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Uttarā

2026-05-08T03:11:43Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made First Data Nd Citations

{{short description|Wife of Abhimanyu in epic Mahabharata}}
{{For|the brother of Uttarā|Uttara (Mahabharata)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| name = Uttarā
| image = File:Uttara crying for her husband.jpg
| alt = Uttara
| caption = Abhimanyu consoles Uttarā before leaving for the war, illustration by S.N. Das
| family = [[Virata]] (father) [[Sudeshna]] (mother) [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] (brother) Shankha (brother)
| spouse = [[Abhimanyu]]
| children = [[Parikshit]]
| origin = [[Matsya Kingdom]]
}}

'''Uttarā''' ({{Langx|sa|उत्तरा|translit=Uttarā}}) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. She was the princess of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]], and the daughter of King [[Virata]] and Queen [[Sudeshna]], at whose court the [[Pandavas]]—the central figures of the epic—spent a year in concealment during their exile. During this period, she learned music and dance from [[Arjuna]], the third Pandava, and later married his son, [[Abhimanyu]]. Uttarā was widowed at a young age during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Following the Pandavas' victory in the war, she and her unborn son were attacked by [[Ashwatthama|Ashvatthama]], and were saved by the divine intervention of [[Krishna]]. Her son [[Parikshit]] saved the Kuru lineage from extinction, and became a well-known monarch celebrated in both the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name = "VM2">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/817/mode/2up Uttarā]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Sanskrit name Uttarā is derived from the word Uttara by adding a feminine termination ā. It can have multiple meanings; according to British Indologist [[Monier Williams]], in this context, it means 'upper,' 'higher,' 'superior,' or 'excellent'. The word is also used to denote the 'North direction', as well as 'an answer'. The male form of the name also appears in the ''Mahabharata'' as the name of [[Uttara Kumara|her elder brother]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary --उ |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/37.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=sanskrit.inria.fr}}</ref>

==Literary background==
Uttarā is a significant character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brockington |first=J. L. |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book|first= Robert N.|last= Minor|title= Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|year= 1982|publisher= South Asia Books|isbn= 978-0-8364-0862-1|pages= l–li|access-date= 28 June 2020|archive-date= 16 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Uttarā also appears in few of the later written ''[[Puranas|Puranic scriptures]]'', most prominent being the Krishna-related ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name="Bhagvatam''">{{Cite book |last=Prabhupada |first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ntOCgAAQBAJ&dq=uttar%C4%81&pg=PT493 |title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, First Canto: Creation |date=1972-12-31 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-634-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
According to the ''Mahabharata'', Uttarā was born to [[Virata]], the king of [[Matsya Kingdom]], and his consort [[Sudeshna]], the daughter of [[Sūta|Suta]] king of [[Kekaya]]. She had two elder brothers—[[Uttara Kumara|Uttara]] and Shankha—and a half sibling Shveta.<ref name = "VM1">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242065.html Virāṭa]}}</ref>

Uttarā is introduced into the main narrative in the ''[[Virata Parva]]'', the fourth book of the epic, which narrates about the last year of the exile of the five [[Pandava]] brothers and their common wife [[Draupadi]], which they had to spend in anonymity. They stayed together in the Matsya and took various disguises in the court of Virata. The third Pandava [[Arjuna]] lived as a [[eunuch]] named [[Brihannala]], and was appointed as the tutor of Uttarā, teaching her the skills of dance, instrumental and vocal music that he had learned from the [[apsaras]] in [[Svarga|heaven]]. Uttarā is praised by Arjuna for being exceptionally talented. After the end of their exile, the Pandavas revealed their real identities to Virata. Virata immediately offered Uttarā's hand in marriage to Arjuna, but he refused, reasoning that the relation a teacher has with a student is like that of a parent to a child. Instead, Arjuna suggested that Uttarā become his daughter-in-law by marrying his son [[Abhimanyu]]. With approval from both sides, the marriage ceremony of Uttarā and Abhimanyu was held in the city of [[Upaplavya]] in presence of their relatives and allies.<ref name = "VM2" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04072.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LXXII }}</ref> While residing in Upaplavya, the Pandavas were approached by a poor brahmin who, upon seeing Uttarā, prophesied that she would give birth to a son when the Kuru dynasty ends and for that reason he would be called Parikshit (lit. 'One who has been tested')."<ref name = "VM3">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241422.html Aśvatthāmā]}}</ref>

The next few ''parvas'' (books) of the ''Mahabharata'' describes the [[Kurukshetra War]] fought between the Pandavas and their cousins [[Kauravas]], in which Matsya allied with the Pandavas. Uttarā lost her father, brothers and entire Matsya army in the course of the war. She was also widowed at a very young age when Abhimanyu, himself only sixteen years old, was killed in the war. Overwhelmed with grief at the sight of her husband's body, she was consoled by her uncle-in-law and the divine [[avatara]] [[Krishna]]. Her grief and lamentation on seeing her husband's corpse is again illustrated in the ''[[Stri Parva]]'' by [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], the mother of [[Kauravas]].<ref name = "VM2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc825947.html|title=Mahabharata, Book 20: Section 20|date=17 August 2021 |publisher=Wisdom Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 20 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m11/m11019.htm |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

After the conclusion of the Kurukshetra War, which ended in the victory of the Pandavas, [[Ashwatthama]]—the son of [[Dronacharya]], who was the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces—tried to avenge their defeat by massacring the remaining Pandava army. This incident is chronicled in the ''[[Sauptika Parva]]''. Ashwatthama was confronted by Arjuna and aware of his inability to defeat Arjuna with conventional means, Ashwatthama resorted to invoking the powerful divine weapon known as [[Brahmashira]]. In response, Arjuna also prepared to unleash a Brahmashira. [[Narada]] and [[Vyasa]], revered sages of Hindu mythology, intervened and instructed both warriors to withdraw their celestial weapons. Arjuna complied with their directive and withdrew the Brahmashira he had unleashed. However, Ashwatthama lacked the ability to retract the Brahmashira once it was invoked, as he did not possess the requisite control over the weapon. Driven by a consuming desire for vengeance, Ashwatthama decided that if he could not annihilate the Pandavas, he would eliminate their lineage. In a heinous act, he directed the Brahmashira towards Uttarā's womb, ultimately leading to the death of the unborn child. However, Krishna assured that the child would be saved and furious at the thought of a warrior turning his weapons on an unborn child, he cursed Ashwatthama to live for millennia, completely alone and burdened by diseases, repelled by the stench of his own [[pus]].<ref name = "VM3" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10015.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 15 }}</ref><ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14070.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva: Anugita Parva: Section LXX }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 16 }}</ref> The ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]'' attests about Parikshit's birth. When Uttarā went into labour, the child was born dead; she was consoled by other royal women. When [[Krishna]] arrived to visit her, she cried to him and reminded him of his earlier assurance to save her child. Using his divine powers, Krishna revived the stillborn baby, and the infant was then named [[Parikshit]], meaning 'he who has been tested'.<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name="sacred-texts.com"/>

Uttarā's last appearance in the ''Mahabharata'' is in the ''[[Ashramavasika Parva]]''. Fifteen years after the war, the Kuru elders [[Dhritarashtra]], [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], [[Kunti]], and [[Vidura]] departed for the forest. Uttarā, along with other royal family members, accompanied them for a distance before returning back to the capital city.<ref name = "VM2" /> At the end of the epic, when the Pandavas finally renounced the world, Uttarā's mother-in-law, [[Subhadra]], was entrusted to take care of the young Parikshit, who was installed as the new monarch of [[Hastinapur]]. Uttarā might have lived her remaining life as the queen-mother.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17001.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 1 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Multiple images
| caption =
| image1 = Uttara Abhimanyu.jpg
| image2 = Uthra Abimanya (enhanced).jpg
| image3 = Uttra Abhimanue.jpg
| image4 = Abhimanyu bids farewell to his wife Uttara..jpg
| image5 = Avimanyu's farewell to Uttara.jpg
| total_width = 950
| footer = Uttarā's pleadings before Abhimanyu's departure for the Kurukshetra War was a common theme for prints during the early 20th century.
}}
Uttarā is an important figure in [[Krishnaism|Krishna-centric sects]] of Hinduism. According to [[Puranic scriptures]], years after Krishna's death, his biography was narrated to her son [[Parikshit]] by [[Shuka]], the son of sage [[Vyasa]], which was then compiled as the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. The episode of Krishna saving Uttarā's son is also narrated in these scriptures, but vary from the accounts provided in the ''Mahabharata''. According to it, after the [[Brahmastra|weapon]] released by Ashwatthama struck Uttarā, she rushed to Krishna fearing abortion. Krishna entered her womb as a soul and saved Parikshit, due to which he was also called Vishnurata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhupada |first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ncDwAAQBAJ&dq=uttar%C4%81+krsna&pg=PT71 |title=Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead |date=2020-04-15 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. |isbn=978-91-7769-108-2 |language=en}}</ref>

The details of Krishna's iconography is popularly attributed to Uttarā. According to a popular narrative in the region of [[Braj]]a and [[Rajasthan]], [[Vajra (King Aniruddha's Son)|Vajranabh]]—the great grandson of Krishna—desired to see Krishna's manifest form, as he succeeded to the throne of [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]]. However, there was no existing model to guide him. Vajranabh sought out living witnesses: Uttara, who was now the aged queen-mother of Hastinapur, and [[Uddhava]], Krishna's friend. Uttarā provided a vivid detailed description, but the sculptors failed to replicate Krishna satisfactorily. They enlisted the help of these eyewitnesses and prayed for divine manifestation, which resulted in appearance as a triad: [[Govind Dev Ji Temple|Govind Dev]], [[Gopinath (Krishna)|Gopinath]], and [[Madanamohana|Madan Mohan]]. However, none of the figures fully encapsulatesd Krishna's form, each succeeding in certain aspects and falling short in others. Despite their shortcomings, each of these images would henceforth become an important object of worship in its own right, although, they are believed to have disappeared for a long time before their rediscovery during the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Packert |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ebxa1F8zNT0C&q=Uttara&pg=PA130 |title=The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion |date=2010-07-07 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00462-8 |language=en}}</ref> According to mythologist [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Devdutt Pattnaik]], a variation of the tale adds other important icons of Krishna—which were crafted based on Uttarā's description.{{refn|group="note"|[[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]] of [[Vrindavan]], Ranchor-rai of Dakor in Gujarat, [[Shrinathji|Srinath-ji]] of Nathdwara in Udaipur, [[Sakhigopal Temple|Sakshi Gopal]] of Odisha, [[Vitthala]] of Pandharpur in Maharashtra, Krishna of Udupi in Karnataka, [[Venkateswara]] of Tirumala in Andhra Pradesh, [[Ranganatha]] of Srirangam in Tamil Nadu, and [[Guruvayurappan|Guruvayur-appan]] in Kerala.}} These icons spread across India, and have become central to the [[Bhagavata Sampradaya|Bhagavata]] culture of Hinduism. Historians view these narrative as a cultural construct rooted in faith rather than empirical evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Devdutt |date=2017-07-23 |title=Icons for Vajranabhi |url=https://devdutt.com/icons-for-vajranabhi/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Devdutt Pattanaik |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{commons category}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Mahabharata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttara (Mahabharata)}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Women in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

Indian Chamber of Commerce

2026-05-07T18:38:34Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created New Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Trade association in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Chamber of Commerce
| formation = 1925
| logo = Indian Chamber of Commerce.jpg
| abbreviation = ICC
| founder = Pioneering Indian Industrialists led by [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]]
| founding_location = [[Kolkata]]
| purpose = Policy advocacy
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], India
| location = India
| region_served = India
| membership = 2
| language = English, Hindi
| website = https://www.indianchamber.org/
}}

'''Indian Chamber of Commerce''' is a non-governmental [[trade association]] and advocacy group having its headquarter situated in [[Kolkata]], India. It is one of the oldest trade association in the country and it was founded in year 1925.

ICC's current president is Brij Bhushan Agarwal<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-27 |title=Brij Bhushan appointed new prez of ICC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/brij-bhushan-appointed-new-prez-of-icc/articleshow/124169599.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Rajeev Singh is the current Director General.

ICC's main activities includes [[dispute resolution]] and [[policy advocacy]].

== History ==
[[File:Indian Chamber of Commerce Headquater in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|317x317px|The Indian Chamber of Commerce Headquarter in Kolkata, India]]
It was founded by pioneering Indian Industrialists based in [[Calcutta]] during [[British Raj]], led by [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]]. They also have offices in [[New Delhi]], Mumbai, Chennai, Guwahati, Bhubaneshwar, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Agartala, Siliguri, Ranchi and Patna.<ref name=a>{{cite web |title=The Indian Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/the-chamber/ |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce opens Tamil Nadu state office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indian-chamber-of-commerce-opens-tamil-nadu-state-office/article65810240.ece |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=25 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It opened its first international office in Rome, Italy in 2023 appointing Vas Shenoy as its Chief Representative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Jayatri |date=2023-12-06 |title=ICC focuses on India-Italy bilateral trade, appoints Vas Shenoy as its Chief Representative in Italy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/icc-focuses-on-india-italy-bilateral-trade-appoints-vas-shenoy-as-its-chief-representative-in-italy/articleshow/105791462.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Chamber was also closely associated with the Indian Freedom Movement.<ref name=a/>

Several of the distinguished industry leaders in India have led the ICC as its president, names of few are mentioned:-<ref name=p>{{cite web |title=Past Presidents |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/the-chamber/past-presidents/ |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826111728/https://www.indianchamber.org/the-chamber/past-presidents/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1926– 27 Founding President – [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]] (1926–27) – [[D. P. Khaitan]](1930), S. K. Bhattar (1931-32) [[Amritlal Ojha]] (1933–34), [[Brij Mohan Birla]] (1936), [[Ardeshir Dalal]] (1938), [[G. L. Mehta]] (1939) [[Badridas Goenka|Sir Badridas Goenka]] (1941), [[R. L. Nopany]] (1942), [[Abdul Halim Ghaznavi|Sir Abdul Halim Ghaznavi]] (1945), K. D. Jalan (1946), [[Keshav Prasad Goenka|K. P. Goenka]] (1948), [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain|S. P. Jain]] (1950) [[Lakshmi Niwas Birla]] (1951), [[Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy|Sir B. P. Singh Roy]] (1952), [[Karamchand Thapar]] (1953), [[Ghanshyam Binani|G. D. Binani]] (1954), M L Shah (1959) [[Russi Mody|R. H. Mody]] (1960), [[K. K. Birla]] (1963), C. L. Bajoria (1965) [[I. M. Thapar]] (1967) [[R. P. Goenka]] (1970), [[R S Lodha]] (1984) [[J. N. Sapru]] (1988) to name a few.<ref name=p/>

== Membership ==
The ICC offers two membership categories in the association:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/membership/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021090655/https://www.indianchamber.org/membership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

# The Corporate Group Membership
# The Ordinary Membership

== Services ==

=== Certificate of Origin ===
ICC issues non-preferential certificates of origin to both member and non-member companies. This is a document, used to certify that the export products are wholly obtained, produced or manufactured in India.

=== ICC Council of Arbitration ===
Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) dedicated to the mission of extending institutional service for the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) of commercial disputes.

== Allied Organizations ==

* Manipur Chamber of Commerce & Industry<ref>{{Cite web |title=About MCCI – MCCI |url=http://m-cci.org/about-mcci/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Tea Association of India'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tea Association of India |url=https://teaassociationofindia.com/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=teaassociationofindia.com}}</ref>

== Training and events ==
ICC organized National Conference & Round Table Meetings on MSME Financing & Strengthening MSME Linkages on 19 and 20 September 2014 at Swabhumi, Rangmanch, Kolkata .Objective of the Conference was to bring all stakeholders in a same platform & create linkages for fostering growth & development in this sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSME Linkage |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/msme-linkage/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021090657/https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/msme-linkage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The North East Business Summit is a joint event of the Department of Development of the North Eastern Region (DoNER), Government of India, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce, to showcase the strengths of the Northeastern region and to present significant business opportunities<ref>{{Cite web |title=North East Business Summit |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/north-east-business-summit/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB}}</ref>

It provides the facility of inter-state movement of goods by offering registration of vehicles and construction of roads. Labour laws: It interacts with the government on issues of labour laws. It holds various exhibitions across the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce organizes second edition of 'EDTECH Summit' |url=http://www.uniindia.com/indian-chamber-of-commerce-organises-second-edition-of-edtech-summit/east/news/2799577.html |website=[[uniindia.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi to tap Bengal business |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/narendra-modi-to-tap-bengal-business/cid/1778989 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Munshi |first1=Suman |title=ICC India Bangladesh Trade Delegate meet at Kolkata |url=https://ibgnews.com/2022/05/26/icc-india-bangladesh-trade-delegate-meet-at-kolkata/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

ICC organized ''"Reverse buyer seller meet, textile"'' meet to give global exposure to small players lacking the fund to go and invest outside the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |title=Bengal is gearing up for the reverse buyer seller meet on textiles, apparel & jute |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/bengal-is-gearing-up-for-the-reverse-buyer-seller-meet-on-textiles-apparel-jute/articleshow/72307286.cms |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Bengal is gearing up for the reverse buyer seller meet on textiles, apparel & jute |url=http://www.uniindia.com/bengal-is-gearing-up-for-the-reverse-buyer-seller-meet-on-textiles-apparel-and-jute/east/news/1805598.html}}</ref>

ICC organized "''Tea Conclave 2019"'' in which Tea Board Chairman P K Bezbaruahtea state that organized sector is facing the "biggest threat" from the combination of small growers and bought leaf factories (BLF), which are operating at a low cost level. also has been dealing with "inflexible" labour laws and demand-supply mismatch.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 November 2019 |title=Biggest threat from small growers, BLF: Tea Board chairman |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/biggest-threat-from-small-growers-blf-tea-board-chairman-119110801695_1.html |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लघु उत्पादकों, बीएलएफ से सबसे बड़ा खतरा: चाय बोर्ड के अध्यक्ष |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/chairman-of-tea-board-biggest-threat-from-small-producers-blf/articleshow/71975202.cms |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2019 |title=लघु उत्पादकों, बीएलएफ से सबसे बड़ा खतरा: चाय बोर्ड के अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/business/news/small-producers-biggest-threat-from-blf-chairman-of-tea-board-1079757 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

In an interactive session organized by ICC, Cuba and India ties to increase the two-way trade volume.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba seeks improved bilateral economic ties with India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cuba-seeks-improved-bilateral-economic-ties-with-india/articleshow/91839619.cms |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba seeks improved bilateral economic ties with India |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2022/05/27/ccm1-biz-cuban-envoy.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

