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In Transit (Indian TV series)

2026-05-07T05:34:26Z

Shilpi: creating the pg needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = In Transit (series) poster.jpg
| director = Ayesha Sood
| producer = Zoya Aktar, Reema Kagti
| starring = Anubhuti Banerjee, Rumi Harish, Patruni Sastry, Siddharth dope, Rie, Teena, Aryan ,Madhuri
| animator = Harkat Studios
| company = Tiger Baby Productions
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|06|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi, English
}}

'''In Transit''' is a 2025 Indian English-language documentary series directed by Ayesha Sood and produced by [[Zoya Akhtar]] and [[Reema Kagti]] under the [[Tiger Baby Films]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Zoya Akhtar's docu-series 'In Transit' brings authentic trans voices to Indian screens |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/zoya-akhtar-ayesha-sood-in-transit-about-trans-and-non-binary-people-23567269 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-14 |title=Zoya Akhtar reveals how 'Made in Heaven' led to powerful docuseries 'In Transit': 'We got so much love from the LGBTQ+ community' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/zoya-akhtar-reveals-how-made-in-heaven-led-to-powerful-docuseries-in-transit-we-got-so-much-love-from-the-lgbtq-community/articleshow/121844935.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The four-part docuseries premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 13 June 2025 and explores the lives of nine transgender and non-binary individuals across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daliya |first=Ragini |title=In Transit: Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti, Ayesha Sood On Spotlighting Queer Stories |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/interviews/in-transit-interview-reema-kagti-zoya-akhtar-ayesha-sood-9356275 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref> It presents personal narratives around gender identity, societal acceptance, family relationships, and personal transformation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padhee |first=Ahwaan |title=In Transit review: A thought-provoking compilation |url=https://www.cineblues.com/ott-web-series-review/in-transit |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Cineblues |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanda |first=Neeraj |date=2025-06-06 |title=Prime Video unveils trailer of docuseries 'In Transit' |url=https://www.southasiatimes.com.au/entertainment-sports/cinema/in-transit/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=South Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=In Transit Docuseries Review: Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti Break Boundaries With Real LGBTQ Stories |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/in-transit-docuseries-review-zoya-akhtar-reema-kagti-break-boundaries-with-reallgbtqstories-review-151897948 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Patruni Sastry]], a performance artist and drag queen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Smrithi |title=#KetchupTalks: Patruni Sastry on discussing identities in the Indian context and accidentally becoming a part of 'In Transit' |url=https://www.socialketchup.in/ketchup-talks-interviews/patruni-sastry-in-transit-ketchup-talks-9357679 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.socialketchup.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patruni Chidananda Sastry on fatherhood, fluidity, and everyday joy in 'In Transit' and beyond |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/culture/story/a-portrait-in-joy-drag-fatherhood-and-the-radical-everyday-of-patruni-chidananda-sastry-1229720-2025-06-16 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Harper Bazar |language=en}}</ref>
* Aryan Somayian, a clinical psychologist from Mumbai
* Rumi Harish, a classical musician
* Siddharth Dope, a school educator from Tripura
* Anubhuti Banerjee, a software employee
* Saher Naaz, a surgeon
* Teena, a school teacher
* Madhuri Sarode, an actress, dancer and activist
* Rie Raut, a Dalit trans activist

== Production ==
''In Transit'' was conceptualized following feedback from audiences about the representation of trans characters in Indian media, particularly in the series ''Made in Heaven''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/in-transit-promises-to-celebrate-stories-of-gender-identity-love-and-belonging/ar-AA1GcNg7?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-06-12 |title=Trans Community 'Wants to Be Seen Correctly,' Say Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti and Ayesha Sood on Prime Video's 'In Transit': 'Not Manipulating the Narrative' |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/trans-stories-zoya-akhtar-in-transit-1236428316/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The creators undertook over 18 months of research and development to ensure the authenticity and diversity of stories. The production aimed to cover different geographies across India and capture a wide range of lived experiences within the trans and non-binary spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoya Akhtar-Ayesha Sood on 'In Transit': We wanted trans people to tell their own stories |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-ayesha-sood-on-in-transit-we-wanted-trans-people-to-tell-their-own-stories/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The series was filmed in a documentary style,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-ayesha-sood-on-in-transit-we-wanted-trans-people-to-tell-their-own-stories/2636643 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> blending interviews with observational footage. Director Ayesha Sood is known for her socially engaged work and brought an empathetic, non-intrusive approach to the filming process.<ref>{{Cite web |author=A. O. L. Staff |date=2025-06-12 |title=Trans Community 'Wants to Be Seen Correctly,' Say Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti and Ayesha Sood on Prime Video's 'In Transit': 'Not Manipulating the Narrative' |url=https://www.aol.com/trans-community-wants-seen-correctly-050000702.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.aol.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was released globally on '''Amazon Prime Video''' on '''13 June 2025'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoya Akhtar's In Transit To Be Released On THIS Date, Trailer Out Now {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/zoya-akhtars-in-transit-to-be-released-on-this-date-trailer-out-now-watch-ws-dl-9372020.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Its launch was timed to coincide with Pride Month, and it was accompanied by promotional events, media coverage, and discussions on gender inclusivity in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=In Transit: All about Zoya Akhtar-backed docuseries that tells the tale of India's Transgender lives |url=https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/transit-unveil-groundbreaking-journey-india-transgender-lives-prime-video |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.truescoopnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Docuseries 'In Transit' trailer showcases love, identity and life beyond the binary |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/docuseries-in-transit-trailer-showcases-love-identity-and-life-beyond-the-binary |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.thehawk.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''In Transit'' received widespread acclaim from critics, activists, and audiences for its nuanced and empathetic portrayal of transgender and non-binary lives in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-06-13 |title='In Transit' review: In engaging docuseries, courage tinged with caution |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083423/in-transit-review-in-engaging-docuseries-courage-tinged-with-caution |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Reviewers praised the series for steering clear of sensationalism and instead focusing on the lived realities of its subjects with dignity and honesty. ''Hindustan Times'' described it as "a sensitively told portrait" that captures emotional moments of reconciliation, resistance, and revelation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=18 June 2025 |title=In Transit review: A sensitively told docuseries on transgender experience in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/in-transit-review-a-sensitively-told-docuseries-on-transgender-experience-in-india-101750156486849.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''Social Ketchup'' highlighted its quiet power, calling it "familiar yet vital," noting how its repetition of certain struggles emphasizes the urgent need for visibility and systemic change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michwal |first=Karina |title=In Transit review: A familiar yet vital exploration of love, identity, and struggle among the LGBTQIA+ community in India |url=https://www.socialketchup.in/review/in-transit-review-9357903 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.socialketchup.in |language=en}}</ref> Many lauded director Ayesha Sood's ability to create a space where participants could authentically share their truths, with critics emphasizing that the docuseries lets people speak for themselves rather than being spoken about.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ekta |date=2025-06-16 |title=Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti And Ayesha Sood On Telling Real Queer Stories Through 'In Transit' |url=https://elle.in/life-culture/zoya-akhtar-reema-kagti-and-ayesha-sood-on-telling-real-queer-stories-through-in-transit-9364140 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref> The representation was celebrated for its diversity—not just in terms of gender identity, but also in its inclusion of different regions, socio-economic classes, languages, and faith backgrounds making ''In Transit'' one of the most comprehensive explorations of India's queer and trans spectrum to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Transit OTT Release Date: All You Need to Know About Zoya Akhtar's Docuseries |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/in-transit-ott-release-date-all-you-need-to-know-about-zoya-akhtars-docuseries-article-151825292 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> Industry voices have since called it a landmark in queer storytelling, applauding its potential to spark essential conversations around inclusivity, media responsibility, and allyship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoya Akhtar on LGBTQIA+ Representation in Films: 'Consent was Shunned, Sexual Assault Was Allowed' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/zoya-akhtar-on-lgbtqia-representation-in-films-consent-was-shunned-sexual-assault-was-allowed |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> In Transit has been nominated for [[GLAAD Media Award|GLAAD]] media awards for 2025 in outstanding documentary category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=37th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Nominees {{!}} GLAAD |url=https://glaad.org/mediaawards/37/nominees/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=glaad.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/In-Transit/0J89M2S1BEKXECF62UAWQ7QTR3 In Transit] on [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]
* {{IMDb title|tt31898077}}
* {{YouTube|mjbbPcLubHg|title=In Transit - Official Trailer}}

[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Transgender-related documentary films]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Documentaries about LGBTQ topics]]

Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu

2026-05-06T20:34:50Z

Shilpi: Made A Article...

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ananth Ram
| writer = Ananth Ram Rajesh V
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Aishwarya. M
* Sudha. R
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] (Presenter)
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Ananth Ram
* [[Bhavani Sre]]
}}
| cinematography = Tamil Selvan
| editing = Fenny Oliver
| music = AH Kaashif
| studio = Masala Popcorn White Feather
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{film date|2024|8|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu''''' ({{translation|After A Friend Came}}, also marketed as '''''NOVP''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[coming-of-age film|coming-of-age]] [[Buddy film|buddy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Ananth Ram, in his directorial debut and joinly produced by Masala Popcorn and White Feather. The film stars Ananth and [[Bhavani Sre]] in the lead roles, alongside RJ Vijay, [[Elango Kumaravel]], [[Kulappulli Leela]], Irfan (in his acting debut), [[Venkat Prabhu]] and Aishwarya. M.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2024 |title=Cooku with Comali fame Irfan makes movie debut in 'Nanban Oruvan Vandha Piragu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-irfan-makes-movie-debut-in-nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu/articleshow/111657657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723180039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-irfan-makes-movie-debut-in-nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu/articleshow/111657657.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film released on 2 August 2024 and opened to positive reviews from critics and audiences.

== Plot ==
Anand begins sharing his memories with a co-passenger on his flight to Chennai. Born in 1992, Anand moved to Anandam Colony with his family after his younger brother's birth. He befriends Aadhi's gang and frequently clashes with Lalith's gang. During an intra-school event, Anand faces humiliation when he faints on stage due to crowd phobia, allowing his rival group to win. In 2011, Anand wished to opt out of engineering and pursue a degree in Visual Communication at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]]. His father, Ravi, a former aspiring cricketer who played in the [[Ranji Trophy]] team in 1984, had his dreams shattered by poverty. He emphasizes the importance of education, encouraging Anand to pursue his passions after completing his studies.

Anand then joins Sri Muthulakshmi Engineering College, where he meets Kannamma from Delhi who boards at the same point for the college bus. Anand's struggles continue as he faints during a college seminar. However, he finds solace in his growing closeness with Kannamma. After completing their degree, Anand proposes an event management company, NOVP Events (formerly Infinity Events), to keep their friend group together. They agree to try this venture for a year before exploring other job opportunities. Anand also suggests developing an app called "Become a Star," but the project faces delays, and the loan they need is withheld. As a result, most of their friends lose hope and part ways to settle in their careers, leaving NOVP Events in limbo where Anand is left alone.

Anand's family struggles to make ends meet, and his father takes out loans with exorbitant interest rates. Anand's mother scolds him for being jobless, and he finds comfort in his friends. However, his grandmother slaps him when he gets angry in response to his mother's criticism. His friends, Srikanth and Praveen, humiliate him while Kannamma, advises him to find a job, to which Anand reluctantly agrees, but his father suggests pursuing a postgraduate degree instead and moving to Singapore, where his friend's son Krishna is working. During a gathering, Praveen humiliates Anand again, leading to a physical altercation with Aadhi. Praveen and Rajesh leave the friends group in anger. Anand feels distressed, believing he's a burden to his friends due to his joblessness, and emotionally thanks Aadhi for his support and leaves for Singapore.

There, Anand meets Madan and his roommate Lalith, a former rival but with Lalith's help, Anand completes the "Become a Star" app. In Delhi, Kannamma's father arranges her marriage to Ratheesh, while Anand feels avoided by Kannamma and confronts her during a phone call. Kannamma says she'll contact him when she's free, but marriage preparations continue. Aadhi consoles with Praveen, who reveals he was trying to motivate Anand to improve his life. Anand befriends Azhagar, an [[Ajith Kumar]] fan, and tests the app. Azhagar shares his struggles with homesickness, revealing he misses his family deeply. He passes away the next day, intoxicated. Azhagar's death profoundly impacts Anand, being his first experience with loss. Despite the "Become a Star" app's success and potential partnership with a multinational corporation, Anand declines the offer. He decides to return to India and utilize the app to revive NOVP Events.

Back in Chennai, Anand's friends reunite and join forces to organize their Annual Colony Event, using NOVP Events. Kannamma also joins them, reuniting with Anand. With renewed confidence, Anand exudes confidence on stage, orchestrating a seamless and triumphant event.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Ananth Ram as Anand
* [[Bhavani Sre]] as Kannamma
* [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]] as Ravi, Anand’s father
* [[Kulappulli Leela|Leela]] as Anand’s grandmother
* Diana Vishalini as Sumathi, Anand's mother
* RJ Vijay as Aadhi<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=#MyPandemicRakshak: I needed a brother like him to keep myself sane, says RJ Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mypandemicrakshak-i-needed-a-brother-like-him-to-keep-myself-sane-says-rj-vijay/articleshow/85506380.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723180039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mypandemicrakshak-i-needed-a-brother-like-him-to-keep-myself-sane-says-rj-vijay/articleshow/85506380.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Irfan as Babu
* Wilspat as Rajesh
* Dev
* [[KPY Bala]] as Karthi
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]] as Shailu
* RJ Ananthi as Vidya
* Sabarish as Srikanth
* Guhan Prakash as Lalith
* Fenny Oliver as Anand’s Singapore friend
* Dharmaraj
* Vinoth GD as Azhagar
* Poovendhan
* Madan Gowri as Madhan
* Jerome Remigas
* Praveen as Praveen
* Renga Prasanth as Lalith’s friend
* Sai Venkatesh
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as college peon
* Aishwarya M. as Maya, HOD, [[Computer science|C.Sc Department]]
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] as Anand’s co-passenger in flight (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film is the directorial debut for director Ananth Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2 August 2020 |title=Ananth's directorial debut titled Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Aug/02/ananths-directorial-debut-titled-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-19613.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205031528/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/02/ananths-directorial-debut-titled-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-19613.html |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film is presented by [[Venkat Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Venkat Prabhu to present Nanban Oruvan Vandha Piragu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jul/30/venkat-prabhu-to-present-nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu-46095.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205031526/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/30/venkat-prabhu-to-present-nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu-46095.html |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Aishwarya . M and Sudha.R under the banner of Masala Popcorn In Association With White Feather Studios. The cinematography was done by Tamil Selvan while editing was handled by Fenny Oliver and music composed by AH Kaashif.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2024 |title=Nanban Oruvan Vandha Piragu trailer: A tale of childhood friendship blossoming into adulthood |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu-trailer-a-tale-of-childhood-friendship-blossoming-into-adulthood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723180040/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/nanban-oruvan-vandha-piragu-trailer-a-tale-of-childhood-friendship-blossoming-into-adulthood |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2024 |title=AR Rahman, Anirudh Ravichander, and Yuvan Shankar Raja launch the 'Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu' trailer; an interesting tale of friendship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-anirudh-ravichander-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-launch-the-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-trailer-an-interesting-tale-of-friendship/articleshow/111901428.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723180040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-anirudh-ravichander-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-launch-the-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-trailer-an-interesting-tale-of-friendship/articleshow/111901428.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The title of the film is derived from the lyrics of the song "Mustafa Mustafa" in ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-05 |title=நண்பன் ஒருவன் வந்த பிறகு – விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.heronewsonline.com/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-movie-tamil-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914105123/https://www.heronewsonline.com/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-movie-tamil-review/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Heronewsonline.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 2 August 2024 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2024 |title='Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu' trailer promises a feel-good entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-trailer-promises-a-feel-good-entertainer/articleshow/111925787.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-trailer-promises-a-feel-good-entertainer/articleshow/111925787.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] from 14 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title=நண்பன் ஒருவன் வந்த பிறகு ஓடிடி தேதி! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/10/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-ott-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910181450/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/10/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-ott-date |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "This film is like going on a trip down memory lane, without anyone rushing us to reach our destination. The film talks about the importance of the journey, and how each path finds its own torchbearers when it has to".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2 August 2024 |title=Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu Review: A breezy and no-frills ode to friendship, love, and home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-review-a-breezy-and-no-frills-ode-to-friendship-love-and-home-9490155/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802081604/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-review-a-breezy-and-no-frills-ode-to-friendship-love-and-home-9490155/lite/ |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "The viewing experience of the film feels like reading a personal journal within two hours" and gave three point five out of five.<ref>{{Cite news |last=SV |first=Harshini |date=3 August 2024 |title=Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu Movie Review : This Sweet, Familiar Reel of Memories Is Long But Lifelike |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu/movie-review/112240973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808085313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu/movie-review/112240973.cms |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s buddy drama films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amiya Kisku

2026-05-06T15:50:32Z

Shilpi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amiya Kisku
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram (ST)]]
| predecessor = [[Dulal Murmu]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Amiya Kisku''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram (ST)]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amiya Kisku(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NAYAGRAM (ST)(JHARGRAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1420 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amiya Kisku, NAYAGRAM (ST) constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/amiya-kisku-1420/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amiya Kisku (BJP) Candidate from NAYAGRAM (ST) Constituency, Amiya Kisku Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-amiya-kisku-6985 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kisku, Amiya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Himesh Reshammiya discography and filmography

2026-04-28T15:51:05Z

Shilpi: creating basic info first draft

{{Short description|Works of Himesh Reshammiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| Image = File:Himesh.jpg
| Caption = Himesh Reshammiya in 2007
| Alt =
| Studio = 10 albums
| Live =
| Compilation =
| Internet =
| Video =
| Music videos =
| EP =
| Singles =
| B-sides =
| Soundtrack = 104 (including 2 upcoming releases)
| Tribute =
| Option name = Background Scores
| Option = 9
| 1Option name = Lyricist
| 1Option = 5 films: 15 songs 5 albums
| 2Option name = Playback singer
| 2Option = 58 films (179 songs)
| 3Option name = As an actor
| 3Option = 11 films (as a lead) 6 films (special appearance in songs) 3 music albums (as model)
| 4Option name = As a Producer
| 4Option = 6 films
| 5Option name = As a Story Writer
| 5Option = 6 films
| 6Option name = Reality show judge
| 6Option = 17 shows

}}

This is the discography and filmography of Indian singer-composer [[Himesh Reshammiya]]. The details below contains his work as a [[playback singer]], composer, lyricist, Film producer and actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Himesh Reshammiya produced the popular TV show Andaaz in the 1990s? Lesser known facts about the chart topping singer |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/himesh-reshammiya-creates-history-featuring-in-bloomberg-s-global-pop-power-list-did-you-know-this-about-the-singer-actor-1754634144147 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography as music director ==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{Dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Directed by
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' || [[Sohail Khan]]
|''"Odh Li Chunariya"'', ''"Tum Par Hum Hai"''
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (1998 film)|Bandhan]]'' || [[K. Murali Mohana Rao]]
|''"Balle Balle"'', ''"Chhora Phisal Gaye"'', ''"Tere Dum Se Hai Mera Dum"''
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Hello Brother (1999 film)|Hello Brother]]'' || [[Sohail Khan]] || ''"Chandi Ki Daal Par"'', ''"Teri Chunariya"''
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Directed by
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye (2000 film)|Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]'' || [[K. Murali Mohana Rao]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|-
| ''[[Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge]]'' || [[David Dhawan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''[[Chalo Ishq Ladaaye]]'' || [[Aziz Sejawal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Humraaz]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]] ||
* ''Nominated'' – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'' || [[Sanjay Chhel]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' || [[Rohit Shetty]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tere Naam]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] ||
* ''Winner'' – [[Screen Award for Best Music Director]], Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director
* ''Nominated'' – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, Screen Weekly Award for Best Music Director, [[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Footpath (2003 film)|Footpath]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || ''"Soorat Pe Teri Pyar Aave"''
|-
| ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]'' || [[Sangeet Sivan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2004 || ''[[Dil Maange More]]'' || [[Anant Narayan Mahadevan]] ||
* ''Nominated'' – Screen Weekly Award for Best Music
|-
| ''[[Aabra Ka Daabra]]'' || [[Dheeraj Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aitraaz]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]] ||
* ''Nominated'' – [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director]], [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart|Shukriya]]'' || Anupam Sinha
|-
| ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'' || [[Atul Agnihotri]] || Reshammiya composed 4 songs
|-
| ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Julie (2004 film)|Julie]]'' || [[Deepak Shivdasani]] ||
|-
| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' || [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bardaasht]]'' || [[Eeshwar Nivas]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tum – A Dangerous Obsession]]'' || [[Aruna Raje]]
|-
| ''[[Ishq Hai Tumse]]'' || [[Krishna Ghattamaneni]] ||
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2005 || ''[[Anjaane (2005 film)|Anjaane]]'' || Harry W. Fernandes ||
|-
| ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Koi Aap Sa]]'' || [[Partho Mitra]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'' || [[Aditya Datt]] ||
* ''Winner'' – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]], [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback]], [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male]], [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Music Director]], [[Zee Cine Awards]] for Best New Film Music Talent
* ''Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]], [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director]],'' [[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director]], Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director, [[Screen Award for Best Music Director]],
|-
| ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' || [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] || ''"Aankon Mein Sapna"'' (not included in the film)
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] ||
*''Nominated'' – Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director
|-
| ''[[Silsiilay]]'' || [[Khalid Mohamed]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]'' || Girish Dhamija ||
|-
| ''[[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]'' || [[Harry Baweja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye]]'' || Samar Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]'' || [[Anil Devgan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Insan]]'' || [[K. Subash]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]]
|-
| ''Nigehbaan – The Third Eye'' || Dilip Shankar
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2006 || ''[[Rocky – The Rebel]]'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Diya Hai]]'' || [[Aditya Datt]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'' || [[Dharmesh Darshan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' || [[Shivam Nair]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' || [[Raj Kaushal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' || [[Neeraj Vora]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom Dick And Harry]]'' || [[Deepak Tijori]]
|-
| ''[[36 China Town]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' || [[Raj Kanwar]] || ''"Tum Sansoon Mein"''
|-
| ''[[Banaras (2006 film)|Banaras]]'' || [[Pankaj Parashar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aksar]]'' || [[Anant Narayan Mahadevan]] ||
* ''Nominated'' – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]], [[Zee Cine Awards]] for Best Track "[[Jhalak Dikhlaja]]", Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2007 || ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' || [[Anees Bazmee]] || ''"Insha Allah"'' and ''"Kola Laka Vellari"''
|-
| ''[[Nanhe Jaisalmer]]'' || [[samir Karnik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Verma]] || ''"Tadap"''
|-
| ''[[Fear (2007 film)|Fear]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (film)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]'' || Prashant Chadha ||
* ''Nominated'' – [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Music Director]], Bollywood Movie Awards – Best Song for "Jhoot Nahi Bolna", [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Playback Singer Male]] for "Tera Mera Milna"
|-
| ''[[Apne]]'' || [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Fool & Final]]'' || [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]'' || Ashwini Chaudhary ||
|-
| ''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]'' || [[Suneel Darshan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Namastey London]]'' || [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] ||
|-
| ''[[Red: The Dark Side]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]'' || Ajay Chandok || ''"Dil Naiyyo Maane Re"''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Karzzzz]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] || Remake of the 1980 film ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]''.
|-
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] ||
* Debuted as composer in Tamil films. The soundtrack was dubbed in Telugu and Hindi.
* ''Nominated'' – [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]] for "Kallai Mattum"
|-
| ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves]]'' || [[Eeshwar Nivas]] || ''"Tum Mile"''
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Radio (2009 film)|Radio]]'' || Ishan Trivedi ||
* 100th film as music director
* "Mann Ka Radio" 500th song
* ''Nominated'' – Bollywood Hungama Music Awards for Best Music Director, Bollywood Hungama Music Awards for Best Singer – "Mann Ka Radio"
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Directed by
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Kajraare]]'' || [[Pooja Bhatt]] ||
|-
| ''[[Milenge Milenge]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Damadamm!]]'' || [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' || [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] ||
All songs except for "I Love You"
* ''Winner'' – [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] for Most Entertaining Music, BIG Star Entertainment Awards for Most Entertaining Song [[Teri Meri|"Teri Meri Prem Kahani"]], Lions Favourite Music Director 18th Lions Gold Awards
* ''Nominated'' – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || [[Ashish R Mohan]] ||
* ''Winner'' – Lions Favourite Path Breaking Music 19th Lions Gold Awards
* ''Nominated'' – Stardust Awards for Best Music Director
|-
| ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' || [[Ashwni Dhir]] || All songs except for "Yeh Jo Halki"
|-
| ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' || [[Umesh Shukla]] || All songs except for "Hari Om" and "Mere Nishaan"
|-
| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' || [[Rohit Shetty]] || All songs except for "Nachle Nachle"
|-
| ''[[Dangerous Ishhq]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[A New Love Ishtory]]'' || [[John Matthew Matthan]] || Released on television
|-
| ''[[Policegiri]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || All songs except for one
|-
| ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]'' || [[Susi Ganesan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Special 26]]'' || [[Neeraj Pandey]] || ''"Gore Mukhde Pe Zulfan Di Chhaavan"''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' || [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] ||
* Composed 5 songs; ''"Jumme Ki Raat"'', ''Jumme Ki Raat' Version 2"'', ''"Tu Hi Tu"'', ''"Tu Hi Tu Version 2"'', ''"Tu Hi Tu (Reprise)"''
* ''Nominated'' – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]], BIG Star Entertainment Awards for Most Entertaining Music, [[Screen Award for Best Music Director]], [[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director]] for "Jumme Ki Raat", Bollywood Hungama Music Award-Best Song for "Jumme Ki Raat"
|-
| ''[[Humshakals]]'' || [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Xposé]]'' || [[Anant Narayan Mahadevan]] ||
* ''Nominated'' – BIG Star Entertainment Awards for Most Entertaining Music
* ''Won'' – BIG Life OK Now Awards for Best Music
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' || [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]] ||
* ''Winner'' – [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] for Most Entertaining Music, [[Zee Cine Awards]] for Best Song of the year (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
* ''Nominated'' – [[Stardust Awards]] for Best Music Album, BIG Star Entertainment Awards for Best Song of the Year (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|-
| ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]'' || [[Umesh Shukla]]
|''"Baaton Ko Teri"'', ''"Tu Milade"'', ''"YOLO"''
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Final Cut of Director]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] ||
|-
|''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || Shawn Arranha || 100th Film with T-Series
|-
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' || [[Radhika Rao]] and Vinay Sapru
|-
|2018 ||''[[Genius (2018 film)|Genius]]''|| [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] ||
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Directed by
! Notes
|-
|2020 || ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]''|| Raka ||
|-
|2021 || ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]]
| ''"Dil De Diya"''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Exclusive: Himesh Reshammiya collaborates with Salman Khan for Radhe |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-himesh-reshammiya-collaborates-salman-khan-radhe/ |access-date=18 November 2020 |date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Radhe song Dil De Diya: Salman Khan rolls up pant leg for quirky dance step with Jacqueline Fernandez |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhe-song-dil-de-diya-salman-khan-pulls-up-his-pant-leg-pulls-off-funny-dance-moves-with-jacqueline-fernandez-101619765798632.html |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2022
|''[[Middle Class Love]]'' || [[Ratnaa Sinha]] ||
|-
|''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]'' || [[Anand L. Rai]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023
|''[[Bad Boy (2023 film)|Bad Boy]]''|| [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
|-
|''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''|| [[Farhad Samji]]
|''"[[Naiyo Lagda]]"''<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan Brutally Trolled for his Dance Step in Naiyo Lagda Dil Song, Netizens Shout Choreography by Sunny Deol – Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/salman-khan-brutally-trolled-for-his-dance-step-in-naiyo-lagda-dil-song-netizens-shout-choreography-by-sunny-deol-watch-2573100.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
||2024 ||''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]''|| Anil Roongta ||
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || Keith Gomes
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statesman |first=The |date=2022-11-03 |title=Himesh Reshammiya to return on screen with 'Badass Ravi Kumar' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/himesh-reshammiya-return-screen-badass-ravi-kumar-3159781 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Maatrubhumi: May War Rest in Peace]]}} || [[Apoorva Lakhia]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Battle Of Galwan Lyricist Sameer Reveals Salman Khan Film Has ‘Zabardast’ Songs |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/battle-of-galwan-lyricist-sameer-reveals-salman-khan-film-has-zabardast-songs-9574530.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Gunmaster G9]]}} || [[Aditya Datt]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Emraan Hashmi-Himesh Reshammiya reunite for Gunmaster G9, nostalgic fans celebrate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/golden-days-are-back-emraan-hashmi-and-himesh-reshamiya-reunite-for-gunmaster-g9-2753099-2025-07-09 |work=India Today |date=9 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBC
|{{pending film|[[Yeh Prem Mol Liya]]}} || [[Sooraj Barjatya]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sooraj Barjatya reunites with Himesh Reshammiya for Ayushmann Khurrana and Sharvari film - Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-barjatya-reunites-with-himesh-reshammiya-for-ayushmann-khurrana-and-sharvari-film-reports/articleshow/130141780.cms |access-date=13 April 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sooraj Barjatya casts Ayushmann Khurrana and Sharvari in 'Yeh Prem Mol Liya'; reunites with Himesh Reshammiya after 12 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-barjatya-casts-ayushmann-khurrana-and-sharvari-in-yeh-prem-mol-liya-reunites-with-himesh-reshammiya-after-12-years/articleshow/130415607.cms |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Discography as a playback singer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Co-singers
|-
|rowspan=2| 2025 || "[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]" || "Butterfly Titliyan" "Dil Ki Taj Mahal Mein" "Hookstep Hookah Bar" "Bazaar-E-Ishq" "Tandoori Days" "Aafato Ke Dor Me Chain Ho Tum" "Baarish" "Pani Pani Sajna" "Aaj Mehfil Mein" "Terre Pyaar Mein (Reprise 1)" "Aajaa Aajaa Pardesi" "Aajaa Piyaa" "Lut Gaye Tere Ishk Mein" "Medley" "Chand Baaliyaan" "Laila O Laila"|| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Shannon K [[Shreya Ghoshal]] Arunita Kanjilal [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] [[Salman Ali]], [[Jyotica Tangri]], Nitin Kumar, Sachin Kumar Valmiki, Nishtha Sharma and Ankona Mukherjee 
|-
| ''[[Pintu Ki Pappi]]'' || "Beautiful Sajna Beautiful" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Raman Raghuvanshi
|-
|rowspan=2| 2023 ||''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]''||"Baby Tujhe Paap Lagega" || [[Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
| ''[[Bad Boy (2023 film)|Bad Boy]]'' || "Janabe Ali" "Instaa Vich Story" || Vineet Singh, [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Asees Kaur]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 2022 ||''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]''||"Kangan Ruby" "Kangan Ruby (House Mix)" || [[Akasa Singh]]
|-
| ''[[Middle Class Love]]'' || "Tuk Tuk" "Manjha" || [[Payal Dev]] Raj Baraman
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]''||"Cutie pie" "Heer Tu Meri" "Le Jaana" "[[Teri Meri Kahani (song)|Teri Meri Kahani]]" "Aadat" "Aashiqui Mein Teri" "Duggi" "Keh Rahi Hai Naazdeekiyan" || [[Anusha Mani]] [[Navraj Hans]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Asees Kaur]] Ranu Mondal Ranu Mondal Ranu Mondal Shannon K Sameer Khan, Ranu Mondal, [[Payal Dev]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]'' || "Jhalak Dikhlaja Reloaded" ||<ref name="Jhalak Dikhla Ja">{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-reloaded-emraan-hashmi-himesh-reshammiyas-song-gets-a-makeover-after-13-years-3859030/ |title=Jhalak Dikhla Jaa Reloaded: Emraan Hashmi – Himesh Reshammiya's Song Gets a Makeover After 13 Years |work=India.com |date=27 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128172305/https://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-reloaded-emraan-hashmi-himesh-reshammiyas-song-gets-a-makeover-after-13-years-3859030/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
||''[[Genius (2018 film)|Genius]]''||"Tujhse Kahan Juda Hoon Main" || Vineet Singh, [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
||''[[Hate Story 4]]'' || "Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Re-make)" || [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || "Teri Yaad" "Teri Yaad" (Reprise) "Ishq Samundar" || [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] Solo [[Kanika Kapoor]]
|-
| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' || "Bewajah" "Ek Number" || Solo Neeti Mohan
|-
|rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' || "Bachpan Kahan" || Solo
|-
| ''[[Hey Bro]]'' || "Naach Meri Bulbul" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|rowspan="4" |2014 || ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' || "Keeda" "Punjabi Mast" "Chichora Piya" || Neeti Mohan [[Ankit Tiwari]], Neeti Mohan, Arya Acharya, Alam Gir Khan & Vinit Singh [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
| ''[[Humshakals]]'' || "Piya Ke Bazaar Mein" "Hum Pagal Nahi Hai" || Shalmali Kholgade, [[Palak Muchhal]] Solo
|-
|''[[The Xposé]]'' || "Ice Cream Khaungi" "Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara" "Surroor" "Catch Me If You Can" || [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Palak Muchhal Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shalmali Kholgade [[Mika Singh]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], Neeti Mohan, Shubhangi Tiwari, Shalmali Kholgade
|-
|''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' || "Photocopy" || [[Keerthi Sagathia]], Palak Muchhal
|-
|rowspan="2" |2013 || ''[[A New Love Ishtory]]'' || "Jab Main Chhota Bachha Tha" "Download Kar Gaye" "Sararara" ||  
|-
|''[[Shortcut Romeo]]'' || "Pe Pe Pe" "Ishq Gangster" "Jave sari Duniya" || Vinit Singh Mika Singh
|-
|rowspan="5" |2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || "Lonely" "Sari Sari Raat" "Hookah Bar" || [[Hamsika Iyer]], Yo Yo Honey Singh, [[Akshay Kumar]], Vinit Singh, [[Aman Trikha]]
|-
|''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' || "Son of Sardaar" "Po Po" || Aman Trikha Vikas Bhalla, Aman Trikha
|-
|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' || "Don't Worry (Hey Ram)" || [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
|''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' || "Chalao Na Naino Se" "Bol Bachchan"|| Shreya Ghoshal [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mamta Sharma]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Ajay Devgan]], Vinit Singh
|-
|''[[Dangerous Ishhq]]'' || "Naina Re" || [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], Shreya Ghoshal
|-
||2011 || ''[[Damadamm!]]'' || "Aaja Ve" "Tere Bina" "I Need My Space" "Umrao Jaan" "Madhushala" "Mango" "Damadamm" "Yun Toh Mera Dil" "Hum Tum" "Bhool Jaaun" ||       [[Purbi Joshi]] [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] Aditi Singh Sharma Vinit Singh, Alam Gir Khan, Palak Mucchal, [[Shabab Sabri]], Sabina Shaikh, Rubina Shaikh, Punnu Brar [[Sadhana Sargam]] [[Vaishali Mhade]] [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Kajraare]]'' || "Rabba Luck Barsa" "Kajra Kajra" "Sanu Guzara" "Tujhe Dekh Ke" "Teriyan Meriyan" "Aafreen" "Woh Lamha" ||   [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] Sunidhi Chauhan Shreya Ghoshal Shreya Ghoshal Harshdeep Kaur Harshdeep Kaur
|-
|''[[Milenge Milenge]]'' || "Kuch Toh Baaki Hai" "Milenge Milenge" ||   Shreya Ghoshal
|-
||2009 || ''[[Radio (2009 film)|Radio]]'' || "Mann Ka Radio" "Zindagi Jaise" "Rafa Dafa" "Janeman" "Koi Na Koi" "Teri Meri Dosti" "Shaam Ho" "Piya Jaise" "Damadji" ||       Aditi Singh Sharma Shreya Ghoshal Shreya Ghoshal Shreya Ghoshal Shreya Ghoshal [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] [[Kailash Kher]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Karzzzz]]'' || "Lut Jaaon" "Ek Haseena Thi" "Tandoori Nights" "Soniye" "Tere Bin Chain" "Dhoom Tere" "Hari Om" "Masha Allah" "Sisak Sisak" ||| Harshdeep Kaur Shreya Ghoshal Sunidhi Chauhan [[Tulsi Kumar]] Tulsi Kumar        
|-
|''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || "Oh Oh Sanam" – Remix || [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
|rowspan="12" |2007 || ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' || "Kola Laka Vellari" ||  
|-
|''[[Nanhe Jaisalmer]]'' || "Ulfat" "Ranjha" "Lamha Lamha" ||     Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
|''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || "Tadap" || Tulsi Kumar
|-
|''Fear'' || "Tanha Tanha" ||  
|-
|''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (film)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]'' || "Assalam Vaalekum" "Tere Bina Milna" "Kya Jeena" "Tera Mera Milna" "Jhoot Nahin Bolna" "Tanhaiyaan" "Ya Ali" (Later "Dil Lagi") "Mehbooba O Mehbooba (A Tribute to Panchamda)" "Tanhaiyaan" (Unplugged) "Tera Tera Tera Surroor"||   Shreya Ghoshal Shreya Ghoshal Sunidhi Chauhan Sunidhi Chauhan [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|''[[Apne]]'' || "Mehfooz" "Dekhoon Tujhe To Pyaar Aaye" "Ankh Vich Chehra Pyaar Da" ||   [[Akriti Kakkar]] [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Amrita Kak
|-
|''[[Fool & Final]]'' || "Ek Kalsa" "Sigdi" ||   Jayesh Gandhi
|-
|''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]'' || "Good Boy Bad Boy" "Meri Aawargi" "Aashiqana Aalam Hai" "Dard E Dil" – Remix || Akriti Kakkar [[Himani Kapoor]] [[Alka Yagnik]], Sunidhi Chauhan, Vinit Singh  
|-
|''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]'' || "Shakalaka Boom Boom" "Dil Lagaayenge" "Naamumkin" || Akriti Kakkar Akriti Kakkar  
|-
|''[[Namastey London]]'' || "Chakna Chakna" "Viraaniya" "Yahi Hota Pyaar" ||     Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
|''[[Red: The Dark Side]]'' || "Aafreen Tera Chehra" "Aamin" "Dil Ne Ye Na Jaana" "Loneliness Is Killing" ||     Harshdeep Kaur Akriti Kakkar
|-
|''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]'' || "Dil Naiyyo Maane Re" || Tulsi Kumar
|-
|rowspan="12" |2006 || ''[[Rocky – The Rebel]]'' || "Junoon" "My Love for You" "Teri Yaad Bichake Sota Hoon" "Laagi Chutte Na" "Rocky Rock the World" || Amrita Kak Akriti Kakkar Tulsi Kumar    
|-
|''[[Dil Diya Hai]]'' || "Dil Diya" "Afsana Banake" "Mile Ho Tum To" "Yaadan Teriyan" || Himani Kapoor Tulsi Kumar Tulsi Kumar  
|-
|''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'' || "Aap Ki Khatir" "Afsana" "Tu Hi Mera" ||  
|-
|''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' || "Ahista Ahista" "Allah Kare" "Love You Unconditionally Soniye" "Aawan Akhiyan Jaawan Aankhiyaan" ||       Jayesh Gandhi, Aftab Hashmi Sabri
|-
|''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' || "Ishq Kiya Kiya" "No Way No Way" || Sunidhi Chauhan [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
|''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' || "Shabe Firaq" "Dil Vich Lagiya Ve" || Tulsi Kumar [[Sonu Nigam]], Kunal Ganjawala, Akriti Kakkar
|-
|''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' || "Mujhko Yaad Sataye Teri" "Ae Meri Zohrajabeen" ||  
|-
|''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick, and Harry]]'' || "Zara Jhoom Jhoom" "Tanha Jiya Na Jaaye" "Tere Sang Ishq" ||   Arya Tulsi Kumar
|-
|''[[36 China Town]]'' || "Aashiqui Meri" "Dil Tumhare Bina" || Sunidhi Chauhan Alka Yagnik
|-
|''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' || "Tum Saanson Mein" || Tulsi Kumar
|-
|''[[Banaras (2006 film)|Banaras]]'' || "Kitna Pyar Kartein Hain" ||  
|-
|''[[Aksar]]'' || "Jhalak Dikhlaja" "Lagi Lagi" "Mohabbat Ki Guzarish Ho Rahi Hai" ||   Sunidhi Chauhan Tulsi Kumar
|-
||2005
|''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'' || "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" "Aap Ki Kashish" "Dillagi Mein Jo Beet Jaaye" || Shreya Ghoshal [[Krishna Beura]], Ahir Jayesh Gandhi, Shaan, Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan, [[Vasundhara Das]]
|-
||2004
|''[[Bardaasht]]'' || "Janaabe Ali" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
||2003
|''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' || "Bas Ek Bar" (backup vocals) "Sarzameen Se" – title song (backup vocals) || Alka Yagnik, [[Babul Supriyo]]
|}

== Discography as background music composer ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || Debut as a composer
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || With [[Devi Sri Prasad]]; Tamil debut
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Xposé]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' ||
|-

| 2016 || ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]'' || With [[Ravi Basrur]] and Devi Sri Prasad
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' ||
|-
|}

== Discography as a lyricist ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film / Album !! Song !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || "Hookah Bar" || Duet with Vineet Singh
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' || "Ek Number" || Duet with [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2020 || rowspan="4"| ''{{nowrap|[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]}}'' || "Heer Tu Meri" || Duet with [[Anusha Mani]]
|-
| "Looteri" || Co-written by Aryan Tiwari
|-
| "Aashiqui Mein Teri 2.0" || Duet with Ranu Mondal. Original lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|-
| "Duggi" || Duet with [[Navraj Hans]], Shannon K and Raja Sagoo
|-
| rowspan=4| 2021 || [[Surroor 2021|''Surroor 2021'']]|| All songs ||
|-
|| [[Moods with Melodies|''Moods with Melodies'']] || All songs (except "Tere Bagairr", "Jhoom Baraabar Jhoom", "Designer Lehenga", "O Ranjhana") || Sung by various singers
|-
|| [[Himesh Ke Dil Se|''Himesh Ke Dil Se'']] || All songs (except "Dagaa", "Agarr Tumm Naa Hote", "Jabb Se Tumko Dekhaa", "Piya Ji Ke Sanng", "Mehendi Ka Ranngg", "Bas Tum Mere Paas Raho", "Terri Aashiqui Ne Maarraa") || Sung by various singers
|-
|| [[Super Sitaara|''Super Sitaara'']] || "O Mere Channa Vey" || Sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2022 || [[Middle Class Love|''Middle Class Love'']] || "Naya Pyaar Naya Ehsaas" || Sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]] and [[Palak Muchhal]]
|-
| [[Himesh Ke Nagme|''Himesh Ke Nagme'']]|| "Pyaar Karoon" || Sung by Mohammad Faiz
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2025 || rowspan="8"| ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || "Hookstep Hookah Bar" || Duet with [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| "Tandoori Days" || Duet with [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|-
| "Pani Pani Sajna" || Duet with Arunita Kanjilal
|-
| "Aaj Mehfil Mein" || Duet with Kavya Limaye
|-
| "Terre Pyaar Mein (Reprise 1)" || Duet with Shreya Bajpai and Arpita Bhattacharya
|-
| "Lut Gaye Tere Ishk Mein" || Solo
|-
| "Medley" || Duet with [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Salman Ali]], [[Jyotica Tangri]], Nitin Kumar, Sachin Kumar Valmiki, Nishta Sharma, Ankona Mukherjee, Arunita Kanjilal and Kavya Limaye
|-
| "Chand Baaliyan" || Duet with Sana Arora
|-
| Saaz || "Saaz" || Solo
|-
|}

== Solo albums ==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{Dagger}}
| Denotes Albums that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Notes
|-
|2006 || ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (album)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]'' || 2nd most selling album worldwide, with 55 million copies sold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himesh Reshammiya's Aap Kaa Surroor Rules With The '55 Million Copies' Record In India Coming Very Close Only To Michael Jackson's Thriller Worldwide? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/himesh-reshammiyas-aap-kaa-surroor-rules-with-the-55-million-copies-record-in-india-coming-very-close-only-to-michael-jacksons-thriller-worldwidede/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |work=Koimoi |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''[[Aap Se Mausiiquii]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2021
| ''[[Surroor 2021]]'' || rowspan="4"| Produced under ''Himesh Reshammiya Melodies'' banner
|-
| ''[[Moods with Melodies]]''
|-
| ''[[Himesh Ke Dil Se]]''
|-
| ''[[Super Sitaara]]''
|-
| rowspan=4| 2022 || ''Divine Melodies'' || Music by Vipin Reshammiya, lyrics by Sudhakar Sharma Produced under ''Himesh Reshammiya Devotional'' banner.
|-
| ''Woh Ek Mulaqaat'' || Music by Shameer Tandon, Lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Produced under ''Himesh Reshammiya Music and Melodies'' banner.
|-
| ''Himesh Ke Nagme'' ||
|-
| ''Dheere Dheere Rafta Rafta'' || Music by [[Anand–Milind]], Lyrics by Sameer. Produced under ''Himesh Reshammiya Music and Melodies'' banner.
|-
|}

== Theater ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Play !! Notes
|-
||2011 || ''Kennedy Bridge'' || Composed a [[Mujra]] number
|}
== Filmography as actor==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{Dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Films !!Role !!Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'' || rowspan=7|Himself || Special appearance in the song "Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Remix)" in end credits
|-
| rowspan=6|2006 || ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Ahista Ahista" and "Allah Kare"
|-
| ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Ishq Kiya Kiya"
|-
| [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|''Tom Dick And Harry'']] || Special appearance in the song "Tanha Jiya Na Jaye", "Tere Sang Ishq", "Zara Jhoom Jhoom" and "Zara Jhoom Jhoom (Remix)"
|-
|''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Tum Sansoon Mein", "Tum Sansoon Mein (Remix)" and "Tum Sansson Mein (Unplugged)"
|-
| ''[[Aksar]]'' || Special appearance in the song "Jhalak Dikhlaja (Remix)", "Mohabbat Ke Guzarish" and "Mohabbat Ke Guzarish (Remix)" in end credits
|-
| ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (album)|Aap Kaa Surroor – The Album]]'' || Appearance in all songs
|-
|| 2007 ||''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (film)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]'' || Himesh Reshammiya / "HR" ||
Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] Nominated – [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
|-
|| 2008|| ''[[Karzzzz (film)|Karzzzz]]''|| Monty Oberoi ||
|-
|| 2009|| ''[[Radio (2009 film)|Radio]]''|| RJ Vivan Shah ||
|-
|| 2010|| ''[[Kajraare]]''|| Rajeev Behl / Rocky Desai ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Damadamm!]]''|| Sameer "Sam" / Babu ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]''|| Mansukh Desai || Nominated – [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male]]
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[A New Love Ishtory]]'' || Sikander Verma / Sukku Bhai || Released on television
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[The Xposé]]'' || Ravi Kumar ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || Raghuu ||
|-
|| 2020 || ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]'' || Harpreet Singh Lamba "Happy" and Harshvardhan Bhatt "Hardy" || Double role
|-
|| 2025 || ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]''|| Ravi Kumar || Won – [[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]] – Most Iconic Entertainer
|-
|}

== Filmography as producer ==
Reshammiya, along with his father Vipin Reshammiya, has produced and distributed films under the banner [[HR Musik Limited]]. Later in 2021, he launched his another record label, Himesh Reshammiya Melodies, to produce his music albums and in 2022, he announced his first film under this banner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himesh Reshammiya On Tere Bagairr: "With This Melody You Can See The Outcome Of The Romantic Number Is Simply Perfect" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/himesh-reshammiya-on-tere-bagairr-with-this-melody-you-can-see-the-outcome-of-the-romantic-number-is-simply-perfect/ |access-date=25 July 2021 |work=Koimoi |date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-

| 2011 || ''[[Damadamm!]]'' ||
|-

| 2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || Co-produced by [[Hari Om Entertainment]], Sunil Lulla
|-

| 2014 || ''[[The Xposé]]'' ||
|-

| 2016 || ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || Co-produced by HR Musik Limited and T-Series
|-

| 2020 || ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]'' || Produced by HR Musik Limited and EYKA Films
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || Producer under Himesh Reshammiya Melodies banner.
|-
|}

== Filmography as story writer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''Damadamm!'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Khiladi 786'' || Also wrote lyrics
|-
| 2014 || ''The Xposé'' || Also wrote screenplay (with Jainesh Ejardar)
|-
| 2016 || ''Teraa Surroor'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Happy Hardy and Heer'' || Also wrote lyrics
|-
| 2025 || ''Badass Ravi Kumar'' ||
|}

==Soundtrack discography==
This is the list of [[Soundtrack albums]] of films which were published on '''Himesh Reshammiya Melodies''' music label.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3|2025 || [[Badass Ravi Kumar]] || first film soundtracks under this Music label.
|-
| Sakaal Tar Hou Dya || Marathi film.
|-
| Kadhipatta || Marathi Film
|}

== Filmography as television actor ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Show !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]'' || rowspan="3"|As a judge. Mentor of the Jai Mata Di Let's Rock Gharana
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]''
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009]]''
|-
| ''[[Music Ka Maha Muqqabla]]'' || contestant-captain of Himesh's Warriors along with Shreya Ghoshal, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Mika Singh, Shaan and Mohit Chauhan
|-
| ''[[Sur Kshetra]]'' || As a judge and captain of team India along with [[Atif Aslam]], Asha Bhosle, [[Runa Laila]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Ismail Darbar]], [[Sajjad Ali]], [[Suresh Wadkar]] and Alka Yagnik
|-
| ''[[The Voice India]]'' || As a judge with Shaan, Mika Singh, and Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| ''[[Dil Hai Hindustani 2]]'' || As a guest judge – Special Episode along (with Sunidhi Chauhan, Badshah and [[Pritam]])
|-
| ''[[Love Me India]]'' || As a judge (with [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Neha Bhasin]])
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2019]]'' || as guest judge (with [[Amaal Malik]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] and Shaan)
|-
| ''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer Chapter 4]]''
|-
| ''[[Superstar Singer (India)|Superstar Singer]]'' || as a judge (with [[Javed Ali]] and Alka Yagnik)
|-
| ''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 11]]'' || as a judge, replacing [[Anu Malik]] (with Neha Kakkar and [[Vishal Dadlani]])
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2020]]'' ||as a judge, replacing [[Udit Narayan]] and Kumar Sanu (with Javed Ali and Alka Yagnik)
|-
| ''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 12]]'' || as a judge (with Neha Kakkar, [[Sonu Kakkar]], Vishal Dadlani and Anu Malik)
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa :Sapnon Ki Shuruwaat]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=SA RE GA MA PA – Audition Starts – Himesh Reshammiya – Promo – Zee TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYwo29yaOXQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/HYwo29yaOXQ| archive-date=2 November 2021 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=15 August 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> || as a judge (with Vishal Dadlani and Shankar Mahadevan)
|-
| ''[[Superstar Singer (India)|Superstar Singer 2]]'' || as a judge (with Javed Ali and Alka Yagnik)
|-
| ''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 13]]'' || as a judge (with Neha Kakkar and Vishal Dadlani)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Himesh Reshammiya}}

[[Category:Himesh Reshammiya albums|*]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya|*]]

Mizo Conference of Seventh-day Adventist

2026-04-25T21:31:32Z

Shilpi: Made New Details...

