of the 64 manifestations of Shiva, representing the unity of Shiva and Parvati, is enshrined in the revered [[Ardhanareeswarar Temple]], a hill temple of significance, accessible by a motorable road. [[File:Thiruchencode temple.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Ardhanareeswarar Temple|Thiruchengode hill Siva temple]]]] This temple is regarded as the 4th of the 7 Tevara Stalams in the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu Region]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

:Ancient walls, mandapams and sculptured pillars (now in a state of disrepair) add to the awe that this temple perpetuates, on top of the hill. The motorway and the renovated Rajagopuram are of recent origin. True to the name [[Nagagiri]], there is a 60 ft long [[snake]] carved on the hill.

:Although the sanctum faces the West, entrance to it is from the South. A majestic image of Ardanareeswarar adorns the sanctum. There is a water spring at the foot of the image which is said to have been divinely manifested (Uli Padaa Uruvam). There are inscriptions here from the times of Parantaka [[Chola]], Gangaikonda Chola, the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] and [[Mysore]] Kings and the Nayaks.

: kannagi after burning Madurai finally reached Tiruchengode hill and she was taken by pushpak viman and went to heaven. Kannagi vizhla is celebrated with pomp and glory every year.

:Uttsavamurti of this temple is in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Cleveland, USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.clevelandart.org/explore/work.asp?searchText=shiva&display=&ctl00%24ctl00%24ctrlHeader%24btnSearch=go&tab=2&recNo=9 | title=Employment Opportunities | date=26 September 2012 }}</ref>

The Tiruchengottuvelavar shrine (to Subramanyar) attracts a number of pilgrims. A Temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha is located on the highest point of the mountain where the Main temple is located, known as Uchi Pillayar Temple.

Sambandar composed the Tiruneelakandapatikam here, to help rid fellow travellers of an affliction. [[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]] has sung of this shrine in Ardhanareeswaram in Kumudakriya.

*Kailasanathar Temple, another famous temple of Tiruchengode is located at the foothills, at Kamalar.

'''Ongaliamman (Om Kaali) Temple'''
Tiruchengode Chinna Ongaliamman Temple. This Temple is located in near by Tiruchengode Old Bus Stand. Tiruchengode's second biggest festival called 'Maasi Kundam' conducted on every tamil month 'Maasi' (Every March month) in this temple. Lakhs of peoples participating for Fire Pedal event in this festival.

*Tiruchengode also has an Anjaneya swamy temple renovated three years before.

*Bathrakaliamman temple which had Kumbabishekam on 21-04-2010 and an Ayyappan temple which are very famous among the residents.

'''Sri Dhevi Bhudevi Sametha Sundhara Raja Perumal'''
*The Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple is located in the Kanakapatti village. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in the form of Sundararajan, a synonym of love and beauty.

'''Kandaswami (Murugan) Temple'''
Kalippatti Kandaswami Temple. This Temple is located in Kalippatti, (Salem Via) Thiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal DT.

'''soothaga kulam(thoorankootam in Tamil) periyandavar(gods god) and perumal temple at panneerkuthi palayam'''
soothaga kulam (thoorangkootam in Tamil) perumal and periyandavar temple located in panneerkuthipalayam village from 8 km from Tiruchengode bus stand. In earlier time this village was called as pirithi kumarapalayam. But now changed that name into pannikuthipalayam in the remembrance of one big festival is conducting every five years once in this temple. At that time sacrifice the pig (in Tamil panni) to the god periyandavar.

'''Arulmigu Muthu Mariamman Temple-[[Sattaiyampudur]]'''

*Arulmigu Muthu Muniyappan Temple, Arulmigu Muthu Kumaraswamy Temple and Arulmigu Muthu Mariamman Temple located in [[Sattaiyampudur]], Tiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal DT.

==Festivals==
Tiruchengode's major Festival is the Arthanareeswarar Car Festival known as '''Vaigasi Visakam''' (Celebrated during the Tamil month of Vaikasi). The Festival is celebrated for 15 days, with separate cars carrying sengottuvelavar, arthanareeswarar and many small lords. This festival is very famous among the nearby surrounding towns and villages.

Three worship services are offered each day. The late night worship service (Artha Jaama Pooja) is considered to be of importance here. New moon days are also considered to be special.
Moliapalli annamar swamy temple is located 15 km from thiruchengodu.