ICC's ''Environment Care conference'' focused on safe and sustainable environment for which state government is focused on [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] & fossil fuel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Mayor Firhad Hakim mentions focus of the State Government on Electric Vehicles and CNG during Urbanization & Environment Care conference organized by Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) |url=https://mediabulletins.com/business/mayor-firhad-hakim-mentions-focus-of-the-state-government-on-electric-vehicles-and-cng-during-urbanization-environment-care-conference-organized-by-indian-chamber-of-commerce-icc/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Media Bulletins |language=en-US}}</ref>
ICC with the department of State Food Processing Industries and Horticulture, organized ''"The Bangla Mango Utsav (Bengal Mango Festival)"'' held at the Netaji Indoor Stadium in Kolkata with the view to promote mango and mango products.<ref name="bengali.news18.com">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=মালদহের আট রকমের আম মিলছে এবার কলকাতার আম মেলায় |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/malda/maldah-mangoes-available-in-netaji-indoor-stadium-bengal-mango-festival-lcn-pbd-832225.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="jagran.com">{{Cite web |title=कोलकाता में शुरू हुआ बंगाल मैंगो उत्सव, 500 रुपये में बिक रहा एक पीस नवाबी कोहिनूर |url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-bengal-mango-festival-started-in-kolkata-nawabi-kohinoor-a-piece-being-sold-for-rs500-22829416.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost.in">{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=24 June 2022 |title=State plans to set up mango museum in Murshidabad |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/state-plans-to-set-up-mango-museum-in-murshidabad-483262 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In pictures: Mango Utsav 2022 begins at Netaji Indoor Stadium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pictures-mango-utsav-2022-begins-at-netaji-indoor-stadium-photogallery/cid/1871478 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

ICC with the department of State Food Processing Industries and Horticulture, organized ''"The Bangla Mango Utsav (Bengal Mango Festival)"'' held at the Netaji Indoor Stadium in Kolkata with the view to promote mango and mango products.<ref name="bengali.news18.com"/><ref name="jagran.com"/><ref name="millenniumpost.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=In pictures: Mango Utsav 2022 begins at Netaji Indoor Stadium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pictures-mango-utsav-2022-begins-at-netaji-indoor-stadium-photogallery/cid/1871478 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

ICC with the cooperation of state governments has organized ''"Energy Conclave 2022 – Synergy in Energy"'' with the motive of development and consolidation of the energy sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce organises one of the biggest conclaves of the year – 'Energy Conclave 2022 – Synergy in Energy' in Kolkata – Business News Week |url=https://businessnewsweek.in/business/indian-chamber-of-commerce-organises-one-of-the-biggest-conclaves-of-the-year-energy-conclave-2022-synergy-in-energy-in-kolkata/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

ICC to improve high quality and equitable education organized a ''Edtech summit'' that focused benchmark of 1:15 teacher-student ratio to ensure imparting high quality education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=11 August 2022 |title=Sahasrabuddhe stresses on affordable high quality education |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahasrabuddhe-stresses-on-affordable-high-quality-education/1078877/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सहस्त्रबुद्धे ने उच्च गुणवत्ता की किफायती शिक्षा पर जोर दिया |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/west-bengal/kolkata/sahasrabuddhe-stresses-on-high-quality-affordable-education/articleshow/93505805.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

ICC's ''Tea Meeting'' expanded trade and commercial linkages between India and US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=ICC organize an interactive session with US businessman |url=http://www.uniindia.com/icc-organises-an-interactive-session-with-us-businessmen/east/news/2807819.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Building a Sustainable Tomorrow – Indian Chamber of Commerce holds Exclusive Talk at Bengal Club |url=https://financialsamachar.com/building-a-sustainable-tomorrow-indian-chamber-of-commerce-holds-exclusive-talk-at-bengal-club/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>

ICC at the State Convention Centre, [[Shillong]] to conservation of water organized ''North East Water Conclave''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=ICC conducts North East Water Conclave in Shillong |url=https://themeghalayan.com/icc-conducts-north-east-water-conclave-in-shillong/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=North East Water Conclave held to discuss water related issues #NorthEastWaterConclave |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tR3mbbmb_M |language=en |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

ICC with State Pollution Control Board, Odisha is organized the 3rd Edition of National Conference on "Climate Change Initiatives – "Alternative energy and mobility solution towards achieving Net Zero".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference on "Climate Change Initiatives – "Alternative energy and mobility solution towards achieving Net Zero" by ICC. |url=https://odishanewstoday.com/national-conference-on-climate-change-initiatives-alternative-energy-and-mobility-solution-towards-achieving-net-zero-by-icc/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Odisha News Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

ICC hosted Business Conference to build Collaborations with Central Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=12 September 2022 |title=ICC hosted Business Conference to build Collaborations with Central Vietnam |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/icc-hosted-business-conference-to-build-collaborations-with-central-vietnam-1503110411.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC ने वियतनाम के साथ बिजनेस कोलैबोरेशन बनाने के लिए की बिजनेस कॉन्फ्रेंस मेजबानी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/city/delhi/icc-hosts-business-conference-to-build-business-collaboration-with-vietnam/dl20220913185936181181518 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce hosted Business Conference to build Business Collaborations with Central Vietnam |url=https://financialsamachar.com/ndian-chamber-of-commerce-hosted-business-conference-to-build-business-collaborations-with-central-vietnam/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>

ICC to develop green hydrogen organize a conference with Danish companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce organises Interactive Session with H.E. Mr. Freddy Svane |url=https://mediabulletins.com/business/indian-chamber-of-commerce-organises-interactive-session-with-h-e-mr-freddy-svane/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Media Bulletins |language=en-US}}</ref>

Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) organized the Mutual Fund Conclave 2022–23 in [[Ranchi]] on Friday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce organises Mutual Funds Conclave |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/indian-chamber-of-commerce-organises-mutual-funds-conclave.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== ICC Publications ==
ICC Publications is the publishing arm of the Indian Chamber of Commerce providing business with essential resources in three broad categories: ICC Business Directory,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce Initiative: B2B Networking eDirectory |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/icc-business-directory/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce Initiative: B2B Networking eDirectory |language=en-US}}</ref> ICC Economique & ICC Asia Pacific Watch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Publications {{!}} Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/icc-pub-ebook/apw/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=ICC |language=en-US |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022193155/https://www.indianchamber.org/icc-pub-ebook/apw/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Business Information Services ==
ICC launched a Trade Facilitation Desk to facilitate trade & business between India and the rest of the world. The Desk would cater to enquiries both from the members and non-members of ICC and would act as the single window for business matchmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Information Services |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/international/business-information-services/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024093636/https://www.indianchamber.org/international/business-information-services/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Initiatives ==

=== Ladies Study Group ===
In 1966, the Indian Chamber of Commerce set up the Ladies Study Group (LSG), to create a platform that encourages women to mobilize their talents and help them participate in issues related to social development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladies Study Group (LSG) – Light the flame of Knowledge – Just another WordPress site |url=https://www.lsgkolkata.org/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladies Study Group |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/ladies-study-group/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024090652/https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/ladies-study-group/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 'Anandadhara' — West Bengal State Rural Livelihoods Mission ===
ICC through ''West Bengal State Rural Livelihoods Mission'' with active participation of the local panchayats, is promoting many poverty eradication initiatives in the rural areas, such as women empowerment schemes, sustainable agricultural initiatives, Swasthya Sathi (a health insurance) scheme, and [[West Bengal]] boasts of having the lowest NPA in the self-help groups (SHGs) portfolio in the country where eight [[lakh]] such units are operating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANANDADHARA |url=http://wbprd.gov.in/anandadhara/index.aspx |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=wbprd.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=27 September 2022 |title=TET to be held in Dec for over 11K vacant seats |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/tet-to-be-held-in-dec-for-over-11k-vacant-seats-494226 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal has lowest NPA in SHG portfolio: official {{!}} National |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/764836-bengal-has-lowest-npa-in-shg-portfolio-official |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 November 2019 |title=Bengal has lowest NPA in SHG portfolio: official |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bengal-has-lowest-npa-in-shg-portfolio-official-119113000713_1.html |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal has lowest NPA in SHG portfolio: Official |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengal-has-lowest-npa-in-shg-portfolio-official-4688571.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

=== India Energy Summit ===
The India Energy Summit is an annual and flagship initiative of ICC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excellence Awards |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/excellence-awards/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Corporate Governance and Sustainability Vision Awards ===
ICC organizes the India Corporate Governance & Sustainability Vision Summit every year to recognize and honor their enormous endeavor towards creating a Sustainable development model for the society at large, to various Indian businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Governance Awards |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/corporate-governance-awards/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== PSE Excellence Awards ===
Indian Chamber of Commerce, since 2010, to acknowledge the game changers who have contributed immensely in shaping up the Indian economy and congratulate them for their contribution under two sections – Maharatnas & Navratnas and Miniratnas & Others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSE Excellence Awards |url=https://www.indianchamber.org/initiatives/pse-excellence-awards/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Indian Chamber of Commerce |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Green Urja And Energy Efficiency Awards ===
Indian Chamber of Commerce has come up with The Green Urja and Energy Efficiency Awards with an aim to have accelerated deployment for clean energy transition to contribute to "Clean Energy Transition for Sustainability and GHG Emission Reduction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Green Urja & Energy Efficiency Awards |url=https://greenurjaandenergyefficiencyawards.indianchamber.org/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== ICC Calcutta Foundation ==
The Foundation, which is the Chambers trust body was formed with the objective of promoting the well-being of Calcutta and in that context, funds various projects to bring about a change in the quality of urban life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta Foundation |url=https://www.calcuttafoundation.com/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Calcutta Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indianchamber.org/ ICC] Official Website

{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1925]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]

Heritage Transport Museum, Gurgaon

2026-05-05T09:27:57Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created Initial Data W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Heritage Transport Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
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| map_relief =
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| map_caption =
| map_dot_label =
| coordinates = 
| former_name =
| established = 2013
| dissolved =
| location = Tauru, [[Nuh district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| type = [[Transportation museum]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections = Automobile Gallery, Pre-mechanised Transportation, Heavy Mechanised Transportation, [[Railways]], [[Aviation]], [[Rural Transportation]], [[Two-Wheelers]], Collectible India Toys on Transport, [[Historical Collections]], Maritime Gallery, Contemporary Art Gallery, [[Tribal Art]]
| collection_size =
| visitors =
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| executive_director =
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}}
The '''Heritage Transport Museum''' is India's major museum dealing with the history of human transportation. It is located at [[Taoru|Tauru (Taoru)]] in the [[Nuh district]] of the state of [[Haryana]].<ref name="Official-site">{{Cite web|title=Heritage Transport Museum Manesar Gurgaon |url=http://www.heritagetransportmuseum.org/}}</ref> The collection focuses on the development of transport in India.<ref name="Tripadvisor">{{Cite web|title=Heritage Transport Museum |publisher=TripAdvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g6495768-d6377704-Reviews-Heritage_Transport_Museum-Taoru_Nuh_District_Haryana.html}}</ref> It is situated on 3.01 acres and has 95,000 square feet of exhibition galleries.<ref name="Tripadvisor" /> When it opened in 2013 it became India's largest private museum.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar |first=Tanuj |date=30 March 2018 |title=Heritage Transport Museum: a museum with a difference |publisher=LiveMint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rRTugVxAjOaykj2EboRADN/Heritage-Transport-Museum-a-museum-with-a-difference.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422181636/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rRTugVxAjOaykj2EboRADN/Heritage-Transport-Museum-a-museum-with-a-difference.html |archive-date=22 April 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>

==Organization==
The museum is laid out in twelve collections:<ref name="Official-site" />
*Automobile Gallery
*Pre-mechanised Transportation
*Heavy Mechanised Transportation
*Railways
*Aviation
*Rural Transportation
*Two-Wheelers
*Collectible India Toys on Transport
*Historical Collections
*Maritime Gallery
*Contemporary Art Gallery
*Tribal Art

==See also==

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Photographs {{Cite web|title=Heritage Transport Museum, Gurgaon: The place to be |publisher=Team BHP|url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/vintage-cars-classics-india/199519-heritage-transport-museum-gurgaon-place.html}}

{{coord|28.2530|76.9243|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Transport museums in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2013]]
[[Category:Museums in Haryana]]

Siege of Kandahar (1648–1649)

2026-05-04T22:37:08Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made A Data From Scratch

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Kandahar (1648–1649)
| image =
| caption =
| partof = the [[Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1648|12|28|1649|2|22|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=28|year1=1648|month2=2|day2=22|year2=1649}})}}
| place = [[Kandahar]], modern day [[Afghanistan]]
| result = [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] victory
| territory = Kandahar falls to the Safavids
| combatant1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Safavid Iran]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Shah Abbas II]] [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Mihrab Khan]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Daulat Khan Mayi]]{{Surrender}}
| strength1 = 40,000{{sfn|Iranica|2010}}
| strength2 = 7,000{{sfn|Roy|2014|pages=113–114}}
| casualties1 = 2,000, including 600 [[Qizilbash]]{{sfn|Roy|2014|pages=112–113}}
| casualties2 = 400{{sfn|Roy|2014|pages=112–113}}
}}
The '''siege of Kandahar''', also known as the '''Kandahar campaign''', was led by [[Shah Abbas II]] of [[Safavid Empire]] against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-held city of [[Kandahar]], in modern day [[Afghanistan]]. It lasted from 28 December 1648 to 22 February 1649, and ended in the permanent loss of Kandahar by the Mughals.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandahar (1648–1649)}}
[[Category:Sieges involving Safavid Iran]]

==Background==
Kandahar had been under Mughal control since the [[Fall of Kandahar (1638)]], when the Safavid commander [[Ali Mardan Khan]] handed it over to the Mughals. The Safavids did not make a move over the city until 1648, when the Mughals were engaged in the [[Shah Jahan's Central Asian campaign|campaigns in Balkh and Badakhshan]], which proved to be disastrous. In the summer of 1648 Shah Abbas II led an army numbering 40,000 and after taking the city of [[Lashkargah|Bost]] besieged Kandahar.{{sfn|Iranica|2010}}

==Siege==
The 7000-men strong Mughal garrison under Daulat Khan fortified their positions but made the fatal mistake of not safeguarding the two [[Watchtower|watch towers]] on the top of a nearby hill from which guns could be fired into the fort. Persians at once seized them and opened fire into the fort's interior. Due to winter, the Mughal garrison did not expect any reinforcement to arrive before spring. A portion of army under two [[Tatars|Tartar]] chiefs who had entered the Mughal service after the end of the Balkh war, mutinied and opened negotiations with the Persians. Daulat Khan failed to maintain discipline within the troops and consequently surrendered the fort to the Persians on 22 February 1649, on the promise of safe passage to India.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|pp=134–136}}{{sfn|Roy|2014|pages=112–113}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:The Siege of Kandahar. Attributed to Payag Mughal, mid-17th century. Opaque watercolor on paper. The Knellington Collection, Courtesy Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The failed Mughal [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|Siege of Kandahar in 1649]]. Attributed to [[Payag]]. Mughal, mid-17th century. ''[[Padshahnama]]''. Opaque watercolor on paper. The Knellington Collection, Courtesy Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref name="Metro">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |page=248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900 |quote=If Murad's siege raised the spirits of his imperial patron, Payag's view of an episode in 1649, during the unsuccessful attempts to recapture strategic Kandahar must have lowered them. Although Murad was noted for his cheerful portrayals of grand events at court-and, we suspect, as a designer of architectural ornament, which he painted so inventively-Payag is admired for portraits of holy men and ravaged old soldiers, and for views of war in all its horror.}}</ref>]]
Shah Abbas II appointed Mihrab Khan as the governor, and returned to [[Isfahan]]. The siege cost Safavids 2000 men including 600 [[Qizilbash]] while Mughals suffered 400 casualties. Subsequently the Mughals [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|besieged Kandahar thrice]] between 1649 and 1653, but failed to re-capture it, making the loss of Kandahar permanent.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|pp=138–}}{{sfn|Roy|2014|pages=112–113}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url= |title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78093-813-4 |pages= |language=en}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica | volume = 15 | fascicle = 5 | title = KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era |author-link = | last = Matthee | first = Rudi |author-first2= Hiroyuki |author-last2= Mashita| url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kandahar-from-the-mongol-invasion-through-the-safavid-era | pages = 478–484| ref ={{harvid|Iranica|2010}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url= |title=History of Aurangzib: Reign of Shah Jehan |date=1912 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & sons |pages= |language=en |chapter=First siege of Qandahar |oclc=5733274}}

[[Category:1640s conflicts]]
[[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Asia]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1648]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1649]]
[[Category:1648 in India]]

Pratap (1993 film)

2026-05-03T07:59:07Z

ShielaPaxton36: creating a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pratap 1993 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
| writer = Arjun
| producer = Arjun
| starring = Arjun [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragathamani]]
| studio = [[Sree Raam Films International]]
| distributor = Sree Raam Films International
| released = {{film date|1993|4|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pratap''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|r|ə|θ|ɑː|p}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written, directed and produced by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] via [[Sree Raam Films International]]. The film stars Arjun himself, [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and Rocky. It was released on 16 April 1993.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2024}}
Pratap is released from prison, and he learns that his sister Priya is missing. After initial efforts, Pratap finds Priya in a [[Lunatic asylum|mental asylum]] and learns that she was the witness behind the crimes committed by brothers: Vimal, Michael and Alex Raj. Priya finally recovers and she reports the Raj brothers' crimes to the media and an [[arrest warrant]] is issued. However, the Raj brothers corner Priya and kill her, which enrages Pratap. He finally kills the Raj brothers after an intense combat, thus avenging his sister, Priya's death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Pratap
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Anjali
*[[Janagaraj]] as Rajappa
*[[Captain Raju]]
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Michael Raj
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Senthil]]
*Rocky as Alex Raj
*[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Vimal Raj
*[[Prabhu Deva]] as a dancer in "Maanga Maanga"
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Priya
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragathamani]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1993 |title=Pratap |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pratap/XR2pyO0fVvU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506045603/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pratap/XR2pyO0fVvU_ |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Amaravathi – Prathap |url=https://isaishop.com/product/shop/audio-cds/others-audio-cds/amaravathi-prathap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061552/https://isaishop.com/product/shop/audio-cds/others-audio-cds/amaravathi-prathap/ |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=IsaiShop |language=en}}</ref> For the Telugu dubbed version ''Muta Rowdy'', all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Muta Rowdy |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/79FalxwneY2wAFRovavBT7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230104051826/https://open.spotify.com/album/79FalxwneY2wAFRovavBT7 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maanga Maanga
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragathamani]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = En Kannanuku Kaadhal
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Solli Adi Raja
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Mandil Oru Paatu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Arjunare Arjunare
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:47
| title6 = Raathire Nerathil
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 4:58
| total_length = 28:04
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:30
| title1 = Nene Neeku Raja
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Banti Banti Chamanti
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chorus
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Naa Kannulake
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Arjunada ! Arjunada
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Ratiri Vela
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:47
| title6 = Padenu Oka Pata
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 4:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pratap'' was released on 16 April 1993,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 1993 |title=Pratap |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930416&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> by Sree Raam Films International.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 1993 |title=Pratap |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930414&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the film "is tailormade for Arjun", appreciating the action sequences and Rocky's performance as the antagonist but criticising the music as average.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 1993 |title=One-man army |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930430&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Arjun Sarja}}

[[Category:1993 action films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arjun Sarja]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gautham Ram Karthik

2026-05-01T12:19:13Z

ShielaPaxton36:

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_name = Gautham Ram Karthik
|image = Gautham Karthik at Rangoon Audio Launch (cropped).jpg
|caption = Gautham at ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]'' Audio Launch
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/gautham-karthik.html|title=All you want to know about @gautham_karthik|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707230236/http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/gautham-karthik.html|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|alma_mater = [[Christ University]], [[Bengaluru]]
|occupation = Actor
|years_active = 2013–present
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Manjima Mohan]]|28 November 2022}}
|father = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|family = [[R. Muthuraman]] (Grandfather)
}}

'''Gautham Ram Karthik''' (born 12 September 1989) is an Indian actor who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. He made his acting debut in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-mani-ratnams-hero/20121206.htm |title=Meet Mani Ratnam's hero, Gautham Karthik |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-mani-ratnams-heroine-in-kadal/20121210.htm |title=First Look: Mani Ratnam's heroine in Kadal |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> He is a recipient of one [[Filmfare Award South]], a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and a [[SIIMA]] Award.