{{Short description|Seventh-day Adventist conference in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Notability|Company|date=July 2023}}
{{thirdparty|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Mizo Conference
|image =
|image_border =
|image_size = 
|image_alt = 
|caption =
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = 
|abbreviation =
|formation =
|extinction = 
|type = Religious/Non-Profit
|status = 
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.737|92.708|display=title,inline}}
|region_served = Mizoram
|membership =
|language = 
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = Pr Biakzidinga
|main_organ = 
|parent_organization = Northeast India Union, [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]]
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = [https://mizoadventist.org/ Mizo Conference]
|remarks =
}}

{{Seventh-day Adventism}}
The Seventh-day Adventist Church in [[Mizoram]] is formally organised as the '''Mizo Conference of Seventh-day Adventist'''. It is one of the conferences of the Northeast India Union of Seventh-day Adventists under the [[Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists]]. It currently has 81 Churches and 22,446 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizo Conference |url=https://www.adventistyearbook.org/entity?EntityID=13217 |website=adventistyearbook |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] arrived in 1946. It was initiated by Lallianzuala Sailo, who first made contact with the Seventh-day Adventist Church at Shillong in Meghalaya in November 1946. OW Lange was the first Adventist missionary to Mizoram.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mission in Mizoram |pages=16–26 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/68379/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref> The first Adventist School was started by Willis G. Lowry and Helen Lowry on 17 January 1950.<ref>{{cite book |title=SDA Foreign Missionary |publisher=Sodhganga |pages=25–26 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/68379/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> Mizoram section became the first conference in [[Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Southern Asia |url=https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/ITSDACSA1993.pdf |website=adventistarchives}}</ref>

==Church Statistics==
Some Important statisticks of the Mizo Conference of Seventh day Adventist are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizo Conference of 7th day adventist a tan Dr Biakzidinga |url=https://zalen.in/detail/mizo-conference-of-seventh-day-adventists-president-atan-pastor-dr-biakzidinga-renthlei |website=zalen.in |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Statistics (as of 2024) || Number
|-
| Organized Church || 83
|-
| Company Church || 41
|-
| Isolated congregations || 191
|-
| Minister (Pastor, etc.) || 33
|-
| Mission Schools || 4
|-
| Church Schools || 17
|-
| College || 1
|-
| Total members || 19,204
|}

==Location==
[[File:Mizo Conference office.jpg|300px|thumb|Mizo Conference of SDA Office]]
Its office is located in Seventhday Tlang, [[Aizawl]].

==Media Center==
[[Adventist World Radio]] (AWR) has a studio in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adventist Media Center |url=https://www.adventistreview.org/2010-1525-20 |website=adventist review |date=2 July 2010 |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> It was inaugurated on February 27, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=AWR Inaugurates Studio in Northeastern India |url=https://adventist.news/en/news/awr-inaugurates-studio-in-northeastern-india/ |website=adventist news |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Institutions==
Mizo Conference has the following Institutions:
*[[Helen Lowry College of Arts & Commerce]],<ref>{{cite web |title=CM-in Helen Lowry College a hawng |url=http://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/74468 |website=vanglaini.org |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> Aizawl
*Southern Flower School, Lunglei
*Graceland Adventist School, Keifang
*Adventist English Academy, Saitual
*Pinehill Adventist Academy, Champhai

==Hospital==
It currently operates Aizawl Adventist Hospital,<ref>{{cite web |title=AIZAWL ADVENTIST HOSPITAL |url=https://www.adventistyearbook.org/entity?EntityID=13210 |website=adventistyearbook |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> and MED-AIM Adventist Hospital in [[Champhai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Med aim Hospital |url=https://champhai.nic.in/mz/public-utility/med-aim-adventist-hospital-2/ |website=champhai.nic.in |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]
*[[Seventh-day Adventist Church in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://mizoadventist.org/ Mizo Conference official website]
*[http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ Adventist Directory] Locate Adventist Entities
*[http://www.adventistyearbook.org/ Adventist Yearbook] The Official Organizational Directory

[[Category:History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church]]
[[Category:Churches in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Adventism in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mizoram]]

{{SeventhdayAdventist-stub}}

Ziro–Hapoli Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:45Z

Shilpi: Created first entry basic info

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Ziro-Hapoli
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 17
| map_image = Ziro–Hapoli Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1978
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Hage Appa]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 25,285
}}
'''Ziro-Hapoli''' is one of the 60 constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh]]. Name of current MLA (August 2019) of this constituency is [[Tage Taki]] who defeated his nearest rival Nani Ribia to win his consecutive tenure.
[[Ziro]] and [[Hapoli]] are one of the most literate towns in the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ziro location |url= http://wikiedit.org/India/Ziro-Putu/100613/ |publisher=Wikiedit Site |access-date = 19 October 2016}}</ref> [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]] is the name of the district that contains Ziro-Hapoli.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Padi Yubbe || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Gyati Takka || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Padi Yubbe || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Tapi Batt || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Padi Richo]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Nani Ribia || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Padi Richo]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tage Taki]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Hage Appa]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref name="Ziro-Hapoli (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Ziro-Hapoli (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/ziro-hapoli |accessdate=21 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521055129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/ziro-hapoli |archivedate=21 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ziro–Hapoli">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ziro–Hapoli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0217.htm |accessdate=21 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521055153/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0217.htm |archivedate=21 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Hage Appa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,285 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,285 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tage Taki]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,853 |percentage=54.14% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Ribia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,079 |percentage=44.39% |change={{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=267 |percentage=1.47% |change={{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,774 |percentage=9.75% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,199 |percentage=77.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,349 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tage Taki]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,885 |percentage=52.74% |change={{increase}}50.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Padi Richo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,666 |percentage=45.50% |change={{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=170 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michi Tani |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=126 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,219 |percentage=7.24% |change= {{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,847 |percentage=79.79% |change= {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,113 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Padi Richo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,569 |percentage=55.89% |change={{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Ribia |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,697 |percentage=39.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuru Tai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=442 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subu Koyang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=412 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,872 |percentage=16.78% |change= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,120 |percentage=71.96% |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,791 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Ribia |party=Independent politician |votes=7,125 |percentage=55.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Padi Richo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,760 |percentage=44.70% |change={{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,365 |percentage=10.59% |change= {{decrease}}15.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,885 |percentage=65.69% |change= {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,121 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Padi Richo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,536 |percentage=49.79% |change={{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Ribia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,595 |percentage=23.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapi Batt |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,753 |percentage=15.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuru Hasang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,234 |percentage=11.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,941 |percentage=26.45% |change= {{increase}}24.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,118 |percentage=70.66% |change= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,309 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapi Batt |party=Janata Party |votes=3,894 |percentage=36.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuru Hasang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,681 |percentage=34.04% |change={{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padi Yubbe |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,238 |percentage=29.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=213 |percentage=1.97% |change= {{decrease}}12.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,813 |percentage=68.24% |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,294 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padi Yubbe |party=Independent politician |votes=4,237 |percentage=44.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Ribya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,900 |percentage=30.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyati Takka |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,339 |percentage=24.68% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,337 |percentage=14.11% |change= {{increase}}12.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,476 |percentage=54.27% |change= {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,964 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyati Takka |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,938 |percentage=25.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padi Yubbe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,809 |percentage=24.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Taram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,470 |percentage=21.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bengia Tolum |party=Independent politician |votes=2,151 |percentage=18.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bamin Kano |party=Independent politician |votes=1,195 |percentage=10.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=129 |percentage=1.12% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,563 |percentage=73.21% |change= {{increase}}15.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,695 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padi Yubbe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,231 |percentage=26.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyati Takka |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,179 |percentage=26.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Taram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,563 |percentage=18.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taso Grayu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,563 |percentage=18.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Challa |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=274 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kago Genda |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hage Haley |party=Independent politician |votes=236 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=0.63% |change= {{decrease}}24.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,287 |percentage=58.65% |change= {{decrease}}19.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,528 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ziro–Hapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padi Yubbe |party=Janata Party |votes=4,529 |percentage=44.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grati Takka |party=Independent politician |votes=2,014 |percentage=19.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanya Sala |party=Independent politician |votes=1,659 |percentage=16.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taso Grayu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=720 |percentage=7.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bengia Hemanta |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hage Haley |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,515 |percentage=24.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,109 |percentage=75.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,814 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.542|93.817|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Lower Subansiri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziro-Hapoli Assembly constituency}}

William Comer Petheram

2026-04-16T15:13:02Z

Shilpi: Created a entry more to come

{{Short description|English-born British Indian judge (1835-1922)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = William Comer Petheram
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = [[King's Counsel|KC]]
| image = William_Comer_Petheram_CU.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start1 = 24 March 1886
| term_end1 = November 1896
| appointer1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[Richard Garth]]
| successor1 = [[Francis William Maclean]]
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|3rd Chief Justice]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start2 = 1 November 1864
| term_end2 = 23 March 1886
| appointer2 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor2 = Robert Stuart
| successor2 = [[John Edge]]
| birth_date = 1835
| birth_place = [[Lympsham]], [[Somerset]]
| death_date = 15 May 1922
| death_place =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[lawyer]], [[judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| relations = [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Congreve]] ''(father-in-law)'',
| parents = William Petheram of Pinhoe
| spouse = Isabel Congreve
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir William Comer Petheram''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KC}} (1835 – 15 May 1922)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F61500|title=Petheram, Sir William Comer|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> was an English-born British Indian judge. He was the Chief Justice of [[Allahabad High Court]] and [[Calcutta High Court]]. He was also the Vice Chancellor of [[University of Calcutta]]. He was made a [[Knight Bachelor]] in 1884.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Sir W. C. Petheram |work=[[The Times]] |date= 19 May 1922 |page= 13 }}</ref>

==Career==
Petheram was born in 1835 in [[Lympsham]], [[Somerset]],<ref>''1911 England Census''</ref> the son of William Petheram of [[Pinhoe]]. In 1862 he was qualified as Special Pleader and passed from [[Middle Temple]] in 1869. He joined service as Chief Judge of the Chief Court of North-Western Provinces in India. Petheram first served as Chief justice of [[Allahabad High Court]] on 1 November 1884<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=Sir+William+Comer+Petheram&pg=PA587|title=The India List and India Office List|last=Great Britain. India Office|year=1819|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> to 1886<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hcbaallahabad.in/index.php/abouthighcourt/|title=About High Court|website=hcbaallahabad.in|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084349/http://hcbaallahabad.in/index.php/abouthighcourt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> then became the Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]] on 24 March 1886 after [[Richard Garth|Sir Richard Garth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/colonies-and-india-mar-05-1886-p-26/|title=Colonies And India|date=5 March 1886|website=newspaperarchive.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> and retired in November 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm|title=Former Chief Justices|website=calcuttahighcourt.nic.in|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215131337/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1887-90 he was also the Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]].<ref name=":0">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Petheram, Sir William Comer |volume= 17.2 |page= 325 |year=1915|short=1}}</ref> In 1864, he wrote a book named ''The law and practice relating to discovery by interrogatories under the Common law procedure act, 1854''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/lawpracticerelat00peth|title=The law and practice relating to discovery by interrogatories under the Common law procedure act, 1854|year=1864|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_dA0RAwd4oC&q=Sir+William+Comer+Petheram&pg=PA335|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|last=C. E. Buckland|year=1999|publisher=COSMO Publications |isbn=9788170208976|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

He presided over the first seditious libel case in colonial india.

He was knighted in 1884.

He married Isabel Congreve, daughter of [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet]].<ref name="times"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before=Sir [[Richard Garth]] | title=[[Calcutta High Court#List of Chief Justices|Chief Justice of Bengal]] | years=1886–1896 | after=Sir [[Francis William Maclean]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petheram, Sir William Comer}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:19th-century English judges]]
[[Category:English barristers]]
[[Category:People from Lympsham]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer

2026-04-15T18:01:24Z

Shilpi: Made A Stub...

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for Best Male Playback Singer
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| awarded_for = Best Male Playback Singer
| presenter = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| year = [[Talat Mahmood]], ''Putra Vhava Aisa'' (1962)
| holder = [[Mohit Chauhan]] ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' (2024)
| website =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Playback Singer Male''' is an honour established in 1962, and presented at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for best male playback singer in Marathi cinema.

The first recipient of the award was [[Talat Mahmood]] who was honoured for his song "Yash Hain Amrut Zale" for the film ''Putra Vhava Aisa'' in 1962. [[Suresh Wadkar]] is the most frequent winner having won eleven awards. [[Ravindra Sathe]] has won it ten times. [[Sudhir Phadke]] has won it five times whereas [[Ajay Gogavale]] has won it three times. [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], Jaywant Kulkarni, [[Rahul Deshpande]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] have won the award twice each.

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:blue;"
! Year
!Photos
of Winners
! Recipient
! Song
! Film
! Ref
|-
| 1962
| [[File:Talat Mahmood 2016 postcard of India crop.jpg|border|center|109x109px]]
|[[Talat Mahmood]]|| "Yash He Amrut Zale"||''Putra Vhava Aisa'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11530055570410931518&hl=en&as_sdt=0,39 |url-status=}}</ref>
|-
| 1963
| {{Spaced en dash}}
|Chhota Gandharva||"Shura Me Vandile"||''Rangalya Ratri Asha'' ||<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |pages=805-813 |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|1964
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | Not awarded
|
|-
|1965
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Balakram
|"Shravan Bala Pani Aan"
|''Vavtal''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 1966
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | Not awarded
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Maharashtra Bhushan award for Lata Mangeshkar |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/oct/16maha.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1967
| {{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||"Santh Wahate Krushnamai"||''Santh Wahate Krushnamai''||<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1968
| {{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||"Dehachi Tijori"||''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-13 |title=Down The memory lane with Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava Zee Talkies latest press release online at ZeeTalkies.com |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/press-releases/down-the-memory-lane-with-aamhi-jato-amuchya-gava.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713090340/http://www.zeetalkies.com/press-releases/down-the-memory-lane-with-aamhi-jato-amuchya-gava.html |archive-date=2021-07-13 }}</ref>
|-
| 1969
|{{Dash}}
|[[Mahendra Kapoor]]||"Sang Kadhi Kalnar Tula"||''Apradh''||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1970
|{{Dash}}
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||"Dhund Kalyanna, Dhund Phulanna"||''Dhakti Bahin''||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1971
|[[File:Manna Dey 2016 stamp of India.jpg|border|center|165x165px]]
|[[Manna Dey]]|| "Number Fifty Four"||''Gharkul''||
|-
| 1972-73
|{{Dash}}
|Jaywant Kulkarni ||"Mansa Paris Mendhra Bari"||''[[Ekta Jeev Sadashiv]]'' ||
|-
| 1974
| {{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||"Aga Ithala"||''Kartiki'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1975
|{{Dash}}
|Jaywant Kulkarni ||"Hi Duniya Haay Ek Jatra"||''[[Jyotibacha Navas]]'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1976
|{{Dash}}
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||"Ya Sukhano Ya"||''Ya Sukhano Ya'' ||
|-
| 1977
|{{Dash}}
|[[Chandrashekhar Gadgil]]||"Jagane Vikat Ghetali Preet" ||''Mansa Paris Mendhra Bari'' ||
|-
| 1978
|[[File:Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Ravindra Sathe]]||"Pik Karpala" ||''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' ||
|-
| 1979
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]
|[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Jhan Jhananana Chhedilya Tara"||''Haldi Kunku'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1980
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Dayaghana" ||''Sansar''||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1981
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Raja Lalkari Ashi De"||''Are Sansar Sansar''|''Are Sansar Sansar''
|-
| 1982
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Shrikant Pargaonkar||"Tuch Maay Baap Bandhu"||''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'' || rowspan="3" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 1983
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Mansa Daiva Kunala Kalale"||''Sansar Pakhrancha''
|-
| 1984
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Jeevanachi Ghadi"||''Rath Jagannathacha''
|-
| 1985
|{{Dash}}
|Shrikant Pargaonkar||"Chunuk Chunuk Taal Vaajvi"||''Fukat Chambu Baburao''||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sound of India, The Best Reference Site for Indian Classical Music |url=http://www.soundofindia.com/showarticle.asp?in_article_id=1985356676 |access-date= |website=www.soundofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1986
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Aalo Sharan Tula Bhagwanta"||''Purna Satya'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1987
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Vahini Saheb"||''Vahini Saheb'' ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 1988
|[[File:अजित कडकडे.jpg|border|center|166x166px]]
|[[Ajit Kadkade]]||"Alaukik Dattatray Avatar" ||''Aai Pahije'' ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 1989
|[[File:Hridaynath-Mangeshkar-2008.JPG|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]||"Tu Tevha Tashi"||''[[Nivdung]]'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1990
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|109x109px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]||"Ubhe Abhagi Jeevan Gane"||''Aaghat''||
|-
| 1991
|[[File:Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Ravindra Sathe]]||"Survya Ala Ho Ala" ||''Pashchatap'' ||
|-
| 1992
|[[File:Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Ravindra Sathe]]||"Mee Gatana Geet" ||''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1993
|[[File:Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Ravindra Sathe]]||"Saubhagya Kankan" ||''Saubhagya Kankan'' ||
|-
| 1994
|[[File:Shridhar Phadke at IFFI 2012, Goa.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Shridhar Phadke]]||"Dukh Bandhanacha Nahi" ||''Vishwavinayak''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-07 |title=Sadhna Sargam |url=http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/28897.15.49.40.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007055419/http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/28897.15.49.40.html |archive-date=2018-10-07 }}</ref>
|-
|1995
|[[File:Hridaynath-Mangeshkar-2008.JPG|border|center|110x110px]]
|[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
|"He Geet Jivanache"
|''He Geet Jivanache''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 1996
|[[File:Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Ravindra Sathe]]||"Valnavar Bhetatat Kshan Saare"||''Rao Saheb'' ||
|-
| 1997
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Achyut Thakur ||"Jivan Ha Sagara" ||''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doghi@NFDC |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date= |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|[[File: Ravindra sathe.jpeg|border|center|165x165px]]
|[[Ravindra Sathe]]
|"Jal Dahulale Bimb Harapale"
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|
|-
|1999
|[[File:Shankar Mahadevan at Idea Rocks India 5, Bangalore, India (photo - Jim Ankan Deka) (cropped).jpg|border|center|128x128px]]||[[Shankar Mahadevan]]|| "Sakhi Majhi"||''Sakhi Majhi'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-07 |title=Bindhaast sweeps state Marathi film awards |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143111/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |archive-date=2014-03-07 }}</ref>
|-
|2000
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Sangeet Haldipur]]
|"Hya Mothya Mansancha Kahi Khara Nahi"
|''Raju''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2001
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|center|110x110px]]
|[[Suresh Wadkar]]
|"Ek Hoti Vaadi"
|''Ek Hoti Vaadi''
|-
|2002
|{{Dash}}
|[[Ajit Parab]]
|"Pawsachya Thembasathi"
|''Krishnakathchi Tara''
|
|-
|2003
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|center|110x110px]]
|[[Suresh Wadkar]]
|"Bhetichi Aavadi Utavil Mann"
|''Vitthal Vitthal''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2004
|[[File:Suresh Wadkar 2008 - still 29248 crop.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Suresh Wadkar]]|| "Raja Pandharicha"|| ''Raja Pandharicha''||<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2005
|{{Dash}}
|[[Yash Narvekar]]
|"Pak Pak Pakaak"
|''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
|
|-
|2006
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|"Fulani Rusave"
|''Kshan''
|
|-
|2007
|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Ajay-Atul]]||"Changbhal Ra Deva Changbhal Ra"||''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Ani Kay Hava''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-01 |title=Marathi films get a push with De Dhakka - Movies News News - IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-film-industry-gets-a-push-with-de-dhakka/66758-8.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101041826/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-film-industry-gets-a-push-with-de-dhakka/66758-8.html |archive-date=2011-11-01 }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|{{Dash}}
|Achyut Thakur || "Prachivari Ye Bhaskar"||''Marmabandh''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=अच्युत ठाकूर – profiles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/achyut-thakur/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]||[[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]|| "Khel Mandala"||''[[Natarang]]''
|
|-
|2010
|{{Dash}}
|Rajesh Datar ||"Naman Natwara"||''Samudra''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2011
|[[File:Anand Bhate singing in Vasantotsav 2011.jpg|center|110x110px]]||[[Anand Bhate]]||"Chinmay Sakal Hridaya" ||''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-26 |title=Bollywood gives music to Marathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Bollywood-gives-music-to-Marathi/articleshow/10126989.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Dnyaneshwar Meshram
|"Jagnyacha Paaya"
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards | website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284230.cms?pcode=other#:~:text='Taani'%20won%20in%20two%20categories,category%20for%20the%20same%20film.}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|{{Dash}}
|Prasenjit Kosambi
|"Daha Dishatun"
|''Waghi''
|-
| 2015
|[[File:MaheshKale IndianClassicalVocalist.jpg|border|center|165x165px]]||[[Mahesh Kale]]|| "Aruni Kirani" ||''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|-
|2016
|{{Dash}}
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|"Jagnyache Deva"
|''[[Dashakriya]]''
|-
|2017
|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]
|[[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
| "Devak Kalji Re"
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
|-
|2018
|{{Dash}}
|[[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
|"Tujhya Athvaninche"
|''Whatsup Lagna''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-04-06 |title='Asehi Ekda Vhave' Bags 6 Nominations in the Prestigious State Awards! |url=https://marathistars.com/news/asehi-ekda-vhave-bags-6-nominations-in-the-prestigious-state-awards/ |access-date= |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[File:Sonu Nigam121.jpg|border|center|110x110px]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|"Yeshil Tu"
|''[[Miss U Mister]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandishala's great achievement in 56th Marathi film awards |url=https://www.apnnews.com/bandhishalas-great-achievement-at-56th-marathi-film-awards/}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[File:Rahul Deshpande singing in Vasantotsav 2010.jpg|border|center|109x109px]]
|[[Rahul Deshpande]]
|"Vitthala Darshan Deun Jaa"
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाराष्‍ट्र राज्‍य फिल्‍म पुरस्‍कार: आशा पारेख, अनुराधा पौडवाल और श‍िवाजी साटम को मिला अवॉर्ड |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/maharashtra-state-film-awards-2024-full-winners-list-asha-parekh-shivaji-satam-anuradha-paudwal-honoured/articleshow/112711788.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[File:Rahul Deshpande singing in Vasantotsav 2010.jpg|border|center|109x109px]]
|[[Rahul Deshpande]]
|"Khal Khal Goda"
|''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
|2022
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Manish Rajgire
|"Bhetla Vitthal Maza"
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[File:Mohit Chauhan at the 59th Idea Filmfare Awards.jpg|border|center|109x109px]]
|[[Mohit Chauhan]]
|"Ghar Banduk Biryani"
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==Multiple wins==

Individuals with two or more Best Male playback singer awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Recipients
|-
|11
|{{Cslist|[[Suresh Wadkar]]}}
|-
|7
|{{Cslist|[[Ravindra Sathe]]}}
|-
| 5
| {{cslist|[[Sudhir Phadke]]||}}
|-
|4
|{{Cslist|[[Ajay Gogavale]]}}
|-
| 2
| {{cslist|[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]|[[Rahul Deshpande]]|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]|Jaywant Kulkarni |Shrikant Pargaonkar|||||||}}
|-
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Male Playback Singer]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]
[[Category:Film awards for best playback singer]]

The God of Small Things

2026-04-15T17:29:10Z

Shilpi: Created some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|1997 novel by Arundhati Roy}}
{{about|the Indian novel|the Nucksal album|The God of Small Things (album){{!}}''The God of Small Things'' (album)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = The God of Small Things
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:Thegodofsmallthings.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Arundhati Roy]]
| cover_artist = [http://www.granta.com/Contributors/Sanjeev-Saith Sanjeev Saith]
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| genre = Novel
| awards = [[Booker Prize]] (1997)
| publisher = [[Random House]] (USA) [[Random House of Canada]] (Canada) [[HarperCollins]] (UK) RST IndiaInk & [[Penguin Books]] (India)
| release_date = 15 March 1997
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback)
| isbn = 0-06-097749-3
| oclc = 37864514
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The God of Small Things''''' is the 1997 [[debut novel]] written by Indian author [[Arundhati Roy]]. The novel follows the seven-year-old twins Estha and Rahel as they navigate their childhood and the circumstances surrounding the arrival of their British cousin to [[Ayemenem]], [[India]]. The novel's events are set against the backdrop of social discrimination and political upheaval in 1960s [[Kerala]], with [[casteism]] and [[History of the British Raj|British colonialism in India]] being central themes.

Upon publication, the novel became a bestseller<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cunningham |first1=Valentine |title=Manufacturing a masterpiece |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/culture/55822/manufacturing-a-masterpiece |access-date=27 February 2026 |publisher=Prospect Magazine |date=20 December 1998 |language=en}}</ref> and was the recipient of the 1997 [[Booker Prize]]. ''The God of Small Things'' is Roy's most well known work and is considered a staple of [[postcolonial literature]].

==Plot==
The story is structured with a [[nonlinear narrative|disjointed narrative]] shifting between 1969 when the [[fraternal twins]] Rahel and Estha are children, and 1993 when they meet again in adulthood. Ammu Ipe, their mother, divorces their father and takes the twins with her when she returns to her family in Ayemenem. Chacko, Ammu's brother and the twins' uncle, returns from [[England]] after his divorce with Margaret, an English woman. The family home includes Mammachi, the ageing matriarch and mother to Ammu and Chacko, and Baby Kochamma, Pappachi's younger sister.

The death of Margaret's second husband prompts Chacko to invite her and their daughter, Sophie, to visit Ayemenem. On the road to the airport, the family encounters a group of [[Communism in Kerala|Communist protesters]] who surround the car and humiliate Baby Kochamma. Among the protestors, Rahel thinks she sees Velutha, an [[Untouchability|Untouchable]] servant who works for the family's pickle factory. Later at the theater, Estha is sexually molested by the "Orangedrink Lemondrink Man", a vendor working at the snack counter. Rahel's claim of seeing Velutha in the Communist mob leads Baby Kochamma to associate him with her humiliation. Rahel and Estha develop a bond with Velutha, while Ammu is drawn to him romantically, and they begin a clandestine relationship. When Velutha's father exposes their affair to Mammachi, Ammu is locked in her room and Velutha is banished. Ammu blames the twins for her plight, leading them to flee the house with their cousin Sophie, taking their boat in order to reach the abandoned house across the nearby river. The boat capsizes and Sophie drowns; Margaret and Chacko return to find her body dead on the sofa.

The twins shelter in the abandoned house; unbeknownst to them, Velutha is seeking refuge there as well. Baby Kochamma accuses Velutha of Sophie's death, leading to his brutal beating and arrest by the police, a traumatic event that is witnessed by the twins. At the police station, the twins are questioned by a police inspector, who realises Baby Kochamma's deception. Aware of Velutha's Communist ties, he fears unrest if the wrongful arrest is exposed, and he threatens Baby Kochamma for falsely accusing Velutha. To save herself, Baby Kochamma manipulates Estha and Rahel into implicating Velutha in Sophie's death. Velutha dies from his injuries.

Baby Kochamma convinces Chacko that Ammu and the twins are responsible for Sophie's death. Chacko ejects Ammu from the house and Ammu decides to separate the twins, sending Estha away to his father and boarding school. Rahel moves to America to attend university and work, and Ammu dies alone in a hotel room at 31 from a respiratory sickness. After a failed marriage and divorce, Rahel returns to Ayemenem and reunites with Estha, who lives a solitary, mute existence with Baby Kochamma and her servant, who are now the only occupants of the house. The twins reconcile and seek comfort in one another through [[incest|physical consummation]]. The novel concludes with a bittersweet reflection on Ammu's and Velutha's relationship.

==Characters==

=== Major characters ===
* Estha, Rahel's twin brother, a serious, intelligent and somewhat nervous child who becomes mute in adulthood
* Rahel, Estha's twin sister, an intelligent and impulsive child who becomes a detached drifter in adulthood
* Ammu, the twins' mother, an independent, strong-willed woman who is looked down upon due to her divorce
* Velutha, a Paravan caste carpenter for the Ipe family secretly involved in the local Communist movement, intelligent and kind with Ammu and the twins
* Chacko, Estha's and Rahel's maternal uncle, a proud [[Anglophile]] who studied at [[Oxford]] who professes Communist ideals while managing the Ipe family's pickle factory
* Baby Kochamma (named Navomi Ipe), the twins' resentful maternal great aunt who is spiteful towards the twins

=== Secondary characters ===
* Sophie, also known as "Sophie Mol," only daughter of Chacko and Margaret, but raised by Margaret and stepfather Joe, and Estha's and Rahel's [[Anglo-Indian people|half-British]] cousin.
* Margaret Ipe, Sophie Mol's English mother and Chacko's ex-wife
* Mammachi, the twins' grandmother and mother of Ammu and Chacko
* Pappachi, Rahel's and Estha's late grandfather, an embittered entomologist who physically abused Mammachi before being stopped by Chacko
* Kochu Maria, a cook and servant who lives in the Ayemenem House
* Baba, the twins' absent father and ex-husband of Ammu
* Vellya Paapen, Velutha's father
* Kuttapen, Velutha's older brother, who is paralyzed from the waist down from a work accident
* Father Mulligan, A priest that Baby Kochamma fell in love with when she was a young woman
* Mr. Hollick, Baba's boss at the Assam tea estate
* Larry McCaslin, Rahel's American ex-husband, their relationship ends once he realises Rahel cannot emotionally connect to him.
* Comrade K. N. M. Pillai, the hypocritical leader of the Communist Party in Ayemenem
* Inspector Thomas Mathew, a calculating policeman who leads the investigation into Sophie's death

==Development and publication==
===Development===
Roy began writing the manuscript for ''The God of Small Things'' in 1992 and finished four years later in 1996, leading to its publication the following year. The potential of the story was first recognized by [[HarperCollins]] editor [[Pankaj Mishra]], who sent it to three British publishers. Roy received a £500,000 advance, and the rights to the book were sold in 21 countries.

Arundhati Roy, after being involved with making films and writing screenplays, popularly ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' and ''[[Electric Moon]]'', "wanted to do something where I didn't have to deal with people; I wanted to do something alone." She bought a computer and soon figured out how to use it. She noted she didn't know she was writing a novel.<ref name="harperscollins" /> Roy took inspiration from her childhood experiences in [[Aymanam]], a village in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]], where she led an unprotected child's life. Being an "adult child", Roy observed and remembered what she sensed in the village and "said everything I wanted to say at that point of time" through writing the novel.<ref name="Estha, Rahel now speak Malayalam" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Barsamian |first=David |date=16 July 2007 |title=Interview with Arundhati Roy |url=https://progressive.org/magazine/interview-arundhati-roy-Barsamian/ |magazine=[[The Progressive]] |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="harperscollins">{{Cite web |url=http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/intv1/017/roy2.htm |title=Interview with Arundhati Roy: How Small Things Grow into Something Far Greater |author= |date=7 May 1997 |website=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971013220227/http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/intv1/017/roy2.htm |archive-date=13 October 1997}}</ref>

Roy began writing her first novel on her computer in 1992 in [[New Delhi]], though the first few months she "was just fooling around before I realized what was happening and got down to writing the book properly" and completed it in 1996.<ref name="harperscollins" /><ref>{{cite book| last = Roy| first = Amitabh| title = The God of Small Things: A Novel of Social Commitment| publisher = Atlantic| year = 2005| pages = 37–38| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgYuhRK0yIC&q=%22Pradip+Krishen%22&pg=PA37|isbn=978-81-269-0409-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Roy|first = Arundhati| title = The God of Small Things| publisher = HarperPerennial| year = 1998| pages = 321| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2GESvfIWs4YC|isbn=9780060977498}}</ref> Without a plan, she enjoyed that her writing "kept surprising" her and was unsure if she would ever finish it.<ref name="harperscollins" /> She didn't tell her friends or her husband [[Pradip Krishen]] about her writing, "afraid she would talk the tale out". Krishen adored when she showed him her final draft.<ref name="theindependent">{{cite news |last=Sachdeva |first= Maanya |date=April 8, 1997 |title=Goddess of Small Things |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/goddess-of-small-things-1266017.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref> She "wrote it out of sequence. I didn't start with the first chapter or end with the last chapter. I actually started writing with a single image in my head: the sky blue Plymouth with two twins inside it, a Marxist procession surrounding it. And it just developed from there. The language just started weaving together, sentence by sentence."<ref name="salon">{{cite news |last=Jana |first=Reena |date=30 September 1997 |title=Arundhati Roy |url=https://www.salon.com/1997/09/30/00roy/ |work=[[Salon.com]] |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

Roy stated that she never rewrote a written sentence in the novel and that arranging the plot took time, "but was never painful."<ref>Gani, Martin. An Interview with Arundhati Roy, the Author of The God of Small Things
. online pdf here: https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/an-interview-with-arundhati-roy-the-author-of-the-god-of-small-things.pdf</ref> Roy said that the novel is semi-autobiographical. For instance, she modelled some of her characters from those she knew in real life, like her mother [[Mary Roy]] as Ammu, her maternal grandfather P.V. Issac as Pappachi, her uncle George Issac as Chacko, his ex-wife Cecilia Philipson as Margaret Kochamma just to say a few.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Vinu |date=October 26, 1997 |title=Ayemenem country |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/ayemenem-country.html |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=January 6, 2025}}</ref> Roy's mother confirmed she was very similar to the character Ammu; however, unlike Ammu, she was never involved with a man of lower caste.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Theres-something-about-Mary/articleshow/15871684.cms|title=There's something about Mary – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817012123/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Theres-something-about-Mary/articleshow/15871684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Roy's training as an [[architect]] influenced her writing. One day, she "woke up and sketched the plot graphically with a series of drawings. That's when I understood what I was getting at."<ref name="theindependent" /> Writing the novel was "about [[design]]" and "like [[architecture]]" for her. She told ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'' in 1997: {{blockquote|"In buildings, there are design motifs that occur again and again, that repeat—patterns, curves. These motifs help us feel comfortable in a physical space. And the same works in writing, I've found. For me, the way words, punctuation and paragraphs fall on the page is important as well—the graphic design of the language. That was why the words and thoughts of Estha and Rahel, the twins, were so playful on the page... I was being creative with their design. Words were broken apart, and then sometimes fused together. 'Later' became 'Lay. Ter.' 'An owl' became 'A Nowl.' 'Sour metal smell' became 'sourmetal smell.'"<ref name="salon" />}}

The novel's title was conceived at "the very last minute" while the manuscript was going to press. Speaking to ''[[HarperCollins]]'', Roy said: "One of the chapters was called ''The God of Small Things'', I don't know how that happened, ... When I read the book now I can't believe the amount of references there are to small things, but it was absolutely not the case that I started with the title and built the novel around it."<ref name="harperscollins" />

===Publication===
''The God of Small Things'' was published by various publishers in 1997. The potential of the story was first recognized by [[HarperCollins]] editor [[Pankaj Mishra]], who sent it to three British publishers. The rights for the novel were auctioned by her British agent, David Godwin, for $250,000 in the UK and $160,000 to Random House in [[New York City|New York]]. Godwin was alerted by Mishra, who took the manuscript along on a train trip and "overcome with excitement, broke the journey midway to telephone his congratulations to Roy." Godwin, after reading a sample chapter in [[London]], "booked the first flight to India on impulse ... and signed her up on the spot". Roy was paid $1.6 million in advance. She felt pressure to live up to her massive advance, but she said, "It's their business risk, ... I trust my book."<ref name="theindependent" /><ref>{{cite news |last=J. Cooper |first=Kenneth |date=October 19, 1997 |title=FOR INDIA, NO SMALL THING |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/10/20/for-india-no-small-thing/55341440-88e5-41e5-aaed-c9de9f6cb891/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=April 6, 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
''The God of Small Things'' received stellar reviews in major [[American newspapers]] such as ''[[The New York Times]]'' (a "dazzling first novel",<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kakutani | first = Michiko | title = Melodrama as Structure for Subtlety | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 3 June 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/03/books/melodrama-as-structure-for-subtlety.html }}</ref> "extraordinary", "at once so morally strenuous and so imaginatively supple"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Truax | first = Alice | title = A Silver Thimble in Her Fist | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 25 May 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25truaxt.html }}</ref>) and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ("a novel of poignancy and considerable sweep"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Eder | first = Richard | title = As the world turns: rev. of ''The God of Small Things'' | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | page = 2 | date = 1 June 1997 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/12168713.html?dids=12168713:12168713&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+01%2C+1997&author=RICHARD+EDER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=As+the+World+Turns%3B+THE+GOD+OF+SMALL+THINGS.++By+Arundhati+Roy+.+Random+House%3A+321+pp.%2C+%2423&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604044505/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/12168713.html?dids=12168713:12168713&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+01,+1997&author=RICHARD+EDER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=As+the+World+Turns%3B+THE+GOD+OF+SMALL+THINGS.++By+Arundhati+Roy+.+Random+House:+321+pp.,+$23&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 | access-date =18 January 2010}}</ref>), and in Canadian publications such as the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' ("a lush, magical novel"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Carey | first = Barbara | title = A lush, magical novel of India | newspaper = [[Toronto Star]] | page = M.21 | date = 7 June 1997}}</ref>). ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named it one of the best books of the year.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Books: The best of 1997 | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = 29 December 1997 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987619,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306145812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987619,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2008 | access-date =18 January 2010}}</ref> Critical response in the United Kingdom was less positive, and the awarding of the Booker Prize caused controversy; [[Carmen Callil]], a 1996 Booker Prize judge, called the novel "execrable", and ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the contest as "profoundly depressing".<ref>{{Cite news | title = The scene is set for the Booker battle | publisher =BBC News | date = 24 September 1998 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/179131.stm | access-date =18 January 2010}}</ref> In India, the book was criticised especially for its unrestrained description of [[sexuality]]. [[E. K. Nayanar]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kutty | first = N. Madhavan | title = Comrade of Small Jokes | newspaper = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 9 November 1997 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000605215053/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971109/31350653.html |archive-date=5 June 2000 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971109/31350653.html | access-date =18 January 2010}}</ref> then Chief Minister of Roy's home state Kerala, voiced criticism about the book's depiction of women and sex, and she had to answer charges of obscenity.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Bumiller | first = Elisabeth | title = A Novelist Beginning with a Bang | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 29 July 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/books/a-novelist-beginning-with-a-bang.html | access-date =18 January 2010}}</ref> Some critics have pointed out that the reader reviews of this book on bookseller websites are so extremely opposed at times that it is difficult to imagine readers are talking about the same book.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things|last=Tickell|first=Alex|publisher=Routledge Taylor and Francis Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0203004593|location=UK USA Canada|pages=xiii}}</ref>

The book has since been translated into [[Malayalam]] by [[Priya A. S.]], under the title ''Kunju Karyangalude Odeythampuran'' ({{langx|ml|കുഞ്ഞുകാര്യങ്ങളുടെ ഒടേതമ്പുരാൻ}}).<ref name="Estha, Rahel now speak Malayalam">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/estha-rahel-now-speak-malayalam/article1156883.ece |title=Estha, Rahel now speak Malayalam |first=K. P. M.|last= Basheer |date=3 January 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/bbc-toasts-indian-literature/cid/1717452 | title=BBC toasts Indian literature }}</ref>

In 2014, the novel was ranked in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' as one of the 10 all-time greatest Asian novels.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-22|title=10 best Asian novels of all time|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10630332/10-best-Asian-novels-of-all-time.html|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> On 5 November 2019, the [[BBC News]] listed ''The God of Small Things'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/> Emma Lee-Potter of ''[[The Independent]]'' listed it as one of the 12 best Indian novels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee-Potter|first=Emma|date=2020-08-05|title=12 best Indian novels that everyone needs to read|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/fiction-books/best-india-books-literature-novels-salman-rushdie-arundhati-roy-a9264211.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/fiction-books/best-india-books-literature-novels-salman-rushdie-arundhati-roy-a9264211.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Independent}}</ref>

In 2022, the novel was included on the "[[Big Jubilee Read]]" list of 70 books by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] authors, selected to celebrate the [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign|title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign|publisher=BBC|date=17 April 2022|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

===Awards===
Roy was awarded the 1997 [[Booker Prize]] for ''The God of Small Things''. The award carried a prize of approximately US$30,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Arundhati Roy interviewed |first=David |last=Barsamian |work=The South Asian |date=September 2001 |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Sept2001/Arundhati_Roy-Interview1.htm |author-link=David Barsamian |access-date=21 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225031554/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Sept2001/Arundhati_Roy-Interview1.htm |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a citation that noted, "The book keeps all the promises that it makes".<ref>{{cite web | title = Previous winners – 1997 | publisher = Booker Prize Foundation | url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php | access-date =21 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070127162449/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php |archive-date = 27 January 2007}}</ref> Roy donated the prize money she received, as well as royalties from her book, to human rights causes. However, the decision to award the novel was controversial. Callil said on television that it should not even have been on the shortlist. Booker Prize chairman [[Martyn Goff]] said Roy won because nobody objected, following the rejection by the judges of [[Bernard MacLaverty]]'s shortlisted book due to their dismissal of him as "a wonderful short-story writer and that ''[[Grace Notes]]'' was three short stories strung together".<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Glaister |url=http://www.sawnet.org/news/news220.html |title=Popularity pays off for Roy |work=The Guardian |date=14 October 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227170112/http://sawnet.org/news/news220.html |archive-date=27 February 2005}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 2013, ''[[Talkhiyaan]]'', a [[Pakistan]]i television series based on the novel, was aired on [[Express Entertainment]].