==Transport==
Tiruchengode is well connected by state as well as private buses from [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]], [[Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Namakkal]], [[Rasipuram]], [[Karur]], [[Sankagiri]], [[Attur]], [[Kallakkurichi]], [[Paramathi]]-[[Velur, Namakkal|Velur]], [[Komarapalayam]], [[Bhavani]], [[Edappadi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] etc., The nearest railway station is [[Sankagiri|Sankari Durg]] (8 km) & [[Erode]] [[Cauvery Railway Station|Cauvery RS]] (16 km) The nearest major Railway Junction [[Erode]] (23 km), [[Namakkal]] (37 km), [[Rasipuram]] (36 km) and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] (46 km) The nearest sub railway station for Anangur(8 km).

The nearest airport is at [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]](46 km), [[Coimbatore International Airport]] (120 km) & [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (120 km)

Mobile and landline communications are well connected in tiruchengode having exchanges in Tiruchengode and Kootappalli. Mobile connection having 4G GSM services of all major networks.

==Notable people==

*[[T. R. Sundaram|T.R. Sundaram Mudaliyar]] (16 July 1907 – 30 August 1963) was an Indian film actor, director, and producer more than 100 films. He was the founder of the Salem-based film production company [[Modern Theatres|Modern Theatres Ltd]].

==Politics==
Tiruchengode assembly constituency is part of Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency). Recently, it has been included in the Namakkal Parliamentary constituency - from the 2009 elections onwards.[3]

==Tiruchengode Municipality==
The Tiruchengode Municipality is the civic body that governs the town of Tiruchengode

===Chronological List of Chairmen===
* V.V.C.R. Kandappa Mudaliar
* Pachiyannan Mudaliar
* M.P.R. Arthanari Mudaliar
* [[T. P. Arumugam|T.P. Arumugam Mudaliar]] 3 times elected chairman and ex MLA.
* R. Natesan
* Pon Saraswathi<ref>[http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=742033 Who is the flag bearer of Tiruchengode municipality with political heritage?, Dinakaran]</ref>

*Nalini Sureshbabu (chairman from 2022)<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dmk-bags-chairperson-post-in-four-municipalities-in-namakkal/article65190533.ece/ DMK bags Chairperson post in four Municipalities in Namakkal]</ref>
==See also==
* [[Thirukodimaadachenkundrur]]
* [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.tiruchengodecity.com/ About Tiruchengode City]
*[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=wtcityapp.com Link to download TiruchengodeCity App]
*[http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/s110.html About Ardhanareeswarar Hill Temple]
*[http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/m055.html About Chenkottu Velavar Temple]

{{Namakkal district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]

Koccharlakota Satyanarayana

2026-01-08T00:34:26Z

Shirttheory: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox person
|name =Koccharlakota Sathyanarayana
|birth_date = 2 April 1915
|birth_place =West Godavari district, British India
|occupation=actor, playback singer
|death_date = {{death date and age|1969|12|21|1915|4|2|df=y}}
|death_place =Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
}}
'''Koccharlakota Satyanarayana''' (2 April 1915 - 1969) was a Telugu film and [[drama]] actor and playback singer during the early period of [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>Abhinava Ramudu, Kocharlakota Satyanarayana, Tholinati Gramaphone Gayakulu, Modali Nagabhushana Sharma, Creative Links Publications, Hyderabad, 2010, pp. 41-2.</ref>

He was born into a Zamindari family in [[West Godavari]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His childhood was spent with his grandparents at [[Bhimadole]] during the 1910s. He liked sitting before the [[phonograph|gramophone]] and used to sing along. While in [[Rajahmundry]], during his high school days he joined Kesari Samajam of Machiraju Ramachandra Murthy and started acting in stage plays. He staged ''Chintamani'' and ''Pratapa Rudreeyam'' and used to donate that money to schools and libraries.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

He entered the cinema field with ''Draupadi Vastrapaharanam'' of Saraswati Talkies. He acted as Krishna in ''[[Jarasandha]]'', Basavaraju in ''[[Vara Vikrayam]]'', ''Malli Pelli'' of [[Y. V. Rao]] and as Lakshmana in ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam]]''.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

He shifted to the Dramatic field and acted with [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] and [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]] in the plays ''Jarasandha'', ''Sarangadhara'' and ''Tulabaram''. He later joined Prabhat Theatres of [[Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao]] and acted as Arjununa in ''Pandava'', Vengala Rao in ''Bobbili Yudham'', Satyavan in ''Sati Savitri'', Bhavani Shankar in ''Chintamani'' and as Kalidas in ''Kalidas''. He acted in Ramanjaneya Yudham as Lord Rama with Betha Venkata Rao.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