==Early life and background==
Gautham Ram Karthik was born on 12 September 1989 to actor [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and his first wife, actress Ragini, who is a [[Toda people|Toda]] tribal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karthik Muthuraman Biography|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/karthik-muthuraman/biography.html|work=OneIndia|access-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214043347/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/karthik-muthuraman/biography.html|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=galattadotcom |author-link= |user=galattadotcom |postid=DRo3sxdEVZv |date=29 November 2025 |title=அம்மா இந்த Picutre பார்த்தா பயங்கரமா வெட்கப்படுவாங்க... 😍🥰Gautham Karthik in an Exclusive interview with Galatta 💖 #GauthamKarthik #Galatta |script-title= |trans-title=Mom feels shy after seeing this picture... 😍🥰Gautham Karthik in an Exclusive interview with Galatta 💖 #GauthamKarthik #Galatta |language=ta |location= |access-date= |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref> Gautham's parents split when he was aged nine, and he subsequently grew up with his mother in [[Udhagamandalam|Ooty]], while his father only visited him once a year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEzxj58fz1I | title=Gautham on Parents and Separation | Madan Gowri X | website=[[YouTube]] | date=July 2023 }}</ref>

He graduated from [[Christ University]], Bangalore, when film-maker [[Mani Ratnam]] approached him with an offer.<ref name=biography>{{cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|title=Mani Ratnam wants to meet you|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mani-ratnam-wants-to-meet-you/article4298707.ece|access-date=22 November 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2013|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He holds a bachelor's degree in Psychology, English & Media. In college, he performed as a guitarist and vocalist in the band, ''Dead End Street''.<ref name=biography/> He married actress [[Manjima Mohan]], his co-star from ''[[Devarattam]]'', on November 28, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-28 |title=Gautham Karthik and Manjima Mohan get married |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthik-and-manjima-mohan-get-married/articleshow/95818763.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==

===2013–2017===

Gautham revealed that he initially felt Ratnam had approached him to be a part of the technical crew and was surprised when he was handed the lead role.<ref name=biography/> Gautham briefly took acting lessons from [[Kalairani]] and began to shoot for ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' across regions in South India for close to a year. After the shootings were completed, he was introduced to the media at the music launch event for the Telugu version of the film in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The film opened in February 2013 to mixed reviews, though Gautham Karthik's performance of a deprived youngster caught between the characters played by [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] was unanimously praised. A critic noted "Gautham delivers in his very first film. He scores in action as well as dance department too",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kadal/kadal-movie-review.html|title=Kadal Movie Review|website=Behindwoods.com|date=1 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> while a reviewer from ''[[Rediff]].com'' wrote that the actor "pulled it off with elan", labelling him as "a natural performer and is surely here to stay".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kadal-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20130201.htm|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|title=Review: Kadal has nothing new to offer|date=1 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'', a remake of the Telugu film, ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' released in April 2014 to mixed reviews and a lukewarm box office, while Gautham's performance was praised by the critics. His next release was director [[Aishwarya Dhanush]]'s ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' on 1 May 2015, which opened to positive reviews and was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vai-raja-vai-box-office-success-aishwarya-thanks-rajinikanth-dhanush-631415|author=Nicy V.P.|title='Vai Raja Vai' Box Office Success: Aishwarya Thanks Rajinikanth, Dhanush|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 May 2015|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> In 2017, he has worked in five films including, ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'', ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]'', ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]'', ''[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]'' and ''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|Indrajith]]''.

===2018–present===

Following, he has signed ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' (2018) which is to be directed by Arumuga Kumar and he is sharing screen space with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] for first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42143/hilarious-title-of-vijay-sethupathis-next-film|title=Hilarious title of Vijay Sethupathi's next film|date=11 April 2017|work=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061623/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42143/hilarious-title-of-vijay-sethupathis-next-film|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> After the box office success of ''Hara Hara Mahadevaki'', Gautham Karthik and [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] are back with their next release, ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/iruttu-araiyil-murattu-kuththu-review-tamil-movie-21772|title=Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu review. Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz|date=4 May 2018|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> The next one was with his father actor [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and his son come together on screen for the first time in ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mr-chandramouli-review-cast-no-bar/article24352356.ece|title='Mr Chandramouli' review: cast no bar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2018|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> Following, director [[M. Muthaiah]] known for his caste-based movies has joined with Gautham Karthik for a masala of violence coated with family sentiments in ''[[Devarattam]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web|title=Devarattam review. Devarattam Tamil movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/devarattam-review-tamil-movie-22405|access-date=22 November 2022|website=IndiaGliz}}</ref> Next, Gautham Karthik and director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] will be seen together on screen in ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'' (2021) directed by [[Nandha Periyasamy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gautham Karthik's Anandham Vilayadum Veedu teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthiks-anandham-vilayadum-veedu-teaser/articleshow/86503096.cms |access-date=2021-09-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He co-starred with [[R. Parthiban]] in ''[[Yutha Satham]]'' (2022) and [[Silambarasan]] in ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' (2023). The following is directed by Ponkumar, ''[[August 16 1947]]'' (2023) stars Gautham Karthik in the lead role, and the film is produced by [[A. R. Murugadoss]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gautham Karthik: ‘August 16, 1947' is a completely fictional film - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthik-august-16-1947-is-a-completely-fictional-film-exclusive/articleshow/99143010.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:FFFFCC;"|Year
!style="background:FFFFCC;"|Film
!style="background:FFFFCC;"|Role
!style="background:FFFFCC;"|Notes
|-
|2013||''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' || Thomas || Won, [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]] [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]] [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Male Debutant]]
|-
|2014||''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''|| Gautham ||
|-
|2015||''[[Vai Raja Vai]]''|| Karthik || Won, [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Tamil Nadu government announces State Film Awards for 2015; Thani Oruvan clinches top honour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2015-thani-oruvan-clinches-top-honour-9196587/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5|2017||''[[Muthuramalingam]]''|| Muthuramalingam ||
|-
|''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''|| Venkat ||
|-
|''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''|| Shakthi ||
|-
|''[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]''|| Hari ||
|-
|''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|Indrajith]]''|| Indrajith ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018||''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]''|| Harish ||
|-
|''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]''|| Veera ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''|| Raaghav ||
|-
|2019 ||''[[Devarattam]]''|| Vetri ||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''|| Sakthivel ||
|-
|2022 ||''[[Yutha Satham]]''|| Nagulan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' || Guna / Sakthivel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[August 16 1947]]'' || Paraman ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026 || ''[[Mr. X (2026 film)|Mr. X]]'' || Amaran Chakaravarthi / "Lone Wolf" || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthik-resumes-shooting-for-mr-x/articleshow/106087382.cms | title=Gautham Karthik resumes shooting for 'Mr X' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 December 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Bloody Politics}} || {{TBA}} || Post-production<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gautham Ram Karthik's next titled Bloody Politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Mar/07/tamilnews2026mar06gautham-ram-karthiks-next-titled-bloody-politics |access-date=2020-08-05 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Running Out Of Time}} || {{TBA}} || Filming<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bhaskarlive.in/gautham-ram-karthiks-sci-fi-crime-thriller-root-running-out-of-time-goes-on-floors/|title = Gautham Ram Karthik’s sci-fi crime thriller ‘ROOT – Running Out Of Time’ goes on floors}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Platform
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Legacy''
|Netflix
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1501493907433655&id=100027191814878&set=a.959079718341746|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|}

===Voice actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Actor !! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| Asif Wani
| Rohman Shawl
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Villain-க்கு Gautham Karthik தான் Dub பண்ணாரு! By Cineulagam {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/cineulagam/videos/971889268312038/?mibextid=rS40aB7S9Ucbxw6v |website=Facebook |publisher=Cineulagam |language=en |date=4 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter}}
*[http://gauthamkarthiksource.tumblr.com/ Gautham Karthik website]
*{{Rotten-tomatoes-person|gautham_karthik|Gautham Karthik}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthik, Gautham}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Hebron School alumni]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]

Gaurish Akki

2026-04-30T00:44:54Z

ShielaPaxton36: added new post initial version

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaurish Akki
| image = File:Gaurish_Akki_Photo.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Koppal District]], Karnataka, India
| education =
| occupation = [[News anchor]], Director of Alma Super Media School, film director, actor <ref name="AlmaMedia"/>
| years_active = 2000–present
| organization =
| title =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| alias =
| credits = TV Shows Sakhathmaathu, ''Premapallavi''
| URL = http://www.almamediaschool.com/
| module =
}}

'''Gaurish Akki''' is an Indian journalist, [[television news]] [[news presenter|anchor]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/alma-media-school-diploma-in-journalism-admission-open-301873.html|title=ಗೌರೀಶ್ ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಸಾರಥ್ಯದ ಆಲ್ಮಾ ಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಸ್ಕೂಲ್‌ನ ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ ಡಿಪ್ಲೋಮಾಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಾತಿ ಆರಂಭ | Alma Media School Diploma In Journalism Admission Open - Kannada Oneindia}}</ref> film director and actor. Gaurish Akki hails from [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]].

== Early life and education ==
Gaurish was born in a village named Mudhol in Yelburga Taluk of [[Koppal]] District in Karnataka. Educated in different districts of north Karnataka like Bidar and Belgaum, he completed M A in English Literature from [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]] in 1997.<ref name="AlmaMedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.almasupermedia.com/about-us/ |title=About Gourish Akki |publisher=AlmaSuperMediaSchool |date=1 June 2018 |accessdate=2018-07-25 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033203/http://www.almasupermedia.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Gaurish started his career as a lecturer in Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni college and also worked in S Nijalingappa college, Bengaluru. Gaurish switchedover to media after one year. He was always passionate about media, be it big screen or small.<ref name="AlmaMedia"/> Starting his news career with Etv Kannada news Channel in the year 2000, Gaurish worked for ETV news Hyderabad, in various capacities like Voice over artist, then Copy editor, then Bulletin producer and Program Producer.<ref name="AlmaMedia" />

Then in the year 2005 March, he came to Bangalore and joined [[TV9 (Kannada)]]. He is one of those few founding members of tv9, who worked before the inception of the channel and one of those important reasons for the TV9 Kannada's success. Though anchored umpteenth programs of different genres like politics, social and cultural issues, he made his special mark in the Entertainment Section. Having the credit of interviewing all the bigwigs of sandalwood, his two super hit interview series were "Sakhathmaathu " and "Premapallavi". Another notable series of those times was "Flash back"<ref name="AlmaMedia"/>

After almost five years of in TV9, Gaurish Akki joined [[Suvarna News]] 24/7 in 2010 and served there for 3 years..Heading the cinema team, produced the daily dose of glamour world, in the program called Cinema Hungama and he also produced and directed several programs... one series that grabbed the maximum eyeballs was " Out of focus". He also nurtured many talents in this period. From May 2016 to June 2017 he worked for Suddi TV as chief Anchor and now working on some more ideas of movies, web series etc.<ref name="AlmaMedia"/>

Gaurish has received many awards and felicitations, State media Academy Award by state Government in 2007 as Best News presenter and Best Interviewer award by Cable Varthe magazine in 2008, and Vocational Excellence by Rotary in 2009 were to name few.
<ref name="AlmaMedia"/>

== Film career==
Gaurish started his film career as a lead actor in the Kannada movie Sipayee. He wrote and directed his debut Kannada movie "Cinema My Darling" which released in March 2016 . After that he acted as a lead actor (in a novel based) [[Kannada]] movie called [[Kengulabi]] which is slated for release in 2018.

== Awards ==
Gaurish has received several awards:
* 2007 – State media Academy Award by state Government in 2007 as Best News presenter
* 2008 – Best Interviewer award by Cable Varthe magazine
* 2009 – Vocational Excellence by Rotary

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2014/jul/18/ಅಕ್ಕಿ-ಕೈಗೆ-ಲಾಂಗು!-230739.html|title=ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಕೈಗೆ ಲಾಂಗು!|website=Kannadaprabha}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Sipaayi (2016 film)|Sipayee]]'' ||
|-
| ''Cinema My Darling'' || Debut as Director as Producer
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mantram (film)|Mantram]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''3000'' ||
|-
| ''Kengulabi'' ||
|-
| ''Navodaya Dayzz'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8025371/ Gaurish Akki | Actor, Writer, Director]
* [http://www.iuemag.com/april2016/li/redifining-versatility-gowrish-akki.php {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Redifining}} Versatility : Journey from being a Professor to becoming a Cinema Director - Gaurish Akki]
* [https://www.facebook.com/gaurishakki Gaurish Akki]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akki, Gaurish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language journalists]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Surendra Singh Negi (Karnprayag politician)

2026-04-29T19:57:54Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made New Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Surendra Singh Negi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Karnaprayag]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| successor = [[Anil Nautiyal]]
| predecessor = [[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[Highschool]]
| birth_date = 9 September 1968
}}

'''Surendra Singh Negi''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Negi was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Karnaprayag Assembly constituency]] in [[Chamoli district]] from 2017 till 2022.<ref name="results2007">{{Cite web |title=Surendra Singh Negi(Independent(IND)):Constituency- KARANPRAYAG(CHAMOLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/utt2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=351 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Votesmart India |url=https://votesmart.in/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Votesmart India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Karanprayag 2017 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/37318 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:People from Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sekhar Basu

2026-04-21T11:40:22Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made A Post V1

{{Short description|Indian nuclear scientist (1952–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Sekhar Basu
| image = Sekhar Basu.jpg
| alt = Sekhar Basu
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|09|20}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|9|24|1952|9|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Ballygunge Government High School]] [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]], [[Mumbai]]
BARC Training School
| other_names =
| office = Chairman [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]

and

Secretary [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
| term_start = 23 October 2015
| term_end = 17 September 2018
| office1 = Director of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]
| term_start1 = 19 June 2012
| term_end1 = 23 February 2016
| profession = Nuclear scientist
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2014) Indian Nuclear Society (INS) Award (2002) [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) Award (2006 and 2007)
| predecessor = [[Dr. Ratan Kumar Sinha]]
| successor = [[Kamlesh Nilkanth Vyas]]
}}

'''Dr. Sekhar Basu''' (20 September 1952 – 24 September 2020) was an Indian [[nuclear scientist]] who served as the chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and Secretary to the Government of India, [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr Sekhar Basu takes charge as Chairman, AEC and Secretary, DAE|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=129924|access-date=7 July 2017|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> He also served as the Director of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), the Project Director of Nuclear Submarine Program, and later as the Chief Executive of the Nuclear Recycle Board at Bhabha Atomic Research Center.<ref name="B1">{{cite web|author=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|date=23 February 2016|title=Dr. Sekhar Basu|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/sbasu.html|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222103747/http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/sbasu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a recipient of India's fourth highest civilian honor [[Padma Shri]] in 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=25 September 2020|title=Nuclear scientist Sekhar Basu succumbs to Covid|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nuclear-scientist-sekhar-basu-succumbs-to-covid-6609781/|access-date=25 September 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

He is credited for his efforts in building the nuclear reactor for India's first nuclear powered submarine [[INS Arihant]], nuclear waste recycling plants in [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur]] and [[Kalpakkam]], and the [[India-based Neutrino Observatory|Indian Neutrino Observatory]] in [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1"/>

==Education and career==
Basu was born on 20 September 1952 in [[Muzaffarpur]], in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Press Information Bureau | date=23 October 2015 |url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2015/oct/p2015102302.pdf |title=Sekhar Basu Writeup - Press Information Bureau |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/scientist-sekhar-basu-passes-on/cid/1792950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084853/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/scientist-sekhar-basu-passes-on/cid/1792950 |title=Scientist Sekhar Basu is no more |publisher=The Telegraph Online |date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> He attended [[Ballygunge Government High School]], [[Kolkata]], and graduated in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]], [[University of Mumbai]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2014/2014030412.pdf|title=Padma Shri Award for Shri Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC|website=BARC|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215903/http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2014/2014030412.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Shri Award for Shri Sekhar Basu, Director, BARCBARC|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2014/2014030412.pdf|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215903/http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2014/2014030412.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After completion of a year at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]'s training school, he joined the Reactor Engineering Division in the same institute in 1975. He went on to work as a project director of the Nuclear Submarine program and as the chief executive of the Nuclear Recycle Board at BARC India.<ref name=":1" />

He further went on to become the Director of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] in 2012 and was appointed the chairman of the Indian [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and Secretary to the Government of India, [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) in 2015, and served in this position through September 2018.<ref name=":0" />

== Projects ==
=== Nuclear recycle plants ===
In his role as the Chief Executive of the Nuclear Recycle Board, at BARC, Basu's research spanned design, development, and operation of nuclear reprocessing and nuclear waste management. He was involved in the design and building of reprocessing plants, fuel storage facilities, and nuclear waste treatment facilities at [[Trombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tarapur, Maharashtra]], and [[Kalpakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2012|title='Our policy is to reprocess all the fuel put into a nuclear reactor'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/our-policy-is-to-reprocess-all-the-fuel-put-into-a-nuclear-reactor/article4041223.ece|access-date=25 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Nuclear power deployment ===
[[File:PHWR under Construction at Kakrapar Gujarat India.jpg|alt=Indigenous PHWR under-construction at Kakrapar, Gujarat, India|thumb|260x260px|Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) construction in Kakrapur, Gujarat, during Basu's term as the secretary at the DAE.]]

