Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Charan Hembram

2026-05-06T05:40:12Z

Shikha Jha: added first info v1

{{orphan|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charan Hembram
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nuagaon, [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]], India
| occupation = Writer, educator, researcher, cultural activist
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026)
}}
'''Charan Hembram''' is an Indian Santali writer, educator and tribal cultural activist from [[Odisha]], India. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2026 in the field of Literature and Education for his contribution to the development and promotion of the [[Santali language]] and the preservation of indigenous cultural traditions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha: Santali author Charan Hembram expresses joy at Padma Shri nomination |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/odisha-santali-author-charan-hembram-expresses-joy-at-padma-shri-nomination-1042413 |publisher=The Hans India |date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hembram hails from Nuagaon in [[Mayurbhanj district]], Odisha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Four 'unsung heroes' from Odisha chosen for Padma Shri award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Jan/26/four-unsung-heroes-from-odisha-chosen-for-padma-shri-award |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2026}}</ref> He belongs to the Santali community and grew up in a socio-cultural environment shaped by indigenous traditions and oral heritage.

==Career==
Hembram has worked for more than three decades as a researcher, educator and writer dedicated to the advancement of the Santali language and tribal education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha's Padma winners: Linguist, Santali writer, artiste & master weaver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odishas-padma-winners-linguist-santali-writer-artiste-master-weaver/articleshow/127497060.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=26 January 2026}}</ref> He has been associated with initiatives aimed at strengthening tribal identity through language development and cultural preservation.

Hembram has established several institutions to make education accessible to tribal children, particularly in rural areas of Odisha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy that govt recognised my work for promotion of Santali language: Charan Hembram |url=https://theprint.in/india/happy-that-govt-recognised-my-work-for-promotion-of-santali-language-charan-hembram/2836404/ |publisher=ThePrint |date=25 January 2026}}</ref> His contributions were recognised with the conferment of the Padma Shri in 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrated Odia Personalities Honored with Padma Shri 2026 |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3782322-celebrated-odia-personalities-honored-with-padma-shri-2026 |publisher=Devdiscourse |date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hembram, Charan}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Stray dog attacks in India

2026-05-01T14:43:04Z

Shikha Jha: Put up a info first draft.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Stray dogs from Kozhikode, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Stray dogs in Kerala, India]]
[[India]] has the highest number of attacks by [[stray dogs]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title=The menace of street dogs in Indian cities | url=http://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-menace-of-street-dogs-in-indian-cities/ }}</ref> India has 36% of all [[rabies]] deaths in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=2016-10-21 |title=India has 30 million stray dogs. If one was to compare the number of bites to the number of stray dogs living in India, the high number quickly comes into context. The overwhelming majority of stray dogs in India live in complete harmony with their surroundings and the people living amidst them. In one state, vigilantes are being pushed to kill them. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-has-30-million-stray-dogs-one-state-is-pushing-vigilantes-to-kill-them/2016/10/20/48017a70-252f-4440-9a55-8ca9d4509145_story.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> There have been incidents where small babies are mauled to death by stray dogs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isn't public safety prime responsibility of civic bodies? |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/isnt-public-safety-prime-responsibility-of-civic-bodies-196835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111091656/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/isnt-public-safety-prime-responsibility-of-civic-bodies-196835 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> India also has the largest number of stray dogs in the world, along with the highest cases of rabies deaths. Many rabies deaths are unreported.

In compliance with Animal Birth Control rules, 2001, stray dogs may not be killed as it is unconstitutional. They have to be vaccinated and sterilized. Municipalities lack the money to sterilize stray dogs due to misuse and mismanagement of the granted funds for this purpose. Many Indians believe that stray dog attacks are common in their area and that the municipality does not take the necessary steps to vaccinate and sterilize in accordance to the Animal Birth Control Program to reduce dog bites. The ABC Program created in 2001 to check stray dog populations through mass vaccination and sterilization like Bhutan,<ref>{{cite web|title=SC stray dog order: How Bhutan achieved 100% sterilisation, Netherlands formed a pet police force|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pet-police-force-and-sterilisation-how-bhutan-netherlands-resolve-the-stray-dog-issue-10183757/lite/|website=The Indian Express|author=Drishti Jain|date=12 August 2025|access-date=28 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> but it resulted in severe mismanagement of granted funds and thus an increase in stray dogs populations due to negligence in performance and corruption.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lobo |first=Ryan |title=Opinion: What Explains India's Privileged Treatment of Street Dogs? – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/abc-rules-street-dogs/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In some Indian cities, stray dog attacks are often considered a danger to children and old people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=2012-08-07 |title=Where Streets Are Thronged With Strays Baring Fangs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/world/asia/india-stray-dogs-are-a-menace.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]] have the highest number of stray dogs. [[Tamil Nadu]], Maharashtra and [[West Bengal]] have the highest number of dog bites.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stray dog menace: Civic bodies have failed us, say 90% people in a national survey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stray-dog-attack-noida-national-survey-civic-bodies-have-failed-us-say-90-people-2286950-2022-10-18 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Bihar government found that stray dog bites are the third largest cause of disease in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who let the dogs out: Canine attacks the 3rd biggest cause for disease in Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-let-the-dogs-out-canine-attacks-the-3rd-biggest-cause-for-disease-in-bihar-321456-2016-05-03 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=India Today |date=May 3, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Individual attacks ==
In 2007, in Bangalore, two children were killed by a pack of dogs. This resulted in mass killing of dogs throughout the city causing animal rights activists to protest against the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] for the action they took against stray dogs, which were cruel and improper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-05 |title=Beware of dogs |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30190869.ece |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Meerut]] had several attacks by dogs that killed children.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-03-11 |title=Hunt for man-eater dogs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hunt-for-man-eater-dogs/story-eutw7ZiNj1wwzVDckLZFTO.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

A man was found dead in Darjeeling, on 2013, with his arms, chest, and legs partially eaten, initially sparking fears of a leopard attack as pug marks were found nearby before. Subsequent investigation using CCTV footage revealed that a pack of stray dogs, not a leopard, was responsible for killing him. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-21 |title=Hills resident not mauled by leopard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hills-resident-not-mauled-by-leopard/articleshow/18109470.cms |access-date=2025-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2014, on Delhi, a two-month-old baby girl was mauled to death by a stray dog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: Dog Mauls Two-Month-Old Baby to Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-dog-mauls-two-month-old-baby-to-death-581788 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> After that, residents attacked and killed the dog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Dog mauls baby to death in Delhi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/dog-mauls-baby-to-death-in-delhi-401360.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The incident caused anger amongst the public who complained about civic bodies not controlling the growing stray dog population.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jun 28, 2014 |title=Stray mauls baby to death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/stray-mauls-baby-to-death/articleshow/37351808.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, in Delhi, seven-year-old boy was mauled to death by stray dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Somreet Bhattacharya|date=Aug 5, 2015 |title=Stray dogs bite 7-year-old Delhi boy to death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/stray-dogs-bite-7-year-old-delhi-boy-to-death/articleshow/48353184.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> the National Human Rights Commission spoke about the death,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-31 |title=Dogs take over Delhi streets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dogs-take-over-streets/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the need for a debate about human rights along with animal rights. [[Delhi High Court]] asked [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|SDMC]] about street safety due to the death of the boy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-09 |title=Delhi: Boy's death in stray dog attack puts focus on street safety |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-boys-death-in-stray-dog-attack-puts-focus-on-street-safety-1034932.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, a 65-year-old woman was mauled to death by stray dogs and a 90-year-old man was killed by stray dogs in Kerala. The woman was partially eaten by the stray dogs. After this, angry locals killed 100 stray dogs.<ref>{{cite news |title=When man's best friend turns killer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-stray-dogs-divide-india-like-nothing-else/articleshow/81431925.cms |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2016-08-20 |title=65-Year-Old Woman Eaten And Killed By Some 50 Stray Dogs In Kerala |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/65-year-old-woman-eaten-and-killed-by-some-50-stray-dogs-in-kerala-260318.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Some people even offered bounties for killing stray dogs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Kerala stray dogs: The Indian state getting a bad rap over the animals |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62949005 |access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>

In 2018, stray dogs killed 14 children in [[Khairabad, Sitapur]], Uttar Pradesh. The dogs were called man-eaters as some of the children's body parts were chewed off.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2018-05-22 |title=Killer Dogs Take 14 Lives. Did Closing Slaughterhouses Play a Role? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/world/asia/india-wild-dogs.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Scientists investigated why the dogs were attacking children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Vidhi |date=10 May 2018 |title=Stray dogs are killing children in India. Scientists want to find out why. |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/05/10/stray-dogs-are-killing-children-in-india-scientists-want-to-find-out-why/}}</ref>

In 2019, a boy was attacked and killed and eaten by stray dogs in [[Amritsar]]. The dogs were called man-eater dogs by public.<ref>{{cite news |title=The man-eating stray dogs of Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-man-eating-stray-dogs-of-punjab-1502531-2019-04-15 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Chandigarh saw an increase in stray dog bites and a child was mauled to death by stray dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-26 |title=400 victims a month in two clinics, Chandigarh goes to the dogs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/400-victims-a-month-in-two-clinics-chandigarh-goes-to-the-dogs-5642793/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, a three-hour-old newborn baby was mauled to death by stray dogs in Farukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, as hospital staff left the window open in an operating theatre. Police filed a case against the hospital staff. The private hospital was closed up. Poor healthcare facilities in India was questioned.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2020-01-14 |title=Baby mauled to death by dogs in Indian hospital |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/14/newborn-baby-mauled-death-dogs-indian-hospital |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, stray dogs mauled children to death in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=No end to stray dog menace in Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/no-end-to-stray-dog-menace-in-amritsar-383985 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2022, in Bijnor, a 30-year-old woman was mauled to death by a pack of stray dogs, after a 15-year-old girl was killed by a group of stray dogs. This was a rare case of stray dogs killing an adult woman, as they usually attack children.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Harveer Dabas|date=Jan 26, 2022 |title=Dogs maul 30-year-old woman to death in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/dogs-maul-woman-30-to-death-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/89128821.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The death of a seven-month-old baby in [[Noida]] in October 2022<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-10-28 |title=Stray Dog Menace: What Noida Is Doing To Curb Dog Bite Incidents? |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/stray-dog-menace-what-noida-is-doing-to-curb-dog-bite-incidents-5709268/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> increased debates about dog rights.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-10-18 |title=Dog dilemma: Awareness key to curb stray dog menace, say experts after baby mauled in Noida |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/dog-dilemma-awareness-key-to-curb-stray-dog-menace-say-experts-after-baby-mauled-in-noida-8215575/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> People made candlelit protests about the death of the child by stray dog attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candle March Protest In Noida After Baby Dies In Street Dog Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/noida-news/noida-candle-march-protest-by-locals-where-an-infant-was-mauled-to-death-by-a-stray-dog-3447477 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In 2023, nine women were killed by man-eater dogs in [[Begusarai]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Raj |first=Dev |date=4 January 2023 |title='Man-eater' dog terror back in Bihar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/man-eater-dog-terror-back-in-bihar/cid/1907626 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

[[Wagh Bakri]] executive director died due to the brain haemorrhage he sustained due to a fall he took while warding off an alleged attack by street dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Wagh Bakri scion Parag Desai, 49, dies after attack by street dogs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wagh-bakri-scion-parag-desai-49-dies-after-attack-by-street-dogs-101698038027720.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

February 19, 2023, a 4-year-old boy was fatally attacked by three [[Street dog|stray dogs]] on a deserted street in [[Hyderabad]], with graphic footage circulating on social media.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-21 |title=Hyderabad: 4-year-old child bitten to death by street dogs, shocking incident caught on CCTV camera |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/hyderabad-4-year-old-child-bitten-to-death-by-street-dogs-incident-caught-on-cctv-camera/articleshow/98113174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

70-year-old retired doctor who had worked for UNICEF was killed in AMU. His death was caught on CCTV.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Retired UNICEF doctor killed by stray dogs on Aligarh Muslim University campus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/retired-unicef-doctor-killed-by-stray-dogs-on-amu-campus/articleshow/99543399.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In Bijnor 10 people, including six children were killed by stray dogs from 2022 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=Girl killed by strays in Bijnor; 10th in 15 mths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/girl-killed-by-strays-in-bijnor-10th-in-15-mths/articleshow/107869487.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025, a 13 year old boy in Samastipur was killed by stray dogs and due to attacks his facial skeleton was visible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stray Dogs Kill 13-Year-Old In Bihar, Gnaw Face Till Only Bones Are Visible |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stray-dogs-kill-13-year-old-in-bihar-gnaw-face-till-only-bones-are-visible-8612014 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

A national level para-athlete was killed by dog along with another person in Balangir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Dog bite kills para-athlete, villager in Balangir district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/dog-bite-kills-para-athlete-villager-in-balangir-district/articleshow/123222401.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title=National-level para-athlete among 2 dead after being bitten by dog in Odisha's Bolangir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nationallevel-para-athlete-among-2-dead-after-being-bitted-by-dog-in-odishas-bolangir-101754822644712.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

A nine year old girl in Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh was killed by a group of stray dogs and her left arm was bitten off her body and taken away by the dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stray Dogs Killed Child in Sambhal: 9 വയസുകാരിയെ ആക്രമിച്ച് കൊന്ന് തെരുവ് നായ്ക്കൾ; കൈ കടിച്ച് പറിച്ചെടുത്തു |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/national/story/nine-year-old-girl-killed-by-stray-dogs-in-sambhal-uttar-pradesh-vkr-1329859-2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

A 32 year old woman was killed by stray dogs in Pune. Her death was caught on CCTV. <ref>https://www.ndtv.com/pune-news/on-cctv-pack-of-dogs-attack-woman-in-pune-mutilated-body-found-on-road-11222135</ref>

== Attacks on wildlife and endangered species ==
[[File:Stray dogs killing spotted deer fawn Muthanga wayaanad kerala India.jpg|thumb|Stray dogs attacking a deer fawn in Kerala]]
Indian stray dogs kill endangered species and livestock in national parks, sanctuaries, buffer zones, and protected areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dogs Are Turning Hunters, Wreaking Havoc On India's Livestock, Wildlife |url=https://thewire.in/environment/dogs-livestock-wildlife-extinction |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Indian farmers have complained that stray dogs kill their livestock.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The dog is one of the world's most destructive mammals. Brazil proves it |first=Terrence |last=McCoy |date=August 20, 2019 |language=en |access-date=20 July 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-dog-is-one-of-the-worlds-most-destructive-mammals-brazil-proves-it/2019/08/19/c37a1250-a8da-11e9-8733-48c87235f396_story.html}}</ref>

Researchers at the [[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment]] have studied the impact of stray dogs on their surroundings in India. [[Golden langur]], the great Indian bustard and [[green turtles]] were attacked by dogs in protected areas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sahana |title=Dog trouble: Is our best friend a foe for wildlife? |url=https://scroll.in/article/874283/dog-trouble-is-our-best-friend-a-foe-for-wildlife |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Other research has also found that dogs are a threat to the ecosystem and endangered species all over India. Dogs attacked endangered stags in Kashmir, [[Olive ridley sea turtle|olive ridley eggs]] and hatchlings, killed foxes, endangered great Indian bustards, wild ass, [[Gazelle]], [[Nilgai]], [[Blackbuck]] and deer in sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-06-02 |title=Pet peeve: India's top predator may just be the dog. And we're to blame |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pet-peeve-india-s-top-predator-may-just-be-the-dog-and-we-re-to-blame/story-jcZ1Qdi5Ax4FOpLtFb2cSN.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Previous studies have shown that domesticated dogs endangered 188 species of animals and have caused 11 extinctions globally. Domestic dogs are regarded as aggressive mammalian predators.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018-04-11 |title=Is man's best friend biodiversity's enemy? |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/man%E2%80%99s-best-friend-biodiversity%E2%80%99s-enemy |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Research Matters |language=en}}</ref> Stray dogs killed [[barking deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[spotted deer]], [[Jungle cat|jungle cats]] and leopards in forest areas of [[Munnar]] and Marayoor.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 12, 2022 |first=Sandeep |last=Thomas |title=Stray Canines A Threat To Wildlife In Munnar Region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/stray-canines-a-threat-to-wildlife-in-munnar-region/articleshow/94141767.cms |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In [[Rajasthan]], the endangered [[Great Indian bustard]] is facing a major threat from stray dogs who kill the birds and even destroy their eggs.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2019-03-19 |title=After antelopes, the Great Indian Bustard's survival is threatened by dogs |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/after-antelopes-the-great-indian-bustard-s-survival-is-threatened-by-dogs-119031900261_1.html |access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref> In Himachal Pradesh, the dogs are a threat to native wildlife like [[blue sheep]], [[red panda]], [[musk deer]], [[Red fox|Red foxes]], weasels, [[Marten|martens]], [[pika]] and [[Marmot|marmots]]. The Himachal government said feral dogs were a threat to the ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-23 |title=Feral dogs aggravate biodiversity crisis in Himalayas |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/nature/feral-dogs-aggravate-biodiversity-crisis-in-indian-himalayas/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Third Pole |language=en-US}}</ref> In Hisar, Haryana, stray dogs killed 78% of wildlife in five years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wildlife falling prey to stray dogs in Hisar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/wildlife-falling-prey-to-stray-dogs-in-hisar-197089 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

The Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) have called for strict action to end the menace of stray dogs after the [[stripe-necked mongoose]] was mauled to death by stray dogs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-02 |title=Stray dog threat to small fauna |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Stray-dog-threat-to-small-fauna/article14468898.ece |access-date=2023-01-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Responses ==
[[Kerala]]'s government faced opposition when they decided to cull dangerous dogs infected with rabies that were biting people. <ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Monica |date=2015-07-13 |title=Indian state's plans to cull stray dogs hits opposition |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/13/asia/india-dog-culling/index.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Kerala citizens hired [[vigilante]]s to kill dogs illegally after children were attacked by dogs and hospitalized.<ref name=":0" />

The Tamil Nadu Directorate of Public Health (DPH) had issued advisory that anti-rabies vaccine alone is not sufficient in cases of deep or severe stray dog bites in children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-04 |title=Anti-rabies vaccine alone is not enough when children suffer deep stray dog bites, says Tamil Nadu Directorate of Public Health |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/anti-rabies-vaccine-alone-is-not-enough-when-children-suffer-deep-stray-dog-bites-says-dph/article69772863.ece |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In August 2025, a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ordered the [[Delhi Municipal Corporation]] to remove all street dogs from the [[Delhi|Capital's]] streets and move them to shelters that do not exist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey|first=Abhishek |date=2025-08-11 |title=Delhi given eight weeks to round up hundreds of thousands of stray dogs |url=https://bbc.com/news/articles/cly665zjg2eo |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=BBC |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, a three-judge bench of the court modified this order and stayed the direction for permanent confinement of all stray dogs in shelters across Delhi-NCR, acknowledging that the “no release” clause was too harsh and impractical due to insufficient shelter infrastructure. It ordered that dogs exhibiting aggressive behaviour and those infected with rabies are to be kept in separate shelters or pounds, not released back to public spaces. The court did not define “aggressive behaviour,” leaving room for further clarification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-08-22 |title=Supreme Court - Delhi Stray Dogs Control |url=https://onelawstreet.com/supreme-court-delhi-stray-dogs-control/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of fatal dog attacks#India|List of fatal dog attacks § India]]
* [[2030 FIFA World Cup#Dog culls|2030 FIFA World Cup § Dog culls]] - Morocco carrying out a mass cull of stray dogs to protect tourists

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Canid attacks]]
[[Category:Animal attacks in India]]
[[Category:Lists of fatal dog attacks by country|India]]

Padmini Prakash

2026-04-26T22:21:11Z

Shikha Jha: made article

{{Short description|Indian news anchor, actress and transgender rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmini Prakash
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|News anchor|actress|[[Transgender rights movement|transgender rights]] activist}}
| years_active =
| known_for = First [[Transgender|trans]] news anchor in India
| notable_works =
}}
'''Padmini Prakash''' is an Indian news anchor, actress and transgender rights activist. She became the first openly [[Transgender|trans person]] to work as a news anchor in India when she joined the Tamil channel Lotus News Channel on 15 August 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29357630|title=Padmini Prakash: India's first transgender news anchor|last=Qureshi|first=Imran|date=2014-09-29|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="McDonald 2014"/>

== Early life and education ==
Padmini was born into a conservative Tamil family in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://matpal.com/2014/12/padmini-prakash-biographytransgender-news-anchor.html|title=Padmini Prakash Biography, Transgender News Anchor - Matpal|date=2014-12-06|work=Matpal|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Padmini was disowned by her family who rejected her gender identity, at the age of 13.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/we-have-to-keep-proving-ourselves-says-indias-first-transgender-tv-news-anchor-668685|title='We Have to Keep Proving Ourselves,' Says India's First Transgender TV News Anchor|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> She left her home at age 16,<ref name="Nath 2014">{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Parshathy J. |title=The news read by Padmini... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-news-read-by-padmini/article6442037.ece |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 September 2014}}</ref> and has not been in contact with her family since then.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> After leaving home, she was supported by her cousin Prakash.<ref name="Nath 2014"/> She completed her school education and applied for a distance-learning correspondence course for a Bachelor's degree in Commerce, which she was forced to drop out of after her second year due to financial setbacks as well discrimination and bullying for her gender identity.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/14539/introducing-padmini-prakash-indias-first-transgender-news-anchor-padmini-prakas/|title=Introducing Padmini Prakash, India's First Transgender Television News Anchor|date=2014-09-20|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Padmini transitioned in 2004, and married her husband Nagraj Prakash in the same year.<ref name=":1" /> Nagraj Prakash is her cousin,<ref name="Nath 2014"/> whose family had taken her in when she was forced to leave her family home. The couple have adopted a son Jaya together.<ref name=":2" /> She was encouraged by her husband, a goldsmith, to complete her education. He wanted her to become an IAS officer, but could not fulfil that dream due to their financial setbacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/padmini-prakash-india-first-transgender-tv-anchor-42258.html|title=Know Padmini Prakash, India's first transgender TV anchor|date=2014-09-21|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 15 August 2014, India's Independence Day, Padmini hosted the 7 pm news bulletin on the Tamil channel Lotus News Channel, becoming the first Indian trans woman to be a television news anchor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-transgender-news-anchor-says-shes-rid-of-her-demons/articleshow/42851729.cms|title=First transgender news anchor says she's rid of her demons - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> The news channel started looking for transgender news anchors after the landmark [[NALSA v UOI|NALSA judgment]] which gave transgender people the right to self-identify as male, female or third gender, and granted many more recognitions and protections for the transgender community in India. She was given two months training by Lotus News of voice modulation.<ref name=":0" />

Padmini is also a classically trained dancer who has previously taught [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]]. She has also acted in Tamil soap operas{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} and participated in transgender beauty pageants. She was crowned Miss Transgender India in 2009 and Miss Transgender Tamil Nadu in 2007.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/breaking-tradition-indias-first-transgender-newsreader/456688|title=Breaking tradition: India's first transgender newsreader {{!}} Free Press Journal|date=2014-10-09|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Padmini Prakash was commended by [[Rose Venkatesan]], who was India's first transgender talk show hostess, in ''[[Ippadikku Rose]]'' on [[Star Vijay]] TV.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McDonald 2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/22/padmini-prakash-is-indias-first-transgender-news-anchor/|title=Padmini Prakash is India's first transgender news anchor|last=McDonald|first=Soraya Nadia|date=2014-09-22|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In fact, Rose was the one who recommended Padmini for the job at Lotus News.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Padmini}}
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Narela

2026-04-26T17:42:25Z

Shikha Jha: Article

{{Short description|Suburb of Delhi in North Delhi, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narela
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.85|N|77.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation ]]
| zone_Chairman =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 210
| population_total = 809913
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110040
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nerela (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narela]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narela''' is a [[Suburb]] and a [[Tehsil]] of [[Delhi]], located in the [[North Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], close to the border of [[Haryana]]. Narela is a part of [[North Delhi]]. It is 30 km away from the city centre of [[New Delhi]].

It is situated just off the [[Grand Trunk Road]], its location made it an important commercial location for the surrounding areas, remains of the 19th century are still there. It was developed as the third mega sub city, which is a project of [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) in the urban extension project of Delhi, other sub cities are [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]] sub city and [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]] sub city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Extension Projects:Narela |url=http://dda.org.in/planning/narela.htm |publisher=[[Delhi Development Authority]] }}</ref> It covers an area of 9866 hectares.<ref name="masterplan" /> The 'Narela Industrial Area' started developing in the early 1980s and is today one of the important such complexes in Delhi.<ref name="dsidc">{{cite web |title=Narela Industrial Complex |url=http://dsiidc.org/cms/Narela-Industrial-Complex |publisher=Delhi Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC) |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612021855/http://dsiidc.org/cms/Narela-Industrial-Complex |archive-date=12 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is one of 12 zones of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD)<ref>[http://www.mcdonline.gov.in/mcd/zones.html Zones] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109051338/http://www.mcdonline.gov.in/mcd/zones.html |date=9 January 2009 }} Municipal Corporation of Delhi.</ref> and one of the three subdistricts of the [[North Delhi|North Delhi district]], along with [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]] and [[Model Town, Delhi|Model Town]].

==History==
{{see also | History of Delhi }}

===Ancient era===
{{anchor | Ancient }}

[[Bhor Garh]] archeological site near Narela, which was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 1992-93 and 1993-94, found artifacts belonging to the Late Harappan era of [[Indus Valley civilization]], [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] related to [[Vedic era]], and [[Kushan Empire]] era (30 CE to 375 CE), and Bhorgarh inscription related to [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomar Dysnaty of Delhi]] (c. 8th-11th centure CE).<ref name=nar3>[https://archaeology.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/bhorgarh_archaeological_excavation_report.pdf Bhorgarh archaeological excavation report], delhi.gov.in, accessed 26 Apr 2026.</ref>

===Medieval era: 9th century CE Narera under Tomar dynasty===
{{anchor | Tomar }}

During the Tomar Dynasty's rule, Narela was founded by a Hindu chief in 988 CE.<ref name=nar2/> According to the Bhorgarh inscription, the earlier human settlement at this site was known as the "Bhajju-Khera" after [[Bhardwaj]] [[Brahmins]] who had settled here. Narbir Singh (nicknamed "Nona"), son of [[Lahore]]'s [[zamindar]] Akhand Pratap Singh, arrived here with his soldiers during a war exercise and chance encountered a girl named Nanki on the waterpond when he went for a bath. When "Nanu", the village chief, found Nona to be a brave warrior, the chief Nanu arranged Nona's and Nanki's wedding in 987-88 CE (944 [[Vikram Samvat]] दशोदस [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] [[Paksha#Krishna_Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] [[Navami]] [[Shukra|Shukravar]]) and the area was named as the "Narera". When [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–Kalka line]] was opened in 1891, the John Christopher the superintendent of [[Northern Railway zone]], who could not understand the Indian pronunciation of Narera, named the railway station "Narelah" and in due course of time the "h" disappeared from the name and it became "Narela".<ref name=nar1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C/ar-AA21HjdA ननेरा से नरेला बनने की कहानी: युद्ध, व्यापार और विकास के उतार-चढ़ाव का साक्षी; राजाओं से लेकर अंग्रेजों तक का देखा राज], MSN News, 25 April 2026.</ref>

{{anchor|Talab}}
[[Tomaras_of_Delhi#As_sovereigns|Chahadapala]], the ruler of Tomar Dynasty, built the water pond at Narela and connected it to [[Western Yamuna Canal]] where king and his queens use to come for bathing. During the digging of the pond at that time, a statue of [[Manasa]] (a [[Hindu]] [[Devi|goddess]] of snakes) was found and the king built an in-situ ''"Mata Mansa Devi Mandir Narela"'' temple of Mansa Devi at banks of the Pond which stills exists in Pana Paposia. The pond, which was built across 84 bigha with 10 gaz depth had [[ghat]] with 16 steps ghats and 24 chabutaras (platforms). The pond was later backfilled with the mud and dried up.<ref name=nar1/>

===Medieval era: Delhi Sultanate===
{{anchor | Sultanate }}

Even in the 13th century, during the days of [[Delhi Sultanate]], Narela often became an encampment point, for marching or retreating armies from Delhi.<ref name=nar2>{{cite book|last=Elliot|first=H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir|author2=John Dowson|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 5.)|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036752#page/n17/mode/2up/search/Narela|year=1871|pages=4, 16|publisher=London : Trübner & Co.}}</ref>

''Sarai Narela'' was important ''[[caravanserai|sarai]]'' (caravan rest house) on the historic and ever busy [[Grand Trunk Road]], that stretched all the way to [[Lahore]] and [[Kabul]] and the lifeline of the empire and important trade route.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s-1850s A.D. |author=Usha Masson Luther|author2=Moonis Raza |publisher=Sagar Publications|year=1990|page=43 }}</ref>

===Mughal era===
{{anchor | Mughal }}

Subsequently, during the [[Mughal era]], The Narela Sarai also finds mention in ''[[Jahangirnama]]'', the official autobiography of Mughal Emperor, [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627), as he mentions staying at the sarai, during his travels ca. 1605.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tuzk-e-Jahangiri Vol. 1 (Jahangirnama)|author=Jahangir |author-link=Jahangir |publisher=London Royal Asiatic Society |page=58 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001081%26ct%3D15%26rqs%3D922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Land transport in Mughal India: Agra-Lahore Mughal highway and its architectural remains|author= Subhash Parihar|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7305-335-1|page=52 }}</ref>

At the [[Narela|Tomar Raka Ka Talab]] (the "Pond of Tomar King"), which has dried up and has been acquired by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA), [[Mughal empire|Mughal era]] coins of [[Babar]], [[Akbar]], [[Humanyu]], and [[Muhammad Shah|Mohammad Shah Rangila]] (r. 1719-1748) were found in 1998 when chidlre were playing cricket at the dried bed of the pond and their ball struck a pot which was filled with coins. Children took the coins away, but when ASI came to know of it they recovered 23 coins form the children.<ref name=nar1/>

===18th century: Maratha era===
{{anchor | Maratha }}

On 16 January 1757 in the [[Battle of Narela]], before the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)]], the [[Maratha Army]] led by [[Antaji Mankeshwar]], fought with an advance column of [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]'s Afghan army near Narela, and repulsed it.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707-1813|author= Jaswant Lal Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=2005|isbn=1-932705-54-6 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=Narela&pg=PA225 }}</ref> Mughals eventually lost the war to Afghans after muslim [[Nawab]] [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] of Saharanpur, a courtier of Mughal empire at Delhi, betrayed the native Maratha-Mughal forces and attacked Marathas from the rear at night.<ref name=nar1/>

===19th century: British raj ===
{{anchor | British }}

In the mid-19th century uner the [[Company raj]], Narela was a [[tehsil]] and flourishing market town, and at 31.2 km was the nearest town to capital Delhi, and where people from neighbouring villages flocked to buy provisions and sell their agricultural produce and its ''Narela Mandi'' (agricultural market), a tradition which continues to date.<ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi metropolitan region: a study in settlement geography|author= Sudesh Nangia|publisher=K.B. Publications|year=1976|pages=147–148}}</ref> By the early 20th century, it was a municipal town and a Civil Hospital was established by the District Board in 1913.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social structure, social change, and future trends: Indian village perspective|author=Rann Singh Mann|publisher=Rawat Publications|year=1979|page=215 }}</ref> After the [[World War I]] in 1919, Narela was declared a [[notified area]] by Delhi administration, earmarked for future development.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vijendra K. R. V. Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDPRAAAAMAAJ&q=Narela |title=Greater Delhi: a study in urbanisation, 1840-1957 |author2=P. B. Desai |publisher=Asia Pub. House |year=1965 |page=28 |author-link2=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai}}</ref>

In 1860–61, the [[North-Western Provinces]] education system was abolished in Delhi, and Punjab education system was introduced with the opening of schools at Narela, [[Najafgarh]], [[Mehrauli]] and their suburbs, several schools were opened here in the coming decades.<ref>[[#Sh|Sharma, p. 18]]</ref> The ''Hailey-Rifah-i-Am School'' was founded here in 1918, by Rifah-i-Am Society formed by local residents under the patronage of Lala Mussadi Lal, a noted social reformer. By 1920–1921, the society was running one middle school in Narela and two primary schools in Alipur and [[Kanjhawala]] and supported rural schools in Delhi Province.<ref>[[#Sh|Sharma, p. 141]]</ref>

Fro 1919 to 1941, [[British raj]] developed the Narela Anaz Mandi grain market here.<ref name=nar1/>

'''Dharani Road''' in Narela, was named in the aftermath of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India's 1957 first war of independence]]. Ratna, a girl from Narela, who was married to [[Nahar Singh]] (6 April 1821 - 9 January 1858), the [[Jat]] king of [[princely state]] of [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabgarh]], who was hanged by British after the war for fighting against British colonial rule, returned to her parents in Narela and her parents give her the farm land where she built a house, temple and pond. The area later came to be known as Dhirani and then Dharani pond in her memory, where "dhi" means the "daughter" and "[[rani]]" means the "queen".<ref name=nar1/>

Mussadi Lal Senior Secondary School, the first school in Narela was established by the Lala Mussadi Lal who arrived here in 1914 and started the school from 2 rooms, which has now evolved into a large school.<ref name=nar1/>

[[Swami Omanand Saraswati]] (1911-2003), a local zamindar and ''[[Lambardar|numberdar]]'' of villages, founded ''Kanya [[Gurukula|Gurukul]]'' for girls in Narela by donating his 70 acres (280,000 m2) of land.

Lala Panna Lal Mangal (Kundli Wale), a prominent [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian Freedom Fighter]] and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party politician who worked with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was also from Narela.

===1947 Partition of India ===
{{anchor | Partition }}

After the [[1947 Partition of India]] and [[Independence of India]], Hindu [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] refugees who arrived from Pakistan, were settled at Narela Anaz Mandi and they were later given plots of land to build permanent homes at newly established Punjabi Colony.<ref name=nar1/>

==Geography==

The time zone in Narela (latitude. 28.85° and longitude. 77.1°) is India/[[Calcutta]], with [[sunrise]] at 07:12 and [[Sunset]] at 17:30.

===Residential colonies===
{{anchor | Colony | Colonies }}

Historically, Narela village had has three main Pana (parts): Pana Udyan, Pana Paposiyan, Pana Mamurpur. Presently, Narela is divided into various residential colonies, namely Rajeev colony, Nai Basti, Punjabi colony, Gautam colony, Swatantra Nagar, Shivaji Colony, Master colony, Sanjay colony, Indra colony, Police colony, etc.

{{anchor | UE | UEP }}
'''Narela Urban extension project''', was developed from 2010 onwards. The project area is bounded by the Delhi-[[Haryana]] border in the North, Western Yamuna Canal in the West, [[GT Karnal road]] in the East and Badli-Auchandi Marg in the South East. Project includes 8000 residential flats of different categories on 1000 ha land including 1000 flats allotted for Delhi Police, 200 bedded Raja Harish Chander Government Hospital in Sector A7, and a Recreational club in sector A7, [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] terminal, [[Fire station]], Narela Industrial Estate from [[Grand Trunk Road|G.T. Karnal road]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]]) to [[Bawana]] Industrial area, National Science Park, Integrated Freight Complex.<ref name=masterplan>{{cite web |title=Delhi Masterplan 2021- Narela Urban Extension Project |url=http://delhi-masterplan.com/zonal-plans-mpd-2021/urban-extension-projects/narela.php |date=17 September 2011 |publisher=Delhi Master Plan, [[Government of Delhi]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903065532/http://delhi-masterplan.com/zonal-plans-mpd-2021/urban-extension-projects/narela.php |archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref>

===Nearby towns===
{{anchor | Towns }}

Its nearby towns are [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]] (9.9 km),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/narela-new-delhi-to-alipur-distance/by-road/ |title = Narela New Delhi and Alipur by Road, Distance Between Narela New Delhi and Alipur , Distance by Road from Narela New Delhi and Alipur with Travel Time, Alipur Distance from Narela New Delhi, Driving Direction Calculator from narela new delhi and alipur}}</ref> Mukmelpur (10 km), [[Bawana]] (11.5 km) and Rāi (14.8 km). Located on the famed [[Grand Trunk Road]], Narela is situated 14 km (8.7 miles) south of [[Sonipat]], 42 km (26.3 miles) northwest of central [[Delhi]], 100 km (62.2 miles) south of [[Karnal]] and 225 km (140 miles) southwest of [[Chandigarh]]. The Singhu Border is just 4 km (2.5 miles) away from Narela.

==Administration==

[[File:Delhi districts.png|thumb|right|Old districts of Delhi until 2025 when Narela use to be the [[North West Delhi]] district. After the expansion of [[List_of_districts_of_Delhi|districts to 13]], Narela is presently a sub-division in [[Outer North Delhi district]].]]

===Legislative assembly constituency ===
{{anchor | Constituency }}

From 1993 to 2008, Narela was [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] segment within the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, prior to it from 1966 to 1993 Narela , Narela remained a Delhi Metropolitan Council segment, within the same Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|publisher=Government of Delhi website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> After the delimitation of 2008, Narela (Nerela) is now an Assembly segment within the [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=556}}</ref> After the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], Rajkaran Khatri of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] became the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Narela constituency of Delhi Assembly.

During 2020, [[Jayender Kumar Dabas]] was the chairman of Narela Zone of [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NDMC poll: Rebel joins AAP, BJP red-faced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jun/20/ndmc-poll-rebel-joins-aap-bjp-red-faced-2159020.html |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 June 2020}}</ref>

===Narela Sub-division===
{{anchor | Subdiv }}
[[File:Delhimap.jpg|thumb|200px|Map of [[Delhi]] showing locations within Narela Sub-division (Bhor Garh and Alipur) in the north.]]