He died on 21 December 1969 in [[Eluru]].{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

==Filmography==
{{Unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
* ''Seeta Kalyanam'' (1934) (actor)
* ''Draupadi Vastrapaharanam'' (1936) as Sahadeva (actor)
* ''[[Jarasandha]]'' (1938) as Krishna (actor)
* [[Malli Pelli (1939 film)|''Malli Pelli'']] (1939) as Venkata Rao (actor and playback singer)
* ''[[Vara Vikrayam]]'' (1939) as Basavaraju (actor)
* ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1945) as Lakshmana (actor)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0462238}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyanarayana, Koccharlakota}}
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-stage-actor-stub}}
{{India-film-actor-1910s-stub}}

Janephal Assembly constituency

2026-01-07T10:17:44Z

Shirttheory: Started the page more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Janefal
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 69,688
| mla = Balwanta Piraji Wankhede
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Janefal Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Balwanta Piraji Wankhede || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Janefal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balwanta Piraji Wankhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,920 |percentage = 44.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Yeshwanta Bhalerao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,369 |percentage = 19.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopalrao Sakharam Jadhao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,105 |percentage = 15.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deorao Baburao Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,111 |percentage = 5.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsiram Rodu Kankal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,426 |percentage = 3.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashru Sakharam Borkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 943 |percentage = 2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,551 |percentage = 24.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,336 |percentage = 50.04% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,688 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Masur, India

2026-01-04T15:17:40Z

Shirttheory: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Masur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|24|0|N|74|9|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
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| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12000 Approx.
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415106
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02164
| registration_plate = MH-50
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Karad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Satara
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|30|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Masur''' is a small town located in [[Karad]] taluka of Satara district of Maharashtra in India,<ref>[http://satara.nic.in/images/DMP%20satara.pdf Satara district profile]</ref> between [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Karad]], seven kilometers from National Highway No. 4. It has a population of about 18,000.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==History==
[[B.R. Ambedkar|B.R.Ambedkar]] wrote about his childhood experience in Masur and the discrimination he and his siblings suffered, in his autobiographical book, [[Waiting for a Visa]] (chapter 1).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ambedkar|first1=Dr. Bhimrao|title=Waiting for a Visa|date=1991|publisher=Dept. of education, Government of Maharashtra|location=Mumbai|pages=4071–4090|url=https://drambedkarbooks.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/selected-work-of-dr-b-r-ambedkar.pdf|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Maruti Temples, Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* http://www.udctalumni.org.in/newsroom/news/300.dz
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGzMlqiwkKo
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6haQlhyCtfc
* yogirajharekrishnababa.in/गुरुपरंपरा.php
* Md Pathak, "11 maruti Temples " blogspot 5 Jan 2010
* Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey. US: Oxford University Press. p. 74. {{ISBN|9780195309218}}.
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qzkCqTEt0Q

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Rajasthani

2025-12-16T18:23:05Z

Shirttheory: Data

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Damyanti Jadawat 'Chanchal' || ''Bulbul Ra Bol'' || Short Story ||
|-
| 2011 || Hariish B. Sharma || ''Satoliyo'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2012 || Deendayal Sharma || ''Baalpane Ri Baatan'' || Essays ||
|-
| 2013 || Vimla Bhandari || ''Anmol Bhent'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Neeraj Dahiya || ''Jaadoo Ro Pen'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Krishnakumar 'Aashu' || ''Dharti Ro Mol'' || Stories || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || NO AWARD || || ||
|-
| 2017 || Pawan Pahadia || ''Number One Aoola'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || C. L. Sankhla || ''Chada Chadi Ki Kheti'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || NO AWARD || || ||
|-
| 2020 || Mangat Badal || ''Kudrat Ro Nyav'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2021 || Kirti Sharma || ''Paani Ra Rukhalaa'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2022 || Vishwamitra Dadhich || ''Machhlyan Ra Aanshu'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Kiran Badal || ''Tabran Ri Duniya'' || Memoir || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Prahlad Singh 'Jhorda' || ''Mhari Dhani'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Bhogilal Patidar || ''Pankheruvan Ni Pira'' || Drama || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Rajasthani]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Raj Sinha