As the secretary of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) between 2015 and 2018, Basu supported initiatives to accelerate the pace of nuclear power deployment in India. In May 2017, the Government of India gave its approval to DAE's plan for construction of 10 [[pressurized heavy-water reactor]]s (PHWRs) and two [[pressurized water reactor]]s (PWRs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/974|title=Government Approves Mega-Project for 10 Indigenous Reactors {{!}} Department of Atomic Energy|website=dae.nic.in|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> In this period, the DAE took pm simultaneous construction of 21 reactors, with the [[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]] (PFBR) at Kalpakkam being in advanced stages of commissioning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PIB's Press Release on Cabinet's decision to transform domestic nuclear industry {{!}} Department of Atomic Energy|url=http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/973|access-date=9 August 2017|website=dae.nic.in}}</ref> In this period, DAE also initiated actions for increased uranium exploration and mining in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BHAVINI :: Welcomes You|url=http://www.bhavini.nic.in/Userpages/ViewProject.aspx|access-date=9 August 2017|website=www.bhavini.nic.in|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171846/http://www.bhavini.nic.in/Userpages/ViewProject.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He also oversaw the launch of various projects at the Department of Atomic Energy, including the commercial power production of the second 1000MWe nuclear reactor at [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], and construction of two further nuclear power plants, [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|KKNPP]] Units 3 and 4, of the same capacity, starting in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155689|title=Year End review: Department of Atomic Energy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PIB - DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY|url=http://pib.nic.in/ndagov/Comprehensive-Materials/compr45.pdf|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Fundamental science projects ===
[[File:Sekhar Basu and CERN Director-General Dr. Fabiola Gianotti signed agreement for India to be an Associate Member of CERN. November 2016.jpg|alt=Sekhar Basu and CERN Director-General sign agreement for India to be an Associate Member of CERN|thumb|left|Dr. Basu signing the 2016 agreement for India to be an associate member of the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] ([[CERN]])]]

His fundamental science research and partnerships spanned Superconducting Accelerators, [[Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory]] (LIGO), [[International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]] (ITER), and the [[India-based Neutrino Observatory]].<ref name=":1" />

In his role as the Secretary of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]], he signed a [[Memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with the [[National Science Foundation]] in 2016, to establish an advanced [[Gravitational wave detector]] in India. When completed, the [[Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations]] or INDIGO will be the fifth large scale gravitational wave detector in the world, and the third LIGO detector in the world after LIGO US, and VIRGO gravitational wave detector in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIGO India MOU signed|url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/LA/news/ligo20160404|access-date=25 September 2020|website=LIGO {{!}} Livingston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=30 March 2016|title=India-US to sign MoU for building LIGO project|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-us-to-sign-mou-for-building-ligo-project-116033001245_1.html|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> A site near [[Aundha Nagnath]] in the [[Hingoli District]], [[Maharashtra]] has been selected, with a predicted date of commission in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2016|title=First LIGO Lab Outside US To Come Up In Maharashtra's Hingoli|journal=[[NDTV]]|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-ligo-lab-outside-us-to-come-up-in-maharashtras-hingoli-1456355}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mann|first=Adam|date=4 March 2020|title=The golden age of neutron-star physics has arrived|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=579|issue=7797|pages=20–22|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00590-8|pmid=32132697|bibcode=2020Natur.579...20M |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In November 2016, during his tenure at the DAE, he signed an agreement for India to be an associate member of the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] ([https://home.cern/ CERN]). The agreement would allow Indian companies to bid for engineering contracts at the CERN, and would also allow for Indian engineers to participate in projects at the CERN.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2016|title=India joins CERN as an associate member|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/India-joins-CERN-as-an-associate-member/article16685867.ece|access-date=26 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India to become Associate Member State of CERN|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/india-become-associate-member-state-cern|access-date=26 September 2020|website=CERN|language=en}}</ref>

He also signed a [[MoU]] in April 2018, with the then US energy secretary [[Rick Perry]] to expand collaboration between India and the US in [[Neutrino|neutrino research]] paving the way for collaboration between the [[Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment|Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF)]], [[Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment|Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE)]] in the US, and the [[India-based Neutrino Observatory|India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)]] in [[Theni]], India. The MoU built on the previous agreement between the two countries to collaborate on the manufacture of particle accelerator components.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2018|title=US and India team up on neutrino physics|url=https://cerncourier.com/a/us-and-india-team-up-on-neutrino-physics/|access-date=26 September 2020|website=CERN Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Healthcare and societal outreach ===
During his time at the DAE, the agency drove initiatives to develop [[radiotherapy]] equipment and low cost radiotherapy treatment for developing countries. Bhabhatron, a low cost radiotherapy machine and a digital simulator was shared with Tanzania, Kenya, and Mongolia. Efforts were also undertaken for the development of indigenous cancer care drugs.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=17 May 2015|title=Modi hands over Bhabhatron to Mongolia for cancer treatment|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/modi-hands-over-bhabhatron-to-mongolia-for-cancer-treatment-115051700356_1.html|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2016|title=Statement by Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission|url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/16/09/india2016.pdf}}</ref>


In this period, he also coordinated with the Government of India's [[Startup India]] [[Skill India]] program, to provide spin-off technologies available for entrepreneurs to use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAE condoles the sudden demise of Dr Sekhar Basu at Calcutta in the early hours of 24.9.20|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1658759|access-date=25 September 2020|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Indian Nuclear Society]] Award (2002)<ref name=":1" />
* DAE Awards (2006 and 2007)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Sekhar Basu, Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/sbasu.html|access-date=25 September 2020|website=www.barc.gov.in|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222103747/http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/sbasu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], [[Government of India]] (2014)<ref name=":1" />

He was also a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE) and the [[Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing]] (ISNT).<ref name="B1" />

== Death ==
Basu died from [[COVID-19]] in [[Kolkata]] on 24 September 2020, four days after his 68th birthday, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He was also suffering from kidney ailments at the time of his death.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name="The Times of India 2020">{{cite web | title=Nuclear scientist Sekhar Basu dies of Covid-19 - India News | website=The Times of India | date=24 September 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-scientist-sekhar-basu-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/78291571.cms | access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant''-class submarine]]
* [[Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam]]
* [[India-based Neutrino Observatory]]
* [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Sekhar}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]

P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1960)

2026-04-20T06:58:05Z

ShielaPaxton36: creating article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Shanmugam
| honorific_suffix = [[Comrade]]
| image =
| office1 = Secretary, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu]] State Committee
| term_start1 = 5 January 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor1 = [[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]]
| office2 = Member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start2 = 10 April 2022
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|08|06}}
| birth_place = [[Peruvallanallur]], [[Trichy]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| other_party = 
| relations =
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| parents =
| spouse =
| birth_name =
}}
'''P. Shanmugam''' is a politician from the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). In 1992 he became the founding general secretary of the Tamilnadu Tribal Association and he emerged as a prominent leader in the campaign for justice for the [[Vachathi case|1992 Vachathi violence]] victims. Shanmugam served as the general secretary of the Tamil Nadu affiliate of the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]] (the peasants' front linked to CPI(M)) for 13 years and went on to become name Kisan Sabha state unit president in 2020. He was elected to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M) Central Committee]] in 2022 and was elected as the secretary of the Tamil Nadu State Committee of the party in 2025, becoming the first [[Dalit]] to hold the post.

==Early life==
Shanmugam was born on 6 August 1960 in [[Peruvallanallur]] village, [[Trichy district]]. He studied at the Ramasamy Tamil College in [[Karaikudi]]. He joined [[Students' Federation of India|Students Federation of India]] (SFI), the student wing of the CPI(M), at the age of 19. He would go on to hold the posts of SFI Tamil Nadu state president and secretary.<ref name=samyam>{{cite news|title=சிபிஎம் கட்சிக்கு புதிய மாநில செயலாளர்! யார் இந்த பெ.சண்முகம்? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/p-shanmugam-elected-as-marxist-communist-party-state-secretary-at-villupuram-conference/amp_articleshow/116968404.cms?|newspaper=Samayam|date=5 January 2025 |first1=Pavithran |last1=Devendran|trans-title=CPI(M) has a new state secretary! Who is this P. Shanmugam?}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Vachathi case ===
Shanmugam became the founding general secretary of the Tamilnadu Tribal Association in 1992, an organization advocating for rights for [[Adivasi|Adivasi peoples (Scheduled Tribes)]].<ref name=desh1>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=6 January 2025 |trans-title=P Shanmugam CPI(M) Tamil Nadu Secretary |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/News/national/p-shanmugam-cpi-m-tamil-nadu-secretary-50820 | title=പി ഷൺമുഖം സിപിഐ എം തമിഴ്‌നാട്‌ സെക്രട്ടറി}}</ref> Soon after the formation of TNTA, the organization under Shanmugam's leadership became embroiled in a three decades long struggle demanding justice in the [[Vachathi case]].<ref name=hamlet>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vachathi-a-tribal-hamlets-road-to-justice-paved-over-the-course-of-31-years-amid-hurdles/article67361410.ece|title=Vachathi brutality - A tribal hamlet's road to justice in Dharmapuri paved over the course of 31 years|date=8 October 2023|author=P.V. Srividya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Indian Express|title=Finally got justice… No one should go through our torture|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/finally-got-justice-no-one-should-go-through-our-torture/|date=30 September 2011|author=V. Shoba}}</ref> On 20 June 1992 a team of 155 forest personnel, 108 policemen and six revenue officials had entered the tribal-dominated [[Vachathi]] village, searching for smuggled [[sandalwood]] and to gather information about the bandit [[Veerappan]].<ref>{{cite news|first=S. |last=Dorairaj|title=Justice for Vachathi|url=http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20111104282203200.htm|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=22 October 2011|access-date=18 October 2011 | location=Chennai}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes-29Sep11">{{cite news|title=TN: 19 yrs on, 215 guilty of atrocities on tribals|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Vachati-dalit-rape-victims-get-justice-19-years-later/Article1-751500.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201215822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Vachati-Dalit-rape-victims-get-justice-19-years-later/Article1-751500.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2011|newspaper=Hindustan times|date=29 September 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Under the pretext of conducting a search, the team ransacked the villagers' property, destroyed their houses, killed their cattle, assaulted around 100 villagers and raped 18 women.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15106778 |title=India abuse: Scores guilty of Dalit rape and torture |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

The incident was unknown beyond the local area, but at a TNTA meeting in the [[Sitheri|Sitheri Hills]] in July 1992 local communists informed the TNTA leaders about the attack on Vachathi.<ref name=hamlet/> Shanmugan led a TNTA team that visited the site on 14 July 1992.<ref name="TheHindu-05Jan25">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/p-shanmugam-who-got-justice-for-vachathi-victims-is-cpim-state-secretary/article69065143.ece/|title=P. Shanmugam, who got justice for Vachathi victims, is CPI(M) State secretary |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2025 }}</ref><ref name="ThePrint09Oct23">{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/largest-number-of-uniformed-persons-punished-by-law-but-vachathi-womens-battle-not-over-yet/1796152/ | title='Largest number of uniformed persons punished by law'—But Vachathi women's battle not over yet | newspaper=[[ThePrint]] | date=9 October 2023 |first1=Vandana |last1=Menon }}</ref> They encountered a vandalized ghost village, with most residents having fled.<ref name=hamlet/> Shanmugam reported the incident to CPI(M) [[Rajya Sabha]] MP A. Nallasivan, who filed a petition in the Madras High Court on 20 August 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://indiankanoon.org/doc/166908/|title = A. Nallasivan vs State Of Tamil Nadu And Others on 24 February, 1995}}</ref> Shanmugam continued leading struggles within the court system and in the public to demand justice for the victims of the Vachathi case.<ref name="ThePrint09Oct23"/><ref name="DTNews-06Jan25"/> The campaign succeeded in gaining national attention, and an inquiry by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] was initiated.<ref name="TheHindu-05Jan25"/> Shanmugam also brought the case to the SC/ST Commission, which in 2007 awarded a compensation of 12,500,000 [[Indian rupees]] to the Vachathi case victims in 2007 (distributed among 500 villagers).<ref name="HindustanTimes-29Sep11"/>

The Madras High Court finally passed a verdict on the Vachathi case on 29 September 2023, and Shanmugam was one of the speakers at the public victory celebration organised by the All India Lawyers Union in Chennai on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsclick.in/vachathi-case-verdict-proves-sustained-struggle-ensures-justice? | title=Vachathi Case Verdict Proves Sustained Struggle Ensures Justice | work=NewsClick | date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Shanmugam authored a book on the case, titled ''A War Cry of the Lost: A Heroic Saga of Vaachathi''.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0972266120170208 | doi=10.1177/0972266120170208 | title=Book Reviews | date=2017 | last1=Rajan | first1=M.C. | journal=Review of Development and Change | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=130–132 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During the course of the Vachathi case struggle, Shanmugam's role shifted to president of the Tamilnadu Tribal Association.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=People's Democracy|url=https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2012/0819_pd/08192012_11.html|title=Tribal Conference Salutes Vaachathi People|date=19 August 2012|author=S.P. Rajendran}}</ref> He was also one of the leaders of the tribal people's struggle which led to the enactment of [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act, 2006]] in UPA-I government.<ref name="DTNews-06Jan25">{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/news/tamilnadu/vachathi-hero-shanmugham-becomes-first-dalit-secretary-of-cpm-tamil-nadu-818159?|title=Vachathi hero Shanmugham becomes first Dalit secretary of CPM Tamil Nadu|work =[[DT Next]]|date =6 January 2025}}</ref><ref name=desh1/>

=== Peasants movement ===
He served as the general secretary of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]] (peasants movement aligned with CPI(M).<ref name=samyam/><ref name=bbc1/> The Kisan Sabha is present throughout Tamil Nadu, and has a large membership in the state.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-55209047|title=వింత నిరసనలు చేసిన తమిళ రైతులు ఇప్పుడు ఎక్కడ ఉన్నారు? ఏం చేస్తున్నారు?|date=8 December 2020|trans-title=Where are the Tamil farmers who staged strange protests now? What are they doing?|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He was named president of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the Kisan Sabha in 2020.<ref name=desh1/> Shanmugam played a prominent role in the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|protest movement]] against the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|2020 three farm bills]].<ref name=samyam/><ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2020 | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/1221314-marxist-party-stages-protest-demands-withdrawal-of-farm-bills | title=Marxist party stages protest, demands withdrawal of farm bills |work=Devdiscourse}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2021/0103_pd/tamil-nadu-massive-kisan-rally | title=Tamil Nadu: Massive Kisan Rally |newspaper=People's Democracy|date=3 January 2021}}</ref> He was arrested during the National Protest Day of the movement on 25 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://janataweekly.org/highlights-of-national-protest-day-called-by-farmers-organisations-on-september-25/ | title=Highlights of National Protest Day Called by Farmers' Organisations on September 25 |newspaper=Janata Weekly|date=4 October 2020}}</ref> Following the repeal of the three farm bills, Shanmugam advocated maintaining the peasants agitation in order to pressure the national government to withdraw the Electricity Amendment Bill and enact legislation fixing Minimum Support Price (MSP) for agricultural produces at above 50 per cent of cultivation cost.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |title=Repeal of farm laws: Leaders want cases against farmers withdrawn|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Nov/20/repeal-of-farm-laws-leaders-want-cases-against-farmers-withdrawn-2385782.html|date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

As of 2024, he was one of the National Vice Presidents of the All India Kisan Sabha.<ref>{{citation |work=All India Kisan Sabha |url=https://kisansabha.org/0current/aiks-extends-solidarity-to-samsung-workers-strike-provides-lunch-for-two-days/ |title=AIKS Extends Solidarity to Samsung Workers Strike, Provides Lunch for Two Days |date=20 September 2024 }}</ref>

=== Communist Party of India (Marxist) ===
Shanmugam was elected to the Central Committee of CPI(M) at the 23rd Party Congress held at [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]] on 10 April 2022. Ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Indian general election]] he was the member of the four-member panel set up by the party to negotiate a seat sharing agreements with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=CPM constitutes panel for seat-sharing talks with DMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/cpm-constitutes-panel-for-seatsharing-talks-with-dmk-coimbatore/articleshow/107178022.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 5 January 2025, Shanmugam was elected as the new secretary of the CPI(M) Tamil Nadu State Committee [[Tamil Nadu]] unit of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] at the 24th party state conference held at [[Villupuram]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2025 |title=പി. ഷൺമുഖം തമിഴ്‌നാട് സി.പി.എം. സെക്രട്ടറി |trans-title=P. Shanmugam CPM Tamil Nadu Secretary |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-1.10226251 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The incumbent party state secretary [[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]] had requested to be relieved of his responsibilities due to old age.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=மார்க்சிஸ்ட் புதிய மாநிலச் செயலாளர் தேர்வு: யார் இந்த பெ. சண்முகம்? |trans-title=Marxist new state secretary election: Who is this P. Shanmugam? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/cpm-tamil-nadu-state-secretary-who-is-p-shanmugam-8593649 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="one1">{{Cite web |last=Maran |first=Mathivanan |date=5 January 2025 |title=சிபிஎம்-ன் புதிய மாநிலச் செயலாளராக 'வாச்சாத்தி நாயகன்' பெ. சண்முகம் தேர்வு! கே.பாலகிருஷ்ணன் மாற்றம்! |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/p-shanmugam-appointed-state-cpi-m-secretary-in-villupuram-conference-668757.html |website=[[Oneindia]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Shanmugam became the first [[Dalit]] to hold that post.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2025 |title=CPM chooses its first dalit state secretary, Shanmugam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cpm-chooses-its-first-dalit-state-secretary-shanmugam/articleshow/116972434.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In recognition of his efforts for the underprivileged, Shanmugam was named recipient of the Ambedkar Award 2023 from the Tamil Nadu state government.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tn-govt-announces-recipients-for-periyar-ambedkar-anna-awards-760784 | title=TN govt announces recipients for Periyar, Ambedkar, Anna awards |newspaper=[[DT Next]] | date=12 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/p-shanmugam-elected-cpim-tn-secretary-cm-stalin-greets-3342401 | title=P Shanmugam elected CPI(M) TN secretary, CM Stalin greets | date=6 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=PTI}}</ref> The award, along with a gold medal, a golden shawl and a 500,000 Indian rupees cash prize, was presented to Shanmugam at a ceremony in Chennai on 14 January 2024, presided by the Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cm-stalin-gives-away-periyar-ambedkar-awards-chennai/articleshow/106826462.cms|date=14 January 2024|title=CM Stalin gives away Periyar, Ambedkar awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=ETV Bharat|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/chennai/dr-ambedkar-award-to-cpim-p-shanmugam-and-thanthai-periyar-award-to-suba-veerapandian-tn-cm-award-2023/tamil-nadu20240112181937645645940|title=பி.சண்முகத்திற்கு 'அம்பேத்கர் விருது', சுப.வீரபாண்டியனுக்கு 'பெரியார் விருது'|date=12 January 2024|trans-title='Ambedkar Award' for P. Shanmugam, 'Periyar Award' for Subha}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugam, P.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]