The office of [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM) (Narela), the head of Narela [[Country subdivision|subdivision]] of [[North West Delhi]] district, is situated [[Block Development Officer]] (BDO) Office complex, at nearby [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]], which is within the subdivision, along with Sub Registrar Office.<ref name=nwd/>

Revenue villages in Narela Sub-division are, [[Bakhtawar Pur]], Akbarpur Majra, [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]], Bakholi, [[Bankner]], [[Bhor Garh]], Lampur, Budhpur, Fatehpur Jat, Garhi Khasro, Gogha, Hamid Pur, Hiranki, [[Holambi Kalan]], [[Holambi Khurd]], Singhola, Iradat Nagar (Naya Bans), Tajpur, [[Tikri Khurd]], Sanoth, Jhangola, Sungerpur, Jind Pur, Khampur, Khera Kalan, Kureni, and [[Singhu]] (border between Delhi and [[Haryana]] states).<ref name=nwd>{{cite web |title=North West District: Organisation Setup |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_northwest/North+West+District/Home/Organisation+Setup |publisher=[[Government of Delhi]] website |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174408/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_northwest/North+West+District/Home/Organisation+Setup |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==

As of [[2011 Indian Census]], the Narela sub-district had a total population of 809,913, of which 439,576 were males and 370,337 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 109,475. The total number of literates in Narela was 569,830, which constituted 70.3% of the population with male literacy of 75.9% and female literacy of 63.8%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Narela was 81.4%, of which male literacy rate was 87.7% and the female literacy rate was 73.8%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 155,299. Narela had 160132 households in 2011.<ref name=Nar6>{{cite web |title=Census of India: Narela |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=72367 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{see also | Transport in Delhi }}

=== Air ===

Airports with regular scheduled commercial flights are:

* [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] 40 km south of Narela<ref name=nar5/>
* [[Noida International Airport]] 110 km southeast of Narela
* [[Hindon Airport]] 40 km southeast of Narela with domestic flights only
* [[Hisar Airport]] 160 km west of Narela with domestic flights only and internation flights being planned

=== Railway ===

Narela ([[List of railway stations in India#N|NUR]]) is a station of [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=nar5>{{Cite web | url=http://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/igi-airport-t3-road-indira-gandhi-international-airport-to-narela-distance/by-road/ |title = Igi Airport T3 Road Indira Gandhi International Airport and Narela by Road, Distance Between Igi Airport T3 Road Indira Gandhi International Airport and Narela, Distance by Road from Igi Airport T3 Road Indira Gandhi International Airport and Narela with Travel Time, Narela Distance from Igi Airport T3 Road Indira Gandhi International Airport, Driving Direction Calculator from IGI airport t3 road Indira Gandhi international airport and narela}}</ref>

[[Samaypur Badli metro station]] station on [[Delhi Metro]]'s [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] is the nearest station. Delhi Metro's [[Delhi Metro#Phase IV|Master Plan Phase IV]], currently underway, entails extension of metro to Narela and beyond to [[Sonipat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Metro link for Narela Sub City |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/29/stories/2005012912850400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210053319/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/29/stories/2005012912850400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2005 }}</ref>

===Road===

Narela is located on [[Grand Trunk Road|G.T. Karnal road]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]]). The [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) has a bus depot at Narela with bus services within Delhi and nearby towns in NCR.

== See also ==

* [[List of neighbourhoods of Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book |title=A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi|author=Ajay Kumar Sharma|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=93-8021-314-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJPy-Kt8BrYC&q=Narela&pg=PA141 |ref=Sh }}
*[http://www.biondmaps.com:8070/mediawiki-1.16.0/index.php?title=Narela_Tehsil Map of Narela tehsil]

==External links==
*[http://www.narela.org Narela.org All about Narela, Business In Narela, Places in Narela and Job offers]
*[http://www.narelacity.com/ Narela Business / Industrial Directory]
*[http://www.narela.org/directory/ Business Directory of Narela Sub City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225100736/http://www.narela.org/directory |date=25 December 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131209051635/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_northwest/North+West+District/Home/Map Narela subdivision in map of North West Delhi District] at [[Government of Delhi]] website
*[http://wikimapia.org/9937875/Narela Narela] at [[wikimapia]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]

Manapparai Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:58:09Z

Shikha Jha: Stub!

{{Short description|State legislative assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 138
| map_image = Constitution-Manapaarai.svg
| established = 2008
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|shortname=MMK}} ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| mla =[[P. Abdul Samad]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Manapparai
| electors = 267,999
| reservation = None
|incumbent_image = P Abdul Samadu.jpg
}}

'''Manapparai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after the constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 138. It is included in [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]] for Lok Sabha elections. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan=2| [[R. Chandrasekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. Abdul Samad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}|44.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.10}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapparai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. L. Vijayakumar|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[P. Abdul Samad]]|party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Arunagiri|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Kathiravan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =266019 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{cite web |title=Manapaarai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a138|access-date= 25 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Abdul Samad]] |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=98,077 |percentage=44.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chandrasekar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,834 |percentage=38.88% |change=-5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kanimozhi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=19,450 |percentage=8.81% |change=+7.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnagopal |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,719 |percentage=4.86% |change=-7.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandrasekar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,259 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,009 |percentage=0.46% |change=-1.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,243 |percentage=5.55% |change=-3.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=220,739 |percentage=76.19% |change= -2.29% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=330 |percentage=0.15% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 289,713 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chandrasekar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,399 |percentage=44.38% |change=-2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Mohamed Nizam |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=73,122 |percentage=35.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishna Gopal |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=26,316 |percentage=12.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Senthil Deepak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,154 |percentage=2.02% |change=+0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,364 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Mohaideen Basha |party=Independent politician |votes=2,392 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arunagiri |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,849 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,277 |percentage=8.87% |change=-7.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=205,956 |percentage=78.48% |change= -1.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,415 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chandrasekar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,020 |percentage=46.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=52,721 |percentage=30.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbha Somu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,629 |percentage=15.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Vincent De Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=3,523 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Senthil Deepak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,589 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Samirasu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,237 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Martin Jegatheesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,126 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,299 |percentage=16.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=216,436 |percentage=80.05% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,248 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. M. Chinnaya Kavundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,048 |percentage=42.54% |change=-12.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Annavi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,412 |percentage=34.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nallathambi Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=8,044 |percentage=14.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Ponnuswamy Reddiar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,992 |percentage=7.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. O. A. R. Arumugham Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,636 |percentage=8.20% |change= -30.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,530 |percentage=60.60% |change= 23.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,431 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. M. Chinnaya Kavundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,488 |percentage=55.22% |change=+14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajagopal Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=5,487 |percentage=16.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pl. V. Valmiki Kavundar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,416 |percentage=16.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ar. O. Ar. Armugam Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,088 |percentage=12.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,001 |percentage=38.83% |change= 26.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,479 |percentage=36.96% |change= -17.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,585 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manapaarai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Antony Peter |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,773 |percentage=41.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulandalvel |party=Independent politician |votes=10,240 |percentage=28.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnayya Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=8,532 |percentage=23.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumalaiswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,223 |percentage=3.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswami Servai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,533 |percentage=12.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,942 |percentage=54.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,062 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.60759|N|78.414874|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Manju Agrawal

2026-04-20T01:56:55Z

Shikha Jha: Data!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manju Agrawal
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
| constituency = [[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
| predecessor = [[Vinod Prasad Yadav]]
| successor = [[Uday Kumar Singh]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manju Agrawal''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is an MLA from [[Sherghati Assembly constituency]] in [[Gaya district]], representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] Party. She won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Sherghati Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Manju Agrawal of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sherghati-election-result-2020-live-updates-sherghati-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061739.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-10 |title=Sherghati Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:RJD Candidate MANJU AGRAWAL wins from Sherghati, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/sherghati-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385902 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE: Election 2024, Lok Sabha Election Results, Winning Candidates Results & Election News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/winning-candidates-2024 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Agrawal is from [[Sherghati]], Gaya district. She married Tuntun Prasad, a businessman. She completed LL.B in 2011 at [[Magadh University]], [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Agrawal(RJD):Constituency- SHERGHATI(GAYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10567#movable_assets |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Agrawal won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sherghati Assembly constituency]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. She polled votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Vinod Prasad Yadav]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]], by a margin of 16,690 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar Election Results 2020: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-election-results-2020-live-updates-jdu-bjp-rjd-ljp-7039361/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sherghati Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sherghati Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sherghati|access-date=28 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128174405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sherghati|archive-date=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="RJD drops nearly half its sitting MLAs in Magadh division2">{{cite news |title=RJD drops nearly half its sitting MLAs in Magadh division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-drops-nearly-half-its-sitting-mlas-in-magadh-division/articleshow/124720924.cms|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=|publisher=The Times of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130083507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-drops-nearly-half-its-sitting-mlas-in-magadh-division/articleshow/124720924.cms|archivedate=30 November 2025|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Manju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]

Srijangram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:41:16Z

Shikha Jha: Put up basic entry v1

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Srijangram
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 17
| map_image = Srijangram Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Srijangram Assembly constituency'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref> is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Srijangram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shahidul Islam|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nurul Islam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rejaul Karim Sarkar|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Rimpa Haldar

2026-04-15T16:26:30Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rimpa Haldar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|2|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hanspukuria, [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.52 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 7
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Nadia DSA
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2019–2020
| clubs2 = Police AC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 =
| clubs3 = Sarojini Naidu Orient SC
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 =
| clubs4 = Lord's FA Kochi
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2022–2023
| clubs5 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2023–
| clubs6 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| nationalyears1 = 2024–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026
}}
'''Rimpa Haldar''' (born 6 February 2005)<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India Football Federation - 15 Rimpa Haldar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/92717?type=club |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional footballer from [[West Bengal]] who plays as a forward for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team]].

== Early life and career ==
Haldar is from Haspukuria village, [[Palashipara]] in Nadia district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rimpa Haldar: The Haspukur swan ready to dip in national team success |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/rimpa-haldar-the-haspukur-swan-ready-to-dip-in-national-team-success |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Her father Shrivas Haldar is a daily wage labourer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=হালদার |first=সাগর |title=দেশের হয়ে খেলবেন রিম্পা, স্বপ্নের উড়ান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/rimpa-halder-daughter-of-a-daily-waged-worker-got-selected-to-play-for-senior-indian-football-team/cid/1529382 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805211858/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/rimpa-halder-daughter-of-a-daily-waged-worker-got-selected-to-play-for-senior-indian-football-team/cid/1529382 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |access-date=2025-02-09 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> She did her schooling at Haspukuria Vidyalaya. She began with athletics and specialized in 100m and 200m sprints. Then she took up football on the suggestion of her coach Aveek Biswas, and joined the Sporting Union Club in her village where she learnt her basics. She is the only girl from the region to make it to the National team. In 2019, she moved to Kolkata and joined the Kolkata Police Club.

== Career ==
She made her senior India debut in the [[SAFF Women's Championship]] in October 2024 at Kathmandu, Nepal. Earlier, she played for different clubs including East Bengal FC, Lord's FA, Kochi, Sarojini Naidu Orient Sports Club, Police Athletic Club and Nadia district sports authority team. She first took part in the [[Kanyashree Cup]] in Kolkata after joining Sarojini Naidu Club. Soon she was selected for the [[West Bengal]] Under–17 team and she captained the squad. She went on to play for the Under–19 team. She also took part in the [[IFA Shield]] competition, [[National Games of India|National Games]] and [[Khelo India Youth Games|Khelo India games]].<ref name=":0" />

She played the Kolkata women's football league and was the top scorer for two years. She represents Sreebhumi FC in the 2024–2025 season of the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Bengal FC leave it late to snatch full points |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/east-bengal-fc-leave-it-late-to-snatch-full-points20250115185239/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In 2023–2024, she played the IWL 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Nita Football Academy (NFA) makes history, qualifies for coveted Indian Women's League (IWL) 2024-25 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/nita-football-academy-nfa-makes-history-qualifies-for-coveted-indian-womens-league-iwl-2024-25/3507618/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, she played the senior international friendlies against Maldives at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-30 |title=India women's team thrashes Maldives 14-0 in international friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-team-beats-maldives-14-0-fifa-international-friendly-pyari-xaxa-hat-trick/article69043307.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|15 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=3|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|3
|1
|-
|2025
|7
|1
|-
|2026
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!14
!2
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Rimpa Haldar
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 30 December 2024 || Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|13–0 || align=center| 14–0 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || 23 June 2025 || [[700th Anniversary Stadium]], [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] || {{fbw|MNG}} || align=center| 9–0 || align=center| 13–0 || [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/92717?type=club Rimpa Haldar] at All India Football Federation.

{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldar, Rimpa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto

2026-04-06T23:35:19Z

Shikha Jha: added new info w/ refs

{{Short description|British peer and politician (1845–1914)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Minto
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] [[His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| office = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| image = Fourth Earl of Minto.jpg
| caption =
| monarch = [[Edward VII]] [[George V]]
| predecessor = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]]
| prime_minister = [[Arthur Balfour]] [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]] [[H. H. Asquith]]
| successor = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] [[Edward VII]]
| office1 = [[Governor General of Canada]]
| predecessor1 = [[John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|The Earl of Aberdeen]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian]]   • [[Wilfrid Laurier]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British]]   • [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]   • [[Arthur Balfour]]
| successor1 = [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey|The Earl Grey]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1845|07|9}}
| birth_place = [[Mayfair, London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1914|3|1|1845|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Minto, Scottish Borders]], Scotland
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Countess of Minto|Mary Caroline Grey]] |1883}}
| children = 5, including [[Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 5th Earl of Minto]]
| parents = [[William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 3rd Earl of Minto]] Emma Hislop
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| term_start1 = 12 November 1898
| term_end1 = 10 December 1904
| term_start = 18 November 1905
| term_end = 23 November 1910
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|UK}}
| branch = {{Army|UK}}
| service_years = 1867–1885
| rank = Lieutenant Major
| unit = [[Scots Guards]] 1st Roxboroughshire Mounted Rifles
| commands =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] [[Mahdist War]] [[North-West Rebellion]]
}}
[[File:Garter-encircled Shield of Arms of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, KG, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC.png|thumb|right|250px|Garter-encircled Shield of Arms of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, KG, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC]]
'''Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɪ|n|m|ə|n|d}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Pointon|first=G. E.|year=1983|title=BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=137|isbn=0-19-282745-6}}</ref> 9 July 1845{{spaced ndash}}1 March 1914), known as '''Viscount Melgund''' by courtesy from 1859 to 1891, was a British peer and politician who served as [[Governor General of Canada]] from 1898 to 1904, and [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] from 1905 to 1910.

==Early life and career==
Minto was born in [[London]], the son of [[William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 3rd Earl of Minto]], and Emma, daughter of General [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet]]. After the death of his grandfather in 1859 he became known by the courtesy title of '''Viscount Melgund'''. After completing his education at [[Eton College]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=MLGT863GJ|name=Melgund, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot (Viscount)}}</ref> he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the [[Scots Guards]] in 1867, but left in 1870. He joined the 1st Roxburghshire Mounted Rifle Volunteer Corps as a [[Captain (land)|captain]] in 1872. He was a sportsman and won the first [[Grand Steeple-Chase de Paris]] in 1874 under the name of 'Mr. Rolly'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Walter |title=Keeping the Jewel in the Crown |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Viking |isbn=9780670089468 |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=History of Steeplechasing in France | url=https://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/racecharts/Steeplechase/FrenchChasing.html }}</ref>

In 1874, in the capacity of a newspaper correspondent, he witnessed the operations of the [[Carlists]] in Spain; he took service with the [[Turkey|Turkish]] army in the war with [[Russia]] in 1877 and served under Lord Roberts in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|second Afghan War]] (1878–1879), having narrowly escaped accompanying Sir [[Louis Cavagnari]] on his fatal mission to Kabul.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Minto, Earls of|volume=18|page=564}}</ref>

He acted as private secretary to [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]] during his mission to the [[Cape Town|Cape]] in 1881,<ref name="EB1911"/> and was with the army occupying [[Egypt]] in 1882, thus furthering his military career and his experience of colonial administration. He was promoted Major in 1882. He was military secretary to the [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Marquess of Lansdowne]] during his governor-generalship of Canada from 1883 to 1885, and lived in Canada with his wife, Mary Caroline Grey, sister of [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey|Lord Grey]], Governor General from 1904 to 1911, whom he had married in Britain on 28 July 1883. On this first Canadian visit, he was very active in raising a Canadian volunteer force to serve with the British Army in the [[Sudan]] Campaign of 1884. He served as Chief of Staff to General Middleton in the [[North-West Rebellion|Riel Rebellion]] of 1885. When he was offered command of the [[North-West Mounted Police]], he decided instead to pursue a political career in Britain. On his departure home to Britain, Canadian Prime Minister [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]] apparently said to him, "I shall not live to see it, but some day Canada will welcome you back as Governor General".

His political aspirations were checked with his defeat in the [[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886 general election]], where he stood as the Conservative candidate for [[Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Hexham]]. He then applied himself with great enthusiasm to promoting a volunteer army in Britain. In 1888 he was promoted [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on assuming command of the South of Scotland Brigade. He resigned his commission in 1889. He succeeded to his father's [[earl]]dom in 1891, becoming '''The Earl of Minto'''.

==Governor General of Canada==
Macdonald's prediction came true when Minto was named Governor General of Canada in the summer of 1898, having campaigned for the post after he learned of the retirement of Lord Aberdeen.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Kynynmound, Gilbert John Elliot Murray, fourth earl of Minto (1845–1914), governor-general of Canada and viceroy of India|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33001|access-date=24 April 2021|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33001|last1=Miller|first1=Carman|last2=Woods|first2=Philip|isbn=9780198614128}}</ref> [[Wilfrid Laurier|Sir Wilfrid Laurier]] wrote that [[Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] "took his duties to heart" and a review of his life reveals an energetic man who welcomed many challenges and responsibilities.

Lord Minto's term of office was marked by a period of strong nationalism which saw economic growth coupled with massive immigration to Canada. Relations with the United States were strained as border and fishing disputes continued to create problems between the two countries.

In September 1901, after [[Queen Victoria]]'s death in January, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later to become [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]) visited Canada, and travelled with Lady Minto to western Canada and the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]]. Following the tour, Minto recommended [[Thomas Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy|Thomas Shaughnessy]], President of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], to the government at [[Westminster]], via the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], for a knighthood, as recognition for his service to the Duke and Duchess of York. Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]], to whom Shaughnessy was no friend, opposed the idea; but, Minto made the recommendation anyway, invoking the ire of Laurier and prompting the Prime Minister to draft a policy dictating that all Canadian nominees for honours must be approved by the prime minister before the list was sent to London.<ref>{{Cite book| last=McCreery| first=Christopher| author-link=Christopher McCreery| title=The Canadian Honours System| publisher=Dundurn Press| location=Toronto| year=2005| page=35| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZ-db0k1jAC&q=The%20Canadian%20Honours%20System&pg=PA1| isbn=978-1-55002-554-5}}</ref>

On 6 December 1901, Lord Minto held a skating party on the [[Ottawa River]], when [[Andrew George Blair]]'s daughter Bessie, and potential rescuer [[Henry Albert Harper]] both drowned.

Lord Minto, like his predecessors, travelled throughout the young country—he crossed [[Quebec]], Ontario and western Canada, visiting former battlegrounds where he had served during the [[North-West Rebellion]]. He rode throughout western Canada with the [[North-West Mounted Police]], and enjoyed the Quebec countryside on horseback.

[[Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]]'s convictions about the importance of preserving Canadian heritage led to the creation of the [[National Archives of Canada]].
[[Image:4th Earl of Minto.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Earl of Minto as Governor General of Canada.]]
Lord and Lady Minto were sports enthusiasts and the [[Minto Skating Club]], which they founded in 1903, has produced many famous [[ice skating|ice skaters]]. They both excelled at the sport and hosted many lively skating parties during their time at [[Rideau Hall]]. In the summer, the Minto family loved to bicycle and play [[lacrosse]]. In 1901, Lord Minto donated the [[Minto Cup]] and appointed trustees to oversee its annual awarding to the champion senior men's [[lacrosse]] team of Canada (since 1937 the Cup has been awarded to the junior men's champions). He loved the outdoors, championed the conservation of natural resources and promoted the creation of national parks.

In education and health, Lord Minto encouraged a forward-looking approach. He believed that Canada's progress depended on the cultivation of patriotism and unity, and this conviction was reflected in his desire to see a wider history curriculum developed in Canadian schools. In response to the health crisis posed by [[tuberculosis]], he helped establish the first anti-tuberculosis foundation in Canada.

Lord Minto also took great interest in the development of the Canadian military and emphasized the need for training and professional development. He was appointed honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards Regiment on 1 December 1898 and was subsequently appointed Honorary Colonel, a tradition that has continued with the post of Governors General to this day.

He was appointed a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellor]] on 11 August 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27464 |date=12 August 1902 |page=5173 }}</ref> following an announcement of the King's intention to make this appointment in the [[1902 Coronation Honours]] list published in June.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Coronation Honours |date=26 June 1902 |page=5 |issue=36804}}</ref>

On his trip back to Britain in 1904, having finished his term as Canada's Governor General, Lord Minto wrote in his journal "... so our life in Canada is over and it has been a great wrench parting from so many friends and leaving a country which I love, and which has been very full of interest to me".

==Viceroy and Governor General of India==
In 1905, following the resignation of Lord Curzon of Kedleston, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India. He served in this role until 1910, following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather, the first Lord Minto. During his tenure, Lord Minto faced significant political challenges and introduced notable reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, 4th Earl of Minto |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gilbert-john-murray-kynynmond-elliot-4th-earl-of-minto |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref>

One of the most significant reforms during his tenure was the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. These reforms were a collaborative effort between John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Minto. The reforms aimed to introduce a limited form of self-governance by expanding the legislative councils and allowing for greater Indian representation. This move was a response to the growing Indian nationalist movement and demands for political participation. John Morley famously argued that “Reforms may not save the Raj, but if they don’t, nothing else will.” In response, Minto expressed his belief in the resilience of British rule, stating, “The Raj will not disappear in India as long as the British race remains what it is, because we shall fight for the Raj as hard as we have ever fought, if it comes to fighting, and we shall win as we have always won.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Councils Act of 1909 {{!}} UK-India Reforms, Imperialism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Lord Minto’s tenure was also marked by significant political unrest and the rise of revolutionary activities. The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, which divided the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas, was a particularly controversial decision. This move led to widespread protests and was eventually reversed in 1911. Additionally, on November 15, 1909, two bombs were hurled at Lord Minto and his wife near Raipur Gate of Ahmedabad, although they were not harmed in the attack.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

For his lifetime of service, Lord Minto was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He was succeeded by Lord Hardinge of Penshurst in 1910. The Morley-Minto Reforms laid the groundwork for future constitutional developments in India, representing a step towards greater Indian participation in governance, although they were also criticized for being too limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Order of the Garter |website=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-garter}}</ref>

==Marriage==
He married, on 28 July 1883, [[Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Countess of Minto|Lady Mary Caroline Grey]], daughter of [[Charles Grey (British Army officer)|Charles Grey]] and his wife, Caroline Eliza Farquhar. She was the sister of [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey]], Sybil Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans, [[Louisa McDonnell, Countess of Antrim]] and Lady Victoria Dawnay. They had five children:

* Lady Eileen Nina Evelyn Sibell Elliot (13 December 1884{{snd}}29 May 1938), married Lord Francis Montagu Douglas Scott (son of [[William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch|the 6th Duke of Buccleuch]] and [[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch|Lady Louisa Hamilton]]), and had issue;
* Lady Ruby Florence Mary Elliot (26 September 1886{{snd}}5 November 1961), married [[Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer]], and had issue;
* [[Violet Astor|Lady Violet Mary Elliot]] (28 May 1889{{snd}}3 January 1965), married, firstly, [[Lord Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice]], and had issue, secondly, [[John Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever]], and had issue;
* [[Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 5th Earl of Minto]] (12 February 1891{{snd}}11 January 1975);
* The Honourable Gavin William Esmond Elliot (25 April 1895{{snd}}6 August 1917; [[killed in action]]).{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
| image = Coat of arms of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto.svg
| imagesize = 250px
| crest = A dexter arm embowed issuant from clouds, throwing a dart, all proper..
| escutcheon = Quarterly : 1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly; 1st and 4th, argent, a hunting-horn sable, stringed gules, in the dexter chief point a crescent of the last ; on a chief wavy azure, three mullets of the field (''Murray of Melgund'') ; 2nd and 3rd, azure, a chevron argent, between three fleurs-de-lis or (''Kynynmound of that ilk'') ; 2nd and 3rd grand quarters, gules, on a bend engrailed or, a baton azure, within a bordure vair (''Elliot, of Minto'') ; over all, a chief of augmentation argent, charged with a Moor's head couped in profile proper., being the arms of Corsica.
| supporters = Dexter, an Indian sheep, sinister, a fawn, all proper.
| orders = The Most Noble Order of the Garter - Knight Companion (KG).
| motto = ''Non eget arcu'' (He needs not the bow); Below: ''Suaviter et fortiter'' (Mildy and firmly).<ref>{{cite book |title=Burke's peerage and baronetage |date=1915 |pages=1271–1274 |URL=https://archive.org/details/b31363945/page/1271/mode/1up}}</ref>
}}

==Legacy==
[[Image:LordMelgund1885.jpg|thumb|Lord Melgund in 1885, as Middleton's chief of staff]]
The Earl of Minto's popularity in Canada outlived him. In addition to a Minto Place in Rockcliffe, Ottawa and Minto Street in Vancouver and the SS ''Minto'', a famous steamer on the [[Arrow Lakes]], the gold-mining company town of [[Minto City, British Columbia|Minto City]] in the [[Bridge River|Bridge River Country]], established 1936, was named in honour of the Earl. Also named for the Earl was [[K'iyán Mountain|Mount Minto]] in the [[Atlin Country|Atlin District]] of far northern [[British Columbia]], the town of [[Minto, Ontario]]. In addition, [[Minto, New Brunswick]] was renamed in memory of him. The Earl of Minto and Lady Minto appeared on the obverse of the Canadian four-dollar bill in the 1900 and 1902 versions of this denomination. Indirectly, the town of [[Minto, North Dakota]] in the United States is named for Minto, Ontario, whence its settlers came.<ref>{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project|author-link=Federal Writers' Project|title=North Dakota, a Guide to the Northern Prairie State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCGVnMUdNqMC&pg=PA189|year=1938|publisher=WPA|isbn=978-1-62376-033-5|page=189}}</ref>

Minto Park in [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta), India, commemorates him. The school from which [[Aligarh Muslim University]] evolved was named behind him as [[Minto Circle]] after his generous funding for the construction of the new school buildings.

[[Minto Road]], an area where most of the ministers of [[Bangladesh]] government have their official residence, is named after Lord Minto.

Minto Hospital and Minto Park (now officially renamed but popularly still known as such) in [[Lahore]] were also named after him.

[[Minto Eye Hospital|Minto Ophthalmic Hospital]]<ref>7</ref> in Bangalore is also named after him. It is the oldest eye hospitals in India and one of the largest and busiest eye hospitals in the country.

==See also==

* [[Bell Telephone Memorial]]
* [[Minto Cup]]
* [[Minto Circle]]
* [[Minto Eye Hospital]]
* [[Minto, Manitoba]]
* [[Rural Municipality of Minto]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Minto, Earls of|volume=18|pages=563–564}}
*''This entry incorporates text originally from the [https://www.gg.ca Governor General of Canada website].''

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7356 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
*[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500261.txt Lord Minto, A Memoir (1924)] at Project Gutenberg of Australia
*[https://indianpostagestamps.com/Minto_Fete/Lady_Mintos_Fete.html Lady Minto's Fete]
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/00694147 Library of Congress: Arrival of the Governor General, Lord Minto, at Quebec]
* [http://champlainsociety.utpjournals.press/doi/book/10.3138/9781442618657 Collection of Lord Minto's Public and Private Letters 1898–1904], published by the Champlain Society

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before=[[John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|The Earl of Aberdeen]] | title=[[List of Canadian Governors General|Governor General of Canada]] | years=1898–1904 | after=[[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey|The Earl Grey]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Lord Curzon of Kedleston]] | title=[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] | years=1905–1910 | after=[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=[[George Wyndham]]| title=[[Rector of the University of Edinburgh]] | years=1911–1914 | after=[[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Earl Kitchener]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{succession box | title=[[Earl of Minto]] | before=[[William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 3rd Earl of Minto|William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]] | after=[[Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 5th Earl of Minto|Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]] | years=1891–1914}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors General of Canada}}
{{Viceroys of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minto, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Scottish Borders]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:1900s in British India]]
[[Category:Governors general of Canada]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:King's Own Scottish Borderers officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:People of the North-West Rebellion]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category:People from Mayfair]]
[[Category:Nobility from London]]

Pettancylus tenuis

2026-04-01T09:19:10Z

Shikha Jha: made a post

{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN 2011">{{cite iucn |author=Madhyastha, A. |author2=Rintelen, T. |year=2011 |title=''Ferrissia tenuis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T175086A7095326 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T175086A7095326.en |language=en |access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>
| taxon = Pettancylus tenuis
| authority = ([[Jules René Bourguignat|Bourguignat]], 1862)
| synonyms = *''Ancylus tenuis'' Bourguignat, 1862
*''Ferrissia tenuis'' (Bourguignat, 1862)
}}

'''''Pettancylus tenuis''''' is a [[species]] of a [[freshwater snail]] or [[limpet]], an [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[gastropod]] in the family [[Planorbidae]].

== Distribution ==
This species is found in [[List of non-marine molluscs of India|India]].
[[File:Ferrissia tenuis map.png|left|thumb|Distribution map of ''Pettancylus tenuis''.]]
{{clear-left}}

==Ecology==
The [[population trend]] of this species is unknown.<ref name="IUCN 2011"/>

''Pettancylus tenuis'' is considered as a suspected host of ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'' in India.<ref name="IUCN 2011"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q106294226|from2=Q18355148}}

[[Category:Planorbidae]]
[[Category:Gastropods described in 1862]]

{{Planorbidae-stub}}

Moz & Cat

2026-03-28T22:00:46Z

Shikha Jha: fixed intro for accuracy for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moz & Cat
| image = Moss & Cat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| producer = Johny Sagarika
| writer = Fazil
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = K. R. Gaurishankar
| studio = Johnny Sagarika Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|04|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Moz & Cat''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy thriller film]] written and directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], Aswathi Ashok and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]].

== Cast ==
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Moz D. Samuel
*[[Baby Niveditha]] as Tezzy (Cat)
*Aswathi Ashok as Nandana (Nandu)
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Sumesh
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Panakal das
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Father Cyriac John
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Kunnumel Shankaran/ Shankaran kunnumel
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Outha
*[[Sudheesh]] as Stephen
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Father Kuriakose
* Sudheer Sukumaran Das 'Assitant
*[[Anoop Chandran]] as Kunjoonju
*Priyanka as toilet cleaner (cameo)

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 7 songs, all composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and lyrics written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]].

===Tracklist===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Five Star"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2
| "Innu Kondu Theerum"
| [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Durga Viswanath]], [[Anoop Chandran]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], [[Sudheesh]]
|-
| 3
| "Kulir Manju"
| [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Oru Koodanayaanoru"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 5
| "Thottaal Pookkum"
| [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| 6
| "Thottaal Pookkum [Pathos] [F]"
| [[Parvathy Manjunath]]
|-
| 7
| "Thottaal Pookkum [Pathos] [M]"
| [[Yasir Sali]]
|}

== Reception ==

Sify.com wrote that "With a script that is full of flaws, the film is like a never ending journey. Fazil should call it day and retire gracefully, than making such stupid films. Our advice- Pick some of the old gems (DVD) of the director like Nokketha Doorathu Kannum Nattu, Ente Mamattikuttiyammaykku, Manivathoorile Ayiram Sivarathrikal or Aniyathi Pravu and re-live those fine memories . You will find it much more enjoyable than getting a migraine watching this film!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/moz--cat-review-malayalam-pclxbyhdiiahh.html|title= Review - Moz & Cat|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131071426/https://www.sify.com/movies/moz--cat-review-malayalam-pclxbyhdiiahh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha from [[Rediff.com]] wrote" All seen and suffered; Fazil's Moz & Cat may just turn out to be the biggest disappointment of this festive season"
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moz-and-cat-wasted-effort/452228/|title= Moz & Cat is disappointing|website=Rediff.com|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131070504/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/15moz-cat-is-disappointing.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Unni R Nair from [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] wrote "sadly enough, it turns out to be a damp squib. Dileep is his usual self as Moz, while Baby Nivedhitha is good as Tessy. Debutante Ashwathy is also good as Nandana. The rest of the cast are all strictly okay. Music, technical aspects etc. jell with the theme and the mood, but it's the confusion about the overall mood that's to be mentioned. It's rather confusing and hence whatever is good about Moz And Cat is lost in this maze"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moz-and-cat-wasted-effort/452228/|title= Moz And Cat: Wasted effort|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131065950/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moz-and-cat-wasted-effort/452228/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1572776|Moz & Cat}}

{{Fazil (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moz And Cat}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

India national under-20 football team

2026-03-24T05:57:27Z

Shikha Jha: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Men's under-20 national association football team representing India}}
{{About|men's football team|women's football team|India women's national under-20 football team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox national football team
| Name = India U-20
| Badge = Indian Football 2020.svg
| Badge_size = 200px
| FIFA Trigramme = IND
|Nickname = The Blue Colts
| Association = [[All India Football Federation]]
| Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ([[Asia]])
| Sub-confederation = [[South Asian Football Federation|SAFF]] ([[South Asia]])
| Coach = [[Mahesh Gawli]]
| Captain = [[Singamayum Shami]]
| pattern_la1 = _ind2425h
| pattern_b1 = _ind2425h
| pattern_ra1 = _ind2425h
| pattern_sh1 = _ind2425h
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 00A9FF
| body1 = 00A9FF
| rightarm1 = 00A9FF
| shorts1 = 00A9FF
| socks1 = 00A9FF
| pattern_la2 = _ind2425a
| pattern_b2 = _ind2425a
| pattern_ra2 = _ind24a
| pattern_sh2 = _ind2425a
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FF6607
| body2 = FF6607
| rightarm2 = FF6607
| shorts2 = FF6607
| socks2 = FF6607
| First game = {{fbu|19|MYA}} 1–1 {{fbu-rt|20|IND}} ([[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]; 19 April 1963)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-63.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1963|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130024530/https://rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-63.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Largest win =
{{fbu|20|IND}} 8–0 {{fbu-rt|20|NEP}} ([[Bhubaneshwar]], India; 31 July 2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saffederation.org/uploads/62e6c4e3c8790.pdf|title=M8_ Nep v Ind_Match Report|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419070814/https://saffederation.org/uploads/62e6c4e3c8790.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{fbu|20|IND}} 8–0 {{fbu-rt|20|SRI}} ([[Yupia]], India; 9 May 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-put-eight-past-sri-lanka-in-perfect-start-to-saff-u19-campaign|title=India put eight past Sri Lanka in perfect start to SAFF U19 campaign}}</ref>
| Largest loss = {{fbu|20|IND}} 0–7 {{fbu-rt|19|ISR}} ([[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]; 16 April 1972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-72.html|title=Asian Youth Championship 1972|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815224434/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-72.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{fbu|20|IND}} 0–7 {{fbu-rt|19|KOR}} ([[Qatar]]; 25 October 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-02.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2002|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927084418/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{fbu|20|IND}} 0–7 {{fbu-rt|20|UAE}} (Qatar; 4 October 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2016.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2016|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815130449/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Regional name = [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|Asian Cup]]
| Regional cup apps = 22
| Regional cup first = [[1963 AFC Youth Championship|1963]]
| Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974]])
| 2ndRegional cup apps = 7
| 2ndRegional name = [[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF Championship]]
| 2ndRegional cup first = [[2015 SAFF U-19 Championship|2015]]
| 2ndRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]], [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]], [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]], [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025]])
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|Asian Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974 Thailand]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[OFC Youth Development Tournament]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament|2019 Vanuatu]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025 India]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023 Nepal]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019 Nepal]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022 India]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2015 SAFF U-19 Championship|2015 Nepal]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 SAFF U-18 Championship|2017 Bhutan]]|}}
}}

The '''India national under-20 football team''' represents India at all international under-20 tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|title=India beats Bangladesh to clinch U20 SAFF Championship|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=5 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163036/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> They act as the main feeder team for the [[India national under-23 football team|India U-23]] and the senior [[India national football team|Indian football team]].

This team is for Indian players aged under 19 at the start of the calendar year in which a two-year [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|AFC U-19 Championship]] campaign begins, and as such, some players can remain with the squad until the age of 21. The team competes for the [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|Asian Championship]], with the finals every even-numbered year, formerly odd-numbered years. It is also eligible to participate in the [[SAFF U-20 Championship]] and the [[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] held every two years.