2025-10-17T09:58:55Z

Shirttheory: adjusted lead and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{for|the fictional character portrayed by Akshay Kumar|Suhaag (1994 film)}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1962}}
| birth_place = [[Dhanbad]], [[Dhanbad district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[Dhanbad]], [[Dhanbad district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| parents = Pradhan Siddhanth Prasad (father)
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| education = M.A. (History)
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raj Sinha''' (born 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad constituency]] in [[Dhanbad district]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141207235405/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141124/jsp/jharkhand/story_19079536.jsp#.WKP_PPl97IU Why win will be easy for Raj Sinha]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=863 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/jharkhand/jharkhand-mla-raj-sinhas-bodyguard-commits-suicide_1600642.html MLA Raj Sinha's bodyguard commits suicide]</ref> Jharkhand. He won the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] and [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE: Election 2024, Lok Sabha Election Results, Winning Candidates Results & Election News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/winning-candidates-2024 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sinha is from Dhanbad. His father is Pradhan Siddhanth Prasad. He is a businessman and his wife is a homemaker. He completed his post graduation arts, doing his M.A. in History at Patna University in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Sinha(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DHANBAD(DHANBAD ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12025 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE: Election 2024, Lok Sabha Election Results, Winning Candidates Results & Election News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/winning-candidates-2024 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sinha won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Dhanbad Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Raj Sinha of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dhanbad-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430969.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was re-elected in [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Raj}}
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]

{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pimple Gurav

2025-10-12T11:56:14Z

Shirttheory: expanded content based on references and added references for clarity

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pimple Gurav
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharastra
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5907721|N|73.8167953|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Punekar, Puneite, Puneri
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 411061
| registration_plate = MH 14
| unemployment_rate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], Hindi & English
}}

'''Pimple Gurav''' is a neighbourhood situated on the banks of [[Pavana River|River Pavana]] in the city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pune, India]].

== Geography ==
It is located in the northwest part of the city. Pimple Gurav is surrounded by [[Dapodi]] and [[Kasarwadi]] to the east and to the north, [[Sangavi]] to the south, [[Pimple Saudagar]] to west and [[Pimple Nilakh]] to far southwest. The [[Pavana River|Pawana River]] is located to the west.

The neighbourhood lies off [[National Highway 48 (India)]]. Nearest railway stations are [[Dapodi railway station]] and [[Kasarwadi railway station]] which fall on [[Mumbai–Chennai line]].

== Transport ==
A PMPML bus stand is near the old village, where buses carry passengers to Hadapsar, Katraj, Deccan, [[Market Yard, Pune|Market Yard]], Dapodi, Pune Station, Kothrud, Pune Corporation, Akurdi, Warje Malwadi, Appa Balwant Chowk and other destinations in Pune.

Nearest railway stations are [[Dapodi railway station]] and [[Kasarwadi railway station]] which lie on [[Mumbai–Chennai line]].

== Religion ==
Pimple Gurav is known for its Guruvayur Shri Krishna temple. Devotees regularly visit this temple and chant [[vedas]]. Lord Bhairavnath Temple is visited by a large number of people. Annual village festival (Gaon Jatra) happens on Hanuman Jayanti usually in April Month.

== Other places ==
The Rajmata Jijau Garden (popularly known as Dinosaur Park) features a 40 feet tall statue of a dinosaur.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]

St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Thumpamon

2025-09-12T21:15:42Z

Shirttheory: Created New Page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{no footnotes|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral
| image = St.Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Thumpamon.(Thumpamon Valiya Pally).JPG
| caption = St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Thumpamon (തുമ്പമണ്‍ വലിയ പള്ളി)
| founded date = AD 717
| location = [[Thumpamon]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|13|0|N|76|43|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin map = India
| denomination = [[Indian Orthodox Church]] Parish
| diocese = Thumpamon Diocese
| tradition = [[Malayalam]] [[Syrian]]
| website = [https://www.thumpamonpally.com/] facebook [http://www.facebook.com/thumpamonpally/]
}}

'''St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral (Thumpamon Valiya Pally or തുമ്പമണ്‍ വലിയ പള്ളി or Marthamariyam Badrasana Devalayam)''' is an Orthodox ancient church located in [[Thumpamon]] near [[Pandalam]], [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the Thumpamon Diocese of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

==History==
The first church in Thumpamon was built in AD 717, and the structure of that church was not like present one. The first church was a small prayer hall. As the years passed by, the Nazarene population in Thumpamon increased and in AD 900 the old church building was demolished and a much larger building was constructed in its place. Histories of Thumpamon states that in AD 900 (kollavarsham-350) Thumpamon Pally was built and it was the second structure of the church. It was renovated in the year 2017.