The band [[Darlingside]] credits the novel as the inspiration for their song "The God of Loss".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/event/music/450545356/first-watch-darlingside-god-of-loss |title=First Watch: Darlingside, 'God of Loss' |last=Boilen |first=Bob |date=29 October 2015 |publisher=NPR |access-date=25 April 2017 |quote="The character Velutha is tangled in a web of familial, cultural and romantic loyalties. The lyrics for 'The God of Loss' were inspired by Velutha's attempts to preserve his humanity in the face of those competing forces."}}</ref>

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788
| title = 100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| date = 2019-11-05
| access-date = 2019-11-10
| quote = The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
}}
</ref>
</references>
* Ch'ien, Evelyn. "The Politics of Design: Arundhati Roy". In ''Weird English''. Harvard University Press, 2004.

==Further reading==
* ''Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things: Critique and Commentary'', by R. S. Sharma, Shashi Bala Talwar. Published by Creative Books, 1998. {{ISBN|81-86318-54-2}}.
* ''Explorations: Arundhati Roy's the God of small things'', by Indira Bhatt, Indira Nityanandam. Published by Creative Books, 1999. {{ISBN|81-86318-56-9}}.
* ''The God of Small Things: A Saga of Lost Dreams'', by K. V. Surendran. Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2000. {{ISBN|81-7156-887-4}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L9Fx0g3wyrAC&q=The+God+of+Small+Things Excerpts]
* ''Arundhati Roy's The God of small things: a reader's guide'', by Julie Mullaney. Published by Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8264-5327-9}}.
* ''Reading Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things'', by Carole Froude-Durix, Jean-Pierre Durix. Published by Editions universitaires de Dijon, 2002. {{ISBN|2-905965-80-0}},.
* ''Arundhati Roy's The god of small things: a critical appraisal'', by Amar Nath Prasad. Published by Sarup & Sons, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7625-522-X}}.
* ''Derozio To Dattani: Essays in Criticism'', by Sanjukta Das. Published by Worldview Publications, 2009. {{ISBN|81-86423-19-2}}
* ''The God of Small Things: A Novel of Social Commitment'', by Amitabh Roy. Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2005. {{ISBN|81-269-0409-7}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgYuhRK0yIC&dq=%22Pradip+Krishen%22&pg=PA37 Excerpts]
* ''Arundhati Roy's The god of small things'', by Alex Tickell. Published by Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-35843-4}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhpamUVJYNQC&dq=Khejarli&pg=PA34 Excerpts]
* Caste and The God of Small Things [[Emory University]].
* [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/roy-god.html The God of Small Things, Chapter One – Paradise Pickles and Preserves] ''[[The New York Times]]''

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/133_wbc_archive_new/page5.shtml Arundhati Roy discusses ''The God of Small Things''] on the BBC ''[[World Book Club]]''

{{Booker Prize}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God of Small Things, The}}
[[Category:1997 debut novels]]
[[Category:1997 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Booker Prize–winning works]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Fiction about incest]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1969]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Arundhati Roy]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Postcolonial novels]]
[[Category:Postmodern novels]]

Bimbadhar Kuanr

2026-04-14T11:21:48Z

Shilpi: started post.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Minister of Higher Education [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 6 August 2002
| term_end = 16 May 2004
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor = [[Prasanta Nanda]](BJP)
| successor = [[Samir Dey]](BJP)
| office1 = Minister of Labour & Employment [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 5 March 2000
| term_end1 = 6 August 2002
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor1 = Durga Shankar Patnaik (Congress)
| successor1 = [[Himansu Sekhar Meher]] (BJP)
| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Mohan Nag
| successor2 = [[Susanta Singh]]
| constituency2 = [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1980
| predecessor3 = Mohan Nag
| successor3 = Mohan Nag
| constituency3 = [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| office4 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]]
| term_start4 = 1993
| term_end4 = 1996
| predecessor4 = [[Debendra Pradhan]]
| successor4 = [[Debendra Pradhan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1949|08|01}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2024-present)}} {{small|(till 2009)}}
| other_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] {{small|(2009-24)}} [[Janata Party]] {{small|(1974-88)}}
| spouse = Khirabdhee Tanaya Kuanr
| children = 3 sons, 2 daughters
| father = Manabodh Kuanr
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| profession = Advocate, Politician
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=126
}}

'''Bimbadhar Kuanr'''(ଓଡ଼ିଆ : ବିମ୍ବାଧର କୁଅଁର) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]] who had served as the Minister of Labour in the [[First Naveen Patnaik ministry]] from 2000 to 2002 and later as Minister of Higher Education from 2002 to 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Ex-min Bimbadhar Kuanr returns to BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ex-min-bimbadhar-kuanr-returns-to-bjp/articleshow/109514348.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He had represented [[Bhatli Assembly constituency]] thrice - [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] & [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]. He had quit the [[BJP]] in 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-03-11 |title=Former President of State BJP Joins BJD |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Mar/11/former-president-of-state-bjp-joins-bjd-584760.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref> to join [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]. 10 years later, he quit the [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] and re-joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Ex-min Bimbadhar Kuanr returns to BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ex-min-bimbadhar-kuanr-returns-to-bjp/articleshow/109514348.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuanr, Bimbadhar}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]

Gautam Bambawale

2026-04-07T13:00:38Z

Shilpi: started a details

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Ambassador]] to [[China]]
| term_start = November 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianembassybeijing.in/interview-to-South-China.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613074529/http://indianembassybeijing.in/interview-to-South-China.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-06-13 |title=Embassy Of India, Beijing |date= |accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>
| term_end = December 2018
| predecessor = [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]
| successor = [[Vikram Misri]]
| office1 = [[List of Indian High Commissioners to Pakistan|High Commissioner of India to Pakistan]]<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613072544/https://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=15 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-06-13 |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Islamabad, Pakistan |date= |accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 = January 2016<ref name="archive.org"/>
| term_end1 = November 2017<ref name="archive.org"/>
| predecessor1 = [[TCA Raghavan]]<ref name="archive.org"/>
| successor1 = [[Ajay Bisaria]]<ref name="archive.org"/>
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Bhutan|Indian Ambassador to Bhutan]]
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 = August 2014<ref name="archive.org1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/pages.php?id=10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613073219/https://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/pages.php?id=10|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Welcome to Embassy of India Thimphu, Bhutan|date=13 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
| term_end2 = December 2015<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| predecessor2 = V. P. Haran<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| successor2 = Jaideep Sarkar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmandarins.com/jaideep-sarkar-appointed-as-next-ambassador-to-bhutan/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613075040/https://indianmandarins.com/jaideep-sarkar-appointed-as-next-ambassador-to-bhutan/|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Jaideep Sarkar appointed as next Ambassador to Bhutan - Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate|date=13 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/pages.php?id=9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613075548/https://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/pages.php?id=9|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Welcome to Embassy of India Thimphu, Bhutan|date=13 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|2|df=y}}<ref name="archive.org2">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422070724/https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf|archivedate=2018-04-22|date=22 April 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Diplomat]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| children = Two sons
| party =
| alma_mater = [[The Bishop's School (Pune)|Bishop's School, Pune]]; [[Fergusson College]]; [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]
| profession =
| spouse = Amite Bambawale née Sathe
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Gautam Bambawale''' (born 2 November 1958<ref name="archive.org2"/>) is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Indian Ambassador to China]] from 2017 to 2018. He had previously served as the [[List of Indian High Commissioners to Pakistan|Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan]].

==Personal life==
Gautam was born to Hemant and Usha Bambawale. He grew up in [[Pune]] and studied at the [[The Bishop's School (Pune)|Bishop's School]] and the [[Fergusson College]].<ref name="archive.org3">{{cite web|last=Puri|first=Tarini|date=13 June 2018|title=Pakistan posting makes Pune diplomat's parents proud - Pune News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pakistan-posting-makes-Pune-diplomats-parents-proud/articleshow/49100759.cms?|url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2018|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613064240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pakistan-posting-makes-Pune-diplomats-parents-proud/articleshow/49100759.cms|archivedate=13 June 2018}}</ref> He obtained a [[Master's Degree]] in [[Economics]] from the [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]].<ref name="archive.org4">{{cite web|url=http://indianembassybeijing.in/profile.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613064106/http://indianembassybeijing.in/profile.php|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Embassy Of India, Beijing|date=13 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref> Bambawale's father is a [[physician]] while his mother has been a prominent social activist from [[Pune]].<ref name="archive.org3"/> In his youth, Gautam played [[badminton]] and captained the [[Fergusson College]] Cricket Team too.<ref name="archive.org3"/> He speaks [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[German language|German]] fluently.<ref name="archive.org4"/>

He married Amita Sathe.<ref name="archive.org5">{{cite web|url=https://highonwines.com/2016/01/13/dinner-decor-a-how-to-guide-for-fabulous-centerpieces-by-amita-sathe-bambawale/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615145337/https://highonwines.com/2016/01/13/dinner-decor-a-how-to-guide-for-fabulous-centerpieces-by-amita-sathe-bambawale/|archivedate=2018-06-15|title=Dinner Decor : A How-to Guide for Fabulous Centerpieces by Amita Sathe Bambawale – High On Wines|date=15 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref> Amita has authored a book, "Dinner Décor: A How-to Guide for Fabulous Centerpieces".<ref name="archive.org5"/>

Gautam and Amita have two sons: Harshavardhan and Vikram.<ref name="archive.org3"/>

==Career==
[[File:The_Ambassador-designate_of_India_to_the_People's_Republic_of_China,_Shri_Gautam_H._Bambawale_meeting_with_the_President_of_India,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_on_November_13,_2017.jpg|thumb|Gautam Bambawale meeting with the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]], at Rashtrapati Bhavan on November 13, 2017]]
Bambawale joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in August 1984. He studied [[Mandarin Chinese]]<ref name="archive.org2"/> and served in the [[Indian people|Indian]] missions at [[Hong Kong]] and [[Beijing]] from 1985 to 1991. Upon his return to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in [[New Delhi]], he served as the first Desk Officer for [[China]] in the Ministry. From 1993 to 1994, Bambawale was the Director in the Americas Division of the Ministry.<ref name="archive.org4"/>

From 1994 to 1998, he was the Director of the Indian Cultural Centre in [[Berlin]] where he dealt with [[Public diplomacy]]. From March 2001 to June 2002, he worked at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in [[New Delhi]] as the Staff Officer to the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<ref name="archive.org4"/> Subsequently, he functioned at the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] in [[New Delhi]] as the Deputy Chief in the Division of National Security Affairs, Defence and International Policy.<ref name="archive.org4"/>

Bambawale was the Minister (Political) and Head of the Political Wing at the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|Indian Embassy in Washington, D.C.]] from July to September 2007. From September 2007 to December 2009, he served as [[India]]'s first [[Consul (representative)|Consul General]] in [[Guangzhou]]. From December 2009 to July 2014, he was the [[Joint secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] (East Asia) at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="archive.org4"/>

He also served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to Bhutan|Indian Ambassador to Bhutan]] from August 2014 to December 2015<ref name="archive.org1"/> and the [[List of Indian High Commissioners to Pakistan|High Commissioner of India to Pakistan]] from January 2016 to November 2017.<ref name="archive.org"/>

Bambawale is considered as an expert on [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/centre-appoints-gautam-bambawale-as-the-next-ambassador-to-china/892279/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613073736/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/centre-appoints-gautam-bambawale-as-the-next-ambassador-to-china/892279/|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Centre appoints Gautam Bambawale as the next ambassador to China - The Financial Express|date=13 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

He joined [[Ola Cabs]] in 2020, as a senior adviser for corporate and international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-26|title=Former ambassador to China Gautam Bambawale joins Ola|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/former-ambassador-to-china-gautam-bambawale-joins-ola-11582715554355.html|access-date=2021-07-11|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bambawale, Gautam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Bhutan]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore

2026-04-06T12:18:01Z

Shilpi: Created first article nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Bartholomew's (St. Bart's)
| fullname = St. Bartholomew's Church
| image = Front Bartholomew Church Mysore Karnataka Jan23 A7C 04866.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption = St.Bartholomew Church
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = t
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3101246|76.6573182|region:IND|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Mysore]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Anglican]]
| membership =
| website =
| former name = Anglican Church<ref name=TOI-Cole />
| bull date =
| consecrated date = 29 November 1830 (ground)
| people =
| status =
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = English
| years built =
| groundbreaking = 1830
| completed date = 1832
| construction cost = INR 3,500
| closed date =
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| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Southern Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Southern Diocese]]
| diocese start =
| province =
| archbishop =
| bishop = Rt. Rev. Hemachandra Kumar
| dean =
| canonchancellor =
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}}

'''St. Bartholomew's Church''' is an [[Anglican]] church, built by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Madras Government]] for the [[East India Company]] troops stationed in [[Mysore|Kingdom of Mysore]] and is located in Lashkar Mohalla, on the Nilgiri Road, near the noisy Mysore sub-urban bus stand in Mysore City. The church grounds was consecrated on 29 November 1830 by Bishop Turner of Calcutta, (p. 327)<ref name=Penny /> and the building was completed in 1832.<ref name=Rotti>{{cite web|last1=Rotti|first1=Joland|title=St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mysore/st-bartholomews-church/|website=Karnataka|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=3 October 2013}}</ref> The church is named after [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Saint Bartholomew]], one of the 12 apostles of [[Jesus Christ]], and is said to have visited India in the first century AD, and preached the Christian gospel in the [[Kalyan]], [[Thane]] and [[Raigad District|Raigad]] regions of present-day [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=SVUC-DH>{{cite news|last1=SVUC|title=A heritage church in Mysore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362976/from-here-there.html|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangaore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Charya2-DH />

The church services at the St. Bartholomew's Church are conducted in English.<ref name=Tovey>{{cite book|last1=Tovey|first1=Winifred|title=Cor Blimey! Where 'Ave You Come From?|date=14 February 2013|publisher=M-Y Books Distribution|isbn=978-0956535948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lM3-DLEkZFcC&q=St.+Bartholomew%E2%80%99s+Church%2C+Mysore+times+of+india&pg=PT33|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>

==History==
St. Bartholomew's Church is amongst the oldest churches in [[Mysore]] and was established to serve the Christian congregations of the European officers under the service of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] and the [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] of Mysore. The land for the church was gifted by [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] (1799-1868),<ref name=Sreekantswamy-DH /> and continued to be patronised by the successive [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]] rulers of Mysore.<ref name=SVUC-DH /> The then British Resident of Mysore, [[Arthur Henry Cole]] (1780–1844) (after whom Coles Park in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore]] is named) paid an important role in getting the support of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] for the construction of St. Bartholomew's Church.<ref name=TOI-Cole>{{cite news|title=Serving the humanity for centuries|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Serving-the-humanity-for-centuries/articleshow/7129342.cms|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Nysore|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2010}}</ref>

The cost of construction of the St. Bartholomew's Church was INR 3,500, which was borne by the European military officers and civilians of the congregation.<ref name=Charya2-DH />

In 1847, the St. Bartholomew's Church got affiliated to the [[Anglican]] denomination. In 1852, the church was handed over the Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]].<ref name=Rotti /><ref name=Hindu-175 /> The church was involved in schooling the children of European officers, offering English Education, when no other English medium school existed in [[Bangalore]] or [[Mysore]].<ref name=Rotti />

The 175th anniversary of the St. Bartholomew's Church was celebrated in August 2005, on a grand scale.<ref name=Charya2-DH /><ref name=Hindu-175>{{cite news|title=Celebrating 175 years of Bartholomew Church|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806040300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150203071813/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806040300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Mysore|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2004}}</ref>

==Bell Tower==
The bell tower of St. Bartholomew's Church is constructed separately, away from the church building. The Stone inscription reads that the bell was originally cast in [[France]] in the mid 17th century for the use of French army base church in French Rocks, [[Erode]] village (now [[Pandavapura]]) near [[Srirangapatna]]. After the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|defeat]] of [[Tippu Sultan]] in 1799, by the British India Army, the area came under British Control, consequently handed back to the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyars]]. In 1924, the old French church was dismantled to build Irwin Canal (now Visvesvaraya Canal). The bell along with few other remnants of the church was handed over to chaplin Rev. G A A Wright of St Bartholomew’s Church.<ref name=TOI-Cole /><ref name=Rotti /><ref name=Sreekantswamy-DH /> The Bell tower was moved from the rear of the church to the front in 2002, and re-dedicated by the then Bishop, Rev. Dr. C L Furtado, Bishop of Church of South India, Karnataka Southern Diocesan, in the presence of the then presbyter-in-charge Rev. Premkumar Soans.<ref name=TOI-Bell>{{cite news|last1=Milton|first1=Lawrence|last2=Aravind|first2=H M|title=A 17th century bell that continues to chime|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/A-17th-century-bell-that-continues-to-chime/articleshow/17528698.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Mysore|work=The Times of India|date=8 December 2012}}</ref>

==Architecture==
St. Bartholomew's Church is well known for its beautiful marble altar. [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] donated the expenses towards the stained glasses and teakwood paneling.<ref name=SVUC-DH /> In 1930, to mark the centenary celebrations, [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] donated towards a stained glass depicting St. Bartholomew, which was unveiled by Lady Wellington.<ref name=Rotti /><ref name=SVUC-DH /><ref name=Charya2-DH />

The church is single storied, with a simple, yet attractive architecture. The architect of the church is unknown.<ref name=Rotti />

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore, (Penny, 1912, p.328).png|St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore (1912), from Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras, Volume II'<ref name=Penny>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1805 to 1835: Volume II|date=1912|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra02unknuoft/page/328 328]|url=https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra02unknuoft|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>
File:St.Barthelomeow Church Mysore.jpg|St. Bartholomew's Church (2011)
File:St. Bartholomew's Church in Mysore 04.jpg| The Bell tower of St. Bartholomew's Church
File:St. Bartholomew's Church in Mysore 06.jpg|Inside of the St. Bartholomew's Church
</gallery>

==Visitors==
[[Lord William Bentinck]] (1833-1835), [[Governor-General of India]] is said to have attended services in the St. Bartholomew's Church, while on an official visit to [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]].<ref name=TOI-Bell /> [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Albert Victor]] on a visit to Mysore in 1889 and the Prince of Wales (later [[George V|King George V]]) visiting Mysore in 1906, also offered prayers in the church.<ref name=SVUC-DH /> The Prince of Wales (later [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]] also visited the church in 1921.<ref name=Rotti /><ref name=Charya2-DH>{{cite news|last1=Charya|first1=S V Upendra|title=A historic church in Mysore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/127952/F|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=Sreekantswamy-DH>{{cite news|last1=B|first1=Sreekantswamy|title=Jingle bells, jingle bells...|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/300264/jingle-bells-jingle-bells.html|accessdate=3 February 2015|issue=Mysore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=2002}}</ref><ref name=Viceroy>{{cite book|title=His Excellency the Viceroy's Visit to Mysore, January 1939|date=1939|publisher=Superintendent at the Government Press|location=British India|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONgBAAAAMAAJ&q=Bartholomew|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>

The visit of the Prince of Wales (later [[George V|King George V]]) also resulted in many projects such as construction of rows of storehouses on Sayyaji Rao Road, opposite to the [[Devaraja Market]], and sprucing up of the Purnaiaya Nala running from the Lansdowne Building to the railway level crossing near Jodi Thengina Mara, in honour of the visiting dignitaries.<ref name=Hindu-175 />

==Memorial inscriptions==
The church has a memorial inscription for Francis Lewis (died 1861), erected by his widow and children, describing it as a memorial for his piousness and missionary zeal in establishing the St. Bartholomew's Church at Mysore. There are also memorial inscriptions for Lt.Col. T M McHutchin (died 1873), Lt. Col. A H Macintire (died 1897), erected by their fellow officers and friends, and for Mrs. Mary Eden Benson (died 1895) (p. 327, p. 331).<ref name=Penny />

==Community services==
St. Bartholomew's Church started the [[Sunday School]] for children of the congregation in 1874, which continues till date. The church also looks after the maintenance of European and Christian cemeteries in the [[Mysore district]] and [[Seringapatam]]. The cemeteries attached to the church are the [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam|Garrison Cemetery]] in Seringapatam, the European Cemetery on Mysore-Bangalore Road, and Benson Cemetery on Mysore-Nanjangud Road. The church is also closely associated with the Holdsworth Memorial Mission Hospital, Mysore <ref name=Rotti /><ref name=Charya2-DH />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{commons category}}

{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartholomews Church Mysore}}
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Mysore]]

C.S. Sudha

2026-04-04T03:57:27Z

Shilpi: started a post.

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Chandrasekharan Sudha
| image =
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 28 October 2025
| term_end =
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start1 = 20 October 2021
| term_end1 = 27 October 2025
| nominator1 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer1 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| education = [[B.A.]] [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom]], [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name="CDJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=1656&cid=5 |title=Justice C. S. Sudha |publisher=CDJ Law Journal |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
| profession = Judge, Lawyer
| known_for = Judiciary in the Kerala High Court
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

'''Chandrasekharan Sudha''' (born 9 October 1964) is an Indian judge currently serving as a judge at the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2025-10-28 |title=Three New Judges Take Oath At Delhi High Court, Strength Rises To 44 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/three-new-judges-take-oath-at-delhi-high-court-strength-rises-to-44-308013 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> She also served as judge of [[Kerala High Court]] from 2021 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala High Court Official Website |url=https://www.keralahighcourt.nic.in/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=Kerala High Court}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
She was born on 9 October 1964 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. She completed her education from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom|Kendriya Vidyalaya School, Pattom]], Thiruvananthapuram. She obtained BA Economics from [[Mar Ivanios College]], Thiruvananthapuram and [[LLB]] from [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. She enrolled as Advocate on 8 January1989 and commenced practice at District Court, Thiruvananthapuram and entered Judicial service in the year 1995, after having secured 1st rank in the selection process. She has served in various capacities as Munsiff-Magistrate and Sub Judge/Asst.Sessions Judge. She was promoted as District & Sessions Judge in 2012 and officiated as Addl.District & Sessions Judge in Kollam. In 2013, she went on deputation as Registrar, Competition Appellate Tribunal, [[New Delhi]] and was appointed as Registrar, [[National Company Law Appellate Tribunal]], New Delhi in 2017. She was repatriated and served as Spl. Judge, PoCSO, Palakkad and thereafter as Additional Director, Kerala Judicial Academy. She was appointed as District & Sessions Judge/STAT, Ernakulam and assumed office as such on 24 May 2021.

She has been appointed as Additional Judge of the High Court of Kerala on 20 October 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice C.S. Sudha Appointed as Judge of Kerala High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/topic/justice-cs-sudha |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=Bar and Bench}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Collegium Recommendation for Justice C.S. Sudha |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/documents/collegium/17082023_133005.pdf |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> and was made Permanent on 5 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collegium Recommends Appointment of Justice C.S. Sudha as Permanent Judge of Kerala High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/08/18/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-cs-sudha-as-permanent-judge-of-kerala-hc-sc/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=SCC Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Justice C.S. Sudha Appointed as Permanent Judge of Kerala High Court |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/09/02/cs-sudha-appointed-permanent-judge-kerala-high-court.html |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=Onmanorama}}</ref> She was transferred to Delhi High Court and assumed office on 28 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-08-27 |title=Delhi High Court likely to get more judges from other High Courts after Collegium recommends three transfers |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-likely-to-get-more-judges-from-other-high-courts-after-collegium-recommends-three-transfers |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kerala High Court]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/other/aorlist29012024.pdf Advocate-on-Record List – Supreme Court of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudha, C.S.}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Daddu Majra

2026-04-04T01:05:14Z

Shilpi: started a details.

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daddu Majra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7535|N|76.7418|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_ha = 321
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 254
| population_total = 1,586
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 140203
| registration_plate = PB-49
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dadu Majra''' is a village located in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Patel |first=Anand Kumar |title=Rahul Gandhi Visits Family of Punjab Farmer Who Committed Suicide |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-visits-family-of-punjab-farmer-who-committed-suicide-772781 |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb |title=Dhol: Drummers, Identities, and Modern Punjab |date=28 December 2021 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=978-0-252-05301-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AtQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dadu+majra+punjab&pg=PT87 |access-date=28 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The village is located 23 km from the district headquarters of Fatehgarh Sahib. According to the 2011 census data, Dadu Majra has a total population of 1,586 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=HL-14: Percentage of households to total households by amenities and assets, Punjab, district Fatehgarh Sahib - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/9338/download/12450/HLPCA-03040-2011_H14_census.xlsx |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Census {{!}} Fatehgarh Sahib, Govt. of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/document-category/census/ |website=Fatehgarh Sahib |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref>

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total Population
|1,586
|836
|750
|-
|Literate Population
|1,147
|647
|500
|-
|Illiterate Population
|439
|189
|250
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

Hatia–Patna Patliputra Express

2026-04-01T18:56:20Z

Shilpi: creating new post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF0000
| name = Patliputra Express
| logo =
| image = Patna–Hatia Patliputra Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Hatia–Patna Patliputra Express on a scheduled stop at Madhupur Junction
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] & [[Jharkhand]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1972|11|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Hatia}} (HTE)
| distance = {{convert|538|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hrs 35 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18621 / 18622
| speed = {{convert|41|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Patliputra express route map).jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 18621 / 18622 '''Patna-Hatia Patliputra Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hatia}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18621/18622 train numbers on daily basis.It is the oldest train between Ranchi-Patna section.Patliputra Express was launched in 1 November 1972. At that time the train used to start from Dhanbad and used to complete the journey from Dhanbad to Patna with a steam engine.Retired railway employees say that the Patliputra Express was run by a Canadian steam engine WP. At that time only eight to nine coaches were attached. There were no air-conditioned coaches then.

WP was the high speed engine of Indian Railways in the 1960-70s

The WP rail engine that first ran the Patliputra Express was the high-speed engine of Indian Railways in the 1960s and 70s. The same rail engines ran the country's prestigious passenger trains like Taj Express, Grand Trunk Express and other air-conditioned trains. Later, diesel engines and electric engines were used. It used to start from Dhanbad at night and reach Patna via Jasidih and Jhajha.
This was the only direct train from Dhanbad to Patna. Before this, Hatia-Patna Express was run on 1 April 1964 to go to Patna. In that train, bogies were attached from Dhanbad and passengers from Dhanbad and nearby areas used to reach Gomo first and then Patna. When Patliputra started running in 1972, the problem of going to Gomo was solved.For 8-10 years, Patliputra Express was the only train from Dhanbad to Patna. Later on 29 November 1980, Ganga-Damodar Express was launched from Dhanbad to Patna.
A few months after the launch of Ganga-Damodar Express, Pataliputra Express was extended to Ranchi. Then it started running from Hatia to Patna. The train connecting Jharkhand and Bihar is still popular among passengers. <ref>[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1119&did=1497442425372F3855F38B3CC17013DE62B3BAF1645C4.web91 TRAIN MOVEMENT on DHANBAD – CHANDRAPURA RAILWAY SECTION]</ref><ref>[http://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1703&did=149742743905201A3CDE8FFF5BC6FA99C56A2ED3A9ABC.web91 REVISED TIMINGS OF TRAINS DIVERTED DUE TO CLOSURE OF TRAFFIC ON DHANBAD-CHANDRAPURA SECTION]</ref><ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1701&did=1497351692094BD5D3F58DC5250A1E686976419DD88B0.web91 MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS CLOSES TRAFFIC ON DHANBAD-CHANDRAPURA SECTION]</ref>

== Service==

The 18621/Patliputra Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and covers 538 km in 13h 45m. The 18622/Patliputra Express has an average speed of 39 km/h and covers 538 km in 14h 35m.

== Route & Halts ==

The Total halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}
* {{stnlnk|Patna Sahib}}
* {{stnlnk|Fatuha Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khusropur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barh}}
* {{stnlnk|Mokama}}
* {{stnlnk|Hathidah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barhiya}}
* {{stnlnk|Lakhisarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kiul Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mananpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jamui}}
* {{stnlnk|Gidhaur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhajha}}
* {{stnlnk|Simultala}}
* [[Telwa Bazar Halt railway station|Telwa Bazar]]
* {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}
* [[Shankarpur railway station|Shankarpur]]
* {{stnlnk|Madhupur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vidyasagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Jamtara}}
* [[Chittaranjan railway station|Chittaranjan]]
* {{stnlnk|Kulti}}
* {{stnlnk|Barakar}}
* [[Kumardubi railway station|Kumardubi]]
* {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandrapura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}
* {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Hatia}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a running speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches :
* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 1 AC Economy
* 7 Sleeper Coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 EOG
* Coach Composition Of 18621
ENG<SLR<GEN<GEN<S7<S6<S5<S4<S3<S2<S1<M1<B1<B2<B3<B4<B5<A1<A2<GEN<GEN<EOG
* Coach Composition Of 18622
ENG<EOG<GEN<GEN<A1<A2<B1<B2<B3<B4<B5<M1<S1<S2<S3<S4<S5<S6<S7<GEN<GEN<SLR

From 20/05/2025 (HTE-PNBE)

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tuglakabad]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Patna to Hatia.

== See also ==

* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Hatia railway station]]
* [[Patna–Hatia Express]]
* [[Patna–Hatia Super Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1235 18621/Patliputra Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1236 18622/Patliputra Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna-Haita Patliputra Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Margaret Stott Bhore

2026-03-30T06:15:48Z

Shilpi: Made Details...

{{short description|British missionary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Margaret Stott Bhore
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image = MargaretStottBhore1935.png
| alt = A middle-aged white woman, wearing a dark floppy hat and a print dress with a lace yoke detail
| caption = Margaret, Lady Bhore, from a 1935 newspaper
| other_names = Lady Bhore
| birth_name = Margaret Wilkie Stott
| birth_date = 20 June 1884
| birth_place = Dundee, Scotland, UK
| death_date = 30 December 1945
| death_place = Bhopal
| occupation = Physician, missionary, philanthropist
| spouse(s) = Sir [[Joseph William Bhore]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Margaret Wilkie Bhore''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] ({{nee}} '''Stott'''; 20 June 1884 – 30 December 1945), also known as '''Lady Bhore''', was a Scottish physician, missionary, and philanthropist in India. She was the wife of Indian civil servant Sir [[Joseph William Bhore]].

== Early life and education ==
Margaret Wilkie Stott was born on 20 June 1884 in [[Dundee]], the daughter of Joseph Stott.<ref name=Obit1946>{{cite journal |title=OBITUARY: Lady Bhore |journal=British Medical Journal |date=19 January 1946 |volume=1 |issue=4437 |pages=110–111 |pmc=2057905 |issn=0007-1447}}</ref> Her father was a cabinet maker and upholsterer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CMOAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Joseph+Stott%22+Dundee&pg=RA2-PA38|title=The Dundee directory|date=1885|pages=38|language=en}}</ref> She attended the [[Morgan Academy]] and earned a medical degree at [[University of St Andrews School of Medicine|St. Andrews University]] in Dundee in 1907.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kabadi Waman P.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178|title=Indian Who's Who 1937-38|date=1937|pages=94|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=19 January 1946|title=Obituary|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/1/4437/local/admin.pdf|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|pages=111}}</ref> Her training focused on [[materia medica]], pathology, forensic medicine, and public health.<ref>{{Cite book|last=University of St Andrews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctZXAAAAYAAJ&dq=Margaret+Wilkie+Stott&pg=PA174|title=The St. Andrews University Calendar for the Year ...|date=1906|publisher=Printed and published for the Senatus Academicus by William Blackwood and Sons|pages=174|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Stott worked as an assistant physician in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] for a year,<ref name=":1" /> then went to India in 1908, to be medical officer at the Baptist Mission Hospital in [[Berhampore]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1935-09-19|title=Lady Bhore Friend to Women of India; Went There First as Missionary|pages=17|work=The Windsor Star|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89532622/lady-bhore-friend-to-women-of-india/|access-date=2021-11-25|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She lived in [[Delhi]], where she served on civic committees and charity boards for health, especially maternal and child welfare,<ref>{{Cite book|last=National Association for Supplying Medical Aid by Women to the Women of India|url=https://archive.org/details/b31416652|title=Annual report of the National Association for Supplying Medical Aid by Women to the Women of India|date=1930|publisher=Calcutta : Govt. of India Central Publication Branch|others=Wellcome Library}}</ref> and on anti-[[Tuberculosis in India|tuberculosis]] efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 November 1934|title=Anti-Tuberculosis Conference|page=8|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.8889/page/8/mode/2up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> She worked with the [[YWCA]] and the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]]. She was on governing boards of the [[Lady Irwin College|Lady Irwin College for Girls]] and the [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She accompanied her husband on tours and visits for his government work.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 1932|title=Sir and Lady J. W. Bhore to Visit Cochin State|page=1|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.992/page/16/mode/2up?q=Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 1932|title=Sir Joseph and Lady Bhore; Warm Reception at Cochin|page=2|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.990/page/4/mode/2up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 August 1940|title=Sir Joseph Bhore in Bhopal|page=2|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.10006/page/2/mode/2up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The couple represented India in the procession of carriages at the [[Silver Jubilee of George V|Imperial Silver Jubilee]] celebrations in London in 1935.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Home Amal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206662|title=The Imperial Silver Jubilee Commemoration Volume|date=1935|pages=108|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1935-05-04|title=Order of the Processions: The Prime Ministers' Procession|pages=10|work=Evening Standard|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89532927/order-of-the-processions-the-prime/|access-date=2021-11-25|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> During World War II, she was active in addressing the needs of soldiers' families in [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 September 1940|title=For Relief of Bhopal Soldiers' Families|page=9|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.10019/page/8/mode/2up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Lady Bhore was awarded the [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]] in 1911. She was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in 1919, for her wartime work in [[Kochi|Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 1919|title=India|page=195|work=Supplement to the Edinburgh Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13383/page/195/data.pdf|access-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref> She received the gold [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in 1934,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 1934|title=Aga Khan and Sir T. B. Sapru Become Privy Councillors|page=1|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.2100/mode/1up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and was elevated to the OBE in 1944.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 1944|title=C. D. Deshmukh, N. J. Wadia, and A. P. Chief Knighted|page=1|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.10913/mode/2up?q=Lady+Bhore|access-date=November 25, 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Margaret Stott married Indian civil servant Joseph William Bhore in 1911. They had two children.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slater|first=Gilbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCRHDwAAQBAJ&dq=J.+W.+Bhore+children&pg=PT204|title=Revival: Southern India (1936): Its Political and Economic Problems|date=2018-01-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-34409-8|language=en}}</ref> She died in 1945, in Bhopal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=1946-11-04|title=£250, a house, and 'best wishes'|pages=4|work=Evening Standard|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89532813/250-a-house-and-best-wishes/|access-date=2021-11-25|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> There is a Lady Bhore Urban Health and Training Centre in Bhopal, named in her memory. The actress [[Jiggy Bhore]] is her granddaughter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jiggy Bhore|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080423/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=IMDb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw121873/Sir-Joseph-William-Bhore-Margaret-Wilkie-ne-Stott-Lady-Bhore "Sir Joseph William Bhore; Margaret Wilkie (née Stott), Lady Bhore"] 1935 photograph by [[Alexander Bassano|Bassano Ltd]], in the collection of the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhore, Margaret Stott}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:British medical missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Dundee]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]
[[Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire]]

Archenaa Ravi

2026-03-27T19:40:45Z

Shilpi:

{{Short description|Indian model (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{distinguish|Archana Ravichandran}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image =
| caption =
| name = Archenaa Ravi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|06|17}}
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| height = {{Height|ft=5|in=7}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|Model|beauty pageant titleholder}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| residence =
| title = Miss Super Globe 1st Runner up
| competitions = Miss South India 2016 (''1st Runner-up'') Miss Super Globe International 2018 (''1st Runner-up'') [[Femina Miss India 2019|Femina Miss India Kerala 2019]] (''Top 3'') [[Miss Diva 2020]] (''Top 10'') [[Glamanand Supermodel India|Glamanand Supermodel India 2021]] ''(Top 8)''
| hair_color = [[Black]]
| eye_color = Hazel Brown
| years_active = 2016{{endash}}present
}}

'''Archenaa Ravi''' (born 17 June 1996) is an Indian female [[Model (person)|model]], [[beauty pageant]] holder, actress, classical dancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2018/10/25/archana-ravi-prefers-to-look-simple-and-elegant0.html|title=Archana Ravi prefers to look simple and elegant|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> In February 2019, she initiated a campaign called "Buddy Project" to empower children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/050219/a-buddy-to-confront-bullies.html|title=A buddy to confront bullies|date=2019-02-05|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref>

== Career ==
Archenaa Ravi started her career as a model and then ventured into the film industry thereby making her [[Tamil cinema]] debut with the 2017 film ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/300517/archana-ravi-in-the-news.html|title=Archana Ravi in the 'news'|last=Sreekumar|first=Priya|date=2017-05-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> After that, she again entered into modelling and went on to become a youth icon by participating at global beauty pageant contests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/260518/beauty-with-a-mission.html|title=Beauty with a mission|last=Nair|first=Vidya|date=2018-05-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> She participated in the [[Femina Miss India South|Femina Miss India 2019]] Kerala pageant and ended up as one of the Top 3 Miss India Kerala 2019 finalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Miss-India-2019-Kerala-Audition/eventshow/67917059.cms|title=Miss India 2019: Kerala Audition - BeautyPageants|website=Femina Miss India|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref> Later, she became one of the Top 10 finalists of [[Miss Diva - 2020|Miss Universe India 2020]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In the year 2021, she became the official finalist for [[Glamanand Supermodel India]] 2021 edition, which selects representatives for [[Miss International 2021]] and Miss Multinational 2021. The finals will be held on August 23, 2021, and the talent round and preliminary competition will be held on August 20, 2021.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]''||Sundari || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=2017-03-31 |title=Attu: Of underdogs in North Madras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-attu-is-original/article17752475.ece |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Nee Forever'' || Mathi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nee-forever/movie-review/129845836.cms|title=Nee Forever Movie Review: Another Gen-Z romance running on empty calories|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7032763}}
* {{Instagram|id=archenaa_ravi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Archana}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]

Syed Abdullah Khalid

2026-03-15T05:09:08Z

Shilpi: minor edit

{{short description|Bangladeshi sculptor and painter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Abdullah Khalid
| image = Syed Abdullah Khalid.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Khalid in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1942}}
| birth_place = [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date|2017|05|20|df=y}} (aged 75)
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| other_names =
| occupation = Sculptor, artist, academician
| notable_works = ''[[Aparajeyo Bangla]]''
| awards = [[Ekushey Padak]], [[Shilpakala Padak]]
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Syed Abdullah Khalid''' ({{circa|1942}} — 20 May 2017) was a Bangladeshi sculptor and painter.<ref name=passes>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/arts/2017/05/21/aparajeyo-bangla-sculptor-syed-abdullah-khalid-passes-away|title=Aparajeyo Bangla sculptor Syed Abdullah Khalid passes away|date=May 21, 2017|accessdate=May 30, 2017|newspaper=bdnews24.com}}</ref><ref name="Takir Hossain">{{cite news|last=Hossain|first=Takir|title=Liberation War in Sculpture|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=227322|accessdate=18 December 2012|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bengal Foundation">{{cite web|title=Artist Profile: Syed Abdullah Khalid|url=http://www.bengalfoundation.org/index.php?view=artist/ArtistProfile.php&artistID=231&page=5|website=Bengal Foundation|accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] by the [[Government of Bangladesh]] in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/17-named-ekushey-padak-2017-1360108|title=17 named for Ekushey Padak 2017|date=February 13, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Khalid was born in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] in the then [[British India]]. He completed his BFA in painting in 1969 from East Pakistan College of Arts and Crafts (presently [[Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka]]) and did his MFA in painting and sculpture from the [[University of Chittagong]] in 1974.<ref name="The Daily Star" />

==Career and work==
[[Image:Aparajeyo_Bangla.jpg|''[[Aparajeyo Bangla]]'' (1973-79)|thumb]]
[[Image:Central Shaheed Minar, University of Chittagong (12).jpg|''[[University of Chittagong|Central Shaheed minar, Chittagong University ]]''|thumb]]

Khalid's works included distinctive commissions like ''[[Aparajeyo Bangla]]'', a monument on liberation war of Bangladesh in the [[University of Dhaka]] campus (1973–79), the terracotta relief on socio-cultural heritage at the [[Bangladesh Bank]] headquarters (1995–96) and a 447 square foot mural ''Abahaman Bangla'' at the [[Bangladesh Television]] Center (1974).<ref name="Bengal Foundation" /><ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news|last=Hossain|first=Takir|title=Sculpting Icons:Artist Syed Abdullah Khalid makes a comeback after 12 years|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=177827|accessdate=18 December 2012|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=16 March 2011}}</ref> He also designed the central shaheed minar of [[University of Chittagong|Chittagong university]].

Khalid had exhibited solo three times since and he was awarded first prize in the Second National Sculpture Exhibition organized by the [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]] in 1983. At various times he was nominated judge by [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]] for national level exhibitions. In 1987 he was appointed team leader for participation in SAARC Workshop on Traditional Terracotta held in Madras, India. His works can be seen in the permanent collection of the [[National Museum of Bangladesh]], the Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, the Prime Minister's Residence and other important private and institutional collections.

Khalid was a professor of sculpture at Institute of Fine Arts, the [[University of Chittagong]] till 2012.

==Honors==
The [[Government of Bangladesh]] issued a commemorative stamp (1990–91) and a silver coin (1998) showing Khalid's most notable work, ''Aparajeyo Bangla''.<ref name="Bengal Foundation" /> He was awarded [[Shilpakala Padak]] in 2014 and [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2017.<ref name=passes/>

==Death==
Khalid was taken to [[Dhaka]]'s Central Hospital on 2 May 2017 from complications of [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] and then transferred to [[BIRDEM]]'s intensive care unit on 10 May.<ref name=passes/> He died on 20 May at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/sculptor-syed-abdullah-khalid-passes-away-1408483|title='Aparajeyo Bangla' sculptor Syed Abdullah Khalid passes away|work=The Daily Star|date=21 May 2017|accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, Syed Abdullah}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi painters]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka Faculty of Fine Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Chittagong]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:People from Sylhet]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shilpakala Padak]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male artists]]

Ātman (Hinduism)

2026-03-08T20:22:32Z

Shilpi: small fix formatting to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Hindu concept for inner self or essence as mere consciousness}}
{{Other uses|Atman (disambiguation)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Ātman''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|t|m|ə|n}}; {{langx|sa|आत्मन्}}) in Hinduism is the true, innermost essence or [[self]] of a living being, conceived as eternal and unchanging.{{refn|group=note|name="Atman_definition"}} Atman is conceptually closely related to the individual self, [[Jiva|Jīvātman]], which persists across [[Punarjanman|multiple bodies and lifetimes]], but different from the self-idea or ego (''[[Ahamkara]]''), the emotional aspect of the [[mind]] (''[[Citta]]''), and the bodily or natural aspects (''[[prakṛti]]''). The term is often translated as [[soul]],{{R|g=note|Atman_soul}} but is better translated as "Self"{{sfn|Shepard|1991}} or essence. To attain [[moksha]] (liberation), a human being must acquire self-knowledge (''[[jnana|Atmajnana]] or [[Brahmavidya|Brahmajnana]]'').