Jawahar Prasad

2026-04-19T18:01:38Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created New Pg W/ Sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawahar Prasad Kushwaha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sasaram/bihar-chunav-2020-kushwaha-occupies-sasaram-seat-for-40-years-kushwaha-11-times-in-16-elections-kayastha-candidate-four-times-asj|title=Bihar Chunav 2020 : सासाराम सीट पर है 40 वर्षों से कुशवाहा का कब्जा|website=prabhat khabar|accessdate=23 March 2023|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025142849/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sasaram/bihar-chunav-2020-kushwaha-occupies-sasaram-seat-for-40-years-kushwaha-11-times-in-16-elections-kayastha-candidate-four-times-asj|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image = Jawahar Prasad Kushwaha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]
| alma_mater =
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 1995
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2000
| successor1 = [[Ashok Kushwaha]]
| constituency1 = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2010
| constituency2 = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2015
| constituency3 = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor =
| successor3 = [[Ashok Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Jawahar Prasad Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician and a former Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]. Prasad is a five term [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from Sasaram; he was elected as a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Prasad has also been associated with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in early part of his life. He became an active member of Sangh in 1989, and in 1990 election to Bihar Assembly, he was elected for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/jawahar-prasad-red-light-mount-rajdoot-jawahar-prasad-story-bjp-mla-sasaram-bihar-assembly-election-2020-1141734-2020-10-07|title=Sasaram: राजदूत पर लालबत्ती लगाकर घूमते थे ये MLA, पीछे बैठता था बॉडीगार्ड|website=AajTak|accessdate=19 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321203104/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/jawahar-prasad-red-light-mount-rajdoot-jawahar-prasad-story-bjp-mla-sasaram-bihar-assembly-election-2020-1141734-2020-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-election-fashback-jawahar-prasad-bjp-mla-of-sasaram-who-used-to-put-red-light-on-his-bike-20847426.html|title=Bihar Election Flashback: जवाहर प्रसाद- सासाराम के BJP MLA जो अपनी बाइक पर लगाते थे लाल बत्ती|accessdate=19 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321204656/https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-election-fashback-jawahar-prasad-bjp-mla-of-sasaram-who-used-to-put-red-light-on-his-bike-20847426.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1990 Bihar Assembly elections, Prasad defeated Bipin Bihari Sinha. He secured 42,956 votes in his favour compared to 24,261 votes in favour of Sinha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|title=1990 Bihar Assembly elections|website=Election.in|accessdate=19 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321205738/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Arrest==
Prasad was arrested in April 2023, by Bihar police on the charges of inciting the violence against [[Muslim]]s in Sasaram during the [[Ram Navami]] procession. According to news reports, he was one of the leader, who was leading the procession in the Muslim dominated region. Latter, he allegedly provoked the masses for pelting stones, which resulted in communal strife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bihar-ram-navami-violence-bjp-ex-mla-jawahar-prasad-arrested-cm-nitish-kumar-no-one-spared-8582659/|title=Bihar Ram Navami violence: BJP ex-MLA Jawahar Prasad arrested; CM Nitish Kumar says no one will be spared|website=Indian express|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429105949/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bihar-ram-navami-violence-bjp-ex-mla-jawahar-prasad-arrested-cm-nitish-kumar-no-one-spared-8582659/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/former-bjp-mla-arrested-in-connection-with-bihar-communal-violence-case-101682760591659.html|title=Bihar ex-MLA Jawahar Prasad arrested over Sasaram communal violence case|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429234357/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/former-bjp-mla-arrested-in-connection-with-bihar-communal-violence-case-101682760591659.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ex-bjp-mla-jawahar-prasad-held-over-flare-up/cid/1933371|title=Ex-BJP MLA Jawahar Prasad held over flare-up|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429235220/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ex-bjp-mla-jawahar-prasad-held-over-flare-up/cid/1933371|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that, in this incident, many regions like Sahajlal Peer colony and Qadirganj of Sasaram witnessed communal tensions. The rioters burnt many houses of the local Muslim inhabitants and destroyed private as well as public property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-former-bjp-mla-jawahar-prasad-and-two-arrested-in-sasaram-violence-case-23398339.html|title=Sasaram Violence मामले में भाजपा के पूर्व विधायक जवाहर प्रसाद गिरफ्तार, एक अन्य को भी पुलिस ने पकड़ा|website=jagran|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430220724/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-former-bjp-mla-jawahar-prasad-and-two-arrested-in-sasaram-violence-case-23398339.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to arrest of Prasad over allegations of inciting violence, Nikhil Anand, president of [[Other Backward Class]] wing of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] denounced the claims of Bihar police and administration of Prasad being the culprit in Ram Navami violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ex-bjp-mla-arrested-over-ram-navami-violence-in-bihars-sasaram/article66792991.ece|title=Ex-BJP MLA arrested over Ram Navami violence in Bihar's Sasaram|website=The Hindu|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ex-bjp-mla-arrested-over-ram-navami-violence-in-bihars-sasaram/article66792991.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Condemning the arrest of Prasad on allegations of spreading communal violence, Bhartiya Janata Party leader [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] alleged that Nitish Kumar's government arrested Prasad, as he was a popular leader from [[Koeri]] caste in [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]] and since the people belonging to his caste group have shifted their loyalty to Bhartiya Janata Party, administration of Kumar is targeting him on caste grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/political-slugfest-over-ex-bjp-mlas-arrest/articleshow/99880475.cms|title=Political slug fest over ex-BJP MLA's arrest|website=Times of India|accessdate=5 May 2023|archive-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505021936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/political-slugfest-over-ex-bjp-mlas-arrest/articleshow/99880475.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Jawahar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]

Laikera Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:33Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created Some Pg V1

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Laikera
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Laikera''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Jharsuguda district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967 |title=1963–1967 Delimitation Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1967}}</ref> It was established in 1967 and abolished in 2008 following Delimitation. It was subsumed into the [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency]].<ref name=dpaco2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribes]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1967 & 2008, 10 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laikera Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/laikera-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Laikera constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Lala Gajendra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Rameshwar Singh Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Rameshwar Singh Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Brundaban Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jharsuguda district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Jharsuguda-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Julana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:49Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created A Stub Nd Citations...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Julana
| type = SLA
| map_image = Julana Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 34
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Vinesh Phogat]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Jind district|Jind]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Vinesh Phogat receives Arjuna Award in 2016.jpg
| electors = 1,85,565
}}

'''Julana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref> It is part of [[Jind district|Jind]] district. [[Vinesh Phogat]] is the sitting MLA from this constituency, representing it in the 14th [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0734.htm}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julana Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/julana.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Chaudhary Dal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Narain Singh Kataria || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1970^ || Chaudhary Dal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Fateh Singh Ahlawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Zile Singh Malik || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Kulbir Singh Malik || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Suraj Bhan Kajla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Satya Narain Lathar || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | Sher Singh Sehrawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Parminder Singh Dhull]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Amarjeet Dhanda]] || {{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]|| [[Vinesh Phogat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Julana">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Julana |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0734.htm |accessdate=31 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vinesh Phogat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,080 |percentage=46.86% |change={{increase}}37.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,065 |percentage=42.53% |change={{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Lather |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=10,158 |percentage=7.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet Dhanda |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,477 |percentage=1.78% |change={{decrease}}47.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavita Rani |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,280 |percentage=0.92% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=202 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,015 |percentage=4.33% |change= {{decrease}}14.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,871 |percentage=75.20% |change= {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,565 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amarjeet Dhanda]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=61,942 |percentage=49.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,749 |percentage=29.87 |change={{increase}}20.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmender Singh Dhull |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,440 |percentage=9.84 |change={{decrease}}15.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,020 |percentage=3.18 |change={{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphool Sharma |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=3,592 |percentage=2.84 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,016 |percentage=1.60 |change={{increase}}0.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Pahal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=958 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telu Ram Jangra |party=Independent politician |votes=930 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Malik Nidani |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=826 |percentage=0.65 |change={{decrease}}43.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,193 |percentage=19.14 |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,375 |percentage=72.78 |change= {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,645 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=54,632 |percentage=43.98 |change={{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmender Singh Dhull |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,826 |percentage=25.62 |change={{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=22,286 |percentage=17.94 |change={{increase}}9.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Buwana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,013 |percentage=9.67 |change={{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=984 |percentage=0.79 |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,806 |percentage=18.36 |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,24,219 |percentage=77.58 |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,108 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=45,576 |percentage=43.72 |change={{increase}}25.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,765 |percentage=31.43 |change={{decrease}}5.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhir Gautam |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=9,934 |percentage=9.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Chabri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,696 |percentage=8.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jahawar Saini |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,508 |percentage=2.41 |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,383 |percentage=1.33 |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sanjay Lathar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,161 |percentage=1.11 |change={{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,811 |percentage=12.29 |change= {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,255 |percentage=76.11 |change= {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,988 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,232 |percentage=37.22 |change={{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,410 |percentage=29.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=15,937 |percentage=18.40 |change={{decrease}}23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Lathar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,983 |percentage=5.75 |change={{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,586 |percentage=2.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,308 |percentage=1.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,289 |percentage=1.49 |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hariom |party=Independent politician |votes=890 |percentage=1.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=446 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,822 |percentage=7.88 |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,609 |percentage=75.31 |change= {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,008 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,657 |percentage=44.98 |change={{increase}}41.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan Kajal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,556 |percentage=42.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samunder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,037 |percentage=3.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhey Shyam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,894 |percentage=2.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chandera Bhardwaj Barister |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,711 |percentage=2.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharambir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,083 |percentage=1.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrad Vedpal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,027 |percentage=1.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Lathar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=805 |percentage=1.04 |change={{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,101 |percentage=2.73 |change= {{decrease}}13.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,058 |percentage=73.65 |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,614 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Narain Lathar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=34,195 |percentage=46.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan S/O Harnarain |party=Samata Party |votes=22,425 |percentage=30.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=5,211 |percentage=7.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,553 |percentage=3.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,310 |percentage=3.16 |change={{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,356 |percentage=1.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=760 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=664 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan S/O Fateh Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=398 |percentage=0.54 |change={{decrease}}25.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,770 |percentage=16.10 |change= {{increase}}11.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,117 |percentage=72.53 |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,065 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Janata Party |votes=16,157 |percentage=26.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parminder Singh Dhull]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,154 |percentage=21.29 |change={{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bha S/O Risal Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,190 |percentage=13.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Preet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,527 |percentage=10.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan S/O Ram Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=5,126 |percentage=8.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=4,826 |percentage=7.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Mohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,563 |percentage=5.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,779 |percentage=2.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=785 |percentage=1.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,003 |percentage=4.86 |change= {{decrease}}29.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,786 |percentage=69.70 |change= {{decrease}}6.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,217 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}39.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=40,965 |percentage=65.66 |change={{increase}}31.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,518 |percentage=31.28 |change={{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=651 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=396 |percentage=0.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=297 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,447 |percentage=34.37 |change= {{increase}}24.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,394 |percentage=75.01 |change= {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,337 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}31.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=17,880 |percentage=34.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,723 |percentage=24.62 |change={{increase}}17.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,145 |percentage=15.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,920 |percentage=13.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,357 |percentage=2.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,083 |percentage=2.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Kishan |party=Janata Party |votes=980 |percentage=1.90 |change={{decrease}}37.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=919 |percentage=1.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand S/O Ami Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.63 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,157 |percentage=9.98 |change= {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,685 |percentage=72.47 |change= {{increase}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=16,407 |percentage=39.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghasi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=9,414 |percentage=22.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maya Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=9,396 |percentage=22.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,134 |percentage=7.47 |change={{decrease}}58.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,259 |percentage=5.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panna Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=865 |percentage=2.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=497 |percentage=1.18 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,993 |percentage=16.66 |change= {{decrease}}14.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,972 |percentage=70.92 |change= {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,662 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,033 |percentage=65.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=15,788 |percentage=34.46 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,245 |percentage=31.09 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,821 |percentage=76.76 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,957}}
{{Election box gain |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=NCN |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1970 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1970 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=NCN |votes=23,592 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=17,764 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,828 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box gain |winner=NCN |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=17,052 |percentage=49.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,008 |percentage=46.85 |change={{decrease}}9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,109 |percentage=3.25 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,044 |percentage=3.06 |change= {{decrease}}21.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,169 |percentage=65.95 |change= {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,879 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Julana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,534 |percentage=56.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=12,211 |percentage=31.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=3,685 |percentage=9.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=861 |percentage=2.25 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,323 |percentage=24.35 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,291 |percentage=77.47 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,229 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jind district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.12|76.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Jind district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

64th Kerala School Kalolsavam

2026-04-05T22:00:43Z

ShielaPaxton36: new a stub

{{short description|Multi-arts festival in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = 64th Kerala School Kalolsavam
| native_name = കേരള സ്കൂൾ കലോത്സവം 2026
| native_name_lang= ml
| image = 64th Kerala School Kalolsavam logo.png
| caption = Logo of the 64th Kerala School Kalolsavam
| status = Concluded
| genre = School arts festival, [[culture of Kerala]], tribal art, School Kalolsavam
| begins = 14 January 2026
| ends = 18 January 2026
| frequency = Annual
| venue = Thrissur
| location = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| years_active = 1957–present
| prev = [[Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025|63rd]]
| participants = 14,000+
| organised = [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|https://ulsavam.kite.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}

'''64th Kerala School Kalolsavam''' (ml;കേരള സ്കൂൾ കലോത്സവം 2026), also referred to as the '''Kerala State School Arts Festival 2026''', was the 64th edition of the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]]. It was held from 14 to 18 January 2026 in [[Thrissur]], Kerala. The festival featured competitions across 239 items at 25 venues, with the main venue at the Pooram Exhibition Ground in [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]].<ref name="schedule-release">{{cite news |title=Kerala School Kalolsavam 2026 Schedule Released; CM to Inaugurate in Thrissur |work=Deshabhimani |date=20 December 2025 |url= }}</ref><ref name="tnie-prep">{{cite news |title=Thrissur gears up for 64th Kerala State School Arts Festival with 14,000 students |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

The festival was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]. At the conclusion of the five-day event, [[Kannur district]] won the championship with 1,028 points, followed by host district Thrissur with 1,023 points and [[Kozhikode district]] with 1,017 points.<ref name="tnie-opening">{{cite news |title=CM Pinarayi inaugurates Kerala School Arts Fest, calls for using art as weapon to counter divisive forces |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 January 2026 |url= }}</ref><ref name="onmanorama-result">{{cite news |title=Kannur bags gold cup at 64th State School Kalolsavam; Thrissur finishes second |work=Onmanorama |date=18 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

A notable development during the edition was the first remote participation in the festival's history, when a student from Kasaragod district was allowed to compete online on medical grounds and secured an A grade.<ref name="online-participation">{{cite news |title=Quarantine can't fade her colours as Kerala girl lands 'A' grade in Arabic poster design |work=The New Indian Express |date=18 January 2026 |url= }}</ref><ref name="onmanorama-online">{{cite news |title=School Kalolsavam: Kasaragod girl with rare disease wins an A grade after competing online |work=Onmanorama |date=17 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

== Background ==
The 64th edition of the festival was scheduled to be held in Thrissur after the General Education Department announced the host city in July 2025.<ref name="host-city">{{cite news |title=Thrissur to host 64th Kerala School Kalolsavam |work=Onmanorama |date=5 July 2025 |url= }}</ref> The event schedule was formally released in December 2025, fixing the festival from 14 to 18 January 2026 across 25 venues in the city.<ref name="schedule-release" />

The 2026 edition was organised under the theme '''Responsible Kalolsavam'''. Organisers framed the event around responsible consumption, responsible food habits and responsible competition, while also introducing green measures such as discouraging plastic use and regulating sound systems.<ref name="tnie-prep" /><ref name="schedule-release" />

The festival continued the inclusion of tribal art forms introduced in the previous edition. Contemporary reporting noted stronger participation across all five tribal performance items in 2026, indicating wider adoption by schools across districts.<ref name="tribal-arts">{{cite news |title=64th Kerala School Kalolsavam: Tribal dance forms are here to stay |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

=== Opening ceremony ===
The festival was inaugurated on 14 January 2026 at the main venue in Thrissur by Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan.<ref name="schedule-release" /><ref name="tnie-opening" /> In his inaugural address, Vijayan described the festival as a space for artistic expression and social harmony, and called for art to be used against divisive tendencies in society.<ref name="tnie-opening" />

=== Venues ===
The 64th Kerala School Kalolsavam was held at 25 venues in and around Thrissur. The venues were named after flowers, with the main venue at the Pooram Exhibition Ground in Thekkinkadu Maidan named '''Sooryakanthi'''.<ref name="tnie-prep" /><ref name="lotus">{{cite news |title='Lotus' added to Kerala School Kalolsavam venue list; arts fest in Thrissur to host 15,000 students |work=Onmanorama |date=10 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

=== Festival arrangements ===
A common dining facility was arranged at Palace Ground, while registration functioned at Government Model Boys HSS and the programme office at Government Model GVHSS.<ref name="schedule-release" /> The festival kitchen, led by Pazhayidam Mohanan Namboothiri, was designed to serve thousands of participants daily, with the dining pavilion accommodating 4,000 people at a time.<ref name="festival-kitchen">{{cite news |title=State School Kalolsavam festival kitchen set to serve thousands from today |work=Onmanorama |date=13 January 2026 |url= }}</ref>

=== Online participation ===
During the festival, Class X student Siya Fathima of Kasaragod district became the first participant in the history of the Kerala School Kalolsavam to compete remotely. She was granted special permission by the General Education Department after being diagnosed with vasculitis and placed under strict quarantine. Participating via video conference in Arabic poster designing, she secured an A grade.<ref name="online-participation" /><ref name="onmanorama-online" />

=== Closing ceremony ===
The closing ceremony was held on 18 January 2026, with actor [[Mohanlal]] attending as chief guest.<ref name="schedule-release" /><ref name="tnie-result">{{cite news |title=64th Kerala School Kalolsavam: Kannur strike gold |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 January 2026 |url= }}</ref> Kannur district won the overall championship with 1,028 points, narrowly ahead of host district Thrissur on 1,023 points; Kozhikode finished third with 1,017 points.<ref name="onmanorama-result" /><ref name="tnie-result" />

== Performance table ==
The table below provides an overview of the performance of each of the 14 districts, showing the final points earned.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;max-width:750px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"
|-
! {{diagonal split header 2| District(s)|Categories}}
!HS General
!HSS General
!HS Arabic
!HS Sanskrit
!Gold Cup Point
!Final results
|-
| Alappuzha || 443 || 489 || 91 || 91 || 932 || 12th place
|-
| Ernakulam || 464 || 514 || 95 || 95 || 978 || 7th place
|-
| Idukki || 403 || 448 || 87 || 80 || 851 || 14th place
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| Kannur || 794 || 534 || 95 || 95 || 1028 || WINNER
|-
| Kasaragod || 453 || 494 || 95 || 93 || 947 || 9th place
|-
| Kollam || 471 || 517 || 95 || 95 || 988 || 5th place
|-
| Kottayam || 467 || 475 || 91 || 91 || 942 || 10th place
|-style="background:#cc9966;"
| Kozhikode || 479 || 538 || 95 || 95 || 1017 || 2nd RUNNER-UP
|-
| Malappuram || 468 || 513 || 93 || 95 || 981 || 6th place
|-
| Palakkad || 474 || 539 || 95 || 95 || 1013 || 4th place
|-
| Pathanamthitta || 433 || 462 || 64 || 95 || 895 || 13th place
|-
| Thiruvananthapuram || 461 || 516 || 95 || 93 || 977 || 8th place
|-style="background:silver;"
| style="border: 3px solid red" | Thrissur || 489 || 534 || 95 || 95 || 1023 || 1st RUNNER-UP
|-
| Wayanad || 457 || 478 || 95 || 90 || 935 || 11th place
|-
| colspan="7" |
* {{small|{{bg|gold|W}} – winner}}
* {{small|{{bg|silver|1RU}} – 1st runner-up}}
* {{small|{{bg|#cc9966|2RU}} – 2nd runner-up}}
* {{small|{{border|width=3px|color=red|   }} — host district}}
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2026 (747).jpg
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2026 (760).jpg
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2026 (659).jpg
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2026 (961).jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://ulsavam.kite.kerala.gov.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Art festivals in India]]

Assam Police FC

2026-04-05T17:47:56Z

ShielaPaxton36:

{{infobox football club
| clubname = Assam Police FC
| current =
| image =
| fullname = Assam Police Football Club
| nickname = The Policemen
| founded =
| ground = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 15,000
| owner = [[Assam Police]]
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Jewel Bey]]
| league = Guwahati Premier Football League [[Assam State Premier League]]
| season =
| position =
| pattern_la1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b1 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh1 = _whitebottom
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = FFFF00
| socks1 = 5CA1EC
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 = _redbottom
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FF0000
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FF0000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 5CA1EC
| website =
}}

'''Assam Police Football Club''' or simply '''Assam Police Football Team''' (formerly known as '''Assam Police Blues''' and '''Assam Police AC'''), is an Indian institutional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. The club currently competes in the [[Assam State Premier League]] and Guwahati Premier Football League. It has won the Assam State Premier League title in 2013–14 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.indianfootballnetwork.com/discussion/694/assam-state-premier-league|title=Assam State Premier League|website=www.forum.indianfootballnetwork.com|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135203/https://forum.indianfootballnetwork.com/discussion/694/assam-state-premier-league|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The Assam Police football team has very rich and memorable history. The club was formed as ''Assam Police AC'' and based in [[Dergaon]] at the Assam Police Reserve. In 1971, the team defeated the Calcutta giant [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] in the final of the [[Bordoloi Trophy]]. In 1981, they shocked Goa's [[Dempo SC]] in that premier tournament's final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/assam@assamnet.org/msg15134.html|title=Gilbertson Sangma: Man with the golden boot |website=mail-archive.com|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> It has produced some brilliant footballers like [[Gilbertson Sangma]], Kalimuddin Ahmed, Subir Choudhury, [[Jewel Bey]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.time8.in/golden-days-of-assam-football-nostalgic-memories/|title=Golden Days Of Assam Football: Nostalgic Memories|website=time8.in|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116085212/https://www.time8.in/golden-days-of-assam-football-nostalgic-memories/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, the club shifted its base from Dergaon to Guwahati and rechristened its name to Assam Police Blues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/new-avatar-for-assam-police-guwahati-club-changes-name-and-base/cid/541145|title=New avatar for Assam Police - Guwahati club changes name and base |website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> The club has also appeared in the two seasons of [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League II]] (NFL 2nd Division), then second tier of [[Indian football league system]] in 1998-99 and 2006-07.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-06-16 |title=2.Division National Football League 1998/99 |url=http://indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99nl2.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030616170809/http://indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99nl2.html |archive-date=16 June 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It won the 2013-14 season of the top division [[Assam State Premier League]]. In 2023, the club dropped the word Blues from its name and returned to the original name. The club also regularly competes in [[Bordoloi Trophy]], [[ATPA Shield]] and other state-level club tournaments.