Beginning from [[2024–25 I-League|2024-25 I-league]] season, the team is also eligible to participate in the I-league, the second division of [[Indian football league system|Indian Football League System]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=India U-20 Football Team to be Fielded in the I-League For 2024-25 Season, Says AIFF: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/football/india-u-20-football-team-to-be-fielded-in-the-i-league-for-2024-25-season-says-aiff-report-9013780.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Previously, the team has participated in the I-league, then the first and now second division of Indian football league system, since 2010 under the names of [[Indian Arrows|'''''AIFF XI''','' '''Palian Arrows and Indian Arrows''']]'''.''' The team was disbanded in 2021 and revived as India U-20 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=No Longer Part of I-League, Indian Arrows Players to Not Play Football Till January |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/no-longer-part-of-i-league-indian-arrows-players-to-not-play-football-till-january-6001993.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1959−1970 ===
For the first four seasons of [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|AFC U-19 Championship]], from [[1959 AFC Youth Championship|1959]] to [[1962 AFC Youth Championship|1962]] the Indian team did not enter into the tournament though there was no qualification round. India first participated in the AFC U-19 Championships in [[1963 AFC Youth Championship|1963]] but did not move ahead from the group stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-63.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1963|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130024530/https://rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-63.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[1964 AFC Youth Championship|1964]] is where the first Kabui player, Basanta Kumar Kabui represented Manipur in an International event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-64.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1964|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825142942/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-64.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&dq=first+Kabui+player+Basanta+Kumar+Kabui&pg=PT175 |title=Barefoot to Boots: The many lives of Indian football |isbn=978-93-86815-65-1 |access-date=6 October 2022 |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726182436/https://books.google.com/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&dq=first+Kabui+player+Basanta+Kumar+Kabui&pg=PT175 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.Sports_Profile_of_veteran_players_of_Manipur.RK_Bijoy_Captain_of_Manipur_Police_Football_Team_during_1960s_and_70s|title=RK Bijoy: Captain of Manipur Police Football Team during 1960s and 70s|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006034353/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.Sports_Profile_of_veteran_players_of_Manipur.RK_Bijoy_Captain_of_Manipur_Police_Football_Team_during_1960s_and_70s|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first best result came at the [[1966 AFC Youth Championship|1966]] edition where the team entered in the quarter finals with 3 wins against Burma, Japan and Singapore and a defeat by China but in the quarter final they lost to Israel by 4−0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-66.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1966|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711131128/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-66.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the next edition at [[1967 AFC Youth Championship]] India again entered in the quarter final. First a draw of 1−1 against Israel and then defeating Malaysia by 4−1 but same as 1966 they again defeated in the quarter final, this time by Indonesia by 2−6.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-67.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1967|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825142514/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-67.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1968, the team didn't move beyond group stage, and next two edition of [[1969 AFC Youth Championship|1969]] and [[1970 AFC Youth Championship|1970]] India did not enter in the championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-68.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1968|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825143357/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-68.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1971−1979 ===
[[File:1974 Asian Youth Champion India.jpg|thumb|210px|upright=1.35|left|alt=Group photograph of India under-20 national team after jointly winning the 1974 Asian Youth Championship with Iran. |India team, the [[1974 AFC Youth Championship#Final|Asian Youth Champion]], in Bangkok on 30 April 1974.]]
In [[1971 AFC Youth Championship|1971]], they again reached the quarter final for the third time in AFC championships, but the fate was same as again saw a defeat, now against Japan by 0−3. But, after a gap of two more edition, it was [[1974 AFC Youth Championship]], where India saw the golden moment after becoming the champions of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/team-spirit-the-foundation-for-indias-success-in-1974-afc-youth-championship-says-shabbir-ali|title=Team spirit the foundation for India's success in 1974 AFC Youth Championship, says Shabbir Ali}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/1974-asian-youth-championship-the-golden-jubilee-of-the-golden-moment|title=1974 Asian Youth Championship: The Golden Jubilee of the Golden moment}}</ref> First in group stage India defeat both Laos and Burma by 1−0 and a draw against Hong Kong by 2−2. Then entering in the quarter final they defeated Singapore in a penalty shootout and reached semi-finals where defeating Thailand by 2−1, for the first time India reached the final of the Championship. But the final was a draw against [[Iran national under-20 football team|Iran]] by 2−2 thus jointly awarded both the team as the Champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1974|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-74.html|first=Neil|last=Morrison|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105201750/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/as-u19-74.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/down-the-memory-lane-1974-india-crowned-champions-of-asia/1q6hztibcvav61kfbogj9a88um|title=Down the memory lane: India's AFC Youth Championship triumph in 1974|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824155908/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/down-the-memory-lane-1974-india-crowned-champions-of-asia/1q6hztibcvav61kfbogj9a88um|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-gate-crashers-to-joint-winners-indias-journey-at-the-asian-youth-championship-bangkok-1974|title=From gate-crashers to joint winners: India's journey at the Asian Youth Championship Bangkok 1974|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824155910/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-gate-crashers-to-joint-winners-indias-journey-at-the-asian-youth-championship-bangkok-1974|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1975 and 1976 edition, India didn't do much well but at [[1977 AFC Youth Championship]] they reached the quarter final but the opponent was Iran, the defending Champion who defeated India by 3−0, thus failed to qualify for the first [[FIFA U-20 World Cup|FIFA World Youth Championship]] in [[1977 FIFA World Youth Championship|1977]] which later came to be known as FIFA U-20 World Cup and also failed to qualify at the [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979]] edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-77.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1977|access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

=== 1980−2000, the decline ===
These two decades saw a decline in the performance of the Indian team. Qualification round started from [[1980 AFC Youth Championship]] and India failed to qualify in 6 out of 11 edition of the championships and in rest 5 edition the failed to move beyond the group stage, thus also failed to qualify for the [[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] as the finalist were only to be qualified for the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-80.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1980|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825143926/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2002−2017, rise and fall ===
In the [[2002 AFC Youth Championship|2002]], at the [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|AFC U-19 Championship]], India reached the quarter final for the 6th time, by the virtue of third-place qualifiers, but defeated heavily by South Korea, where the Korean found the Indian net 7 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-02.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2002|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927084418/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Next two editions they ended their competition in group stages and next 7 editions from [[2008 AFC U-19 Championship|2008]] to [[2018 AFC U-19 Championship|2018]], India failed to qualify again for the championships and so for the FIFA U20 Worldcup.

In the meanwhile, [[South Asian Football Federation|SAFF]] started [[SAFF U-20 Championship]] from [[2015 SAFF U-19 Championship|2015]] to develop the youth teams of South Asian countries as they continuously failing to qualify for AFC U-20 championships. In the 2015 inaugural edition, India became runners-up facing a defeat from Nepal through a penalty shoot out. In the next edition in [[2017 SAFF U-18 Championship|2017]], the tournament was a round robin, where India saw two wins against Bhutan and Maldives and two defeats from Bangladesh and Nepal, thus achieved the third place in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/football/features/saff-u20-championship-winners-list|title=SAFF U-20 Championship winners list: Know history and winners of every edition|date=6 April 2022|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825144649/https://www.sportsadda.com/football/features/saff-u20-championship-winners-list|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2018−present ===
The AIFF finally acted with the international exposure to the youth and under 17 teams.
India's U-20 team was invited to participate in [[L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament|Cotif Tournament]] where clubs and national and autonomous teams participate every year since 1984, held at Valencia, Spain. [[2018 COTIF Tournament|2018 Cotif]] was 35th Anniversary of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=The COTIF lives the presentation of its 35th anniversary|url=http://www.cotifalcudia.com/cotif-vive-la-presentacion-35o-aniversario/|access-date=9 October 2016|work=Cotifalcudia|date=19 July 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008041608/http://www.cotifalcudia.com/cotif-vive-la-presentacion-35o-aniversario/|url-status=live}}</ref> Though India lost two consecutive matches against Spanish club Murcia then against Mauritania, they managed a 0–0 draw<ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.soccerway.com/matches/2018/08/03/world/cotif-tournament/india-u20/venezuela-under-20/2860046/|title= India U20 0-0 Venezuela U20|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> against a stronger Latin American side of [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela]], but on the final group match on 5 August 2018, the Indian side wrote a piece of history when they defeated the most successful [[FIFA U-20 World Cup|U-20 Worldcup]] winning nation [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina]]. The match was historic in many ways, when Indian defender [[Deepak Tangri]] headed a corner kick to the net of Argentine side, it was the first goal against them by any Indian side, then with a second goal by [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]] with a fabulous free kick helped India to win the match with a score of 2−1 against the stronger Argentine side, made a history as it is the first time that any Indian team defeated any Argentina side or any [[South America|South American]] national team.<ref>{{cite news|title=History, Beat Argentina 2-1 In COTIF Cup 2018|url=https://www.inuth.com/sports/football/indian-u-20-football-team-creates-history-beats-argentina-2-1-in-cotif-cup-2018/|access-date=6 August 2018|work=inuth|date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181708/https://www.inuth.com/sports/football/indian-u-20-football-team-creates-history-beats-argentina-2-1-in-cotif-cup-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's U-20 football side stuns Argentina 2-1|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indias-u-20-football-side-stuns-argentina-2-1/article24612621.ece|access-date=6 August 2018|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2018|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807122045/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indias-u-20-football-side-stuns-argentina-2-1/article24612621.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India stun Argentina in U-20 COTIF Cup football tourney|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-stun-argentina-in-u-20-cotif-cup-football-tourney/articleshow/65288222.cms|access-date=6 August 2018|work=TOI|date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806113244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-stun-argentina-in-u-20-cotif-cup-football-tourney/articleshow/65288222.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] national team manager [[Lionel Scaloni|Scaloni]] and Argentine great [[Pablo Aimar]] praised the young colt's performances and said the future of the team is bright if there is continued perseverance.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIMAR, SCALONI GREET INDIA U-20 BOYS, PRAISE THEM|url=https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9103|work=AIFF|date=9 August 2018|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809152946/https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] called it as one of the ''"biggest days for Indian Football"'' as team coach said ''"This victory will definitely earn Indian football more respect in the world of football. It opens up a window of opportunity to test ourselves against the best in the world on a regular basis"''.<ref>{{cite news|title=10-MAN INDIA SHOCK U-20 ARGENTINA-20 2-1|url=https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9094|access-date=6 August 2018|work=AIFF|date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806183342/https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9094|url-status=live}}</ref>

Just after the Cotif experience, AIFF announced the team was invited to play in a four-nation tournament between under-20 national teams of [[France national under-20 football team|France]], [[Croatia national under-20 football team|Croatia]] and [[Slovenia national under-21 football team|Slovenia]] and two friendlies against [[Serbia national under-19 football team|Serbia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INDIA U-19s TO PLAY BACK-TO-BACK FRIENDLIES AGAINST SERBIA|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9155|work=AIFF|date=8 September 2018|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115358/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9155|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first time India was playing in a 4-nations tournament in which all the opponents are European nations.<ref>{{cite news|title=India U-20 to face France in four-nation tourney|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-20-to-face-france-in-four-nation-tourney/articleshow/65318175.cms|access-date=8 August 2018|work=AIFF|date=8 August 2018|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-20-to-face-france-in-four-nation-tourney/articleshow/65318175.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9139|title=U-19 National Team to Play Youth Teams of World Champions France and Runners-Up Croatia|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908020104/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9139|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first match the team faced a big defeat against a mightier [[Croatia national under-20 football team|Croatian]] team by 0−5.<ref>{{cite news|title=INDIA U-19 GO DOWN TO CROATIA|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9144|access-date=8 September 2018|work=AIFF|date=5 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905143502/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9144|url-status=live}}</ref> The second match was against [[Slovenia national under-21 football team|Slovenia]], where they played very well within 90 minutes but failed to convert various chances and on the last minute of injury time the Slovenian side found the net, match ended in 0−1 defeat.<ref>{{cite news|title=INDIA U-19 LOSE BY A SOLITARY GOAL TO SLOVENIA|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9149|access-date=8 September 2018|work=AIFF|date=7 September 2018|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183402/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9149|url-status=live}}</ref> Third match was against [[France national under-20 football team|France]], which India lost by 2−0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9160|title=INDIA GO DOWN TO U-19 YOUTH TEAM OF WORLD CHAMPIONS FRANCE|date=10 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018|publisher=the-aiff.com|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911011306/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9160|url-status=live}}</ref> In the friendlies against Serbia India saw defeat in both the matches, first by 2−0<ref name="Serbia friendly 1">{{cite web |title=India U-19 football team suffers 0-2 loss against Serbia U-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-19-football-team-suffers-0-2-loss-against-serbia-u-19/articleshow/65811373.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 September 2018 |publisher=The Times of india |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531171948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-19-football-team-suffers-0-2-loss-against-serbia-u-19/articleshow/65811373.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and second by 3−1 where Rahim Ali managed to find the net once.<ref name="2nd friendly serbia">{{cite web |title=INDIA U-19 SIDE SUFFER 3-1 DEFEAT AT THE HANDS OF SERBIA IN FRIENDLY |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9200 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918095554/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9200 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the South Asian level India won their first U-20 SAFF title in [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]]. They defeated Bangladesh 2–1 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/index.php/article/india-u-18-conquer-maiden-saff-title|title=INDIA U-18 CONQUER MAIDEN SAFF TITLE|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> Team India also won the inaugural [[OFC Youth Development Tournament]] in [[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament|2019]], after beating Tahiti 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballoceania.com/2019/08/24/india-win-first-youth-development-tournament/|title=India win first Youth Development Tournament|date=24 August 2019 |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> India defended their SAFF title in [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]] by defeating Bangladesh again in the final, this time by an even bigger score of 5–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/saff-u20-championship-2022-india-football-team-vs-bangladesh-final-result|title=SAFF U20 Championship 2022: Gurkirat Singh hat-trick powers Indian football team to title|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> It was also in the same tournament that the team recorded their biggest ever victory when they dismantled Nepal 8–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u20-pump-8-goals-past-nepal-in-saff-championship|title=India U20 pump 8 goals past Nepal in SAFF Championship|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/football/2022/08/01/india-humiliate-nepal-8-0-in-saff-u-20-championship#:~:text=Nepal%20were%20dealt%20with%20a,Stadium%20in%20Bhubaneswar%20on%20Sunday.|title=India humiliate Nepal 8-0 in SAFF U-20 Championship|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> India won their third title in a row by defeating arch-rivals [[Pakistan national under-20 football team|Pakistan]] in the final of the SAFF championship in [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]] by a margin of 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-ready-to-dismantle-counter-attacking-pakistan-in-saff-u19-final|title=India ready to dismantle counter-attacking Pakistan in SAFF U19 Final|access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/india-hammer-pakistan-3-0-to-emerge-saff-u-19-champions-2707843|title=India hammer Pakistan 3-0 to emerge SAFF U-19 champions|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, India faced Bhutan and Maldives in [[2024 SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U-20 Championship]] in Nepal. They won their two group games by 1 goal each against Bhutan and Maldives but got drubbed by Bangladesh in semi-finals during penalty-shootouts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-bangladesh-saff-u20-championship-2024-score-match-report-ind-v-ban/article68568663.ece|title=SAFF U-20 Championship 2024: India exits after losing to Bangladesh on penalties in semifinal |date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> India once again failed to qualify for [[2025 AFC U-20 Asian Cup]] in China. The team won 4–1 over [[Mongolia national under-20 football team|Mongolia]] and 2–0 over [[Laos national under-20 football team|Laos]] but fell to Iran by 0–1 in the qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-outsmart-mongolia-4-1-make-rousing-start-to-afc-u20-asian-cup-qualifiers|title=India outsmart Mongolia 4-1, make rousing start to AFC U20 Asian Cup qualifiers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-beat-laos-to-finish-second-in-group-g-of-afc-u20-qualifiers|title=India beat Laos to finish second in Group G of AFC U20 qualifiers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u20-suffer-narrow-defeat-against-ir-iran-in-afc-qualifiers|title=India U20 suffer narrow defeat against IR Iran in AFC qualifiers}}</ref>

India participated in 2025 [[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]] in Indonesia, with Syria, Jordan and hosts Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-lose-to-syria-in-mandiri-u20-challenge-series-opener|title=India lose to Syria in Mandiri U20 Challenge Series opener}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-end-mandiri-u20-challenge-series-with-defeat-to-hosts-indonesia|title=India end Mandiri U20 Challenge Series with defeat to hosts Indonesia}}</ref> The team lost all their matches with scoring only one goal against Syria. After the tournament former [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]] and [[India national under-17 football team|India Under-17]] coach [[Bibiano Fernandes (footballer)|Bibiano Fernandes]] was called to lead the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/bibiano-fernandes-journey-from-player-to-coach-india-u20-brazil-legends/article69398933.ece#:~:text=Bibiano%20Fernandes%2C%20who%20scored%20against,challenge%20for%20World%20Cup%20qualification.&text=Bibiano%20Fernandes%20played%20just%20once,in%20a%2015%2Dyear%20career.|title=My work isn't done until we qualify for the World Cup, says India U-20 coach Bibiano Fernandes |date=April 2025 }}</ref> India had a dominant run in [[SAFF U-20 Championship|2025 SAFF Under-19 Championship]], beating Sri Lanka and Nepal by the score of 8–0 and 4–0 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-look-for-calm-within-stormy-arunachal-weather-ahead-of-saff-u19-semi-finals|title=India look for calm within stormy Arunachal weather ahead of SAFF U19 semi-finals}}</ref> India then defeated Maldives by 3–0 in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-beat-maldives-book-spot-in-saff-u20-cship-final-with-bangladesh|title=India beat Maldives, book spot in SAFF U20 C'ship final with Bangladesh}}</ref> The team faced Bangladesh in the final and beat them at penalty-shootouts after the game ended 1–1 in regular time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-crowned-saff-u19-champions|title=India crowned SAFF U19 champions}}</ref>

== Results and fixtures ==
''For past match results of the under-20 team, see the results in [[Football in India#Seasons|Indian football seasons]].''

''Matches in the last 12 months, and future scheduled matches'' 
;Legend
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|'''W'''in|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|'''D'''raw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|'''L'''oss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

=== 2025 ===
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025 SAFF U-19 GS]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|IND}}
| score = 8–0
| team2 = {{fbu|20|SRI}}
| goals1 =
*Prashan Jajo {{goal|17||62}}
*Danny Meitei {{goal|26||31||50}}
*Mohammed Arbas {{goal|41}}
*Omang Dodum {{goal|49}}
*[[Singamayum Shami|S. Shami]] {{goal|81}}
| goals2 =
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20250509170100/https://saffederation.org/uploads/681e30d7a4c8a.pdf SAFF]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| location = [[Yupia]], India
| attendance = 5,328
| referee = S.M. Jasim Akhter ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025 SAFF U-19 GS]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|5|13|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|IND}}
|score = 4–0
|team2 = {{fbu|20|NEP}}
|goals1 =
*Thangjam Roshan Singh {{goal|28}}
*Omang Dodum {{goal|29}}
*Rohen Singh {{goal|75}}
*Danny Meitei {{goal|83}}
|goals2 =
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20250513165023/https://saffederation.org/uploads/682374dc7980d.pdf SAFF]
|stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
|location = [[Yupia]], India
|attendance = 2,500
|referee = Zaheer Hussain ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025 SAFF U-19 SF]]
| date = 16 May 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|IND}}
| score =3–0
| team2 = {{fbu|20|MDV}}
| goals1 =
*Danny Meitei {{goal|14}}
*Omang Dodum {{goal|21}}
*Prashan Jajo {{goal|66}}
| goals2 =
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20250516172926/https://saffederation.org/uploads/6827668235786.pdf SAFF]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| location = [[Yupia]], India
| attendance = 5,000~+
| referee = SM Jasim Akhter ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025 SAFF U-19 F]]
| date = 18 May 2025
| time = 19:00
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|BAN}}
| score = 1–1
| penaltyscore = 3–4
| team2 = {{fbu|20|IND}}
| goals1 =
* Joy {{goal|61}}
| goals2 =
*[[Singamayum Shami|Shami]] {{goal|2}}
|penalties1 =
* Mithu {{pengoal}}
* Mursed {{pengoal}}
* Joy {{pengoal}}
* Faysal {{penmiss}}
* Salah {{penmiss}}
|penalties2 =
* {{pengoal}} Arbash
* {{penmiss}} Rohen Singh
* {{pengoal}} Rishi Singh
* {{pengoal}} Jodric
* {{pengoal}} [[Singamayum Shami|Shami]]
| report = [https://saffederation.org/uploads/682a102ed6f51.pdf SAFF]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| location = [[Yupia]], India
| attendance = 12,789
| referee = Mohamed Jafran
Athambawa ([[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]])
| result = D
}}

=== 2026 ===
{{football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF U-20 Championship|2026 SAFF U-20 GS]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|3|26|df=y}}
| time = 15:45
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|IND}}
| score =
| team2 = {{fbu|20|PAK}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| report =
| stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]]
| location = [[Malé]], Maldives
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF U-20 Championship|2026 SAFF U-20 GS]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|3|28|df=y}}
| time = 15:45
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|20|BAN}}
| score =
| team2 = {{fbu|20|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| report =
| stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]]
| location = [[Malé]], Maldives
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
}}

== Current staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mahesh Gawli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahesh Gawali has been appointed as the head coach of the Indian U20 men’s national team. |url=https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/2034622038892302562 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Players ==
=== Current squad ===
The following 23 players were called up for the [[2026 SAFF U-20 Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India land in Maldives for SAFF U20 Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/index.php/article/india-land-in-maldives-for-saff-u20-championship |publisher=AIFF |date=23 March 2026 }}</ref>

''Caps and goals are correct as of 18 May 2025, before the match against [[Bangladesh national under-20 football team|Bangladesh]].''

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Alsabith Sulaiman Thekkekaramel|age={{birth date and age|2007|07|01|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Pranav Sundarraman|age={{birth date and age|2007|01|21|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Suraj Singh Aheibam|age={{birth date and age|2008|02|18|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Bungson Singh Takhellambam|age={{birth date and age|2007|03|05|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Jodric Abranches|age={{birth date and age|2008|07|12|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Karish Soram|age={{birth date and age|2008|02|08|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Malemngamba Singh Thokchom|age={{birth date and age|2007|10|15|df=y}}|caps=13|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Mohammed Kaif|age={{birth date and age|2008|02|11|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[SC Delhi Reserves and Academy|Sporting Delhi]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Roshan Singh Thangjam|age={{birth date and age|2007|01|02|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Usham Singh Thoungamba|age={{birth date and age|2008|07|24|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Yaipharemba Chingakham|age={{birth date and age|2008|02|06|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Aniket Yadav|age={{birth date and age|2008|11|19|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Danny Meitei Laishram|age={{birth date and age|2007|11|20|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=5|club=[[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Gurnaj Singh Grewal|age={{birth date and age|2007|01|09|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=MD Arbash|age={{birth date and age|2008|09|29|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=1|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Rishikanta Meitei Laishram|age={{birth date and age|2007|05|01|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Rishi Singh Ninghthoukhongjam|age={{birth date and age|2008|03|23|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Omang Dodum|age={{birth date and age|2007|07|07|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=3|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Prashan Jajo|age={{birth date and age|2007|02|22|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=3|club=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Rohen Singh Chaphamayum|age={{birth date and age|2007|04|22|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Vishal Yadav|age={{birth date and age|2008|01|15|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Samson Ahongshangbam|age={{birth date and age|2008|12|23|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Tanbir Dey|age={{birth date and age|2008|01|04|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs end}}

=== Recent callups ===
The following footballers were part of national selection in the past twelve months, but are not part of the current call-up.
{{nat fs r start}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=Aarush Raju Hari|age={{birth date and age|2008|12|13|df=yes}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Reliance Foundation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=Rohit Ramesh|age={{birth date and age|2008|03|02|df=yes}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=Karan Makkar|age={{birth date and age|2007|03|20|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=Sumit Sharma Brahmacharimayum|age={{birth date and age|2007|03|05|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=Ashik Adhikari|age={{birth date and age|2007|01|17|df=yes}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=Afinmon Baiju|age={{birth date and age|2007|04|04|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=Muthoot FA|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=Mukul Panwar|age={{birth date and age|2007|08|03|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Singamayum Shami]]|age={{birth date and age|2007|04|18|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Sohum Utreja|age={{birth date and age|2008|11|25|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Mahmad Sami|age={{birth date and age|2008|02|03|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Levis Zangminlun|age={{birth date and age|2008|01|07|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sreenidi Deccan]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Manbhakupar Malngiang|age={{birth date and age|2008|01|05|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Ngamgouhou Mate|age={{birth date and age|2008|05|03|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Yohaan Benjamin]]|age={{birth date and age|2007|08|29|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[NK Bravo]]|clubnat=SLO|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Hemneichung Lunkim|age={{birth date and age|2008|03|18|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Bharat Lairenjam|age={{birth date and age|2008|04|03|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Lemmet Tangvah|age={{birth date and age|2007|12|24|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Sujin S.|age={{birth date and age|2007|08|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Mohd. Zulkif|age={{birth date and age|2008|01|22|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 U-20 Challenge Series]]}}
{{nat fs end}}

== Competitive record ==
:''*Denotes draws includes knockout matches decided on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty kicks]]. Red border indicates that the tournament was hosted on home soil. Gold, silver, bronze backgrounds indicates 1st, 2nd and 3rd finishes respectively. Bold text indicates best finish in tournament.''

=== FIFA U-20 World Cup ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=10 style="color: #0000FF;"|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup|FIFA U-20 World Cup record]]
|-
! width="90" |Host/Year
! width="100" |Result
! width="80" |Position
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|D*|Drawn}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GD|Goal Difference}}
|-
|colspan=10|'' [[FIFA U-20 World Cup|FIFA World Youth Championship]]''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|TUN}} [[1977 FIFA World Youth Championship|1977]] to {{#invoke:flag|icon|NED}} [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]
|colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
|-
|colspan=10|''[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CAN}} [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2007]] to {{#invoke:flag|icon|CHI}} [[2025 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2025]]
|colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Azerbaijan}}{{#invoke:flag|icon|Uzbekistan}} [[2027 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2027]]
|colspan=9|''To be determined''
|-
! Total || 0/25 || 0 titles || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
|}

=== AFC U-20 Asian Cup ===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=10 style="color: #0000FF;"|[[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|AFC U-20 Asian Cup record]]
! style="width:1%;" rowspan=41|
!colspan=9 |Qualification record
|-
! width="90" |Host/Year
! width="100"|Result
! width="80" |Position
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|D*|Drawn}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|D*|Drawn}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[1959 AFC Youth Championship|1959]] to {{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1962|1962]]||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''||rowspan=17 colspan="9"|''No Qualifiers''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1963|1963]] ||Group stage||7th||5||2||1||2||6||5||+1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|South Vietnam}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1964|1964]] ||Group stage ||6th||3||0||2||1||1||4||−3
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|JPN}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1965|1965]] ||Group stage ||7th||4||1||1||2||3||6||−3
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|PHI}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1966|1966]] ||'''Quarter final''' ||5th||5||3||0||2||9||7||+2
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1967|1967]] ||'''Quarter final''' ||7th||3||1||1||1||7||8||−1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|KOR}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1968|1968]] ||Group stage ||11th||3||1||0||2||4||4||0
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1969|1969]]||rowspan=2 colspan="9"|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|PHI}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1970|1970]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|JPN}} [[1971 AFC Youth Championship|1971]] ||'''Quarter final''' ||6th||4||2||1||1||5||5||0
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[1972 AFC Youth Championship|1972]] || Group stage ||11th||3||1||0||2||8||11||−3
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IRN|1964}} [[1973 AFC Youth Championship|1973]] ||Group stage ||10th||3||0||2||1||1||2||−1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} '''[[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974]]''' ||bgcolor=gold|'''Champions''' ||'''1st'''||'''6'''||'''3'''||'''3'''||'''0'''||'''9'''||'''6'''||'''+3'''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|KUW}} [[1975 AFC Youth Championship|1975]] ||Group stage ||13th||4||1||1||2||5||6||−1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[1976 AFC Youth Championship|1976]] ||Group stage ||9th||3||1||1||1||4||3||+1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IRN|1964}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1977|1977]] ||'''Quarter final''' ||5th||3||1||0||2||4||7||−3
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BAN}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1978|1978]] ||Group stage ||6th||4||1||1||2||7||8||−1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1980|1980]] to {{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1982|1982]]||colspan="9"|''Did not qualify''||8||1||1||6||5||12||-7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-80.html|title=Asian Youth Championship 1980}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-82.html|title=Asian Youth Championship 1982}}</ref> 
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UAE}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1985|1985]] ||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|KSA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1986|1986]] ||Group stage ||6th||3||0||1||2||2||8||−6||2||1||1||0||1||0||+1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-86.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1986}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|QAT}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1988|1988]]||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IDN}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1990|1990]] ||Group stage ||6th||3||1||0||2||3||7||−4||3||2||1||0||7||1||+6||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-90.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1990}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UAE}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1992|1992]] ||Group stage ||8th||3||0||0||3||0||7||−7||4||3||1||0||4||0||+4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-92.html|title=Asian Youth Championship 1992|access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IDN}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1994|1994]]||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''||colspan="9"|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|KOR}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1996|1996]] ||Group stage ||8th||4||0||1||3||2||6||−4||2||2||0||0||12||1||+11||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-96.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 1996}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|THA}} [[AFC Youth Championship 1998|1998]] ||Group stage ||10th||4||0||1||3||3||10||−7||4||4||0||0||13||1||+12||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-98.html|title=Asian Youth Championship 1998|access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IRN}} [[AFC Youth Championship 2000|2000]] ||colspan="9"|''Did not qualify''||2||1||0||1||2||2||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-00.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2000}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|QAT}} [[AFC Youth Championship 2002|2002]] ||'''Quarter final''' ||8th||4||1||0||3||7||13||−6||3||2||1||0||8||1||+7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-02.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2002}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[AFC Youth Championship 2004|2004]] ||Group stage ||13th||3||0||0||3||2||5||−3||2||0||1||1||0||2||-2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-04.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2004}}</ref>
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[AFC Youth Championship 2006|2006]] ||Group stage ||13th||3||0||1||2||3||7||−4||colspan="9"|''Qualified as Hosts''
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|KSA}} [[AFC U-19 Championship 2008|2008]]||rowspan=9 colspan="9"|''Did not qualify''||5||1||1||3||8||6||+2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-08.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2008}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CHN}} [[2010 AFC U-19 Championship|2010]]||5||2||0||3||11||13||-2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2010.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UAE}} [[2012 AFC U-19 Championship|2012]]||4||1||0||3||5||8||-3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2012.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MYA}} [[2014 AFC U-19 Championship|2014]]||4||1||1||2||3||7||-4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2014.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Bahrain}} [[2016 AFC U-19 Championship|2016]]||3||0||0||3||0||10||-10||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2016.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IDN}} [[2018 AFC U-19 Championship|2018]]||3||1||1||1||3||5||-2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-2018.html|title=Asian U-19 Championship 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UZB}} [[2020 AFC U-19 Championship|2020]]||3||0||0||3||0||9||-9||{{n/a}}
|-
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UZB}} [[2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup|2023]]||3||1||0||2||5||9||-4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-2023.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CHN}} [[2025 AFC U-20 Asian Cup|2025]]||3||2||0||1||6||2||+4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u20-2025.html|title=Asian U-20 Championship 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Total || 22/40 || 1 Title || 80 || 20 || 18 || 42 || 95 || 145 || −50 |||| 63|| 25|| 9||29 || 93|| 89|| +4|| –
|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;font-size:85%;"
|-
!colspan=4|AFC U-20 Asian Cup history
|-
!Year
!Round
!Score
!Result
|-
|rowspan=5|[[AFC Youth Championship 1963|1963]]
|rowspan=5|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|Malaysia}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|THA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|CAM}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|PHI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[AFC Youth Championship 1964|1964]]
|rowspan=3|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|Vietnam}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Malaysia}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4|[[AFC Youth Championship 1965|1965]]
|rowspan=4|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|Thailand}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|MAS}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–4''' {{fbu|20|KOR|1949}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=5|[[AFC Youth Championship 1966|1966]]
|rowspan=4|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|JPN|1947}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–1''' {{fbu|20|SIN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|19|Republic of China}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|ISR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[AFC Youth Championship 1967|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Group D||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|ISR}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–1''' {{fbu|20|Malaysia}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–6''' {{fbu|20|Indonesia}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[AFC Youth Championship 1968|1968]]
|rowspan=3|Group C||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|MAS}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|19|Republic of China}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|ISR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[AFC Youth Championship 1971|1971]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|Philippines}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|Nepal}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|JPN|1947}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1972 AFC Youth Championship|1972]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–7''' {{fbu|20|ISR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–4''' {{fbu|20|Thailand}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''7–0''' {{fbu|20|Nepal}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1973 AFC Youth Championship|1973]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|LBN}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|BHR}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|KOR|1949}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:Gold;"|[[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974]]
|rowspan=3|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|Laos}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–2''' {{fbu|20|HKG|colonial}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1 ''' {{fbu|20|SIN}} (4–1) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|Semifinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|Thailand}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–2''' {{fbu|20|Iran|1964}} (''Title shared'')||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4|[[AFC Youth Championship 1975|1975]]
|rowspan=4|Group D||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Malaysia}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|Yemen}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|Burma|1948}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|DPRK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1976 AFC Youth Championship|1976]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|IRN|1964}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|KOR|1949}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|MAS}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1977 AFC Youth Championship|1977]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|IRQ|1963}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|IRN|1964}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[AFC Youth Championship 1978|1978]]
|rowspan=4|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|DPRK}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–2''' {{fbu|20|JPN|1947}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–4''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1986 AFC Youth Championship|1986]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–3''' {{fbu|20|QAT}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|IDN}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1990 AFC Youth Championship|1990]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–4''' {{fbu|20|DPRK}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|QAT}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|IDN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1992 AFC Youth Championship|1992]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|JPN|1947}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|UAE}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|IRN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1996 AFC Youth Championship|1996]]
|rowspan=4|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|QAT}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|CHN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|SYR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|JPN|1947}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1998 AFC Youth Championship|1998]]
|rowspan=4|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–3''' {{fbu|19|KAZ}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|THA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|KUW}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2002 AFC Youth Championship|2002]]
|rowspan=3|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''6–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|JPN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|Quarterfinals||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–7''' {{fbu|20|KOR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2004 AFC Youth Championship|2004]]
|rowspan=3|Group C||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|SYR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|UZB}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|Laos}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2006 AFC Youth Championship|2006]]
|rowspan=3|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Kyrgyzstan}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–3''' {{fbu|20|Jordan}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|KOR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;font-size:85%;"
|-
!colspan=4|AFC U-20 Asian Cup Qualification history
|-
!Year
!Round
!Score
!Result
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1980 AFC Youth Championship qualification|1980]]
|rowspan=4|Group 1||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Oman}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-'''
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|Qatar}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1982 AFC Youth Championship qualification|1982]]
|rowspan=4|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|IRN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''n/a''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–3''' {{fbu|20|Oman}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1986 AFC Youth Championship qualification|1986]]
|rowspan=2|Group 5||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1990 AFC Youth Championship qualification|1990]]
|rowspan=3|Group 4||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''5–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4|1992
|rowspan=4|Group 3||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1996 AFC Youth Championship qualification|1996]]
|rowspan=2|Group 5||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''6–1''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''6–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=4|1998
|rowspan=4|Group 6||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|Kyrgyzstan}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''7–1''' {{fbu|20|BHU}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2000 AFC Youth Championship qualification|2000]]
|rowspan=2|Group 5||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3| [[2002 AFC Youth Championship qualification|2002]]
|rowspan=3|Group 4||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–1''' {{fbu|20|BHU}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|TJK}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|Kyrgyzstan}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=2| [[2004 AFC Youth Championship qualification|2004]]
|rowspan=2|Group 8||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|Kyrgyzstan}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|Turkmenistan}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=5|[[2008 AFC Youth Championship qualification|2008]]
|rowspan=5|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–3''' {{fbu|20|LBN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|BHR}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''5–0''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|Oman}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|IRN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=5|[[2010 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2010]]
|rowspan=5|Group C||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–5''' {{fbu|20|IRQ}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–3''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–4''' {{fbu|20|OMN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–1''' {{fbu|20|AFG|2004}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|KUW}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2012]]
|rowspan=4|Group C||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–1''' {{fbu|20|Turkmenistan}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|IRN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|UZB}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2014 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2014]]
|rowspan=4|Group A||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|QAT}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|UZB}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–2''' {{fbu|20|Turkmenistan}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2016 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2016]]
|rowspan=3|Group C||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–7''' {{fbu|20|UAE}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–1''' {{fbu|20|PLE}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|AFG|2013}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2018 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2018]]
|rowspan=3|Group D||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–5''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|PLE}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|Turkmenistan}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2020 AFC U-19 Championship qualification|2020]]
|rowspan=3|Group F||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|UZB}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–4''' {{fbu|20|KSA}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–3''' {{fbu|20|AFG|2013}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2023 AFC U-20 Championship qualification|2023]]
|rowspan=3|Group H||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–4''' {{fbu|20|IRQ}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–4''' {{fbu|20|AUS}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|KUW}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2025 AFC U-20 Championship qualification|2025]]
|rowspan=3|Group G||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–1''' {{fbu|20|MNG}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} ''' 0–1 ''' {{fbu|20|IRN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} ''' 2–0 ''' {{fbu|20|LAO}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|}

===SAFF U-18/U-19/U-20 Championship===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="10" style="color: #0000FF;" |[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U-18/U-19/U-20 Championship record]]
|-
! width="90" |Host/Year
! width="100"|Result
! width="30" |Position
! width="30" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|D*|Drawn}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! width="30" |{{Abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
|-
||{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[2015 SAFF U-19 Championship|2015]] ||bgcolor=Silver|'''{{nobr|Runners-up}}'''||2nd || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 1 || +5
|-
||{{#invoke:flag|icon|BHU}} [[2017 SAFF U-18 Championship|2017]] ||bgcolor=#cfaa88|'''Third place'''||3rd || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 8 || 7 || +1
|-
||{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]] ||bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions''' ||1st|| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 9 || 1 || +8
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]] ||bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions''' ||1st|| 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 19 || 4 || +15
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]] ||bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions''' || 1st || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 9 || 2 || +7
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[2024 SAFF U-19 Championship|2024]] ||bgcolor=beige|'''Semi-final''' ||3rd|| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025]] ||bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''||1st|| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 16 || 1 || +15
|-
! Total || 7/7 || 4 Titles || 28 || 19 || 6 || 3 || 70 || 17 || +53
|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;font-size:85%;"
|-
!colspan=4|SAFF U-20 Championship history
|-
!Year
!Round
!Score
!Result
|-
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:Silver;"|[[2015 SAFF U-19 Championship|2015]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–0''' {{fbu|20|AFG}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Semi-final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}} (4–3) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|NEP}} (4–5) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#cfaa88;"|[[2017 SAFF U-18 Championship|2017]]
|rowspan=4|Round robin||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–4''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|BHU}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–2''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:Gold;"|[[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''0–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Semi-final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=5 style="background-color:Gold;"|[[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]]
|rowspan=4|Round Robin||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–2''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#fdd;"|Loss
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''8–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''5–2''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:Gold;"|[[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|BAN}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''2–1''' {{fbu|20|BHU}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Semi-final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|NEP}} (5–4) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|PAK}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:beige;"|[[2024 SAFF U-20 Championship|2024]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|BHU}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Semi-final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|BAN}} (3–4) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|-
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:Gold;"|[[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025]]
|rowspan=2|Group B||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''8–0''' {{fbu|20|SRI}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''4–0''' {{fbu|20|NEP}}||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Semi-final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''3–0''' {{fbu|20|MDV}} ||style="background:#dfd;"|Win
|-
|Final||align="left"|{{fbu-rt|20|IND}} '''1–1''' {{fbu|20|BAN}} (4–3) [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|P]]||style="background:#ffd;"|Draw
|}