Between the two centuries, after the construction of the second church the population of Nazarene Christians in Thumpamon had increased considerably. So also, the influx of people from other places continued particularly from Nilakkal. Nilakkal was ravaged by attacks from dacoits led by Fakhuruddin Polygar. As the frequency and intensity by the robber gangs increased, agriculture and trade became disrupted and peaceful life made impossible at Nilakkal. ''Raja of Pandalam'' whose capital at that time was Konniyoor near Nilakkal. The Raja also found it impossible to continue his domain at Nilakkal. Hence in AD 1170 (ME 345) the Raja and retinue abandoned Nilakkal and chose Pandalam has headquarters for governing his territory. Consequently the Nazarene in Nilakkal also had to emigrate to other places such as [[Kanjirappally]], [[Thumpamon]] and other places.

In AD 1175 to construct a bigger Church building, the Nazarene's of Thumpamon demolished the existing building. At this time, the authorizer of the [[Thumpamon Vadakkumnatha Temple]] which cannot desire antiquity prior toAD 950 opposed the reconstruction of the Church on the ground that the Velichappad of the temple had predicted that the construction of a Christian church there would pollute and de-santise the temple. The Raja was very much inclined to favour the Nazarene's as they were hardworking, peace-loving and model adhering to the lofty principles enshrined in Christianity. The Raja and his officers, therefore personally visited Thumpamon and surveyed the land which came with in his jurisdiction and permitted the construction of the church, notwithstanding the opposition of the land records residing nearly Thatta. The foundation for constructing a church building was laid on 15 August 1175 (15th Chingam 350 ME), the feast day of Virgin Mary.

==Portuguese period and the synod of Udayamperoor==
The Christian community in Kerala was one unified flock with one shepherd all through the year till AD 1528 {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}. There was no interference in Malankara church by foreign churches. The 105 churches in Malankara existing at this period was headed by the 'Arkidyakon' who was the supreme authority. The administration of the individual churches was carried on by the parish priests assisted by elected lay leaders. Religious dignitaries who visited Malankara acted according to the advice of Arch deacon. Malankara Nazarene Christians were immensely proud of their St. Thomas tradition.

However, the winds of change began with the advent of the Portuguese to Malabar Coast in AD 1498. The Portuguese missionaries found that the local Christians did not recognize the authority of the Church in Rome. The quarrels and internal strife in the Malankara Church began with the attempts made by the Portuguese Missionaries to impose the authority of Rome over the Church. Early attempts made by wily and cunning foreign missionaries to bring the Malankara Nazarenes within the Roman fold were not successful. The situation changed with the coming of [[Aleixo de Menezes]] (Archbishop of Goa) to Malankara. The Arch Bishop was deputed with specific instructions to switch the allegiance of the Nazarene's to the Roman Church. He was a shrewd and intelligent person well versed in all types of political intrigues and had no qualms for using military power to achieve his aims. A synod was convened at [[Udayamperoor]] ([[Synod of Diamper]]) in AD 1599. The venue was well guarded by Portuguese soldiers and the delegates were prevented from communicating with one another.

The Portuguese gave a false picture about the practices in the Malankara Church and the delegates were urged to support their move for drastic reforms to bring the Malankara Church in line with the customs and practices of the Church in Rome. At that time Arch Deacon [[Geevarghese of the cross]] was the Head of the Malankara Church. Despite the decisions taken at the synod of Udayamperoor ([[Synod of Diamper]]), the majority of the Churches in Malankara chose to follow their Arch Deacon. Thereafter, the Arch Bishop visited 27 churches in Malankara to persuade them to toe the Roman line. He visited the St. Mary's Church at Thumpamon too, to bring it under his control. However, this attempt failed and Nazarene Christians in Thumpamon followed their original order of worship.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Old photo of Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Old photo of Thumpamon Pall
Image:Madhbaha of Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Altar of the Church
Image:Yukno of Mother Mary in Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Yukno of Mother Mary
Image:Relics of Parumala Thirumeni in Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Relics of St. [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]]
Image:Stone Cross.jpg|Old stone cross
Image:Wooden works of Aana Vathil (Main Door) of Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Wooden works in Main Door of Thumpamon Valiya Pally
Image:Ancient Jar in Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Ancient jar in the church
Image:Flag Post of Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Flag post of Thumpamon Valiya Pally
Image:Illuminated Thumpamon Valiya Pally.jpg|Illuminated Pally
Image:Thumpamon Pally Perunnal Raaza..jpg|Thumpamon Pally Perunnal Raaza
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christian Churches]]
* [[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]]
* [[Kadampanad Church]]
* [[Kannamcode Cathedral]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.thumpamonpally.com]
* [https://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in Website of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]
* [http://thumpamon.mosc.in Website of Thumpamon Diocese]
* [http://stmarysocym.com Website of St. Mary's OCYM, Thumpamon]
* [http://nativeplanet.com/adoor/attractions/st-mary-s-orthodox-syrian-cathedral Website of Nativeplanet.com/ St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Thumpamon]