The six orthodox schools of [[Indian philosophy]] have different views on what this self is. In Samkhya and Yoga, which call the essence ''[[purusha]]'', and in Advaita Vedanta, the essence is pure consciousness or witness-consciousness ([[Sakshi (Witness)|sakshi]]), beyond identification with phenomena.<ref>Jeffrey D. Long, ''Historical Dictionary of Hinduism'', [https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZkkFCwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&focus=viewport&dq=atman+hinduism&hl=nl p.50]</ref> In Samkhya and Yoga there are innumerable selves, while in Advaita Vedanta there is only one Self. Prominent views in [[Vedanta]] on the relation between ''(Jīv)Atman'' and the supreme Self (''[[Paramatman|Paramātmā]]'') or Ultimate Reality (''[[Brahman]]'') are that atman and Brahman are simultaneously different and non-different ([[Bhedabheda]]),<ref>Bhedabheda: {{citation |title=Bhedabheda Vedanta |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/bhed-ved/ |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> non-different ([[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]], 'not-two'),{{sfn|Lorenzen|2004|p=208-209}}<ref>Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791425138}}, page 64, '''Quote:''' "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of atman with Brahman".</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Hindu Philosophy: Advaita |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/hindu-ph/#SSH3f.iii |access-date=9 June 2020}} and {{citation |title=Advaita Vedanta |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> different with dependence ([[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]], 'dualist'),<ref>Dvaita: {{citation |title=Hindu Philosophy: Dvaita |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/hindu-ph/#SSH3f.v |access-date=9 June 2020}} and {{citation |title=Madhva (1238—1317) |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/ |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> or non-different but with dependence ([[Vishishtadvaita]], qualified non-dualism;<ref>{{citation |last=Chari |first=Srinivasa |title=Vaishnavism, Its Philosophy, Theology And Religious Discipline |date=2000 |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://archive.org/details/vaisnavismitsphilosophytheologyandreligiousdisciplinesmsrinivasachari2000/mode/2up |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> see: [[Ātman-Brahman]].

The [[astika and nastika|six orthodox schools]] of Hinduism believe that there is ''Ātman'' in every living being (''[[jiva]]''), which is distinct from the body-mind complex. This is a major point of difference with the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] doctrine of ''[[Anatta]]'', which holds that in essence there is no unchanging essence or Self to be found in the empirical constituents of a living being,{{refn|group=note|name="Atman_Buddhism"}} intentionally ambiguous on ''what'' it is that is liberated.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=39}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99 with footnote 12}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=25}}{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=59–60}} While essentialist positions are seemingly found in Buddhism, such as in [[Madhyamika]] (''[[sunyata]]'') and [[Yogachara]] ('mere representation'), presenting broad similarities to non-dualist traditions of Hinduism, the concept of ātman remains anathema to the foundations of Buddhism.<ref>{{citation |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Nataraj Books |year=2006 |isbn=1-881338-58-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref=none|first=Gavin D. |last=Flood |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |date=13 July 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/116 116] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==

===Etymology===
''Ātman'' (''Atma'', आत्मा, आत्मन्) is a Sanskrit word that refers to "essence, breath, soul."<ref group=web name="EB_Atman"/><ref group=web name=dougharper/>{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=38}} It is thought to be derived from the reconstructed hypothetical [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] word *etmen "breath" (a root found in Sanskrit and Germanic; source also of Old English æðm, Dutch adem, Old High German atum "breath," Old English eþian, Dutch ademen "to breathe").<ref group=web name=dougharper/>

===Meaning===
Olivelle notes that ''ātman'' "has many meanings and usages in the Upanisadic vocabulary," including "Self," "the ultimate essence of a human being,"{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=lv}} but is also used to refer to "a living, breathing body," and as reflexive pronoun, akin to "myself."{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=xlix}}

In contemporary Hinduism, ''Ātman'' means "real Self" of the individual,{{refn|group=note|name="Atman_definition"}} "innermost essence."<ref>{{citation |author=Karel Werner |title=Yoga and Indian Philosophy |pages=57–58 |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6b3lH0-OekC |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1609-1}}</ref> ''Atman'' refers to the essence of human beings that persists amid change, distinct from the ever-evolving embodied individual being (''[[jiva]]'') embedded in material reality. Embodied personality can change while ''Atman'' does not.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=60-62}} In Advaita Vedanta, it is the observing [[Purusha|pure consciousness]] or [[Sakshi (Witness)|witness-consciousness]], "pure, undifferentiated, self-shining consciousness,"{{sfn|Deutsch|1973|p=48}} while in [[Neo-Advaita]] it is also the nonconceptual insight that 'being' cannot be grasped in words or deeds.{{refn|group=note|name="neti"|See [[Neti neti]], [[Neo-Advaita]], and [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]}}

While often translated as "soul", it is better translated as "self."{{sfn|Shepard|1991}}{{R|g=note|Atman_soul}} As such, it is different from non-Hindu notions of [[soul]], which includes consciousness but also the mental abilities of a living being, such as reason, character, feeling, consciousness, memory, perception and thinking. In Hinduism, these are all included in embodied reality, the counterpart of ''Atman.<ref name=":1">{{citation|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|page=38}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{citation|author=Norman C. McClelland |title=Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC |year=2010|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8 |pages=34–35 }}</ref><ref name=":3">[a] {{citation|author=Julius Lipner |author-link=Julius Lipner|title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-24060-8 |pages=53–56, 81, 160–161, 269–270 }}; [b] {{citation|author=P. T. Raju|title=Structural Depths of Indian Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju |url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-139-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/26 26]–37}}; [c] {{citation|author=Gavin D. Flood |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/15 15], 84–85 }}</ref>''

==Development of the concept==

===Vedas===
The earliest use of the word ''Ātman'' in [[Indian literature|Indian texts]] is found in the [[Rig Veda]] (RV X.97.11).<ref>[http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.९७ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.९७], Wikisource; Quote: "यदिमा वाजयन्नहमोषधीर्हस्त आदधे । '''आत्मा''' यक्ष्मस्य नश्यति पुरा जीवगृभो यथा ॥११॥</ref> [[Yāska]], the ancient Indian grammarian, commenting on this Rigvedic verse, accepts the following meanings of ''Ātman'': the pervading principle, the organism in which other elements are united and the ultimate sentient principle.<ref>Baumer, Bettina and Vatsyayan, Kapila. Kalatattvakosa Vol. 1: Pervasive Terms Vyapti (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts). Motilal Banarsidass; Revised edition (March 1, 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=q1XoNhUrP1MC&dq=atman+etymology&pg=PA42 P. 42.] {{ISBN|8120805844}}.</ref>

Other hymns of Rig Veda where the word ''Ātman'' appears include I.115.1, VII.87.2, VII.101.6, VIII.3.24, IX.2.10, IX.6.8, and X.168.4.<ref>Source 1: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm Rig veda] Sanskrit; Source 2: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः/संहिता ऋग्वेदः/संहिता] Wikisource</ref>

===Upanishads===
''Ātman'' is a central topic in all of the [[Upanishads]], and "know your Ātman" is one of their thematic foci.<ref name=ptraju>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 35-36</ref> The Upanishads say that ''Atman'' denotes "the ultimate essence of the universe" as well as "the vital breath in human beings", which is "imperishable Divine within" that is neither born nor does it die.{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=69}}

The Upanishads express two distinct, somewhat divergent themes on the relation between Atman and Brahman. Some teach that Brahman (highest reality; universal principle; being-consciousness-bliss) is identical with ''Ātman'', while others teach that ''Ātman'' is part of Brahman but not identical to it.{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99-102}}<ref>[[Paul Deussen]], {{Google books|B0QzAQAAMAAJ|The Philosophy of the Upanishads}}, Dover Publications, pages 86-111, 182-212</ref> This ancient debate flowered into various dual and non-dual theories in Hinduism. The [[Brahmasutra]] by Badarayana (~100 BCE) synthesized and unified these somewhat conflicting theories, stating that ''Atman'' and Brahman are different in some respects, particularly during the state of ignorance, but at the deepest level and in the state of self-realization, ''Atman'' and Brahman are identical, non-different (advaita).{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99-102}} According to Koller, this synthesis countered the dualistic tradition of Samkhya-Yoga schools and realism-driven traditions of Nyaya-Vaiseshika schools, enabling it to become the foundation of Vedanta as Hinduism's most influential spiritual tradition.{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99-102}}

The ''atman'', according to several Upaniṣadic texts, is present within the human body, extending even to the extremities such as the tips of the nails (''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' 1.4.7). Though the ''atman'' pervades the entire body, the Upanishads often emphasize the heart, not as a physical organ but as an inner "cave" or ''guha'', as the atman's special locus. It is described as lying deep within the heart (''Chandogya Upanishad'' III.14.3-4).<ref>{{Citation |last=Mitra |first=Arpita |title=Ātman, Hinduism |date=2018 |work=Hinduism and Tribal Religions |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=1–8 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Pankaj |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_172-1 |access-date=2025-05-17 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_172-1 |isbn=978-94-024-1036-5 |editor2-last=Sherma |editor2-first=Rita |editor3-last=Khanna |editor3-first=Madhu|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''====
The ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' (800-600 BCE<ref name=olivelleintro>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195124354}}, page 12-13</ref>) describes ''Atman'' as that in which everything exists, which is of the highest value, which permeates everything, which is the essence of all, bliss and beyond description.<ref>Raju, Poolla Tirupati. Structural Depths of Indian Thought. SUNY Series in Philosophy. P. 26. {{ISBN|0-88706-139-7}}.</ref> In hymn 4.4.5, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes ''Atman'' as ''Brahman'', and describes the self as made of everything, including the functions, elements and desires:
{{blockquote|That ''Atman'' (self, soul) is indeed Brahman. It [Ātman] is also identified with the intellect, the Manas (mind), and the vital breath, with the eyes and ears, with earth, water, air, and ākāśa (sky), with fire and with what is other than fire, with desire and the absence of desire, with anger and the absence of anger, with righteousness and unrighteousness, with everything — it is identified, as is well known, with this (what is perceived) and with that (what is inferred).

As it [Ātman] does and acts, so it becomes: by doing good it becomes good, and by doing evil it becomes evil. It becomes virtuous through good acts, and vicious through evil acts. Others, however, say, "The self is identified with desire alone. What it desires, so it resolves; what it resolves, so is its deed; and what deed it does, so it reaps.|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5, 9th century BCE<ref>Sanskrit Original: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.html?lang=sa बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्] मन्त्र ५ [IV.iv.5], Sanskrit Documents; '''Translation 1''': [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n739/mode/2up Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5] Madhavananda (Translator), page 712; '''Translation 2''': [https://archive.org/stream/The_Brihad_aranyaka_upanishad_Sankarabhashya_English/The_brihad_aranyaka_upanishad-SankarabhashyaEnglishforChapter1Only-1849#page/n243/mode/2up Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5] Eduard Roer (Translator), page 235</ref>}}

The theme of acquiring knowledge of Brahman, and thereby becoming godlike, is extensively repeated in Brihadāranyaka Upanishad. Not even gods can prevail over such a liberated man, to their dismay. For example, in hymn 1.4.10,<ref name=bu1410/>
{{blockquote|
Brahman was this before; therefore it knew even the Ātma (soul, himself). I am Brahman, therefore it became all. And whoever among the gods had this enlightenment, also became That. It is the same with the sages, the same with men. Whoever knows the self as "I am Brahman," becomes all this universe. Even the gods cannot prevail against him, for he becomes their Ātma. Now, if a man worships another god, thinking: "He is one and I am another," he does not know. He is like an animal to the gods. As many animals serve a man, so does each man serve the gods. Even if one animal is taken away, it causes anguish; how much more so when many are taken away? Therefore it is not pleasing to the gods that men should know this.
|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10<ref name=bu1410>Sanskrit Original: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.html?lang=sa बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्], Sanskrit Documents; '''Translation 1''': [https://archive.org/stream/The_Brihad_aranyaka_upanishad_Sankarabhashya_English/The_brihad_aranyaka_upanishad-SankarabhashyaEnglishforChapter1Only-1849#page/n107/mode/2up Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10] Eduard Roer (Translator), pages 101-120, Quote: "For he becomes the soul of them." (page 114); '''Translation 2''': [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n173/mode/2up Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10] Madhavananda (Translator), page 146;</ref>}}

====''Chandogya Upanishad''====
The ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' (7th-6th c. BCE) explains ''Ātman'' as that which appears to be separate between two living beings but isn't, that essence and innermost, true, radiant self of all individuals which connects and unifies all. Hymn 6.10 explains it with the example of rivers, some of which flow to the east and some to the west, but ultimately all merge into the ocean and become one. In the same way, the individual souls are pure being, states the ''Chandogya Upanishad''; an individual soul is pure truth, and an individual soul is a manifestation of the ocean of one universal soul.<ref>[[Max Müller]], Upanishads, Wordsworth, {{ISBN|978-1840221022}}, pages XXIII-XXIV</ref>

====''Katha Upanishad''====
Along with the ''Brihadāranyaka'', all the earliest and middle Upanishads discuss ''Ātman'' as they build their theories to answer how man can achieve liberation, freedom and bliss. The ''[[Katha Upanishad]]'' (5th to 1st century BCE) explains ''Atman'' as the imminent and transcendent innermost essence of each human being and living creature, that this is one, even though the external forms of living creatures manifest in different forms. Hymn 2.2.9 states:
{{blockquote|As the one fire, after it has entered the world, though one, takes different forms according to whatever it burns, so does the internal Ātman of all living beings, though one, takes a form according to whatever He enters and is outside all forms.
|Katha Upanishad, 2.2.9<ref>Original Sanskrit: अग्निर्यथैको भुवनं प्रविष्टो, रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बभूव । एकस्तथा सर्वभूतान्त'''रात्मा''', रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बहिश्च ॥ ९ ॥; '''English Translation 1''': Stephen Knapp (2005), The Heart of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-0595350759}}, page 202-203; '''English Translation 2''':[[s:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 15/Katha-upanishad|Katha Upanishad]] Max Müller (Translator), Fifth Valli, 9th verse</ref>}}

Katha Upanishad, in Book 1, hymns 3.3-3.4, describes the widely cited proto-Samkhya analogy of chariot for the relation of "Soul, Self" to body, mind and senses.<ref name=kathaup2>Sanskrit Original: आत्मानँ रथितं विद्धि शरीरँ रथमेव तु । बुद्धिं तु सारथिं विद्धि मनः प्रग्रहमेव च ॥ ३ ॥ इन्द्रियाणि हयानाहुर्विषयाँ स्तेषु गोचरान् । आत्मेन्द्रियमनोयुक्तं भोक्तेत्याहुर्मनीषिणः ॥ ४ ॥, [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषद् Katha Upanishad] Wikisource; English Translation: Max Müller, [https://archive.org/stream/SacredBooksEastVariousOrientalScholarsWithIndex.50VolsMaxMuller/15.SacredBooksEast.VarOrSch.v15.Muller.Hindu.Mull.Upanishads.p2.KathMundTait..Mait.Oxf.1884.#page/n71/mode/2up Katha Upanishad] Third Valli, Verse 3 & 4 and through 15, pages 12-14</ref> Stephen Kaplan<ref name=stevekaplan>Stephen Kaplan (2011), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science, (Editors: James W. Haag, Gregory R. Peterson, Michael L. Speziopage), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415492447}}, page 323</ref> translates these hymns as, "Know the Self as the rider in a chariot, and the body as simply the chariot. Know the intellect as the charioteer, and the mind as the reins. The senses, they say are the horses, and sense objects are the paths around them". The Katha Upanishad then declares that "when the Self [Ātman] understands this and is unified, integrated with body, senses and mind, is virtuous, mindful and pure, he reaches bliss, freedom and liberation".<ref name=kathaup2/>

=== Bhagavad Gita ===
In [[Bhagavad Gita]] verses 10-30 of the second chapter, Krishna urges Arjuna to understand the indestructible nature of the ''atman'', emphasizing that it transcends the finite body it inhabits. The ''atman'' neither kills nor can be killed, as it is eternal and unaffected by birth or death.<ref name=":0" /> The analogy of changing clothes is used to illustrate how the soul discards old bodies for new ones. Krishna emphasizes the eternal existence of the soul by explaining that even as it undergoes various life stages and changes bodies it remains unaffected. It is imperceptible, inconceivable, and unchanging.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-rEAQAACAAJ |title=Bhagavad Gita: The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Guide |date=2017-03-13 |publisher=Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |isbn=978-1-5030-5291-8 |pages=35–37 |language=en}}</ref>

==Indian philosophy==

===Orthodox schools===
{{Main|Hindu philosophy}}

Atman is a metaphysical and spiritual concept for Hindus, often discussed in their scriptures with the concept of Brahman.<ref>{{citation|author=A. L. Herman |title=An Introduction to Indian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00alhe |url-access=registration |year=1976|publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-484477-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00alhe/page/110 110]–115 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler |title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C |year=1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-60-8|pages=109–121 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Arvind Sharma |title=Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/advaitavedanta00arvi |url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2027-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/advaitavedanta00arvi/page/24 24]–43 }}</ref> All major orthodox schools of Hinduism – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Mimamsa, and Vedanta – accept the foundational premise of the Vedas and Upanishads that "Ātman exists." In [[Hindu philosophy]], especially in the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hinduism]], ''Ātman'' is the [[first principle]].<ref>Deussen, Paul and Geden, A. S. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo Classics (June 1, 2010). P. 86. {{ISBN|1616402407}}.</ref> [[Ātman (Jainism)|Jainism]] too accepts this premise, although it has its own idea of what that means. In contrast, both Buddhism and the [[Charvaka]]s deny that there is anything called "Ātman/soul/self".{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=60-62}}

====Samkhya====
[[File:Purusha-Pakriti.jpg|thumb|right|Purusha-prakriti]]
{{Main|Samkhya}}

In Samkhya, the oldest [[Hindu Philosophy|Hindu]] school of [[Dualism in cosmology|Dualism]], [[Purusha|Puruṣa]], the witness-consciousness, is ''Atman''. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable through other agencies, above any experience by mind or senses and beyond any words or explanations. It remains pure, "nonattributive consciousness". Puruṣa is neither produced nor does it produce.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=155–7}} No appellations can qualify purusha, nor can it substantialized or objectified.{{sfn|Chapple|2008|p=21}} It "cannot be reduced, can't be 'settled'." Any designation of purusha comes from prakriti, and is a limitation.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=203}} Unlike [[Advaita Vedanta]], and like [[Mīmāṃsā|Purva-Mīmāṃsā]], Samkhya believes in plurality of the puruṣas.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=155–7}}{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=60-62}}

Samkhya considers ego (''[[Yoga (philosophy)#Epistemology|asmita]]'', ''[[ahamkara]]'') to be the cause of pleasure and pain.<ref>Paranjpe, A. C. Self and Identity in Modern Psychology and Indian Thought. Springer; 1 edition (September 30, 1998). P. 263-264. {{ISBN|978-0-306-45844-6}}.</ref> Self-knowledge is the means to attain ''[[kaivalya]]'', the separation of ''Atman'' from the body-mind complex.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=60-62}}

====Yoga philosophy====
The Yogasutra of Patanjali, the foundational text of [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school of Hinduism, sees [[purusha]] as the essence of human beings, revealed in [[samadhi]], but mentions ''Atma'' in multiple verses, and particularly in its last book, where Samadhi is described as the path to self-knowledge and [[moksha|kaivalya]]. Some earlier mentions of ''Atman'' in Yogasutra include verse 2.5, where evidence of ignorance includes "confusing what is not Atman as Atman".

{{blockquote|
अनित्याशुचिदुःखा'''नात्म'''सु नित्यशुचिसु'''खात्म'''ख्यातिरविद्या

Avidya (अविद्या, ignorance) is regarding the transient as eternal, the impure as pure, the pain-giving as joy-giving, and the non-Atman as Atman.
|Yogasutra 2.5<ref name=pyogas3t>
* Sanskrit Original with '''Translation 1''': [https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n6/mode/2up The Yoga Philosophy] TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives;
* '''Translation 2''': [https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n4/mode/2up The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa] GN Jha (Translator), with notes; Harvard University Archives;
* '''Translation 3''': [https://archive.org/stream/yogasutrasofpata00pata#page/n5/mode/2up The Yogasutras of Patanjali] Charles Johnston (Translator)</ref>}}

In verses 2.19-2.20, Yogasutra declares that pure ideas are the domain of Atman, the perceivable universe exists to enlighten Atman, but while Atman is pure, it may be deceived by complexities of perception or mind. These verses also set the purpose of all experience as a means to self-knowledge.

{{blockquote|
द्रष्टा दृशिमात्रः शुद्धोऽपि प्रत्ययानुपश्यः 
तदर्थ एव दृश्यस्यात्मा

The seer is the absolute knower. Though pure, modifications are witnessed by him by coloring of intellect. 
The spectacle exists only to serve the purpose of the Atman.
|Yogasutra 2.19 - 2.20<ref name=pyogas3t/>}}

In Book 4, Yogasutra states spiritual liberation as the stage where the yogin achieves distinguishing self-knowledge, he no longer confuses his mind as Atman, the mind is no longer affected by afflictions or worries of any kind, ignorance vanishes, and "pure consciousness settles in its own pure nature".<ref name=pyogas3t/><ref>Verses 4.24-4.34, Patanjali's Yogasutras; Quote: "विशेषदर्शिन '''आत्म'''भावभावनाविनिवृत्तिः"</ref>

The Yoga school is similar to the Samkhya school in its conceptual foundations of ''purusha'' as ''Ātman''. It is the self that is discovered and realized in the Kaivalya state, in both schools. Like Samkhya, this is not a single universal ''Ātman''. It is one of the many individual selves where each "pure consciousness settles in its own pure nature", as a unique distinct soul/self.<ref>Stephen H. Phillips, ''Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "new Logic".'' Open Court Publishing, 1995, pages 12–13.</ref> However, Yoga school's methodology was widely influential on other schools of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta monism, for example, adopted Yoga as a means to reach ''Jivanmukti'' – self-realization in this life – as conceptualized in Advaita Vedanta. Yoga and [[Samkhya]] define ''Ātman'' as an "unrelated, attributeless, [[self-luminous]], omnipresent entity", which is identical with consciousness.{{sfn| Grimes|1996|p=69}}

====Nyaya====
According to John Plott, "[[Nyaya]] made considerable contributions to the logical explanation of the mode in which ''Ātman'', although itself of the nature of the knower, can still be an object of knowledge."{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=62}} Plott states that the Nyaya scholars developed a theory of negation that far exceeds [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]'s theory of [[negation]], while their epistemological theories refined to "know the knower" at least equals Aristotle's sophistication.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=62}} Nyaya methodology influenced all major schools of Hinduism.

Nyaya scholars defined ''Ātman'' as an imperceptible substance that is the substrate of human consciousness, manifesting itself with or without qualities such as desires, feelings, perception, knowledge, understanding, errors, insights, sufferings, bliss, and others.<ref name=elisa/><ref>KK Chakrabarti (1999), Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: The Nyaya Dualist Tradition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791441718}}, pages 2, 187-188, 220</ref>

Nyaya theory of the ''ātman'' had two broader contributions to Hindu conceptions of the ''ātman''. One, Nyaya scholars went beyond holding it as "self evident" and offered rational proofs, consistent with their epistemology, in their debates with Buddhists, that "Atman exists".<ref name="nyayaexamples" /> Second, they developed theories on what "Atman is and is not".<ref name="royperrett">Roy W. Perrett (Editor, 2000), Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics, Volume 3, Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|978-0815336082}}, page xvii; also see Chakrabarti pages 279-292</ref> As proofs for the proposition 'self exists', for example, Nyaya scholars argued that personal recollections and memories of the form "I did this so many years ago" implicitly presume that there is a self that is substantial, continuing, unchanged, and existent.<ref name="nyayaexamples">See example discussed in this section; For additional examples of Nyaya reasoning to prove that 'self exists', using propositions and its theories of negation, see: [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n39/mode/2up Nyayasutra] verses 1.2.1 on pages 14-15, 1.2.59 on page 20, 3.1.1-3.1.27 on pages 63-69, and later chapters</ref><ref name="royperrett" /> Pandit Badrinath Shukla argues that considerations of ontological economy show that the manas or "mind" alone suffices, thus contending that an eternal ''atman'' is unnecessary for the system, suggesting a rational revision to the Nyaya tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Pandit Badrinath |url=http://archive.org/details/perrettroyw.edindianphilosophy.vol.iiimetaphysics_202003_105_h |title=Indian Philosophy. Vol. III [ Metaphysics] |editor-last=Perrett |editor-first=Roy W. |pages=293–309 |chapter=Dehiitmavada or the Body as Soul: Exploration of a Possibility Within Nyaya Thought}}</ref>

[[Nyāya Sūtras|Nyayasutra]], a 2nd-century CE foundational text of Nyaya school of Hinduism, states that Atma is a proper object of human knowledge. It also states that Atman is a real substance that can be inferred from certain signs, objectively perceivable attributes. For example, in book 1, chapter 1, verses 9 and 10, Nyayasutra states<ref name=elisa/>
{{Blockquote|
''Ātman'', body, senses, objects of senses, intellect, mind, activity, error, ''pretyabhava'' (after life), fruit, suffering and bliss are the objects of right knowledge. 
Desire, aversion, effort, happiness, suffering and cognition are the ''Linga'' (लिङ्ग, mark, sign) of the ''Ātman''.
|Nyaya Sutra|I.1.9-10<ref name=elisa>Original Sanskrit: [https://archive.org/details/Anandashram_Samskrita_Granthavali_Anandashram_Sanskrit_Series Nyayasutra] Anand Ashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 26-28; English translation 1: [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n29/mode/2up Nyayasutra] see verses 1.1.9 and 1.1.10 on pages 4-5; English translation 2: Elisa Freschi (2014), Puspika: Tracing Ancient India Through Texts and Traditions, (Editors: Giovanni Ciotti, Alastair Gornall, Paolo Visigalli), Oxbow, {{ISBN|978-1782974154}}, pages 56-73</ref>}}

Book 2, chapter 1, verses 1 to 23, of the Nyayasutras posits that the sensory act of looking is different from perception and cognition–that perception and knowledge arise from the seekings and actions of ''Ātman''.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-the Sutras_1913#page/n47/mode/2up Nyayasutra] see pages 22-29</ref> The Naiyayikas emphasize that ''Ātman'' has qualities, but is different from its qualities. For example, desire is one of many qualities of ''Ātman'', but ''Ātman'' does not always have desire, and in the state of liberation, for instance, the ''Ātman'' is without desire.<ref name=elisa/> Additionally, the self has the property of consciousness, but that too, is not an essential property. Naiyayikas take the ''ātman'' to lose consciousness during deep sleep.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Evan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_vpBAAAQBAJ |title=Waking, Dreaming, Being: Self and Consciousness in Neuroscience, Meditation, and Philosophy |date=2014-11-18 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53831-2 |pages=240 |language=en}}</ref>

====Vaiśeṣika====
The [[Vaisheshika]] school of Hinduism, using its non-theistic theories of atomistic [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], posits that ''Ātman'' is one of the four eternal non-physical<ref>The school posits that there are five physical substances: earth, water, air, water and ''akasa'' (ether/sky/space beyond air)</ref> substances without attributes, the other three being ''[[kāla]]'' (time), ''dik'' (space) and ''[[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]'' (mind).<ref name=sarachmo>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore (Eds., 1973), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1973, {{ISBN|978-0691019581}}, pages 386-423</ref> Time and space, stated Vaiśeṣika scholars, are ''eka'' (one), ''nitya'' (eternal) and ''vibhu'' (all pervading). Time and space are indivisible reality, but human mind prefers to divide them to comprehend past, present, future, relative place of other substances and beings, direction and its own coordinates in the universe. In contrast to these characteristics of time and space, Vaiśeṣika scholars considered ''Ātman'' to be many, eternal, independent and spiritual substances that cannot be reduced or inferred from other three non-physical and five physical ''dravya'' (substances).<ref name=sarachmo/> Mind and sensory organs are instruments, while consciousness is the domain of "atman, soul, self".<ref name=sarachmo/>

The knowledge of ''Ātman'', to Vaiśeṣika Hindus, is another knowledge without any "bliss" or "consciousness" ''[[moksha]]'' state that Vedanta and Yoga school describe.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=60-62}}

====Mimamsa====
''Ātman'', in the ritualism-based [[Mīmāṃsā]] school of Hinduism, is an eternal, omnipresent, inherently active essence that is identified as I-consciousness.<ref name=ptraju2>PT Raju (2008), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415461214}}, pages 79-80</ref><ref name=chrisbartley>Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, 978-0415862530, page 443-445</ref> Unlike all other schools of Hinduism, Mimamsaka scholars considered ego and ''Atman'' as the same. Within Mimamsa school, there was divergence of beliefs. [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa|Kumārila]], for example, believed that ''Atman'' is the object of I-consciousness, whereas [[Prabhākara]] believed that ''Atman'' is the subject of I-consciousness.<ref name=ptraju2/> Mimamsaka Hindus believed that what matters is virtuous actions and rituals completed with perfection, and it is this that creates merit and imprints knowledge on ''Atman'', whether one is aware or not aware of ''Atman''. Their foremost emphasis was formulation and understanding of laws/duties/virtuous life (''[[dharma]]'') and consequent perfect execution of ''kriyas'' (actions). The Upanishadic discussion of ''Atman'', to them, was of secondary importance.<ref name=chrisbartley/><ref>Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415862530}}, page 503</ref> While other schools disagreed and discarded the ''Atma'' theory of Mimamsa, they incorporated Mimamsa theories on ethics, self-discipline, action, and dharma as necessary in one's journey toward knowing one's ''Atman''.<ref>PT Raju (2008), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415461214}}, pages 82-85</ref><ref>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 54-63; Michael C. Brannigan (2009), Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values, Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0739138465}}, page 15</ref>

====Vedanta====
=====Advaita Vedanta=====
[[Advaita Vedanta]] (non-dualism) sees the Ātman (“spirit, soul, self”) as [[Maya (religion)|seemingly]] manifesting as many individuals, while being fully identical with Brahman.<ref name=arvindsharmaintro/> The Advaita school believes that there is one soul that connects and exists in all living beings, regardless of their shapes or forms, and there is no distinction. There is no separate devotee soul (''Atman'') and god soul (Brahman).<ref name=arvindsharmaintro>Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120820272}}, pages 19-40, 53-58, 79-86</ref> Each self is non-different from the infinite.<ref name="arvindsharmaintro" /><ref>Karl Potter (2008), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803107}}, pages 510-512</ref>

Advaita Vedanta philosophy considers ''Atman'' as [[Saccidānanda|Sat-cit-ānanda]], self-existent awareness, limitless and non-dual.<ref name=aramb>A Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791468524}}, pages 47, 99-103</ref> ''Atman'' is the universal principle, one eternal undifferentiated [[self-luminous]] consciousness, the truth asserts Advaita Hinduism.<ref>S Timalsina (2014), Consciousness in Indian Philosophy: The Advaita Doctrine of 'Awareness Only', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415762236}}, pages 3-23</ref><ref>Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824802714}}, pages 48-53</ref> Human beings, in a state of unawareness of this universal self, see their "I-ness" as different from the being in others, then act out of impulse, fears, cravings, malice, division, confusion, anxiety, passions, and a sense of distinctiveness.<ref>A Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791468524}}, pages 114-122</ref><ref>Adi Sankara, A Bouquet of Nondual Texts: Advaita Prakarana Manjari, Translators: Ramamoorthy & Nome, {{ISBN|978-0970366726}}, pages 173-214</ref> To Advaitins, Atman-knowledge is the state of full awareness, liberation, and freedom that overcomes dualities at all levels, realizing the divine within oneself, the divine in others, and in all living beings; the non-dual oneness, that God is in everything, and everything is God.<ref name=arvindsharmaintro/><ref name=aramb/> This identification of individual living beings/souls, or ''jiva-atmas'', with the 'one Atman' is the non-dualistic [[Advaita Vedanta]] position.

===== Dvaita Vedanta =====
[[Dvaita Vedanta]] differentiates the individual atman of living beings from the a''tman'' of a supreme being (''[[Paramatman]]'').<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]] [http://vedabase.net/sb/3/28/41/en 3.28.41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217121958/http://vedabase.net/sb/3/28/41/en|date=2012-02-17}}</ref><ref>[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/19-20/en1 Bhagavata Purana 7.7.19–20] "Atma also refers to the Supreme Lord or the living entities. Both of them are spiritual."</ref> God is the ultimate, perfect, but distinct soul from incomplete, imperfect ''jivas'' (individual souls).<ref>R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8180695957}}, pages 345-347</ref> God created individual souls, state Dvaita Vedantins, but the individual soul never was and never will become one with God; the best it can do is to experience bliss by getting infinitely close to God.<ref name="tompad">Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110342550}}, pages 155-157</ref> Liberation is only possible in after-life as communion with God, and only through the grace of God (if not, then one's ''Atman'' is reborn).<ref>James Lewis and William Travis (1999), Religious Traditions of the World, {{ISBN|978-1579102302}}, pages 279-280</ref>

===Heterodox schools===
{{See also|Āstika and nāstika|Hindu Philosophy|Indian Philosophy}}

====Buddhism====
{{See also|Anatta|Buddha-nature|Shentong|Sunyata|Precanonical Buddhism|Ātman (Buddhism)}}
{{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=“Form (rūpaṁ) is emptiness, emptiness (śūnyatā) is form.” | salign = right|source = [[Heart Sutra|Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdayam]]}}

Applying the disidentification of 'no-self' to the logical end,{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=39}}{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=59–60}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=25}} Buddhism does not assert an unchanging essence, any "eternal, essential and absolute something called a soul, self or atman,"{{refn|group=note|name="Atman_Buddhism"}} According to Jayatilleke, the Upanishadic inquiry fails to find an empirical correlate of the assumed [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], but nevertheless assumes its existence,{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=39}} and, states Mackenzie, Advaitins "reify consciousness as an eternal self."{{sfn|Mackenzie|2012}}{{refn|group=note|Prajñānaṁ Brahma (प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म) - "Consciousness is Brahman" - Aitareya Upanishad 3.3 of the Rig Veda}} In contrast, the Buddhist inquiry "is satisfied with the empirical investigation which shows that no such Atman exists because there is no evidence" states Jayatilleke.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=39}}

While [[Nirvana]] is liberation from the ''kleshas'' and the disturbances of the mind-body complex, Buddhism eludes a definition of ''what'' it is that is liberated,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99 with footnote 12}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=25}}{{refn|group=note|name="Atman_Buddhism"}} implying, in [[Anguttara Nikaya]] 4.23, that the '[[tathagata]]' is "deep, unfathomable."{{refn|group=note|The word's original significance is not known and there has been speculation about it since at least the time of [[Buddhaghosa]], who gives eight interpretations of the word, each with different etymological support, in his commentary on the [[Digha Nikaya]], the ''Sumangalavilasini''.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> According to [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy]], the term 'tathagata' has a non-Buddhist origin, and is best understood when compared to its usage in non-Buddhist works such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>Florin Giripescu Sutton (1991), ''Existence and Enlightenment in the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra: A Study in the Ontology and Epistemology of the Yogācāra School of Mahāyāna Buddhism'', SUNY Press, 1991, p.104</ref>}} According to Johannes Bronkhorst, "it is possible that original Buddhism did not deny the existence of soul," but did not want to talk about it, as they could not say that "the soul is essentially not involved in action, as their opponents did."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99 with footnote 12}} While the [[skandhas]] are regarded is impermanent (''anicca'') and sorrowfull (''[[dukkha]]''), the existence of a permanent, joyful and unchanging self is neither acknowledged nor explicitly denied. Liberation is not attained by knowledge of such a self, but by " turning away from what might erroneously be regarded as the self."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=25}}

According to Harvey, in Buddhism the negation of temporal existents is applied even more rigorously than in the Upanishads:
{{blockquote|While the ''[[Upanishad]]s'' recognized many things as being not-Self, they felt that a real, true Self could be found. They held that when it was found, and known to be identical to Brahman, the basis of everything, this would bring liberation. In the Buddhist ''[[Buddhist texts|Suttas]]'', though, literally everything is seen is non-Self, even [[Nirvana]]. When this is known, then liberation – ''Nirvana'' – is attained by total non-attachment. Thus both the ''Upanishads'' and the Buddhist ''Suttas'' see many things as not-Self, but the Suttas apply it, indeed non-Self, to ''everything''.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=59–60}}}}

Nevertheless, Atman-like notions can also be found in Buddhist texts chronologically placed in the 1st millennium of the [[Common Era]], such as the Mahayana tradition's ''Tathāgatagarbha sūtras'' suggest self-like concepts, variously called ''Tathagatagarbha'' or ''[[Buddha nature]]''.{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=104, 125–127}}{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=100–104}} In the Theravada tradition, the [[Dhammakaya Movement]] in Thailand teaches that it is erroneous to subsume nirvana under the rubric of ''anatta'' (non-self); instead, nirvana is taught to be the "true self" or ''[[Dharmakaya|dhammakaya]]''.{{sfn|Mackenzie|2007|pp=100–5, 110}} Similar interpretations have been put forth by the then [[Sangharaja of Thailand|Thai Sangharaja]] in 1939. According to Williams, the Sangharaja's interpretation echoes the ''[[tathagatagarbha|tathāgatagarbha]]'' sutras.{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=126}}

The notion of Buddha-nature is controversial, and "eternal self" concepts have been vigorously attacked.{{sfn|Hubbard|Swanson|1997}} These "self-like" concepts are neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.{{sfnm|Williams|2008|1p=107, 112|Hookham|1991|2p=96}} Some scholars posit that the ''Tathagatagarbha Sutras'' were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists.{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=104–105, 108–109}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Williams|2008|pp=104–105, 108–109}}: "(...) it refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics."}}{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=101–102}}{{sfn|Pettit|1999|p=48–49}} The Dhammakaya Movement teaching that nirvana is [[Atman (Buddhism)|atta (atman)]] has been criticized as heretical in Buddhism by [[Prayudh Payutto]], a well-known scholar monk, who added that 'Buddha taught nibbana as being non-self".{{sfn|Mackenzie|2007|pp=51–52}}

=====Pudgalavāda=====
[[Pudgalavāda]] was a Buddhist philosophical view and also referred to a group of [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikaya Buddhist]] schools (mainly known as Vātsīputrīyas) that arose within the [[Sthavira nikāya|school of minority elders]] who split from the majority Mahāsāṃghika after the Second Buddhist Council.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86">Williams, Paul, Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 86.</ref> The Pudgalavādins asserted that while there is no [[ātman (Buddhism)|ātman]], there exists a pudgala (person) or sattva (being), which is neither a conditioned dharma nor an unconditioned dharma.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/>

Because the Vātsīputrīya views were seen as close to the concept of a self or ātman, they were sharply criticized by the [[Vibhajyavāda|Vibhajjavadins]] (a record of this is found in the [[Theravada|Theravadin]] ''[[Kathavatthu]]''), as well as by the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvastivadins]] (In the [[Vijnanakaya|''Vijñanakaya'']]), [[Sautrāntika|Sautrantikas]] (most famously in the ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakosha]]''), and the [[Madhyamaka]] school ( [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti's]] [[Madhyamakāvatāra|''Madhyamakavatara'']]).<ref>Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, Alexander Wynne, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, p. 92.</ref>

====Jainism====
{{See also|Jīva (Jainism)}}

Ātman is a philosophical term used within [[Jainism]] to identify the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]].<ref name=britjivajain>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/dravya|title=dravya - Jainism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As per [[Jain cosmology]], ''jīva'' or soul is the principle of [[sentience]] and is one of the ''[[tattva (Jainism)|tattvas]]'' or one of the fundamental substances forming part of the universe.
According to the Jain text, [[Samayasāra]] (2nd century CE or later):
{{quote|Know that the ''Jiva'' (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2}}
According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|arihant]]'' and ''Siddhas'' are the Real Self.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=3}}

====Ājīvika====
{{See also|Ājīvika}}

The predetermined fate (niyati) of living beings was the major distinctive doctrine of Ājīvika school, along with withholding judgement on how to achieve liberation (''[[moksha]]'') from the [[Saṃsāra|eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth]], instead believing that fate would lead us there. Ājīvikas further considered the ''[[karma]]'' doctrine as a fallacy. They were mostly considered as [[Hindu atheism|atheists]];<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), ''The Oxford Handbook of Atheism'' (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199644650}}, page 654</ref> however, they believed that in every living being there is an Ātman.<ref>Analayo (2004), ''Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization'', {{ISBN|978-1899579549}}, pp. 207-208</ref>

====Sassatavāda====
{{See also|Sassatavāda|Pakudha Kaccāyana}}

Sassatavāda refers to a school of "eternalism and categoralism" that holds the belief in an unchanging self.<ref>K. Venkata Ramanan, ''Nagarjuna's Philosophy: As Presented in the Maha-Prajnaparamita-Sastra.'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, page 60.</ref> Whatever is known about Sassatavāda comes from Buddhist sources. According to the Pali Canon, [[Pakudha Kaccāyana]] founded this school around the 6th century BCE. He was an atomist who taught that everything is composed of seven eternal elements: earth, water, fire, air, happiness (joy), pain, and Ātman (soul).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six Contemporary Teachers Of The Buddh|url=http://stylomilo.com/files/mv/BPCGAQ/BPFE102-Emergence_of_Buddhism_and_Basic_Buddhist_Teachings/GAQ%20L10%20&%20L11%206%20Heretical%20Teachers.pdf|access-date=2021-04-21|website=stylomilo.com}}</ref> Pakudha further asserted that these elements do not interact with one another.<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html Thanissaro (1997).]</ref>

==Influence of Atman-concept on Hindu ethics==
[[File:Non violence sculpture by carl fredrik reutersward malmo sweden.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Ahimsa]], non-violence, is considered the highest ethical value and virtue in Hinduism.<ref name=evpc>Stephen H. Phillips & other authors (2008), in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), {{ISBN|978-0123739858}}, Elsevier Science, Pages 1347–1356, 701-849, 1867</ref> The virtue of Ahimsa follows from the Atman theories of Hindu traditions.<ref name=ludwig/><ref>NF Gier (1995), Ahimsa, the Self, and Postmodernism, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 71-86, {{doi|10.5840/ipq199535160}}; Jean Varenne (1977), Yoga and the Hindu Tradition, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226851167}}, page 200-202</ref>]]
The ''Atman'' theory in Upanishads had a profound impact on ancient ethical theories and dharma traditions now known as Hinduism.<ref name=ludwig>Ludwig Alsdorf (2010), The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415548243}}, pages 111-114</ref> The earliest [[Dharmaśāstra#The meaning and sources of Dharma|Dharmasutras]] of Hindus recite ''Atman'' theory from the Vedic texts and Upanishads,<ref>These ancient texts of India refer to Upanishads and Vedic era texts some of which have been traced to preserved documents, but some are lost or yet to be found.</ref> and on its foundation build precepts of dharma, laws and ethics. ''Atman'' theory, particularly the Advaita Vedanta and Yoga versions, influenced the emergence of the theory of ''[[Ahimsa]]'' (non-violence against all creatures), culture of vegetarianism, and other theories of ethical, dharmic life.<ref>Stephen H. Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, pages 122-125</ref><ref>Knut Jacobsen (1994), The institutionalization of the ethics of "non-injury" toward all "beings" in Ancient India, Environmental Ethics, Volume 16, Issue 3, pages 287-301, {{doi|10.5840/enviroethics199416318}}</ref>

===Dharma-sutras===
The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras integrate the teachings of ''Atman'' theory. Apastamba Dharmasutra, the oldest known Indian text on dharma, for example, titles Chapters 1.8.22 and 1.8.23 as "Knowledge of the Atman" and then recites,<ref name=apastamba1>Sanskrit Original: [http://www.hinduonline.co/vedicreserve/kalpa/dharma/apastamba_dharma_sutra.pdf Apastamba Dharma Sutra] page 14; '''English Translation 1''': [https://archive.org/stream/sacredlawsofarya00buhliala#page/n139/mode/2up Knowledge of the Atman] Apastamba Dharmasutra, The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, [[Georg Bühler]] (Translator), pages 75-79; '''English Translation 2''': Ludwig Alsdorf (2010), The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415548243}}, pages 111-112; '''English Translation 3''': [[Patrick Olivelle]] (1999), Dharmasutras, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192838827}}, page 34</ref>

{{blockquote|There is no higher object than the attainment of the '''knowledge of Atman'''. We shall quote the verses from the Veda which refer to the attainment of the knowledge of the Atman. All living creatures are the dwelling of him who lies enveloped in matter, who is immortal, who is spotless. A wise man shall strive after the knowledge of the Atman. It is he [Self] who is the eternal part in all creatures, whose essence is wisdom, who is immortal, unchangeable, pure; he is the universe, he is the highest goal. – 1.8.22.2-7

[[Akrodha|Freedom from anger]], from excitement, from rage, [[Seven deadly sins#Greed|from greed]], from perplexity, [[Ārjava|from hypocrisy]], from hurtfulness (from injury to others); Speaking the truth, [[Mitahara|moderate eating]], refraining from calumny and envy, [[Dāna|sharing with others]], avoiding accepting gifts, uprightness, forgiveness, gentleness, tranquility, [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]], amity with all living creatures, [[yoga]], honorable conduct, benevolence and contentedness – These virtues have been agreed upon for all the [[Ashrama (stage)|ashramas]]; he who, according to the precepts of the sacred law, practices these, becomes '''united with the Universal Self'''. – 1.8.23.6
|Knowledge of the Atman, [[Apastamba]] Dharma Sūtra, ~ 400 BCE<ref name=apastamba1/>}}