===South Asian Games===

{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background:color: #0000FF;"|[[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games record]]
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Year
! style="width:100px;"|Result
! style="width:60px;"|Position
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! style="width:50px;"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row|[[Football at the 1984 South Asian Games|1984]]–[[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999]]
|colspan=8|''See [[India national football team records and statistics#South Asian Games|India national football team]]''
|<ref name="SAG file">{{cite web |last1=Garin |first1=Erik |last2=Morrison |first2=Neil |title=South Asian Federation Games |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003235113/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg.html |archive-date=3 October 2025 |date=12 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{#invoke:flag|icon|PAK}} [[Football at the 2004 South Asian Games|2004]]
|style="background:silver;"|'''Runners–up'''
|'''2nd'''
|'''5'''
|'''3'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''7'''
|'''2'''
|<ref name="2004SAG">{{cite web |last1=Courtney |first1=Barrie |last2=Riaz Hai Naveed |first2=Malik |title=9th South Asian Federation Games 2004 (Pakistan) |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg01.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002124215/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg01.html |archive-date=2 October 2025 |date=25 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRI}} [[Football at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
|style="background-color: beige;"|'''Semi–finals'''
|'''4th'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''3'''
|'''1'''
|'''4'''
|'''5'''
|<ref name="2006SAG">{{cite web |last1=Riaz Hai Naveed |first1=Malik |title=10th South Asian Federation Games 2006 (Colombo) |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg06.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128052617/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg06.html |archive-date=28 January 2026 |date=19 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BAN}} [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Men's tournament|2010]]
|style="background-color: beige;"|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''4th'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
|'''5'''
|'''3'''
|<ref name="2010SAG">{{cite web |last1=Riaz Hai Naveed |first1=Malik |title=11th South Asian Federation Games 2010 (Bangladesh) |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg2010.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125105253/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg2010.html |archive-date=25 January 2026 |date=18 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|[[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Men's tournament|2016]]–''present''
|colspan=8|''Played by [[India national under-23 football team#South Asian Games|India national under-23 football team]]''
|<ref name="SAG file"/>
|-
!Total || 3 Editions || 0 Titles || 15 || 5 || 6 || 4 || 16 || 10 || —
|}

== Overall competitive records ==
{{updated|18 May 2025 vs {{fbu|20|Bangladesh}} }} (''excluding friendlies & minor tournaments'')
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col"|Competition
!scope="col"|Pld
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|GF
!scope="col"|GA
!scope="col"|GD
!scope="col"|Win%
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|[[AFC U-20 Asian Cup]]
{{WDL|80|19|18|43|for=94|against=146|diff=yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|AFC U-20 Asian Cup Qualification
{{WDL|63|25|9|29|for=93|against=89|diff=yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|[[SAFF U-20 Championship]]
{{WDL|28|19|6|3|for=70|against=17|diff=yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|[[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]
{{WDL|15|5|6|4|for=16|against=10|diff=yes}}
|-
!Total
{{WDLtot|186|68|39|79|for=273|against=262|diff=yes}}
|}

==Head-to-head record==
{{updated|18 May 2025 vs {{fbu|20|Bangladesh}} }} (''excluding friendlies & minor tournaments'')
The following table shows India's head-to-head record in the official tournaments of the [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup]] (including qualifiers), the [[SAFF U-20 Championship]] and the [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Positive Record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Neutral Record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFDACC|Negative Record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Opponent
! {{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! {{abbr|W|Won}}
! {{abbr|D|Drawn}}
! {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! {{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! {{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
! Win %
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Afghanistan}}
{{WDL|7|3|1|3|for=8|against=7|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Australia}}
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=1|against=4|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Bahrain}}
{{WDL|2|0|1|1|for=1|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Bangladesh}}
{{WDL|16|6|6|4|for=28|against=14|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Bhutan}}
{{WDL|6|6|0|0|for=21|against=4|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Cambodia}}
{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=2|against=0|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|China}}
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=1|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Chinese Taipei}}
{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=4|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Hong Kong}}
{{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=2|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Indonesia}}
{{WDL|3|1|1|1|for=5|against=8|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Iran}}
{{WDL|8|0|1|7|for=3|against=16|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Iraq}}
{{WDL|3|0|0|3|for=2|against=13|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Israel}}
{{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=1|against=14|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Japan}}
{{WDL|6|1|1|4|for=5|against=11|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Jordan}}
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=2|against=3|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Kazakhstan}}
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=2|against=3|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Kuwait}}
{{WDL|3|2|1|0|for=6|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Kyrgyzstan}}
{{WDL|4|2|2|0|for=8|against=1|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Laos}}
{{WDL|3|2|0|1|for=3|against=1|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Lebanon}}
{{WDL|2|0|1|1|for=2|against=3|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Malaysia}}
{{WDL|7|2|2|3|for=11|against=8|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Maldives}}
{{WDL|10|9|1|0|for=18|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Mongolia}}
{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=4|against=1|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Myanmar}}
{{WDL|7|2|2|3|for=7|against=9|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|North Korea}}
{{WDL|3|1|0|2|for=3|against=7|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Nepal}}
{{WDL|15|7|5|3|for=28|against=11|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Oman}}
{{WDL|4|0|2|2|for=6|against=9|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Pakistan}}
{{WDL|11|8|0|3|for=26|against=7|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Palestine}}
{{WDL|2|0|1|1|for=0|against=1|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Philippines}}
{{WDL|2|2|0|0|for=4|against=0|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Qatar}}
{{WDL|5|0|1|4|for=2|against=9|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Saudi Arabia}}
{{WDL|8|0|0|8|for=2|against=29|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Singapore}}
{{WDL|2|1|1|0|for=5|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|South Korea}}
{{WDL|5|0|1|4|for=2|against=16|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Sri Lanka}}
{{WDL|9|7|2|0|for=33|against=1|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Syria}}
{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=1|against=3|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Tajikistan}}
{{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Thailand}}
{{WDL|5|1|1|3|for=3|against=11|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Turkmenistan}}
{{WDL|4|2|1|1|for=8|against=5|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|United Arab Emirates}}
{{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=10|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Uzbekistan}}
{{WDL|4|0|0|4|for=2|against=9|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Vietnam}}
{{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}}
|- bgcolor=#FFDACC
| align="left" | {{fbu|20|Yemen}}
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=1|against=2|diff=yes}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
{{WDLtot|186|68|39|79|for=273|against=262|diff=yes}}
|}

==Other honours==
* '''[[POMIS Cup]]'''
**'''Champions (1):''' 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maledcuphist.html|title=Maldives — List of Cup Winners: POMIS Cup (President of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104120/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/maledcuphist.html|archive-date=25 June 2018|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=1997|access-date=1 March 2021|author=Hoodh Ali |author2=Mikael Jönsson |author3=Hans Schöggl }}</ref>
* '''[[Football at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]''':
** '''Gold Medal (1):''' [[Football at the 2014 Lusofonia Games|2014]]<ref>[https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/01/28/goa-india-win-lusofonia-games-football-tournament/amp/ Goa-India win the Lusofonia Games football tournament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008140842/https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/01/28/goa-india-win-lusofonia-games-football-tournament/amp/ |date=8 October 2021 }} ''blog.cpdfootball.de''. Retrieved 7 September 2021</ref> (as Goa India)
*'''[[OFC Youth Development Tournament]]'''
**'''Champions (1):''' [[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/events/ofcs-youth-development-tournament-2019-mens/|title=OFC's Youth Development Tournament 2019 – Men's|date=August 2019|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140045/https://www.oceaniafootball.com/events/ofcs-youth-development-tournament-2019-mens/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Association football}}
*[[India national football team]]
*[[India women's national football team]]
*[[Sport in India]]
{{#lsth:India national football team|See also}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/articles/national-mens-team-u20 National team profile] at AIFF.com

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-ach}}}}
{{succession box
| before = [[1973 AFC Youth Championship|1973]] {{fbu-rt|20|size=30px|IRI|1964}}
| title = [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup|Asian Champions]]
| years = [[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974]] (first title)
| after = [[1975 AFC Youth Championship|1975]] {{fbu-rt|20|size=30px|IRI|1964}} & {{fbu-rt|20|size=30px|IRQ|1963}}
}}
{{s-end}}

{{India national football team}}
{{Football in India}}
{{AFC under-20 teams}}
{{AFC U-20 Asian Cup winners}}
{{SAFF U-20 Championship}}
{{SAFF Football}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:India national under-20 football team| ]]
[[Category:India men's national football teams|Under-20]]
[[Category:India national youth football teams|Under-20]]
[[Category:Asian national under-20 association football teams]]
[[Category:All India Football Federation national teams|Under-20]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 1963]]

Madhu Priya

2026-03-18T22:52:50Z

Shikha Jha: Data!

{{short description|Indian Telugu playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Madhu Priya
| birth_name = Peddinti Madhu Priya
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|08|26|df=y}}
| origin = [[Godavarikhani]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Peddinti Madhu Priya '''is an Indian singer who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Jan/09/my-heart-beats-for-telangana-folk-songs-2086973.html|title=My heart beats for Telangana folk songs|first=Manju Latha|last=Kalanidhi|date=9 January 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She became popular on Telugu television with her folk song "Adapillanamma Nenu Adapilanani".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/junior-ntr-bigg-boss-telugu-premiere-episode-highlight-4754085/|title=Bigg Boss Telugu premiere episode highlight: Know more about the contestants of Junior NTR's show. Watch videos|date=17 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref> She was one of the participants of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[reality TV]] show [[Bigg Boss Telugu (season 1)|''Bigg Boss'']] and she was evicted on Day 13.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-updates/articleshow/59788945.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu episode 60 update: The housemates confront Diksha | date=14 September 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Career==
Madhu Priya made her [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Telugu]] film debut with her singing for the film ''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]''. For the song "[[Vachinde]]" from the movie ''[[Fidaa]]'', she won the Filmfare Award for Best Play Back Singer Female. She participated in the [[Star Maa]] reality series ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu]]'' and was evicted on Day 13.

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable" sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]''
|"Pedda Puli"
|[[Raghu Kunche]]
|Debut
|-
|''Thimmaraju''
|"Molasathi"
|Nandan Raj
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|"[[Vachinde]]"
|Shakthikanth Karthick
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]{{Br}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
|"
|[[JAM8]]
|
|-
|''[[Nela Ticket]]''
|"Nela Ticket"
|Shakthikanth Karthick
|
|-
|''[[Saakshyam]]''
|"Cheliya Choode"
|Harshavardhan Rameshwar
|
|-
|[[Operation 2019|''Operation 2019'']]
|"Kaka Nuvvu Keka"
|Raprock Shakeel
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|"He Is So Cute"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|-
|2021
|[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela|''30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela'']]
|"Cat Body Loki"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Bangarraju]]''
|"Bangaara"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''
|"[[Godari Gattu]]"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|-
|[[Laila (2025 film)|''Laila'']]
|"Oho Rathamma"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|
|-
|''[[Baapu]]''
|"Re Rela"
|RR Dhruvan
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|"Sasirekha"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|}

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Result
|-
|2008
|[[Maa TV Super Singer|''Super Singer'']]
|Contestant
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Maa]]
|Second season
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu (season 1)|Bigg Boss]]''
| Contestant
| 14th Place- Evicted on Day 14
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priya, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]

Tholu Bommalata (film)

2026-03-03T21:48:56Z

Shikha Jha: Put up basic details w/ sources.

{{Short description|2019 Telugu comedy drama film}}
{{about|2019 Telugu film| the shadow puppet theatre tradition|Tholu bommalata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tholu Bommalata
| image = Tholu Bommalata poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story = Viswanath Maganti
| screenplay = Viswanath Maganti
| producer = Maganti Durga Prasad
| director = Viswanath Maganti
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Vennela Kishore]] [[Viswant Duddumpudi]] Harshitha Chowdary
| music = Suresh Bobbili
| cinematography = Satish Mutyala
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Suma Durga Creations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/tholu-bommalata-rajendra-prasad-and-vennela-kishore-shine-in-this-heart-warming-and-entertaining-story/article30050203.ece|title=Tholu Bommalata' movie review: Heart-warming and entertaining|date=22 November 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|first=Y Sunita|last=Chowdhary|accessdate=22 February 2020|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164727/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/tholu-bommalata-rajendra-prasad-and-vennela-kishore-shine-in-this-heart-warming-and-entertaining-story/article30050203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|11|22}}
| runtime = 140 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}5.5 crore
| gross =
}}

'''''Tholu Bommalata''''' ({{translation}} ''[[Puppetry]]'') is a 2019 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[comedy|comedy drama film]], produced by Maganti Durga Prasad on Suma Durga Creations banner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/tolubommalata-telugu-movie-review.html |title=Tholu Bommalata – Old School Emotions |work=123 telugu.com |date=23 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219213641/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/tolubommalata-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and directed by Viswanath Maganti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tholu-bommalata-review-telugu-movie-22866 |title=Tholu Bommalata (Director) |work=indiaglitz |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228004646/https://www.indiaglitz.com/tholu-bommalata-review-telugu-movie-22866 |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Viswant Duddumpudi]], Harshitha Chowdary in the lead roles<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/tholu-bommalata.html#cast |title=Tholu Bommalata (Overview) |work=Filmibeat |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612052651/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/tholu-bommalata.html#cast |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/tholu-bommalata-movie-review/ |title=Tholu Bommalata Review – A Very Sincere But Boring Attempt |work=Mirchi9.com |date=23 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223105438/https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/tholu-bommalata-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and music composed by Suresh Bobbili.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tollywood.net/tholu-bommalata-movie-review/ | title=Tholu Bommalata (Music) | work=Tollywood.Net | date=22 November 2019 | access-date=26 November 2019 | archive-date=22 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222042201/https://www.tollywood.net/tholu-bommalata-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/tholu-bommalata-telugu-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/72171615.cms |title=తోలుబొమ్మలాట మూవీ రివ్యూ |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227111258/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/tholu-bommalata-telugu-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/72171615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/tholu-bommalata-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-1242051 |title='తోలుబొమ్మలాట' మూవీ రివ్యూ |work=Sakshi.com |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123104414/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/tholu-bommalata-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-1242051 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Somaraju / Sodala Raju, a top-tier, holding high esteem in a village. He leads a jolly life with the villagers, and his son Murali & daughter Janaki seldom visit him. Once, his grandson Rushi & granddaughter Varsha arrive, pronouncing their love and seeking his aid for their nuptial as the respective families despise. Hearing it, Somaraju is on cloud nine and vows them to knit, which he determines as his last wish. Somaraju convinces his children, but tragically, he dies the following day when turbulence occurs between the elders for wealth—additionally, the ego clashes split turtle doves, too. Currently, Somaraju’s soul is moving around them until the completion of the 12th-day ceremony, which devastates learning about the dark of his family. During that plight, Somaraju teams up with his distant relative, Santosh, who has the omnipotent power to connect with spirits. With his aid, he makes a play and disappears the family's discord and the rift between Rishi & Varsha. Finally, the movie ends happily with Somaraju’s soul free on the 12th day, affirming the values of human relations.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Somaraju / Sodala Raju
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Santosh
*[[Viswant Duddumpudi]] as Rushi
*Harshitha Chowdary as Varsha
*[[Chalapati Rao]] as Ranga
*[[Prasad Babu]] as Somaraju's friend
*[[G. V. Narayana Rao|Narayana Rao]] as Chandram
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Aatmaram
*[[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as Kotthem
*Devi Prasad as Murali, Somaraju's son
*Narra Srinivas as Somaraju's son-in-law
*[[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Bhavana
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Somaraju's sister
*Kalpana as Janaki, Somaraju's daughter
*Sireesha Sougandh as Somaraju's daughter-in-law

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tholu Bommalata
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Suresh Bobbili
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 November 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:50
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Suresh Bobbili
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|JGGv83hBXlk| Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

Music composed by Suresh Bobbili. Lyrics were written by Chaitanya Prasad. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/tholu-bommalata |title=Tholu Bommalata (Songs) |work=gaana.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113124107/https://gaana.com/album/tholu-bommalata |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:50
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Goppadira Manishi Puttuka
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:19

| title2 = Manasara Mansara (M)
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length2 = 3:14

| title3 = Aakasamaa
| extra3 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length3 = 3:58

| title4 = Manasara Mansara (F)
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length4 = 3:13

| title5 = Netho Poti Paduthu
| extra5 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length5 = 2:56

| title6 = Manasara Mansara (Duet)
| extra6 = Sid Sriram, Chinmayi
| length6 = 3:12

| title7 = Yennenno Anandalu
| extra7 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length7 = 3:54
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Naayaadi

2026-03-03T02:31:22Z

Shikha Jha: New

{{Short description|2023 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naayaadi
| image = Naayaadi poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Aadharsh Madhikaandham
| writer = Aadharsh Madhikaandham
| producer = {{ubl| Mohandas Pullanikaatil
| Mani Suresh
| Finny Mathew
| Vipin Thomas
| Aadharsh Madhikaandham}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Aadharsh Madhikaandham
* Kadhambari Sowmya
}}
| cinematography = Mosses Daniel
| editing = CM Elangovan
| music = Arun
| studio = {{ubl| Advik Visual Media
| Warrier Films Corporation Australia
| Futurz Australia
|Aadharsh Madhikaandham Pictures}}
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{film date|2023|6|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Naayaadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/naayaadi/articleshow/100846014.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/naayaadi/articleshow/100846014.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Naayaadi''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] written and directed by Aadharsh Madhikaandham. The film stars Aadharsh Madhikaandham, Kadhambari Sowmya, Malavika Manoj and Fabby in lead roles.The film was produced under the banners of Advik Visual Media, Warrier Films Corporation Australia, Futurz Australia and Aadharsh Madhikaandham Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=Naayaadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/naayaadi/articleshow/100846014.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/naayaadi/articleshow/100846014.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Aadharsh Madhikaandham as Aadharsh
* Kadhambari Sowmya as Mithra
* Malavika Manoj as Swathi
* Fabby as Fabby
* Aravinth samy J as Aravind
* Nivas S. Saravanan as Niwas
* Ravichandran K as Ravichandran
* G Geetha lakshmi

== Production ==
The film's cinematography was done by Mosses Daniel, while CM Elangovan handled the editing of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தென்னிந்திய பழங்குடி இன மக்களின் வரலாற்றை சொல்லும் 'நாயாடி' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/157699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622175916/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/157699 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Pachi Avudayappan of ''[[ABP Nadu]]'' gave two stars out of five and stated that "On the other hand, kudos to director Adarsh Madhikantham for taking up the story of Nayadi people which has never been told on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=2023-06-22 |title=சொல்லப்படாத கதை.. சொதப்பிய திரைக்கதை.. 'நாயாடி' படத்தின் முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-naayaadi-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-aadharsh-madhikaandham-kadhambari-naayaadi-movie-review-123355 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622182509/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-naayaadi-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-aadharsh-madhikaandham-kadhambari-naayaadi-movie-review-123355 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote that "Director Aadesh has decided to take the story of Nayadi, a mountain people who lived in an earlier era. But he has made war by showing other things beyond the things required for the story".<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-06-22 |title=Naayaadi Review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/naayaadi-review-26384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112617/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/naayaadi-review-26384 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote that "The scene where some friends are killed by a supernatural figure is chilling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-06-24 |title=நாயாடி: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/nayadi-cinema-review-993317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628130322/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/nayadi-cinema-review-993317 |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Virakesari]]'' rated two out of five and gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாயாடி - விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/158429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629134153/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/158429 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic stated that "Newcomer Adarsh who is playing the hero has given his excellent performance. Overall, the film would have been a success if the screenplay had added more interest"<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாயாடி விமர்சனம் |url=http://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/06/24/202967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628184015/http://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/06/24/202967.html |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26757625}}

[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Singalila National Park

2026-02-24T06:49:05Z

Shikha Jha: typo fix

{{Short description|National park of India on the Singalila Ridge in Darjeeling district, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Singalila National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = Vast green meadows and hills in Singalila National Park.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India West Bengal#India#Asia
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Darjeeling District|Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Manebhanjan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|07|N|88|04|E|region:IN-WB_scale:200000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = 78.6
| established = 1986
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of India]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| url =
}}
'''Singalila National Park''' is a [[national park]] of [[India]] located on the [[Singalila Ridge]] at an elevation of more than 2,300 metres above sea level, in the [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Dhaarna|url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/singalila-national-park/|title=Singalila National Park 2022: Home To The Red Pandas And West Bengal's Highest Peak!|website=traveltriangle.com|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> It is well known for the trekking route to [[Sandakphu]] that runs through it.

==History==

The region had long been used as the trekking route from [[Manebhanjang]] to [[Sandakphu]] (the highest peak of [[West Bengal]]) and [[Phalut]]. The Singalila area in [[Darjeeling]] was purchased by the British Government from [[Sikkim]] Durbar in 1882, and notified a Reserve Forest under the Indian Forest Act 1878.

One of the greatest British botanists and explorers [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] visited [[Singalila Ridge]] in 1849. Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]]. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]] who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849. Hooker explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the [[Rangeet River]] to its junction with the [[Teesta River]] and [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] mountain in the [[Singalila Ridge]] on the border with [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/content/documents/document-dc9abbb1-0d4c-462a-89cb-9cb11befa691/483.pdf|title=Singalila National Park| publisher=Indiabiodiversity portal}}</ref>

The park was declared a [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in 1986, and was made an [[List of national parks of India|Indian national park]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan|first=Siddhartha|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000168181|title=Conservation Landscapes and Human Well-Being: Sustainable Development in the Eastern Himalayas|date=2020-07-20|publisher=Routledge India|isbn=978-1-003-08359-7|editor-last=Krishnan|editor-first=Siddhartha|edition=1|pages=24|language=en|chapter=Human well-being in conservation landscapes|doi=10.4324/9781003083597-1|editor-last2=Devy|editor-first2=Soubadra|editor-last3=Mohanty|editor-first3=Neha}}</ref>

==Geography==
Singalila National Park is located on the [[Singalila Ridge]] at an elevation of 2300 metres to 4000 metres above sea level with an area of 78.6 square kilometers.

{{OSM Location map
|width=420| height=270| zoom=10
|coord={{coord|27|5|0|N|88|15|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the northern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Darjeeling Pulbazar and Rangli Rangliot CD blocks) in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|27|3|10|N|88|12|25|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Chongtong TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chongtong Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|4|34|N|88|17|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Ging TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ging Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|10|N|88|13|43|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Singtam TG| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Singtam Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Badamtam TG| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Badamtam Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos5= right|label5=Badamtam TE| numbered5=TE| mark-title5= [[Badamtam Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color5=#87A96B
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|1|30|N|88|15|20|E}}| label-pos6=right |label6=Darjeeling| numbered6=M| mark-title6= [[Darjeeling]] (M)| shape-color6=#800000
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|4|35|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Bijanbari| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Bijanbari]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|6|30|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Lodhoma| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Lodhoma]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|3|50|N|88|15|4|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Pattabong TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Pattabong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|3|50|N|88|16|4|E}}| label-pos10= right |label10= Puttabong TE | numbered10=TE| mark-title10= [[Puttabong Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color10=#87A96B
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|15|E}}| label-pos11=bottom|label11=Rangli|labela11 = Rangliot| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rangli Rangliot]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|7|35|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Rimbick| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Rimbick]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|27|2|0|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Takdah| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Takdah]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|27|2|25|N|88|15|27|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Tukvar TG| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Tukvar Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|7|19|N|88|17|58|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Singla TG| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singla Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|5|15|N|88|13|40|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Soom TG| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Soom Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|27|3|40|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Peshok TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|0|45|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos18=bottom|label18=Teesta |labela18 = Valley TG| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|2|25|N|88|13|4|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Rishihat TG| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Rishihat Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|1|40|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Orange Valley TG| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Orange Valley Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|48|N|88|6|36|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Manebhanjyang| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|2|4|N|88|4|46|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22=Tonglu| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Tonglu, West Bengal]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|14|47|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Ghum| numbered23=N| mark-title23= [[Ghum, West Bengal]] (N)| shape-color23=#E97451
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|6|21|N|88|0|6|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Sandakphu| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Sandakphu]] (H)| shape-color24=#87410E
|mark-coord25={{coord|27|12|30|N|88|0|56|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Phalut| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Phalut]] (H)| shape-color25=#87410E
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|5|0|N|88|1|50|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Singalila |labela26= National Park| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= Singalila National Park (NP)|shape-color26=black| label-size26=13|label-color26=black 
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos27=right|label27=Glenburn TE| numbered27=TE| mark-title27= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color27=#87A96B
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos28=right|label28=Lopchu TE| numbered28=TE| mark-title28= [[Lopchu Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color28=#87A96B
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|5|56|N|88|16|3|E}}| label-pos29=left|label29=North Tukvar TE| numbered29=TE| mark-title29= [[North Tukvar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color29=#87A96B
|mark-coord30={{coord|27|5|15|N|88|16|50|E}}| label-pos30=right|label30=Phoobsering TE| numbered30=TE| mark-title30= [[Phoobsering Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color30=#87A96B
|mark-coord31={{coord|26|59|45|N|88|16|42|E}}| label-pos31=right|label31=Tiger|labela31= Hill| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling]] (H)| shape-color31=#87410E
|mark-coord32={{coord|27|0|50|N|88|13|1|E}}| label-pos32=left|label32=Rock Garden| numbered32=TA| mark-title32= [[Rock Garden, Darjeeling]] (TA)| shape-color32=#228B22
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|59|20|N|88|15|54|E}}| label-pos33=bottom|label33=Senchal |labela33= Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered33=NP| mark-title33= [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color33=#228B22
|mark-coord34={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|2|40|E}}|label34=Singalila Ridge| label-angle34=-70| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|27|9|20|N|88|10|0|E}}|label35=Rangeet| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=70| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|27|7|1|N|88|12|0|E}}|label36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=7| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|27|1|5|N|88|25|30|E}}|label37=Teesta| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|27|0|45|N|88|24|30|E}}|label38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=75| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|7|50|E}}|label39= Rammam|labela39=River| label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39=15| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|27|4|1|N|88|6|0|E}}|label40= Lodhoma|labela40=River| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=-40| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|10|57|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|59|0|N|88|2|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=40| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4
}}

'''Political geography:''' The park is located in the [[Darjeeling subdivision]], [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is bordered on the north by the state of [[Sikkim]] and on the west by the country of [[Nepal]].

'''Physical geography:''' The park is part of the Eastern [[Himalayas]]. The [[Singalila Ridge]], which runs roughly North to South and separates Himalayan [[West Bengal]] from the other Eastern Himalayan ranges to the west of it. The two highest peaks of West Bengal, [[Sandakphu]] (3630 m) and [[Phalut]] (3600 m), are located on the ridge and inside the park. [[Rammam River]] and Srikhola River flow through the park.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Human history==

[[File:Kanchenjunga from Sandakphu.jpg|thumb|Kanchenjunga range from Sandakphu]]
The park has no significant history of human settlement. However, small settlements have grown up along the trekking route to [[Sandakphu]] and [[Phalut]]. There is a reasonably large village at [[Kala Pokhri]], around the lake of the same name. The Singalila Ridge was used as an approach route by the first documented mountaineering team which unsuccessfully attempted to climb [[Kanchenjunga]] in 1905. The team was led by [[Jules Jacot-Guillarmod]] and the famous [[occultist]] [[Aleister Crowley]].

==Natural history==

===Biomes===

Because of the park's range in elevation, it includes three separate [[biome]]s, ranging from subalpine to subtropical, and three corresponding [[ecoregion]]s:

* The [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] ecoregion, of the [[temperate coniferous forests]] biome
* [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]] ecoregion, of the [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] biome
* [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]] ecoregion, of the [[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests|subtropical coniferous forest]] biome

The subtropical biome roughly exists in the elevation range of 1800 to 3000 m, and the temperate biome exists in the elevation range of 3000 m to 4500 m.

==Biodiversity==

===Flora===
[[File:Valleybetwsandakphuphalut.jpg|thumb|Typical high elevation vegetation along the trek route from Sandakphu to Phalut]]

Thick [[bamboo]], [[oak]], [[magnolia]] and [[rhododendron]] forest between 2000 and 3600 m cover the Singalila Ridge. There are two seasons of wildflower bloom - one in [[Spring (season)|spring]] (March and April) when the rhododendrons bloom, and another in the post-monsoon season (around October), when the lower forests bloom (''[[Primula]]'', ''[[Geranium]]'', ''[[Saxifraga]]'', ''[[Bistort]]'', ''[[Senecio]]'', ''[[Cotoneaster]]'' and numerous [[orchid]]s).

[[Sandakphu]] is known as the "mountain of poisonous plants" due to the large concentration of Himalayan cobra lilies (''[[Arisaema]]'') which grow there. The plant life has been surveyed in 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=A.P. |last1=Das |first2=Chandra |last2=Ghosh |title=Plant wealth of Darjiling and Sikkim Himalayas vis-à-vis Conservation |journal=NBU Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=5 |issue=1 |date=March 2011 |pages=25–33| url=https://www.academia.edu/4824876/Plant_wealth_of_Darjiling_and_Sikkim_Himalayas_vis-%C3%A0-vis_Conservation._By_A.P._Das_and_Chandra_Ghosh |publisher=University of Bengal |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[Vivarium|orchidarium]] of [[Lloyd's Botanical Garden| Lloyd Botanical Garden]] at [[Darjeeling]] houses as many as 2,500 orchids, which include 50 rare varieties. Most of these have been brought here from Singalila National Park.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/darjeeling/lloyd-botanical-garden.html|title=Lloyd Botanical Garden| publisher= [[Incredible India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |Flowering Calendar of Orchids in Lloyd Botanical Garden
|-
|'''Sl. No.'''
|'''MARCH – APRIL'''
|'''Sl. No.'''
|'''JUNE – JULY'''
|-
|'''1'''
|''Calanthe puberula'' Lindl.
|'''1'''
|''Agrostophyllum callosum'' Rchb.f.
|-
|'''2'''
|''Coelogyne flaccida'' Lindl.
|'''2'''
|''Bulbophyllum leopardinum'' (Wall.) Lindl.
|-
|'''3'''
|''Coelogyne corymbosa'' Lindl.
|'''3'''
|''Cryptochilus lutea'' Lindl.
|-
|'''4'''
|''Coelogyne cristata'' Lindl.
|'''4'''
|''Dendrobium gibsonii'' Lindl.
|-
|'''5'''
|''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''alba'' Lindl.
|'''5'''
|''Liparis pusilla'' Ridl.
|-
|'''6'''
|''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''pendulum'' Lindl.
|'''6'''
|''Liparis resupinata'' Ridl.
|-
|'''7'''
|''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''virginalis'' Lindl.
|'''7'''
|''Spiranthes sinensis'' (Pers.) Ames.
|-
|'''8'''
|''Eria confusa'' Hook.f.
|
|'''JUNE – AUGUST'''
|-
|'''9'''
|''Eria convallarioides'' Lindl.
|'''1'''
|''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' Pfitz.
|-
|'''10'''
|''Goodyera foliosa'' (Lindl.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
|
|'''JULY – AUGUST'''
|-
|'''11'''
|''Habenaria'' sp.
|'''1'''
|''Sarcanthus pallidus'' Lindl.
|-
|'''12'''
|''Renanthera imschootiana'' Rolfe
|
|'''AUGUST – SEPTEMBER'''
|-
|'''13'''
|''Vanda cristata'' var. ''multiflora'' Hort.
|'''1'''
|''Anthogonium gracile'' Lindl.
|-
|
|'''MARCH – MAY'''
|'''2'''
|''Bulbophyllum cariniflorum'' Rchb.f.
|-
|'''1'''
|''Papilionanthe vandarum'' Rchb.f.
|'''3'''
|''Calanthe masuca'' (D.Don)Lindl.
|-
|'''2'''
|''Cymbidium eburneum'' Lindl.
|'''4'''
|''Dendrobium chrysanthum'' Wall.ex Lindl.
|-
|'''3'''
|''Dendrobium longicornu'' Lindl.
|'''5'''
|''Dendrobium hookerianum'' Lindl.
|-
|'''4'''
|''Epigenium rotundatum'' (Lindl.)Summ.
|'''6'''
|''Eria acervata'' Lindl.
|-
|'''5'''
|''Phaius maculates'' Lindl.
|'''7'''
|''Sobralia amesiana'' Sander
|-
|'''6'''
|''Saturopsis undulatus'' Benth.
|'''8'''
|''Thunia venosum'' Rolfe.
|-
|'''7'''
|''Coelogyne flavida'' Wall. ex Lindl.
|
|'''SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER'''
|-
|'''8'''
|''Dendrobium falconeri'' Hook.
|'''1'''
|''Coelogyne barbata'' Lindl. ex Griff.
|-
|'''9'''
|''Dendrobium nobile'' Lindl.
|'''2'''
|''Coelogyne occultata'' Hook.f.
|-
|'''10'''
|''Doritis taenialis'' (Lindl.) Hook.f.
|'''3'''
|''Cymbidium mastersii'' Griff. ex Lindl.
|-
|'''11'''
|''Phaius wallichii'' Lindl.
|
|'''SEPTEMBER – NOVEMBER'''
|-
|'''12'''
|''Trudelia cristata'' (Lindl.) Senghas
|'''1'''
|''Cymbidium affine'' Warn.
|-
|
|'''MARCH – JUNE'''
|'''2'''
|''Cymbidium cochleare'' Lindl.
|-
|'''1'''
|''Masdevallia harrisonii''
|'''3'''
|''Cymbidium elegans'' Lindl.
|-
|
|'''MARCH – NOVEMBER'''
|'''4'''
|''Cymbidium gammieanum'' Rolfe.
|-
|'''1'''
|''Eria coronaria'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
|'''5'''
|''Cymbidium giganteum'' Wall. ex Lindl.
|-
|'''2'''
|''Eria stricta'' Lindl.
|'''6'''
|''Cymbidium longifolium'' D.Don
|-
|
|'''APRIL – MAY'''
|'''7'''
|''Epigenium amplum'' (Lindl.)Summ.
|-
|'''1'''
|''Calanthe chloroleuca'' Lindl.
|'''8'''
|''Oberonia iridifolia'' Lindl.
|-
|'''2'''
|''Coelogyne elata'' Lindl.
|'''9'''
|''Vanda coerulea'' Griff. ex.Lindl.
|-
|'''3'''
|''Dendrobium densiflorum'' Lindl.ex Wall.
|
|'''OCTOBER – DECEMBER'''
|-
|
|'''APRIL – JUNE'''
|'''1'''
|''Cymbidium tracyanum'' Rolfe.
|-
|'''1'''
|''Aerides biswasiana'' Mukherjee & Ghose
|'''2'''
|''Pleione praecox'' (J.E.Smith) D. Don
|-
|'''2'''
|''Cymbidium devonianum'' Lindl. ex Paxton
|
|'''OCTOBER - JANUARY'''
|-
|'''3'''
|''Cymbidium lowianum'' Rchb.f.
|'''1'''
|''Paphiopedilium insigne'' Pfitz.
|-
|
|'''MAY – JUNE'''
|
|'''NOVEMBER – DECEMBER'''
|-
|'''1'''
|''Coelogyne ochracea'' Lindl.
|'''1'''
|''Otochilus albus'' Lindl.
|-
|'''2'''
|''Coelogyne prolifera'' Lindl.
|'''2'''
|''Otochilus fuscus'' Lindl.
|-
|'''3'''
|''Dendrobium brymerianum'' Rchb.f.
|
|'''NOVEMBER – JANUARY'''
|-
|'''4'''
|''Thunia alba'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
|'''1'''
|''Paphiopedilum villosum'' Lindl.
|-
|
|'''JUNE'''
|
|'''NOVEMBER – FEBRUARY'''
|-
|'''1'''
|''Pholidota imbricata'' Hook.
|'''1'''
|''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''boxallii'' (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer
|-
|
|
|
|'''DECEMBER – FEBRUARY'''
|-
|
|
|'''1'''
|''Cymbidium grandiflorum'' Griff.
|}



===Fauna===
[[File: Red Panda at Singalila National Park.jpg|thumb| Red Panda at Singalila National Park]]
[[File: RedPanda_SingalilaNationalPark_DFrame.jpg|thumb| Red Panda from Singalila National Park]]
'''Mammals:''' The park has a number of small mammals including the [[red panda]], [[leopard cat]], [[barking deer]], [[yellow-throated marten]], [[wild boar]], [[Indian pangolin|pangolin]] and [[pika]]. Larger mammals include the [[Himalayan black bear]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[serow]] and [[takin]]. [[Tiger]]s occasionally wander into the area, but do not have a large enough prey base to make residence in these forests feasible.

'''Birds:''' The park is a birder's delight with over 120 species recorded including many rare and exotic species like the [[Himalayan Vulture]], [[scarlet minivet]], [[kalij pheasant]], [[blood pheasant]], [[satyr tragopan]], brown and fulvous [[parrotbill]]s, [[rufous-vented tit]], and [[Old World babbler]]s like the [[fire-tailed myzornis]] and the [[golden-breasted fulvetta]]. The park is also on the [[flyway]] of many [[migratory bird]]s.

'''Reptiles and amphibians:''' The endangered [[Himalayan newt]] frequents the region and congregates around the lakes of [[Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary|Jore Pokhri]] and [[Sukhiapokhri]] and nearby lakes to reproduce. Jore Pokhri and Sukhiapokhri are within 20 km of the park boundary and are protected wildlife sanctuaries.

==Conservation issues==

The major issues at the park are trash collection on trekking routes and ensuring minimal damage of flora by trekkers, as flora at such high elevations tend to grow really slowly. Grazing of [[yak]] and [[cattle]] from neighbouring villages can also be a problem. Forest fires can be a threat to the park, especially in spring when the accumulated debris from winter can be a hazard. A forest fire swept through the park on 6 March 2006.

Even though the national park has a resident [[red panda]] population of only about 42 (in 2019) members, Project Red Panda (funded by the [[Central Zoo Authority]]) chose Singalila National Park for reintroduction of red pandas from its [[captive breeding]] program at the [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] in [[Darjeeling]], mainly due to reasons of proximity. Two females, Sweety and Milli, were released in November 2004. Milli was killed by a leopard, but Sweety adapted to the wild and gave birth to an offspring - the first such successful re-entry for red panda. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041229135904/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041208/asp/nation/story_4100068.asp]

The reintroduction was filmed by noted Indian filmmakers Rajesh Bedi and Naresh Bedi. The documentary, named [[Cherub of the Mist]], won the Best Conservation and Environmental Film at the 29th International Wildlife Film Festival in [[Montana]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624004352/http://in.news.yahoo.com/060409/211/63fo7.html]

==Park-specific information==

The park is one of the most popular family camping destinations in the Eastern Himalayas. The two seasons to visit the park are in spring (March–May) and post [[monsoon]] (mid-September to early December). The park is closed to tourists from 16 June to 15 September every year on account of the monsoons.