p

* https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_1ribc1cwvWU2FyOW1GZmJtT2c

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]

T. N. Gopakumar

2025-08-25T03:13:46Z

Shirttheory: small enhance references to improve readability also for consistency

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. N. Gopakumar
| image = File:TN Gopakumar.jpg
| birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth-date|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Suchindram]], [[Kanyakumari]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|01|30|1957|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername = T.N.G
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Journalist]]|[[Writer]]|[[Film director]]}}
| years_active =
| spouse = Heather Gopakumar
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|P. Neelakanda Sharma|L. Thankamma}}
| family =
| awards =
}}
'''T. N. Gopakumar''' (1957 – 30 January 2016) was an Indian journalist. He was the news editor-in-chief of [[Asianet News]]. Gopakumar was also the producer and anchorperson of the popular weekly programme ''Kannadi'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite news|title = 'Kannadi' completes 600 episodes on Asianet|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/30/stories/2006093003150300.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103165045/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/30/stories/2006093003150300.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 3, 2012|date = September 30, 2006|work = [[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 2008-12-25}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gopakumar was born in 1957 in [[Shuchindram]] to Vattappallimadam P. Neelakanda Sharma, a [[Thanumalayan Temple|Sucheendram Temple]] Sthanikar, and L. Thankamma. He had two siblings- T. N. Vijayam and T. N. Sreekumar.<ref name="ടി.എൻ. ഗോപകുമാർ അന്തരിച്ചു...">{{cite web | url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/01-tvm-tn-gopakumar.html | title=ടി.എൻ. ഗോപകുമാർ അന്തരിച്ചു... | publisher=Malayala Manorama | date=31 January 2016 | accessdate=January 31, 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202193122/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/01-tvm-tn-gopakumar.html | archivedate=2 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was married to Heather Gopakumar and the couple had two daughters, Gayathri and Kaveri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/more/obituary/journalist-tn-gopakumar-dies-at-58-37325 |title=Journalist TN Gopakumar dies at 58 | ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് വാർത്താ വിഭാഗം തലവനും കണ്ണാടിയുടെ അവതാരകനുമായ ടി എൻ ഗോപകുമാർ അന്തരിച്ചു; അകാല മരണം കരൾരോഗത്തിൽ നിന്നും മടങ്ങിവരുന്നതിനിടയിൽ; മാദ്ധ്യമ ലോകം കണ്ണീരൊഴുക്കുന്നു.. |website=MarunadanMalayali.com |date= |accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref>

==Career==
He began his career with [[Indian Express]] and evolved as a journalist through tenures in [[Mathrubhumi]], News Time, [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] and [[The Independent]]. During his association with the [[BBC]], he was called in to take charge of the news division in the newly formed [[Asianet News|Asianet television channel]].

Gopakumar also contributed to the [[Malayalam literature|literature]] and [[Malayalam cinema|cinema]] of [[Malayalam]]. Apart from many articles and columns in periodicals, he wrote more than fourteen books. The premier among them were ''VOLgA tharam_gangngaL''(''വോൾഗാ തരംഗങ്ങൾ''), ''AkampaTi sarppangngal''(''അകമ്പടി സർപ്പങ്ങൾ'') and ''shudran'' (''ശൂദ്രൻ''). Notable among the many accolades he earned were the 1998 award for the best autobiography for ''shucheendram rEkhakaL''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw6.htm | title=1998 Awards (in Malayalam) |website=Keralasahityaakademi.org| accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> (''ശുചീന്ദ്രം രേഖകൾ'') and 2011 award for the best travelogue in Malayalam, both from [[Kerala Sahitya Akademy]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article3715418.ece | title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced|newspaper=The Hindu| date=August 2012| accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> for the work ''vOLgA tharam_gangngaL'', Mahakavi Pandalam Kerala Varma Media Award (Kannadi-Asianet-, Shangumukham-Kalakaumudi) and the FCCJ Asian Journalist Award from Tokyo. He also directed the film [[Jeevan Masai]]. ''vErukaL'', a noteworthy serial from [[Doordarshan]], was directed by him.