==Current squad==
{{updated|20 December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/guwahati-premier-football-league-assam-police-vs-pem-play-out-goalless-draw|title=Guwahati Premier Football League : Assam Police Vs PEM Playout Goalless Draw|website=www.guwahatiplus.com|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Mulya Rabha|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=|name=Bishwajit Boro}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=|name=Ratna Dev Rabha}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Subhakshan Rabha}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=|name=N Bikash Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=|name=Pinkul Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=|name=Bitupan Deka}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Bilson Daimary}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=|name=Nabonit Buragohain}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rishab Pradhan}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=|name=November Basumatary}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Parag Das}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=|name=Durlav Das}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=|name=Biju Kumar Rabha}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=|name=Bhupen Teron}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=|name=Amarjyoti Deori}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=|name=Dilku Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=|name=Tultul Chutia}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=|name=Paishring Ardao}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rajkumar Panging}}

{{Fs end}}

==Honours==

===League===
*'''[[Assam State Premier League]]'''
:{{Gold1}} Champions (1): 2013–14
:{{Silver2}} Runners-up (1): 2009–10

*'''Assam Club Championship'''
:{{Gold1}} Champions (2) 1998, 2005-06<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Assam Club Football Championship:|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026052624/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

*'''GSA Super Division Football League'''
:{{Gold1}} Champions (3) 2004, 2005, 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gufl.html|title=List of Champions of the Guwahati Super Division|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022232442/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gufl.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

===Cup===
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (5):<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy|access-date=3 December 2016|work=indianfootball.de|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051613/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> 1960, 1971, 1981, 1995, 1997
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 1988
*'''[[ATPA Shield]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (3)<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield|access-date=3 December 2016|work=indianfootball.de|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023065152/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> 1971, 1982, 1983
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (3): 1990, 2002, 2017
*'''[[Independence Day Cup]]'''
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2006
*'''[[Oil India Challenge Gold Cup]]'''
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2005
*'''[[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]]'''
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2016
*'''Amba Medhi Football Tournament'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (4): 1988, 1996, 1999, 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092151/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Amba Medhi Cup:|access-date=18 October 2022 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
*'''Sohanlal Dugar Shield'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sohanlal Dugar Shield|work=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202055544/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|archive-date=2 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2003

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India#Assam|List of football clubs in Assam]]
* [[Assam Football Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/19550 Assam Police Football Team] at ''the-aiff.com'' ([[All India Football Federation|AIFF]])

{{Assam State Premier League}}
{{Football in Assam}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Assam]]
[[Category:Police football clubs in India]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Chrysopogon zizanioides

2026-04-03T03:50:46Z

ShielaPaxton36: added initial details v1!

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Redirect|Vetiver}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Vetiver grass.jpg
|genus = Chrysopogon
|species = zizanioides
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Guy Edouard Roberty|Roberty]]
|synonyms =
{{Collapsible list |
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Agrostis verticillata'' Lam. nom. illeg.
* ''Anatherum muricatum'' (Retz.) P.Beauv.
* ''Anatherum zizanioides'' (L.) Hitchc. & Chase
* ''Andropogon aromaticus'' Roxb. ex Schult. nom. inval.
* ''Andropogon muricatum'' Retz. [Spelling variant]
* ''Andropogon muricatus'' Retz.
* ''Andropogon nardus'' Blanco nom. illeg.
* ''Andropogon odoratus'' Steud. nom. inval.
* ''Andropogon zizanioides'' (L.) Urb.
* ''Chamaeraphis muricata'' (Retz.) Merr.
* ''Holcus zizanioides'' (L.) Stuck.
* ''Oplismenus abortivus'' Roem. & Schult. nom. inval.
* ''Phalaris zizanioides'' L.
* ''Rhaphis muricata'' (Retz.) Steud. nom. inval.
* ''Rhaphis zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty
* ''Sorghum zizanioides'' (L.) Kuntze
* ''Vetiveria arundinacea'' Griseb.
* ''Vetiveria muricata'' (Retz.) Griseb.
* ''Vetiveria odorata'' Virey
* ''Vetiveria odoratissima'' Lem.-Lis.
* ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-405169
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=May 8, 2014}}</ref>
|}}

'''''Chrysopogon zizanioides''''', commonly known as '''vetiver''' and '''khus''', is a perennial [[bunchgrass]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Poaceae]].

Vetiver is most closely related to [[sorghum]] while sharing many morphological characteristics with other fragrant grasses, such as [[Cymbopogon|lemongrass]] (''[[Cymbopogon citratus]]''), [[citronella oil|citronella]] (''[[Cymbopogon nardus]]'', ''C. winterianus''), and palmarosa (''[[Cymbopogon martinii]]'').

== Etymology ==
Vetiver is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta|வெட்டிவேர்}} ({{lang|ta-Latn|veṭṭivēr}}) meaning 'root that is dug up', via French {{lang|fr|vétyver}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMHlhJvPNuoC&dq=v%C3%A9tyver+vettiv%C4%93r&pg=PA27 |title=Manuel de la section des Indes britanniques, exposition universelle de 1878 à Paris |date=October 17, 1878 |via=Google Books |first=George C. M. |last=Birdwood }}</ref> In Northern India it is also called {{lang|und-Latn|khus}} ('grass', not to be confused with {{lang|und-Latn|khus khus}}, which refers to [[poppy seed]]).{{cn|date=May 2024}}

== History ==
During the reign of [[Harsha]]vardhan, [[Kannauj]] became the biggest centre for aromatic trade and for the first time, a vetiver tax was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iclesmjlibrary.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22769452/projectreport.pdf |title=Research Report for Historical Study of Attars and essence making in Kannauj}}</ref>

Starting in 1990, the World Bank promoted use of vetiver grass by farmers for soil and water management in countries like India, Nepal, Thailand, and Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 1990 |title=Vetiver grass : the hedge against erosion (English) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/759031468739235914/vetiver-grass-the-hedge-against-erosion |access-date=January 29, 2025 |website=World Bank}}</ref>

==Description==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}

Vetiver grows to {{convert|150|cm|ft|0}} high and forms clumps as wide,{{cn|date= November 2024}} and under favorable conditions, the erect [[Culm (botany)|culms]] can reach {{cvt|3|m}} in height.<ref name="height">{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/vetivergrassthin0000unse |title=Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |date=1993 |access-date=2017-12-15 |doi=10.17226/2077 |isbn=978-0-309-04269-7 |url-access=registration }}</ref> The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid. The flowers are brownish-purple. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally, spreading mat-like root systems, vetiver's roots grow downward {{cvt|2|–|4|m|ft|0}} in depth.<ref name="Technical Manual">{{cite book|first1= P. |last1=Truong |first2=T. Tan |last2= Van |first3= E. |last3= Pinners |title=Vetiver Systems Application, Technical Reference Manual| year=2008|publisher=The Vetiver Network International |page=89| url= https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B93pPxeKEsjRMjE0ZjBiZDctNjY0NS00YWMxLTlhMTctZDYwOTU5ZTE4OTg4&hl=en}}</ref>

The vetiver [[bunch grass]] has a [[gregarious]] habit and grows in tufts. [[Shoot (botany)|Shoots]] growing from the underground crown make the plant [[frost]] and [[wildfire]] resistant, and allow it to survive heavy [[grazing]] pressure. The [[leaf|leaves]] can become up to {{cvt|300|cm|ft|0}} long and {{convert|8|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book| first1=James A.| last1= Duke |first2= Judith L.| last2= duCellier |title=CRC Handbook of alternative cash crops|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-tg7R4hU8hkC}}}}</ref> The [[panicle]]s are {{convert|15-30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and have whorled, {{convert|25-50|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} long [[branches]].<ref name=handbook /> The [[spikelet]]s are in pairs, and there are three [[stamen]]s.

The [[plant stem]]s are erect and stiff. They can survive deep water flow. Under clear water, the plant can survive up to two months.

The [[root]] system of vetiver is finely structured and very strong. It can grow {{convert|3-4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} deep within the first year. Vetiver has neither [[stolon]]s nor [[rhizome]]s. Because of all these characteristics, the vetiver plant is highly [[Drought tolerance|drought-tolerant]] and can help to protect soil against [[sheet erosion]]. In case of [[sediment deposition]], new roots can grow out of buried [[Plant stem|nodes]].

==Cultivation==
Originally from [[India]], ''C. zizanioides'' is widely cultivated in tropical regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/18528934 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website= cabi.org |date=2020 |publisher= CAB International |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.18528934 |language=en |last1=Rojas-Sandoval |first1=J. |volume=CABI Compendium |doi-access=free }}</ref> The major vetiver producers include [[Agriculture in Haiti|Haiti]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Réunion]] (part of the [[Mascarene Islands]], east of Madagascar).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Burger |first1=Pauline |last2= Landreau |first2=Anne |last3= Watson |first3= Marie |last4=Janci |first4= Laurent |last5=Cassisa |first5= Viviane |last6=Kempf |first6= Marie |last7= Azoulay |first7=Stéphane |last8= Fernandez |first8=Xavier |display-authors= 3 |date=2017-06-16 |title= Vetiver Essential Oil in Cosmetics: What Is New? |journal= Medicines |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=41 |doi=10.3390/medicines4020041 |issn=2305-6320 |pmc=5590077 |pmid=28930256|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The most commonly used commercial genotypes of vetiver are [[Hybrid (biology)|sterile]], and because vetiver propagates itself by small [[offset (botany)|offset]]s instead of underground [[stolon]]s, these genotypes are noninvasive and can easily be controlled by cultivation of the soil at the boundary of the hedge. However, care must be taken, because fertile genotypes of vetiver have become invasive.<ref>{{cite web |title='SUNSHINE' VETIVERGRASS Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty |url=http://www.vetiver.org/USA-USDA-NRCS_Sunshine.pdf |website= vetiver.org |publisher=National Resource Conservation Service |access-date=March 3, 2018 |archive-date=October 25, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171025101016/http://www.vetiver.org/USA-USDA-NRCS_Sunshine.pdf }}</ref>

Almost all vetiver grown worldwide is [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]]; [[Biological engineering|bioengineering]] has shown them as essentially the same nonfertile [[cultigen]] by [[DNA profiling]]. In the United States the cultivar is named 'Sunshine,' after the town of [[Sunshine, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume= 7| issue= 7| pages= 813–818|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00394.x|title=DNA fingerprinting reveals clonal nature of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Gramineae and sources of potential new germplasm| year=1998 |last1= Adams |first1= R. P.| last2= Turuspekov| first2= Y. | first3= M. |last3= Zhong |last4= Dafforn |first4= M. R.| last5=Veldkamp| first5=J. F.|bibcode= 1998MolEc...7..813A| display-authors= 3 | s2cid= 84983364 |url= http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/149-1998MolecEcol7813.pdf |access-date=2011-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172340/http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/149-1998MolecEcol7813.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>

==Uses==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
Vetiver grass is grown for many purposes. The plant helps to stabilise [[soil]] and protects it against [[erosion]], but it can also protect [[Field (agriculture)|fields]] against pests and [[weed]]s. Vetiver has favourable qualities for [[Fodder|animal feed]]. From the roots, [[oil]] is extracted and used for [[cosmetics]], [[aromatherapy]], herbal skincare and [[ayurvedic]] soap. Its [[fibrous]] properties make it useful for [[handicraft]]s, [[rope]]s and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetiversolutions.org/socially-beneficial-yarn/|title=Vetiver {{!}} Vetiver Solutions {{!}} Fighting Poverty and Malnutrition in Haiti|website=Vetiver Solutions|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155817/http://vetiversolutions.org/socially-beneficial-yarn/}}</ref>

===Skin care===
Vetiver has been used to produce perfumes, creams and soaps. It is used for its antiseptic properties to treat acne and sores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vetiver.com/PRVN_med_aro%20doc.pdf |date=September 2001 |publisher=Pacific Rim Vetiver Network |title=Technical Bulletin No. 2001/1 |access-date=2008-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918112455/http://www.vetiver.com/PRVN_med_aro%20doc.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-18 }}</ref>

===Soil and water conservation===

====Erosion control====
[[File:Vetiveria zizanoides dsc07810.jpg|thumb|left|Vetiver roots for sale]]

Several aspects of vetiver make it an excellent [[erosion control]] plant in warmer climates. Vetiver's roots grow almost exclusively downward, {{convert|2-4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, which is deeper than some [[tree]] roots.<ref name="Technical Manual" /> This makes vetiver an excellent stabilizing hedge for stream banks, terraces and [[Paddy field|rice paddies]], and protects soil from [[sheet erosion]]. The roots bind to the soil, therefore the latter can not dislodge. Vetiver has been used to stabilize railway cuttings/embankments in geologically challenging situations in an attempt to prevent mudslides and rockfalls, such as the [[Konkan Railway|Konkan railway]] in western India. The plant also penetrates and loosens [[Soil compaction|compacted soils]].<ref name="Technical Manual" /> Vetiver was advocated for erosion control in Thailand by the late [[King Bhumibol]].<ref name="Rice-Today-Bhumibol">{{cite journal | title=A tribute to the Rice King | journal=[[Rice Today]] | publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] | url=http://ricetoday.irri.org/the-rice-king/ | volume=6 | number=1 | access-date=2021-08-21 | date=January–March 2007}}</ref>

The [[Vetiver System]], a technology of [[soil conservation]] and water quality management, is based on the use of the vetiver plant.

====Runoff mitigation and water conservation====
The close-growing [[Culm (botany)|culm]]s help to block [[Surface runoff|surface water runoff]] . It slows the water flow and increases the amount absorbed by the soil (infiltration). It can withstand water velocity up to {{convert|5|m/s}}.<ref name="Technical Manual" />

Vetiver [[mulch]] increases [[Infiltration (hydrology)|water infiltration]] and reduces [[evaporation]], thus protecting [[Water content|soil moisture]] under hot and dry conditions. The mulch also protects against [[Surface runoff#Erosion and deposition|splash erosion]].<ref name="Technical Manual" />

In West African regions, such as Mali and Senegal, vetiver roots were traditionally used to reduce bacteria proliferation in water jugs and jars. In Indonesia, the roots of vetiver are widely used in the production of fragrant mats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines|last1=Razal|first1=Ramon|last2=Palijon|first2=Armando|publisher=El Guapo Printing Press|year=2009|isbn=978-971-579-058-1|location=Calamba City, Laguna|page=63}}</ref> In the Philippines and India, the roots are woven to make fragrant-smelling fans called "sandal root fans".<ref name=":0" />

===Crop protection and pest repellent===
Vetiver can be used for crop protection. It attracts the stem borer (''[[Chilo partellus]]''), which lays its eggs preferentially on vetiver but whose larvae cannot thrive there, as the plant's hairiness prevents their moving onto the leaves, so that they instead fall to the ground and die.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) as trap plant for Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=Nouvelle Série |volume=42 |issue=3–4| access-date = 2018-09-25| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271819983}}</ref>

Vetiver's [[essential oil]] has anti-fungal properties against ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Vetiver Oil of North and South India against Rhizoctonia solani |first1=Nidhi |last1=Dubey |first2=C.S. |last2=Raghav |first3=R.L. |last3=Gupta |first4=S.S. |last4=Chhonkar |year=2010 |journal=Pesticide Research Journal |volume=22|issue=1|pages=63–67}}</ref>

As a [[mulch]], vetiver is used for [[weed control]] in [[coffee]], [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] and [[tea]] plantations. It builds a barrier in the form of a thick [[mat]]. When the mulch breaks down, [[soil organic matter]] is built up and additional crop [[nutrients]] become available.

====Vetiver as a termite repellent====
Vetiver extracts can repel [[termite]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhu | first1 = BC. | last2 = Henderson | first2 = G. | last3 = Chen | first3 = F. | last4 = Fei | first4 = H. | last5 = Laine | first5 = RA. | title = Evaluation of vetiver oil and seven insect-active essential oils against the Formosan subterranean termite. | journal = J Chem Ecol | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 1617–25 |date=Aug 2001 | doi = 10.1023/A:1010410325174| pmid = 11521400 | bibcode = 2001JCEco..27.1617Z | s2cid = 22940727 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Maistrello | first1 = L. | last2 = Henderson | first2 = G. | last3 = Laine | first3 = RA. | title = Efficacy of vetiver oil and nootkatone as soil barriers against Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). | journal = J Econ Entomol | volume = 94 | issue = 6 | pages = 1532–7 |date=Dec 2001 | doi = 10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1532| pmid = 11777060 | s2cid = 38434149 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11380/455820 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, vetiver grass alone, unlike its extracts, cannot be used to repel termites. Unless the roots are damaged, the anti-termite chemicals, such as [[nootkatone]], are not released.<ref name="formosan">{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301648134.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611023947/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301648134.html |archive-date=2014-06-11 |title=Field Evaluation of Vetiver Grass as a Barrier against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) |access-date=2014-01-24 |publisher=Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences |author1=Lee, Karmen C. |author2=Mallette, Eldon J. |author3=Arquette, Tim J. |year=2012}}</ref>

===Animal feed===
The leaves of vetiver are a useful byproduct to feed [[cattle]], [[goat]]s, [[sheep]] and [[horse]]s. The nutritional content depends on [[season]], growth stage and [[soil fertility]].<ref name="Technical Manual" /> Under most climates, nutritional values and [[Crop yield|yields]] are best if vetiver is cut every 1–3 [[months]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Young vetiver !! Mature vetiver !! Old vetiver
|-
| [[Energy]] [kcal/kg]|| align="right"|522 ||align="right"| 706 ||align="right"| 969
|-
| [[Digestibility]] [%]||align="right"| 51|| align="right"|50|| align="right"|-
|-
| [[Protein]] [%]||align="right"| 13.1||align="right"| 7.93|| align="right"|6.66
|-
| [[Fat]] [%]|| align="right"|3.05||align="right"| 1.30||align="right"| 1.40
|}

===Food and flavorings===
Vetiver (khus) is also used as a flavoring agent, usually as khus syrup. Khus syrup is made by adding khus essence to sugar, water and citric acid syrup. Khus essence is a dark green thick syrup made from the roots. It has a woody taste and a scent characteristic of khus.