===Activities===



'''Trekking and camping :''' The trek along the Singalila Ridge to [[Sandakphu]] and [[Phalut]] is one of the most popular ones in the Eastern Himalayas, due to the grand vistas of the [[Kangchenjunga]] range, and the [[Mount Everest|Everest]] range which can be seen from the ridge, and also for the seasonal wildflower blooms and birding. Treks begin at Manebhanjan which is 51 km (1.5 hours by road) from [[Darjeeling]]. The trekking routes inside the national park have 4 legs or stages.

[[File:Singalilatrails.png|thumb|A schematic of trekking trails in the national park]]

* Manebhanjan to [[Meghma]] (2600 m): This is a 4-hour trek through the lower forest
* Meghma to [[Gairibans]] (2621 m): There are two alternative trekking routes. Both go via [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] (3070 m) and [[Tumling]] (2900 m). The boundary of the national park passes through Tomling and a checkpost is located there. From Tumling, a shorter trail cuts through [[Nepal]] and Jaubari (2750 m).
* Gairibans to [[Sandakphu]] (3636 m): This is a steep 4 hour climb up. Roughly halfway up the climb is the village of [[Kala Pokhri]] (3186 m).
* [[Sandakphu]] to [[Phalut]] (3600 m): This is the most pristine stretch of the trek, offering great views of [[Kangchenjunga|Kanchenjunga]] and [[Mount Everest|Mt. Everest]]. It is a one-day trek via Sabarkum (3536 m) covering 21 km. But the main problem of this Sandakphu-Phalut route is there is no water source in between so the trekker has to carry enough water to reach Phalut.



The descent from Sandakphu can be accomplished in several ways:

* Retracing the way back to Manebhanjan.
* A steep descent to the village of Sirikhola on the banks of the River Sirikhola, via Gurdum (2300 m), and from there to Rimbik.
* There is now a 4WD motorable road to Sandakphu, so one can hire a cab down to Manebhanjan and [[Darjeeling]] via Tomling and Tonglu if needed. Concrete roads are made recently. Earlier roads were made with gravel.

The descent from Phalut can also be accomplished in several ways:

* Retracing the way back to Manebhanjan.
* A descent down to Sirikhola along high elevation meadows which have seasonal blooms. The descent is via Sabarkum and the abandoned village of Molley. A further trek leads one to the scenic village of Rimbik, which is motorable.
* The most popular descent is via the villages of Gorkey (on the banks of the River Rammam) and Samanden down to the village of Rammam. The trail then leads to Rimbik, and is shorter than the route via Sirikhola.

'''Birding:''' The Singalila National Park is one of the most popular birding spots in the Eastern Himalayas, since it attracts a large number of birds due to its seasonal blooms. Blooming seasons are the best times to see birds.

===Overnight===
There are two roomed guest houses and trekkers' huts at [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]], [[Gairibans]], Sandakphu, [[Phalut]], [[Kala Pokhri]] and several other locations in the park, run by the [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]]. Numerous guest houses and lodging are available at [[Manebhanjan]]. The preferred way to visit the park is to stay in Darjeeling and camp inside the national park.

===Approach===

* Nearest airport:
**[[Bagdogra Airport]], [[West Bengal]]
**[[Gangtok]] Helipad, [[East Sikkim]] district, [[Sikkim]]
* Nearest railhead:
**[[narrow gauge railway|Narrow gauge]]: [[Ghum, West Bengal]]
**[[Standard Gauge]]: [[New Jalpaiguri]], West Bengal
* Nearest highway: [[NH 31A]] (Sivok-Gangtok) passes through Darjeeling (which is 1.5 hours by car from [[Manebhanjan]])
* Nearest town: [[Manebhanjan]] - the access point for [[Rimbick]] and [[Tumling]], the gateways to the park
* Nearest city: [[Darjeeling]]

== How to reach ==
'''By road''': Singalila National Park is well connected by road. But the roads are circular and the journey can feel like wave motion. 
The road route from [[Siliguri]] 
[[Siliguri]] > [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]] > Rangtong > [[Kurseong]]> Tung > [[Sonada]]> [[Ghoom]]> [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling|Manebhanjan]] > [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] - 90 km.

'''By rail''': The nearest railway station is Ghoom Railway Station 31 km from [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] (entry point to the Singalila National Park).

'''By air''': Singalila National Park is located 13 km from [[Bagdogra Airport]] in Bagdogra. That is the nearest airport, but by road it is less than 100 km and takes 3 to 4 hours.

==Films==
* [[Singalila in the Himalaya]] by [[George Thengummoottil]] http://theindia.info/SingaliLaInTheHimalaya Film speaks about the history of Singalila ridge through a 14-day trek.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|id=im0501}} Material from the following book:
**{{cite book|last=Wikramanayake|first=Eric|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment|year=2002|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=1-55963-923-7|display-authors=etal}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Singalila National Park}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070217180933/http://www.offthefence.com/content/programme.php?ID=374 Cherub of the Mist], a documentary

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}

[[Category:National parks in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1986]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]

Government Higher Secondary School Irikkur

2026-02-22T16:37:02Z

Shikha Jha: added initial pg needs work

{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=November 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2021}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Higher Secondary School, Irikkur


| native_name =
| image = Ghssi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = GHSS, Irikkur
| logo =
| city = [[Irikkur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.9898|75.5541|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} 
| motto =
| established = {{start date|1957}}<ref name=Schools>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/kannur/32021500802/ghss-irikkur.html|title=GHSS IRIKKUR|website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
| location =
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label =
| head =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district =
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''Government Higher Secondary School [[Irikkur]]''', [[Kerala]], [[India]], was started in 1957.<ref name=Schools/> The school is situated on a [[mountain]] about one kilometer away from [[Irikkur]] town. The river Irikkur is nearby. The people residing in and around Irikkur are very poor. Mamanam Temple and Nilamuttam Makham are two religious centers near to school.

There are eight buildings for the school. Six of them are permanent buildings and two are semi-permanent The higher secondary wing works in the old block. School office, lab, library, higher secondary lab etc.works in the main block. It is a two storied building, close to the [[Irikkur]]-[[Blathur]] road. Other buildings are occupied by classes. In the higher secondary there are science and humanities batches. In high school section there are 22 divisions. In primary section there are five divisions.

==History==
GHSS Irikkur is situated near the Irikkur River. The river is the geographical border of the old Kottayam taluk and Chirakkal taluk. The people residing both side of the river mingled together and the cooperation resulted in the formation of Irikkur village. The name "Irikkur" was considered to be formed from the [[Malayalam]] word 'iru kara ooru' which means a village of both side of the river.

The high school was started in 1957. The school was recognized by the Malabar District Board, but as there was no building for the school, the admission was using one room in Kamaliya Madrasa UP School. A thatched building was the first building made for the school. Through the Malabar district Board president was P.T.Bhaskarapaniker, the school was inaugurated by the Vice President K.V Moosankuttyi. In 1957 the Ninth standard was started. The Tenth standard was started in 1958 and Eleventh in 1959. The first SSLC batch appeared for the exam in March 1960. Of the 27 students, seven passed the exam. The center of exam was Koodali High school.

The first headmaster of the school was John Master. As he was transferred Abdullah, E.K. Lakshminarayana Sastrikal respectively took charge. T.Subbayya Chettiyar was the headmaster when the first batch of students appeared for the [[SSLC]] exam.

The first building for the school was inaugurated by the district collector Sri. Chandra Banu IAS. The second building was inaugurated by the then education minister C.H. Muhammed Koya. The number of students in the school gradually increased and the school began a shift system.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110710193541/http://www.ghssirikkur.org/ Official website]
*[http://www.schoolwiki.in/index.php/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D schoolwiki]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghss Irikkur}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy

2026-02-18T17:11:28Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round robin]], then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| fromdate = 16 October
| todate = 6 November 2023
| champions = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| count = 1
| participants = 38
| matches = 136
| most runs = [[Riyan Parag]] (510) (Assam)
| most wickets = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] (19) (Hyderabad)
| player of the series = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] (Punjab)
| previous_year = 2022–23
| previous_tournament = 2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year = 2024–25
| next_tournament = 2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| website = http://www.bcci.tv
}}
The '''2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy''' was the sixteenth edition of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], an annual [[Twenty20 cricket|Twenty20]] tournament in India. Played from 16 October to 6 November 2023, it was contested by all 38 [[Ranji Trophy]] teams and won by [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]], their first title. In the final, they defeated [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] by 20 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126243/indias-domestic-season-takes-off-in-june-cricbuzzcom |title=India's domestic season takes off in June |work=Cricbuzz |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/duleep-trophy-to-kick-off-india-s-2023-24-domestic-season-on-june-28-1368152 |title=Duleep Trophy to kick off India's earliest ever domestic season on June 28 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> All 38 senior state teams were divided into five groups, with eight teams in three groups, and seven teams in two groups.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newindian.in/bccis-domestic-season-will-begin-early-on-june-28/ |title=BCCI's domestic season will begin early on June 28 |work=The New Indian |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref> The tournament formed part of the 2023–24 Indian domestic cricket season as announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2023-24 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555999/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2023-24?type=Latest |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] were the defending champions. They were eliminated in the quarter-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarfaraz the hero as Mumbai claim maiden Syed Mushtaq Ali title in last-over thriller |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-1332915/himachal-pradesh-vs-mumbai-final-1333055/match-report |access-date=2023-04-12 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update= 17 October 2023
|winpoints=4
|show_tie=no

|team1=MUM|team2=BAR|team3=HYD|team4=HAR|team5=CHT|team6=J&K|team7=MIZ|team8=MEG

|result1= QF
|result2= QF

|win_J&K=3 |loss_J&K=4
|nr_J&K= |nrr_J&K=-0.431
|win_MEG= |loss_MEG=7
|nr_MEG= |nrr_MEG=-2.932
|win_MIZ=1 |loss_MIZ=6
|nr_MIZ= |nrr_MIZ=-2.291
|win_MUM=6 |loss_MUM=1
|nr_MUM=0 |nrr_MUM=+1.976
|win_HAR=3 |loss_HAR=4
|nr_HAR=0 |nrr_HAR=0.995
|win_CHT=3 |loss_CHT=4
|nr_CHT= |nrr_CHT=0.005
|win_HYD=6 |loss_HYD=1
|nr_HYD=0 |nrr_HYD=1.371
|win_BAR=6 |loss_BAR=1
|nr_BAR=0 |nrr_BAR=1.583

|name_J&K=[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|name_MEG=[[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|name_MIZ=[[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
|name_MUM=[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|name_HAR=[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
|name_CHT=[[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|name_BAR=[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]

|res_col_header = Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update= 17 October 2023
|winpoints=4
|show_tie=no

|team1=KER|team2=ASSAM|team3=HP|team4=SVCS|team5=ODSA|team6=CHD|team7=BIHAR|team8=SIKM

|result1= QF
|result2= PQF

|win_KER=6 |loss_KER=1
|nr_KER=0 |nrr_KER=2.052
|win_ASSAM=5 |loss_ASSAM=2
|nr_ASSAM=0 |nrr_ASSAM=1.125
|win_HP=5 |loss_HP=2
|nr_HP=0 |nrr_HP=1.813
|win_SVCS=4 |loss_SVCS=3
|nr_SVCS=0 |nrr_SVCS=0.454
|win_ODSA=4 |loss_ODSA=3
|nr_ODSA=0 |nrr_ODSA=0.453
|win_CHD=3 |loss_CHD=4
|nr_CHD=0 |nrr_CHD=0.569
|win_BIHAR=1 |loss_BIHAR=6
|nr_BIHAR=0 |nrr_BIHAR=-1.122
|win_SIKM=0 |loss_SIKM=7
|nr_SIKM=0 |nrr_SIKM=-5.387

|name_KER=[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
|name_ASSAM=[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|HimachalPradesh]]
|name_SVCS=[[Services cricket team|Services]]
|name_ODSA=[[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
|name_CHD=[[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|name_BIHAR=[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
|name_SIKM=[[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]

|res_col_header = Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
}}
===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update= 17 October 2023
|winpoints=4
|show_tie=no

|team1=PNJB|team2=GUJ|team3=SAU|team4=GOA|team5=RLYS|team6=AND|team7=MNPR|team8=AP

|name_PNJB=[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_GUJ=[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|name_SAU=[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|name_GOA=[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
|name_RLYS=[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|name_AND=[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
|name_MNPR=[[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
|name_AP=[[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]

|win_PNJB=6 |loss_PNJB=1
|nr_PNJB= |nrr_PNJB=3.727
|win_GUJ=5 |loss_GUJ=2
|nr_GUJ= |nrr_GUJ=1.842
|win_SAU=5 |loss_SAU=2
|nr_SAU= |nrr_SAU=2.324
|win_GOA=4 |loss_GOA=3
|nr_GOA= |nrr_GOA=0.747
|win_RLYS=4 |loss_RLYS=3
|nr_RLYS= |nrr_RLYS=0.748
|win_AND=3 |loss_AND=4
|nr_AND= |nrr_AND=0.167
|win_MNPR=1 |loss_MNPR=6
|nr_MNPR= |nrr_MNPR=-3.067
|win_AP =0 |loss_AP =7
|nr_AP = |nrr_AP =-6.946

|result1= QF
|result2= PQF

|res_col_header = Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
}}
===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update= 17 October 2023
|winpoints=4
|show_tie=no
|nrpoints=2

|team1=VID|team2=BEN|team3=JHA|team4=RAJ|team5=MAH|team6=UTT|team7=PUD

|result1= QF
|result2= PQF

|win_VID=4 |loss_VID=2
|nr_VID= |nrr_VID=0.913
|win_BEN=4 |loss_BEN=2
|nr_BEN= |nrr_BEN=0.404
|win_JHA=4 |loss_JHA=2
|nr_JHA=0 |nrr_JHA=0.154
|win_RAJ=3 |loss_RAJ=2
|nr_RAJ=1 |nrr_RAJ=0.453
|win_MAH=3 |loss_MAH=3
|nr_MAH= |nrr_MAH=0.428
|win_UTT=2 |loss_UTT=4
|nr_UTT=0 |nrr_UTT=0.046
|win_PUD=0 |loss_PUD=5
|nr_PUD=1 |nrr_PUD=-2.660

|name_VID=[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|name_JHA=[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|name_UTT=[[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|name_PUD=[[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]

|res_col_header = Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
}}
===Group E===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update= 17 October 2023
|winpoints=4
|show_tie=no
|nrpoints=2

|team1=DEL|team2=UP|team3=KAR|team4=MP|team5=TN|team6=TRI|team7=NAG

|result1=QF
|result2=PQF

|win_DEL=5 |loss_DEL= 0
|nr_DEL=1 |nrr_DEL=2.973
|win_NAG=0 |loss_NAG=5
|nr_NAG= 1 |nrr_NAG=-3.226
|win_TN=3 |loss_TN=2
|nr_TN= 1 |nrr_TN=-0.282
|win_MP=3 |loss_MP=2
|nr_MP= 1|nrr_MP=0.181
|win_KAR=3 |loss_KAR=2
|nr_KAR= 1 |nrr_KAR=1.358
|win_TRI=1 |loss_TRI=5
|nr_TRI= |nrr_TRI=-2.387
|win_UP=3 |loss_UP=2
|nr_UP= 1 |nrr_UP=1.816

|name_DEL=[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|name_NAG=[[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_KAR=[[Karnataka cricket team |Karnataka]]
|name_TRI=[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]

|res_col_header = Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
}}
==Knockout Stage==
{{10TeamBracket
| RD1 = Preliminary QF
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final

| team-width = auto
| score-width = auto

| RD1-seed1 = C2
| RD1-team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| RD1-score1 = 127/8 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed2 = '''E2'''
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''130/4 (18.4 overs)'''
| RD1-seed3 = '''B2'''
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''142/2 (17.5 overs)'''
| RD1-seed4 = D2
| RD1-team4 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD1-score4 = 138/8 (20 overs)

| RD2-seed1 = '''C1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''174/5 (19.1 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = E2
| RD2-team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| RD2-score2 = 169/3 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed7 = A1
| RD2-team7 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD2-score7 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed8 = '''A2'''
| RD2-team8 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD2-score8 = '''149/7 (18.5 overs)'''
| RD2-seed3 = '''E1'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''176/6 (20 overs)'''
| RD2-seed4 = D1
| RD2-team4 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD2-score4 = 137/9 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed5 = B1
| RD2-team5 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| RD2-score5 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed6 = '''B2'''
| RD2-team6 = '''[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]'''
| RD2-score6 = '''162/4 (17.1 overs)'''

| RD3-seed1 = '''C1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''184/4 (18.4 overs)'''
| RD3-seed2 = D1
| RD3-team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD3-score2 = 183/7 (20 overs)
| RD3-seed3 = '''A2'''
| RD3-team3 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD3-score3 = '''146/4 (16.1 overs)'''
| RD3-seed4 = B2
| RD3-team4 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| RD3-score4 = 143 (20 overs)

| RD4-seed1 = '''C1'''
| RD4-team1 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD4-score1 = '''223/4 (20 overs)'''
| RD4-seed2 = A2
| RD4-team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD4-score2 = 203/7 (20 overs)
}}</onlyinclude>

===Preliminary quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 October 2023
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 127/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saurav Chauhan]] 32 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 130/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 71[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result =Uttar Pradesh won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/gujarat-vs-uttar-pradesh-preliminary-quarter-final-1383560/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and [[Saidharshan Kumar]]
| motm = [[Nitish Rana]] (Uttar Pradesh)
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''1st Preliminary quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 October 2023
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 138/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karan Lal]] 24 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Sengupta]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/2 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 50[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 1/29 (4 overs)
| result = Assam won by 8 wickets
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/assam-vs-bengal-preliminary-quarter-final-1383561/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = KN Ananthapadmanabhan and Saiyed Khalid
| motm = [[Riyan Parag]]
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''2nd Preliminary quarter-final '''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2023
| team1 =[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 169/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 77 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Harpreet Brar]] 1/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nehal Wadhera]] 52 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/punjab-vs-uttar-pradesh-1st-quarter-final-1383562/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Nehal Wadhera]] (Punjab)
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''1st Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2023
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Salman Nizar]] 57 (44)
| wickets1 = Akash Sengupta 3/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/4 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sumit Ghadigaonkar]] 75 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Sijomon Joseph]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| result = Assam won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/kerala-vs-assam-2nd-quarter-final-1383563/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Sumit Ghadigaonkar]] (Assam)
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''2nd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2023
| team1 =[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 48 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Soyeb Sopariya]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 149/7 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vishnu Solanki]] 49[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Avasthi]]
2/38 (4 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/mumbai-vs-baroda-3rd-quarter-final-1383564/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[KN Ananthapadmanabhan]] and Saidharshan Kumar
| motm = [[Vishnu Solanki]] (Baroda)
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''3rd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2023
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 =176/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anuj Rawat]] 68 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubham Dubey]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 39 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/delhi-vs-vidarbha-4th-quarter-final-1383565/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[KN Ananthapadmanabhan]] and Saidharshan Kumar
| motm = [[Anuj Rawat]] (Delhi)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''4th Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2023
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 183/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ayush Badoni]] 80 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Siddarth Kaul]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 184/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 77 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Mayank Yadav]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/delhi-vs-punjab-1st-semi-final-1383566/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] (Punjab)
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''1st Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2023
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 142 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rishav Das]] 48 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Abhimanyusingh Rajput]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/4 (16.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ninad Rathva]] 44 (26)
| wickets2 = Akash Sengupta 2/32 (3.1 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/baroda-vs-tba-2nd-semi-final-1383567/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[KN Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Abhimanyusingh Rajput]] (Baroda)
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''2nd Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2023
| time =16:30
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 223/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anmolpreet Singh]] 113 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 1/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 203/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhimanyusingh Rajput]] 61 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/tba-vs-tba-final-1383568/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Anmolpreet Singh]] (Punjab)
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''Final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2023–24}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2023-24}}
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023–24]]
[[Category:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy seasons]]

InPage

2026-02-15T07:28:26Z

Shikha Jha: done

{{Short description|Indian word processor and page layout software}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox software
| name = '''InPage'''
| title = InPage
| logo = InPageIcon.png
| logo_size = 32px
| screenshot = InPage3.05Splash.PNG
| caption = InPage 3 splash screen displaying Urdu text
| collapsible =
| author = Concept Software
| developer = InPage Team
| released = {{start date and age|1994}}
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 4.1
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2026|1}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| status =
| genre = [[Desktop publishing software]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://www.inpage.com/ inpage.com]
}}
'''InPage''' is a [[word processor]] and [[page layout]] software by Concept Software Pvt. Ltd., an Indian information technology company. It is used for languages such as [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] under [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[macOS]]. It was first developed in 1994 and is primarily used for creating pages in Urdu, using the [[Nasta`liq script|Nasta`līq]] (نستعلیق) ('hanging' calligraphic) style of Arabic script.

==Overview==
InPage is used on PCs where the user wishes to create their documents in Urdu, using the style of Nastaliq with a vast [[Typographical ligature|ligature]] library while keeping the display of characters on screen [[WYSIWYG]]. Overall, this makes the on-screen and printed results more 'faithful' to hand-written calligraphy than most other Urdu software on the market at the time of InPage's release. This faithfulness is achieved while keeping the software simple and easy-to-use, akin to earlier versions of standard English [[Desktop Publishing]] packages such as [[QuarkXPress]] and [[Adobe InDesign]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Before being used within InPage, the Noori style of Nastaliq, which was first created as a digital typeface (font) in 1981 through the collaboration of [[Mirza Ahmad Jamil]] TI (as calligrapher) and [[Monotype Corporation|Monotype Imaging]] (formerly Monotype Corp.), suffered from two problems in the 1990s: a) its non-availability on standard platforms such as Windows or Mac, and b) the non-WYSIWYG nature of text entry, whereby the document had to be created by commands in Monotype's proprietary [[page description language]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

'''History'''

In 1994, an Indian software development team - Concept Software Pvt. Ltd. (est. 1988 in Delhi),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inpage.com |title=InPage Manufacturer |publisher=Inpage.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref> led by Rarendra Singh and Vijay Gupta, with the collaboration of a UK company called Multilingual Solutions<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=InPage UK Collaborator & Western Distributor|url=https://nqz9-3.wixsite.com/globalizeus/inpage|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2025-02-04|website=|publisher=Wix.com}}</ref> led by Kamran Rouhi, developed InPage Urdu for Pakistan's newspaper industry, who up until that time had been using large teams of calligraphers to hand-write last minute corrections to text created under Monotype's proprietary system. The Noori Nastaliq typeface was licensed for InPage from Monotype and augmented for use as the main Urdu font in this software, along with 40 other non-Nastaliq fonts.

InPage is reported to be used on millions of PCs in [[Pakistan]] and India (mainly illegal pirated versions). It has also been widely marketed and sold legally in the UK and [[India]] since 1994.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

InPage launched its Version 3 at ITCN exhibition Asia in [[Karachi]], Pakistan, held in August 2008. This version is Unicode based, supports more Languages, and other Nastaliq fonts with Kasheeda have been added to it along with compatibility with OpenType Unicode fonts. In addition to Arabic, Saraiki, Urdu, Persian and Pashto, other languages of the region, such as Sindhi and Hazaragi can be handled in InPage. The latest version 4.0 launched on 6 January 2024 at NCPUL National Urdu Book Fair, [[Mumbai]], India. This version is backwards compatible with files created with version 2.92 and up along with extra fonts and some minor fixes. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://inpage.com/updates/whatsnew | title=InPage }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of desktop publishing software]]
* [[List of desktop publishing software]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official}}

[[Category:Desktop publishing software]]
[[Category:Urdu calligraphy]]
[[Category:Urdu-language computing]]
[[Category:Software industry in India]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1988]]

List of Bangladesh cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut

2026-02-11T16:04:26Z

Shikha Jha: small changes

{{short description|List of cricketers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Nayeem Hasan 05.jpg|200px|thumb|alt=A man, wearing a cap (face only) is smiling|[[Nayeem Hasan]] is the youngest bowler for Bangladesh to take a five-wicket haul at debut.<ref name = Youngest/>]]
In [[cricket]], a [[five-wicket haul]] (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |work=Canberra Times |access-date=30 October 2009 |title=Pigeon's almost perfect sendoff |first=Greg |last=Buckle |date=30 April 2007 |quote=McGrath didn't get the five-for that he had hoped for... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815122142/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Swinging-it-for-the-Auld.4398695.jp | work = The Scotsman | access-date = 30 October 2009|date = 17 August 2008|title = Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom| quote=... I'd rather take fifers (five wickets) for England ...}}</ref> refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings (cricket)|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|date=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref> To date, 174 cricketers have taken a five-wicket haul on debut in a [[Test cricket|Test match]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets | work = ESPN Cricinfo | access-date =1 May 2021 | title = Bowling records: Test matches }}</ref> with eight of them being taken by cricketers representing [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref name = Bangladesh>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets | work = [[ESPNCricinfo]] | access-date =20 January 2021 | title = Bowling records: Test matches (Bangladesh) }}</ref>

They have taken a five-wicket haul on debut against four different opponents with [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] being the most frequent opponent. Five-wicket haul were taken five times against the West Indies side. The other three times this incident occurred against three different sides; one each against [[England national cricket team|England]], [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=opposition;orderby=matches;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records/By opposition team|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref> Of the eight occasions the Bangladesh won the match only twice and [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drew]] once. The other five were lost.<ref name = WonE>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=matches;orderbyad=reverse;result=1;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Win)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name = DrawE>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=matches;result=4;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Draw)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name = LostE>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=matches;result=2;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Lost)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref> Both the wins and the only draw came against the West Indian cricket team.<ref name = WOppE>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;orderbyad=reverse;result=1;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=opposition;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Win Opposition)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name = DOppE>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=matches;result=4;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=opposition;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Draw Opposition) |publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>

The players have taken five-wicket hauls at five different venues.<ref name = Venues>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=ground;orderby=matches;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Venues)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref> Five of them came in Bangladesh<ref name = Home_Venues>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;home_or_away=1;orderby=matches;orderbyad=reverse;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Home Venues) |publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref> and the other three came in overseas.<ref name = Overseas_Venues>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;home_or_away=2;orderby=matches;orderbyad=reverse;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Overseas Venues) |publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
The most common venue for a Bangladesh player to achieve the feat is [[Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]] in [[Chattogram]], where it has occurred three times.<ref name = Venues/> Among the three hauls occurred overseas, two of them took place at [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]] in [[West Indies]]. The other one came at [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name = Overseas_Venues_2>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=ground;home_or_away=2;orderby=matches;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (By Venues)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>

[[Naimur Rahman]] took a five-wicket haul in the first test Bangladesh played against India in [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2000–01#Only Test|2000]], making him the first debutant for Bangladesh to take a five-wicket haul. He took six wickets for 132 runs in India's first innings.<ref name = BDFirstTest>{{cite web|url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-bangladesh-2000-01-62353/bangladesh-vs-india-only-test-63898/match-report|title = Sudden Bangladesh collapse leaves India easy winners|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021|date = 29 May 2016}}</ref><ref name = Bangladesh/><ref name=Rahman/> Along with Rahman, a total of five players have taken six wickets at debut.<ref name = 6W>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=matches;orderbyad=reverse;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin2=6;wicketsval2=wickets|title =Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Six Wickets)|publisher=ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> The other four players are [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Manjural Islam]], [[Elias Sunny]], [[Sohag Gazi]] and [[Mehidy Hasan]].<ref name = 6WP>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=6;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Six Wickets by player)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> Three players have taken five wickets at debut.<ref name = 5W>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=overall;orderby=start;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmax2=5;wicketsmin2=5;wicketsval2=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (Five Wickets)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> Among the players [[Nayeem Hasan]] is the youngest bowler for Bangladesh to take a five wicket haul for Bangladesh.<ref name = Youngest>{{cite web|url = https://wisden.com/stories/international-cricket/bangladeshs-nayeem-hasan-breaks-bowling-record-test-debut|title = Bangladesh's Nayeem Hasan breaks bowling record on Test debut|publisher = [[Wisden]]|access-date = 21 January 2021|date = 23 November 2018|archive-date = 24 March 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190527/https://wisden.com/stories/international-cricket/bangladeshs-nayeem-hasan-breaks-bowling-record-test-debut|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = Youngest2>{{cite web|url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-happy-homecoming-for-17-year-old-nayeem-hasan-1166505|title = A happy homecoming for 17-year old Nayeem Hasan|access-date = 21 January 2021|date = 23 November 2018|publisher = ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>

[[Sohag Gazi]] holds the best figure in an innings by a debutant Bangladeshi bowler with his 6 wickets for 74 runs against West Indies.<ref name = BBI>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=match;orderby=bbi;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin2=5;wicketsval2=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (BBI)|access-date = 21 January 2021|publisher = ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Gazi also holds the record for best bowling figure in a match with 9 wickets for 219 runs.<ref name = BBM>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=match;orderby=bbm;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (BBM)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> [[Mehidy Hasan]] was the most economical debutant to take five-wicket haul, taking 6 wickets for 80 runs against England at an [[economy rate]] of 2.00 runs per [[Over (cricket)|over]].<ref name = BBEcn>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=match;orderby=economy_rate;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (BBEcon) |publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref><ref group = note name="Econ">In cricket, a player's '''bowling average''' is the number of [[Run (cricket)|run]]s they have conceded per [[Wicket#Dismissal of a batsman|wicket]] taken.</ref> [[Mahmudullah Riyad]] has the best [[Bowling average|average]].<ref group = note name="Econ"/> He took 5 wickets for 51 runs at an average of 10.20 runs per wicket.<ref name = BBAvg>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=match;orderby=bowling_average;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (BBAvg)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> [[Nayeem Hasan]] accounted the best [[Strike rate#Bowling strike rate|strike rate]].<ref group = note name="SR">In cricket, a bowler's '''strike rate''' is the average number of [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] bowled for each [[Wicket#Dismissal of a batsman|wicket]].</ref> His strike rate was 16.8 when he took 5 wickets in 14 overs against West Indies.<ref name = BBSR>{{cite web|url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=match;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title = Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records (BBSR)|publisher = ESPNCricinfo|access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref> The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was Nayeem Hasan [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19#1st Test|in November 2018]].<ref name = Bangladesh/>

==Key==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! symbol !! Meaning
|-
| Date || Date the match was held. Starting date of the match for Test matches.
|-
| Overs || Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled in that innings.
|-
| Runs || [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] conceded.
|-
| Wkts || Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken.
|-
| Batsmen || The [[Batting (cricket)|batsmen]] whose wickets were taken in the five-wicket haul.
|-
| Econ || [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Bowling economy rate]] (average runs per over).
|-
| Inn || The [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] of the match in which the five-wicket haul was taken.
|-
| Result || The result for the Bangladesh team in that match.
|-
| ♠ || The bowler was selected "[[Man of the match]]".
|-
| {{double dagger}} || 10 wickets or more taken in the match.
|-
|}

==Five-wicket hauls==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls on Test debut by Bangladeshi bowlers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Statistics/ Test Matches/ Bowling Records/ Five-wicket haul on debut|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:3%;"|No.
! style="width:12%;"|Bowler
! style="width:10%;"|Date
! style="width:22%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:4%;"|Inn
! style="width:4%;"|Overs
! style="width:4%;"|Runs
! style="width:4%;"|Wkts
! style="width:4%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|- align=center
|| 1 ||[[Naimur Rahman]] || [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2000–01|{{dts|2000|11|10}}]] || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|44.3}} || {{nts|132}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|2.96}} || align=left |
*[[Shiv Sunder Das|SS Das]]
*[[Murali Kartik|M Kartik]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]]
*[[Sourav Ganguly|SC Ganguly]]
*[[Saba Karim|SS Karim]]
*[[Ajit Agarkar|AB Agarkar]]
|| Lost<ref name=Rahman>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63898.html|title=Only Test: Bangladesh v India at Dhaka, Nov 10–13, 2000|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 2 ||[[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2000–01|{{dts|2001|4|19}}]] || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|35.0}} || {{nts|81}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|2.31}} || align=left |
*[[Dion Ebrahim|DD Ebrahim]]
*[[Stuart Carlisle|SV Carlisle]]
*[[Andy Flower|A Flower]]
*[[Heath Streak|HH Streak]]
*[[Andy Blignaut|AM Blignaut]]
*[[Mluleki Nkala|ML Nkala]]
|| Lost<ref name=MMIslam>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63930.html|title=1st Test: Zimbabwe v Bangladesh at Bulawayo, Apr 19–22, 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 3 ||[[Mahmudullah]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in West Indies in 2009|{{dts|2009|7|9}}]] || [[Arnos Vale Ground]], [[Kingstown, St Vincent]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|15.0}} || {{nts|51}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|3.40}} || align=left |
*[[Travis Dowlin|TM Dowlin]]
*[[Floyd Reifer|FL Reifer]]
*[[Chadwick Walton|CAK Walton]]
*[[Ryan Austin|RA Austin]]
*[[Kemar Roach|KAJ Roach]]
|| Won<ref name=Mahmudullah>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/401071.html|title=1st Test: West Indies v Bangladesh at Kingstown, Jul 9–13, 2009|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 4 ||[[Elias Sunny]] ♠|| [[West Indies cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011–12|{{dts|2011|10|21}}]] || [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23.0}} || {{nts|94}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|4.08}} || align=left|
*[[Kraigg Brathwaite|KC Brathwaite]]
*[[Kirk Edwards|KA Edwards]]
*[[Darren Bravo|DM Bravo]]
*[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]]
*[[Marlon Samuels|MN Samuels]]
*[[Carlton Baugh|CS Baugh]]
|| Drawn<ref name=Sunny>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/531986.html|title=1st Test: Bangladesh v West Indies at Chittagong, Oct 21–25, 2011|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 5 ||[[Sohag Gazi]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2012–13|{{dts|2012|11|13}}]] || [[Shere Bangla National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|23.2}} || {{nts|74}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|3.17}} || align=left|
*[[Marlon Samuels|MN Samuels]]
*[[Darren Sammy|DJG Sammy]]
*[[Veerasammy Permaul|V Permaul]]
*[[Ravi Rampaul|R Rampaul]]
*[[Tino Best|TL Best]]
*[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]]
|| Lost<ref name=Gazi>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/587469.html|title=1st Test: Bangladesh v West Indies at Dhaka, Nov 13–17, 2012|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 6 ||[[Taijul Islam]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in the West Indies in 2014|{{dts|2014|9|5}}]] || [[Arnos Vale Ground]], [[Kingstown]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|47}} || {{nts|135}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|2.87}} || align=left|
*[[Kraigg Brathwaite|KC Brathwaite]]
*[[Kirk Edwards|KA Edwards]]
*[[Darren Bravo|DM Bravo]]
*[[Denesh Ramdin|D Ramdin]]
*[[Jerome Taylor|JE Taylor]]
|| Lost<ref name=TIslam>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/730295.html|title=1st Test: West Indies v Bangladesh at Kingstown, Sep 5-9, 2014|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 7 ||[[Mehidy Hasan]] || [[English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016-17|{{dts|2016|10|20}}]] || [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]] || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|39.5}} || {{nts|80}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|2.01}} || align=left|
*[[Ben Duckett|BM Duckett]]
*[[Gary Ballance|GS Ballance]]
*[[Joe Root|JE Root]]
*[[Moeen Ali|MM Ali]]
*[[Jonny Bairstow|JM Bairstow]]
*[[Stuart Broad|SCJ Broad]]
|| Lost<ref name=MHasan>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1029825.html|title=1st Test: Bangladesh v England at Chittagong, Oct 20-24, 2016|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 8 || [[Nayeem Hasan]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19#1st Test|{{dts|2018|11|22}}]] || [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|14}} || {{nts|61}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|4.35}} || align=left|
* [[Sunil Ambris|SW Ambris]]
* [[Roston Chase|RL Chase]]
* [[Devendra Bishoo|D Bishoo]]
* [[Kemar Roach|KAJ Roach]]
* [[Jomel Warrican|JA Warrican]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153311.html|title=1st Test, West Indies tour of Bangladesh at Chittagong, Nov 22-26 2018|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;team=25;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets Query Menu at ESPNCricinfo]

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}
{{Bangladesh national cricket team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Lists of cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi cricketers|Test]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Test cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi cricket records and statistics]]

Shahabuddin Rathod

2026-02-11T07:16:19Z

Shikha Jha: Put up new stub w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian scholar, teacher, and humorist}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shahabuddin Rathod (Padma Shree)
| image = Shahabuddin Rathod.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|12|09}}
| birth_place = [[Thangadh]] near [[Surendranagar]], India
| occupation = Humorist (1971 – present) Writer Teacher (1958 - 1971) Principal (1971 - 1996)
| spouse = Sabira (1971 – present)
| children = 4
}}

'''Shahabuddin Rathod''' is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] scholar, teacher and humorist. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in the field of literature and education in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/eight-from-state-get-padma-awards/articleshow/73620137.cms|title=Eight from state get Padma awards|date=January 26, 2020|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

== Life ==
Shahabuddin Rathod was born on 8 December 1937 at [[Thangadh]] (now in [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]). He was born and raised in a [[Gujarati Muslim]] family. He was a teacher from 1958 to 1971 and a [[Principal (school)|school principal]] from 1971 to 1996. In addition to a good knowledge about his Islamic background and faith, he has also learned about [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref name="GL">{{cite web | title=GL Goshthi - શ્રી શાહબુદ્દીન રાઠોડ | website=Gujaratilexicon.com | url=http://www.gujaratilexicon.com/glgoshthi/interview/14/ | language=gu | access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

He is awarded [[Padma Shri]], fourth highest civilian award in India, for his services in the field of literature and education in 2020.<ref name=":0" />

==Works==
His humour books include ''Mare Kya Lakhavu Hatu?'', ''Hasata-Hasavata'', ''Anmol Atithya'', ''Sajjan Mitrona Sangathe'', ''Dukhi Thavani Kala'', ''Show Must Go On'', ''Lakh Rupiayani Vaat'', ''Devu To Marad Kare'', ''Maro Gadhedo Dekhay Chhe?'', ''Hasyano Varghodo'', ''Darpan Juth Na Bole''. He had written 10 books in Gujarati and one in Hindi. Jagdish Trivedi has edited four more books from his works.<ref name="GL"/>

=== Adaptations of his works ===
The television comedy series ''[[Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya]]'' is based on his work. His works are also adapted into films such as ''Shahabuddin Rathodno Hasyano Varghodo'' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 2010).<ref name="Ramavat 2010">{{cite web | last=Ramavat | first=Shishir | title=Shishir Ramavat | website=Shishir Ramavat | date=28 August 2010 | url=http://shishir-ramavat.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html | language=gu | access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.shahbuddinrathod.in}}
* [http://www.speakbindas.com/exclusive-interview-shahbuddin-rathod/ Exclusive Interview of Shahbuddin Rathod on SpeakBindas by Devang Vibhakar]
* {{YouTube|tVOMg3Q07pY|Vanechand No Varghodo}}
* {{YouTube|VSYZ1xXsqog|Shahbuddin Rathod — Haasya No Mukabalo 1}}
* {{YouTube|eF9SwWZ7-gk|Shabuddin Rathod Live in Ahmedabad Part 1 of 6}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathod, Shahabuddin}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Sankarankovil

2026-02-10T02:50:34Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sankarankovil
| other_name = Punnai Vanam, Sankarankoil
| nickname = Sangai
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Tenkasi district]],Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.16|77.55|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = Sankarankovil
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Municipality chairman
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name2 = E. Raja
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 143
| population_total = 70,574
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=699471 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=11 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518133451/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=699471 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 – 4636
| postal_code = 627756
| registration_plate = TN-79 (Sankarankovil [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]])
| website =
| footnotes = First Grade Municipality
| official_name =
}}

'''Sankarankovil''' is a town in the [[Tenkasi district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the eastern slopes of [[Western Ghats]]. The town houses the [[Sankara Narayanasamy Temple]]. Sankarankovil is also largest town in Tenkasi district.