He was also one of the favourite choices for mimicry artists in [[Kerala]] to imitate, due to his distinctive articulation of words and high [[Bass (voice type)|bass]] voice.

==Filmography ==
''as director''
* 2001- ''[[Jeevan Masai]]'' starring- [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Kavya Madhavan]]

==Death==
Gopakumar died in a private hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 30 January 2016 at 3:50 AM, aged 58. He was suffering from [[cancer]] and was undergoing treatment for several months.<ref name="The Hindu Sen">{{cite news|title=Senior journalist T.N. Gopakumar passes away|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 January 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/senior-journalist-tn-gopakumar-passes-away/article8171653.ece|publisher=The Hindu Sen|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at Santhikavadam Crematorium. Being an [[atheism|atheist]], there were no religious customs followed at his cremation. He is survived by his wife and two daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/interviews/tngopakumar.html An Exclusive Interview with T.N. Gopakumar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331212023/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/interviews/tngopakumar.html |date=31 March 2008 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopakumar, T. N.}}
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television journalists]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]

Majigram

2025-08-24T15:02:41Z

Shirttheory:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{One source|date=June 2016}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Majigram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Majigram in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.59|87.97|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Prodhan
| leader_name = Anup Kumar Mandal<ref name="Prodhan">{{cite web|url=http://www.bdomongalkote.com/ps/165396/majigram|title=Majigram Gram Panchayat|website=bdomongalkote.com|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708225154/http://bdomongalkote.com/ps/165396/majigram|archive-date=8 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 4622<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/319124-majigram-west-bengal.html|title=Majigram Village Population - Mangolkote - Barddhaman, West Bengal|website=Census2011.co.in|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 362
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713132<ref name="Postoffice"/>
| registration_plate = WB42
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|41. Bolpur (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mongalkot]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Village code
| blank3_info_sec1 = 319124<ref name="X">{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/barddhaman/mangolkote/majigram.html|title=Indian Village Directory|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Katwa]], [[Bardhaman]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Majigram''' is a village in [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
It is located 49 km north of the district headquarters [[Bardhaman]]. It is 141 km from the state capital, [[Kolkata]]. The village is near Bardhaman district's border with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum District]].

The region has an average elevation of 30 metres (100 ft). The nearby river is [[Ajay River]].

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Majigram had a total population of 4,622 of whom 2,360 (51%) were males and 2,262 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 534. The total number of literates in Majigram was 2,700 (66.05% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref>

===Work profile===
In Majigram village, out of total population, 1658 were engaged in work activities. 92.04% of workers described their work as main work (employment or earning more than six for months), while 7.96% were involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than six months. Of 1658 workers engaged in main work, 307 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 951 were agricultural labourers.

==Facilities==

===Transport===
* Roads: Majigram is well connected with roads. The village contacted with Katwa-Natunhat Road.
* Railway: Bankapasi Railway Station (11 km) and Kaichar Railway Station (8 km) are the nearby railway stations to Majigram. However, Burdwan Railway Station is a major railway station which is 45 km from Majigram.
* Air: There is a permanent [[helipad]] in Majigram.

===Hospital===
Singot Rural Hospital (with 50 beds) at [[Singot]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> There is also a rural health center in this village.

===Banking===
There is a UCO Bank Branch in Majigram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bankifsccode.com/UCO_BANK/WEST_BENGAL/BARDDHAMAN/MAJIGRAM|title=UCO BANK, MAJIGRAM|website=bankifsccode.com|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> A UCO Bank ATM is also in Majigram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ucobank.com/branch-atm-locator.aspx|title=ATMs in Majigram|website=ucobank.com|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
Reacently Burdwan Co-opprative Bank Lt. has opened a new branch with 24x7 ATM facility in this village.

===Post office===
* Majigram has a post office. Recently it was upgraded to "Sub-Post Office."<ref name="Postoffice">{{cite web|url=http://pincodeno.com/area/782534/majigram-pincode|title=Majigram Postal Index|website=pincodeno.com|access-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808204957/http://pincodeno.com/area/782534/majigram-pincode|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Mbhs school.jpg|thumb|Main entrance gate of Majigram Bisweswari High School]]
Majigram Bisweswari High School (10+2 with science, arts and vocational streams) is an upper primary with a secondary and higher secondary school in Majigram village of Mongalkot. It was established in 1950. The school's management is the Department of Education. It is a Bengali medium, co-educational school.