The syrup is used to flavor milkshakes and yogurt drinks like [[lassi]], but can also be used in ice creams, in mixed beverages such as [[Shirley Temple (beverage)|Shirley Temples]], and as a dessert topping. Khus syrup does not need to be refrigerated, although khus flavored products may need to be.<ref name=Dalal>Tarla Dalal "Khus Syrup Glossary" in Tarladalal.com, India's #1 Food Site, 2012.</ref>

===Perfumery and aromatherapy===
[[Image:VetiverEssentialOil.png|thumb|Vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides''= ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'') essential oil in a clear glass vial]]

Vetiver is mainly cultivated for the fragrant essential oil distilled from its roots. In [[Cuddalore]], farmers grow {{convert|1000|acre|ha|order=flip}} of vetiver for oil extraction with help of marudhamalai groups. In perfumery, the older French spelling, ''vetyver'', is often used. Worldwide production is estimated at about 250 tonnes per annum.<ref name="Ullmann">Karl-Georg Fahlbusch, Franz-Josef Hammerschmidt, Johannes Panten, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Dietmar Schatkowski, Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe, Horst Surburg "Flavors and Fragrances" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim: 2002. Published online: 15 January 2003; {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a11_141}}.</ref> Vetiver is used widely in [[perfume]]s for its excellent [[Fixative (perfumery)|fixative]] properties. It is contained in 90% of Western perfumes. Vetiver is a more common ingredient in fragrances for men; some notable examples include Dior's [[Eau Sauvage]], [[Guerlain]] Vétiver, M. Vétiver by Une Nuit à Bali, Zizan by [[Ormonde Jayne]], Vétiver by [[L'Occitane en Provence]], Encre Noire by Lalique, and Vetiver Root by Korres.

[[Indonesia]], [[China]], and [[Haiti]] are major producers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|last1=Fahlbusch|first1=Karl-Georg|last2=Hammerschmidt|first2=Franz-Josef|last3=Panten|first3=Johannes|last4=Pickenhagen|first4=Wilhelm|last5=Schatkowski|first5=Dietmar|last6=Bauer|first6=Kurt|last7=Garbe|first7=Dorothea|last8=Surburg|first8=Horst|date=2000|publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2|language=en|doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_141}}</ref> Vetiver processing was introduced to Haiti in the 1940s by Frenchman Lucien Ganot.<ref>The Fragrance Industry- Profiles c. 2007 by Glen O. Brechbill</ref> In 1958, Franck Léger established a plant on the grounds of his father Demetrius Léger's alcohol distillery. The plant was taken over in 1984 by Franck's son, Pierre Léger, who expanded the size of the plant to 44 atmospheric stills, each built to handle one metric ton of vetiver roots. Total production increased in ten years from 20 to 60 tonnes annually, making it the largest producer in the world.<ref>© International Trade Centre, International Trade Forum - Issue 3/2001</ref> The plant extracts vetiver oil by steam distillation. Another major operation in the field is the one owned by the Boucard family. Réunion is considered to produce the highest quality vetiver oil, called "bourbon vetiver", with the next favorable being Haiti and then Java.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The [[United States]], [[Europe]], [[India]], and [[Japan]] are the main consumers.

====Essential oil====

=====Composition=====
Vetiver oil, or ''khus'' oil, is a complex oil, containing over 150 identified components, typically:<ref name="mallavarapu-et-al2012constituents">{{cite journal |last1=Mallavarapu |first1=Gopal Rao |last2=Syamasundar |first2=Kodakandla V. |last3=Ramesh |first3=S. |last4=Rao |first4=Bhaskaruni R. Rajeswara |title=Constituents of South Indian Vetiver Oils |journal=Natural Product Communications |date=2012 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=223–225 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1200700228 |pmid=22474964 |s2cid=22215261 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Br-Rajeswara-Rao/post/How-can-i-determine-the-best-extraction-method-for-specific-essential-oils/attachment/59d627fc79197b807798654c/AS%3A328208089141249%401455262314365/download/Vetiver+oil+composition.pdf |access-date=26 June 2021 |issn=1555-9475}}</ref>

{|
|-
|[[benzoic acid]] || [[furfurol]]
|-
|[[vetivene]] || [[vetivenyl vetivenate]]
|-
|[[terpinen-4-ol]] || [[5-epiprezizane]]
|-
|[[khusimene]] || [[α-muurolene]]
|-
|[[khusimone]] || [[Calacorene]]
|-
|[[β-humulene]] || [[α-longipinene]]
|-
|[[γ-selinene]] || [[δ-selinene]]
|-
|[[δ-cadinene]] || [[valencene]]
|-
|[[calarene]],-[[gurjunene]] || [[α-amorphene]]
|-
|[[epizizanal]] || [[3-epizizanol]]
|-
|[[khusimol]] || [[Iso-khusimol]]
|-
|[[valerenol]] || [[β-vetivone]]
|-
|[[vetivone|α-vetivone]] || [[vetivazulene]]
|}

<gallery>
File:Alpha-Vetivone.svg|Structure of α-[[vetivone]], the main fragrant component of the oil of vetiver
File:Khusimol.svg|Structure of khusimol, another fragrant component of the oil of vetiver
File:Beta-Vetivone.svg|Structure of β-vetivone, another fragrant component of the oil of vetiver
</gallery>

The oil is amber brown and [[Viscosity|viscous]]. Its odor is described as deep, sweet, woody, smoky, earthy, amber and balsam. The best quality oil is obtained from 18- to 24-month-old roots. The roots are dug up, cleaned, and then dried. Before distillation, the roots are chopped and soaked in water. The distillation process can take up to 24 hours. After the distillate separates into the [[essential oil]] and [[Herbal distillate|hydrosol]], the oil is skimmed off and allowed to age for a few months to allow some undesirable notes formed during distillation to dissipate. Like [[patchouli]] and [[sandalwood]] essential oils, vetiver's odor develops and improves with aging. The oil's characteristics can vary significantly depending on where the grass is grown and the climate and soil conditions. The oil distilled in Haiti and Réunion has a more floral quality and is considered of higher quality than the smokier oil from Java. In north India, oil is distilled from wild-growing vetiver. This oil is known as ''khus'' or ''khas'', and in India is considered superior to the oil obtained from the cultivated variety. It is rarely found in commerce outside of India, as most of it is consumed within the country.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McMahon|first1=Christopher|title=Vetiver - The Oil of Tranquility|url=http://www.vetiver.com/UP_Vetiver.htm|website=www.vetiver.com|access-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621070238/http://www.vetiver.com/UP_Vetiver.htm|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

===Medicine===
Vetiver has been used in traditional medicine in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand), and West Africa.<ref>Narong Chomchalow, [http://www.vetiver.com/PRVN_med_aro%20doc.pdf "The Utilization of Vetiver as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants with Special Reference to Thailand"]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918112455/http://www.vetiver.com/PRVN_med_aro%20doc.pdf|date=2013-09-18}}, Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, Bangkok, Thailand. September 2001, Pacific Rim Vetiver Network Technical Bulletin No. 2001/1.</ref>

Old Tamil literature mentions the use of vetiver for medical purposes.

===In-house===
In the Indian Subcontinent, ''khus'' (vetiver roots) is often used to replace the [[straw]] or [[wood shaving]] pads in [[evaporative cooler]]s.<ref name=handbook /> When cool water runs for months over wood shavings in evaporative cooler padding, they tend to accumulate [[algae]], [[bacteria]] and other microorganisms. This causes the cooler to emit a fishy or seaweed smell. Vetiver root padding counteracts this odor. A cheaper alternative is to add vetiver cooler perfume or even pure ''khus'' [[attar]] to the tank. Another advantage is that vetiver padding does not catch fire as easily as dry wood shavings.

Mats made by weaving vetiver roots and binding them with ropes or cords are used in India to cool rooms in a house during summer. The mats are typically hung in a doorway and kept moist by spraying with water periodically; they cool the passing air, as well as emitting a fresh aroma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Khus-khus-curtains-to-keep-Cuttack-cool/articleshow/13403284.cms | title=Khus khus curtains to keep Cuttack cool |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 May 2012 |access-date=9 November 2017 | author=Jaiswal, Binita}}</ref>

In the hot summer months in India, sometimes a [[muslin]] sachet of vetiver roots is tossed into the earthen pot that keeps a household's drinking water cool. Like a ''[[bouquet garni]]'', the bundle lends distinctive flavor and aroma to the water. ''Khus''-scented syrups are also sold.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

===Soil remediation===
A recent study found the plant is capable of growing in fuel-contaminated soil. In addition, the study discovered the plant is also able to clean the soil, so in the end, the soil is almost fuel-free.<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3909063,00.html ynet.co.il The plant that cleans the ground] (in Hebrew).</ref>

===Other uses===
Vetiver grass is used as [[thatch|roof thatch]] (it lasts longer than other materials) and in [[mud brick]]-making for housing construction (such bricks have lower thermal conductivity). It is also made into [[Twine|strings]] and [[rope]]s, and grown as an [[ornamental plant]] (for the light [[purple]] [[flowers]]).<ref name="Technical Manual"/>

Garlands made of vetiver grass are used to adorn the [[murti]] of [[Nataraja|Lord Nataraja]] (Shiva) in Hindu temples. It is a favourite offering to [[Ganesha]].

Vetiver oil has been used in an effort to track where mosquitoes live during dry seasons in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mosquitoes were tagged with strings soaked in vetiver oil then released. Dogs trained to track the scent, not native to Africa, found the marked mosquitoes in such places as holes in trees and in old termite [[mound]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Malaria control: The great mosquito hunt|volume=511|issue=7508|pages=144–146|journal=Nature News & Comment|doi=10.1038/511144a|pmid=25008507|year=2014|last1=Sohn|first1=Emily|bibcode=2014Natur.511..144S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Agricultural aspects==
===Environmental requirements===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Factor !! Requirements<ref name="Technical Manual"/>
|-
| Soil type || Sandy [[loam]] soils are preferred. Clay loam is acceptable, but [[clay]] is not.
|-
| [[Topography]] || Slightly sloping land avoids [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]] in case of overwatering. A flat site is acceptable, but watering must be monitored to avoid waterlogging, which stunts the growth of young plants. Mature vetiver, however, thrives under waterlogged conditions.
|-
| Nutrition || It absorbs dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and is tolerant to [[soil sodicity|sodicity]], [[magnesium]], [[aluminium]] and [[manganese]].
|-
| pH || Accepts soil [[pH]] from 3.3 to 12.5 (?? Implausible. 12.5 is the pH of bleach) (in another publication, 4.3–8.0)<ref name="handbook" />
|-
| Soil conditions || Tolerant to [[salinity]]
|-
| Light || Shading affects vetiver growth ([[C4 plant]]), but partial shading is acceptable.
|-
| [[Temperature]] || It is tolerant to temperatures from {{convert| 15 to 55|C|F|0}}, depending on growing region. The optimal soil temperature for root growth is {{convert|25|C|F|0}}. Root [[dormancy]] occurs under a temperature of {{convert|5|C|F|0}}. Shoot growth is affected earlier; at {{convert|13|C|F|0}}, shoot growth is minimal, but root growth is continued at a rate of {{convert|12.6|cm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} per day. Under [[frost]]y conditions, shoots become dormant and purple, or even die, but the underground growing points survive and can regrow quickly if conditions improve.
|-
| [[Water]] || It is tolerant to [[drought]] (because of its deep roots), [[flood]], and [[submergent plant|submergence]]; [[annual precipitation]] of {{convert|64-410|cm|in|abbr=on}} is tolerated, but it has to be at least {{convert|22.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="handbook" />
|}

===Crop management===
Vetiver is planted in long, straight rows across the slope for easy mechanical [[harvesting]]. The soil should be wet. [[Trenches]] are {{convert|15-20|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} deep.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greenfield|first=John C.|title=The Vetiver System for Soil and Water Conservation|year=2008|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-4382-0322-5|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=K6TUQQAACAAJ}}}}</ref> A modified [[seedling]] planter or mechanical transplanter can plant large numbers of vetiver slips in the nursery. Flowering and nonflowering varieties are used for cultivation. Sandy loam nursery beds ensure easy harvest and minimal damage to plant crowns and roots. Open space is recommended, because shading slows growth.

Overhead [[irrigation]] is recommended for the first few months after planting. More mature plants prefer flood irrigation. Weed control may be needed during establishment phase, by using [[atrazine]] after planting.<ref name=handbook />

To control [[termite]]s that attack dead material, [[hexachlorobenzene]], also known as benzene hexachloride-BCH, can be applied to the vetiver hedge. Brown spot seems to have no effect on vetiver growth. [[Black rust]] in India is vetiver-specific and does not cross-infect other plants. In China, stemborers (''[[Chilo suppressalis|Chilo]]'' spp.) have been recognised, but they seem to die once they get into the stems.<ref name="Technical Manual" /> Further, vetiver is affected by ''[[Didymella pinodella|Didymella]] andropogonis'' on leaves, ''[[Didymosphaeria]] andropogonis'' on dead culms, ''[[Lulworthia]] medusa'' on culms and ''[[Ophiosphaerella]] herpotricha''. Only in Malaysia, [[whitefly|whiteflies]] seem to be a problem. Pest management is done by using [[insecticides]] and by appropriate cultural management: hedges are cut to 3 cm above ground at the end of the growing season.<ref name="handbook" /> In general, vetiver is tolerant to [[herbicides]] and pesticides.

Harvest of mature plants is performed mechanically or manually. A machine uproots the mature stock {{convert|20-25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} below ground. To avoid damaging the plant crown, a single-blade mouldboard [[plough]] or a disc plough with special adjustment is used.

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== General and cited references ==
* E. Guenther, ''The Essential Oils'' Vol. 4 (New York: Van Nostrand Company INC, 1990), 178–181, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, ''The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy'' (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 205.
* ''Other Uses and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil'' - U.C. Lavania - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-336 015, India
* {{cite journal | last1 = Veldkamp | first1 = J. F. | year = 1999 | title = A revision of ''Chrysopogon'' Trin., including ''Vetiveria'' Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia | journal = Austrobaileya | volume = 5 | pages = 522–523 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.vetiver.org The Vetiver Network International]
* {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Xfn5zJzGqcwC}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418055645/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/338-ushira |archive-date=18 April 2011 |url-status=live}} – contains a detailed monograph on ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (Ushira), as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q378568}}

[[Category:Bunchgrasses of Asia]]
[[Category:Crops originating from India]]
[[Category:Chrysopogon|zizanioides]]
[[Category:Fodder]]
[[Category:Grasses of Haiti]]
[[Category:Grasses of India]]
[[Category:Grasses of Punjab]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plant toxin insecticides]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]

Dabbawala

2026-03-30T05:53:29Z

ShielaPaxton36: added first data and citations!

{{Short description|Lunchbox delivery and return system in India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name = Dabbawala
| synonyms = Tiffin wallah
| pronounce =
| image = Dabbawalasmumbai.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Dabbawalas loading lunch boxes on a train
| official_names =
| type = [[Manual labour]]
| activity_sector = [[Delivery (commerce)]]
| competencies =
| formation =
| employment_field =
| related_occupation =
}}
A '''dabbawala''' (also spelled '''dabbawalla''' or '''dabbawallah''', called '''tiffin wallah''' in older sources) is a worker who delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], especially in [[Mumbai]] and [[Karachi]]. The dabbawalas constitute a [[Tiffin carrier|lunchbox]] delivery and return system for workers in Mumbai and Karachi. The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning, delivered predominantly using [[bicycles]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|railway]] [[Karachi Circular Railway|trains]], and returned empty in the afternoon.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597 |access-date=2 May 2014 |newspaper=BBC news |date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505210221/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Das|first1=Mohua|date=Jun 13, 2021|title=Mumbai: Now, dabbawalas to cook your lunch and deliver|location=Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627013317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=October 3, 2024 |title=In Karachi, hot tiffin lunches, thanks to a centuries-old meal delivery service |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2573755/pakistan|publisher=Arab News}}</ref>

== Origins ==
In the late 1800s, an increasing number of migrants were moving to Bombay from different parts of the country, and fast food and canteens were not prevalent. All these people left early in the morning for offices, and often had to go hungry for lunch. They belonged to different communities, and therefore had different preferences, which could only be satisfied by their own home-cooked meals. So, in 1890, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service in [[History of Bombay|Bombay]] with about a hundred men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html |title= Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech |publisher=Physorg.com |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926194137/http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This model proved to be successful and the service grew. In 1930, he informally attempted to [[unionize]] the dabbawalas. Later, a [[charitable trust]] was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust.<ref name="Feeding_the_City">{{cite web |last= Roncaglia |first= Sara |date= 1 January 2013 |title= Feeding the City: Work and Food Culture of the Mumbai Dabbawalas |publisher= OpenBook Publishers |url=https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0031|access-date=2 May 2017|isbn= 978-1-909254-02-2}}</ref> The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association.<ref name="Feeding_the_City"/><ref>{{cite web |last1= Nair |first1= Supriya |date= 27 September 2011 |title= The Tiffin History of Mumbai |url= http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html|website=Livemint|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140347/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
When literally translated, the word "dabbawala" means "one who carries a box". "Dabba" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from {{langx|fa|دَبّه}}, while "wala" is an [[agentive suffix]], denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word.<ref>Pathak R.C. (1946, Reprint 2000). ''The Standard Dictionary of the Hindi Language'', Varanasi: Bhargava Book Depot, pp.300,680</ref> An English translation would be "tiffin box delivery person".