== History ==

Sankarankovil is home to the Sankara Narayanar Temple, which was built by Ugra Pandiyan in 900 BC. Houses the deity by the name Sankara Narayanan, which is half Shiva and the other half Vishnu. According to folklore, the devotees of [[Hari]] ([[Vishnu]]) and [[Shiva]] once quarreled with each other to determine which god was more powerful, until Shiva appeared as Sankaranarayanar to show his devotees that Hari and Shiva were one and the same. Thus, it is held sacred by [[Saivites]] and those Hindus who believe that Shiva and Vishnu are a single deity. Srivaishnavites of Tamil Nadu who worship Vishnu only do not accept this and hence reject the temple. The deities of the temple are Sankareswarar, [[Gomathi Amman]] and Sankaranarayanar. Sankarankovil is also said to be home to the deity named Avudai Ambal.

In older times, the city was called as [[Sankaranayinarkoil]]. It is also noted for the "Adi Thabasu" festival.

There is a belief that the sand from the temple, known as ''puttrumann'' (''puttru'' meaning ant hill, ''mann'' meaning sand) is capable of curing all diseases. Devotees believe that Sankarankovil's ''Nagachunai'' (sacred tank) was dug by serpent kings named Paduman and Sangam, and has a miraculous power to heal those who bath there. Once, a [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] called Manikkeerivan was cursed by the goddess [[Parvathi]] and, as a result, had to come to earth and work as a gardener in a beautiful garden. One day while he was clearing a snake pit, the snake's tail was also cut. He found a [[lingam]] next to the snake. He went and informed his king, Ugra Pandiyan. The king considered it to be the god's wish to stay there and constructed the temple and a city around it.


[[File:skoil1.jpg|thumb|right|Sankaranarayanar koil, Sankarankoil, Tenkasi district]]

== Demographics ==

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Sankarankoil had a population of 70, 574 with a sex-ratio of 1,012 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 5,660 were under the age of six, constituting 2,867 males and 2,793 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 22.47% and .3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 74.9%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 14536 households. There were a total of 24,064 workers, comprising 493 cultivators, 2,003 main agricultural labourers, 2,245 in house hold industries, 17,190 other workers, 2,133 marginal workers, 34 marginal cultivators, 247 marginal agricultural labourers, 413 marginal workers in household industries and 1,439 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Sankarankoil|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=699303|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> Hindus are the majority in the town with 90% of the population, followed by Islam (5%), and Christianity (5%).

== Politics ==

[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil Assembly constituency]] is part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf| title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies| access-date = 13 October 2008| work = Tamil Nadu| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf| archive-date = 4 May 2006}}</ref> E. Raja from DMK is the MLA.

== Economy ==
Apart from [[agribusiness]], the town is known for its textiles. Nearly 4000 powerlooms are directly involved in producing various kinds of textile products such as terry towels, cotton saris, [[lungi]]s, handkerchiefs, etc. The produced products are marketed all over India directly.

== Transport ==
{| style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 0;"
|+'''Neighbouring cities & towns'''
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = Places near Sankarankovil
|Northwest = [[Sivagiri, Tirunelveli|Sivagiri]]
|North = [[Rajapalayam]]
|Northeast = [[Sivakasi]]
|West = [[Puliyankudi]]
|Centre = Sankarankovil
|East = [[Kovilpatti]]
|Southwest = [[Tenkasi]]
|South = [[Tirunelveli]]
|Southeast = [[Kayathar]]
}}
|}

===Air===
[[Tuticorin Airport]] is the nearest airport located 95.4 km (59.3 mi) from Sankarankovil. [[SpiceJet]] serves Tuticorin with two flights from [[Chennai]].

The nearest international airports are [[Madurai]] (120km) and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (148 kms.) away from Sankarankovil. These airports connect with Chennai, Sri Lanka, Singapore and other major cities of India.

===Road===
Sankarankovil has two bus stands. The main bus stand is near the Sankarankovil Municipality office, and is also called the Anna Bus Stand. The new bus stand is nearby to the Sankarankovil Taluk office, and is also called the Thanthai Periyar New Bus Stand.

Sankarankovil is situated at the intersection of State Highways 41 and 76.

The main bus routes are to cities / towns like [[Tirunelveli]],[[Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Rajapalayam]],[[Aryankavu]] [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Surandai]], [[Kalugumalai]], [[Thiruvenkatam]], [[Valliyur]], [[Courtallam]], [[Shencottah]], [[Theni]],[[Kumili]],[[Papanasam, Tirunelveli]], [[Ambasamudram]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]], [[Aruppukottai]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Sivagiri, Tirunelveli|Sivagiri]], [[Kayathar]], [[Sattur]], [[Nanguneri]], [[Ettaiyapuram]], Karivalamvandha Nallur and so on. Sankarankovil has state transport (SETC) bus routes to [[Kodaikanal|Ooty]], [[Munnar]], [[Madurai]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]], [[Palakkad]], [[Calicut]], [[Dindigul]], [[Hosur]] and so on.

===Rail===
The Sankarankovil Railway Station (Code: SNKL) is a major railhead in Tenkasi district. All the trains running in Virudhunagar - Sengottai line makes a halt at this station.

A Daily Thrice Passenger train that runs between [[Madurai]] and [[Sengottai]] on both directions makes a technical halt at Sankarankovil.

Expresses and superfast expresses including [[Pothigai Express|Pothigai Super fast express]], [[Kollam]] Express Connects Sankarankovil to [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] via [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]], [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]].

[[Silambu Express|Silambu Super fast Express]] from [[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]] also connects [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] but via different route. Via [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar]], [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai]], [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli]].

== Municipality ==

Sankarankovil includes many localities, including Karivalamvandha Nallur, Gomathi Nagar, Gomathiyapuram Nagar, Ramasamiapuram, Sangupuram Nagar, Lakshmiyapuram Nagar, Vadukkupudhur, Therkku Sankarankovil, NGO Colony, Avrmv Colony, Agasthiyar Nagar, Ezhil Nagar, and Mullai Nagar.

== Sankarankovil RTO ==
Sankarankovil RTO was opened by chief minister Ms. [[J. Jayalalithaa]] via video conference.

==Notable people from Sankarankovil==
* [[Devaneya Pavanar]] (Tamil writer)
* [[Vaiko]] (founder of [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]])
* [[Karuppasamy]] (minister in [[ADMK]] government, up to 22 October 2011)
* [[S. Thangavelu]] (ex state minister, member of parliament (R.S.) [D.M.K]
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] (Actor)
* [[S. J. Suryah|S. J. Surya]] (Actor)
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tenkasi district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]

Hubballi–Hyderabad Express

2026-02-07T00:34:27Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Hubballi–Hyderabad Express
| image = (Hubballi_-_Secunderabad)_Express_at_Lingampalli_02.jpg
| image_width = 290px
| caption = (Hyderabad–Hubballi) Express at Lingampally
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}} (UBL)
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Hyderabad}} (HYB)
| distance = {{convert|664|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14hr(17050) 13hr(17049)
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 4
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17049/17050
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Hubli - Secunderabad) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Hubballi–Hyderabad Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22428 | title=17319/Hubballi–Secunderabad Express (via Vijayapura) – Hubballi to Secunderabad SWR/South Western Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref> that runs between {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hyderabad}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17049/17050 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8873&did=149361526138962FFD05FF057ABB936DFD42A14B0F2DE.web91 Diversion of Trains due to Derailment on Wadi-Solapur Section of Central Railway]</ref><ref>[http://www.railnews.in/duronto-express-derailment-trains-cancelleddivertedshort-terminated-on-scr/ Trains cancelled, diverted ]</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1376&id=0,4,268 Continuation of experimental stoppages]</ref>

== Service==

○ The 17049/Hubballi–Hyderabad Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 664 km in 13h. 
○ The 17050/Hyderabad–Hubballi Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 664 km in 14h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Badami}}
* {{stnlnk|Bagalkot}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayapura}}
* {{stnlnk|Hotgi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ganagapur Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Gulbarga}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chittapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Sedam}}
* {{stnlnk|Tandur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vikarabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Begumpet}}
* {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 LHB coaches:

* 1 AC 1st Cum II Tier
* 3 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Power Car
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Lallaguda]] based or [[Hubballi]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Hubballi to Secunderabad and vice versa wef 26/10/2025

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 12759/12760 [[Charminar Express]].

== Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hotgi Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Hubli Junction railway station]]
* [[Secunderabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Hubballi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22428 17319/Hubballi–Secunderabad Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22429 17320/Secunderabad–Hubballi Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubballi-Secunderabad Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

IFFI Best Director Award

2026-02-03T06:54:45Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Best director award at an Indian film festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film award
| name =IFFI Best Director Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = International award for contributions to [[World Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Outstanding Film Director
| sponsor = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| firstawarded = 2000
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward = Silver Peacock Award
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Santosh Davakhar
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 25
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =[[Nonzee Nimibutr]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''IFFI Award for Best Director''' (officially known as the '''Silver Peacock for the Best Director Award''') is an honor presented annually at the [[International Film Festival of India]] since the [[40th International Film Festival of India|40th IFFI 2009]] for the best direction in [[World cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=54242|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=55131|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref>
Earlier the award was presented as the "Silver Peacock for the Most Promising Asian Director" during "[[31st International Film Festival of India|31st IFFI 2000]]" to "[[39th International Film Festival of India|39th IFFI 2008]]"<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1999Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1999.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105443/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1999Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1999.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/06/stories/09060221.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2000-02-06|title=Still no character or class}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Recipients ==
===IFFI Best Director Award (2009–Present)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Silver Peacock award recipients, showing the year, film(s),language(s) and Country
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" |Country
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|-
| [[40th International Film Festival of India|2009 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Ounie Lecomte]]
| ''[[A Brand New Life (2009 film)|A Brand New Life]]''
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|{{Flag|Korea}}
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/India-wins-Golden-Peacock-after-10-yrs/articleshow/7031938.cms|title=India wins Golden Peacock after 10 yrs – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 December 2010 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[41st International Film Festival of India|2010 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Susanne Bier]]
| "[[In a Better World]]"
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
|{{Flag|Denmark}}
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[42nd International Film Festival of India|2011 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Asghar Farhadi]]
| "[[A Separation]]"
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|<ref name="shadowplayindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.shadowplayindia.com/shadow-play/42nd-international-film-festival-india-iffi-goa-2011|title=42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI) – Goa – 2011 – Shadow Play India|website=www.shadowplayindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Jeon Kyu-hwan]]
| ''[[The Weight (2012 film)|The Weight]]''
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|{{Flag|Korea}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=89798|title=43rd IFFI closes with Meera Nair's 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[44th International Film Festival of India|2013 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| [[Apur Panchali]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Beatrizs-War-wins-Golden-Peacock-at-44th-International-film-festival-of-India/articleshow/26656548.cms|title='Beatriz's War' wins Golden Peacock at 44th International film festival of India – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=December 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[45th International Film Festival of India|2014 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Nadav Lapid]]
| "[[The Kindergarten Teacher (2014 film)|The Kindergarten Teacher]]"
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/russian-film-leviathan-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2014/story-grvIQEUbfveMMx5jNpdxkL.html|title=Russian film Leviathan wins Golden Peacock at IFFI 2014|date=30 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[46th International Film Festival of India|2015 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Peter Greenaway]]
| "[[Eisenstein in Guanajuato]]"
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|{{Flag|Spain}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=132010|title=Key highlights of the 46th International Film Festival of India|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[47th International Film Festival of India|2016 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Soner Kanar and Baris Kaya
| "Rauf"
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|<ref name="jagranjosh.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/47th-iffi-concluded-in-goa-1480409063-1|title=47th IFFI Concluded in Goa|date=29 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[48th International Film Festival of India|2017 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Vivian Qu]]
| ''[[Angels Wear White]]''
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|{{Flag|China}}
|<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-complete-winners-list-parvathy-wins-best-actress-amitabh-bachchan-is-film-personality-of-the-year-4232189.html|title=IFFI 2017 complete winners list: Parvathy wins Best Actress; Amitabh Bachchan is 'Film Personality of The Year'|date=28 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[49th International Film Festival of India|2018 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|"[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]"
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|{{Flag|India}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Donbass wins Golden Peacock at IFFI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/donbass-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi/article25616280.ece |accessdate=23 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=28 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th International Film Festival of India|2019 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Lijo Jose Pellissery
| "[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]"
| Malayalam
|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/particles-wins-the-golden-peacock-award-at-iffi-2019/articleshow/72281199.cms|title=Particles wins the Golden Peacock Award at IFFI 2019 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[51st International Film Festival of India|2020 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Chen-Nien Ko
| "[[The Silent Forest]]"
| [[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]]
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/51st-international-film-festival-of-india-winners-list-7160074/|title=51st International Film Festival of India: Winners list|date=24 January 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[52nd International Film Festival of India|2021 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Václav Kadrnka]]
| ''Saving One Who Was Dead''
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1825666-japanese-movie-ring-wandering-wins-golden-peacock-award-at-52nd-edition-of-iffi |title=Japanese movie 'Ring Wandering' wins Golden Peacock Award at 52nd edition of IFFI|date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Devdiscourse}}</ref>
|-
| [[53rd International Film Festival of India|2022 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Nader Saeivar
| "No End"
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/iffi-2022-winners-list-i-have-electric-dreams-8294772/|title=IFFI 2022 winners list: I Have Electric Dreams wins big|date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[54th International Film Festival of India|2023 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Stephan Komandarev]]
| ''[[Blaga's Lessons]]''
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1980531 |title= Winners at IFFI54|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[55th International Film Festival of India|2024 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Bogdan Mureșanu]]
| ''[[The New Year That Never Came]]''
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|{{Flag|Romania}}
| <ref name="iffiaw:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/iffi-goa-2024-winners-toxic-1236226082/ |title= Lithuanian Drama 'Toxic' Wins Top Prize at 55th International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Patrick Frater |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[56th International Film Festival of India|2025 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Santosh Davakhar
|''[[Gondhal]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/56th-iffi-concludes-in-goa-vietnamese-film-wins-golden-peacock/|title=56th IFFI Concludes in Goa, Vietnamese Film Wins Golden Peacock|access-date=2025-11-28|website=News On Air}}</ref>
|}

===IFFI Most Promising Asian Director Award (2000–2008)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Silver Peacock award recipients, showing the year, film(s),language(s) and Country
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
| scope="col" |Country
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[31st International Film Festival of India|2000 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Nonzee Nimibutr]]
| "Nang Nak"
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
| [[33rd International Film Festival of India|2002 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Reza Mirkarimi]]
| "zir e noor e maah" ("Under the Moonlight")
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|<ref name="frontline">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1922/stories/20021108004108800.htm|title=Tame fare at the festival|website=frontline.in|date=8 November 2002|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Amulya|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[34th International Film Festival of India|2003 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Ra'anan Alexandrowicz]]
| "[[James' Journey to Jerusalem]]"
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iranian-film-gets-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2003/story-w75PY9H9V8dO4DXGjIBoxM.html|title=Iranian film gets Golden Peacock at IFFI 2003|date=19 October 2003|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[35th International Film Festival of India|2004 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Ekachai Uekrongtham]]
| "[[Beautiful Boxer]]"
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/beach-screening-makes-its-debut-with-mission-impossible-at-35th-iffi-goa-2004/6269|title=Beach Screening Makes Its Debut with Mission Impossible at the 35th IFFI Goa 2004|website=businesswireindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700130300.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Finally, a permanent address!|last=blanj|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[36th International Film Festival of India|2005 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Vera Fogwill]]
| "[[Kept and Dreamless]]"
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|{{Flag|Spain}}
|<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120514320100.htm{{Dead link | date=January 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| [[37th International Film Festival of India|2006 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" |An Kung-Lee
| "A Short Life"
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|{{Flag|Korea}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/IFFI-focus-on-South-India/article15736510.ece|title=IFFI: focus on South India|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 November 2006|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[38th International Film Festival of India|2007 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Pongpat Wachirabunjong]]
| "[[Me... Myself]]"
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=33127|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Taiwan-film-wins-Golden-Peacock/article14888303.ece|title=Taiwan film wins Golden Peacock|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 December 2007|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[39th International Film Festival of India|2008 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Sergey Dvortsevoy]]
| "[[Tulpan]]"
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
|<ref name="Kick">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200811221921.htm|title=IFFI 2008 kicks off in Goa|date=22 November 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 November 2009|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155417/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200811221921.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}
{{IFFI Award for Best Director}}
{{International Film Festival of India}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Awards for best director]]

Brahmashirastra

2026-01-11T21:52:31Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Most powerful astra of Brahmāstra variant mentioned in Indian Mythology}}
The '''Brahmashirastra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ब्रह्मशिरास्त्र, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''Brahmaśirāstra'') or '''Brahmashira Namaka Astra''' is the most destructive weapon, or [[Astra (weapon)|Astra]], described in ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] texts, capable of ending the existence of gods or [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s. Thought to be a superior variant of the [[Brahmastra]], the Brahmashirastra causes chain reactions of massive explosions and waves to annihilate any desired entity of the universe or even the universe itself. The weapon manifests with the four heads of [[Brahma]] as its tip. [[Agnivesha]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Ashwatthama]] and [[Arjuna]] are the powerful warriors who possessed the knowledge to invoke this weapon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Internet Sacred Text |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Rajadharmanusasana... {{!}} Sacred Texts Archive |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a003.htm |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01142.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXLI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref> This weapon can be invoked into any object, even to a blade of grass.

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', it is explained that when this weapon is invoked, "It blazes up with terrible flames within a huge sphere of fire. Numerous peals of thunder to be heard, fissures start on earth, rivers become dry, thousands of meteors fell, and all living creatures became terrified with great dread. The entire sky seemed to be filled with noise and assumed a terrible aspect with flames of fire. The whole earth with her mountains and waters and trees trembled". When it strikes an area, it will be destroyed and nothing will ever grow there, not even a blade of grass for the next 50 [[Hindu units of time|Brahma years]] (155.5 [[trillion]] human years).{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Its true power is the ability to remove someone's existence from the past, present, and future. Upon being fired, the arrow will immediately annihilate their existence, and because if something never existed and will never exist, it is impossible to imagine that entity in any facet or form.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Childress |first=David Hatcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4pXDwAAQBAJ&dq=brahmashira+astra+removing+someone+from+the+past,+present+and+future&pg=PT12 |title=Vimana: Flying Machines of the Ancients |date=2013-12-18 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-1-939149-23-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian epic poetry]]
**[[Ramayana]]
**[[Mahabharata]]
**[[Puranas]]
**[[Vyūha]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Ref begin}}

{{Refend}}

{{Hindu deities and texts}}

[[Category:Astras]]
[[Category:Weapons of Brahma]]

Sheetla Devi Temple

2025-12-31T12:36:38Z

Shikha Jha:

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sheetla Devi Temple
| native_name = शीतला देवी मंदिर
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Sheetla mandir kada kaushambi.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption = Sheetla Devi Mandir in [[Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh ]]

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = [[Sheetala]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status = Active
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival = [[Navaratri]]
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh
| locale =
| district = Kaushambi
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| province =
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value=
| designation1_free2value=
| designation1_free3value=

| website =

| footnotes =
}}
{{Saktism}}
'''Sheetla Devi Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to the mother goddess [[Sheetla]], located in [[Gurugram, Haryana]]. It is one of the 51 [[Shakti Pitha|Shakti Peethas]] in [[Shaktism]] denomination of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaushambi: कड़ा धाम कौशाम्बी में गिरा था मां सती का हाथ, 51 शक्तिपीठों में शामिल है मां शीतला धाम |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/kaushambi-uttar-pradesh-news-51-shaktipeeths-include-goddess-sheetla-dham-in-kaushambi-ann-2008217 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=December 1, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Places of Interest Kaushambi |url=https://kaushambi.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |website=Kaushambi.nic.in |publisher=Kaushambi District Administration}}</ref><ref name=patrika>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Akhilesh |title=कड़ा धाम: यहां गिरा था मां सती का हाथ, शीतला माता के दर्शन को हर साल पहुंचते हैं लाखों श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.patrika.com/kaushambi-news/kada-dham-sheetla-mata-mandir-in-sirathu-kaushambi-5500052/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=December 13, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The deity of the temple is regarded as the [[Kuldevi]] of gurgaon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Prachi |title=कड़ा धाम मानिकपुर जहां स्थित है पूर्वांचल की कुलदेवी का भव्य मंदिर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-kadadham-manikpurwhere-is-situated-the-kuldevi-of-purvanchal-3793167.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=October 13, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
[[File:Dakshayani.jpg|thumb|right|Shiva carrying the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi]]

Sheetla Dham Kadapeeth has been the center of [[Shakti]] worshipers for hundreds of years. According to [[Skanda Purana]], when Lord [[Shiva]]'s wife [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] unable to tolerate the insult by her father [[Daksha]], she jumped into the [[Yajna|Yajna Kunda]] and gave up her life. Lord Shiva, enraged by her separation, started traveling in all the worlds with the dead body of Sati. Seeing Shiva angry, there was a stir in all three worlds. God, humans and all the creatures got scared. Then to avoid the wrath of Shiva, Lord [[Vishnu]] cut the dead body of Goddess Sati into 51 pieces with his [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan Chakra]]. Wherever these pieces of Sati's dead body fell, a [[Shakti Pitha|Shaktipeeth]] was established there. Kada Dham is the place where Sati's hand or bangle (Kada) fell.<ref name=patrika/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Sarveshwari |last2=Sahu |first2=Shiv Nandan |title=51 शक्ति पीठों में से एक है शीतला माता का यह मंदिर, दर्शन मात्र से पूरी होती है मनोकामना |url=https://www.patrika.com/kaushambi-news/maa-shitla-dhaam-temple-in-kada-dham-3561670/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=October 13, 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

It is believed that in [[Dvapara Yuga]], [[Pandu]]'s son [[Yudhishthira]] came to visit the temple during his exile. He built the temple of Shitla Devi on the shore of the Ganges and established the Mahakaleshwar Shivling. It is believed that evil forces can be warded off if Goddess Sheetla is worshiped on the [[Ashtami]] of [[Krishna Paksha]] in the month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Alakha |title=कड़ा धाम: द्वापर युग में महाराज युधिष्ठिर ने कराया था यहां मंदिर का निर्माण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-kara-dham-maharaj-yudhishthira-built-the-temple-here-in-dwapar-era-3573357.html |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=October 19, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref> This temple was built in 1000 AD.<ref name=patrika/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Ankur |title=Kada Dham Kaushambi जहां गिरा था मां सती का दाहिना कर, 51 शक्तिपीठों में शामिल है मां शीतला धाम |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-kada-dham-kaushambi-where-right-hand-of-mother-sati-was-fell-is-famous-temple-21342394.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=February 6, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
Kada Dham Sheetla Mata's temple is connected by rail. [[Sirathu]] is the main railway station here, from where the distance of the temple is 10 km. Apart from this, you can reach here directly by bus from many cities of Uttar Pradesh. One has to reach Saini by bus, from where the distance of the temple is 8 km. One can get there by taxi or auto from the railway station and Saini. Prayagraj is the nearest airport connected to many cities in India. The temple is located at a distance of 70 km from [[Prayagraj]].<ref name=patrika/>

== Tourism ==
This temple of Maa Sheetla is an important attraction for domestic and foreign tourists. The region was ruled by several ruling Hindu dynasties from the [[Medieval Era|medieval era]]. Tourists also visit the ruins of the fort of Raja [[Jayachandra]], the last ruler of Kannauj.<ref>{{cite news |title=...कहीं ढह न जाय राजा जयचंद्र का ऐतिहासिक किला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi/201547813761-kaushambi-news |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=January 8, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> A large number of tourists come to visit this place.<ref>{{cite news |title=अनदेखी से मिट रहा है गंगा किनारे जयचंद के किले का वजूद |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi-the-existence-of-jaichands-fort-on-the-banks-of-the-ganges-is-being-erased-by-ignoring-20520870.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=July 16, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Fairs and events ==
A seven-day fair is held annually on the [[Saptami]]-[[Ashtami]] of the month of [[Ashadha]] and [[Sawan]]. A large number of devotees visit the temple on the occasion of [[Navaratri]]. People visit the temple to perform the [[Mundan]] rites of their children. Along with this, newly married couples seek the goddess's blessings. A large crowd of devotees visit the temple on Fridays and Mondays throughout the year. A tank is situated in the temple, in which devotees offer water, milk, fruits or dry fruits. They believe that the mother fulfills all their wishes by doing this.<ref name=patrika/>

=== Gardabh Mela ===
The two-day Gardabh Mela (donkey fair) is organised annually on the temple premises. The fair facilitates the buying and selling of animals, especially donkeys, mules and horses. The donkeys are believed to be the mount of Sheetala Devi. Hence donkeys are fed delicacies and decorated before being displayed for sale. As per the belief, the worship of Sheetla Devi is considered incomplete until the devotees feed them with milk, grams, green grass and vegetables. It is believed that the donkey will fulfil their desires if satisfied with their services. As per the belief, marriages fixed at this fair are blessed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Farhan Ahmed |title=Feted, honoured: Donkeys at UP's 'Gardhabh Mela' get a fair deal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/feted-honoured-donkeys-at-up-s-gardhabh-mela-get-a-fair-deal/story-V6FWUUpM4PqwbiIXXKEA1K.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=March 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrivatava |first1=Brijesh |title=कौशांबी के कड़ा शीतला धाम में ऐतिहासिक गर्दभ मेला शुरू, कई राज्‍यों से पहुंचे हैं पशुपालक |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-historical-gardabh-mela-started-in-kada-dham-of-kaushambi-district-and-cattleman-have-gathered-21526241.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=April 4, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cops stop two-day donkey fair in Kaushambi for flouting Covid norms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/cops-stop-two-day-donkey-fair-in-kaushambi-for-flouting-covid-norms/articleshow/81901615.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shakti Peethas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Kaushambi district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh]]

Tholpavakoothu

2025-12-23T15:01:31Z

Shikha Jha:

{{short description|Form of shadow puppetry practiced in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Tholpavakoothu''' ([[Malayalam]]:തോൽപ്പാവക്കൂത്ത്, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]:தோல்பாவைக்கூத்து) is a form of [[shadow puppetry]] that is practiced in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is performed using leather puppets and is performed in temples or in villages in specially built theatres. This form of art is especially popular in the [[Madurai district|Madurai]] and nearby districts of Madurai in [[Tamil Nadu]] and also in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]],
[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] and [[Malappuram district]]s of Kerala.<ref name="keralatourism">{{cite web|title=Tholpavakoothu|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/216/tholpavakoothu-shadow-puppetry.php|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Tholpavakoothu_Image.jpg|thumb|210px|A scene from Tholpavakoothu]]
[[File:Image_of_Tholpavakoothu.jpg|thumb|210px|A scene from Tholpavakoothu]]
[[File:Puppet of Seeths.jpg|thumb|210px|Puppet of Seeta, under the Asoka tree]]
[[File:Tholpavakooth at Kollam.ogv|thumb|Performance by Ramachandra pulavar and team at Govt. S.N.D.P.U.P. School, Pattathanam, Kollam.]]

[[File:RamachandraPulavarPrd.jpg|thumb|Ramachandra Pulavar preparing the puppets before the show, Mumbai, 2017]]
[[File:Tholpavakoothu Broc.jpg|thumb|Tholpava koothu shadow puppet artists]]
[[File:Puppetry Stage.jpg|thumb|210px|Koothumadam, prepared for a stage show]]
[[File:EzhuparaInstrument1.jpg|thumb|Ezhupara, a percussion instrument used in Tholpavakoothu]]

== History ==
[[File:തോല്പാവക്കൂത്തിലെ-രാമ-രാവണ-യുദ്ധം.jpg|thumb|210px|A battle scene from the ''[[Ramayana]]'']]

Tholpavaikoothu is a [[compound word]] of three [[Tamil language|Tamil]]/Malayalam terms: தோல் (''tōl'') meaning leather, பாவை (''pāvai'') meaning doll and கூத்து (''kūttu'') meaning the play or drama. It is one of the two traditional Pavai Koothu that happened in southern India. The other one is "marappavaikoothu" also called ''[[Bommalattam (puppet show)|bommalattam]]''. The only variation is Bommalattam uses wooden dolls, while tholpavaikoothu uses Leather dolls. The earliest known mention of Pavaikoothu (both bommalattam and tholpavaikoothu) is in Thirukkural an ancient Tamil text of 300CE. The 1020th Kural mentions this. The performance language uses [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]] words. Like [[Mudiyettu]] and [[Patayani]], Tholpavakoothu is also an art form that is dedicated to Bhadrakali in Kerala. According to legend, Tholpavakoothu was performed at the request of Bhadrakali who could not witness [[Ravana|Ravana's]] killing as she was fighting the demon [[Darika]]. Thus when it is performed in temples, an idol of the Goddess is usually placed on a pedestal in front of the arena where it is staged.<ref name="puppetry">{{cite news|title=Reviving the ancient art of puppetry|url=http://puppetry.org.in/reviving.html|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Enchanting Tholpavakoothu|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550660500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125044810/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550660500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 September 2008}}</ref>

== Performances ==
A ''koothumadam'' is a separate 42-foot-long stage on which Tholpavakoothu is performed. The stage has a screen, a piece of white cloth, behind which the puppets are held. The lighting is provided by 21 lamps lit in [[coconut]] halves or earthen lamps placed behind the puppets, causing their shadows to fall on the screen. The lamps are a placed equidistantly on a specially constructed wooden beam called a ''vilakku madam''. The performance is accompanied by the recitation of [[slokas]] and the performers are required to learn over 3000 of these before they perform. The recitation is accompanied by instruments such as ''[[chenda]]'', ''[[maddalam]]'', ''ezhupara'', ''[[ilathalam]]'', [[conch]] and ''cherukuzhal''.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Fading away into the shadows|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article3527929.ece|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_a">{{cite news|title=Colourful tales from shadow puppets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1539041.ece|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="mykerala">{{cite web|title=Tolpava Koothu - The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Kerala|url=http://www.mykerala.net/puppetry/index.html|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref>

A full Tholpavakoothu performance, staging all the episodes of the Kamba Ramayana, takes 21 days to complete with nine-hour performances every day, and requires 180 to 200 puppets. A full performance needs up to 40 artistes. The lead [[puppeteer]] is called a ''pulavar''. Traditionally, performances begin at night and go on till dawn. The show begins with a ''kelikottu'' and an invocation called ''kalarichinthu''.<ref name="hindu" /> Performances are done from January through May and during [[pooram]]s. A Tholpavakoothu performance can last 7, 14, 21, 41 or 71 days depending on the tradition at the temple where it is performed. It continues to be performed in over a hundred temples across Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shadow of the original|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100351230500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007002740/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100351230500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2008|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 October 2008}}</ref>

== Puppets ==
[[File:തോല്‌പ്പാവ തിരശ്ശീലയ്ക്കു പിന്നിൽ നിന്ന്.jpg|thumb|210px|Tholpavakoothu puppet as seen from behind the screen]]

The puppets used in Tholpavakoothu used to be made out of [[deerskin]] but are now typically made from [[Goatskin (material)|goatskin]]. The puppets are painted in [[vegetable dye]]s, as these dyes last long. Some puppets can be as tall as four feet. The puppets are controlled using two sticks; the puppeteer holds the puppet in one hand while its limbs are manipulated using a thinner stick held in the puppeteer's other hand.<ref name="keralatourism" /><ref name="mykerala" />

== Puppeteers ==
[[File:തോൽപ്പാവക്കൂത്ത്-അവതരണം.jpg|thumb|210px|A Tholpavakoothu performance]]

The lead puppeteer is usually a ''pulavar'' which is an honorific given to a puppeteer who is also a scholar. Pulavars undergo intensive training in puppetry and have a deep knowledge of Malayalam, Tamil and Sanskrit. Puppeteers have to study the Kamba Ramayana and be well read in the [[vedas]] and [[puranas]], [[Ayurveda]], and be trained in classical music. However, some puppeteers forgo [[Indian classical music|classical music]] as it entails several years of study to master. It can take anywhere from 6 to 10 years of rigorous training for a puppeteer to fully master this art and be able to perform it.<ref name="puppetry" /><ref name="thehindu" /> [[K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar]] was the leading puppeteer in Kerala. He was born into a traditional family with a rich historical background; he had studied Tholpavakoothu by his great guru/father from the age of six.

== Threats and new trends ==
Tholpavakoothu, like many traditional art forms, has been facing the threat of extinction due to the arrival of alternate platforms of entertainment such as television and cinema and due to changing cultural values. The younger generation have increasingly failed to take up this art form as it is highly demanding and does not pay much. The audience for these shows have dwindled even in rural Kerala. To cope up with these social changes, the duration of many performances have been drastically reduced. Thematically, puppeteers have begun to introduce contemporary and secular themes to appeal to the youth. Themes such as [[ragging]], communal amity and stories from [[India's freedom struggle]] have been featured in recent years. Performances are no longer confined only to temples but are also held in secular venues such as colleges and at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref name="thehindu_a" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Puppet show|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/08/stories/2010060855170300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614104224/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/08/stories/2010060855170300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-06-08|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shadow of death over Tholpavakoothu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/23/stories/2003062301980200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510152050/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/23/stories/2003062301980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2005|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shadow leather puppet play facing near death|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article427885.ece|accessdate=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Chadar Badar]], puppet art of Santhal people of India
* [[Gopalila]], puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Kathputli (puppetry)]], puppet art of Rajasthan state of India
* [[Nokkuvidya pavakali]], puppet art of Kerala state of India
* [[Rabana Chhaya]], shadow puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Sakhi kandhei]], string puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Shadow play]], shadow puppet art which originated in first millennium BCE in India
* [[Tholu bommalata]], shadow puppet art of Andhra Pradesh state of India
* [[Togalu gombeyaata]], shadow puppet art of Karnataka state of India
* [[Wayang]], puppet art of Indonesia inspired by Indian puppetry

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Tholpavakoothu}}
* [http://tholpavakoothu.in tholpavakoothu.in] (Tholpavakoothu - A unique shadow puppet play)
* [http://puppetry.org.in puppetry.org.in] (Tolpava Koothu - Homepage in memory of late Guru Krishnan Kutty Pulavar)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140720081510/http://tholpavakoothu.org tholpavakoothu.org] (Tholpava Koothu - The Shadow Puppet Play of Kerala, India (archived))

{{Culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Puppetry in India]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Shadow play]]

Culture Monks

2025-12-20T12:12:50Z

Shikha Jha: improved article

{{Short description|Indian creative enterprise}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Culture Monks''' is a creative enterprise based in [[Kolkata]], India, working since 2012. They are engaged in [[cultural activism]], [[capacity building]] of the creative sector, production, training, research and development. Its areas of work includes theatre, storytelling, performance art, visual arts and film making. It is also involved in using art intervention to transform communities towards [[Social development theory|social development]].