===Ahimsa===
The ethical prohibition against harming any human beings or other living creatures (Ahimsa, अहिंसा), in Hindu traditions, can be traced to the ''Atman'' theory.<ref name=ludwig/> This precept against injuring any living being appears together with Atman theory in hymn 8.15.1 of Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th century BCE),<ref>Sanskrit original: तधैतद्ब्रह्मा प्रजापतये उवाच प्रजापतिर्मनवे मनुः प्रजाभ्यः आचार्यकुलाद्वेदमधीत्य यथाविधानं गुरोः कर्मातिशेषेणाभिसमावृत्य कुटुम्बे शुचौ देशे स्वाध्यायमधीयानो धर्मिकान्विदधदात्मनि सर्वैन्द्रियाणि संप्रतिष्ठा'''प्याहिँस'''न्सर्व भूतान्यन्यत्र तीर्थेभ्यः स खल्वेवं वर्तयन्यावदायुषं ब्रह्मलोकमभिसंपद्यते न च पुनरावर्तते न च पुनरावर्तते ॥१॥; [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_४ छान्दोग्योपनिषद् ४] Wikisource; English Translation: Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 205</ref> then becomes central in the texts of Hindu philosophy, entering the dharma codes of ancient ''Dharmasutras'' and later era ''Manu-Smriti''. Ahimsa theory is a natural corollary and consequence of "Atman is universal oneness, present in all living beings. Atman connects and prevades in everyone. Hurting or injuring another being is hurting the Atman, and thus one's self that exists in another body". This conceptual connection between one's ''Atman'', the universal, and Ahimsa starts in [[Isha Upanishad]],<ref name=ludwig/> develops in the theories of the ancient scholar Yajnavalkya, and one which inspired [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] as he led non-violent movement against colonialism in early 20th century.<ref name=maxmullerisha/><ref>Deen K. Chatterjee (2011), Encyclopedia of Global Justice: A - I, Volume 1, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1402091599}}, page 376</ref>

{{blockquote|
<nowiki>
यस्तु सर्वाणि भूतान्यात्मन्येवानुपश्यति । सर्वभूतेषु चात्मानं ततो न विजुगुप्सते ॥६॥</nowiki> <nowiki>
यस्मिन्सर्वाणि भूतान्यात्मैवाभूद्विजानतः । तत्र को मोहः कः शोक एकत्वमनुपश्यतः ॥७॥</nowiki> <nowiki>
स पर्यगाच्छुक्रमकायमव्रणम् अस्नाविरँ शुद्धमपापविद्धम् । कविर्मनीषी परिभूः स्वयम्भूःयाथातथ्यतोऽर्थान् व्यदधाच्छाश्वतीभ्यः समाभ्यः ॥८॥</nowiki>

And he who sees everything in his atman, and his atman in everything, does not seek to hide himself from that. 
In whom all beings have become one with his own atman, what perplexity, what sorrow, is there when he sees this oneness? 
He [the self] prevades all, resplendent, bodiless, woundless, without muscles, pure, untouched by evil; far-seeing, transcendent, self-being, disposing ends through perpetual ages.
|Isha Upanishad, Hymns 6-8,<ref name=maxmullerisha>Sanskrit original: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ईशावास्%E2%80%8Dयोपनिषद् ईशावास्य उपनिषद्] Wikisource; English Translation 1: [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01mlgoog#page/n425/mode/2up Isha Upanishad] Max Müller (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 312, hymns 6 to 8; English Translation 2: [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/sacred-texts/isavasya-upanishad/ Isha Upanishad] See translation by Charles Johnston, Universal Theosophy; English Translation 3: [https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/12/mode/2up Isavasyopanishad] SS Sastri (Translator), hymns 6-8, pages 12-14</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Ātman (Buddhism)]]
* [[Ātman (Jainism)]]
* [[Ishvara]]
* [[Jiva (Hinduism and Jainism)|Jiva (Hinduism)]]
* [[Jnana]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[Ousia]]
* [[Spirit (animating force)|Spirit]]
* [[Tat tvam asi]]
* [[Tree of Jiva and Atman]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=

<ref group="note" name="Atman_soul">While often translated as "soul," it is better translated as "self":
* {{harvtxt|Lorenzen|2004|pp=208–209}}: "individual soul (aatman) [sic]"
* {{harvtxt|King|1995|p=64}}: "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man."
* {{harvtxt|Meister|2010|p=63}}: ''Atman'' (soul)"
* {{harvtxt|Shepard|1991}}: "Usually translated "Soul" but better rendered "Self.""</ref>

<ref group=note name="Atman_Buddhism">Atman and Buddhism:
* {{harvtxt|Wynne|2011|pp=103–105}}: "The denial that a human being possesses a "self" or "soul" is probably the most famous Buddhist teaching. It is certainly its most distinct, as has been pointed out by G. P. Malalasekera: "In its denial of any real permanent Soul or Self, Buddhism stands alone." A similar modern Sinhalese perspective has been expressed by Walpola Rahula: "Buddhism stands unique in the history of human thought in denying the existence of such a Soul, Self or Ātman." The "no Self" or "no soul" doctrine (Sanskrit: anātman; Pāli: anattan) is particularly notable for its widespread acceptance and historical endurance. It was a standard belief of virtually all the ancient schools of Indian Buddhism (the notable exception being the Pudgalavādins), and has persisted without change into the modern era. [...] both views are mirrored by the modern Theravādin perspective of Mahasi Sayadaw that "there is no person or soul" and the modern Mahāyāna view of the fourteenth Dalai Lama that "[t]he Buddha taught that [...] our belief in an independent self is the root cause of all suffering"."
* {{harvtxt|Collins|1994|p=64}}: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."
* {{harvtxt|Plott|2000|p=62}}: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism."
The notion of no-self is not so much a doctrine, as it is a 'technique' to disidentify from any sorrowfull existent, akin to the Samkhya-notion of [[Kaivalya]]:
* {{harvtxt|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=246–249, from note 385 onwards}} refers to various notions of "self" or "soul" rejected by early Buddhism; several Buddhist texts record Samkhya-like notions of Atman c.q. consciousness being different from the body, and liberation is the recognition of this difference.
* {{harvtxt|Javanaud|2013}}: "When Buddhists assert the doctrine of 'no-self', they have a clear conception of what a self would be. The self Buddhists deny would have to meet the following criteria: it would (i) retain identity over time, (ii) be permanent (that is, enduring), and (iii) have 'controlling powers' over the parts of a person. Yet through empirical investigation, Buddhists conclude that there is no such thing. 'I' is commonly used to refer to the mind/body integration of the five skandhas, but when we examine these, we discover that in none alone are the necessary criteria for self met, and as we've seen, the combination of them is a convenient fiction [...] Objectors to the exhaustiveness claim often argue that for discovering the self the Buddhist commitment to empirical means is mistaken. True, we cannot discover the self in the five skandhas, precisely because the self is that which is beyond or distinct from the five skandhas. Whereas Buddhists deny the self on grounds that, if it were there, we would be able to point it out, opponents of this view, including Sankara of the Hindu Advaita Vedanta school, are not at all surprised that we cannot point out the self; for the self is that which does the pointing rather than that which is pointed at. Buddha defended his commitment to the empirical method on grounds that, without it, one abandons the pursuit of knowledge in favour of speculation."
Liberation (nirvana) is not attained by a "self," but is the release of anything that could be "self":
* {{harvtxt|Collins1990|p=82}}: "It is at this point that the differences [between Upanishads and Abhidharma] start to become marked. There is no central self which animates the impersonal elements. The concept of nirvana (Pali ''nibbana''), although similarly the criterion according to which ethical judgements are made and religious life assessed, is not the liberated state of a self. Like all other things and concepts (''dhamma'') it is ''anatta'', not-self [in Buddhism]."
* {{harvtxt|McClelland|2010|pp=16–18}}: "Anatman/Anatta. Literally meaning no (an-) self or soul (-atman), this Buddhist term applies to the denial of a metaphysically changeless, eternal and autonomous soul or self. (...) The early canonical Buddhist view of nirvana sometimes suggests a kind of extinction-like (kataleptic) state that automatically encourages a metaphysical no-soul (self)."</ref>


<ref group=note name="Atman_definition">Definitions:
* Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141230210157/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman Atman]'': "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul";
* John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192800947}}, ''Atman'': "the real or true Self";
* W.J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198610250}}, See entry for Atman (self).
* Encyclopedia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/atman Atman]: Atman, (Sanskrit: "self," "breath") one of the most basic concepts in Hinduism, the universal self, identical with the eternal core of the personality that after death either transmigrates to a new life or attains release (moksha) from the bonds of existence."
* {{harvtxt|Shepard|1991}}: "Usually translated "Soul" but better rendered "Self.""
* John Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN| 0791430685}}, ''Atman'': "breath" (from the verb root at = "to breathe"); inner Self, the Reality which is the substrate of the individual and identical with the Absolute (''Brahman'').
* The Presence of Shiva (1994), [[Stella Kramrisch]], Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|9780691019307}}, ''Atma'' (Glossary) p. 470 "the Self, the inmost Self or, the life principle"</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

;Printed sources
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* {{citation|last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes |year=2009|title= Buddhist Teaching in India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ|publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn= 978-0-86171-811-5}}

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;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=

<ref group=web name="EB_Atman">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/atman Atman] Britannica, Atman
Hindu philosophy</ref>

<ref group=web name=dougharper>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=atman Atman] Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2012)</ref>
}}

==External links==
* A. S. Woodburne (1925), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1195422 The Idea of God in Hinduism], The Journal of Religion, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan., 1925), pages 52–66
* K. L. Seshagiri Rao (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397823 On Truth: A Hindu Perspective], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pages 377-382
* Norman E. Thomas (1988), [http://mis.sagepub.com/content/16/2/149.full.pdf+html Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy], Missiology, Vol. 16, No. 2, pages 149-162

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atman (Hinduism)}}
[[Category:Conceptions of self]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

Jaban (film)

2026-03-07T06:24:46Z

Shilpi: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|1972 Bengali film by Palash Banerjee}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''''Jaban''''' ({{Translation|Tongue}}) is a 1972 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] romantic [[drama film]] directed by Palash Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaban (1972) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306051043/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2021|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bacchan]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/did-you-know-this-about-amitabh-bachchan/|title=Did you know this about Amitabh Bachchan?|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 October 2010|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bachchan-amitabh-1942-shri-amitabh-bachchan|title=Bachchan, Amitabh 1942|website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Binu and Laxmi love each other. They want to marry but Laxmi's uncle sells her to Janardan, who sends her to a brothel. Binu is framed for theft and sent to prison.

==Cast==
* [[Samit Bhanja]] as Binu
* [[Radha Saluja]] as Laxmi
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (Guest appearance)
* [[Dharmendra]] (Guest appearance)
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] (Guest appearance)
* [[Biswajit Chatterjee]] (Guest appearance)
* [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]]
* [[Kajal Gupta]]
* [[Chinmoy Roy]]
* [[Anubha Gupta]]
* Dilip Roy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jaban-movie-cast-crew/14117|title=Jaban (1972 - Bengali)|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109135103/http://www.gomolo.com/jaban-movie-cast-crew/14117|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0068753}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1972 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1972 drama films]]

{{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Mussanjeya Gelathi

2026-03-06T03:58:53Z

Shilpi: Made A Info...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mussanjeya Gelathi
| image = Mussanjeya Gelathi.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = B P Srinivas
| producer = B P Srinivas
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*B P Srinivas
*Shalini Srinivas
}}
| narrator =
| music = A M Neel
| cinematography = S Sathish Kumar
| editing = [[Srikanth (Kannada film editor)|H S Srikanth T Thota]] C Ravichandran
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|09|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mussanjeya Gelathi''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed and produced by B P Srinivas starring himself and his daughter, Shalini Srinivas, in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Aug/03/no-time-to-waste-on-gossips-74282.html|title=No time to waste on gossips|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/May/19/father-daughter-film-in-the-eye-of-a-storm-50462.html|title=Father-daughter film in the eye of a storm|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

==Cast==

* B P Srinivas as Manjunatha Rao
* Shalini Srinivas as Pallavi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/May/12/real-daughter-reel-lover-48572.html|title=Real daughter, reel lover|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=12 May 2009}}</ref>
* Gaurav Venkatesh
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* Navaneeth Srinivas
* Ganashree
* Maina Chandru
* Suma Rao
* Vanishree

==Production==
BP Srinivas wanted to cast [[Anant Nag]] for the lead role but instead played the role himself. He had previously acted in a negative role in ''Varasdara'' (2008). His daughter, Shalini, a PU II student of [[Krupanidhi Group of Institutions|Kripanidhi College]], Koramangala acted as his love interest. This is reportedly the first time that a real life father and daughter acted as a romantic pair in a film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/father-is-hero-daughter-heroine/articleshow/4163256.cms|title=Father is hero, daughter is heroine|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2009|access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Mussanjeya Gelathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A M Neel
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:36
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| E9k0qrt2aiI| Mussanjeya Gelathi - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:36
| title1 = Ararare Birugaali
| extra1 =Bhavya, Neel
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Ho Manje Nee
| extra2 =Lakshmi
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = Neene Naanu
| extra3 =Neel, Supriya Ramakrishna
| length3 = 4:19
| title4 = Ninna Maathu
| extra4 =Neel
| length4 = 1:54
| title5 = Ninna Mouna
| extra5 =Neel
| length5 = 1:53
| title6 = Mussanje Gelathi Theme
| extra6 =Neel
| length6 = 4:16
| title7 = Tutiya Anchalli
| extra7 =Neel
| length7 = 4:51
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "For one, Srinivas has taken on too many responsibilities. While he shines as a director, as an actor he's not that good. Another drawback of the film is his daughter Shalini, who doesn't suit the role of a student. Mussanjeya Gelathi has a bold story which could have been executed in a better fashion".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-mussanjeya-gelathi/20090904.htm|title=Mussanjeya Gelathi: Bold subject, weak execution|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 September 2009|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830102528/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-mussanjeya-gelathi/20090904.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> BS Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Mussanje Gelathi is bereft of direction though the producer takes credit for the same. He seems to have had a great picnic, at the expense of the viewers. This Mussanje Gelathi will neither dispel darkness nor fear".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/23429/mussanje-gelathi.html|title=Mussanje Gelathi|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 September 2009|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830102602/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/23429/mussanje-gelathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Sadly, Srinivas is the biggest drawback of the film. He makes a decent effort in directing the film, but fails as an actor. With a seasoned actor in his place, the film might have gone places. Aided by some sedate scenes, Mussanje Gelati ends up with only two stars".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mussanje-gelati-interesting-but-cold/articleshow/22056118.cms|title=Mussanje Gelati: Interesting but cold|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=3 September 2009}}</ref> Manju Shettar from [[Mid-Day]] wrote "Gaurav and Shalini's acting is good. Music is catchy and camera work is beautiful. Srinivas's acting does not impress the audience and dialogues are stale. Verdict: Watch it if you want to face a lot of confusion!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Film-review--Mussanjeya-Gelathi-56503|title=Film review: Mussanjeya Gelathi|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Vikramaditya (film)

2026-03-03T23:09:40Z

Shilpi: Created some details from scratch

{{Short description|1945 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vikramaditya
| image = Vikramaditya_1945.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Vijay Bhatt]]
| producer = "Vijay-Shankar" Bhatt
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]|[[Prem Adib]]|[[Baburao Pendharkar]]|Ratnamala}}
| music = Shankar Rao Vyas
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Prakash Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1945}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vikramaditya''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1945|1945]] [[Hindi]] [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Vijay Bhatt]] for his banner [[Prakash Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/vikramaditya-movie/1339|title=Vikramaditya (1945)|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115095658/http://www.gomolo.com/vikramaditya-movie/1339|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA11-PA1994-IA1|access-date=15 January 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=11–}}</ref> The title role of the King of [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]], [[Chandragupta II|Vikramaditya]], was played by [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], who had made a name for himself as a good actor by then and was extremely popular.<ref name=Tehelka>{{cite web|last1=Ausaja|first1=S M M|title=Romancing The Reel|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main37.asp?filename=Ws010308Romancing.asp|website=archive.tehelka.com|publisher=Anant Media Pvt. Ltd. Tehelka.com|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204132116/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main37.asp?filename=Ws010308Romancing.asp|archive-date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was made as a result of Bhatt's interest in history and on the request of the Vikram Bimillenium Committee, celebrating the 2000 years of the King Vikramaditya according to the [[Vikram Samvat]], Hindu calendar. The film-maker concentrated on factual history rather than fiction for his story.<ref name="DwyerDwyer2006">{{cite book|author1=Rachel Dwyer|author2=Senior Lecturer in Indian Studies Rachel Dwyer|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA35|access-date=14 January 2015|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-38070-1|pages=35–}}</ref><ref name=Bhatt>{{cite web|last1=Pathak|first1=Pauravi|title=Vijay Bhatt, Spotlight-Phase 2|url=http://www.vijaybhatt.net/spotlight_phase2.html|website=vijaybhatt.net|publisher=Pauravi Pathak|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> The music direction was by Shankar Rao Vyas with the lyricists being Ramesh Gupta and Roopdas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/vikramaditya.htm |title=Vikramaditya (1945)|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor, Prem Adib, Baburao Pendharkar, Ratnamala, Bhagwandas and Ranjana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film373394.htm|title=Vikramaditya|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

The story revolves around the king [[Chandragupta II|Vikramaditya]], who promises to save the princess of [[Kashmir]], appoints [[Kalidas]] as court-poet, and his fight against the [[Indo-Scythians|Shakas]] ([[Scythians]]).

==Plot==
The Shakas (Scythians) have invaded and defeated the Kashmir region. The Kashmiri princess Shreelakha, is on the run to avoid captivity and unwanted attention of Shakraj. The Shakas have already managed to capture several areas in India and the princess is finding it difficult to find refuge. She meets Kalidas the poet, who tells her to ask for shelter from King Vikramaditya, the ruler of Avanti. Kalidas, through his poetry impresses Madhvi, the daughter of Acharya Varamihir and she makes it possible for them to meet Vikramaditya. The King appoints Kalidas as the court poet. The princess asks for refuge and war against the Shakas. When Vikramaditya promises to do so he is met with opposition from his Minister, Vaital. Vaital on being rebuffed by the King then incites the people against the princess and tries to poison her. After several incidents involving the honesty of the King and his travails, the people think that Vaital has poisoned the King and the princess. The magnanimity and valour of the King is shown when he fights the Shakas, killing Shakaraj and releasing Shreelekha's father from captivity and restoring his kingdom.

==Cast==
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* Ratnamala
* Baburao Pendharkar
* [[Prem Adib]]
* Ranjana
* Bhagwandas
* Jilloobai

==Soundtrack==
Music Director was Shankar Rao Vyas and the lyricists were Ramesh Gupta and Roopdas. The singers were Rajkumari, [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[G. M. Durrani]], [[Manna Dey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myswar.com/album/vikramaditya-1945|title=Vikramaditya (1945)|publisher=MySwar.com|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219032127/http://myswar.com/album/vikramaditya-1945|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer !! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Hai Gagan Mein"
| Rajkumari, [[Manna Dey]]
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 2
| "Om Jai Jai Shankar"
| [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[G. M. Durrani]], Manna Dey
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 3
| "Ajab Hai Kudrat Ki Maya"
| Manna Dey
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 4
| "Ek Chakori Dev Pe Apne"
| Manna Dey
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 5
| "Shambho Mahadev Shankar"
| [[G. M. Durrani]]
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 6
| "Tej Phoonk Do Aaj"
| Manna Dey
| Roopdas
|-
| 7
| "Jai Jai Se Goonj Utha Bharat"
| Amirbai Karnataki
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 8
| "Om Jai Jai Shankar" (Male)
| Manna Dey
| Ramesh Gupta
|-
| 9
| "Neel Gagan Hai"
| Manna Dey
| Roopdas
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0157162|title =Vikramaditya (1945) }}

{{Vijay Bhatt}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Bhatt]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:1940s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1940s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Grahana (film)

2026-03-03T22:21:29Z

Shilpi: started a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Grahana
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|producer = D. Rame Gowda D. Shivaram D. Venkatesh
|writer = Kodalli Shivaram
|screenplay = T. S. Ranga [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|narrator =
|starring = [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] Malathi Rao [[S. Sathyendra|Sathyendra]]
|music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|cinematography = [[S. Ramachandra]]
|editing = J. Stanley
|distributor = Harsha Pictures
|released = {{Film date|1978}}
|runtime = 101 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Grahana''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಗ್ರಹಣ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Eclipse}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]] and starring [[G. K. Govinda Rao]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/arts-books-culture/govinda-rao-actor-teacher-and-bard-lover-1043263.html | title=Govinda Rao: Actor, teacher and Bard lover |work=[[Deccan Herald]]| date=23 October 2021 }}</ref>

At the [[26th National Film Awards]], the film was awarded the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (T. S. Ranga and [[T. S. Nagabharana]]).

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
==Cast==
* [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as Narase Gowda
* Malathi Rao as Narase Gowda's wife
* [[S. Sathyendra|Sathyendra]] as Puttaswamy Gowda

== Production ==
The film was initially conceived as a documentary before becoming a feature film. The film was mostly shot in the Honganuru village, where Nagabharana's grandfather had a house. Shooting progressed based on the number of [[Negative_(photography)#Negative_film|negatives]] available similar to how it was done in theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-story-for-all-times/article19905312.ece|title=A story for all times|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 October 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831073831/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-story-for-all-times/article19905312.ece|archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
'''[[26th National Film Awards|National Film Awards 1978]]'''
* Best Film on [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|National Integration]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – T S Ranga, T S Nagabharana

'''[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1978-79'''
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|First Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer (B&W)]] – [[S. Ramachandra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}

[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. Nagabharana]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1978 directorial debut films]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Mayapur

2026-02-27T09:10:51Z

Shilpi: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Village in Nadia district, West Bengal}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =Mayapur-India-2023.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|Chandrodaya Mandir]] of Mayapur
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4382755|N|88.3928686|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741313
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 3472
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Mayapur''' ({{IAST|Mayāpura}})<ref>{{Cite web|year=1895|title=THE CALCUTTA REVIEW VOL.101|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13846|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Internet Archive|publisher=Thomas S. Smith, City Press|page=Critical Notations- xli|language=en|location=Kolkata}}</ref> is a pilgrimage town in the [[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is situated at the [[confluence]] of the [[Jalangi River]] and the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], a [[distributary]] of the [[Ganges]]. The area is considered spiritually significant by followers and devotees of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]].

== Etymology ==
The name ''Mayapur'' is derived from ''Miyapur'' ({{langx|bn|মিঞাপুর}} {{IPA|bn|Miñāpura|}}), which is the Bengali name of a village known for being settled by [[Muslims|Muslim]] fishermen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Varuni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=824sDwAAQBAJ|title=Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=190|isbn=978-0-19-068624-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mondal|first=Mrityunjay|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.457266/mode/2up|title=Chaitanyadeb|publisher=Patra Bharati|year=2012|location=kolkata|pages=202}}</ref> The name ''Miyapur'' was mentioned in various government documents, including maps and surveys.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Satyendranath|year=1937|title=শ্রীগৌরাঙ্গদেবের জন্মস্থান|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.pdf|access-date=2020-07-28|website=bn.wikisource.org|page=30|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==History==
{{OSM Location map
| width=210| height=200| zoom=13
| coord={{coord|23.41|N|88.37|E}}| float=right|caption='''Nabadwip-Mayapur''' R: temple, F: facility, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23.409535|N|88.370211|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Poramatala temple complex| numbered1=R | mark-title1=Poramatala temple complex (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=12| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23.413048|N|88.369211|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Mahaprabhutala temple complex| mark-title2= Mahaprabhutala temple complex (R)| numbered2=R|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|23.407578|N|88.372018|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Sribas Angan temple complex| numbered3=R| mark-title3= Sribas Angan temple complex (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23.411087|N|88.372642|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dwadash Shiva temple| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Dwadash Shiva temple (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23.4128641|N|88.3636111|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Buro Shiva temple| numbered5=R| mark-title5= Buro Shiva temple (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23.4249|N|88.3906|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= ISKCON temple| numbered6=R| mark-title6= ISKCON temple (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23.426424|N|88.370685|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Birthplace of Mahaprabhu| numbered7=H| mark-title7= Birthplace of Mahaprabhu (H) |shape-color7=#AA6666
|mark-coord8={{coord|23.397629|N|88.364484|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Manipur Rajbari| numbered8=H| mark-title8= Manipur Rajbari (H) |shape-color8=#AA6666
|mark-coord9={{coord|23.4143855|N|88.3599413|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birthplace of Bishnupriya| numbered9=H| mark-title9= Birthplace of Bishnupriya (H) |shape-color9=#AA6666
|mark-coord10={{coord|23.397909|N|88.356824|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Nabadwip Dham RS | numbered10=F| mark-title10= [[Nabadwip Dham railway station]] (F) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23.4141774|N|88.3553402|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Bishnupriya RS | numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[Bishnupriya railway station]] (F) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23.402845|N|88.359104|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Nabadwip bus stand | numbered12=F| mark-title12= Nabadwip bus stand (F) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23.386354|N|88.365653|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Gouranga Setu| numbered13=F| mark-title13= Gouranga Setu (F) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23.4001|N|88.3765|E}}|label14= Hooghly River| label-color14= #77A1CB| label-angle14=-70| label-pos14=top| label-size14=11| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23.4159|N|88.3906|E}}|label15= Jalangi River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=-18| label-pos15=top| label-size15=11| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.4327|N|88.3513|E}}|label16= Horse Shoe Lake| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=0| label-pos16=top| label-size16=11| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none}}

{{See also|Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Bhaktivinoda Thakur}}
The region is associated with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, a known figure in Gaudiya Vaishnavism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=Journey in Comfort with Driver for Outstation Gurgaon to Mayapur - August 12, 2023 |url=https://carchalak.com/driver-for-outstation-gurgaon-to-mayapur/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Followers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism believe that [[Krishna]] appeared along with his brother [[Balarama]], as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda Prabhu]]. These two brothers appeared just for the fallen conditioned souls of this [[Kali Yuga]] to bestow upon them the blessings of Harinama Sankirtan based on the teachings of [[Bhagvad Gita]] and [[Shrimad Bhagavatam]]. Mayapur is where the Material and Spiritual Worlds meet. Just as there is no difference between Lord Chaitanya and Lord Krishna, similarly there is no difference between Shridham Mayapur and [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-26|title=Narottam.com - Lectures and Kirtans by Indradyumna Swami|url=https://narottam.com/2018/10/there-is-no-difference-between-vrindavan-and-mayapur-opening-address-kartik-parikrama-2018/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Narottam.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Temples and memorials==
There are several [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] organizations in Mayapur. The headquarters of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) is also situated here. The town is heavily centered on this particular [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] religious tradition, with temples devoted to [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] or [[Caitanya Mahaprabhu|Gaura]]-[[Nityananda|Nitai]] throughout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISKCON {{!}} Mayapur.com |url=https://www.mayapur.com/iskcon/ |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>

In the 1880s, at the birth site of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] established the Yogapith temple, a white ornate structure with a pyramidal pointed dome standing on the bank of a pond and surrounded by trees.

The Gaudiya-Vaishnava devotees every year [[Circumambulation|circumambulate]] the various places of Lord Chaitanya's pastimes in the group of nine islands known as [[Nabadwip]]. This Parikrama (circumambulation) takes about 7 days. This event takes place around the [[Gaura-purnima|Gaur Purnima]] Festival (Appearance Day of Lord Sree Chaitanya Mahaprabhu). Devotees from all over the world come to Mayapur for this auspicious Parikrama to celebrate the Lord's Divine Appearance Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaura Purnima – Navadwip Mandal Parikrama {{!}} Mayapur.com |url=https://www.mayapur.com/serve-mayapur/gaura-purnima-navadwip-mandal-parikrama/ |access-date=2025-01-17}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|alt=A white ornate structure with a pyramidal pointed dome standing on the bank of a pond and surrounded by trees|Yogapith temple at Mayapur, established by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] in the 1880s.
File:Idols of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, Jagannath, Balarama, Subhadra and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu at the Temple of the Vedic Planetarium (ISKCON Mayapur) in Mayapur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.jpg|Idols of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, [[Jagannath]], Balarama, Subhadra and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] at the Temple of the Vedic Planetarium (ISKCON Mayapur).
</gallery>

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
[[Kolkata]] is approximately 100 km from Mayapur. The nearest airport is [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]. The region can be accessed by road and rail, and the nearest railway station is [[Nabadwip Dham]].There are local trains from howrah regularly

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Mayapur Ferry ghat at Mayapur, Nadia 02.jpg|Mayapur Ferry ghat
Samadhi Mandir of Srila Prabhupada, Mayapur 07102013 04.jpg|Samadhi Mandir of [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Srila Prabhupada]]
Main gate of ISKCON, Mayapur 07102013.jpg|Main gate of ISKCON Mayapur
Crossing the Jalangi river at Mayapur.JPG|The Ganges river at Mayapur
ISKCON Campus - Mayapur - Nadia 2017-08-15 2005.JPG|ISKCON Campus
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Nabadwip]]
* [[Nrisingha Temple, Nadia]]
* [[Nityananda]]
* [[Vrindavan]]
* [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}

* {{citation
|last = Dasa |first = Shukavak N.
|title = Hindu Encounter with Modernity: Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda, Vaiṣṇava Theologian
|year = 1999
|publisher = Sanskrit Religions Institute
|place = Los Angeles, CA
|isbn = 1-889756-30-X
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KHvXAAAAMAA
|edition = revised, illustrated
|access-date = 31 January 2014
}}
* {{cite thesis
|last = Fuller |first = Jason Dale
|title = Bhaktivinode Thakur and the transformation of religious authority among the Gauḍīya Vaisṣṇavas In nineteenth-century Bengal
|type = Ph.D.
|url = http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3179733/
|year = 2005
|publisher = University of Pennsylvania
|access-date = 8 June 2014
|id = UMI Microform 3179733
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.gosai.com/chaitanya/pilgrimages/mayapur/ Yoga-Pitha - Holy birthplace of Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311120453/http://gosai.com/chaitanya/pilgrimages/mayapur/ |date=11 March 2011 }}
* [http://www.remembermayapur.com Mayapur in photos & video clips]
* [http://www.mayapur.com Sri Mayapur Dham, ISKCON Mayapur main site]
* [http://www.iskcon.org.uk/mayapur_design/ ISKCON Mayapur Design Archive]
* [http://www.salagram.net/sstp-Mayapur.html Murtis in ISKCON Mayapur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011231313/http://www.salagram.net/sstp-Mayapur.html |date=11 October 2008 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050925075024/http://www.dharmakshetra.com/holy%20land/mayapura.html Mayapur/Navadvipa]
* [https://www.gangasagar-tourism.com/ MayaPur Dham Yatra]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Nadia District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nadia district]]

Amritsar North Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:04:02Z

Shilpi: small changes

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amritsar North
| map_image = 15-Amritsar North.svg
| mla = [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:202095}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 15
}}
'''Amritsar North Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 15) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> Its Member of Legislative Assembly is [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritsar North Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/amritsar-north.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Satya Pal
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1952^
|Chandan Lal
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1957-77 : Constituency defunct''}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Harbans Lal Khanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Brij Bhushan Mehra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Faqir Chand Sharma
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|[[Baldev Raj Chawla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Jugal Kishore Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anil Joshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sunil Dutti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Amritsar North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:58133}}
|percentage = 46.98
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Anil Joshi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:29815}}
|percentage = 24.09
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sunil Dutti]]
|votes = {{formatnum:18983}}
|percentage = 15.34
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukhwinder Singh Pintu
|votes = {{formatnum:13865}}
|percentage = 11.2
|change = 26.9 {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:804}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:28318}}
|percentage = 22.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:123752}}
|percentage = 61.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:202365}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Amritsar North<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/20|title= Amritsar North Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sunil Dutti]]
|votes = 59,212
|percentage = 50.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anil Joshi]]
|votes = 44,976
|percentage = 38.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Manish Aggarwal
|votes = 10,966
|percentage = 9.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:972}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14236}}
|percentage = 12.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:117112}}
|percentage = 67.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:175908}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Prev. Results===
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.66|74.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

Siddhartha Lal

2026-02-12T02:44:31Z

Shilpi: Created initial stub needs work

{{short description|Indian businessman (born 1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddhartha Lal
| image = Siddhartha Lal, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Eicher Motors, India, at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Lal in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1973|10}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[The Doon School]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Cranfield University]] ([[Postgraduate diploma|PgD]]) [[University of Leeds]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]])<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Siddhartha Lal PGDME, MSc (Automotive Engg.)|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=27 November 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=10869608&privcapId=8983678|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112308/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=10869608&privcapId=8983678|url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = Businessman
| years_active = 1999–
| known_for = Revival of [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]]<ref name="The man who turned around Royal Enfield">{{cite news|title=The man who turned around Royal Enfield|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=24 September 2015|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/two-wheelers/news/meet-siddhartha-lal-the-man-who-turned-around-royal-enfield-into-eicher-motors-profit-engine/articleshow/46461712.cms?curpg=2|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308214731/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/two-wheelers/news/meet-siddhartha-lal-the-man-who-turned-around-royal-enfield-into-eicher-motors-profit-engine/articleshow/46461712.cms?curpg=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
| title = Executive Chairman, [[Eicher Motors]] Chairman & MD, VE Commercial Vehicles Limited<ref name="Profile"/><ref name=Biography>{{cite web|title=Siddhartha Lal, Eicher Motors Ltd|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/15421171-siddhartha-lal|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|accessdate=27 November 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094055/http://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/15421171-siddhartha-lal|url-status=live}}</ref>
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Natasha Lal<ref name=Ramani>{{cite web|last1=Ramani|first1=Priya|title=Siddhartha Lal | The Bulletproof man|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J3OseYSfMm8kPUAtuojqHL/Siddhartha-Lal--The-Bulletproof-man.html|website=Livemint|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|accessdate=29 November 2015|date=10 September 2010|archive-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165448/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J3OseYSfMm8kPUAtuojqHL/Siddhartha-Lal--The-Bulletproof-man.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sood>{{cite news|last1=Sood|first1=Varun|last2=Chopra|first2=Ritika|last3=Thakkar|first3=Ketan|title=AAP's leftist leanings fail to dissuade India Inc; donations pour in for Arvind Kejriwal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-21/news/49291111_1_arvind-kejriwal-aap-leaders-aap-sources|access-date=29 November 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=21 April 2014|quote=AAP's last biggest donation came from Natasha Lal, wife of Eicher Group head Siddhartha Lal, who gave Rs 50 lakh last week.|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141916/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-21/news/49291111_1_arvind-kejriwal-aap-leaders-aap-sources|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| children =
| father = [[Vikram Lal]]
| website = {{URL|
https://www.eicher.in/about-us/siddhartha-lal|Siddhartha Lal}}
}}

'''Siddhartha Vikram Lal''' (born October 1973) is an Indian businessman. The son of businessman [[Vikram Lal]], Siddhartha Lal is the executive chairman of [[Eicher Motors]], a director of Eicher Goodearth and chairman and MD of VE Commercial Vehicles.<ref name="Profile"/> Lal is known for the [[Turnaround management|turnaround]] and revival of [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]].<ref name="The man who turned around Royal Enfield"/><ref name="The Bulletproof man">{{cite news |last=Ramani |first=Priya |date=10 September 2010 |title=The Bulletproof man |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J3OseYSfMm8kPUAtuojqHL/Siddhartha-Lal--The-Bulletproof-man.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144200/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J3OseYSfMm8kPUAtuojqHL/Siddhartha-Lal--The-Bulletproof-man.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |accessdate=24 September 2015 |publisher=Mint}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Siddhartha Vikram Lal is the son of [[Vikram Lal]], who was the founder and chief executive officer of [[Eicher Motors]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blankfeld|first1=Keren|last2=Chung|first2=Grace|last3=Doebele|first3=Justin|last4=Flannery|first4=Russell|last5=Jetley|first5=Neerja Pawha|last6=Karmali|first6=Naazneen|title=Lal family|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/lal/|accessdate=27 November 2015|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|date=7 October 2015|quote=Lal family on Forbes Lists #40 Asia's Richest Families (2015)|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165952/http://www.forbes.com/profile/lal/|url-status=live}}</ref> He has a sister, Simran Lal.<ref name="Hussain">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Shabana |date=21 October 2014 |title=The homemakers: Leading home décor brand Good Earth is a labour of love |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/live/the-homemakers-leading-home-d%C3%A9cor-brand-good-earth-is-a-labour-of-love/38841/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071840/http://forbesindia.com/article/live/the-homemakers-leading-home-d%C3%A9cor-brand-good-earth-is-a-labour-of-love/38841/0 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |accessdate=30 November 2015 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> Like his father, Siddhartha attended [[The Doon School]] for his secondary education. After completing his secondary education in 1994, Lal attended [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] of the [[University of Delhi]] for a bachelor's degree in [[economics]].<ref name=":1" /> Between 1996 and 1998, he attained a [[postgraduate diploma]] in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Cranfield University]], and a master's degree in [[automotive engineering]] from the [[University of Leeds]] in [[England]].<ref name="Profile"/><ref name=Reuters>{{cite web|title=Lal, Siddhartha|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=EICH.NS&officerId=752297|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208083142/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=EICH.NS&officerId=752297|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|website=Reuters India|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Lal, after completing his education, started working with [[MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG]]. Before he joined [[Eicher Motors]], his father, Vikram, sent him to Europe to interact with [[Royal Enfield]] [[motorcycle]] importers in the continent.<ref name=":0" /> Lal joined Eicher Motors in 1999, working in various capacities in the Eicher tractor division and he also created the company's [[geographic information system]] and [[map]]s division.<ref name=":1" />

Lal then became CEO of Royal Enfield in 2000 (at the age of 26).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Ajay |date=10 February 2016 |title=Firing on all cylinders |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/firing-on-all-cylinders-116021000052_1.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928000017/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/firing-on-all-cylinders-116021000052_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Keshadev |first=V |date=5 August 2021 |title=“The most difficult thing in business and in life is the ability to say, 'no, this doesn't work'” |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/magazine/business/story/the-most-difficult-thing-in-business-and-in-life-is-the-ability-to-say-no-this-doesnt-work-6309 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> Initially, Lal's responsibility as CEO of Royal Enfield, which was on the verge of being sold due to the company's problems, was to fix the unit's products, financial and operational issues.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Vinita |date=1 December 2022 |title=Siddhartha Lal: An Indian Powerhouse On Two Wheels |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/magazine/business/story/siddhartha-lal-an-indian-powerhouse-on-two-wheels-6676 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> From 2000 to 2004, he worked out of Royal Enfield's headquarters in [[Chennai]], introducing cost-cutting measures and product upgrades.<ref name="Sinha">{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Vivek|title=Enfield strikes at Lightning, to fly Thunderbird|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-09-28/news/27329902_1_royal-enfield-motors-siddhartha-lal-new-model|access-date=30 October 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|date=28 September 2002|quote=Manufacturing at the Jaipur plant, which has a capacity to produce 13,000 mobikes, is under suspension and according to the plan it is expected to resume operations as soon as the Chennai plant achieves full capacity utilisation.|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018034419/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-09-28/news/27329902_1_royal-enfield-motors-siddhartha-lal-new-model|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Madhavan" /> "Honestly, at age 26, it seemed a fun thing to do. I could eat, sleep, ride and talk motorcycles," Lal said in a 2015 interview.<ref name="Karmali" /> To solve the issues in Royal Enfield, Lal brought in a new client servicing team to address the concerns of motorcycle dealers and he used his engineering knowledge to improve the motorcycle engines, which resulted in the company increasing its sales.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2004, Lal was appointed as the [[chief operating officer]] (COO) of Eicher Motors.<ref name="Karmali">{{cite news|last1=Karmali|first1=Naazneen|title=India's Vintage Motorcycle Royal Enfield Is On Full Throttle|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2015/06/24/indias-vintage-motorcycle-royal-enfield-is-on-full-throttle/|accessdate=27 November 2015|work=Forbes Asia|date=July 2015|quote=In 2004 he took charge of running the group, which was then a collective of several businesses. He sold all but two, including the legacy tractor unit, to focus on motorcycles and trucks.|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003173647/http://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2015/06/24/indias-vintage-motorcycle-royal-enfield-is-on-full-throttle/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, he sold 13 of the 15 businesses of Eicher Motors and decided to allocate resources to Royal Enfield and the [[truck]]s business.<ref name=":2" /> Lal took this decision as he thought that in these two businesses, his business could become market leaders.<ref name=":2" /> In May 2006, Lal took over as the [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) and managing director (MD) of Eicher Motors.<ref name="Profile" /><ref name="Reuters" /> In 2008, he transferred Eicher Motors' truck business was transferred to VE Commercial Vehicles (VECV), which is a [[joint venture]] with [[Volvo]], a Swedish automotive company.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Lijee |date=9 September 2015 |title=Meet Siddhartha Lal, the man who turned around Royal Enfield into Eicher Motors' profit engine |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/meet-siddhartha-lal-the-man-who-turned-around-royal-enfield-into-eicher-motors-profit-engine/articleshow/46461712.cms? |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411070520/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/meet-siddhartha-lal-the-man-who-turned-around-royal-enfield-into-eicher-motors-profit-engine/articleshow/46461712.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Lal's reason for forming a joint venture with Volvo was to become one of the largest competitors in India's truck market.<ref name=":3" /> He also convinced Volvo to make its 160 hp to 300 hp engines for light and medium trucks through their joint venture by convincing Volvo of using the low engineering costs in India to help with the returns from the exports of the engines.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Surendar |first=T. |date=5 November 2011 |title=The talented Mr. Lal |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-talented-mr-lal/100961 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Fortune India |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123000353/https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-talented-mr-lal/100961 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Lal also secured a concession from Volvo, allowing Eicher Motors to use some of the engines that VECV was manufacturing for Volvo in Eicher Motors' heavy-duty vehicles in India.<ref name=":4" /> This was significant because Eicher Motors had faced challenges in developing its own engines for use in the company's trucks.<ref name=":4" /> In 2019, Lal stepped down as the CEO of Royal Enfield.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerji |first=Sumant |date=11 December 2012 |title=Bullet Raja |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/best-ceos-2019/story/bullet-raja-siddhartha-lal-md-eicher-motors-241078-2019-12-11 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2021, during the [[annual general meeting]] of Eicher Motors, shareholders of the company rejected Lal's reappointment as MD due to disagreements about an increase in his remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=20 August 2021 |title=Shareholders' activism: Why the Siddhartha Lal episode is a wake up call for all companies |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/shareholders-activism-why-the-siddhartha-lal-episode-is-a-wake-up-call-for-all-companies-304816-2021-08-20 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710084024/https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/shareholders-activism-why-the-siddhartha-lal-episode-is-a-wake-up-call-for-all-companies-304816-2021-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, Eicher Motors once again approached shareholders to reappoint Lal as MD and with a revised remuneration plan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baggonkar |first=Swaraj |date=27 September 2021 |title=Siddhartha Lal's pay: Eicher Motors approaches shareholders again |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/siddhartha-lals-pay-eicher-motors-approaches-shareholders-again-7511471.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903064746/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/siddhartha-lals-pay-eicher-motors-approaches-shareholders-again-7511471.html |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2021, the company's shareholders approved Lal’s reappointment as MD and his remuneration package for the next 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Vikas |date=26 October 2021 |title=Eicher Motors shareholders approve Siddhartha Lal's reappointment, remuneration for next 5 years |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/industry/eicher-motors-shareholders-approve-siddhartha-lals-reappointment-remuneration-for-next-5-years/2356841/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130054918/https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/industry/eicher-motors-shareholders-approve-siddhartha-lals-reappointment-remuneration-for-next-5-years/2356841/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2025, Lal was appointed as the Executive Chairman of Eicher Motors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Siddhartha Lal to be executive chairman of Eicher Motors |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-siddhartha-lal-to-be-executive-chairman-of-eicher-motors-3745315/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

===Positions held===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Company
|-
|Executive Chairman
|Eicher Motors
|-
| MD || Eicher Motors
|-
| Director || Eicher Goodearth Limited
|-
| Chairman || VE Commercial Vehicles
|-
| Director || Eicher Goodearth Holdings
|}

==Personal life==
Siddhartha Lal relocated from [[Delhi]]<ref name=Das>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Biprorshee|title=Royal Enfield customers have a different take on life, says CEO Siddhartha Lal|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/royal-enfield-customers-have-a-different-take-on-life-says-ceo-siddhartha-lal/articleshow/47183763.cms|accessdate=28 November 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510070653/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/royal-enfield-customers-have-a-different-take-on-life-says-ceo-siddhartha-lal/articleshow/47183763.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> to London,<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite news|last1=Madhavan|first1=N.|title=Siddhartha Lal: The braveheart|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2015/siddhartha-lal-the-braveheart/41235/0|accessdate=28 November 2015|work=[[Forbes India]]|date=16 October 2015|quote=He has unleashed a burst of activity in London to leverage its British heritage and design products (Royal Enfield has a development centre there) that appeal to the global audience.|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053959/http://forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2015/siddhartha-lal-the-braveheart/41235/0|url-status=live}}</ref> in August 2015, in order to be close to Royal Enfield's new [[R&D]] centre in [[Leicestershire]].<ref name=ETAuto>{{cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Lijee|title=Royal Enfield's Siddhartha Lal seeks to replicate India's success in overseas markets|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/motorcycles/royal-enfields-siddhartha-lal-seeks-to-replicate-indias-success-in-overseas-markets/49084494|accessdate=28 November 2015|work=ET Auto|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=24 September 2015|quote=The shift was surprising because Eicher, which owns the famous motorbike maker Royal Enfield, has a manufacturing base in Chennai and headquarters in Gurgaon.|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109004302/http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/motorcycles/royal-enfields-siddhartha-lal-seeks-to-replicate-indias-success-in-overseas-markets/49084494|url-status=live}}</ref> "We are in the process of developing engines for the international markets and lots of developmental work is happening in the UK. It is for that I have decided to move to the UK for one year," he said.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|title=Why Eicher Motors Siddhartha Lal Is Moving to UK|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-why-eicher-motors-siddhartha-lal-is-moving-to-uk-784214|accessdate=28 November 2015|work=[[NDTV Profit]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=22 July 2015|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127164802/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-why-eicher-motors-siddhartha-lal-is-moving-to-uk-784214|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DNA>{{cite news|title=Royal Enfield's Siddhartha Lal will move to UK to strengthen bike business|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-royal-enfield-s-siddhartha-lal-will-move-to-uk-to-strengthen-bike-business-2106990|accessdate=28 November 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=22 July 2015|archive-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209064219/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-royal-enfield-s-siddhartha-lal-will-move-to-uk-to-strengthen-bike-business-2106990|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Siddhartha}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cranfield University]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief operating officers]]
[[Category:Eicher Motors]]

Pooja Kanwal

2026-02-04T21:20:08Z

Shilpi: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pooja Kanwal
| image = Pooja kanwal 1.jpg
| occupation = [[Actress]], Anchor
| years_active = 2004{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Avinash Mahtani|6 November 2009}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|01|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
}}
'''Pooja Kanwal Mahtani''' (born 24 January 1982) is an Indian [[actress]] who has worked predominantly in [[Kannada-language]] films and Hindi television. She played lead roles in the Kannada films ''[[Seven O' Clock]]'' and ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Kannada film)|Tirupathi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |last2=Rajamani |first2=Radhika |last3=Vijayasarathy |first3=R. G. |date=14 June 2006 |title=Sudeep in Tirupathi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/14spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504074414/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/14spice.htm |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> She appeared in ''[[Palampur Express]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-have-no-regrets-about-declining-lead-roles-Pooja-Kanwal-Mahtani/articleshow/13080693.cms | title=After Palampur Express, I turned down a couple of lead roles and producers were really surprised. | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref> where she portrayed the lead role of Pawni. She is currently working with Aajtak & India Today Group.