Majigram Bisweswari High School runs in four government school buildings, and has a total of 44 classrooms. The lowest class in the school is 5 and the highest is 12. This school has 17 male teachers and 10 female teachers. There is a library facility available in this school, with about 4700 books.

This school has a big playground and cycle stand. There are enough toilets for girls and boys in the school. The school provides a residential facility. The school also provides a meal facility, and meals are prepared in the school. A good laboratory is there for science practicals. Freshwater facility also provided in the school.

Majigram Bisweswari High School also offers vocational courses including automobiles, electric, amin survey and computers.

Other schools include:
* Majigram Free Primary School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/majigram-f-p-school/19092306204|title=Majigram F.P. School|website=icbse.com|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
* Majigram Das Para Free Primary School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/majigram-daspara-f-p-school/19092306103|title=Majigram Daspara F.P. School|website=icbse.com|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>

==Temples==
[[File:Roypara gopal temple.jpg|thumb|Roypara Gopal Jeu Temple during its inauguration ceremony on 29 September 2014]]
[[File:Roypara Durga temple.jpg|thumb|Newly built Roypara Durga Devi Temple]]
Majigram has a multi-cultural heritage. The {{transliteration|bn|deuls}} found here are reminiscent of Bengali Hindu architecture. The old temples bear signs of Hinduism, mostly belonging to the Sakta and Vaishnava followers. There are many temples in Majigram.

Major temples:
* Sakombori (শাকম্ভরী দেবী) Temple
* Dauleshawr (দেউলেশ্বর শিব মন্দির) Lord Shiva Temple
* Dauleshawr (দেউলেশ্বর) Kali Mandir
* Radhamadhav (রাধামাধব) Temple
* Roypara Durga Temple
* Roypara Gopal Jeu Temple
* Gajon Temple
* Boro Voirovnath (ভৈরভনাথ) Temple
* Sardarpara Kali Mandir
* Parambabu's Kali Mandir
* Jogordharti (জগদ্ধাত্রী) Temple
* M.S.A. Kali Mandir
* Kakinder Shiva Mandir

There are many other temples in the village as well. More than 50 Lord Shiva temples are situated in Majigram.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation

2025-08-15T09:50:54Z

Shirttheory: refine references for clarity and updated info based on references

{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2014}}
{{notability |date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
| nativename = आयकर जांच के महानिदेशालय
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Income tax logo.png
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = Government of India
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| hqlocmap =
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| minister1pfo =
| chief1name =
| chief1position = [[Director General]]
| parentagency = [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
| child1agency =
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}}
The '''Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation''' is the [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement agency]] under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] responsible for investigating violations of India's [[tax law]]s, including fraud, evasion and money laundering. The controlling authority is the [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]].

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of Income Tax Department officer ranks]]
* [[Civil Services of India]]

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence}}
[[Category:Tax officials]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Income Tax Department of India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Onaeme hill

2025-08-06T20:01:48Z

Shirttheory: small update layout based on references and cleaned formatting per sources

#REDIRECT [[Onaeme Hill]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Selima Khatun

2025-07-09T15:11:25Z

Shirttheory: Created A Data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Selima Khatun
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end = 2021
| term_start = 2016
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| constituency = [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
| successor = [[Humayun Kabir (Debra politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| predecessor = Radhakanta Maiti
| education = Masters of Arts in Bengali (Vidyasagar University)
| occupation = Teacher, Politician
}}

'''Selima Khatun''' (born 1982) also known as '''Bibi''' is an Indian politician who served as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Debra Assembly constituency]] since 2016 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Debra profile: TMC won seat in last two elections |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-debra-profile-tmc-won-seat-in-last-two-elections-9382561.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> She had represented [[All India Trinamool Congress]], a political party led by [[Mamata Banerjee]]. She managed to win [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] with a margin of 11908 votes against the representatives of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Debra Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Debra Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-debra-constituency-229.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Selima Khatun completed her Post graduation in [[Master of Arts]] in Bengali from [[Vidyasagar University]] in 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Selima Khatun (bibi)(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- DEBRA(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=133 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

She is serving as a Teacher at a High school and her husband is an Assistant professor in a B.ed College.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatun, Selima}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar University alumni]]