Culture Monks has started a theatre training program for children which is called Young Monks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youngmonks.club/|title=Young Monks|website=Young Monks|accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sudeshna |title=Hill hamlet fights to stand on its own feet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hill-hamlet-fights-to-stand-on-its-own-feet/cid/1417850 |publisher=Telegraph India |accessdate=26 January 2019 |date=31 May 2018}} The Telegraph, Kolkata coverage of Culture Monks.
* {{cite web |title=An Italian Wave at Momentum Festival India |url=http://www.italiaartmagazine.it/an-italian-wave-at-momentum-festival-india/ |publisher=Italia Art Magazine |accessdate=26 January 2019 |date=20 February 2017}} Culture Monks covered by Italia Art Magazine.
* {{cite web |title=French 'Monulight' artist Marko 93 to paint Kolkata with light |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/french-monulight-artist-marko-93-to-paint-kolkata-with-light-270076-2015-10-27 |publisher=India Today |accessdate=26 January 2019 |date=27 October 2015}} India Today coverage of Culture Monks
* {{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Abhijit |title=Cinema Festivals Play A Key Role Concurrently With Distribution Networks |url=http://kolkatakonnector.blogspot.com/2016/10/cinema-festivals-play-key-role.html |publisher=Kolkata Konnector |accessdate=26 January 2019 |date=2016}} Kolkata Konnector article about Culture Monks

== External links ==
* [https://culturemonks.in Official website]

[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Performance art]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Cultural activism]]

GSAT-15

2025-12-17T00:57:44Z

Shikha Jha: small changes

{{Short description|Indian communication satellite}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
| name = GSAT-15

| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2015-065A
| SATCAT = 41028
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-15 GSAT-15]
| mission_duration = Planned: 12 years<ref name="GSAT15">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-15 |title=GSAT-15 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904044806/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Elapsed: {{time interval|11 November 2015 21:34:07|show=ymd|sep=,}}

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|3164|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="GSAT15" />
| dry_mass = {{convert|1440|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="GSAT15" />
| dimensions =
| power = 6,200 watts<ref name="GSAT15" />

| launch_date = {{start-date|10 November 2015, 21:34:07}} UTC<ref name="nasasf20151110">{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/11/ariane-5-arabsat-6b-gsat-15-dual-launch/ |title=Ariane 5 successfully launches Arabsat-6B and GSAT-15 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |first=Chris |last=Bergin |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-communications-satellite-GSAT-15-launched-successfully/articleshow/49743260.cms |title=India's communications satellite GSAT-15 launched successfully |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Chethan |last=Kumar |date=11 November 2015}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 5|Ariane 5 ECA]], VA-227<ref name="nasasf20151110" />
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] [[ELA-3]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service = 4 January 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-jan-2016/gsat-15-satellite-operational-health-of-spacecraft-normal |title=GSAT-15 Satellite is Operational... |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=4 January 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906233057/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-jan-2016/gsat-15-satellite-operational-health-of-spacecraft-normal |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_longitude = 93.5° E
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35774|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35799|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| orbit_inclination = 0.0728°
| orbit_epoch = 11 June 2017, 00:27:58 UTC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=41028 |title=GSAT-15 - Orbit |work=Heavens-Above |date=11 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref>
| apsis = gee

| trans_band = 24 × [[Ku band|Ku band]]
| trans_frequency = 
| trans_bandwidth = 36 MHz
| trans_capacity = 
| trans_coverage = 
| trans_TWTA = 
| trans_EIRP = 
| trans_HPBW = 

| programme = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-6]]
| next_mission = [[GSAT-18]]
}}

'''GSAT-15''' is an Indian communication satellite similar to [[GSAT-10]] to augment the capacity of transponders to provide more bandwidth for Direct-to-Home television and VSAT services. It was successfully launched on 10 November 2015 at 21:34:07 UTC aboard an [[Ariane 5]] rocket, along with the ArabSat 6B satellite.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-latest-communication-satellite-gsat-15-successfully-launched-1242353 |title=ISRO's Diwali Gift: GSAT-15 Communications Satellite Successfully Launched |date=11 November 2015 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Payload==
The satellite carries 24 [[Ku band|Ku band]] transponders and a [[GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation|GAGAN]] navigational payload operating in the [[L band|L1]] and [[L band|L5]] bands.<ref name="GSAT15" /><ref name="isro_main">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx |title=Future Programme |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref> Besides that it will also carry 2 Ku band beacons.<ref name="GSAT15" />

==Satellite==
GSAT-15 has an estimated lifespan of 12 years. It will augment telecommunication, Direct-to-Home and radio navigation services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/space/cabinet-clears-gsat-15-and-gsat-16-communication-satellites-plans_858407.html |publisher=Zee News |title=Cabinet clears GSAT-15 and GSAT-16 communication satellites plans |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98889 |title=Launch of GSAT-15 and GSAT-16 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref>

==Cost==
Cost of launch and insurance: about {{INR|860 Crore}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story118125/cabinet-approves-gsat-15-gsat-16-communication-satellites.html |title=Cabinet approves GSAT-15, GSAT-16 communication satellites |work=ANI News |date=28 June 2013 |agency=ANI |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209160654/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story118125/cabinet-approves-gsat-15-gsat-16-communication-satellites.html |archive-date=9 December 2014 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]]
* [[Global Navigation Satellite System]]
* [[Global Positioning System]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2015}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 in India]]
[[Category:Ariane commercial payloads]]

Pandal

2025-11-30T18:14:04Z

Shikha Jha: refined section to improve readability

{{Short description|Fabricated structure}}
A '''pandal''' is a fabricated structure, either temporary or permanent, that is used at many places such as either outside a building or in an open area such as along a public road<ref>{{Cite book|last=Palanithurai|first=Ganapathy|title=A Handbook for Panchayati Raj Administration (Tamil Nadu)|date=2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-340-3|pages=229}}</ref> or in front of a house in [[India]] and other neighbouring countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=N. Sudhakar|title=Ethnography of a Nomadic Tribe: A Study of Yanadi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7022-931-5|pages=106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saccidānandan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGWa7v08JikC&dq=pandal+open+area&pg=PA151|title=Authors Speak|date=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1945-8|pages=151}}</ref> This canopy or big tent is often used in a religious or other events that gathers people together, such as a [[wedding]], [[fair]], [[exhibition]] or [[festival]].
[[File:Panthal.jpg|thumb|250px]]

==In Hinduism==
[[File:Thatching - Jheel Meel - Kolkata 2011-12-22 7659.JPG|left|thumb|Temporary pandals being thatched in [[Kolkata]]]]
In [[Hinduism]], a ''pandal'' is a temporary structure set up to usually venerate the [[Hindu deities|god and goddess]] such as [[Ganesha]] during [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Krishna]] during [[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Janmasthami]] or the Goddess [[Durga]] during [[Durga Puja]], known as ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] pandal''.{{clarify |post-text = these are only 2 examples|date=July 2016}} Pandals are also used for nonreligious activities. For instance, these [[Tent|tents]] are put up during cultural programs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Upendra|title=India Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-5861-8|pages=165}}</ref>

Pandals may be modelled after the structure of temples, huts, or skyscrapers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Offering_Flowers_Feeding_Skulls/caeJpIj9SdkC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |date=2004-08-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5 |pages=223 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Durga Puja, Matri Mandir, Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi, 2014.JPG|thumb|''Durga Puja Pandal'' with theatre performances, [[Matri Mandir]], [[Safdarjung Enclave]], [[Delhi]], 2014]]

==In Buddhism in Sri Lanka==
In a ritual unique to [[Sri Lanka]], ''Vesak thorana'' pandals are set up during the [[Vesak]] festival,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sri Lanka News, Volume 11|publisher=Embassy of Sri Lanka|year=2001|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> with illuminated panels illustrated with episodes from the life of the [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Jataka tales|Jathaka Katha]] or stories based on [[Buddhist culture]].

The fundamental concept of a Vesak Pandal is a creatively made, massive structure, decorated with a large number of lights and paintings mounted on a huge supporting structure. This supporting structure is traditionally built with ''Puwak Gasa'' ([[Areca nut]] trees). Creating the structure requires creativity, inventiveness and the high-level expertise of a number of artists and light-system electricians, not to mention funding and planning in advance. The goal is to create a very beautiful and colorful experience. Many different and dedicated groups of experts participating often pass down this work from generation to generation or master to student. With change of time, nowadays Pandols are constructed using [[Scaffolding]], which doesn't require cutting down of "Puwak" Trees as a result.

The most significant part of this display uses simple techniques in an intelligent way to create lighting on the front of the pandal. Most of the time this is a 2D structure.

[[File:Grandpass Vesak Thorana.jpg|thumb|Vesak Thorana (Pandol) in Colombo, Sri Lanka]]

==Other types of pandals==
Pandals are also set up during [[Gammaduwa]] (village rebirth) festivals, honouring the goddess [[Pattini]].{{clarify |post-text = Is this also only in Sri Lanka, only elsewhere, or both?|date=July 2016}}

Pandal also refers to platforms from which people splash water during the new year celebrations of the [[Thingyan]] festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/water08/wa04.htm|title=Constructing a pandal for festival fun|author=Kyaw Zin Htun|author2=Yadana Htun|date=24 March 2008|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=13 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409024115/http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/water08/wa04.htm|archive-date=9 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A pandal can also be a [[ceremonial gate]], built to welcome visitors.

A city in the Nilgiris district of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] is named [[Pandalur]].{{clarify |post-text = Is this city name's origin connected with pandals or is it only spelled similarly?|date=July 2016}}

In [[Bangladesh]], Pandals, traditionally known as [[Shamiana]], are used in open field, outside mosques or [[Eidgah]]s for [[Eid prayer]], [[mehfil]]s for [[Islamic holidays|Religious]] and [[Culture of Bengal|Cultural]] [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|occasions]] such as Milad, [[Mezban]] and [[Bengali Muslim wedding|weddings]]. Each year the national eidgah's entrance gets decorated in a new theme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsiderbd.com/photo-feature/news/21562/in-photos-national-eidgah-ready-to-hold-eid-jamaat | title=In Photos: National Eidgah ready to hold Eid jamaat }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Buddhist practices]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]

{{hinduism-stub}}
{{buddhism-stub}}
{{SriLanka-stub}}
{{Architecture-stub}}

Badami Fort

2025-11-25T12:05:22Z

Shikha Jha: Added a data...

{{Short description|Medieval fortress in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Badami Fort
| image = HBPA N 1008 Badami NorthFort View.jpg
| caption = A view of the granary storage, Treasury and Upper Shivalaya, from the Northern fort
| type = Fortress
| controlledby = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| condition = Ruins
| built = 543 CE
| coordinates = {{coord|15.923284|N|75.682486|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| builder = [[Pulakeshin I]]
}}

'''Badami Fort''' is a hill [[Fortification|fortress]] in the town of [[Badami]], formerly, known as Vatapi. It is located in [[Bagalkot district]], [[Karnataka]], India. The fort was established in the mid-6th century CE, it was the seat of the early [[Chalukyas of Badami]] and served as the dynastic capital from about 543 CE to 757 CE. The fort complex occupies two rocky hilltops overlooking the town and Agastya Lake. It incorporates extensive fortifications like masonry walls, [[Bastion|bastions]], observation posts and gateways, as well as rock-cut passages and carved rooms. Within the fort are several ruined temples (including two medieval [[Hindu temple|Shivalaya]] shrines), water reservoirs, [[Granary|granaries]], and other structures. Over the centuries, the fort was modified by successive rulers from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] and [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi sultans]], and the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] before falling into ruin. Today the fort is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as a protected heritage monument, and an adjacent museum display many of its recovered inscriptions and sculptures.

== History ==
The Badami Fort was founded by [[Pulakeshin I]], the first sovereign ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya]], who captured the hilltop of Vatapi (Badami) and “fortified it” in 543 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training |url=https://archive.org/details/fortsofkarnataka00cent/page/n3/mode/1up |title=Forts of Karnataka |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) |others=Public Resource |year=2016 |pages=4}}</ref> The inscriptions says that Pulakeshin I who ruled from 540 CE to 567 CE had performed the Vedic [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice and took possession of the hill of Vatapi. From his reign, Badami (then called Vatapi) served as the Chalukya capital.<ref name="Studento">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi: Political Influence, Cultural Legacy, and Governance in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.studento.co.in/aih/eastern-vengi-chalukyan-empire-influence-in-andhra-region |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Studento |language=en}}</ref> Later, Pulakeshin's successors consolidated Chalukya control over much of the Deccan. In the early 7th century, King [[Pulakeshin II]] who ruled from 610 CE to 642 CE, continued to develop the Badami fortress. He built twin forts on the northern and southern hills towards the Badami Lake. Pulakeshin II's reign ended in 642 CE, when he was defeated by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]]. The Pallava commander [[Paranjothi]] captured Vatapi in about 642, ending Chalukya rule.<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web |title=Badami Fort, a 6th-century architectural marvel in Karnataka |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/outside-kerala/2019/08/24/badami-fort-6th-century-architectural-marvel-karnataka.html |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Badami Fort, a 6th-century architectural marvel in Karnataka |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Badami fort cannon 20210402103231.jpg|thumb|A cannon on the ramparts of the Southern fort]]

After the mid-7th century, Badami and its fort were invaded several times. The Pallavas held Vatapi for about a decade, and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya raiders]] held the region. By the 14th century the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] controlled much of southern [[Karnataka]], and records indicate that Vijayanagara rulers extended and strengthened fortress walls at key sites like Badami. During this medieval period, the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi dynasty]] of [[Bijapur]] had control over Badami. In the late 18th century, the fortress fell to [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Sultan]] [[Tipu Sultan]]. Tipu's forces captured Badami in 1786 during the [[Maratha–Mysore wars]], after which he stationed a garrison at the fort. Shortly thereafter, Badami was ceded to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] by treaty, and then by 1792 came under [[British Raj|British]] influence following the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]].<ref name="Manorama"/> In the mid-19th century, the British colonial government undertook "dismantling" of the dilapidated fort walls. By 1845 much of the masonry battlements on both hills had been destroyed. Thereafter, the site fell into ruin, and the hilltop defenses were abandoned.<ref name="North">{{Cite web |title=The north fort and temples |url=https://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-north-fort-and-temples/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA |language=en-US}}</ref>
Vatapi Ganapati icon, a large [[Ganesha]] statue was once stood in a shrine on the southern fort. It was lost during the 7th-century invasions, giving rise to the Carnatic hymn “[[Vatapi Ganapatim|Vatapi Ganapatim Bhaje]]”.<ref name="Manorama"/> By the 19th century the Badami Fort was largely a ruin, though a few temple ruins and fort remains were still visible.

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the remains of Badami Fort were declared a protected archaeological monument. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] controls the site as part of the ''Group of Monuments, Badami''. In 1979, a repository was set up to safeguard artifacts from Badami, and in 1982 the ASI formally established the Badami Archaeological Museum to house sculptures and inscriptions recovered from the vicinity. The fort itself remains largely unrestored because, ASI conservation work has been limited to stabilization of walls, clearing of overgrowth, and protection of the ruined structures.<ref name="II">{{Cite web |title=Badami Archaeological Museum: Ancient Treasures |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/badami/archaeological-museum |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Badami Northern Fort Entrance.jpg|thumb|One of the entrance ways in the Northern Fort]]

Badami Fort was designed with an early [[Medieval India|Medieval]] [[Hillfort|hill-fort]] architecture integrated with rock-cut elements. The fort complex consists of a lower fort on the plain and two upper forts on the rocky hills north and south of Agastya Lake. The lower fort (at lake level) enclosed the town of Badami, while the two upper forts were held as citadels. According to the ASI records, the northern hill fort (the larger of the two, called Bavanbande-kote or “Fifty-two Rocks Fort”) and the southern fort (Ranamandala-kote, “battlefield fort”) stand about 300 yards apart, each rising roughly 240 feet above the plain. Both hill forts were constructed chiefly of the local red sandstone bedrock, supplemented by heavy masonry; historical accounts note that by the mid-19th century, much of the stone battlements had been removed or collapsed.<ref name="North"/>

[[File:Tipu fort Badami.jpg|thumb|Granary storage structures|left]]

The northern fort is the dominant [[citadel]]. It is built on several massive rock outcrops divided by narrow chasms. From a distance it resembles a continuous stone wall, but on inspection one sees vast sandstone blocks joined by mortar. [[Bastion|Bastions]] of various size are placed at irregular intervals along these cliffs and walls. These circular [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]] are equipped with [[Observation post|observation posts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begde |first=Prabhakar V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Badami+Fort |title=Forts and Palaces of India |date=1982 |publisher=Sagar Publications |language=en}}</ref>{{pn|date=May 2025}} A straight path of stone steps climbs from the lower town to the fort gate, threaded between the chasms. The entranceway is narrow and heavily defended.<ref name="North"/> A [[cannon]] is positioned on one of the ramparts, and the fort also contains a few deteriorated pillared structures along with several [[Pavilion|pavilions]] at the top. Additionally, there are two dome-shaped stone structures with an entrance opening, as well as storage rooms for arms and [[ammunition]]. The absence of houses or palaces suggests that the fort likely served solely as the city's first line of defense.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |year=2011 |title=Badami's ancient citadel |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/badamis-ancient-citadel-2411234 |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Northern fort and temple in Badami.JPG|thumb|Shivalaya in the Northern fort]]

Two [[Hindu temple|Shivalaya]] temples are located in the northern fort, they are called as Lower Shivalaya and Upper Shivalaya. The Upper Shivalaya (which, despite its name, appears to have been originally dedicated to Vishnu) crowns the highest point of the northern hill. It consists of a square sanctum with a circumambulatory passage on three sides and a pillared mandapa (entrance hall) on the east.<ref>{{cite book| author1=M. A. Dhaky|author2=Michael W. Meister| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oClTtAEACAAJ | year=1983 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 978-0-8122-7992-4|pages=24–25 }}</ref> The Lower Shivalaya stands on a rocky ledge below the upper temple. Only its towered sanctuary remains intact. The hall and other walls are mostly destroyed. Original features include a shrines’ passageway and evidence of a [[mandapa]] porch to the east. Archaeologists date both these northern temples to the early 7th century CE.<ref>Michell, George (2014). Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas. India : Niyogi Books. pp. 32–37 and 62–65. {{ISBN|978-93-83098-33-0}}.</ref> Malegitti Shivalaya is situated on a separate boulder to the west. It is a well-preserved small Shiva temple (6th–7th century) that exemplifies the mature [[Badami Chalukya architecture|Dravida style of the Badami Chalukyas]].<ref>{{cite book| author1=M. A. Dhaky|author2=Michael W. Meister| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oClTtAEACAAJ | year=1983 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 978-0-8122-7992-4|pages=37–38 }}</ref>

[[File:Agastya Lake.jpg|thumb|Agastya lake]]

The Chalukyas constructed a network of rock-hewn chambers that included halls, corridors, and various functional spaces such as watchtowers, tunnels, prisons, and bedchambers, many of which were carved directly into the sandstone and supported by granite pillars. The fort's internal layout, marked by narrow stairways, vaulted corridors, and angled passageways, reflects a deliberate defensive strategy. It is designed to slow down the troop's movement, facilitate surveillance, and control the enemy access. In contrast, the southern hill fort, though smaller, was similarly fortified with heavy masonry walls and contained a cluster of shrines known collectively as the Shivalayas. These shrines, dedicated to deities such as [[Vishnu]] and [[Ganesha]].<ref name="Manorama"/> Agastya Lake (also called Agastheeswara Tirtha) is located to the Northside of the fort. This rectangular reservoir was artificially created by the Chalukya kings to supply water to Badami, and it remains in use. It has broad steps (ghats) on the east shore leading into the water, and its rock walls form a giant stepped tank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Badami The Ancient City of Karnataka |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/badami |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

== Restoration ==
Badami Fort is a centrally protected monument under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). Today it is administered as part of the Group of Monuments, Badami, which also includes the nearby cave temples and [[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Monuments of Archaeological Survey of India - NCF |url=https://ncf.nic.in/about-us/protected-monuments |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=ncf.nic.in}}</ref> The ASI has designated a maintained access route up to the fort and provides interpretive signage. In 1979 the ASI first set up an archaeological repository at Badami to safeguard excavated sculptures and inscriptions. This became the Badami Archaeological Museum in 1982 Many of the fort's historic reliefs and finds (fragmentary idols, temple carvings, inscriptions) are now preserved in that museum.<ref name="II"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Forts in Karnataka}}
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]

Rohini Banerjee

2025-11-06T10:27:52Z

Shikha Jha: made a data

{{short description|Indian actress and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{nofootnotes|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohini Banerjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bengal]], [[India]]| years_active = 2008–present
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| title =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=3}}
| spouse = {{married|[[Vrajesh Hirjee]]|2015}}
}}
'''Rohini Banerjee''' is an Indian actress and [[model (person)|model]] who stars in Indian TV serials. She is widely known for her performance as "Malti" in ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' which was telecast on [[Sony Entertainment Television India]].<ref name="Lighter shades">{{cite news |title=Lighter shades |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/review-rohini-banerjee-work-in-progress-kaikeyi/cid/1800985 |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=Telegraph}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Bengal]], Rohini Banerjee started her career as a model after pursuing an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in marketing.

She was a participant queen in a number of beauty pageants, including Miss Suburbs, Miss Maharashtra Runner Up, Campus Princess 98, and Miss Valentine. She was also the runner up-in Star Miss India.

==Career==
After gaining recognition as a popular model and doing a number of ramp shows, Rohini was invited to be in a music video of [[Bappi Lahiri]]. She also endorsed a number of products, including Rexona deo, Frooti, Complan, and Blue Riband gin. The regional campaign she did in Calcutta for [[Thumbs Up]] also received wide attention.

After playing a number of characters in leading television shows, including ''Rishtey'', ''Zor Ka Jhatka'', and ''Colgate Top10'' (anchor), it was the TV serial ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' which gave a major break in her career. It was produced by Optimistix Entertainment and aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television India]]. Rohini played the role of Malti, the eldest daughter-in-law of the family. Her performance was received with positive responses and wide acclaim. It also paved the way for her to be part of the show ''Chhanchhan'' which was also from the same crew where she played the role of Kaumudi.

She also played the lead role in the short film ''[[The Mumbai Trilogy]]''. This was an anthology of three short stories, and she was featured in the story "The Oppurtunist".

==Personal life==
Rohini has been dating Gujarati actor [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] since 2011 and married him in a traditional Bengali wedding in 2015.<ref name="TV actor Vrajesh Hirjee marries girlfriend Rohini Banerjee">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TV actor Vrajesh Hirjee marries girlfriend Rohini Banerjee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/tv-actor-vrajesh-hirjee-gets-married-to-rohini-banerjee-wedding-picture-268836-2015-10-19 |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=19 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Actor Vrajesh Hirjee marries girlfriend Rohini Banerjee">{{cite news |title=Actor Vrajesh Hirjee marries girlfriend Rohini Banerjee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-vrajesh-hirjee-marries-girlfriend-rohini-banerjee/ |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=19 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Actor Vrajesh Hirjee ties knot with his girlfriend Rohini Banerjee">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Actor Vrajesh Hirjee ties knot with his girlfriend Rohini Banerjee |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-actor-vrajesh-hirjee-ties-knot-with-his-girlfriend-rohini-banerjee-2136660 |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=DNA India |date=18 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> They have a son.<ref name="Vrajesh Hirjee blessed with a boy">{{cite news |title=Vrajesh Hirjee blessed with a boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vrajesh-hirjee-blessed-with-a-boy/articleshow/68439809.cms |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

===Television===
*''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
*''[[Zor Ka Jhatka]]''
*''[[Colgate Top10]]''
*''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' as Malti Pashupatinath Chaturvedi
*''[[Chhanchhan]]'' as Kaumudi Borisagar
*''[[Vishkanya...Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]'' as Kalpana Ghosh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3054332}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Rohini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shadipur, Jalandhar

2025-10-08T02:16:00Z

Shikha Jha: Put up new details w/ refs

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shadipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0545271|N|75.5958482|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 240
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 870<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30057-shadipur-punjab.html|title=Shadipur Population per Census 2011|work=census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 437/433 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144039
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = IN-PB
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
}}

'''Shadipur''' is a village in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located 5.8 km from [[Nurmahal]], 24.6 km from [[Phillaur]], 34.6 km from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and 136 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://villageinfo.in/punjab/jalandhar/phillaur/shadipur.html | title=About the village | work=villageinfo.in}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Nurmahal railway station is the nearest [[train station]]; however, Phillaur Junction [[train station]] is 24 km away from the village. The village is 54 km away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 127 km away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Kutbewal

2025-10-01T05:39:17Z

Shikha Jha: added references

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kutbewal
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0941006|N|75.770262|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 792<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32736|title=Village Population per Census India|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 405/387 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144409
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01824
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Goraya]]
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kutbewal''' is a village in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located 4 km away from postal head office in [[Goraya]], 14.2 km from [[Nurmahal]], 40.4 km from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and 122 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report [[published]] by [[2011 Census of India|Census India in 2011]], Kutbewal has a total number of 159 houses and population of 792 of which include 405 males and 387 females. The [[Literacy in India|literacy]] rate of Kutbewal is 79.94%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 74 which is 9.34% of total population of Kutbewal, and child sex ratio is approximately 1056 higher than state average of 846.

Most of the people are from [[Schedule Caste]] which constitutes 88.13% of total population in Kutbewal. The town does not have any [[Schedule Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.

As per census 2011, 237 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Kutbewal which includes 221 males and 16 females. According to census survey report 2011, 100% workers describe their work as main work and 0% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==
Goraya railway station is the nearest [[train station]] however, [[Phagwara]] Junction [[train station]] is 15 km away from the village. The village is 43.5 km away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 132 km away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Eparchy of Hosur

2025-09-03T15:16:55Z

Shikha Jha: added initial stub from scratch

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Hosur-Mylapore
| local = 
| image = Hosur_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| coat = 
| coat_size =
| coat_alt =
| flag = 
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =

| country = India
| territory =
| metropolitan =
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Trichur]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| headquarters = Chennai
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population =
| population_as_of =
| catholics = 50000+
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 1
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]] liturgy ([[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari]], Mar [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] and Mar Nestorius
| established = 10 October 2017
| dissolved =
| cathedral = St. Antony's Syro‑Malabar Catholic Cathedral Church, Noothenchery
| patron = 
| patron_title = 
| priests = 22
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]]
| calendar =
| music =

| parent_church =
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop = Mar [[Sebastian Pozholiparampil]]
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = Mar [[Andrews Thazhath]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| judicial_vicar =
| dean =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Hosur.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Eparchy of Hosur-Mylapore''' is an Eastern Syriac Catholic [[eparchy]] headquartered in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It was established by [[Pope Francis]] on 10 October 2017, and [[Mar Sebastian Pozholiparampil]] was appointed its first bishop.<ref name=pr20171010>{{cite press release | publisher = Holy See Press Office | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/10/10/171010d.html | accessdate = 24 May 2018 | title = Provisions for the Syro-Malabar Church, 10.10.2017}}</ref>
The cathedral is St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Church at Noothenchery<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.syromalabarchennai.com/ | accessdate = 25 May 2018 | website = Syro Malabar Chennai| title = Welcome to the St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Church Noothenchery, Chennai }}</ref> and the bishop's chancellory is at St. Thomas Pastoral Centre [[Ayanavaram]].

The Syro Malabar Church is not a language-based community. It is an Oriental (East Syriac Rite) Catholic church, in full communion with the Church of Rome.

Before the creation of this Eparchy, the Chennai Mission was founded in 1981 to serve the Syro-Malabar community in [[Chennai]] (Madras). Priests from the Eparchy of Irinjalakkuda volunteered their time to travel to Chennai to provide members who were present in the cities for work and studies.

The Diocese of Hosur was blessed with a new priest, Fr. Shebin Chazhoor. He is from Perambur, St.Joseph Parish. He has completed his minor seminary at Irinjalakuda St.Paul's Minor Seminary. Later, he completed bph from [[Mary Matha Major Seminary]], [[Thrissur]]. He took his [[BTh]] from [[Papal Seminary]], [[Pune]].

In 2025, the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church made Eparchy of Hosur, a suffragan to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Trichur|Archeparchy of Trichur]].

== Parishes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Foranes and Parishes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hosurdiocese.in/parishes.php|title=404|website=www.hosurdiocese.in}}</ref>
!
!Forane
!Parishes
|-
|1
|'''Noothencherry Forane'''
|Noothenchery
Neelankarai

Gorimedu - Pondicherry

Jaya Nagar - Pondicherry
|-
|2
|'''Keelkattalai Forane'''
|Keelkattalai
St. Thomas Mount

Pozhichallur

Velacherry
|-
|3
|'''Mogappair Forane'''
|Mogappair
Valasaravakkam

Poonamallee

Athipet

Ambatur
|-
|4
|'''Avadi Forane'''
|IAF Avadi
Kovilpathagai

Pattabiram

Vellore
|-
|5
|'''Ayanavarm Forane'''
|Ayanavaram
Kodambakkam

Mylapore

Hosur
|-
|6
|'''Perambur Forane'''
|Perambur
Thiruvottiyur

Eranavoor

Otteri

|}

== St. Antony's Cathedral, Noothenchery ==
[[File:St Antony's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|300x300px|St. Antony's Cathedral seen from a distance]]
Saint Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Noothenchery is the cathedral of The Diocese of Hosur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Antony's Cathedral |url=https://www.stantonyscathedral.com/index.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.stantonyscathedral.com}}</ref> The Eparchy of Hosur encompasses the northern region of Tamil Nadu, hosting approximately 50,000 Syro-Malabar faithful in Chennai and an additional 15,000 in nearby cities such as [[Chengalpattu]] Dharmapuri, Vellore, and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. This community's pastoral needs are overseen by 22 priests from the Eparchy of Irinjalakuda, serving across 44 pastoral centers. Furthermore, the region benefits from the dedicated service of 73 women religious, who administer eight schools and engage in various charitable endeavours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosur Diocese |url=https://www.hosurdiocese.in/inner?ptype=Qjc0WFFtcWdSamRyR08yRlNUQ2xoZz09&pgid=clhFL2ViNm0vaDJ5ZkIxTm1QaEpOQT09 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.hosurdiocese.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhosm.html Catholic-Hierarchy.org]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/hosu0.htm GCatholic.org]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosur, Eparchy of}}

[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2017]]

Chhim leh Hmar Indo

2025-08-28T13:21:34Z

Shikha Jha:

#REDIRECT [[North–South War of the Lushai Hills]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative language|lus}}
}}

Meri Bhavya Life

2025-08-11T02:02:28Z

Shikha Jha:

{{short description|Indian social issue series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Social issue]]
| creator = Sunjoy Waddhwa
| creative_director =
| writer =
| director =
| starring = [[Prisha Dhatwalia]] [[Karan Vohra]] [[Prachi Kowli]] [[Sheetal Maulik]] Kushagre Dua
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 94
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Sunjoy Waddhwa|Comall Sunjoy W.}}
| location = [[Bhopal]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 25-31 minutes
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|04|30}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|08|1}}
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| related =
}}

'''''Meri Bhavya Life''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[social issue]] series which aired from 30 April 2025 to 1 August 2025 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]]. Produced by [[Sphere Origins]] and starring [[Prisha Dhatwalia]] and [[Karan Vohra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-25 |title='Meri Bhavya Life' challenges society's obsession with size over self-worth; Lead actress Prisha Dhatwalia says 'Doing the show is humbling and empowering' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-bhavya-life-challenges-societys-obsession-with-size-over-self-worth-lead-actress-prisha-dhatwalia-says-doing-the-show-is-humbling-and-empowering/articleshow/119492837.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is an official remake of Marathi TV series ''[[Sundara Manamadhe Bharli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Colors Marathi Sundara Manamadhe Bharli serial hindi remake with the title Meri Bhavya Life |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/colors-marathi-sundara-manamadhe-bharli-serial-hindi-remake-with-the-title-meri-bhavya-life-ssm-00-4973368/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhavya is a warm-hearted and intelligent girl brimming with optimism. She is a perfect daughter, sister, and friend. Despite her seemingly ideal life, she has faced several rejections in marriage alliances due to her obesity. Her path crosses with Rishank, the son of her father's best friend, a fitness enthusiast who wants everyone to be healthy.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Prisha Dhatwalia]] as Bhavya Agarwal Jaiswal: Uma and Vinay's daughter; Nupur's sister; Rishank's wife; Nitin & Sakshi's daughter-in-law; Samay's sister-in-law
** Aarna Bhadoriya as Child Bhavya Agarwal
* [[Karan Vohra]] as Rishank Jaiswal: Sakshi and Nitin's son; Bhavya's husband; Samay's half-brother

===Recurring===
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Nitin Jaiswal: Priyal's brother; Sakshi's husband; Rishank and Samay's father
* Khyaati Keswani as Sakshi Jaiswal: Nitin's wife; Rishank's mother; Samay's stepmother
* [[Iqbal Azad]] as Vinay Agarwal: Rama's brother; Uma's husband; Bhavya and Nupur's father
* [[Prachi Kowli]] as Uma Agarwal: Vinay's wife; Bhavya and Nupur's mother
* [[Sheetal Maulik]] as Priyal Jaiswal: Nitin's sister; Rishank's aunt
* [[Kruttika Desai]] as Damayanti Thakur: Nitin's aunt
* Diksha Tiwari as Nupur Agarwal: Vinay and Uma's daughter; Bhavya's sister
* Disha Savla as Rama Agarwal: Vinay's sister; Bhavya and Nupur's aunt
* Kushagre Dua as Akshay
* Shubhang Chaturvedi as Abhishek Kumar
* Moksha Zilpe as Pari
* Unknown as Rhea: Rishank's ex-lover
* Dolphin Dwivedi as Shanti Kumar; Nitin's ex-lover; Samay's mother; Damayanti's partner in crime (Dead)
* Prateek Soni as Sameer: a man whose marriage was arranged with Bhavya
* Junaid Ahmad as Sameer's father
* [[Imran Nazir Khan]] as Samay Jaiswal: Nitin and Shanti's Illegitimate son; Rishank's half-brother; Sakshi's stepson; Bhavya's brother-in-law<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrWve5cjq-E |title=Meri Bhavya Life {{!}} Imran Nazir Khan aka Samay Exclusive Interview on Twist & Turn {{!}} Telly Track |date=2025-07-24 |last=Telly Track |access-date=2025-07-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Production ==
===Development===
Talking about the show, which addresses the social issue of body shaming faced by overweight women, producer Sunjoy Waddhwa said, "''The show is about how today’s generation deals with issues that they personally don’t see as problems, but society does. The story revolves around a confident young woman who is overweight, but doesn’t see her weight as a limitation. But she is body shamed in society and her weight becomes an issue when it comes to getting married or at her workplace''. ''Being overweight is not an issue but fat shaming is toxic and quite common in India.''"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Being overweight is not an issue, but fat shaming is toxic: Sunjoy Waddhwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/being-overweight-is-not-an-issue-but-fat-shaming-is-toxic-sunjoy-waddhwa/articleshow/120581252.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Release ===
In late December 2024, Colors TV unveiled a teaser introducing the new show titled ''Meri Bhavya Life'', featuring Prisha Dhatwalia. The second promo was released in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=25 March 2025|title=Meri Bhavya Life New Promo: Prisha Dhatwalia Questions Society's Obsession With Weight And Appearance In New Show|url=https://www.news18.com/television/meri-bhavya-life-new-promo-prisha-dhatwalia-questions-societys-obsession-with-weight-and-appearance-in-new-show-aa-9274412.html|access-date=22 April 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> The third promo was released on 23 April 2025 featuring [[Bollywood]] actress [[Sonakshi Sinha]] promoting the series.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Farzeen|first=Sana|date=23 April 2025|title=Sonakshi Sinha backs TV show Meri Bhavya Life, talks about body positivity|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/sonakshi-sinha-backs-tv-show-meri-bhavya-life-talks-about-body-positivity-2713546-2025-04-23|access-date=24 April 2025|work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonakshi Sinha Promotes Prisha Dhatwalia's Upcoming Show Meri Bhavya Life In Latest Promo |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/sonakshi-sinha-promotes-prisha-dhatwalias-upcoming-show-meri-bhavya-life-in-latest-promo-aa-9310632.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Hiten Tejwani]] was roped in as Nitin Jaiswal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 April 2025|title=Hiten Tejwani to play a father in 'Meri Bhavya Life'; says ' As a father of teenage twins myself, I understand how challenging it is to balance expectations'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hiten-tejwani-to-play-a-father-in-meri-bhavya-life-says-as-a-father-of-teenage-twins-myself-i-understand-how-challenging-it-is-to-balance-expectations/articleshow/120326569.cms|access-date=22 April 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Sheetal Maulik]] was cast as Priyal Jaiswal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 April 2025|title=Exclusive- Sheetal Maulik on her character in Meri Bhavya Life: I enjoy essaying roles I dont relate with as it allows me to act and enjoy my craft|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sheetal-maulik-on-her-charachter-in-meri-bhavya-life-i-enjoy-essaying-roles-i-dont-relate-with-as-it-allows-me-to-act-and-enjoy-my-craft/articleshow/120487447.cms|access-date=22 April 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37536479|Meri Bhavya Life}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Khatra

2025-06-07T16:09:43Z

Shikha Jha: small changes

{{short description|Census town in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khatra
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.98|N|86.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura District|Bankura]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 1.6161
| elevation_m = 154
| population_total = 7,382
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722140
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3264
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranibandh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranibandh]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Khatra''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: খাতড়া ''khātṛā'', [[Hindi]]: खातड़ा ''khātṛā'') is a [[census town]] in the [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] [[community development block]] in the [[Khatra subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the Khatra subdivision.<ref>[http://bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm Official District Website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065654/http://www.bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm |date=2008-07-25 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|28|N|86|53|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kharigerya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kharigerya]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mukutmanipur]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|6|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Taldangra| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Taldangra]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|46|28|N|86|54|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Matgoda| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Matgoda]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|51|0|E}}| label-pos15=right |label15=Khatra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15 =Khatra (CT)|shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|48|0|N|86|57|0|E}}| label-pos16=right |label16=Raipur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16 =[[Raipur, Bankura]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|21|N|87|4|24|E}}| label-pos17=right |label17=Simlapal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17 =[[Simlapal]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|59|25|N|86|51|48|E}}| label-pos18=right |label18=Ledisol| numbered18=CT| mark-title18 =[[Ledisol]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|10|0|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Panchmura| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Panchmura]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|30|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|15|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Pareshnath]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Khatra is in the south-west of Bankura District, which is itself to the west of the southern part of West Bengal. Khatra is located at {{coord|22.98|N|86.85|E|}}, and has an average elevation of {{convert|154|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Khatra.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khatra]</ref>

The [[Kangsabati Project|Kangsabati irrigation project]] partly covers the Khatra sub-division, with the [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]] dam being important for farming in the districts of Bankura and [[Paschim Medinipur]].