==Personal life==
She is a daughter of [[Anita Kanwal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pooja Kanwal and her mother |url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3889841&page=26 |work=msn |date=30 May 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513063614/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3889841&page=26 |archive-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Pooja kanwal marriage.jpg|thumb|Pooja with husband Avinash on their marriage reception]]
On 6 November 2009 she married a Bandra-based jeweler, Avinash Mahtani.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2009/pooja-wedding-bells-260809.html|title = Wedding bells ring for Pooja Kanwal|date = 26 August 2009|access-date = 25 January 2014|archive-date = 2 February 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202215553/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2009/pooja-wedding-bells-260809.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai]]'' || Pari || [[Hindi]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20uff.htm|title=The magic of love!|date=19 May 2004|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Syed Firdaus|last=Ashraf}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006 || ''[[Seven O' Clock]]'' || Niveditha / Nithya / Neethu || [[Kannada]] || rowspan="7"|<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pooja-kanwal-on-palampur-express/20090616.htm|title=A dancer with Olympic dreams!|date=16 June 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Kannada film)|Tirupathi]]'' || Nandini || Kannada
|-
| ''Student'' || || Kannada
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mein Ek Din Laut Kay Aaoon Ga]]'' || Sheeza || [[Urdu]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Blue Oranges]]'' || Shalini || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''Jawani Zindabaad'' || Prabhjot || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' || || Kannada
|}

=== Television ===
* ''[[Palampur Express]]'' as Paavni<ref name="R"/>
* ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'' as Disha
* ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]'' (season 2)
* ''[[Na Bole Tum... Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' as Rashmi
* ''Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath'' as Simran Kaur
* ''[[Sanskaar - Dharohar Apno Ki]]'' (season 2) as Deepika
* ''[[Gulmohar Grand]]'' as Mayuri Jaitley/Mayuri Mehta
*''Saas Bahu Aur Betiyan'' as Host

=== Dubbing roles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Actress !! Character !! Dubbed Language !! Original Language !! Original year release !! Dubbed year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' || [[Brie Larson]] || [[Carol Danvers|Carol Danvers / Vers / Captain Marvel]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || Brie Larson || Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1651407}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanwal, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata

2026-01-30T23:30:42Z

Shilpi:

{{short description|1911 hymn by Rabindranth Tagore}}
{{About|the original hymn composed by Rabindranath Tagore|the national anthem of India|Jana Gana Mana}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

"'''Bharato Bhagyo Bidhata'''" ({{langx|bn|ভারত ভাগ্য বিধাতা|lit=Dispenser of India's destiny}}) is a five-stanza [[Brahmo]] hymn in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>http://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-bhagyo-bidhata-from-rajkahini-is-a-tagore-song-and-not-an-extended-version-of-the-national-anthem-1108614.html IBNLive.com The original Tagore song – "Not a single note of the original Rabindranath Tagore composition has been altered"</ref> It was composed and scored by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1911. The first stanza of the song has been adopted as the [[Jana Gana Mana|National Anthem of India]].<ref name = "Sabyasachi Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|title=Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation|date=2011|publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0670084555|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC|quote=Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On 12 December 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was actually sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day’s proceedings. Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/|title=Untitled Document|website=satyashodh.com}}</ref><ref name="anthem">{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=6|title=National Anthem – National Symbols – Know India. Nation Portal of Government of India.|website=knowindia.gov.in|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115004029/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=6|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History of "Jana Gana Mana"==
The poem was first sung on the second day of the annual session of the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]] in [[Calcutta]] on 27 December 1911. The song was performed by [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani|Sarala Devi Chowdhurani]], [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore's]] niece, along with a group of school students, in front of prominent Congress Members like [[Bishan Narayan Dar|Bishan Narayan Dhar]], Indian National Congress President and [[Ambica Charan Mazumdar|Ambika Charan Majumdar]].

In 1912 the song was published under the title "Bharat Bhagya Bidhata" in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] and of which Tagore was the Editor.

Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the [[Rabindranath Tagore]] himself at a session in [[Besant Theosophical College]] in [[Madanapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 28 February 1919. The song enthralled the college authorities and they adopted the English version of the song as their prayer song which is still sang today. Tagore made the first English translation of the song at Madanapalle.

On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]] assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on 14 August 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of "Jana Gana Mana".

The members of the Indian Delegation to the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] held in [[New York City]] in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.

"[[Jana Gana Mana]]" was officially proclaimed as [[Indian national anthem|India's National Anthem]] by the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting Facts About Our National Anthem|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|accessdate=24 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923183211/http://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
The English translation below has been adapted from an unverifiable source.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanyal.com/india/janagana.html |title=All 5 stanzas of Jana Gana Mana with Bengali script |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625091314/http://www.sanyal.com/india/janagana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some changes have been made to both the translation and romanization.

{| class="wikitable"
!Bengali original
![[Romanisation of Bengali]] {{nowrap|([[ISO 15919]])}}
!IPA transcription
!English translation
|-
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{lang|bn|italics=no|জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Janaganamana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā|[[Sanskrit]] transliteration "Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā"}}!
Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa{{efn|name=Drāviṛa|Sanskrit transliteration "Drāviṛa"}} Utkala Baṅga{{efn|name=Vaṅga|Sanskrit transliteration "Vaṅga"}}
Bindhya{{efn|name=Vindhya|Sanskrit transliteration "Vindhya"}} Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchalajaladhitaraṅga
Taba{{efn|name=tava|Sanskrit transliteration "tava"}} Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba{{efn|name=tava}} śubha āśiṣa māgē,
gāhē taba{{efn|name=tava}} jaẏagāthā /
Janaganamaṅgaladāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā}}!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.</poem>
|style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>
{{IPA|[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmɔ.noˑ ˈo.d̪ʱiˌnae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ǁ]
[ˈpɔn.dʒa.boˑ ˈʃin̪.d̪ʱuˑ ˈɡu.dʒoˌɾa.ʈoˑ ˈmo.ɾa.ʈʰaˑ {{!}}]
[ˈd̪ɾa.bi.ɽoˑ ˈut̪.kɔ.loˑ ˈbɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖]
[ˈbin̪.d̪ʱoˑ ˈɦi.maˌtʃɔ.loˑ ˈdʒo.mu.naˑ ˈɡɔŋ.ɡaˑ {{!}}]
[ˈut̚.tʃʰɔ.loˑ ˈdʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱiˑ ˈt̪o.ɾɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈna.meˑ ˈdʒa.ɡeˑ]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈa.ʃi.ʃoˑ ˈma.ɡeˑ]
[ˈga.ɦeˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈɡa.t̪ʰaˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmoŋ.ɡɔ.loˑ ˈd̪ae̯.ɔ.koˑ dʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}
</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Oh! the ruler of the minds of people, victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] (Marathi heartland), [[South India|Dravida]] (South India), Orissa and Bengal,
The Vindhyas, the Himalayas, the [[Yamuna|Jumna]] (Yamuna) and the Ganges, and the oceans with foaming waves all around.
Wake up listening to Your auspicious name, ask for Your auspicious blessings,
And sing to Your glorious victory.
Oh! You who impart well being to the people, victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Victory, victory, victory to You!</poem>
|-
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{lang|bn|italics=no|অহরহ তব আহ্বান প্রচারিত, শুনি তব উদার বাণী
হিন্দু বৌদ্ধ শিখ জৈন পারসিক মুসলমান খৃস্টানী
পূরব পশ্চিম আসে তব সিংহাসন-পাশে
প্রেমহার হয় গাঁথা।
জনগণ-ঐক্য-বিধায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Aharaha taba{{efn|name=tava}} āhbāna{{efn|name=āhvāna|Sanskrit transliteration "āhvāna"}} pracārita, śuni taba{{efn|name=tava}} udāra bānī{{efn|name=vani|Sanskrit transliteration "vani"}}
Hindu Baudhha{{efn|name=Baudha|Sanskrit transliteration "Baudha"}} Śikha Jaina Pārasika Musalamāna Khṛsṭānī
Pūraba{{efn|name=Pūrava|Sanskrit transliteration "Pūrava"}} Paścima āsē taba{{efn|name=tava}} siṁhāsana-pāśē
Prēmahāra haẏa gām̐thā /
Janagana-aikya-bidhāẏaka{{efn|name=Janagana-aikya-vidhāẏaka|Sanskrit transliteration "Janagana-aikya-vidhāẏaka"}} jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhatā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā}}!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.</poem>
|style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{IPA|[ˈɔ.ɦoˌɾɔ.ɦoˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈa.ɦoˌba.noˑ ˈpɾo.tʃaˌɾi.t̪oˑ {{!}}]
[ˈʃu.niˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈu.d̪a.ɾoˑ ˈba.niˑ {{!}}]
[ˈɦin̪.d̪uˑ ˈbou̯.d̪ʱːoˑ ˈʃi.kʰoˑ ˈdʒoi̯.noˑ]
[ˈpa.ɾo.ʃi.koˑ ˈmu.solˌma.noˑ ˈkʰɾiʂ.ʈa.niˑ]
[ˈpu.ɾɔ.boˑ ˈpoʃ.tʃi.moˑ ˈa.ʃeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃiŋ.ɦaˌʃɔ.noˑ ˈpa.ʃeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈpɾe.moˌɦa.ɾoˑ ˈɦoe̯.oˑ ˈɡã.t̪ʰaˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈoi̯.kːoˌbi.dʱaˌjɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ]
[ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Your call is announced continuously, we heed Your gracious call
The Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis, Muslims and Christians,
The East and the West come together, to the side of Your throne
And weave the garland of love.
Oh! You who bring in the unity of the people! Victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Victory, victory, victory to You!</poem>
|-
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{lang|bn|italics=no|পতন-অভ্যুদয়-বন্ধুর পন্থা, যুগ যুগ ধাবিত যাত্রী।
হে চিরসারথি, তব রথচক্রে মুখরিত পথ দিনরাত্রি।
দারুণ বিপ্লব-মাঝে তব শঙ্খধ্বনি বাজে
সঙ্কটদুঃখত্রাতা।
জনগণপথপরিচায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Patana-abhuyadaẏa-bandhura{{efn|name=patana-abhuyadaẏa-bandhura|Sanskrit transliteration "patana-abhuyadaẏa-bandhura"}} panthā, yuga yuga dhābita{{efn|name=dhāvita|Sanskrit transliteration "dhāvita"}} yātrī /
Hē cirasārathi, taba{{efn|name=tava}} rathacakrē mukharita patha dinarātri /
Dāruna biplaba-mājhē{{efn|name=viplava-mājhē|Sanskrit transliteration "viplava-mājhē"}} taba{{efn|name=tava}} śaṅkhadhbani{{efn|name=śaṅkhadhvani|Sanskrit transliteration "śaṅkhadhvani"}} bājē{{efn|name=vājē|Sanskrit transliteration "vājē"}}
Saṅkaṭaduḥkhatrātā.
Janaganapathaparicāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā}}!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{IPA|[ˈpɔ.t̪o.noˑ ˈo.bʱːuˌd̪ʱɔ.joˑ ˈbon̪.d̪ʱu.ɾoˑ ˈpɔn̪.t̪ʰaˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒu.goˑ ˈdʒu.goˑ ˈd̪ʱa.bi.t̪oˑ ˈdʒa.t̪ɾiˑ ‖]
[ɦeˑ ˈtʃi.ɾoˌʃa.ɾo.t̪ʰiˑ {{!}} ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈɾɔ.t̪ʰoˌtʃo.kɾeˑ]
[ˈmu.kʰoˌɾi.t̪ʰoˑ ˈpɔ.t̪ʰoˑ ˈd̪i.noˌɾa.t̪ɾiˑ ‖]
[ˈd̪a.ɾu.noˑ ˈbi.plɔ.boˑ ˈma.dʒʱeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃɔŋ.kʰoˌd̪ʱo.niˑ ˈba.dʒʱeˑ]
[ˈʃɔŋ.ko.ʈo ˈd̪uɦ.kʰoˑ ˈt̪ɾa.t̪a ‖]
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈpɔ.t̪ʰoˌpo.ɾiˌtʃae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ]
[ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>The way of life is somber as it moves through ups and downs, but we, the pilgrims, have followed it through ages.
Oh! Eternal Charioteer, the wheels of your chariot echo day and night in the path
In the midst of fierce revolution, your conch shell sounds.
You save us from fear and misery.
Oh! You who guide the people through torturous path, victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Victory, victory, victory to You!</poem>
|-
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{lang|bn|italics=no|ঘোরতিমিরঘন নিবিড় নিশীথে পীড়িত মূর্ছিত দেশে
জাগ্রত ছিল তব অবিচল মঙ্গল নতনয়নে অনিমেষে।
দুঃস্বপ্নে আতঙ্কে রক্ষা করিলে অঙ্কে
স্নেহময়ী তুমি মাতা।
জনগণদুঃখত্রায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Ghōratimiraghana nibiṛa{{efn|name=niviṛa|Sanskrit transliteration "niviṛa"}} niśīthē pīṛita mūrchita dēśē
Jāgrata chila taba{{efn|name=tava}} abicala{{efn|name=avicala|Sanskrit transliteration "avicala"}} maṅgala natanaẏanē animeṣē /
Duḥsbapnē{{efn|name=duḥsvapnē|Sanskrit transliteration "duḥsvapnē"}} ātaṅkē rakṣā karilē aṅkē
Snēhamaẏī tumi mātā /
Janaganaduḥkhatrāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā}}!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{IPA|[ˈɡʱɔ.ɾoˑ ˈt̪i.mi.ɾoˑ ˈɡʱɔ.noˑ ˈni.bi.ɾoˑ ˈni.ʃi.t̪ʰeˑ]
[ˈpi.ɾi.t̪oˑ ˈmuɾ.tʃʰi.t̪oˑ ˈd̪e.ʃeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒa.ɡɾo.t̪oˑ ˈtʃʰi.loˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈo.biˌtʃɔ.loˑ]
[ˈmɔŋ.ɡɔ.loˑ ˈnɔ.t̪oˌnɔe̯.o.neˑ ˈɔ.niˌme.ʃeˑ ‖]
[ˈd̪uɦ.ʃoˌpo.neˑ ˈa.t̪ɔŋ.keˑ]
[ˈɾo.kːʰoˑ ˈko.ɾi.le ˈɔŋ.keˑ]
[ˈsne.ɦoˌmoe̯.iˑ ˈt̪u.miˑ ˈma.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈd̪uɦ.kʰoˌt̪ɾae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ]
[ˈbʱa.ɾɔ.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>During the bleakest of nights, when the whole country was sick and in swoon
Wakeful remained Your incessant blessings, through Your lowered but wink-less eyes
Through nightmares and fears, you protected us on Your lap,
Oh Loving Mother
Oh! You who have removed the misery of the people, victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Victory, victory, victory to You!</poem>
|-
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{lang|bn|italics=no|রাত্রি প্রভাতিল, উদিল রবিচ্ছবি পূর্ব-উদয়গিরিভালে
গাহে বিহঙ্গম, পুণ্য সমীরণ নবজীবনরস ঢালে।
তব করুণারুণরাগে নিদ্রিত ভারত জাগে
তব চরণে নত মাথা।
জয় জয় জয় হে জয় রাজেশ্বর ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>Rātri prabhātila, udila rabicchabi{{efn|name=ravicchavi|Sanskrit transliteration "ravicchavi"}} pūrba-udaẏagiribhālē{{efn|name=pūrva-udaẏagiribhālē|Sanskrit transliteration "pūrva-udaẏagiribhālē"}} -
Gāhē bigaṅgama,{{efn|name=vigaṅgama|Sanskrit transliteration "vigaṅgama"}} punya samīrana nabajībanarasa{{efn|name=navajīvanarasa|Sanskrit transliteration "navajīvanarasa"}} ḍhālē /
Taba{{efn|name=tava}} karunārurarāgē nidrita Bhārata jāgē
taba{{efn|name=tava}} caranē nata māthā /
Jaẏa Jaẏa Jaẏa hē jaẏa rājēśbara{{efn|name=rājēśvara|Sanskrit transliteration "rājēśvara"}} Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā{{efn|name=Bhāratabhāgyavidhātā}}!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>{{IPA|[ˈɾa.t̪ɾiˑ ˈpɾo.bʱaˌt̪i.loˑ {{!}} ˈu.d̪i.loˑ ˈɾo.biˌtʃːʰo.biˑ]
[ˈpuɾ.boˑ ˈu.d̪ɔe̯.oˑ ˈɡi.ɾiˑ ˈbʱa.leˑ]
[ˈɡa.ɦeˑ ˈbi.ɦɔŋˌɡɔ.moˑ ˈpu.nːoˑ ˈʃo.miˌɾɔ.noˑ]
[ˈnɔ.boˑ ˈdʒi.bɔˌno.ɾɔ.ʃo ˈd̪ʱa.leˑ ‖]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈko.ɾuˌna.ɾu.noˑ ˈɾa.ɡeˑ]
[ˈni.d̪ɾi.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɾɔ.t̪oˑ ˈdʒa.ɡeˑ]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈtʃɔ.ɾo.neˑ ˈnɔ.t̪oˑ ˈma.t̪ʰaˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈɾa.dʒeʃˌbɔ.ɾoˑ]
[ˈbʱa.ɾɔ.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}</poem>
| style='border-style: none solid none solid;' |<poem>The night is over, and the Sun has risen over the hills of the eastern horizon.
The birds are singing, and a gentle auspicious breeze is pouring the elixir of new life.
By the halo of Your compassion, India that was asleep is now waking
On your feet we now lay our heads
Oh! Victory, victory, victory to you, the Supreme King, victory be to You, dispenser of the destiny of India!
Victory, victory, victory to You!</poem>
|}

Apart from the above translation which follows the original very closely, [[Tagore]]'s own interpretation of ''Jana Gana Mana'' in English is available as {{cite wikisource |title=The Morning Song of India}}.

==See also==
* [[Jana Gana Mana (The National Anthem of India)]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Vande Mataram]]-The National Song of India
* [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Jana Gana Mana Video]]
* An earlier poem by Tagore (''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'') was later selected as the national anthem of Bangladesh.
* [[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo]] ("Where the Mind is Without Fear...Into that heaven of freedom, Let my country awake!") -a patriotic poem from [[Gitanjali]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Ekla Chalo Re]]- A poem by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and publicised by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Indian National Pledge]] by [[Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Citation
|surname1 = Dutta
|given1 = K.
|surname2 = Robinson
|given2 = A.
|year = 1995
|title = Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man
|publisher = St. Martin's Press
|isbn = 0-312-14030-4
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/rabindranathtago00dutt_0
}}
* {{Citation
|surname1 = Sekhar Mittra
|surname2 = Sitansu
|year=2001
|title=Bengal's Renaissance
|publisher=Academic Publishers, Kolkata
|isbn=81-87504-18-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC
}}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==External links==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
*[[:s:The Morning Song of India|The Morning Song of India]]

{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:1911 in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Poems by Rabindranath Tagore]]

Khudneshwar Asthan Morwa

2026-01-24T03:18:53Z

Shilpi: creating initial post w/ sources

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Khudneshwar Asthan, Morwa
|image =
|alt =
|caption = The Khudneshwar Asthan Temple
|map_type = Bihar
|coordinates = {{coord|25.812|85.692|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_caption = Location within Bihar
| native_name =
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Samastipur District]]
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|festivals = [[Mahashivratri]], Shravani Mela,
|architecture = [[Mandir]]
|temple_quantity = 4
|year_completed = 1858
|creator = Narhan Estate
}}

'''Khudneshwar Asthan''' is a [[Hindu temple]] devoted to Lord [[Shiva]] located 17 kilometers southwest of the [[Samastipur district]] headquarters of [[Bihar, India]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Samastipur|first1=Samastipur|title=Official website of Samastipur|url=http://samastipur.bih.nic.in/Placestovisit.aspx|website=Official website of Samastipur|publisher=Samastipur District Administration|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref>

The name of the temple was inherited from a [[Muslim]] woman named Khudni who found the [[Lingam]] at this location and became a devotee of Lord Shiva. Her mortal remains were buried one yard south beside the Lingam under the same temple roof.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

== History ==
During the [[British Empire]], Narhan estate built this temple in 1858 and appointed a priest as a caretaker. Devotees flock there year round, but especially during its annual festival of [[Maha Shivratri]] and in the month of Shravan, crowds emerge for [[darshana]] and worship. In 2008 Bihar Religious Trust Board Chairman Kishore Kunal provided financial assistance from the board and announced it to be developed for tourists to demonstrate [[Hindu-Muslim unity]].

== Legend ==
In the 14th century the temple site was covered by dense forest and was used mainly for grazing cattle. Khudni often went there for grazing her cow. One day while returning home after grazing, she tried milking her cow but received no milk. This continued for several days. One day while grazing, the cow left her sight. She found the cow and was astonished to see her cow shedding milk. She ran to the village to relate her discovery. The local people cleared the ground and started digging, only to find a Lingam. After her death her remains were buried beside the Lingam. They erected a temple that they named "Khudneshwar Asthan" inherited from the name of the Muslim woman Khudni Biwi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva_temples_in_Bihar]]
[[Category:Samastipur district]]

List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu

2026-01-10T16:19:26Z

Shilpi: content update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
This list comprises [[State Protected Monuments of India|State Protected Monuments]] officially reported by and available through the website of the [[Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The monument identifier is numbering as published on the TNARCH website. The TNARCH has recognized 109 State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monuments - District wise |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/monuments-subnames |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=tnarch.gov.in}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]] in this state may also be of relevance.
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of state protected monuments ==
 {{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-TN}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-1
| description = Memorial Pillar, Arasu Pannai
| location = [[Saidapet]]
| address =
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| lat = 13.025888147511903
| lon = 80.23043203475868
| image = Momorial pillar Mambalam-Guindy bridge.jpg
|commonscat=Memorial Pillar, Arasu Pannai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-2
| description = Sivankoil (Siva Kozhundeeshwarar Temple)
| location = Sivankoodal
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.93179224165704
| lon = 79.80845369222234
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-3
| description = Mahadevar Koil
| location = Edayarpakkam
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.985598995346258
| lon = 79.7813824764624
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-4
| description = Sivankoil (Raja Raja Choleshwar Mahadevar Temple)
| location = [[Sivapuram, Thiruvallur|Sivapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Kancheepuram ]]
| lat = 13.02153557361434
| lon = 79.79307054157255
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-5
| description = Vazhipokkar Mandapam
| location = Thangi
| address =
| district = [[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]]
| lat = 12.80343854905054
| lon = 79.77653134797664
| image = Vazhipokkar mandapam.jpg
|commonscat=Vazhipokkar Mandapam,Thangi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-6
| description = Tirulokvanatha Jeenaswamy Temple
| location = Tiruparuthikunram
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.830325337489972
| lon = 79.6809028577263
| image = Tiruparuthikundram (15).jpg
|commonscat=Trilokyanatha Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-7
| description = [[Chokkeeswarar Temple]]
| location = Kancheepuram
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.840694331010273
| lon = 79.7040737345806
| image = Kanchi chokkisvarar temple1.jpg
|commonscat=Chokkeeswarar Temple
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-8
| description = Chandraprabha Temple
| location = Tiruparuthikunram
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.83098794264865
| lon = 79.68086913388005
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-9
| description = Sivankoil (Vidya Vineetha Pallava Parameswarar Temple)
| location = Kooram
| address =
| district = Kancheepuram
| lat = 12.908352411151064
| lon = 79.65776918526328
| image =
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-10
| description = Visaleeswarar Temple
| location = Vilakkanampoondi
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat = 13.162565980874716
| lon = 79.43778216143396
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-11
| description = Tombs of Ceylon King
| location = [[Vellore]]
| address =
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| lat = 12.934928602102453
| lon = 79.13404451046453
| image = Grave of Vikrama Raja Singa and Consort, Vellore.jpg
|commonscat=Tombs of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-12
| description = Vandavasi Fort
| location = [[Vandavasi]]
| address =
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| lat = 12.508987325304423
| lon = 79.60448874728041
| image = Vandavasi Fort.jpg
|commonscat=Vandavasi Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-13
| description = Thadagapureeswarar Koil
| location = Madam
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.446840705952901
| lon = 79.4412545876484
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-14
| description = Chinnavankulam
| location = Chinniyampettai
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.09405913472802
| lon = 78.80583838544516
|image=Chinnyan kulam Mini Kajuraho in Tamil Nadu.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-15
| description = [[Poondi Arugar Temple]]
| location = Erumpedu
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.697521952679578
| lon = 79.30213696207815
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-16
| description = Gangaikonda choleeswarar Temple
| location = Koolampandal
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.684260975585454
| lon = 79.66695670682492
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-17
| description = Sculpture Tank (Amma Kulam)
| location = Kilravandavadi
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.160740063276112
| lon = 78.9355485987192
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-18
| description = Sivankoil (Thirunareeswarar Temple)
| location = [[Kandamangalam]]
| address =
| district = [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram]]
| lat = 11.917254617310542
| lon = 79.68512322174865
| image = Kandamangalam Thirunareeswarar Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-19
| description = Rock Paintings
| location = [[Settavarai]]
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.167078056717845
| lon = 79.2538603127948
| image = Settavarai image 2.JPG
|commonscat=Settavarai rock paintings
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-20
| description = Mukthmaleeswarar Koil and Seetha cave
| location = [[Perumukkal]]
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.199010561840069
| lon = 79.73558490035583
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-21
| description = Tirumoolanathar Temple
| location = Perangiyur
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 11.86237173568652
| lon = 79.43930221074362
|image=S-TN-80 Tirumoolanathar Perangiyur Villupuram.jpg
|commonscat=Tirumoolanathar Temple, Villupuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-22
| description = Rock Paintings
| location = [[Kilvalai]]
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.031392415177024
| lon = 79.33298677670622
| image = Kilvalai rock painting 1 edi.jpg
|commonscat=Kilvalai rock painting
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-23
| description = Rock Paintings
| location = Alambadi
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.00609044544531
| lon = 79.28325994804273
| image = Alambadi rock painting 3.jpg
|commonscat=Alambadi rock painting
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-24
| description = Sivankoil (Kailayamudayar Sivan Temple)
| location = Ulagapuram
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.163922742631573
| lon = 79.77345790701689
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-25
| description = Vishnu Koil (Devaraja Perumal Koil)
| location = Ulagapuram
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.161852526988602
| lon = 79.7687665269494
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-26
| description = Tamizhi Inscriptions
| location = [[Nehanurpatti|Neganoor]]
| address =
| district = Villupuram
| lat = 12.288805194151854
| lon = 79.43726672207971
| image = Nehanurpatti Tamil Brahmi inscription.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-27
| description = Tamizhi Inscriptions & Jain Sculpture and Jain Beds
| location = Thondur
| address =
| district =Villupuram
| lat = 12.347560428109393
| lon = 79.47389596711038
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-28
| description = Rudrapathi Temple
| location = Keelakadambur
| address =
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| lat = 11.239396946064009
| lon = 79.53468598518525
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-29
| description = Kadambavaneswarar koil
| location = Erumbur
| address =
| district = Cuddalore
| lat = 11.459793349712568
| lon = 79.51970042996405
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-30
| description = Rockpool and Brahmi Inscriptions
| location = Periyerippatti
| address =
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| lat = 11.730826161220286
| lon = 77.99366443452767
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-31
| description = Ancient Paintings
| location = Vettaikkaranmalai
| address =
| district =[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-32
| description = [[Kalinga sculptures, Chengamedu|Kalinga Sculptures]]
| location = Chengamedu
| address =
| district = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| lat = 11.201885174652402
| lon = 79.47435778352529
|image=Kali Kalinga sculptures – Chengamedu 11.jpg
|commonscat=Kalinga sculptures, Chengamedu
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-33
| description = Maligaimedu
| location = [[Ulkottai (North)|Ulkottai]]
| address =
| district = Ariyalur
| lat = 11.20013643361046
| lon = 79.43770837202332
| image = Maligaimedu Chola Palace - Excavation Site 8.jpg
|commonscat= Maligaimedu Chola Palace - Excavation Site
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-34
| description = Erattaikoil (Agateeswaram and Choleeswaram Temple)
| location = Keelaiyur
| address =
| district = Ariyalur
| lat = 11.04253707952288
| lon = 79.04172061312623
|image=S-TN-43 Erattaikoil Keezhaiyur Perambalur.jpg
|commonscat=Erattaikoil, Keelaiyur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-35
| description = Elephant Statue
| location = Elaiyaperumal Nallur
| address =
| district = Ariyalur
| lat = 11.247539724829432
| lon = 79.44578086011381
| image = Azhagar Kovil Elephant Statue 2025, Saluppai.jpg
|commonscat=Elephant sculpture, Elayaperumalnallur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-36
| description = Swastika Well
| location = [[Thiruvallarai]]
| address =
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| lat = 10.953672892057545
| lon = 78.66701728115022
| image =SWASTIKA WELL.JPG
|commonscat=Swastika Well
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-37
| description = Sivankoil (Kailasanathar Temple)
| location = Alambakkam
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.926515132426127
| lon = 78.96183838366798
|image=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-38
| description = Sivankoil (Metraleeswarar Temple)
| location = Alagiamanavalam (Gopurapatti)
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.904628614286136
| lon = 78.66426511776437
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-39
| description = Pachil Amaleeswarar Sivankoil
| location = Alagiamanavalam
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.904614618603278
| lon = 78.67088741219014
| image = S-TN-55 Pachil Amaleeswarar Gopurapatti Trichy.jpg
|commonscat=Amaleeswarar temple
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-40
| description = Agastheeswarar koil
| location = [[Perungudi, Tiruchirappalli|Perungudi]]
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.823666797332521
| lon = 78.63754430246182
|image=S-TN-56 Agastheesvarar Perungudi Trichy.jpg
|commonscat=Agastheeswarar koil, Tiruchirappalli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-41
| description = Sivankoil (Sundareshwarar Temple)
| location = Pazhur
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.865327203803435
| lon = 78.64084835644582
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-42
| description = Kailayamudaiyar Koil
| location = [[Sholamadevi]]
| address =
| district = Tiruchirappalli
| lat = 10.763268968803203
| lon = 78.77104607154595
|image=S-TN-58 Kailayamudaiyar Cholamadevi Trichy.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-43
| description = Jagadevi Fort
| location = Krishnagiri
| address =
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| lat = 12.477235449142967
| lon = 78.31724046959933
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-44
| description = Inscription and Rock Bed
| location = [[Velayuthampalayam]]
| address =
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| lat = 11.074085334830205
| lon = 77.99946688380963
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-45
| description = [[Amaravathy]] river bed
| location = [[Thanthonimalai|Thanthoni]]
| address =
| district = Karur
| lat = 10.963546855540464
| lon = 78.09415191990844
| image = Amaravathy river bed S-TN-22.jpg
|commonscat=Amaravati River
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-46
| description = Dutch Tombs
| location = [[Nagapattinam]]
| address =
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| lat = 10.755227464906765
| lon = 79.84749051776708
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-47
| description = [[Thanjavur Palace]]
| location = [[Thanjavur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| lat = 10.79137282978189
| lon = 79.13601011744899
| image = Thanjavur palace 012367.JPG
|commonscat=Thanjavur Maratha Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-48
| description = Sadayar koil (Thiruchadaimudi Mahadevar Temple)
| location = Tiruchanampoondi
| address =
| district = Thanjavur
| lat = 10.849288560756225
| lon = 78.89190189527906
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-49
| description = Giant granary
| location = Tiruppallathurai
| address =
| district = Thanjavur
| lat = 10.931222072356148
| lon = 79.27067870665626
| image = GRANARY.jpg
|commonscat=Giant granary
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-50
| description = Manora
| location = [[Sarabendrarajanpattinam]]
| address =
| district = Thanjavur
| lat = 10.268926003865568
| lon = 79.30508452876798
| image = Manora1.JPG
|commonscat=Manora Fort, Thanjavur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-51
| description =Naganathaswamy Temple
| location = Manambadi
| address =
| district = Thanjavur
| lat = 11.063529456683005
| lon = 79.42054073805174
| image = Naganathaswamy Temple 5.jpg
|commonscat=Naganathaswamy Temple, Manambadi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-52
| description = [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal|Tirumal Naicker Palace]]
| location = [[Madurai]]
| address =
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| lat = 9.915109756545851
| lon = 78.12382417533739
| image = S-TN-23 Thirumalai Naicker Palace Madurai 1.jpg
|commonscat=Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-53
| description = Paththu Thungal
| location = [[Madurai]]
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.916743765230416
| lon = 78.12345157360501
| image = Paththuthungal.jpg
|commonscat=Paththu Thungal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-54
| description = Theerthangarar Sculptures
| location = [[Yanaimalai]]
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.963856573032812
| lon = 78.18651963565766
| image = Painted Jain reliefs and Vatteluthu script inscription Yanai Malai Madurai.jpg
|commonscat=Yanamalai Jain Sculptures
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-55
| description = Brahmi Kalvettugal
| location = Yanaimalai
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.963856573032812
| lon = 78.18651963565766
|image=S-TN-26 Brahmi Kalvettugal Near Sculpture Anaimalai Madurai.jpg
|commonscat=Yanamalai Jain Sculptures
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-56
| description = [[Ladan koil]]
| location = Yanaimalai
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.966284500754574
| lon = 78.18917878100332
| image = The Rock Cut Temple. Ladan Koil.jpg
|commonscat=Ladan Koil
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-57
| description = [[Kovalanpottal]]
| location = [[Madakulam]]
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.90342432486946
| lon = 78.09975112430438
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-58
| description = Kalvettup Padukkaigal & Murugan koil
| location = Varichiyur
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.903098566586191
| lon = 78.25364162373315
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-59
| description = Asthagiriswarar koil
| location = Varichiyur
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.903384992514216
| lon =78.2530864766287
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-60
| description =Udayagiriswarar koil
| location = Varichurmalai (Kunnaththur)
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.90321707351947
| lon = 78.2518073662674
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-61
| description = Brahmi Kalvethu
| location = Kongarapuliyankulam
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.945514200684249
| lon = 77.98955718104229
| image = Kongar puliyankulam Tamil Brahmi Script.jpg
|commonscat=Jain Beds & Cave and Brahmi Inscription, Kongarpuliyankulam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-62
| description = Sivankoil
| location = Arittapatti
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.04029923057702
| lon = 78.27674227429524
| image = Lakulisa temple.jpg
|commonscat=Shiva Lakulisa Ganesha Idaichchi Mandapam temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-63
| description = Sivankoil (Kotteesuwaramudaiyar Sivan Temple)
| location = Ayyapatti (Tharkakudi)
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.204222342622916
| lon = 78.36409502018549
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-64
| description = Thirumalai Naicker Mandapam
| location = A.Valayapatti
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.071845723635072
| lon = 78.21437249868619
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-65
| description = Ovamalai Kalvettu, [[Mangulam]]
| location = Meenakshipuram
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.021252692501765
| lon = 78.25898408733568
| image = S-TN-36 Ovamalai Kallvettu Hill Mangulam Madurai.jpg
|commonscat=Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions in Ovamalai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-66
| description = Tiruvadavur Kalvettu
| location = Thiruvathavur
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.945261246874216
| lon = 78.30254244803531
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-67
| description = Karungalakkudi Kalvettu
| location = [[Karungalakudi]]
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.15612329870513
| lon = 78.36905164905286
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-68
| description = Tamizhi Inscriptions and Theerthangara Sculpture
| location = Arittapatti
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 10.029320025991947
| lon = 78.28297706634272
| image = Tamil Brahmi inscription Arittapatti JEG5886.JPG
|commonscat=Tamil Brahmi in Arittapatti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-69
| description = Jain Beds & Cave and Brahmi Inscription
| location = Mudalaikkulam
| address =
| district = Madurai
| lat = 9.989690936980669
| lon = 77.9348298286762
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-70
| description = Early Pandiya Kalvettup Padukkai
| location = Ramnathapuram
| address =
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| lat = 10.390911746469191
| lon = 78.08704832061235
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-71
| description = Kungaikoil Chinna Ivarmalai Sculptures
| location = Thathanaickenpatti
| address =
| district =Dindigul
| lat = 10.47627722014331
| lon = 77.40436784713691
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-72
| description = Ramalinga Vilasam
| location = [[Ramanathapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| lat = 9.37123340163802
| lon = 78.82732479021449
| image =S-TN-44.jpg
|commonscat=Ramalinga Vilasam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-73
| description =Kamudi Kottai
| location = [[Kamuthi]]
| address =
| district = Ramanathapuram
| lat = 9.414729391021512
| lon = 78.37566616366088
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-74
| description = Marudupandiyan Fort
| location = [[Aranmanai Siruvayal]]
| address =
| district = [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]]
| lat = 9.95958214398892
| lon = 78.65625675619366
| image =Marudupandiyan Fort 2.jpg
|commonscat=Marudhu Pandiyar Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-75
| description = Rock Art & Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions & Jain Beds & Cave Temple and Vattezhuththu Inscriptions
| location = Thirumalai
| address =
| district = Sivagangai
| lat = 9.989852469080533
| lon = 78.47081116414279
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-76
| description = Urn Burial Site and Habitation Sites
| location = Kondhagai and Agaram Village in Kalugarkadai Revenue Village
| address =
| district = Sivagangai
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Archaeological remains and artifacts of Keeladi 2.jpg
|commonscat=Keezhadi archeological site
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-77
| description = Early Pandiya period Sivalingam and Vinayaka Cave Temple
| location = [[Mahibalanpatti]]
| address =
| district = Sivagangai
| lat = 10.188606239696714
| lon = 78.56438198580264
| image = Rock Cut Cave Temple, Mahibalanpatti.jpg
|commonscat= Rock-Cut Temple, Mahibalanpatti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-78
| description = Remains of Kattabomman Fort
| location = [[Panchalankurichi]]
| address =
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| lat = 8.933280067551632
| lon = 78.03435376348695
| image = Remains of Kattabomman Fort 03.jpg
|commonscat=Kattabomman Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-79
| description = British Tombs (44)
| location = Panchalankurichi
| address =
| district = Thoothukudi
| lat = 8.942195369716371
| lon = 78.0247142256996
| image = British Tombs, Panchalankurichi 09.jpg
|commonscat= British Tombs, Panchalankurichi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-80
| description = British Tombs (5)
| location = [[Ottapidaram]]
| address =
| district = Thoothukudi
| lat = 8.918815872452766
| lon = 78.02354576987615
| image = British Tombs, Ottapidaram 08.jpg
|commonscat= British Tombs, Ottapidaram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-81
| description = [[Vettuvan Koil]]
| location = [[Kalugumalai]]
| address =
| district =Thoothukudi
| lat = 9.152935118668205
| lon = 77.70422400959319
| image = Vettuvankoil.JPG
|commonscat=Vettuvankoil
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-82
| description = Iron Age Grave Yard
| location = [[Sivagalai]]
| address =
| district = Thoothukudi
| lat = 8.645972675646908
| lon = 77.96779145576818
| image = Urn in Sivakalai Archeology site.jpg
|commonscat=Sivakalai archaeological site
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-83
| description = Poolai Udaiyar Kalvettu
| location = Seevalaperi
| address =
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| lat = 8.807615689705873
| lon = 77.84317262958004
| image = Poola Udaiyar Incriptions 14.jpg
|commonscat= Poola Udaiyar Inscriptions
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-84
| description = Iranyankudiyiruppu
| location = Rajakhalmankalam
| address =
| district = Tirunelveli
| lat = 8.430841152623511
| lon = 77.66356404447615
| image =
|commonscat= Iranyankudiyiruppu - Rajakhalmankalam Sculptures Site
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-85
| description = Tiruneelakandar Temple
| location = Pananjadi
| address =
| district = Tirunelveli
| lat = 8.741942300324816
| lon = 77.4667738419097
| image = Tiruneelakandar Temple 01.jpg
|commonscat= Tiruneelakandar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-86
| description = Early Pandiya period Andhichi Rock cave Temple
| location = Pathinalamperi
| address =
| district = Tirunelveli
| lat = 8.82220895796194
| lon = 77.7915151546745
| image = Early Pandiya period Andhichi Rock cave Temple, Pathinalamperi 06.jpg
|commonscat= Rock-Cut Temple, Pathinalamperi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-87
| description = Udayagiri Fort De Lennoy tomb
| location = [[Padmanabhapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| lat = 8.240092225970997
| lon = 77.3383649411808
| image = Udayagiri Fort De Lennoy tomb-Kanyakumari-Tamil Nadu-IMG 0494.jpg
|commonscat=Udayagiri Fort cemetery
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-88
| description = Vazhipokkar Mandapam
| location = Pappanam
| address =
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| lat = 9.680436288550558
| lon = 78.14003521060374
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-89
| description = Cave Temple (Velliyambalanathar Temple)
| location = Paraikulam
| address =
| district = Virudhunagar
| lat = 9.533908003243097
| lon = 78.18249018528097
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-90
| description = Cave Temple (Malai Kozhundeeswarar temple)
| location = Muvaraivenran
| address =
| district = Virudhunagar
| lat = 9.622802641425615
| lon = 77.71748599877645
| image = Malai Kozhundeeswarar Temple, Moovaraivendran 14.jpg
|commonscat=Malai Kozhundeeswarar Temple, Moovaraivendran
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-91
| description = Cave Temple
| location = Kalarkuruchi (M.Puthupatti)
| address =
| district = Virudhunagar
| lat = 9.548360604697063
| lon = 77.78156615150361
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-92
| description = Cave Temple
| location = Sevalpatti
| address =
| district =Virudhunagar
| lat = 9.306857974231935
| lon = 77.7145293971666
| image =
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-93
| description = [[Alamparai Fort|Alambarai Fort]]
| location = Alamparai
| address =
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| lat = 12.266154517337329
| lon = 80.01002612331533
|image= Alamparai Fort.JPG
|commonscat=Alamparai Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-94
| description =Karunguzhi Fort
| location = Karunguzhi
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.528710333439694
| lon = 79.9025608674474
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-95
| description = Vittal Temple (Vittaleswarar Temple)
| location = Vittalapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.519679231639696
| lon = 80.12941918194247
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-96
| description = Karivartharaja Perumal Cave Temple Sivan Cave Temple and Vedhandheeswarar Cave Temple
| location = Vallam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6816189517287
| lon = 79.99502080381828
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-97
| description = Jain Sculptures and Inscriptions
| location = Ananthamangalam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.334864649722851
| lon = 79.66585075727201
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-98
| description = Valleeswarar Temple
| location = [[Thakkolam]]
| address =
| district = [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
| lat = 13.025474671083293
| lon = 79.72977860734397
| image = Valleeswarar Temple.jpg
|commonscat= Valeeswarar Temple, Thakkolam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-99
| description = Seven Mother's Sculptures
| location = Perunkanchi
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 13.059878860814012
| lon = 79.40410593491578
| image = Seven mothers, Perunkanchi.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-100
| description = Kanja Sahib Tomb
| location = [[Sholinghur]]
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 13.111689179329671
| lon = 79.42053486474634
| image = Kanja Sahib Tomb, Sholingar.jpg
|commonscat=Kanja Sahib Tomb, Sholinghur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-101
| description = [[Armamalai Caves]]
| location = Malayampattu
| address =
| district = [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
| lat = 12.76235335237766
| lon = 78.64262282642433
| image = Inside Armamalai Caves.jpg
|commonscat=Armamalai Cave
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-102
| description = Hill Fort
| location = [[Thiagadurgam]]
| address =
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| lat = 11.736885924600879
| lon = 79.07536837983679
| image = மலையின் மீது உள்ள பீரங்கி.jpg
|commonscat=Thiagadurgam Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-103
| description = [[Kabilar rocks]]
| location = Pennaru (Tirukkoilur)
| address =
| district = Kallakurichi
| lat = 11.972739390547545
| lon = 79.21123164078375
| image = Kapilar hill.jpg
|commonscat=Kabilar Kundru
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-104
| description = Brahmi Inscription
| location = [[Jambai, Kallakurichi|Jambai]]
| address =
| district = Kallakurichi
| lat = 12.015906517122733
| lon = 79.06189571255292
| image = Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-105
| description = Jain Sculptures & Beds and Inscriptions
| location = [[Cholapandiyapuram]]
| address =
| district = Kallakurichi
| lat = 11.884539742365885
| lon = 79.12632727468107
| image = Gomatheshwarar கோமதீஸ்வரர் புடைப்பு சிற்பம் ஆண்டிமலை.jpg
|commonscat=Jain Sculptures Beds and Inscription, Solavandipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-106
| description = Megalithic Burial Sites
| location = Pangunatham
| address =
| district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-107
| description =Menhir (Standing stone)& Habitation Site and Megalithic Burial Sites
| location = [[Kodumanal]]
| address =
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| lat = 11.11278193268093
| lon = 77.52363463745156
| image = Archaeological Excavation, Kodumanal.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-108
| description = [[Fort Dansborg|Danish Fort]]
| location = Sathangudi
| address =
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| lat = 11.024785486837319
| lon = 79.85637209866438
| image = Danish Fort.JPG
|commonscat=Dansborg Fort

}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-TN-109
| description = Governor Maligai
| location = Sathangudi
| address =
| district = Mayiladuthurai
| lat = 11.025871680363377
| lon = 79.8553097445812
| image = Governors Bungalow.jpg
|commonscat=Governor's Bungalow, Tharangambadi
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]] for other State Protected Monuments in India
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Monuments in India}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Lists of State Protected Monuments in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India]]

Bhor Ghat

2025-12-31T11:41:19Z

Shilpi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{short description|Mountain pass in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox Mountain Pass
|name = Bhor Ghat
|photo = Bhor Ghat Karte.png
|photo_width = 280px
|photo_caption = Bhor ghat map
| map= India Maharashtra
| map_size=
| lat_d =
| long_d =
| map_caption=Location of Bhor Ghat
| traversed =
| location = [[States and Territories of India|Maharashtra]], India
| range = [[Sahyadri]]
|coordinates = {{coord|18.46|N|73.22|E|type:pass_region:IN}}
|elevation = {{convert|622|m|ft}}<ref>Google Earth</ref>
}}
'''Bhor Ghat'''<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&pg=PA36&dq=Bhor+Ghat The Indian Empire]'' by William Wilson Hunter, p. 36.
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/gen_phy_features.html |title=The Gazetteers Department – KOLABA |access-date=2009-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501013616/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/gen_phy_features.html |archive-date=2008-05-01 }}</ref> is a mountain pass located between {{rws|Palasdari}} and {{rws|Khandala}} for railway and between [[Khopoli]] and [[Khandala]] on the road route in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], on the crest of the [[Western Ghats]].

==History==
In February 1781, Bhorghat was the site of a battle between the [[Maratha Empire]] centered in [[Poona]] and the foreign powers in [[Bombay]]. They dispatched a large force to capture Pune, which had to pass through the Bhorghat pass, where they were intercepted by Maratha forces. In the battle that ensued, the Marathas inflicted a crushing defeat on the British in what would be known as the Battle of Bhorghat.<ref>{{cite book|author=Venkatesh Rangan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK7mDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhor+Ghat+1781&pg=PT134|title=The First Republic: The Untold True Story of the Imperial Karbhari Sarkar|publisher=Notion Press|year= 2020|isbn=9781648926600|pages=2777}}</ref>

The discovery of a route to make a motorable pass in Bhor Ghat came after information was provided by a local [[Dhangar]] tribesman called Shigroba. Later, the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] laid a railway line from [[Mumbai]] to [[Pune]]. The section through Bhor Ghat with 28 tunnels, and old bridges was opened in 1863.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Balkwill|author2=Marshall, John|author2-link=John Marshall (railway historian)|title=The Guinness Book of Railway Facts and Feats|edition=6th|location=Enfield|publisher=Guinness Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-85112-707-1|pages=66–7}}</ref> The Ghat opened Mumbai to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plains of Peninsular India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|title=Indian Railways|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|date=1988|page=15}}</ref>

Building a railway over the Bhor ghat was an exercise in imperial engineering, as noted in an article in ''Engineering Magazine'' in 1899, where it was described as "a more certain and enduring form of attack than military power, and that the railway, the canal and harbour are the real weapons in the conquest of a colony."<ref name="Kerr"/> p. 347

The number of staff during construction increased from 10,000 in 1856, over 20,000 in 1857 to a peak of 42,000 in January 1861. The original incline included building 25 tunnels, eight arched masonry viaducts, blasting and removing of 54 [[million|mio]] cubic feet (1.5 mio m3) of hard rock and building embankments from 67.5 mio cubic feet (1.9 million m3) of material at a total cost of [[Pound Sterling|£]] 1,100,000, i.e. £70,000 per mile.<ref name="Kerr"/> p. 352

The project was marred by industrial unrest, disease and accidents. As many as 24,000 workers died during the project.<ref>{{cite news |last= Mishra|first= Kamal|date=14 March 2017|title=24,000 dead workers: Ghats have a hell station, and a story to tell|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/24000-dead-workers-ghats-have-a-hell-station-and-a-story-to-tell/articleshow/57621653.cms|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The first contractor awarded the section, [[William Frederick Faviell]], mistreated his workers and underpaid his subcontractors, leading to riots by the workers that resulted in the death of one of the European managers attempting to subdue the unrest. Following a Government investigation, Faviell's contract was taken away from him and granted to Solomon Tredwell, who arrived in 1859 to restart the works. Tredwell died within days, of dysentery or cholera. His wife, [[Alice Tredwell|Alice]] then took over the contract, completing it with success by 1863.<ref name="Wolmar2017">{{cite book|author=Christian Wolmar|title=Railways and The Raj: How the Age of Steam Transformed India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|year=2017|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-78239-766-3|pages=44–45}}</ref>

During the grand ceremony at the official opening, which was held at [[Khandala]] near the highest point of the incline on 21 April 1863, the governor of Bombay, Sir [[Bartle Frere]], gave a speech, in which he felt "assured, that in the future ages the works of our English engineers on these Ghats will take the place of those works of their demigods, the great [[Indian rock-cut architecture#Cave temples|cave temples]] of western India, which have so long, to the simple inhabitants of these lands, been the type of superhuman strength, and of more than mortal constructive skill."<ref name="Kerr"/> p. 351

==Rail==
{{Routemap
|title = Bhor Ghat
|collapse = <includeonly>yes</includeonly>
|map =
~~ Legend:
STRq ~~ ~~ [[Mumbai–Chennai line|Railway]]
RP2q ~~ ~~ [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48/AH47]]
RP4q ~~ ~~ [[Mumbai Pune Expressway|Expressway]]
WASSERq ~~ ~~ [[River Ulhas]]
|map2 =
\\\\\vCONTg\\\WCONTg~~to {{BSsplit|{{stnlnk|Mumbai CSMT}}|(Via {{stnlnk|Panvel}}/{{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}})}}
\\\\\vHST\\\WASSER~~{{stnlnk|Palasdari}}
\\\\\vÜSTr\\\WASSER
\\\\STR+l\vABZgr-STR\\\WASSER
\\\\STR\vWBRÜCKE1\WASSERq\WABZq+l\WABZgr
\\\\STR\vWBRÜCKE1\WASSERq\WASSERr\WASSER
\\\\S+BHF\vSTR\\WASSER+l\WASSERr~~{{stnlnk|Kelavli}}
\\\\STR\vTUNNEL2\\WASSER\
\\\\STR\vBRÜCKE1\\WASSER\
\\\\STR\vTUNNEL2\\WASSERl\WASSER+r
\\\\S+BHF\vSTR\\\WASSER~~{{stnlnk|Dolavli}}
\\\\STR\vTUNNEL2\WASSER+l\WASSERq\WASSERr
\\\\S+BHF\vSTR\WASSER\\~~{{stnlnk|Lowjee}}
\\\\STR\vTUNNEL2\WASSERl\WASSER+r\
\\\\STR\vHST\\WASSER\~~Thakurvadi
\CONTg grey\\CONTg grey\STR\vTUNNEL2-STR\\WASSER\~~to [[Mumbai]] (Via [[Panvel]])
\RP4\\RP2t\KS+BHFe\vSTR\WASSER+l\WASSERr\~~[[Khopoli]]
RP1+l\RP4xRP1\RP1q\RP2wRP1\\vTUNNEL2-STR\WASSER\\
RP1l\RP4wRP1\\RP1\\vTUNNEL2\WASSER\\
\RP4\\RP1\\vTUNNEL2\WASSERl\WASSER+r\
RP2+l\RP2yRP4new\RP2+r\RP1\\vTUNNEL2-STR\\WASSER\
tRP2ae\\RP2\RP1\\vSTR\\WASSER\~~ {{BSsplit|One way tunnel on Expressway| from Khandala to Khopoli}}
RP2l\RP2yRP4sew\RP2rf\RP1\\vTUNNEL2\\WASSER\
\RP4\\RP1\exvENDEaq\vABZgr\\WASSER\~~Catch Sliding
\RP4l\RP4swRP1\RP1xRP4\RP4K+r\vHST\\WASSERl\WCONTfq~~[[Monkey Hill railway station|Monkey Hill (halt)]]
\\RP1\RP1yRP2\RP4\vSTR\\\
\\RP1l\RP2wRP1\RP4\tvSTRa\\\
\\\RP2l\RP4uRP2\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2q\RP2q\RP2+r
\\\\RP4Kl\vSKRZ-G4h\RP4q\RP4+r\RP2
\\\\\tvSTRe\\RP4\RP2
\\\\\vSTR\\tRP4a\RP2~~[[File:BSicon numN090.svg|20px]]
\\\\\vTUNNEL2\RP2+l\RP4uRP2\RP2rf
\\\\\vTUNNEL2\tRP2ae\tRP4e\~~Khandala Tunnel (2.304 km)
\\\\\vHST\RP2t\RP4\~~[[Khandala]]
\\\\\vCONTf\CONTf grey\CONTf grey\~~to [[Pune]]
~~km~~
}}
The '''Bhor Ghat Railway''' is a part of the [[Mumbai–Chennai line]] and cuts a distance of 21 km between {{stnlnk|Khandala}} and {{stnlnk|Palasdari}}. There are 28 tunnels across the railway ghat.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} This ghat comes under the proposed [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Golden Quadrilateral Freight Corridors]]. During construction of this ghat almost 25,000 workers lost their lives due to steepness of this ghat.<ref name="Kerr">Ian Kerr:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210830222947/http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/events/railroads2011/361_373.pdf The Building of the Bhor Ghat Railway Incline in Western India in the mid-19th Century.]</ref> p. 343 Initially steam traction was used to haul trains across this ghat. In 1929–30 the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] electrified Mumbai – Pune section with a 1.5 kV DC system. This led to end of steam era on this ghat. The electrification system of the Mumbai – Pune section completed its conversion to a 25 kV 50 Hz AC system in June 2015.

The first DC locomotives were EF/1 class locomotives (later classified as WCG1) for freight trains. Later Express trains were hauled by EA/1 class locomotives (later classified as WCP1).<ref>[https://www.irfca.org/articles/electric-1.html A Brief History of Railway Electrification in India]</ref>

;Reversing station
There used to be a reversing station on this ghat which trains of [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR)]] used earlier. This was shut down due to new tunnels on the ghat.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/apps/trip_reports/show/28 Bhor Ghat Reversing station]</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2017}} The reversing station was located between {{stnlnk|Monkey Hill}} and {{stnlnk|Khandala}} after tunnel no. 26. During night time lights of [[Khopoli]] can be seen from here.<ref>[https://www.mapsofindia.com/khandala/tourism/reversing-station.html Khandala Reversing Station]</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2017}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:65%;"
|-
! colspan="7" | '''Railway stations on Bhor Ghat'''
|-
! style="width:1%;" rowspan="2"|#
! style="width:3%;" colspan="3"|Station name
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"|Description
! style="width:2%;" rowspan="2"|km
|-
! English|| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| Station code
|-
|1||{{stnlnk|Palasdari}}||पळसदरी|| PDI ||Start|| 0
|-
|2||{{stnlnk|Thakurvadi}}||ठाकुरवाडी|| TKW ||Minor halt|| 9
|-
|3||{{stnlnk|Monkey Hill}}||मंकी हिल|| MNLC ||Technical halt, no tickets issued|| 16
|-
|4||{{stnlnk|Khandala}}||खंडाळा||KAD ||End|| 21
|}

==Road==
The road ghat lies between [[Khopoli]] and [[Khandala]] and is 18 km long. There are six lanes on the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai – Pune express highway]] and four lanes on the old Mumbai–Pune road. There is a proposal to dig two four-lane tunnels between Khalapur toll booth near Khopoli and Sinhagad institute, Lonavala to bypass this ghat on Mumbai – Pune express-way which will be expanded from six-lane to eight-lane road. Similarly, old Mumbai – Pune highway will use the existing express highway route and will be expanded from four to six lanes. This will also reduce the distance on express highway by 6 km i.e. from 18 km to 12 km.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/14-lanes-12-km-bypass-to-speed-up-Mumbai-Pune-expressway-traffic/articleshow/46138554.cms 14 lanes, 12-km bypass to speed up Mumbai–Pune expressway traffic]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center">
File:Bhor Ghat (1870).jpg|Bhor Ghat in 1870
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Thal Ghat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Bhor Ghat}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Rail mountain passes of India]]

Biplab Mitra

2025-12-01T14:03:45Z

Shilpi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Biplab Mitra
| office = Minister of Consumer Affairs
Government of west bangal
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| governor = [[La. Ganesan]] [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| 1blankname = Chief minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| predecessor = Sadhan pande
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref>[https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/MTYyMzM=/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM= candidate List]</ref>
| children =
| alma_mater =
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
| termstart1 = 14 May 2011
| termend1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rafikul Islam]]
}}

'''Biplab Mitra''' is an Indian politician and the present Minister of Consumer Affairs <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=West Bengal Minister List 2021: Check full list of 43 cabinet ministers and their portfolios|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-minister-list-2021-check-full-list-of-43-cabinet-ministers-and-their-portfolios/2249210/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. He has been elected twice as a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], representing the Harirampur Assembly constituency in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] as a member of [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] party.<ref>[https://ndtv.in/elections/west-bengal/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2021/biplab-mitra-25042-2 News 18]</ref><ref>[https://wb.gov.in/government-minister.aspx Ministers List]</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Mitra contested as a candidate for the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]. He faced [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate Narayan Biswas and won by a margin of 7,067 votes, securing a total of 65,099 votes, while Biswas received 58,032 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=WEST BENGAL ELECTION 2022: HARIRAMPUR ASSEMBLY SEAT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/harirampur-1365321995/amp |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021 |title=Harirampur Assembly Election 2021 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/harirampur-election-result-s25a042/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=Money Control}}</ref>

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Mitra again received the TMC ticket and contested against CPI(M)’s new candidate, [[Rafikul Islam]]. This time, he lost by a narrow margin of 4,504 votes, with Mitra receiving 66,943 votes and Islam securing 71,447 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Harirampur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Harirampur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-harirampur-constituency-42.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2019, Mitra left [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] after the Lok Sabha polls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-25 |title=BJP gets TMC MLA No. 4, calls it 'earthquake' in Bengal politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bjp-gets-tmc-mla-no-4-calls-it-earthquake-in-bengal-politics-5798023/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In July 2020, he left the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|BJP]] and rejoined the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Bengal MLA Quits BJP, Returns To Trinamool |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-bengal-mla-biplab-mitra-quits-bjp-returns-to-trinamool-2272267 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Mitra again got the ticket from TMC and contested from the [[Harirampur Assembly constituency]] and defeated BJP candidate Nilanjan Roy by a margin of 22,672 votes, securing his position as a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. Mitra received a total of 96,131 votes, while Roy received 73,459 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harirampur Assembly Election Results 2021 - Harirampur Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/harirampur-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

In 10 March 2024, [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] announced his name as a candidate the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha Election]] in India from [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat Lok Sabha constrituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Saurav |date=2024-03-10 |title=TMC candidate list for Lok Sabha polls 2024: Check full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-polls-2024-mamata-banerjee-announces-names-of-42-tmc-candidates-check-full-list-11710062294196.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=livemint |language=en}}</ref> Mitra contested the election against [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate [[Sukanta Majumdar]], who had previously won the constituency by defeating [[Arpita Ghosh]]. Mitra lost the election by a narrow margin of 10,386 votes, receiving a total of 564,610 votes, while Majumdar received 574,996 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/balurghat-lok-sabha-election-result |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Biplab}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

Sallakshanavarman

2025-11-25T17:23:08Z

Shilpi: Created some info initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sallakshanavarman
| title =
| succession = [[Chandela]] king
| reign = c. 1100–1110 CE
| predecessor = [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]]
| successor = [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]]
| father = Kirttivarman
| dynasty = [[Chandela]]
| image = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| alt =
| caption =Coinage of Sallakshana Varman (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti.
}}
'''Sallakshana-Varman''' (reigned c. 1100–1110 CE; [[IAST]]: Sallakṣaṇavarman) was a king of the [[Chandela]] dynasty of India. He succeeded his father [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] as the ruler of the Jejakabhukti region ([[Bundelkhand]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]). The inscriptions of his descendants suggest that he achieved military successes against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] and the ruler of [[Kanyakubja]].

== Military career ==

The partially illegible [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription of Sallakshana's descendant Madana-varman appears to credit him with successful campaigns in "Antarvedi ''[[vishaya]]''". [[Kalhana]]'s writings suggest that Antarvedi was a name for the land between the [[Ganga]] and the [[Yamuna]] rivers, centered around [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=115}} Because of the fragmentary nature of the inscription, different scholars have interpreted it in different ways. [[Alexander Cunningham]] believed that Sallakshana's forces merely carried out a brief raid in this region. H. C. Ray speculated that Sallakshana fought with a [[Rashtrakutas of Kannauj|Kannauj Rashtrakuta]] prince (possibly Gopala or one of his predecessors) before aborting his campaign. S. K. Mitra theorized that he unsuccessfully tried to capture Kannauj. D. C. Ganguly, on the other hand, proposed that the Chandelas defeated the rulers of Kannauj, which was subsequently ruled by the [[Gahadavala]]s. N. S. Bose theorized that the Gahadavalas invaded the Chandela territory; the military success mentioned in the inscription was Sallakshana's repulsion of this attack.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=118}} According to R. K. Dikshit, the [[Ghaznavids]] under Masud III invaded Kannauj region during the reign and defeated the Gahadavalas and their Rashtrakuta feudatories. Taking advantage of this situation, Sallakshana may have captured Antarvedi.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}}

Sallakshana-varman is also mentioned in the [[Ajaygarh]] rock inscription of Kalyanidevi, the wife of his descendant Viravarman. According to this inscription, Sallakshana's sword "took away to the fortune of the Malavas and the Chedis. The success against the [[Malwa|Malavas]] may have been a raid against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Naravarman]]. The success against the Chedis (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]) was probably refers to an expedition against the Kalachuri king [[Yashahkarna|Yashah-Karna]]."{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=121}}

An inscription of Jajalla-deva, the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri]] king of [[Ratanpur]], dated to 1110s CE, states that he was "honoured like a friend" by the ruler of Jejakabhukti. [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|F. Kielhorn]] identified this Jejakabhukti ruler with Sallakshana's father [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]]. But [[V. V. Mirashi]] believed that this ruler was Sallakshana himself, because Jajalla appears to have imitated his copper coins.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=122}}

== Administration ==

The [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that Sallakshana-varman was well-versed with arts and literature.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=122}} It indicates that his father's chief minister Ananta continued to hold the post during his reign. Some sons of Ananta were also appointed to important posts, after having been tested by the king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=108-109}} The Ajaygarh inscription mentions another hereditary minister, Yashahpala of Gauda family.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=123}}

Sallakshana-varman issued gold and copper coins. Unlike the Chandela inscriptions, these coins mention his name as "Hallakshana-varman" (''Srimat-Hallakshana-Varma-Deva''). This anomaly can possibly attributed to inefficient minting, although the exact reason is not certain.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=51}}

A copper-plate inscription of his descendant [[Paramardideva|Paramardi-deva]] mentions a place called "Sallakshana-Vilasapura". This place was probably named after Sallakshana-Varman, and is identified with the modern Pachar near Jhansi.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=123}}

Sallakshana-varman was succeeded by [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=123}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA100 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

N. Prabhakar

2025-09-24T23:17:08Z

Shilpi: adjusted structure additionally and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian missile scientist (1954–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. Prabhakar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|4|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|8|15|1954|4|18|df=y}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Missile scientist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[DRDO]] Scientist of the year Award [[DRDO]] Path Breaking Technology Award [[DRDO]] Performance Excellence Award Astronautical Society of India Award
}}
'''N. Prabhakar''' was an Indian scientist and the Chief Controller, System Analysis and Modelling Centre (SAM-C)<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/SAM-C-to-Assess-DRDO-Weapon-Systems/2014/02/09/article2046318.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210172531/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/SAM-C-to-Assess-DRDO-Weapon-Systems/2014/02/09/article2046318.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 February 2014 | title=SAM-C to Assess DRDO Weapon Systems | newspaper=Indian Express | date=9 February 2014 | first=Anantha | last=Krishnan | access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Indian Defence">{{cite web | url=http://indiandefence.com/threads/drdo-a-love-and-hate-relationship-that-we-share.12027/page-8 | title=Indian Defence | publisher=Indian Defence | date=2015 | access-date=10 March 2015 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155920/http://indiandefence.com/threads/drdo-a-love-and-hate-relationship-that-we-share.12027/page-8 | url-status=dead }}</ref> of the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO).<ref name="DRDO">{{cite web | url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-Prabhakar.jsp | title=DRDO | publisher=DRDO | date=2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Defence Engineering Watch">{{cite web | url=http://defence.engineeringwatch.in/n-prabhakar/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120604/http://defence.engineeringwatch.in/n-prabhakar/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=2 April 2015 | title=Defence Engineering Watch | publisher=Defence Engineering Watch | date=2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="DRDO Newsletter">{{cite web | url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/newsletter/2014/apr_14.pdf | title=DRDO Newsletter | publisher=DRDO Newsletter | date=2015 | access-date=10 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220535/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/newsletter/2014/apr_14.pdf | archive-date=23 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He graduated in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (BE) from [[Annamalai University]] and enrolled at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru from where he obtained his master's degree (ME).<ref name="DRDO" /><ref name="Defence Engineering Watch" /> He pursued his research at [[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy]], secured a doctoral degree in Air Defence Systems and joined the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) in 1980.<ref name="DRDO" /><ref name="Defence Engineering Watch" />

Prabhakar worked at DRDO in various capacities including Project Director AD (Mission), Program Director (ASTRA) and Associate Director of [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL). He is known to have contributed to the development of Trajectory Optimization for [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]], AD Weapon System Design and Optimal Guidance Algorithms for [[Ballistic Missile]] Intercept Missions besides preparing the feasibility report for all Indian tactical missile programmes.<ref name="DRDO" /><ref name="Defence Engineering Watch" />

A Fellow of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]], the [[Operational Research Society]] (UK) and the [[Aeronautical Society of India]], Prabhakar is a recipient of three DRDO awards such as ''DRDO Scientist of the year Award'' in 2001, the ''Path Breaking Technology Award'' in 2007<ref name="DRDO Research Award">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=29046 | title=DRDO Research Award | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=2006 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> and ''Performance Excellence Award'' in 2009<ref name="DRDO Award">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=62090 | title=DRDO Award | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=2009 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> as well as the ''ASI Award''<ref name="ASI Award">{{cite web | url=http://asindia.org/awardees1.aspx | title=ASI Award | publisher=Astronautical Society of India | date=2015 | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> from the Astronautical Society of India in 2009.<ref name="DRDO" /><ref name="Defence Engineering Watch" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2015, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to Indian missile programme.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Institution of Engineers (India)]]
* [[Operational Research Society]]
* [[Aeronautical Society of India]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organization]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]]
* [[Annamalai University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, N.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian military engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

List of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University people

2025-09-14T17:22:06Z

Shilpi: Made New Pg...

{{Short description|none}}
{{morefootnotes|date=January 2023}}
{{alumni|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
This is a list of notable alumni and faculty of the [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]].

== Notable alumni ==

=== Academia, Science and Technology ===

* [[B. D. Kulkarni]], chemical reaction engineer, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
* [[Pranawachandra Deshmukh]], physicist, educator, author of Physics text books, and known for his contribution to theoretical atomic physics.
* [[Damaraju Raghavarao]], Indian-born statistician known for his contributions in design of experiments
* [[Dipshikha Chakravortty]], microbiologist, [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-Bios]] laureate<ref name="Virulence profile">{{Cite journal|last1=Chakravortty|first1=D|date=2018-01-25|title=Virulence profile|journal=Virulence|volume=5|issue=2|pages=321–5|doi=10.4161/viru.27047|pmc=3956508|pmid=24504093}}</ref>
* [[Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane]], molecular biologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
* [[Ramesh Jain]], scientist, professor and entrepreneur in the field of Computer Science
* [[Shekhar C. Mande]], [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]] award-winning scientist in the field of x-ray crystallography and biophysics

=== Arts and Literature ===

* [[Dhanashree Halbe]], translator, poet, and children's author
* [[Eknath Easwaran]], internationally known & respected spiritual teacher
* [[Harishankar Parsai]] (1924–1995), noted Hindi writer and satirist
* [[Indra Bahadur Khare]] (16 Dec 1922 – 13 April 1953), Hindi Poet and writer
* [[Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte]] (1908–1998), noted Marathi writer and former Vice Chancellor, Nagpur University

=== Business and Law ===

* [[Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari]], Padma Bhushan, Judge and Indian Independence activist
* [[Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar]], Chief Justice of Indian High Courts
* Justice [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], Vice President of India & Former Chief Justice of India
* Justice [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]], 47th [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[Wasudev Waman Patankar]] advocate, noted Marathi Shayari writer
* [[Harish Salve]] Former Solicitor General of India
* Chief Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai,52nd Chief Justice of India.

=== Athletics and Sports ===

* [[Umesh Yadav]], a cricketer who currently plays for Vidarbha cricket team, Indian national team and Royal Challengers Bangalore in the [[Indian Premier League]]

=== Film, Television and Theater ===
* [[Sonu Sood]], Bollywood film actor
* [[Ulhas Kashalkar]] (b. 1955), noted [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist
* [[Ashish Dixit]] Indian Film/ Television Actor.

=== Politics ===

* [[Datta Meghe]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
* [[Jogendra Kawade]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]] and [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[Marotrao Kowase]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Gadchiroli-Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli-Chimur]]
* [[Mukul Wasnik]], General Secretary, Indian National Congress, and Union Minister
* [[Nitin Gadkari]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] and Union minister
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Former Prime Minister of India
* [[Shantaram Potdukhe]], former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] & [[Cabinet of India#Ministers of State|Union Minister of State]], finance
* [[Shrikant Jichkar]], former member of the [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Swati Dandekar]], [[United States]] politician, Iowa House of Representatives
* [[Vilas Muttemwar]], former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]

=== Miscellaneous ===

* [[Eknath Ranade]], founder of [[Vivekananda Kendra]]
* [[K. Jayakumar]], senior Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from Kerala
* [[Ryder Devapriam]], former [[bishop]] of the [[Nandyal Diocese]] the [[Church of South India]]
* [[Amit Telang]], [[Diplomat]], a senior [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer and alumni of [[Government Medical College, Nagpur]]
* [[A. K. Dave]], [[Indian Imperial Police|I.P.]], Director of [[Aviation Research Centre]], later founder CEO of [[ITC Hotels|ITC]] Welcom Hotels, CMD of [[ITDC]] & [[Ashok Group]] of hotels

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India|Nagpur University people]]

Nagasubramanian Chokkanathan

2025-09-13T22:46:24Z

Shilpi: further enhanced formatting as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1977)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Nagasubramanian Chokkanathan
|image = என். சொக்கன்.JPG
|imagesize = 200px
|caption =
|pseudonym =
||birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Novelist
|nationality = Indian
|period = 1990-present
|genre = [[Biographies]]
|subject =
|movement =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
|website =
}}
'''Nagasubramanian Chokkanathan''' (born January 17, 1977) better known by his pen name '''''N.Chokkan''''' is a Tamil Writer who has written two [[novels]] and nearly 100 short stories. His works has been translated into other Indian languages. Apart from this, he has written columns in several Tamil magazines.

==Early life==
Nagasubramanian Chokkanathan graduated with a bachelor's degree in production engineering from [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]] in 1998. He then worked with BaaN Info Systems for two years, then with BroadVision as principal consultant for three years and as director for in InFact Infortech for four years. He is currently{{when|date=June 2019}} serving as senior software development engineer in a technology firm. He also holds a master's diploma in Business Administration from Symbiosis University, Pune.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200801221860.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130151356/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200801221860.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Writing career==
His interest for writing came from his blind aunt for whom he used to read a lot of books. His love for books then made him to write few detective stories, which are not yet published. His first short story was published in 1997.

His entry into non-fiction was started by a publishing house approaching him to write a biography of [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. He then wrote biographies of businessmen, politicians and people who shaped the world. The list includes [[N. R. Narayana Murthy|Narayana Murthy]], [[Azim Premji]], [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], [[Walt Disney]], and [[Charlie Chaplin]].

==Bibliography==

===Short stories===
* [[Pachchai Parker Pena]]
* [[En Nilaikannadiyil Un Mugam]]
* [[Mittai Kathaigal]], translation of [[Kahlil Gibran]] short stories.

===Biographies===
* [[A.R.Rahman: Jai Ho]]
* [[Ambani oru vetrikathai]]
* [[Mukesh Ambani (Biography)]]
* [[Anil Ambani (Biography)]]
* [[Bill Gates: Software Sultan]]
* [[Infosys Narayanamurthi: Paththaayiram roobai Paththaayiram Kodi aana Kathai]]
* [[Azim Premji: ComputerJi]]
* [[Lakshmi Mittal: Irumbukai Maayavi]]
* [[Ratan Tata (Biography)]]
* [[Ambanigal Pirintha Kathai]]
* [[Airtel (Sunil Bharti) Mittal: Pesu]]
* [[Subash Chandra: Zerovilirunthu Zee Tv varai]]
* [[Richard Branson:'Don't care' Master]]
* [[Sachin: Oru Puyalin Purvak Kathai]]
* [[Dravid:Indhiya Perunchuvar]]
* [[Shakespears:Naadagamalla Vaazhkai]]
* [[Napoleon:Porkala Puyal]]
* [[Salman Rushdie:Fatwa muthal Padma varai]]
* [[Kushwant Singh:Vaazhvellam Punnagai]]
* [[Anna(nthu paar)]]
* [[Veerappan:Vaazhvum Vathamum]]
* [[Vaathu Eli Walt Disney]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin Kathaigal]]
* [[Number 1: Saathanaiyaalargalum saagasakaaragalum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nchokkan.com/ Nagasubramanian Chokkanathan's Official Website]
* [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss/192-9320880-8677125?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=Chokkan&x=0&y=0#/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=Chokkan&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3AChokkan Na.Chokkan Books in Amazon]
* [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/2849401.N_Chokkan Na.Chokkan Books in GoodReads]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chokkanathan, Nagasubramanian}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]

Mallewala

2025-08-25T09:10:50Z

Shilpi: Made Entry...

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mallewala
| other_name = ਮੱਲੇਵਾਲਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.792694|74.754566|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 244
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Mallewala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮੱਲੇਵਾਲਾ) is a small village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallewala · Punjab, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mallewala,+Punjab/@30.7846809,74.7347591,14.17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919e314f2469a91:0x22f02138ee3f370d!8m2!3d30.7837212!4d74.7541889!16s/g/12hlrxlky?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Mallewala · Punjab, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 244 of which 137 are males while 107 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallewala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35550-mallewala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 285 hectares with 48 households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=56}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS MALLE WALA {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gps-malle-wala/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Diocese of Baroda

2025-08-24T07:29:00Z

Shilpi: started a article

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Baroda
|latin = Dioecesis Barodensis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary in [[Vadodara]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 40,365
|population = 17,857,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 92,051
|catholics_percent= 0.5
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Most Rev. Sebastiao Mascarenhas, SFX
|metro_archbishop = Stanislaus Fernandes
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Baroda''' ({{langx|la| Baroden(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Baroda]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar]] in India.

==History==
* 29 September 1966: Established as the Diocese of Baroda from the [[Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bombay]]{{fact|date=March 2025}}

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Baroda ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
**
Most Rev. Sebastiao Mascarenhas,SFX (18 February 2023 - )
** Bishop Godfrey de Rozario, S.J. (29 August 1997 – 18 December 2021)
** Bishop [[Francis Leo Braganza]], S.J. (27 April 1987 – 29 August 1997)
** Bishop [[Ignatius Salvador D’Souza]] (29 September 1966 – 19 January 1986)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baro0.htm Giga-Catholic Information] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbaro.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|22.3180|N|73.1839|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baroda}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1966]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Christianity in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

National Highway 32 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T17:51:32Z

Shilpi: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 18 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Lavanda Naach

2025-06-21T16:07:57Z

Shilpi: Made New Stub...

{{Short description|Bhojpuri Folk dance}}
{{Expert needed|1=Dance|reason=Given the references included, seems it needs expanded on greatly|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox dance
| title = Lavanda Nach
| genre = [[Folk dance]]
| origin = Purvanchal, India
}}
The '''Lavanda Nach''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂪𑂫𑂝𑂹𑂙𑂰 𑂢𑂰𑂒𑂢𑂰𑂒; [[Literal translation|Lit.]]: Boy's Dance) is a [[folk dance]] of the Bhojpuri speaking Community of [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]] and the Caribbean Islands.<ref name="Morcom2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nshUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT196|title=Courtesans, Bar Girls & Dancing Boys: The Illicit Worlds of Indian Dance|author=Anna Morcom|date=7 February 2014|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-793-9|pages=196–}}</ref> It is performed by only males who dress as women called "lavanda".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/the-tragic-exploitation-of-indias-launda-dancers/|title=The Tragic Exploitation of India's Launda Dancers}}</ref> During the wedding ceremony lavanda dancers are a focal point, leading the groom's entourage to the bride's home.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=UNICEF|date=April 2010|title=SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A REVIEW OF RESEARCH FINDINGS, LEGISLATION, POLICY AND PROGRAMME RESPONSES|journal=UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title='हम सेक्स नहीं बेचते हैं ये तो बस एक कला है' |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43820673 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Name ==
The [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] word ''launda'' literally means a young male adolescent. However, in daily life, it is sometimes used as a derogatory term for a man, who is effeminate and from an inferior [[Caste system in India|Caste]].{{Sfn|Dost|2017|p=106}} Whereas, the term ''naach'' translates to dance.

In the [[Mughal Era]], [[Courtesan|Courtesans]] had significant importance. From there, the dance of female performers became popular among moneylenders and landlords. The performance used to be called as ''baiji'' and the dance was called ''baiji naach.'' On the other hand the naach of boys was popular among lower caste, and it is believed that the word launda with naach was used to differentiate it from baiji naach.{{Sfn|Dost|2017|p=106}}

==History==
The earliest mention of this folk dance can be found in 11th century which remained alive in the [[Bhojpuri region]] and in 19th century, this idea of transforming the centuries-old art form into a people's theatre was conceptualised by [[Bhikhari Thakur]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramchandra Manjhi: The last scion of Bhikhari Thakur's Naach tradition|work=National Herald|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/amp/story/entertainment%252Fthe-last-scion-of-bhikhari-thakurs-naach-tradition}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> who is also for credited for popularising it. In the first few decades of the twentieth century when the world was witnessing revolutionary changes recognising the rights of the downtrodden, Bhikhari Thakur displayed their constant struggle and survival instinct through agrarian theatre that came to be colloquially known as 'Lavanda Naach',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/07/celebrating-100-years-of-bhikaji-thakurs-launda-naach/|title=Celebrating 100 years of Bhikaji Thakur's 'Launda Naach'|date=12 July 2017}}</ref> comprising "songs, dance, comedy, satire, pun, banter, parody, and theatre where men impersonate women in performances that last all night."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-fire-is-still-burning/article24580281.ece|title = The fire is still burning|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 August 2018|last1 = Shrivastava|first1 = Girish}}</ref>

== Tradition, recognition and criticism==
[[Ramchandra Manjhi]], the last disciple of Thakur, inherited a great legacy and vast repertoire of Naach Theatre such as [[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesiya]], [[Gabarghichor]], [[Beti Bechwa]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/the-last-scion-of-bhikhari-thakurs-naach-tradition|title = Ramchandra Manjhi: The last scion of Bhikhari Thakur's Naach tradition|date = 14 October 2018}}</ref> 93-years-old Manjhi was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Academi Award]] in 2017, coincidentally the centenary year of Bhikhari Thakur's theatre.

However, the Lavanda Naach diversified over time, transcending the boundaries and parameters established by the scions of Thakur's theatre. With the rise of multiple sources of entertainment, the folk art form has also been criticised for losing its 'professionalism', allowing objectification and validating it, and becoming an area for abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edtimes.in/launda-naach-men-dressing-as-women-dancing-in-front-of-sexually-hungry-men-in-bihar/|title = Launda Naach: Men Dress as Women & Dance in Front of Sexually Hungry Men in Bihar|date = 16 May 2020}}</ref> Although the professional groups engaged in Lavanda Naach have been criticised for restricting the participation of women, one reason behind this is prevalence of human trafficking in the case of 'lewd dance troupes', called ''Aarkestra'', which are gaining traction in the region where once Lavanda Naach was well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Launda-Naach-Keeping-Folk-Art-Alive-Bihar#:~:text=Launda%20Naach%20is%20an%20archaic%20agrarian%20theatre%20form,personal%20circles%20of%20impressionists%20who%20perform%20this%20art.|title = Launda Naach: Keeping Folk Art Alive in Bihar|date = 31 December 2019}}</ref> This rapid change has been pushing the performances of the Lavanda Naach ensembles to be adjusted according to the mainstream audience demands.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/act-like-a-woman-bihar-s-launda-naach-sees-a-surge-in-popularity-during-festive-occasions/story-oZELovYpTg43xZKr1enKsM.html|title = Act like a woman: How a little-known folk art form is sweeping away barriers of caste and gender, one Launda at a time|date = 4 November 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Notable performers ==
* [[Bhikhari Thakur]]
* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
* [[Ramchandra Manjhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite journal |last=Dost |first=Jainendera |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13528165.2017.1384187|title=Naach, Launda Naach or Bidesiya Politics of (re)naming|journal=Performance Research |date=2017|volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=106–112 |doi=10.1080/13528165.2017.1384187 |s2cid=158697968 |url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Indian folk dances]]

Suparna Rajaram

2025-06-06T18:03:31Z

Shilpi:

{{short description|Indian psychologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Suparna Rajaram
| occupation =SUNY Distinguished Professor of Psychology
|birth_place=Bellary, India
| citizenship =
| workplaces =Stony Brook University
| alma_mater =Bangalore University, Purdue University, Rice University
| awards =
| spouse =
}}
'''Suparna Rajaram,''' SUNY Distinguished Professor of [[Psychology]] at [[Stony Brook University]], is an Indian-born [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive psychologist]] and expert on [[memory]] and [[amnesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/experts/profile/suparna-rajaram|title=Suparna Rajaram {{!}} Experts at Stony Brook University, New York|last=Communications|first=Stony Brook Office of|website=www.stonybrook.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> Rajaram served as Chair of the Governing Board of the [[Psychonomic Society]] (2008) and as president of the [[Association for Psychological Science]] (2017–2018).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajaram|first=Suparna|date=2018-04-30|title=On Spanning the Borders|url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/on-spanning-the-borders|journal=APS Observer|language=en-US|volume=31|issue=5}}</ref> Along with [[Judith F. Kroll|Judith Kroll]] and [[Randi Martin]], Rajaram co-founded the organization [[Women in Cognitive Science]] in 2001, with the aim of improving the visibility of contributions of women to [[cognitive science]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenincogsci.org/people|title=People {{!}} Women in Cognitive Science|website=womenincogsci.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215050146/http://womenincogsci.org/people|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, she was an inaugural recipient of Psychonomic Society's [https://www.psychonomic.org/page/2019distinguishedleadershipaward Clifford T. Morgan Distinguished Leadership Award] for significant contributions and sustained leadership in the discipline of cognitive psychology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/2019distinguishedleadershipaward|title=Clifford T. Morgan Distinguished Leadership Award - Psychonomic Society|website=www.psychonomic.org|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> Rajaram is the 2025 recipient of the Provost's Outstanding Mentor Award at Stony Brook University.

Rajaram is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Psychonomic Society,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/Rajaram/2018keynote|title=Suparna Rajaram - Psychonomic Society|website=www.psychonomic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[American Psychological Association]], the [[Eastern Psychological Association]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easternpsychological.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3489|title=EPA Fellows - Eastern Psychological Association|website=www.easternpsychological.org|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> and the Association for Psychological Science. She is also a member of the [[Society of Experimental Psychologists]], a prestigious honor society dedicated to psychology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.stonybrook.edu/facultystaff/suparna-rajaram-elected-to-society-of-experimental-psychologists/|title=Suparna Rajaram Elected to Society of Experimental Psychologists {{!}} {{!}} SBU News|date=2015-12-10|work=SBU News|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, Rajaram was named a Guggenheim Fellow.