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is an almost fully rural area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Khatra had a total population of 7,382 of which 3,774 (51%) were males and 3,608 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 672. The total number of literates in Khatra was 5,658 (84.32% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2016 }}</ref>

.*For language details see [[Khatra (community development block)#Language and religion]]

==Civic administration==
===Police stations===
*Khatra police station has jurisdiction over the [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] CD block. The area covered is 229.68 km2 with a population of 117,022.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/khatra/ |title = Khatra PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
*Khatra Subdivision Women police station started on 1 July 2016 and has jurisdiction over whole of the Khatra subdivision.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/women-p-s-khatra/ |title = Khatra Subdivision Women PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] CD block are located at Khatra.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', Khatra covered an area of 1.6161 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 11 km of roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, tubewell/ borewell. It had 1,005 domestic electric connections and 221 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 5 dispensaries/ health centres, 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 1 veterinary hospital. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at Supur 3 km away. It had 1 recognised shorthand, typewriting and vocational training institute, 4 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). It had the branch of 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1429-1434; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1429; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1430; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1431; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Page 1432; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1432; Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 7 April 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Khatra Adibasi Mahavidyalaya]] is an undergraduate college, located 3 km away from Khatra town, was established in 1979. Affiliated with [[Bankura University]] it offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, accountancy and mathematics. It also offers general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.khatraadibasimahavidyalaya.in/ | title = Khatra Adibasi Mahavidyalaya | publisher = KAM | access-date = 15 December 2016 | archive-date = 29 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220629200007/http://khatraadibasimahavidyalaya.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=408 | title =Khatra Adibasi Mahavidyalaya | publisher =University of Burdwan | access-date =15 December 2016 | archive-date =5 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231832/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=408 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

Khatra Higher Secondary School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1920. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 21 computers, a library with 800 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19131003302/khatra-h-s.html |title = Khatra HS|publisher= Schools.org.in| access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

Khatra Girls Higher Secondary School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1959. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 14 computers and a library with 3,000 books.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19131003202/khatra-girls-h-s.html |title = Khatra Girls HS |publisher= Schools.org.in| access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

Kangsabati Sishu Vidyalaya is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1973. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers, a library with 1,050 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19131003204/kangsabati-sishu-vidyalaya-h-s.html|title =Kangsabati Sishu Vidyalaya |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Khatra has a Subdivisional Hospital with 100 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Health/Health_Infra_180213.htm |title = Status of Health and FW Services in Bankura District | publisher= Chief Medical Officer of Health, Bankura | access-date = 11 December 2016}}</ref> There was no sub-divisional hospital until 2006. After delays due to water shortage, the hospital was opened by West Bengal Chief Minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], on 18 November 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1031204/asp/bengal/story_2642231.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913174852/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031204/asp/bengal/story_2642231.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 September 2012 | title=Water holds up hospital|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 December 2003|first=Abhijeet|last=Chatterjee|access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref>

Simla Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Khatra, is the major government medical facility in the Khatra CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Bonabaid (Kankradara) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
The [[Golden Jubilee]] of the Kangsabati movement was celebrated in Khatra on 30 August–31, 2006.

The [[Bratachari movement]], pioneered by [[Gurusaday Dutt]], has much support in the area.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Mukutmanipur}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]

Bala Bodhisattva

2025-05-26T21:48:34Z

Shikha Jha: Added a page...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Bala Bodhisattva with shaft and umbrella.jpg|250px]]
|name = ''Bala Bodhisattva''
|image_caption =The Bala Bodhisattva with shaft and ''[[chatra (umbrella)|chatra]]'' umbrella, dedicated in "the year 3 of [[Kanishka]]" (circa 123 CE) by "brother (''Bhikshu'') Bala". The right arm would have been raised in a salutation gesture. [[Sarnath Museum]].
|material = Red sandstone
|size = about 205 cm
|writing =
|created =
|period = 123 CE
|place = [[Sarnath]], [[India]]
|location = [[Sarnath Museum]], [[India]]
| map =
{{Location map| India
| width =
| float = center
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Findplace, [[Sarnath]], [[India]]
| label_size =
| position = left
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 25.38
| lon_deg =83.02
}}
}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Chatra umbrella of the Bala Bodhisattva
| image1 = Bala Bodhisattva chakra.jpg
| image2 = Bala Bodhisattva stone umbrella.jpg
| footer=Underside of the stone umbrella with designs, probably a [[Zodiac]]al pattern, similar to the fully Greek-derived zodiacal patterns of [[Medieval India]];<ref>Avatāraṇa: a Note on the Bodhisattva Image Dated in the Third Year of Kaniṣka in the Sārnāth Museum, by Giovanni Verardi, East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1/3 (September 1985), pp. 73 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756714 JSTOR]</ref> Its diameter is {{convert|304|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarnath Museum Gallery-No3 |url=http://www.sarnathmuseumasi.org/gallery/Gallery3%20Acc%20No%20348.html |website=www.sarnathmuseumasi.org}}</ref> [[Sarnath Museum]], Accession Number 348.
}}
The '''''Bala Bodhisattva''''' is an ancient Indian statue of a [[bodhisattva]], found in 1904–1905 by German archaeologist [[F.O. Oertel]] (1862–1942) in [[Sarnath]], [[India]]. The statue has been decisive in matching the reign of [[Kanishka]] with contemporary sculptural style, especially the type of similar sculptures from [[Mathura]], as it bears a dated inscription in his name.<ref name="Basham">Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka, Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Brill Archive, 1969, p.271 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271]</ref> This statue is in all probability a product of the [[art of Mathura]], which was then transported to the Ganges region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1-41) |page=4, note 2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32448882 |language=en}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
The Bala Bodhisattva, though found in Sarnath, reflects the stylistic and iconographic features of the Mathura region. Mathura school sculptures have common iconographic features with Kushan counterparts, but they show independent evolution due to purely Indic stylistic heritage.<ref name="Weatherhill">{{Cite book |last1=Huntington |first1=Susan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag_qAAAAMAAJ |title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain |last2=Huntington |first2=John C. |date=1985 |publisher=Weatherhill |isbn=978-0-8348-0183-7 |language=en}}</ref> The use of characteristic red sandstone also indicates that the image belonged to Mathura school. The inscriptions on both the statue and its umbrella (or [[chhatra]]) state that it was a gift from a Buddhist monk named Bala.

=== Indic Influence ===
The figure stands in a strictly frontal position which is completely upright in a linear fashion. This posture is a continuation of traditional portrayal of [[yaksha]] figures of Maurya-Shunga times. Coomarawamy, thus, wrote that the images of Buddha evolved from strictly Indian inspiration and repertoire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |date=1927 |title=The Origin of the Buddha Image |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046550 |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=287–329 |doi=10.2307/3046550 |jstor=3046550 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The portly body and fleshy physique are similar to early Indic sculptures and dissimilar from the muscular male figures that entered the north-west region with the Indo-Greeks. Even the garment, a lower ''dhoti'' tied securely with a stash on the waist, is similar to other images of the Mathura school. The upper torso of a buddha is not shown bare; therefore, unlike usual representations of male figures, a thin clinging cloth with discernible pleats goes across the left shoulder and hangs on the arm. Despite obvious damage, the stiff smile and round face of the Bala Bodhisattva show an original Indic style.

=== Buddhist Features ===
The simple monastic robes and lack of ornamentation suggests that the statue may represent the [[Buddha]]. A lion stands between the feet of the image; the lion was known as the royal insignia of the Sakya clan, in which [[Gautama Buddha]] was born. From this, some authors have implied that the statue represents Sakyamuni Buddha himself.<ref name="Weatherhill"/> More recently, however, Frederick M. Archer suggests that the monk Bala "knew what he was providing," and that we accept the inscription which identifies the figure as a [[bodhisattva]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Frederick M. |date=2020 |title= Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&q=sarnath:+a+critical+history |location=Los Angeles |publisher=The Getty Research Institute |page=83 |isbn=9781606066386}}</ref> The term ''bodhisattava'' is usually applied to someone who is on a spiritual journey towards enlightenment, and may be used to describe the [[Buddha]] ''before'' he attained [[nirvana]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |date=1994 |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3250056 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |pages=207–225 |doi=10.2307/3250056|jstor=3250056 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Bala Bodhisattava's shaven head is also in marked contrast to later Buddha images where a coil of hair or the [[ushnisha]] (a raised bump on the top of the head signifying enlightenment) is often present. The right arm of the statue was probably in a traditional [[abhayamudra]] gesture ("be without fear"), as indicated by fragments found near the statue. A halo, now lost, must have been behind the statue's head and mounted to its back. The large umbrella or ''chhatra'' above the head signifies the high status of the bodhisattva, but also his potential as a [[chakravartin]], one who upholds and turns the wheel of dharma. The underside of the umbrella is also carved with many auspicious symbols.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Frederick M. |date=2020 |title= Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&q=sarnath:+a+critical+history |location=Los Angeles |publisher=The Getty Research Institute |pages=80–84 |isbn=9781606066386}}</ref>

==Inscription==
The inscription on the Bodhisattva explains that it was dedicated by a "Brother" (''Bhikshu'') named Bala, in the "Year 3 of Kanishka". This allows for a rather precise date on the sculptural style represented by the statue, as year 3 is thought to be approximately 123 CE.

The inscription further states that [[Kanishka]] (who ruled from his capital in [[Mathura]]) had several [[satraps]] under his commands in order to rule his vast territory: the names of the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satraps]] Mahakshatrapa ("Great Satrap") [[Kharapallana]] and the Kshatrapa ("Satrap") [[Vanaspara]] are mentioned as satraps for the eastern territories of Kanishka's empire.<ref>Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc..." Rapson, p ciii</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=200|caption_align=center
| align = left
| direction =vertical
| header=Main inscription
| image1 = Mahārajasya Kaṇiska.jpg
| image2 = Maharajasya Kanishkasya in the Bala Bodhisattva inscription.jpg
| footer=Complete inscription of Bhikshu Bala on the octagonal shaft of the umbrella, with the phrase [[File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka kaa.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta ashoka nni.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta ashoka ssk.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]]''Mahārājasya Kāṇiṣkasya'' "Of The Great King Kanishka" at the beginning.
}}
;Inscription on the octagonal shaft
There are altogether three inscriptions, the longest one being the inscription on the octagonal shaft of the umbrella. The octagonal shaft and its umbrella are visible in "Avatāraṇa: a Note on the Bodhisattva Image Dated in the Third Year of Kaniṣka in the Sārnāth Museum" by
Giovanni Verardi.<ref>"Avatāraṇa: a Note on the Bodhisattva Image Dated in the Third Year of Kaniṣka in the Sārnāth Museum, Giovanni Verardi East and West Vol. 35, No. 1/3 (September 1985), pp. 67-101" [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756714 JSTOR.org]</ref>

Original text: 
1. {{lang|sa-Latn|mahārajasya kaṇiskasya sam 3 he 3 di 20-2}} 
2. {{lang|sa-Latn|etaye purvaye bhiksusya pusyavuddhisya saddhyevi-}} 
3. {{lang|sa-Latn|harisya bhiksusya balasya tr[e]pi[ta]kasya}} 
4. {{lang|sa-Latn|bodhisatvo chatrayasti ca pratisthapit[o]}} 
5. {{lang|sa-Latn|baranasiye bhagavato ca[m]k[r?]ame saha mata-}} 
6. {{lang|sa-Latn|pitihi saha upaddhyayaca[rye]hi saddhyevihari-}} 
7. {{lang|sa-Latn|hi amtevasikehi ca saha buddhamitraye trepitika-}} 
8. {{lang|sa-Latn|ye saha ksatra[pe]na vanasparena kharapall[a]-}} 
9. {{lang|sa-Latn|nena ca saha ca[tu]hi parisahi sarvasatvanarn}} 
10. {{lang|sa-Latn|hita[szc]sukharttham}}

Translation: 
1. In the year 3 of the Great King Kaniska, [month] 3 of winter, day 22: 
2–3. on this aforementioned [date], [as the gift] of the Monk Bala, Tripitaka Master
and companion of the Monk Pusyavuddhi [= Pusyavrddhi or Pusyabuddhi?], 
4. this Bodhisattva and umbrella-and-staff was established 
5. in Varanasi, at the Lord's promenade, together with [Bala's] mother 
6. and father, with his teachers and masters, his companions 
7. and students, with the Tripitaka Master Buddhamitra, 
8. with the Ksatrapa Vanaspara and Kharapallana, 
9. and with the four communities, 
10. for the welfare and happiness of all beings. 
<ref>[https://archive.org/details/SalomonIndianEpigraphy Salomon p.271-272]</ref>
<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica#page/n227/mode/2up ''Epigraphia Indica'' p.173]</ref>

;Inscriptions on the base of the statue
There are also two smaller inscriptions of similar content at the base of the statue:

At the front of the base of the statue: 
"The gift of Friar Bala, a master of the Tripitaka, (namely an image of) the Bodhisattva, has been erected by the great satrap Kharapallana together with the satrap Vanashpara."<ref name="EI8 p.179">[https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica#page/n235/mode/2up ''Epigraphia Indica'' p.179]</ref>

At the back of the base of the statue: 
"In the 3rd year of the Maharaja Kanishka, the 3rd (month) of winter, the 23rd day, on this (date specified as) above has (this gift) of Friar Bala, a master of the Tripitaka, (namely an image of) the Bodhisattva and an umbrella with a post, been erected."<ref name="EI8 p.179"/>

==Style==
The style of this statue is reminiscent of monumental [[yaksha]] statues dated to a few centuries earlier. Despite other known instances of [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]], very little, if any, such influence can be seen in this type of statue. Thus, the style is quite different from the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tepotech.com/Art_Bulletin/192794JuneCoomaraswamyOriginoftheBuddhaImage.pdf |title=Origin of the Buddha Image, June Coomaraswamy, p.300-301 |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145624/http://www.tepotech.com/Art_Bulletin/192794JuneCoomaraswamyOriginoftheBuddhaImage.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This statue is in all probability a product of the [[art of Mathura]], which was then transported to the Ganges region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1-41) |page=4, note 2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32448882 |language=en}}</ref>

The discovery was published in the "Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report for the Year 1904–1905", in an article by F.O. Oertel [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/2015.207530.Archaeological-Survey#page/n141/mode/2up pp. 59–104].

The statue and umbrella are now in the [[Sarnath Museum]].<ref name="Basham"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Frederick M. |date=2020 |title= Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&q=sarnath:+a+critical+history |location=Los Angeles |publisher=The Getty Research Institute |pages=81–83 |isbn=9781606066386}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bala Bodhisattva statue inscriptions, front and back.jpg|The remaining inscriptions, at the front and back of the base of the Bala Bodhisattva statue.
File:Bala Bodhisattva front and back views.jpg|Front and back views of the Bala Bodhisattva.
File:Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg|Frontal view
File:Lion Capital of Ashoka 3.jpg|Inside view of the [[Sarnath Museum]], with the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] at the center, and the Bala Bodhisattva to the left.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Indian art]]
* [[Mathura art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Asher, Frederick M. (2020). ''Sarnath : A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began''. The Getty Research Institute. {{ISBN|978-1606066164}}
* Avatāraṇa: a Note on the Bodhisattva Image Dated in the Third Year of Kaniṣka in the Sārnāth Museum, by Giovanni Verardi, East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1/3 (September 1985), pp. 67–101 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756714 JSTOR]
* Rhi, Ju-Hyung. “From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art.” Artibus Asiae, vol. 54, no. 3/4, 1994, pp. 207–25. JSTOR, {{doi|10.2307/3250056}}. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.

{{Sarnath Museum}}

[[Category:Bodhisattvas]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Sarnath]]
[[Category:Statues in India]]
[[Category:Kushan art]]

Pabani Sabar

2025-03-23T19:14:40Z

Shikha Jha: made info

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Pabani Sabar''' (born 17 October 2004) is an Indian kho kho player from [[Odisha]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an allrounder. He was part of the Indian men’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He plays for [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]] in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pabani Sabar Profile 444 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/pabani-sabar-profile-444 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sabar is from [[Gajapati district]], Odisha. He is the son of late Papeya Sabar and Sambari Sabar. His father died in 2012. He has two brothers and a sister. He started playing kho kho in Class 8. He is doing his graduation in arts at [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences]] and is a trainee of the Odisha Kho Kho High Performance Centre at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ori Sports - Personalities |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTYyOQ== |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=3 from Odisha find place in Indian team for Kho Kho World Cup 2025 |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/3-from-odisha-find-place-in-indian-team-for-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-8609951 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In January 2025, he was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=India edge closer to Kho Kho World Cup knockouts after outclassing Brazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-outclass-brazil-kho-kho-world-cup-edge-closer-to-knockouts-2664829-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62-42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 54-36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In June 2022, he participated in the 4th [[Khelo India Youth Games]] at [[Panchkula|Panchakula]], Haryana where Odisha team won a silver medal. In February 2025, he participated in the 38th [[National Games of India|National Games]] at [[Haldwani]], Uttarakhand and won a silver medal as part of Odisha men’s team.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabar, Pabani}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:People from Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Odisha]]

Vipin

2025-03-10T08:11:49Z

Shikha Jha: Put up basic data w/ sources.

{{Infobox given name
| name = Vipin
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Male
| meaning = in the forest <ref name="Ivins2010">{{cite book|author=Holly Ivins|title=10,000 Baby Names: How to choose the best name for your baby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2B-PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT325|accessdate=5 May 2020|date=1 June 2010|publisher=Crimson Publishing|isbn=978-1-905410-73-6|pages=325–}}</ref>
| region = India
| language =
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| languageorigin =
| variant =
| shortform =
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
| wikt =
}}
'''Vipin''' is an Indian name. It may refer to:

*[[Vipin Aneja]], Indian singer
*[[Vipin Vrindavanam]] (born 1987), Marketing & Sales Manager, Script Writer Malayalam Movies
*[[Vipin Buckshey]] (born 1955), Indian optometrist
* [[Vipin Das]]
* [[Vipin Dhaka]]
*[[Vipin Handa]] (born 1956), Indian film producer
* [[Vipin Indira Panabhan Nayar]]
* [[Vipin Kasana]]
* [[Vipin Khanna]]
* [[Vipin Kumar]]
* [[Vipin Kumar David]]
* [[Vipin Kumar Tripathi]]
* [[Vipin Mohan]]
* [[Vipin Narang]]
* [[Vipin Parikh]]
*[[Vipin Patwa]] (born 1982), Indian music director
*[[Vipin Pubby]] (born 1956), Indian journalist
*[[Vipin Sharma]] (born 1979), Indian actor
* [[Vipin Sanghi]]
* [[Vipin Singh]]
* [[Vipin Singh Parmar]]
*[[Vipin Vijay]] (born 1977), Indian film director
*[[Devang Vipin Khakhar]] (born 1959), Indian chemical engineer
*[[Siddharth Vipin]], Indian music composer
*[[Vipin Itankar]] (born 1984), Indian Administrative Service Officer, Collector of Nagpur

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Ginirama

2025-02-01T02:39:40Z

Shikha Jha:

{{short description|Indian television drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Giniraamaa.png
| image_size = 220
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer = Param, Vikas Negiyoni
| writer = Girija Manjunath Ranibenoor
| director = R. Preetham Shetty
| creative_director = Manju Gangavathi
| presenter = Suresh
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Rithvik Mathad
*Nayana Nagaraj
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Sunad Gowtham
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 770 
| executive_producer =
| producer = Tejaswini Bhaskar
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography = V. Pawan Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 08:30 PM
| company = Parinitha Productions
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|06|17|df=yes}}
| related =
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| released =
}}

'''''Ginirama''''' is an Indian television drama in the [[Kannada]] language that premiered on the [[Colors Kannada]] channel on 17 August 2020. The show is official remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] serial ''[[Jeev Zala Yeda Pisa]]'' airing on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch new show Gini Rama soon on television - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-new-show-gini-rama-soon-on-television/articleshow/74667194.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Stars of Nannarasi Radhe and Ginirama to feature in Majaa Talkies - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/stars-of-nannarasi-radhe-and-ginirama-to-feature-in-majaa-talkies/articleshow/79442601.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rittvvikk Mathad is in awe of a fan's reaction to Ginirama - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rittvvikk-mathad-is-in-awe-of-a-fans-reaction-to-ginirama/articleshow/80168029.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rittvvikk Mathad talks about his all-time favourite films - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rittvvikk-mathad-talks-about-his-all-time-favourite-films/articleshow/77299963.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=August 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ginirama is the story of the talented Mahathi and Shivaram. Mahathi’s runs in with Shivaram, the right-hand man of the local MLA Bhavani leads her to assume that the kind-hearted Shivaram is a ruffian. A game of politics and vendetta ensues between Bhavani and her archrival, where Mahathi and Shivaram are made pawns and forced into a marriage they are not ready for. Them, finding love amidst an ongoing political feud, forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* Rithvik Mathad as Shivaram Deshpande, Shrikanth and Vidya's son, Seema's elder brother, Mahathi's husband<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ritvvikk Mathad returns to the small screen - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ritvvikk-mathad-returns-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/74907022.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Nayana Nagaraj as Mahathi Deshpande, Vinayak and Sharavathi's daughter, Yashas's younger sister, Shivaram's wife
* Chaitra Rao Sachin as Bhavani Byadgi aka Aaisaheb, Ranadheer's mother, MLA of Lakshmipura, Mahathi's biological mother
* Sujatha Kurahatti as Vidya Deshpande, Shrikanth's wife, Shivaram and Seema's mother
* Basavaraj Tiralapur as Shrikanth Deshpande, Ramakanth's elder brother, Vidya's husband, Shivaram and Seema's father
* Kaveri Bagalkote/Sheela as Seema, Shrikanth and Vidya's daughter, Shivaram's younger sister
* Lakshmi Siddaiah as Sharavathi Vinayak Shastri, Vinayak Shastri's wife, Yashas and Mahathi's mother
* Sushma Shekar as Neha, Shivaram's ex-lover
* Sandeep as Sundaramurthy, opposition party leader
* Varun Hegde/Ram Pavan as Ranadheer Sahukar, Aaisaheb's son<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor Ram Pavan replaces Varun Hegde in 'Ginirama'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actor-ram-pavan-replaces-varun-hegde-in-ginirama/articleshow/81665036.cms|access-date=2022-03-24|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mruthyunjaya as Ramakanth Deshpande, Shrikanth's younger brother, Sandhya's husband, Prakhyath's father
* Jeeva as Nandya, Shivaram's sidekick and brother-like best friend
* Pradeep Raj as Chotya, Shivaram's sidekick
* Raki Gowda as Gaurav, Mahathi's ex-lover<ref>{{Cite news|title=Raki Gowda to join daily soap Ginirama
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raki-gowda-to-join-daily-soap-ginirama/articleshow/90254172.cms|access-date=2022-03-16|website=The Times of India|date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Prassana Jai as Prakhyath, Ramakanth and Sandhya's son
*HMT Vijay as Shinde, Aaisaheb's previous PA
*Nikitha Dorthody as Malavika, Seema's Teacher

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]'' ''जीव झाला येडापिसा''
| 1 April 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 3 April 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' ''இதயத்தை திருடாதே''
| 14 February 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 3 June 2022
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Ginirama'' ''ಗಿಣಿರಾಮ''
| 17 August 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 17 June 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bawara Dil]]'' ''बावरा दिल''
| 22 February 2021
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 August 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]'' ''মন মানে না''
| 30 August 2021
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 5 June 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Mugu, Kasaragod

2024-12-21T04:31:56Z

Shikha Jha: Stub!

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mugu
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6051|N|75.0100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Puthige Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,951
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671321
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-14]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mugu''' is a village in [[Manjeshwaram Taluk]] of [[Kasaragod district]] in Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasargod.nic.in/tehsil/|title = Taluk Offices | Website of Kasargod | India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Mugu village had population of 2,951 which constitutes 1,416 males and 1,535 females. The male female sex ratio was 1084 same as state average of 1084. Mugu village has an area of {{cvt|5.3|km2}} with 521 families residing in it. Population in the age group 0-6 was 372 (12.6%) where 182 are males and 190 are females. Mugu had overall literacy of 90.3% lower than state average of 94%. Male literacy stands at 94.7% and Female literacy was 86.2%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=80,81 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Administration==
Mugu village is part of [[Puthige, Kasaragod|Puthige]] [[Grama Panchayat]]. The village politically belongs to [[Manjeshwar (State Assembly constituency)]] which is part of [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Manjeshwar area]]
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Rohinton Baria Trophy

2024-09-07T08:44:45Z

Shikha Jha: made pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
The '''All-India Inter-University Cricket Championship''' held for the '''Rohinton Baria Gold Trophy''' (or simply, '''Rohinton Baria Trophy''') is [[India|India's]] premier inter-university [[cricket]] tournament. It has been contested annually since the 1935/36 season.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==History==
The trophy was donated in 1935 by [[Ardeshir Dadabhoy Baria]] of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in memory of his son Rohinton, for a tournament to be played between the Indian universities. Initially, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)]] organised the tournament, but the [[Inter-University Sports Board of India]] (IUSB) took over in 1940/41.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Rohinton Baria Trophy?|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/videos/what-is-the-rohinton-baria-trophy-263184|website=NDTV Sports|date=27 January 2013|access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

The university teams compete in zones before the winners and runners-up from each zone play off in semi-finals and finals. Until 1989/90, when the format was changed to a one-day 50-over contest, the finals were usually held over three or four days at the campus of one of the finalists or at a neutral venue. Sometimes matches were played to a finish regardless of time; the 1956-57 match went on for eight days and finished when [[Mumbai University|Bombay University]], having set [[Delhi University]] 728 to win, dismissed them for 611 in 304.1 overs.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/137/137509.html | title = Bombay University v Delhi University 1956-57| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Abhishek|title=Bombay and Delhi Universities play cricket for 8 continuous days|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/bombay-and-delhi-universities-play-cricket-for-8-continuous-days-in-rohinton-baria-trophy-final-1956-57-393488|website=Cricket Country|date=19 January 2017 |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

Apart from Indian universities, [[Ceylon University College|Ceylon University]] also participated from 1947/48 to 1969/70.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/5/5426/Other_Matches.html| title = Other matches played by Ceylon University| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 2 October 2015| archive-date = 2 October 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002230939/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/5/5426/Other_Matches.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> The only university from the future [[Pakistan]] to compete before [[Partition of India|Partition]] was the [[University of the Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], which won the title four times.

In its early decades participation in the tournament helped prepare many future [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[first-class cricket|first-class]] players, especially in the larger universities.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fuloria|first1=Devashish|title=Varsity cricket back in the spotlight|url=http://phone.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/623453.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> In their team that won the 1940/41 final, [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] had four future Indian Test players ([[Ranga Sohoni]], [[Hemu Adhikari]], [[Chandra Sarwate]] and [[Sadu Shinde]]),<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/136/136360.html | title = Bombay University v Benares Hindu University 1940/41 | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref> while in their 1958/59 champion team they had five future Test players ([[Arvind Apte]], [[Dilip Sardesai]], [[Ajit Wadekar]] – who scored 324 in the final – [[Farokh Engineer]] and [[Ramakant Desai]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/137/137735.html | title = Bombay University v Delhi University 1958-59 | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref> In their 1945-46 team Punjab University included seven players ([[Nazar Mohammad]], [[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1928)|Imtiaz Ahmed]], [[Maqsood Ahmed]], [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]], [[Fazal Mahmood]], [[Khan Mohammad]] and [[Shujauddin Butt]]) who later played a prominent part in Pakistan's Test successes in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/446/446685.html | title = Calcutta University v Punjab University 1945-46 | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref> In the 1966–67 final [[Sunil Gavaskar]] played for Bombay University, in 1972-73 [[Mohinder Amarnath]] led Delhi University to victory, and [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]'s six consecutive [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] for Bombay University propelled him into [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay's]] [[Ranji Trophy]] team.<ref name=DF/>

According to the writer and former Rohinton Baria Trophy and [[Ranji Trophy]] player [[Venkatraman Ramnarayan]], the Rohinton Baria provided a valuable "finishing school" for future leaders, and a model of dignified behaviour on the sports field which is now lacking.<ref>{{cite news| work=Wisden India | first=V. |last=Ramnarayan |access-date=2 October 2015| title= Oh, for the finishing school world cricket misses now|url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/oh-finishing-school-world-cricket-misses/121562 |date=15 August 2014}}</ref> With the rise of widespread junior competitions and coaching for young players, interest in inter-university cricket has waned in recent decades.<ref>{{cite news| work=Wisden India | first=Shamya |last=Dasgupta |access-date=2 October 2015| title=Cricket can soar if it spreads its wings |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-blog/cricket-soar-spreads-wings/126806|date=15 September 2014}}</ref> According to [[Harsha Bhogle]], who played for [[Osmania University]], the growth of under-19 cricket destroyed university cricket.<ref name=DF>{{Cite web |last=Fuloria |first=Devashish |work=ESPNcricinfo |title=Varsity cricket back in the spotlight |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/varsity-cricket-back-in-the-spotlight-623453 |date=4 March 2013}}</ref>

==Winners ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season !! Winner !! Runner-up !! 3rd Place !! 4th Place
|-
| 1935/36 || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1936/37 || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || [[Nagpur University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1937/38 || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1938/39 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1939/40 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Mysore University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1940/41 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Benares Hindu University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1941/42 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1942/43 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1943/44 || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || [[Madras University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1944/45 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1945/46 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] || N/A || N/A
|-
| 1946/47 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1947/48 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Agra University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1948/49 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Calcutta University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1949/50 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Calcutta University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1950/51 || [[Mysore University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1951/52 || [[Mysore University]] || [[Allahabad University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1952/53 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1953/54 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Mysore University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1954/55 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Panjab University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1955/56 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1956/57 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1957/58 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Panjab University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1958/59 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1959/60 || [[Delhi University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1960/61 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Allahabad University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1961/62 || [[Mysore University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1962/63 || [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Poona University]] || [[Madras University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1963/64 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Madras University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1964/65 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Calcutta University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1965/66 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Bangalore University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1966/67 || [[Osmania University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1967/68 || [[Calcutta University]] || [[Indore University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1968/69 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Osmania University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1969/70 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Bangalore University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1970/71 || [[Madras University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1971/72 || [[Punjabi University]] || [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University|Udaipur University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1972/73 || [[Madras University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1973/74 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Bangalore University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1974/75 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1975/76 || [[Madras University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1976/77 || [[Osmania University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] ||N/A || N/A
|-
| 1977/78 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Osmania University]] || [[Calcutta University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]]
|-
| 1978/79 || [[Delhi University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[Allahabad University]]
|-
| 1979/80 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Osmania University]] || [[Bangalore University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
|-
| 1980/81 || [[Delhi University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[Calcutta University]]
|-
| 1981/82 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[Calcutta University]]
|-
| 1982/83 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Poona University]] || [[Patna University]] || [[Panjab University]]
|-
| 1983/84 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Panjab University]] || [[University of Pune|Poona University]] || [[Bangalore University]]
|-
| 1984/85 || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Panjab University]] || [[Calcutta University]]
|-
| 1985/86 || [[Madras University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]]
|-
| 1986/87 || [[Bangalore University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[Panjab University]] || [[Calcutta University]]
|-
| 1987/88 || [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] || [[Bangalore University]] || [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] || [[University of Pune|Poona University]]
|-
| 1988/89 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[University of Rajasthan|Rajasthan University]]
|-
| 1989/90 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] || [[Panjab University]]
|-
| 1990/91 || [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] || [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Poona University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
|-
| 1991/92 || [[South Gujarat University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Gujarat University]] || [[Delhi University]]
|-
| 1992/93 || [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] || [[Bhavnagar University]] || [[Bangalore University]] || [[Kurukshetra University]]
|-
| 1993/94 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] || [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] || [[Karnatak University]]
|-
| 1994/95 || [[Panjab University]] || [[Ranchi University]]|| ? || ?
|-
| 1995/96 || ? || ? || ? || ?
|-
| 1996/97 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || ? || ? || ?
|-
| 1997/98 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || ? || ? || ?
|-
| 1998/99 || [[Delhi University]] || [[Osmania University]]|| ? || ?
|-
| 1999/00 || [[Madras University]] || [[Barkatullah University]] || ? ||?
|-
| 2000/01 || ? || [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[Osmania University]]
|-
| 2001/02 || [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]|| ? || ?
|-
| 2002/03 ||[[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] || [[Gujarat University]] || [[Bangalore University]] || [[Ranchi University]]
|-
| 2003/04 || ?|| ? ||? ||?
|-
| 2004/05 || [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]|| [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] || [[Osmania University]] || [[Mysore University]]
|-
| 2005/06 || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || ? || ? || ?
|-
| 2006/07 || [[Madras University]] || [[Mysore University]] || [[Calcutta University]] || [[Saurashtra University]]
|-
| 2007/08 ||[[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]|| [[Madras University]] || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
|-
| 2008/09 ||[[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]|| [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|-
| 2009/10 ||[[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]|| [[Punjabi University]] || [[Madras University]] || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
|-
| 2010/11 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[Osmania University]] || [[Madras University]]
|-
| 2011/12 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Banaras Hindu University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[Jain University]]
|-
| 2012/13 || [[Jain University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] || [[Jiwaji University]]
|-
| 2013/14 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[Jain University]]
|-
| 2014/15 || [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] || [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
|-
| 2015/16 || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] || [[Jain University]] || [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]]
|-
| 2016/17 || [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] || [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
|-
| 2017/18 || [[Maharishi Dayanand University]] || [[Saurashtra University]] || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Mumbai University]]
|-
| 2018/19 || [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] || [[Mysore University]]|| [[Mumbai University]] || [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]
|-
| 2019/20 || [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] || [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]] || [[Delhi University]] || [[Mysore University]]
|}

''Notes:-''
*N/A means not applicable.
*Before the 1977/78 season no matches were held for 3rd and 4th positions.
*For some of the tournaments between 1994/95 and 2005/06 the finalists and winners are obscure.
*The Punjab University that competed before [[Partition of India|Partition]] is the [[University of the Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], and the ones that have competed since Partition are the [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], and the [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]].

== See also ==

* [[Vizzy Trophy]]
*
*

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com CricketArchive]
* [http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2019/when-varsity-cricket-reigned.html "When 'Varsity cricket reigned" by P.R. Man Singh]

{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]

Ruchita Vinerkar

2024-01-22T03:13:05Z

Shikha Jha: made a data

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Ruchita Vinerkar''' is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]]. She won the Gold in the women’s 10m air pistol team event at the ISSF Shooting World Cup in Cairo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/indian-shooters-shri-nivetha-esha-singh-and-ruchita-vinerkar-win-gold-at-issf-world-cup-in-cairo-2441657.html | title=Indian shooters Shri Nivetha, Esha Singh and Ruchita Vinerkar win gold at ISSF World Cup in Cairo | publisher=Zee News | work=Devadyuti Das | date=3 March 2022 | accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDW2712199201 | title=Ruchita Vinerkar | publisher=ISSF | accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-western-railways-pistol-shooter-ruchita-vinerkar-wins-gold-at-issf-shooting-world-cup-in-cairo | title=Mumbai: Western Railways' pistol shooter Ruchita Vinerkar wins gold at ISSF Shooting World Cup in Cairo | publisher=Free Press Journal | date=3 March 2022 | accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ISSF|SHINDW2712199201}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]

Rehab India Foundation

2023-09-27T06:37:29Z

Shikha Jha: made a post

{{short description|Non-governmental organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date=July 2020}}{{Third-party|date=July 2020}}}}

'''Rehab India Foundation''' is a Delhi-based [[non-governmental organization]] which was founded on 17 March 2008.<ref name="ngolist">{{Cite web|url=https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/home/statewise_ngo/6887/7/47?per_page=100|title=NGO Registration Details - Government of India.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> With aim of rehabilitation of the marginalized section of Rural India with a better standard of living providing Education, Health, Economic Development and Environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rehab Annual Report 2018 |url=https://issuu.com/rehabindiafoundation/docs/ar_2018 |website=Issuu |accessdate=4 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crowdteck.com/rehab-india-foundation/|title=crowdteck.com|last=|first=|date=|website=crowdteck.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Conversation With – Mr Shahid Aboobacker, Trustee, Rehab India Foundation {{!}} CrowdTeck CSR Digital Magazine |url=https://crowdteck.com/rehab-india-foundation/ |accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="findglocal">{{cite web |title=Rehab India Foundation |url=http://www.findglocal.com/IN/New-Delhi/240944166034839/Rehab-India-Foundation |website=www.findglocal.com |accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref> Rehab India Foundation has aligned with [[United Nations]]' [[Sustainable Development Goals]] 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/136112-Rehab-India-Foundation|title=UN Global Compact|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rehab India Foundation {{!}} UN Global Compact |url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/136112-Rehab-India-Foundation |website=www.unglobalcompact.org}}</ref> With operations in [[Bihar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], Assam, Delhi, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, [[Uttar Pradesh]], West Bengal.<ref name="ngolist"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/rehabindiafoundation/docs/ar_2019_mid|title=Annual Report 2019|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rehab India opens village for riot victims of Assam |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/1589-rehab-india-opens-village-for-riot-victims-of-assam |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=17 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Considering [[Millennium Development Goals|United Nations Millennium Development Goals]] of ensuring universal primary education, and reaching out to the most remote slums & villages, Rehab India Foundation has initiated its unique program "Education on wheels".<ref>{{cite web |title=New Delhi : 'Education on Wheels' launched by Rehab India Foundation |url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/education-on-wheels-launched-by-rehab-india-foundation/ |website=Muslim Mirror |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PFI, Rehab India officials meet ED to seek more time on PMLA summons |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pfi-linked-ngo-officials-meet-ed-to-seek-more-time-on-summons/articleshow/73727667.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Hamdard National Foundation distributed ration kits Rehab India Foundation in Okhla Delhi as COVID-19 Relief through Rehab India Foundation<ref name="findglocal" />

'''Banned for 5 years'''

On 28 September 2022 the Government of India declared Rehab India Foundation, along with [[Popular Front of India]], [[Campus Front of India]], All India Imams Council, National Confederation of Human Rights Organization, National Women's Front, Junior Front, Empower India Foundation and Rehab Foundation Kerala as "unlawful association" and banned these organisations for 5 years under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=MHA Calls PFI 'Unlawful'; Bans It And 8 Associated Fronts For 5 Years After Nationwide Mega Crackdown |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/mha-calls-pfi-unlawful-bans-it-and-8-associated-fronts-for-5-years-after-nationwide-mega-crackdown-news-226276 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.rehabindiafoundation.org/ Official Website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/rehabfoundation/Official Facebook Page]

[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Martanda Varma (novel)

2023-09-11T01:33:06Z

Shikha Jha: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Marthandavarma (novel)]]

Randamoozham: The Movie

2023-09-06T05:13:42Z

Shikha Jha: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Randamoozham#Film adaptation]]

Deh Siva Var Mohe

2022-06-19T12:52:09Z

Shikha Jha: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Deh Shiva Bar Mohe Eha]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}