== Biography ==
Suparna Rajaram was born in [[Bellary|Bellary, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://you.stonybrook.edu/rajarammemorylab2/suparna-rajaram/|title=Suparna Rajaram, Ph.D. {{!}} Social Memory and Cognition Lab|website=you.stonybrook.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> She received a B.A. in psychology, [[Economics]], and [[English literature|English Literature]] (1984) and a M.A. in psychology (1986) from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mt. Carmel College]] of [[Bangalore University]]. She moved to the [[United States]] to pursue a M.S. in Cognitive Psychology at [[Purdue University]], and completed her degree in 1988 under the supervision of James H. Neely.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1992-04-01|title=Dissociative masked repetition priming and word frequency effects in lexical decision and episodic recognition tasks|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=152–182|doi=10.1016/0749-596X(92)90009-M|issn=0749-596X|last1=Rajaram|first1=Suparna|last2=Neely|first2=James H.}}</ref> Rajaram continued her education at [[Rice University]], where she obtained her PhD in Cognitive Psychology in 1991 under the supervision of [[Henry L. Roediger III|Henry L. Roediger, III]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajaram|first=Suparna|date=1993|title=Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=89–102|doi=10.3758/bf03211168|pmid=8433652|issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free}}</ref> While at Rice, Rajaram collaborated with Roediger on research comparing [[Indirect tests of memory|assessments of implicit memory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajaram|first1=Suparna|last2=Roediger|first2=Henry L.|date=1993|title=Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=765–776|doi=10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.765|pmid=8345323|issn=1939-1285}}</ref> From 1991 to 1993, Rajaram was a post-doctoral research fellow at [[Temple University School of Medicine]], where she conducted research on amnesia with [[H. Branch Coslett.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajaram|first1=Suparna|last2=Coslett|first2=H. Branch|date=2000|title=Acquisition and transfer of new verbal information in amnesia: Retrieval and neuroanatomical constraints.|journal=Neuropsychology|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=427–455|doi=10.1037/0894-4105.14.3.427|pmid=10928746|issn=1931-1559}}</ref>

Rajaram joined the Faculty of Psychology at Stony Brook University in 1993 and was promoted to Full Professor in 2003. She served as the Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs in the College of Arts and Sciences at Stony Brook University (2012–2015). Rajaram received a FIRST Award from the [[National Institute of Mental Health|National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)]]. In addition to NIMH, her research has been supported by the [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], and [[Google]]. Rajaram served as Associate Editor of [[Psychological Science]] (2007–2008), [[Psychological Bulletin]] (2003–2005), and [[Memory & Cognition]] (1998–2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/Rajaram/2018keynote|title=Suparna Rajaram - Psychonomic Society|website=www.psychonomic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

== Research ==
Rajaram's research program encompasses studies of human amnesia and intact memory to address the cognitive and neural bases of [[Memory bound function|memory functions]], such as the distinction between [[explicit memory]] and [[implicit memory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/Rajaram/2018keynote|title=Suparna Rajaram - Psychonomic Society|website=www.psychonomic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenincogsci.org/people|title=People {{!}} Women in Cognitive Science|website=womenincogsci.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215050146/http://womenincogsci.org/people|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her lab has examined differences in the effects of repeated testing and repeated studying on learning, and how repetition impacts learning of new information in amnesia. In one of her studies, her team examined how [[Repetition (rhetorical device)|repetition]] of information confers advantages in knowing versus remembering information in individuals with amnesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Verfaellie|first1=Mieke|last2=Rajaram|first2=Suparna|last3=Fossum|first3=Karen|last4=Williams|first4=Lisa|date=2008|title=Not all repetition is alike: Different benefits of repetition in amnesia and normal memory|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=365–372|doi=10.1017/S1355617708080612|pmid=18419835|pmc=2396955|issn=1469-7661|doi-access=free}}</ref> They found that repetition helped people with amnesia gain a sense of familiarity with material (i.e., knowing), whereas for individuals with normal memory, repetition enhanced both familiarity and recollection (i.e., knowing and remembering).{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Rajaram has conducted numerous studies focusing on how social factors influence [[learning]] and memory. Her lab aims to understand the social transmission of memory in groups of people and in [[social network]]s, the emergence of [[collective memory]], and how [[collaborative learning]] may help or hinder memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://you.stonybrook.edu/rajarammemorylab2/research/|title=Research {{!}} Social Memory and Cognition Lab|website=you.stonybrook.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> Her research indicates that collaboration with peers often weakens the memory performance of individuals; at the same time getting help from one's peers may help to eliminate memory errors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajaram|first=Suparna|date=2011|title=Collaboration Both Hurts and Helps Memory|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=76–81|doi=10.1177/0963721411403251|s2cid=19179853|issn=0963-7214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajaram|first1=Suparna|last2=Pereira-Pasarin|first2=Luciane P.|date=2010|title=Collaborative Memory: Cognitive Research and Theory|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=6|pages=649–663|doi=10.1177/1745691610388763|pmid=26161882|s2cid=20159993|issn=1745-6916}}</ref> Rajaram's 2014 paper on social transmission of memory, co-authored with H.Y. Choi, H.M. Blumen, and A.R. Congleton, was named "Best Paper of the Year" by [[European Society for Cognitive Psychology|European Society of Cognitive Psychology]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/editors/escop-journals-best-paper-shows-how-collaboration-influences-memory.html|title=ESCOP Journal's 'Best Paper' Shows How Collaboration Influences Memory|work=Association for Psychological Science|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> This study examined a phenomenon known as collaborative inhibition, wherein individuals contribute less to recalling information when they are part of a group than when they are recalling information on their own. This study explored how changing the membership of groups influenced individual and collective memory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Hae-Yoon|last2=Blumen|first2=Helena M.|last3=Congleton|first3=Adam R.|last4=Rajaram|first4=Suparna|date=2013-12-03|title=The role of group configuration in the social transmission of memory: Evidence from identical and reconfigured groups|journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychology|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/20445911.2013.862536|s2cid=19160059|issn=2044-5911}}</ref> Rajaram and her colleagues have also studied how emotion enhances memory. They found that emotional memories are not immune to error, yet emotional memories are less likely to be distorted by social influences than nonemotional memories.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kensinger|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Choi|first2=Hae-Yoon|last3=Murray|first3=Brendan D.|last4=Rajaram|first4=Suparna|date=2016-02-23|title=How social interactions affect emotional memory accuracy: Evidence from collaborative retrieval and social contagion paradigms|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=44|issue=5|pages=706–716|doi=10.3758/s13421-016-0597-8|issn=0090-502X|pmc=4942488|pmid=26907480}}</ref>

== Representative publications ==

* Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. ''Memory & Cognition'', 21 (1), 89–102.
* Rajaram, S. (1996). Perceptual effects on remembering: recollective processes in picture recognition memory. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'', 22 (2), 365–377.
* Rajaram, S. (1998). The effects of conceptual salience and perceptual distinctiveness on conscious recollection. ''Psychonomic Bulletin & Review'', ''5'' (1), 71–78.
* Rajaram, S., & Geraci, L. (2000). Conceptual fluency selectively influences knowing. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'', 26 (4), 1070–1074.
* Rajaram, S., & Pereira-Pasarin, L. P. (2010). Collaborative memory: Cognitive research and theory. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'', ''5'' (6), 649–663.
* Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H. L. (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'', 19 (4), 765–776.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/psychology/faculty/faculty_profiles/srajaram.php Faculty profile]
* [https://you.stonybrook.edu/rajarammemorylab2/ Memory lab website]
* [http://womenincogsci.org/ Women in Cognitive Science]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram, Suparna}}
[[Category:American women psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian cognitive scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Psychological Association]]
[[Category:Stony Brook University faculty]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Rice University alumni]]
[[Category:Temple University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Stories of Joy

2025-05-15T01:03:36Z

Shilpi: Created basic entry needs work

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name= Stories of Joy (2013 film)
| image =
| alt=
| caption=
| director=Vikrant Pawar, Nupoor Bora, Vaibhav Khisti, Swapnil Kumawat, Prasad Bhardwaja, Shreyas Kulkarni, Yogesh Jagam
| producer=Flying Horse Studios 7th Std. Motion Pictures
| starring=Gajanan Paranjape, Shrikant Yadav, Anita Date, Saurabh Yadav, Shashi Bhushan, Mahesh Ghag, Arjun Jog and Yogesh Jagam
| music=Gandhaar
| cinematography= Abhimanyu Dange, Digvijay Thorat, Kiran Ghadge, Tejashree Joshi
| editing=Shreyas Kulkarni
| studio=Flying Horse Studios
| distributor=
| runtime= 41 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2013|10}}
| country=India
| language=English [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''Stories of Joy''''' is a [[Anthology film|compilation of five short films]] directed by upcoming filmmakers as a contribution to the ‘[[Daan Utsav|Joy of Giving Week]]’, a [[wiktionary:philanthropy|philanthropic]] festival celebrated across India from 2 to 8 October every year. The first screening of the compilation was on 19 October 2013 at [[National Film Archive of India|National Film Archives of India]], Pune. This project was well received and appreciated by the media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/174177/Indian-Express-Pune/19-October-2013#page/26/1|title=Indian Express Pune epaper dated Sat, 19 Oct 13|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-12-27|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194749/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/174177/Indian-Express-Pune/19-October-2013#page/26/1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024192240/http://epaper.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimes/10Oct2013/Normal/page11.htm | url=http://epaper.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimes/10Oct2013/Normal/page11.htm | archive-date=2013-10-24 | title=The Storytellers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/17-oct-2013-253-edition-Pune-Page-1.html |title=Read Mid – Day Online, e – Paper, Online News | Mid – Day |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060247/http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/17-oct-2013-253-edition-Pune-Page-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/articleshow/24298502.cms|title='देणं' असंही...|date=2013-10-18|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> Produced by 7th Std. Motion Pictures and Flying Horse Studios. The music was composed by Gandhaar and films were edited by Shreyas Kulkarni.

The films are:
* ''Chaiwala'', Written by Yogesh Jagam and Directed by Shreyas Kulkarni and Yogesh Jagam
* ''A Joy Unbound'', directed by Vaibhav Khisti
* ''Chor'', directed by Swapnil Kumawat and Prasad Bhardwaja
* ''Dodka'', directed by Vikrant Pawa
* ''The Last One'', directed by Noopur Bora

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]

Azhagi (TV series)

2025-03-21T03:23:27Z

Shilpi: further correct structure after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = அழகி
| alt_name = Beautiful Woman
| image = Azhagi cast.jpg
| caption = Logo
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = V.C Ravi (1-502) A. Jawahar (503-595) E.Vikramadhithan (596-747) M.Iniyan Dinesh (748-1101)
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] Kamal Deep Soniya [[Ilavarasan]] [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]]
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| opentheme = "Poovum Azhage" [[Haricharan]] (Vocal) [[Yugabharathi]] (Lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1,101
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]]
| channel =  [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2011|10|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|3|4}}
| related = Amma
}}

'''''Azhagi''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television soap opera that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 10 October 2011 to 4 March 2016 for 1101 episodes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/television/59928-azhagi-serial-teams-emotional-time.art|title="எங்கள் கண்கள் கலங்கிய தருணம் அது" நிறைவுக்கு வந்தது அழகி சீரியல்! |work=vikatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilserialtoday.org/2016/03/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134531/http://www.tamilserialtoday.org/2016/03/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=நிறைவுக்கு வந்தது அழகி சீரியல்|work=tamilserialtoday.org}}</ref>

The show starred [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], Kamal Deep, Soniya and [[Ilavarasan]]. It was produced by [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]] and director by V.C Ravi, A. Jawahar, E. Vikramadhithan and M.Iniyan Dinesh.<ref>[http://sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=DbrheoPIkuM=&ShowType=Category Azhagi Serial Page]</ref>

The series has been remade into [[Telugu language]] as ''Amma'' aired on [[Gemini TV]], and in [[Malayalam language]] as '''Amma Manasam''' broadcast on [[Surya TV]].

==Plot synopsis==
'''Azhagi''' is the story of Sundari ([[Viji Chandrasekhar]]), 40-year-old widow, who has struggled for the last 20 years with the sole aim of bringing up her children all by herself. The story underscores how this vulnerable yet resilient widow battles the hardships life throws at her.

Sundari is a hardworking single parent raising her three children by working as domestic help. Her brother in law 'Dhorai' provides lots of hindrance in her life. He is instigated by his wife vasantha.

The story depicts how sundari is cheated over properties by her brother in law and her Co sister after her husbands demise. Sundari along with her children were thrown out of their house by dhorai and vasantha.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Sundari Kathirvelan
* Kamal Deep as Natraj Kathirvelan (Kathirvelan and Sundari's son)
* Soniya as Divya Natraj (Natraj's wife and Sundari's daughter-in-law and Chandra's daughter)
* [[Nithya Ravindran]] as Major Amma
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] / [[Surekha (actress)|Surekha]] as Chandra (Divya and Nimmi's mother)
* [[Shalu Kurian]] / Kutty Pooja / Dhesikha as Niraimathi (Mathi) (Sundari and Kathiravan's oldest daughter and Somu's ex-wife and Babu's wife)
* Arun Kumar Rajan / J.Durai Raj as Somusundaram (Somu) (Sundari's ex-son-in-law, Panchali's son and Mathi's ex-husband)
* Sujatha Selvaraj as Panchali (Somu's mother)
* Radha as Surya Marisamy (Sundari and Kathirvelan's younger daughter and Marisamy's wife)
* Satish Kumar as Marisamy (Sundari's son-in-law/ Surya Kathirvelan's husband)
* [[Nanjil Nalini]] as Jegathambal (Sundari's mother-in-law and Kathirvelan and Durai's mother)
* [[Ilavarasu]] / Sridhar as Durai (Kathirvelan's brother and Sundari's brother-in-law and Vasantha's husband)
* Nagalakshmi as Vasantha Durai (Durai's wife)
* Ashwin as Sanjay Durai (Durai and Vasantha's son)
* Niranjini Ashok / Vineetha as Nithya Durai / Nithya Babu (Durai's daughter and Babu's ex-wife)
* Vincent Roy as Kalithirthan
* Ganesh Gopinath / Iyyappan Unni as Babu Kalithirthan (Kalitheerthan's son and Nithya's ex-husband and Mathi's husband)
* Harikrishnan as Shyam (Natraj Kathiravan's best friend and Kalithirthan's son in-law)
* Srividya as Nirmala "Nimmi" Prabhu (Divya's sister and Chandra's daughter)
* Jaheer Hassain as Prabhu (Divya's brother-in-law, Chandra's son in-law and Nimmi's husband)
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]] as Chitra
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Sridevi
* [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] as Nila
{{div col end}}

==Original soundtrack==

===Title song===
It was written by [[Yugabharathi]], composed by the Kiran. It was sung by [[Haricharan]].

===Soundtrack===
{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poovum Azhage
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 4:22
}}

==Production==
The series was directed by V.C Ravi (1-502), A. Jawahar (503-595) E.Vikramadhithan and M.Iniyan Dinesh. It was produced by [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/from-content-shop-to-media-major-112020600007_1.html | title=From content shop to media major | newspaper=[[Business Standard]] | date=6 February 2012 | accessdate=14 March 2014 | author=Vanita Kohli-Khandekar}}</ref>

==Remake==
The series has been remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[language]] as '''Amma''' broadcast on [[Gemini TV]] and [[Malayalam language]] as '''Amma Manasam''' broadcast on [[Surya TV]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:85%;"
! Country !! Language !! Channel !! Show Name !! Aired (Date)
|-
| rowspan=2| {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || [[Telugu language]] || [[Gemini TV]] || Amma || 17 March 2014 – 14 August 2014
|-
| [[Malayalam language]] || [[Surya TV]] || Amma Manasam || 16 June 2014 – 26 December 2014
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2012
| rowspan="1" | [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
| [[Sun Kudumbam Awards|Best Mother Awards]]
| [[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
| Sundari
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| rowspan="3" | [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
| [[Sun Kudumbam Awards|Best Mother Awards]]
| [[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
| Sundari
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Sun Kudumbam Awards|Best Father]]
| Vincent Raj
| Kalithirthan
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Sun Kudumbam Awards|Best Comedian-Female]]
| Sujatha
| Panjali
| {{Nom}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vikatan Televistas}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Panaganti Ramarayaningar

2025-02-24T16:50:48Z

Shilpi: added references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1866–1928)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Sir
| name = Panaganti Ramarayaningar
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Panagal Rajah.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Raja of Panagal
| imagesize = 200px
| order1 = 2nd [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister of the Madras Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 11 July 1921
| term_end1 = 3 December 1926
| monarch1 =
| primeminister1 =
| governor1 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]], 
Sir Charles George Todhunter (acting), 
[[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| predecessor1 = [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]]
| successor1 = [[P. Subbarayan]]
| order2 =
| term_start2 = 17 December 1920
| term_end2 = 3 December 1926
| monarch2 =
| premier2 = [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]], Raja of Panagal
| governor2 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]] 
Sir Charles George Todhunter (acting), 
[[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| predecessor2 = None
| successor2 = [[P. Subbarayan]]
| order3 = Member of the Imperial Legislative Council of India
| term_start3 = 1912
| term_end3 = 1915
| governor-general3 = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]
| monarch3 = [[George V]] of the United Kingdom
| primeminister3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1866|07|09}}
| birth_place = [[Srikalahasti]], ([[North Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]]) (now [[Chittoor District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1928|12|16|1866|09|7}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], (Now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]])
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Madras]]
| profession = Statesman, lawyer
| occupation = [[Legislator]], [[First Minister]]
| spouse =
| father = [[C.V. Sundara Sastri]]
}}
'''Raja Sir Panaganti Ramarayaningar'''<ref name="India Office List 1927">{{cite book | title=The India List and India Office List| last=Great Britain India Office| year=1927| publisher=Harrison and Sons| location=London| page=216}}</ref> [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (9 July 1866 – 16 December 1928), also known as the '''Raja of Panagal''', was a ''[[zamindar]]'' of [[Kalahasti]], a [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] leader and the [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister]] of [[Madras Presidency]] from 11 July 1921 to 3 December 1926.<ref name="listofchiefministers2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|access-date=20 October 2008|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

Ramarayaningar was born in [[Srikalahasti]], Chittoor district on 9 July 1866, and fostered in the [[Vadama]] Calamur family, whose pro-Brahmin, [[Mylapore clique]] influence and political moderation he would come to fiercely oppose. He was educated in [[Madras]] and obtained degrees in [[Sanskrit]], law, philosophy and [[Dravidian languages]] before entering politics. He was one of the founder-members of the Justice Party and served as its president from 1925 to 1928.

From 17 December 1920 to 11 July 1921, Ramarayaningar served as the Minister of Local Self-Government in the first Justice Party government led by [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]]. He served as the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 11 July 1921 to 3 December 1926. He introduced a number of reforms during his tenure. The [[T. Nagar|Thyagaraya Nagar]] locality in [[Chennai]] was developed during his First-Ministership. Ramarayaningar resigned as First Minister in 1926 when the Justice Party failed to obtain a majority in the 1926 elections to the Madras Legislative Council. He, however, continued to remain active in politics and served as the President of the Justice Party until his death on 16 December 1928. Serving a total of over 5 years, he remains the longest-serving First Minister in the Presidency era. Further, taking into account Madras Presidency's successor states of Madras and Tamil Nadu, he held the record as the longest-serving First Minister until 6 September 1959 (for almost 33 years), when Congress's K. Kamaraj overtook his 1,972-day record. With [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]], [[M. Karunanidhi]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]] overtaking Kamaraj's record, he is the 5th longest-serving First Minister of the state (throughout its various incarnations).

Ramarayaningar was regarded as an advocate of democracy and a staunch supporter of empowerment of the depressed classes. Historians generally attribute the decline of the Justice Party in the mid-1930s to the absence of charismatic leaders in the Justice Party following his death.

== Early life ==

Ramarayaningar belonged to Telugu Padmanayaka [[Velama]] community.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OCfDgAAQBAJ&q=Raja+of+panagal+telugu|title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India 1919 1937|publisher=Routledge, 2017|year=2017|isbn=9781315294193}}</ref> His early education and rearing was in the Calamur family, in the household of his foster-father [[C. V. Sundara Sastri|Calamur Sundara Sastri]],<ref name="cpp173">{{cite book|title=Sir C. P. Remembered|author=Shakunthala Jagannathan|isbn=81-87111-27-5|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd.|year=1999|pages=173}}</ref> the son of [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]], and father-in-law of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]].<ref name="cpramaswami">{{cite book|title=Leadership in South Asia|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|first=Pandey|last=Biswanath|year=1977|page=253}}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Triplicane]] High School in 1886<ref name="Panagal_Biography">{{cite book |editor1-first=V. |editor1-last=Geetha |editor2-first=S. V. |editor2-last=Rajadurai |title=Revolt – A Radical Weekly in Colonial Madras |year=1928 |url=http://www.thamizhagam.net/thamizhagam/elibrary/Kudiyarasu/Revolt.pdf |pages=176–179 |chapter=Some Non-Brahmin Leaders |publisher=Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212034220/http://www.thamizhagam.net/thamizhagam/elibrary/Kudiyarasu/Revolt.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and graduated in Sanskrit from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in 1893 with [[Advanced Chemistry]] as his optional subject.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> He graduated in BL and M.A. (Philosophy and Dravidian Languages) in 1899.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> In 1919, he was appointed a fellow of the Presidency College.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /><ref name="fellow">{{cite book|title=Who was who: A Companion to Who's who: Containing the Biographies of Those who Died During the Period|publisher=A. C. Black|year=1967|pages=811}}</ref>

== Early political career ==

Ramarayaningar got his first taste of politics when he was appointed to the district board of [[North Arcot]].<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> In 1912, he was nominated to the [[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council of India]] and represented the landlords and ''zamindars'' of [[South India]].<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> He served as a legislator until 1915.<ref name="motilal_nehru">{{cite book|title=Selected works of Motilal Nehru|last=Nehru|first=Motilal|author2=Ravinder Kumar, D. N. Panigrahi|page=258|year=1983}}</ref> During this period, Ramarayaningar earned the praise of the [[Viceroy]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> He actively supported reforms in the Hindu society. In 1914, Ramarayaningar moved a legislation for the creation of separate Provincial departments for the welfare of depressed classes.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /><ref name="legislation">{{cite book|title=Gooty Kesava Pillai, a Deenabandhu of South India: A Deenabandhu of South India|last=Pillai|first=P. Damodaram|page=32}}</ref> In 1915, he was elected President of the Third Andhra Congress.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" />

In 1914, the Madras Dravidian Association was established by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]].<ref name="mda1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT LTD|first=Mamta|last=Rajawat|year=2004|isbn=978-81-261-2084-0|page=240}}</ref> Ramarayaningar was elected as the first President of the Association.<ref name="mda1" /> On 19 July 1917, at a conference in [[Coimbatore]] presided over by the Ramarayaningar, the four different non-Brahmin associations got together to form the South Indian Liberal Federation, unofficially known as the Justice Party.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /><ref name="justiceparty">{{cite book|title=Political and Social Factors in Andhra, 1900–1956|first=B.|last=Kesavanarayana|year=1976|page=299}}</ref> In 1921, Ramarayaningar was sent along with [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] and [[Koka Appa Rao Naidu]] to lobby on behalf of the Justice Party before the authorities in England.<ref name="england_delegation">{{cite book|title=A Century of Politics in Andhra Pradesh: Ethnicity & Regionalism in Indian State|publisher=Rational Voice Publications|first=N.|last=Inniah|year=2002|page=27}}</ref>

Ramarayaningar was also active in the All-India Non-Brahmin movement. He was a friend of [[Shahu Maharaj]]<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp24">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 24</ref><ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp53">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 53</ref> and was closely associated with the former's [[Satyashodhak Samaj|Satya Shodhak Samaj]].<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp42">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 42</ref> He attended the All India Non-Brahmin Conference held at [[Belgaum]] on 26 December 1924<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp48">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 48</ref> and presided over the Second All-India Non-Brahmin Conference held at Victoria Hall, Madras on 25 May 1925.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp49">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 49</ref><ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp50">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 50</ref><ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp51">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 51</ref>

When the ''[[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act]]'' was passed in 1919, provisions were made to hold elections in the Madras Presidency for the first time in history.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> The Justice Party unanimously decided to contest the elections and was elected to power in the province.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" /> [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] became the inaugural First Minister of the Madras Presidency. Ramarayaningar served as Minister of Local Self-Government in the Subbarayalu Reddiar Government. When Subbarayalu Reddiar resigned, citing health reasons, Ramarayaningar was appointed First Minister.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp182">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 182</ref>

== First Minister of Madras ==

Ramarayaningar served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras]] from 11 July 1921 till 3 December 1926. [[A. P. Patro]] of [[Berhampur]] was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by Subbarayalu Reddiar's resignation, and he took the portfolio of education.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp182" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! colspan="2"| Ramarayaningar's Cabinet
|-
! Portfolio
! Minister
|-
| Local Self-Government
| Panaganti Ramarayaningar (later Raja of Panagal) (First Minister) (1921–1926)
|-
| Education, Excise and Public works
| [[Sir A. P. Patro]] (1921–1926)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Development
| [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (1921–1923)
|-
| [[Sir T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai]] (1923–1926)
|-
| colspan=2 align="left"|''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''
|}

=== B & C Mills strike of 1921 ===

{{Main|1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike}}
In 1921, a labour strike erupted in the [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills]] in Madras.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike">{{cite news|title=A street name unchanged|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/22/stories/2008122250770500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103185248/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/22/stories/2008122250770500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2008}}</ref> This strike was led by [[V. Kalyanasundara Mudaliar]], a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> The strike lasted for over six months<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> during which around 10,000 workers struck work. A crackdown was ordered.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> Eventually, two factions emerged; one group of workers desired to return to work while another wished to continue the strike.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /><ref name="untouchablesp94">{{cite book|title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty, and the State in Modern India|pages=94|first=Oliver|last=Mendelsohn|author2=Marika Vicziany|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-55671-2}}</ref> Violent riots broke out when striking workers prevented the others from returning to work.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /><ref name="untouchablesp94" /> The riots began to assume communal colours as the workers who wished to continue the strike were mostly [[Savarna|caste Hindus]] while those who desired to end it were largely Scheduled Castes.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /><ref name="untouchablesp94" />

Ministers in the Madras government and ruling party members supported the strike.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> On 29 August 1921, the police opened fire and killed six of the workers on the spot.<ref name="nytimes_b&cstrike">{{cite news|title=Ambush British in India|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/02/107025228.pdf|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 September 1921 }}</ref> Top Justice Party leaders like [[O. Thanikachalam Chetti]] severely censured the police for the measures they adopted.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> The main reason was that the police was under the control of the governor and the government was looking for an opportunity to harass the executive.<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> Another probable reason was that the striking workers had the caste sympathies of the Justice Party government whose ministers and chief whips were caste Hindus like themselves.<ref name="untouchablesp94" />

The Justice Party leaders were extremely vociferous in their attacks on Paraiyars and the Labour Department.<ref name="untouchablesp94" /> Their views were endorsed by the Raja of Panagal who joined Thanickachalam Chetti in admonishing the Paraiyars.<ref name="calcuttahistoryp101">{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Historical Journal|pages=101|publisher=University of Calcutta|year=2004}}</ref> The party's organ ''Justice'' blamed the riots on the "pampering" of Paraiyars by the Labour Department.<ref name="untouchablesp94" /> [[M. C. Rajah]], the leader of the Scheduled Castes in the Justice Party, in turn, retorted by describing the criticism of Scheduled Castes by Justice Party members as "the high-handed poisonous action of members of a party who after inflicting all known and unknown injury on our community shed crocodile tears and pose as friends of the Depressed classes".<ref name="untouchablesp94" /> Though the B & C mills strike was eventually settled through the mediation of [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]],<ref name="thehindu_1921strike" /> the communal riots which had accompanied it estranged Scheduled Castes from the Justice Party.<ref name="untouchablesp94" /> and was one of the reasons for Rajah quitting the party at a later stage.

=== Second general elections ===

{{Main|1923 Madras Presidency legislative council election}}
Polling for the second general elections in the Madras Presidency began on 11 September 1923.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp183">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 183</ref> However, owing to heavy rains, polling was not completed until 10 November.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp183" /> Though the Justice Party returned to power, its majority had been considerably reduced.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp184">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 184</ref> Observers attribute this decline in performance to the rift between the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] members of the Justice party.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp183" /> Ramarayaningar assumed office as First Minister on 19 November 1923 and retained the same Cabinet with one change – [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu|K. V. Reddi Naidu]], the Minister of Development was replaced with [[T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai]].<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp184" /> In 1923, the British government bestowed upon Ramarayaningar, the honorific title of "Raja of Panagal".<ref name="Panagal_Biography" />

=== No-confidence motion ===

In 1923, a few prominent members of the Justice Party broke off to form the [[United Nationalist Party (India)|United Nationalist Party]] and projected themselves as "Democrats".<ref name="noconfidencemotion">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124085602/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2005|title=When the postman knocked|first=S.|last=Muthiah|date=25 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The dissidents were led by [[C. R. Reddy]], a leader of the Justice Party,<ref name="noconfidencemotion" /><ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp185">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 185</ref><ref name="crreddy">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623122924/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2004|title=Go-betweens left in the lurch|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Narasimha|last=Rao|date=27 April 2004}}</ref> who complained of the dictatorial rule of the Raja<ref name="ssatyamurthip41">{{cite book|title=S. Satyamurti|first=R.|last=Parthasarathi|pages=41|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1971}}</ref> and his insensitive, unimaginative policies.<ref name="crreddyp16">{{cite book|title=Dr. C. R. Reddy|first=D.|last=Anjaneyulu|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1973|pages=16}}</ref> On 27 November 1923, a [[no-confidence motion]] was introduced against the government of the Raja of Panagal.<ref name="noconfidencemotion" /><ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp185" /> The no-confidence motion was defeated by a margin of 65 votes to 44.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp186">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 186</ref>

=== Reforms ===

Ramarayaningar introduced a number of reforms during his tenure as First Minister.<ref name="justiceparty_rajaraman">{{cite book|title=The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916–37|pages=269|first=P.|last=Rajaraman|publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|year=1988}}</ref>

'''Hindu Religious Endowments Bill'''

In 1921, the Raja of Panagal introduced the ''Hindu Religious Endowments Bill''.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp73">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 73</ref> As per this bill, trusts were established to maintain temple funds and given complete power over the administration of temples.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp73" /> This act evoked severe protests from some sections of the assembly which felt that this was an intrusion in the religious affairs of the populace.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp73" /> However, the [[Paramacharya|Shankaracharya of Kanchi]] gave his support to the bill even while expressing his concern over some of its provisions.<ref name="paramacharya">{{cite book|title=Pujya Sri Mahaswamy Divya Charitram|author=Sri Sambamoorthi Shastrigal, Kuppuswamy Iyer, "Sollin Selvan" P. N. Parasuraman|url=http://www.srikanchimahaswami100.org/SriMahaSwamyCharitram__2__1_edit.pdf|publisher=Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam|page=48|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214124920/http://www.srikanchimahaswami100.org/SriMahaSwamyCharitram__2__1_edit.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref>

'''Madras State Aid to Industries Act'''

In 1922, the ''Madras State Aid to Industries Act'' was passed. Through this act, the government made it a state policy to advance loans to developing industries.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp73" /> It received less opposition in the assembly. This eventually became ''Madras Act V'' of 1923.<ref name="resume1965">{{cite web|title=Madras Legislative Assembly, Third Assembly-Seventh Session-Second meeting (3rd to 12th November 1965) Resume|pages=12|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/03assly/03_07_2.pdf|publisher=Government of Madras|date=December 1965}}</ref>

'''Educational reforms'''

The ''Madras University Act'' was passed in the year 1923. The bill was introduced by Education Minister Sir A. P. Patro.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 74</ref><ref name="justiceparty_souvenir">{{cite book|title=Justice Party Golden Jubilee Souvenir|year=1968|pages=xx|publisher=Justice Party}}</ref> As per the provisions of this bill, the governing body of the Madras University was completely reorganised on democratic lines. The bill asserted that the governing body would henceforth be headed by a Chancellor who would be assisted by a pro-Chancellor who was usually the Minister of Education. Apart from the Chancellor and the pro-Chancellor who were elected, there was to be a Vice-Chancellor appointed by the Chancellor.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74" /> In 1925, the ''Andhra University Act'' was passed which included similar reforms in Andhra University.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74" />

However, the tenure of the Justice Party government of the Raja of Panagal is largely remembered for the introduction of caste-based reservations in 1921.<ref name="justiceparty_souvenir" /><ref name="reservations_history">{{cite news | last= Murugan | first= N. | title= RESERVATION (Part-2) | date= 9 October 2006 | url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | work= National | access-date= 19 May 2008 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108054013/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | archive-date= 8 January 2009 }}</ref> In August 1921, the First communal Government Order (G.O. No.613<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu swims against the tide |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |work=The Statesman |access-date=19 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090135/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>) was passed.<ref name="reservations_history" /> As per the order, 44 percent of jobs were reserved for non-Brahmins, 16 percent for Brahmins, 16 percent for Muslims, 16 percent for Anglo-Indians and Christians and eight percent for the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name="Statesman" />

In 1923, M. C. Rajah, a Justice Party leader from the [[Scheduled Caste]] community protested against the government order arguing that the act did not guarantee adequate representation of scheduled castes who he felt deserved 30% reservation in the administration and the services. When the Justice Party failed to respond, he resigned from the primary membership of the party.<ref name="dalits">{{cite book|title=India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India|year=2003|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|page=175}}</ref>

'''Dr. Gour's Bill'''

''Dr. Gour's Bill'', introduced in 1921, brought about an amendment in the Special Marriages Act, sanctioning the legal validity of inter-caste marriages.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp75">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 75</ref>

'''Municipal development'''

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Madras 1921.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Map of Madras city in 1921, before the draining of Long Tank
| image2 = Madras 1955 reduced.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Madras city in 1955, after Long Tank had been drained out
| footer =
}}

The rapid growth of the population of Madras necessitated the expansion of the city and the creation of more residential colonies. To fulfill this requirement, the Madras Town Planning Act of 1920 had been passed on 7 September 1920 before the dyarchy was established.<ref name="madrastownplanningact1920">{{Cite web|url=http://kilalibrary.googlepages.com/THEMADRASTOWNPLANNINGACT1920.htm|title=Madras Town Planning Act 1920|access-date=28 October 2008|publisher=Kerala Institute of Local Administration}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As per the provisions of this Act, numerous town planning measures were taken during the tenure of the Raja of Panagal. The {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} broad Long Tank, which extended from [[Nungambakkam]] to [[Saidapet]], forming an arc along the city's western frontier, was drained out in 1923.<ref name="tnagar">{{cite news | last=Varghese | first=Nina | title= T.Nagar: Shop till you drop, and then shop some more | date=29 August 2006 | url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm | work =Business Line|location=Chennai | access-date = 28 October 2008}}</ref> The development of the tract to the west of the Long Tank had been initiated by the British Government in 1911 with the construction of a railway station at the village of Marmalan or [[Mambalam]].<ref name="tnagar" /> Following the draining out of the Long Tank, the Justice Party government of the Raja of Panagal conceived the creation of a residential colony adjoining this little village.<ref name="tnagar" />

The residential colony was named [[T. Nagar|Theagaroya Nagar]] after Justice Party stalwart [[Theagaroya Chetty|Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetty]], who had died shortly before the township was inaugurated, and was centred around a park named [[Panagal Park]] after the Raja of Panagal.<ref name="tnagar" /> The streets in this new locality were named after prominent members of the Justice Party or officials in the municipal administration.<ref name="tnagar" />

'''Other reforms'''

The Raja of Panagal reorganised the Public Works Department in the Presidency, improved medical facilities, water supply and communications in rural areas and patronised [[Siddha]] medicine. [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Sir Muhammed Usman]], later minister in the government of the [[Raja of Bobbili]] was appointed secretary of the committee on siddha medicine.<ref name="usman_secretary">{{cite book|title=The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916–37|pages=242|first=P.|last=Rajaraman|publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|year=1988}}</ref>
He also sponsored endowments to the University of Madras to produce scientific literature in Telugu.<ref name="Panagal_Biography" />

== President of the Justice Party ==

Theagaroya Chetty, the founder-President of the Justice Party died in 1925 and the Raja, then First Minister of Madras succeeded Chetty as the second President of the Justice Party. The Raja served as the President of the party until his death in 1928.<ref name="raja_president2">{{cite book | title=Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion| last=Mishra| first=Maria| year=2007| publisher=Allan Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9367-7| page=137}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! colspan="8" | Performance of the Justice Party during the tenure of the Raja of Panagal
|-
! Assembly elections
! Seats in Madras Assembly
! Assembly Seats won by the Justice Party
! Total number of Council seats
! Number of Justice Party members nominated to the council
! Result
! Party President
! Office held by Ramarayaningar
|-
| 1920
| align="right" | 98
| align="right" | 63
| align="right" | 29
| align="right" | 18
| align="right" | '''Won'''
| [[Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty]]
| Took office as Minister of Local Self-Government
|-
| 1923
| align="right" | 98
| align="right" | 44
| align="right" | 29
| align="right" | 17
| align="right" | '''Won'''
| [[Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty]]
| Re-elected as First Minister of Madras Presidency
|-
| 1926
| align="right" | 98
| align="right" | 21
| align="right" | 34
| align="right" | 0
| align="right" | '''Lost'''
| Raja of Panagal
| Resigned as First Minister of Madras Presidency
|-
| colspan=7 align="left"|''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''
|}
[[image:RajaofPanagal.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Statue of the Raja of Panagal inside [[Panagal Park]], [[Chennai]]]]

== Later years ==

Ramarayaningar was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] on 5 June 1926.<ref name="India Office List 1927" /> In the Assembly elections which took place on 8 November 1926, no party was able to get a clean majority.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 189</ref> The [[Swarajya Party]] won 41 of the 98 seats and emerged as the single largest party while the Justice party won 21.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Raja resigned as the First Minister of the Presidency as the popular verdict appeared to be against the Justice Party. As no party had a clean majority and the Swarajya Party which was the single largest party in the assembly was reluctant to form the government, the Governor appointed [[P. Subbarayan]] as the independent First Minister and nominated 34 members to the council to support him.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 190</ref>

In 1927, the [[Simon Commission]] which was appointed to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms landed in India.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 191</ref> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 192</ref> The Justice Party and the Swarajists supported the resolution while the First Minister [[P. Subbarayan]] opposed it and requested his ministers to resign. However, [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]], the Governor, was able to obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal by making a Justice Party member, [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]], a Cabinet minister.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterwards, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 193</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 194</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the commission a warm reception.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />

== Death and legacy ==

[[File:Panagal Building.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Panagal Maaligai or Panagal Building, formerly [[Chengalpattu district|Chingleput]] Collectorate, and currently, District Revenue Office, is named after the Raja of Panagal]]

Ramarayaningar died on 16 December 1928 of influenza.<ref name="panagal_death">{{cite book | title=History of Modern Andhra| last=Rao| first=P. Raghunadha| year=1983| publisher=Sterling Publishers| page=116}}</ref><ref name="Irschick">{{cite book | title=Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahman movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929| author=Eugene F. Irschick| year=1969| pages=320| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

He was succeeded as the President of the Justice Party by [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]].<ref name="raja_president2" /><ref name="raja_president3">{{cite book | title=Politics for Power: The Role of Caste and Factions in Andhra Pradesh, 1880–1980| last=Innaiah| first=N.| year=1981| publisher=Scientific Publishers| page=47}}</ref> On his death, leading newspapers and magazines poured accolades on him. [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], a political opponent of the Raja, said of him:

{{blockquote|The Rajah Sahib had singular gifts to leadership, tact and of high diplomacy. He had not only led his party with remarkable success but he fought the bureaucracy with even greater skill and courage<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp148" />}}

''[[The Hindu]]'' paid rich tributes to the Raja:

{{blockquote|Essentially a conservative by instinct and training, he showed remarkable ability to perceive the trend of the popular upheaval in our province no less in social than in political matters and he showed consummate strategy and great ability in maintaining the influence and integrity of his party, when the mantle of leadership fell on him after the death of Sir P. Theagaraya Chetti a few years ago. In many respects he was a contrast to the other leader who was frank, outspoken and vehement in his lift and conduct. The Rajah Saheb was, on the other hand, reserved and restrained, tactful and polished to a degree and his courtesy and consideration to friends and opponents alike has always been marked<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp195">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 195</ref>}}

The Justice Party began to decline with the death of the Raja of Panagal. The lack of efficient leadership in the party is regarded as the main reason for its decline.<ref name="justiceparty_decline1">{{cite book | title=History of Tamilnad| last=Subramanian| first=N.| year=1976| publisher=Koodal Publishers| page=187}}</ref><ref name="justiceparty_decline2">{{cite book | title=History of Tamilnad| last=Subramanian| first=N.| year=1976| publisher=Koodal Publishers| page=213}}</ref>

== Ideology ==

Despite his aristocratic birth, Ramarayaningar was known for his egalitarian views.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp148">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 148</ref> Despite the fact that he was regarded as a communalist and anti-Brahmin, he nominated a Brahmin, [[T. Sadasiva Iyer]] as the Commissioner of the Hindu Religious Endowment Board.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp148" />

Ramarayaningar, however, strongly opposed what he perceived as the monopolisation of education by Brahmins. On being interviewed by Katherine Mayo, he responded:

{{blockquote|What did the Brahmans do for our education in the five thousand years before Britain came? I remind you: They asserted their right to pour hot lead into the ears of the low-caste man who should dare to study books. All learning belonged to them, they said. When the Muhammadans swarmed in and took us, even that was an improvement on the old Hindu régime. But only in Britain's day did education become the right of all, with state schools, colleges, and universities accessible îo all castes, communities, and peoples<ref name="rajaofpanagal_motherindia">{{cite book|title=Mother India|last=Mayo|first=Katherine|year=1937|place=New York|page=178}}</ref>}}

== See also ==

* [[Dravidian movement]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}

== Further reading ==

{{Dravidian politics}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramarayaningar, Panaganti}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Justice Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra movement]]

Lycium shawii

2024-08-15T13:27:35Z

Shilpi: further correct page and fixed typos

{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Lycium shawii.jpg
|image_caption = ''Lycium shawii''
|genus = Lycium
|species = shawii
|authority = Roem. & Schult.
}}

'''''Lycium shawii''''', '''desert thorn''' or '''Arabian boxthorn''' is a [[species]] of [[thorn (plant material)|thorn]]y [[shrub]] adapted to [[desert]] [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]s, and can be found throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]], and some places in [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=G. Miller |first1=Anthony |last2=Morris |first2=Miranda |title=Plants of Dhofar |date=1988 |isbn=071570808-2 |page=276}}</ref> The thin [[leaf|leave]]d, rigid bush grows up to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=off}} high, with a lot of branches and alternating spines that vary in size, and grow along the branches and on their tips. The leaves narrow towards their base. It produces small whitish-pink or purple [[flower]]s from September until April, and [[red pea]]-sized [[seed]]y [[berries]] that are edible. [[Habitat]]s include [[gravel]] plains and [[foothills]] up to {{convert|4,000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, as well as [[wadi]]s. [[Plant]]s often growing nearby include ''[[Acacia tortilis]]'' and ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''.

==Uses==
The stems, leaves and berries are used in traditional medicine. In [[Yemen]], the pounded leaves of this shrub have been used as a [[cure]] for [[eye]] [[ailment]]s. The berries have a laxative effect and were used in traditional medicine to relieve constipation and as a diuretic. Livestock eat new growth on the plant.<ref>[http://www.ddcr.org/florafauna/Detail.aspx?Class=Plants&Referrer=Solanaceae%20(Shrubs)&Subclass=Shrubs&Id=235 Lycium shawii] Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve</ref>

==See also==
* [[Al-Baqi'#History|History of Al-Baqi' Cemetery]] in [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]]
* [[Dhofar]], [[Oman]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1878549}}

[[Category:Lycium|shawii]]

{{Solanales-stub}}

Vasantha Nagar, Madurai

2024-02-03T02:06:22Z

Shilpi: Created initial data basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Vasantha Nagar
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Vasantha Nagar, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|9.907500|N|78.099900|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 159
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625003
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +91452xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[Nelpettai]], [[Keelavasal, Madurai|Keelavasal]], [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]], [[Thathaneri]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], [[Arappalayam]], Arasaradi, [[Kalavasal]], [[Palanganatham]], [[Jaihindpuram]], [[Pasumalai]] and [[Thiruparankundram]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Municipal body
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Vasantha Nagar''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dr.P.Ajay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0pgEAAAQBAJ&q=vasantha%2520nagar%252C%2520madurai&pg=PP4 |title=Wired & Wireless Communication Networks |last2=Dr.B.Nagaraj |date=2021-11-01 |publisher=Shanlax Publications |isbn=978-93-91373-92-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Praseeda |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzRJEAAAQBAJ&q=vasantha%2520nagar%252C%2520madurai&pg=PP2 |title=International Conference on Reinventing Business Practices, Startups and Sustainability – Virtual Conference |last2=Subramanian |first2=Kabaly P. |last3=Prabadevi |first3=M. N. |last4=Kalaivani |first4=M. |publisher=Shanlax Publications |isbn=978-93-91373-54-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ayyanathan |first1=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0o5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP2 |title=Big Data Analytics for Business Intelligence: Descriptive Case Studies on Smart Tourism in India |last2=Ansari |first2=Gufran Ahmad |last3=Selvam |first3=Venkatesan |publisher=Shanlax Publications |isbn=978-81-950884-0-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Vasantha Nagar is located at an altitude of about 159 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|9.907500|N|78.099900|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Vasantha Nagar, Madurai |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vasantha_Nagar,_Madurai&params=9.907500_N_78.099900_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

There is a project of Metro rail in between [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]] and [[Othakadai]] in Madurai district, covering a distance of 31 km. Goripalayam Metro station is one among the 20 Metro stations proposed. In between Othakadai and [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]], elevated tracks are going to be constructed and from Goripalayam to Vasantha Nagar, underground tunnels are proposed for the transit.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sunitha |last=Sekar |date=2023-02-07 |title=Metrolite for Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metrolite-for-madurai-31-km-elevated-stretch-planned-from-tirumangalam-to-othakadai/article66481746.ece |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Tender floated to prepare detailed project report for Madurai metro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tender-floated-to-prepare-detailed-project-report-for-madurai-metro/articleshow/98055373.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Mahalakshmi |date=2023-01-30 |title=மதுரை மக்களுக்கான ஹாப்பி நியூஸ்... ஒத்தக்கடை டு திருமங்கலம் மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம் - அறிக்கை சமர்ப்பிப்பு! |url=https://tamil.examsdaily.in/feasibility-report-submitted-to-tn-govt-for-the-implementation-of-the-mdu-metro/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=ExamsDaily Tamil |language=en-US}}</ref> Including this underground tunnel work for the Madurai Metro line, the project will be completed by the end of the year 2027 and the route will be linked to Madurai Airport.<ref>{{Cite web |author=ETInfra |title=Madurai metro to link airport in phase II; 5 km to be underground - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/madurai-metro-to-link-airport-in-phase-ii-5-km-to-be-underground/99324441 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref> To maintain the heritage structures in Madurai, underground tunnelling is proposed in between Goripalayam and Vasantha Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |first= S |last= Sundar |date=2023-04-16 |title=Soil testing for Madurai Metro Rail project under way |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/soil-testing-for-madurai-metro-rail-project-under-way/article66743805.ece |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> and to prepare for the Detailed Project Report, Aarvee Associates is selected by tender.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/firm-picked-to-prepare-madurai-metro-dpr/articleshow/99021967.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Thiagarajar Higher Secondary School in Vasantha Nagar serves Vasantha Nagar and its neighbourhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=Madurai school's novel idea, offers free smartphones to new students |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/madurai-school-s-novel-idea-offers-free-smartphones-to-new-students-880086.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=November 2023}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Madurai]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}

Jauhar sati

2023-10-27T06:41:32Z

Shilpi: Created a redirect

#redirect [[Jauhar]]

FabFurnish

2023-10-18T03:31:36Z

Shilpi: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Future Group#FabFurnish]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2012]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Haryana]]
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SpiceXpress

2023-10-07T13:52:25Z

Shilpi: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[SpiceJet#SpiceXpress]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to section}}
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Speeches of Narendra Modi

2023-09-27T23:15:32Z

Shilpi: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Public image of Narendra Modi]]