==Colour-coding system==
[[File:Dabba.jpg|thumb|150px|A ''[[Tiffin carrier|dabba]]'', or Indian-style tiffin box]]
[[File:India-7876 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|thumb|Dabbawalas with colored and numbered boxes]]
Lunch boxes are marked in several ways:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thakker|first1=Pradip|date=11 November 2005|title=Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm|website=Rediff News|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621065336/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Abbreviations for collection points
# Colour code for starting station
# Number for destination station
# Markings for handling dabbawala at destination, building and floor

A colour-coding system identifies the destination and recipient. Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the [[tiffin]]s, white cotton [[kurta]]-pyjamas, and the white [[Gandhi cap]] (topi). Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit. Fines are imposed for alcohol and tobacco use, being out of uniform, and absenteeism.<ref name="TEDx-Pawan-Dabbawallas-2011">{{cite AV media |people=Dr. Pawan Agrawal (speaker) |date=24 February 2011 |title=TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas |medium=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N25inoCea24 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/N25inoCea24 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2017 |time= |publisher=TEDx Talks }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker's home or from the dabba makers. Because the average literacy of dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade,<ref name="TEDx-Pawan-Dabbawallas-2011" /> the dabbas (boxes) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worksthatwork.com/1/dabbawallas|title=Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence|first=Meena|last=Kadri|magazine=Works That Work magazine|year=2013|number=1|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-selfreliant/article6206470.ece|title=NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant|agency=Press Trust of India|date=13 July 2014|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184744/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-self-reliant/article20817021.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article3661798.ece|title=Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta|date=20 July 2012|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184753/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article64192951.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article4775320.ece|title=Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2 June 2013|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184757/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article20620361.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref>

The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place, where they and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address. Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] are not used in the supply chain, as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramper|first1=Johnny|title=Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India|url=http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/|publisher=Z.E.N. Foods|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183607/http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through [[Short message service|SMS]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Karishma |last=Vaswani |date=24 July 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5210092.stm |title=India's tiffinwalas fuel economy |work=BBC News |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ethnicity==
[[File:Tiffin wallah lunch.jpg|thumb|Two typical ''dabbawala'' lunches]]
Most dabbawalas are related to each other, belong to the [[Varkari]]<ref name="IndianSummerFest-Legends-2014">{{cite AV media |people=Sangle, Subodh (spokesperson) and Gavande, Kiran (supervisor) |date=23 July 2014 |title=Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver |medium=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88bIk-9HQc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Z88bIk-9HQc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2017 |time= |publisher=Indian Summer Festival Canada }}{{cbignore}}</ref> sect of Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece|title=Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100|first=Beena|last=Parmar|date=2 July 2014|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923143503/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and come from the same small village near [[Pune]]. Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the dabbawalas go home for the annual village festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article5863865.ece|title=Dabbawalas to deliver WHO's word|date=2 April 2014|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184816/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article20747759.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3 |title=Dabawallas |website=DINODIA Photo Library |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809134025/http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3 |archive-date=9 August 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm|title=South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla|website=BBC News|date=17 February 2005|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319011126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dabbawalas have traditionally been male, but in recent years a few women have joined the profession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article5394321.ece|title=More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love|date=26 November 2013|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184759/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article23156001.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A dabbawala can be either a foreman, ''mukadam'', or a simple delivery man, ''gaddi''. Typically, they begin between the ages of 15 and 20. While they take pride in their freedom and the fact that they work in a network of their relatives, the relatively low compensation provided for their physical exertion makes them discourage their own children from joining the profession.<ref name="EPW-Quien-97">{{Cite journal|last=Quien|first=Alexandra|year=1997|title=Mumbai's Dabbawalla: Omnipresent Worker and Absent City-Dweller|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405220|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=32|issue=13|pages=637–640|jstor=4405220|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>


In a typical day, a dabbawala picks up tiffins every morning and then sorts them once before they are loaded onto the morning train (at approximately 10{{nbsp}}a.m.). The tiffins are sorted another time in the luggage compartment of the train. At the destination station, the tiffins are loaded into carts and deposited in stacks at the entrances of the various workplaces. Following lunch, the same procedure is carried out in the reverse order with the empty tiffins.<ref name="EPW-Quien-97" />

== Association ==
The earliest meetings of the Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association were held in the open air. They took up premises in 1943 and settled the headquarters at [[Dadar]] in 1962. Located on the first floor of a building, the premises consist of a large, simply furnished room.<ref name="EPW-Quien-97" />

The association was reportedly started after a dabbawalla was ill-treated by a customer, resulting in the dabbawallas deciding to form a "united front" while dealing with injustices or difficulties, such as funerals. The association also helps with managing legal issues, including conflicts between ''mukadams'' and ''gaddis''. All conflicts are resolved in the presence of 20 ''mukadams'', which are selected every six years.<ref name="EPW-Quien-97" />

The charitable Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust consists of nine members who are elected every five years. Its main role is to collect funds for dharamshalas.<ref name="EPW-Quien-97" />

==Economic analysis==
[[File:Dabbawallah bicycle.jpg|thumb|A typical dabbawala bicycle]]
[[File:Dabbawala1.jpg|thumb|It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was growing by 5–10% [[wiktionary:per annum|per annum]].<ref name ="nu yawk tymes" />]]
Each ''dabbawala'', regardless of role, is paid around 8,000 rupees per month (about US$131 in 2014). Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas. Tiffin-wallahs are self-employed. The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees, which guarantees a 5,000-rupee monthly income and a job for life. The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week. (2002)<ref name="guardian2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india|title=A Bombay lunchbox|first=Luke|last=Harding|date=24 June 2002|access-date=2 May 2017|work=The Guardian|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123351/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article6169802.ece|title='Dabbawalas' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2 July 2014|website=Business Line|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185800/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article20809904.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm |title=Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022001518/http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm |archive-date=22 October 2002 }}</ref>

It is frequently claimed<ref name="IndianSummerFest-Legends-2014"/> that ''dabbawalas'' make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries;<ref name="guardian2002" /> however, this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge, the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen's Association in 1998, and is not from a rigorous study. Medge told Subrata Chakravarty, the lead author of the "Fast Food" article by ''Forbes'' where this claim first appeared,<ref name=forbes>{{Cite magazine|last=Chakravarty|first=Subrata N|date=10 August 1998|title=Fast food|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109078a.html|access-date=21 March 2021|magazine=Forbes}}</ref> that ''dabbawalas'' make a mistake "almost never, maybe once every two months" and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of "one mistake in 8 million deliveries."<ref name=pathak>{{Cite journal|last=Pathak|first=Gauri Sanjeev|year=2010|title=Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=235–257|doi=10.1080/00856401.2010.493280|s2cid=145340437|issn=0085-6401|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212062645/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said:

{{Blockquote|text=''Forbes'' never certified the ''dabbawalas'' as being a [[Six Sigma|six-sigma organization]]. In fact, I never used the term at all. As you know, six-sigma is a process, not a statistic. But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations, and that is what caused the confusion ... I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 [[tiffin]] boxes were sorted, transported, delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated. I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake. He said almost never, maybe once every two months. Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers. I did the math, which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries—or 16 million, since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day. That is the statistic I used. Apparently, at a conference in 2002, a reporter asked the president ... whether the tiffinwallahs were a six-sigma organization. He said he didn't know what that was. When told about the 1.9 error-per-billion statistics, I'm told he said: "Then we are. Just ask Forbes". The reporter, obviously without having read my story, wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six-sigma organization. That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore.<ref name=pathak />|sign=|source=}}

''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year.<ref name ="nu yawk tymes">{{Cite news|last=Rai|first=Saritha|date=29 May 2007|title=In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html|access-date=21 March 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311221219/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Studies ==
Various studies have focused on dabbawalas:
* In 2001, Pawan G. Agrawal carried out his [[PhD]] research in "A Study & Logistics & Supply Chain Management of Dabbawala in Mumbai". He presented his results on the efficiency of Dabbawallas in various fora.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Pawan Agrawal |url=http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html |publisher=Kaizer |access-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409095430/http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref>
* In 2005, the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad) featured a case study on the Mumbai Dabbawallas from a management perspective of logistics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ravichandran |first=N. |title=World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs |date=1 September 2005 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management |location=Ahmedabad |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033601/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2010, Harvard Business School added the case study ''The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time'' to their compendium for its high level of service with a low-cost and simple operating system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomke |first1=Stefan H. |last2=Sinha |first2=Mona |title=The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059) |date=February 2010 |publisher=Harvard Business School |location=Harvard, Ma. |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410 |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119032242/http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2014, Uma S. Krishnan completed her [[PhD]] research in "A Cross-Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of The Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Non-mainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices."<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Krishnan |first1=Uma S. |title=A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=Kent State University |date=2014 |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1416312472 |access-date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185804/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=kent1416312472 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable events ==

* Dabbawallas were invited to the [[wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 April 2005|title=Royal invite for tiffin carriers|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227050250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bondre|first=Shobha|year=2011|title=Mumbai's Dabbawala|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804004|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=38|issue=2|pages=84–96|jstor=41804004|issn=0376-9771}}</ref>
*As of 2010, the dabbawallas were chosen by [[Bharti Airtel]] to distribute advertising pamphlets, with a commission for every dabbawalla.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leahy|first=Joe|date=26 October 2010|title=MUMBAI'S DABBAWALLAS: High-tech meets low-tech over lunch|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621|url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Financial Times|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528090932/https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621 |archive-date=28 May 2018 }}</ref>
*On 21 March 2011, Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time, which was entered as a [[Guinness World Record]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head|date=21 March 2011|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/|access-date=2 May 2014|publisher=Guinness World Records|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502141431/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2011, dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally at [[Azad Maidan]] to support [[Anna Hazare]] as part of the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sheth|first1=Priya|last2=Ganguly|first2=Nivedita|date=18 August 2011|title=Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece|access-date=8 April 2017|website=Business Line|language=en|archive-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423015933/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Over the years, the dabbawallas have been visited by many prominent personalities like [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], [[Richard Branson]] and then US Commerce Secretary, [[Gary Locke]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patwa|first=Sharvari|date=11 February 2011|title=Dabbawallas get another high profile visitor, this time from US|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925202133/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2007 marathi film [[Mumbaicha Dabewala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbaicha Dabewala |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Mumbaicha-Dabewala/0L01F2A44BM6P5PEIJ9GSVXSEZ |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=primevideo |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> and 2013 Bollywood film ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' are based on the dabbawala service.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2013|first=Scott|last=Feinberg|title=Telluride: Indian Oscar Hopeful 'The Lunchbox' Delivers Tasty Surprise|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066|access-date=21 March 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015434/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Top Gear: India Special]]'', a special episode of the British TV series ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'', had the presenters [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[Richard Hammond]] and [[James May]] attempting to outdo the dabbawalas in efficiency and accuracy, by delivering the lunches with their cars, rather than by train and bicycle.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web|date=25 January 2005|first=Shekhar|last=Gupta|title=Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/our-computer-is-our-head-and-our-gandhi-cap-is-the-cover-to-protect-it-from-the-sun-or-rain/|access-date=21 March 2021|website=The Indian Express}}
*{{cite news|first=Jeremy |last=Hart |title=The Mumbai working lunch |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece |work=The Independent |publisher=The Independent group, London |date=19 March 2006 |access-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325193216/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece |archive-date=25 March 2007 }}
*{{cite news|title=Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4153/is_20050405/ai_n13502944 |work=Evening Standard (London) |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=20 March 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book|last=Bondre|first=Śobhā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8pxMwEACAAJ|title=Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man|date=2011|publisher=OMO Books|isbn=978-81-910356-1-2}}
* {{Cite web|first1=Stefan H.|last1=Thomke|first2=Mona|last2=Sinha|date=February 2010|title=The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School|url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Harvard Business School}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Dabbawalas}}
* {{Official website|https://mumbaidabbawala.in/}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Karachi topics}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Culture of Karachi]]
[[Category:Transport occupations]]
[[Category:Personal care and service occupations]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Karachi]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]
[[Category:Indian English idioms]]
[[Category:Pakistani slang]]
[[Category:Pakistani English idioms]]

New York University

2026-03-29T23:05:06Z

ShielaPaxton36: rework details further and added references

{{Short description|Private university in New York City, New York}}
{{About|the private institution founded in 1831|other uses|University of New York (disambiguation){{!}}University of New York}}
{{Redirect|NYU|the district in Japan|Nyū District, Fukui|the Elfen Lied character|List of Elfen Lied characters#Nyu{{!}}List of Elfen Lied characters § Nyu}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = New York University
| image = New York University Seal.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_upright = .6
| former_name = University of the City of New-York (1831–1896)
| motto = {{Lang|la|Perstare et praestare}} ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = "To persevere and to excel"
| established = {{start date and age|April 21, 1831}}<ref name="About NYU">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/about.html |title=About NYU |publisher=New York University |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219073433/http://www.nyu.edu/about.html |archive-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder = [[Albert Gallatin]]
| accreditation = [[Middle States Commission on Higher Education|MSCHE]]
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Association of Independent Technological Universities|AITU]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp |title=Member Center |first=member |last=center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp |archive-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>|[[Space-grant]]}}
| endowment = $7.28 billion (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=February 15, 2026 |format=XLSX}}</ref>
| budget = $18.8 billion (including Langone); $4.3 billion (excluding Langone) (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/budget.html?challenge=d06e90d7-4d8f-4b88-9d8c-10b73beb60f1 }}</ref>
| administrative_staff = 2,242<ref name="Common Data Set 2012-2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/ir/pdf/cds/CDS_2012-2013.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2012–2013 |website=Institutional Research and Program Evaluation |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200930/http://www.nyu.edu/ir/pdf/cds/CDS_2012-2013.pdf |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The total number of administration staff listed here refers to the total number of employees in office and administrative support occupations at the Washington Square and School of Medicine campuses only.</ref>
| faculty = 5,094 (fall 2023)<ref name="NYU at a Glance">{{cite web | title = NYU at a Glance | language = en | access-date = 2025-07-13 | publisher = [[New York University]] | url = https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/nyu-at-a-glance.html}}</ref>
| president = [[Linda G. Mills]]
| provost = Georgina Dopico
| students = 61,890 (fall 2023)<ref name="NYU at a Glance"/>
| undergrad = 29,760 (fall 2023)<ref name="NYU at a Glance"/>
| postgrad = 27,578 (fall 2023)<ref name="NYU at a Glance"/>
| city = [[New York City]]
| state = 
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|43|48|N|73|59|42|W|type:edu_region:US-NY|display=title,inline}}
| campus = Large city<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=new+york&s=all&pg=3&id=193900|title=College Navigator |publisher=New York University |access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107213854/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=new+york&s=all&pg=3&id=193900|url-status=live}}</ref>
| campus_size = {{convert|230|acre|ha}} (Manhattan campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/education/3-2-1-college/os-nyu-college-tour-its-a-whole-different-world-20131205-post.html|title=NYU college tour: Great school but very expensive |date=December 5, 2013 |work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=November 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023216/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/education/3-2-1-college/os-nyu-college-tour-its-a-whole-different-world-20131205-post.html|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division III]] – [[University Athletic Association|UAA]]
| free_label = Other campuses
| free = {{hlist|[[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]]|[[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[Mineola, New York|Mineola]]|[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]|[[Abu Dhabi]]|[[Accra]]|[[Berlin]]|[[Buenos Aires]]|[[Florence]]|[[Havana]]|[[London]]|[[Madrid]]|[[Paris]]|[[Prague]]|[[Shanghai]]|[[Sydney]]|[[Tel Aviv]]}}
| free_label2 = Newspaper
| free2 = ''[[Washington Square News]]''
| colors = Violet and white<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/media-and-communications/nyu-brand-guidelines/designing-in-our-style/nyu-colors.html |title=NYU Colors |access-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927181234/https://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/media-and-communications/nyu-brand-guidelines/designing-in-our-style/nyu-colors.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{color box|#57068C}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| mascot = Bobcat
| sports_nickname = [[NYU Violets|Violets]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = NYU logo.svg
}}

'''New York University''' ('''NYU''') is a [[private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[New York City]], United States. Chartered in 1831 by the [[New York State Legislature]],<ref name="NYU in Retrospect" /> NYU was founded in 1832 by [[Albert Gallatin]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of New York University |url=https://www.nyu.edu/faculty/governance-policies-and-procedures/faculty-handbook/the-university/history-and-traditions-of-new-york-university/a-brief-history-of-new-york-university.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210318/http://www.nyu.edu/faculty/governance-policies-and-procedures/faculty-handbook/the-university/history-and-traditions-of-new-york-university/a-brief-history-of-new-york-university.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> as a [[Nondenominational Christianity|non-denominational]] all-male institution near [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] based on a curriculum focused on a [[secular education]].<ref name="Schools and Colleges">{{cite web|title=Schools and Colleges |url=http://www.nyu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106224856/http://www.nyu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges.html|archive-date=November 6, 2012|access-date=December 30, 2017|website=New York University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=New York University|title=Mayor Bloomberg: It's hard to differentiate where NYU stops and NYC starts|website=[[YouTube]] |date=August 15, 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBs_t8L64Is|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205160242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBs_t8L64Is|access-date=January 25, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The university moved in 1833 and has maintained its main campus in [[Greenwich Village]] surrounding [[Washington Square Park]].<ref name="Chronopoulos" /> Since then, the university has added an engineering school in [[Brooklyn]]'s [[MetroTech Center]] and graduate schools throughout [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://engineering.nyu.edu/files/Quick_Facts_December%202015.pdf|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215246/http://engineering.nyu.edu/files/Quick_Facts_December%202015.pdf|title=New York University Tandon School of Engineering: Quick Facts
|date=December 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>

NYU is one of the largest private universities in the United States by enrollment, with a total of 51,848 enrolled students in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest Colleges in the US by Enrollment |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/917149/largest-colleges-us-enrollment/ |access-date=October 19, 2024 |website=Statista}}</ref> It is one of the most applied-to schools in the country and admissions are considered selective.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="100K" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hess|first=Abigail Johnson|date=September 28, 2019|title=The 10 US universities that receive the most applications|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/28/the-10-universities-that-receive-the-most-applications.html|access-date=January 18, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124155549/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/28/the-10-universities-that-receive-the-most-applications.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU's main campus in New York City is organized into undergraduate schools in the fields of [[New York University College of Arts and Science|arts and science]], [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study|individualized study]], [[Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development|education]], [[New York University Stern School of Business|business]], [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|engineering]], and [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|the arts]].<ref name="Schools and Colleges" /> NYU's graduate schools covers the fields of [[New York University Grossman School of Medicine|medicine]], [[New York University School of Law|law]], [[Wagner Graduate School of Public Service|public service]], [[New York University School of Professional Studies|professional studies]], [[New York University Silver School of Social Work|social work]], and [[New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing|nursing]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Schools and Colleges" /> The university's internal academic centers include the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]], [[New York University Center for Data Science|Center for Data Science]], [[Center for Neural Science]], [[Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music|Clive Davis Institute]], [[Institute for the Study of the Ancient World]], [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts|Institute of Fine Arts]], and the [[NYU Langone Health|NYU Langone Health System]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Smialek|first=Jeanna|date=October 14, 2019|title=Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Pioneers in Reducing Poverty|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/nobel-economics.html|access-date=April 13, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411033132/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/nobel-economics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU is a global university system<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYU Global, Leadership, and Faculty|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/office-of-the-provost/faculty-affairs/office-of-global-faculty-development/nyuglobal-leadership-and-faculty.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429130331/https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/office-of-the-provost/faculty-affairs/office-of-global-faculty-development/nyuglobal-leadership-and-faculty.html}}</ref> with degree-granting portal campuses at [[NYU Abu Dhabi]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[NYU Shanghai]] in [[China]], and academic learning centers in [[Accra]], [[Berlin]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[NYU Florence|Florence]], [[NYU London|London]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Madrid]], [[NYU Paris|Paris]], [[Prague]], [[Sydney]], [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Academic Centers|url=http://www.nyu.edu/global/global-academic-centers.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710022925/http://www.nyu.edu/global/global-academic-centers.html|archive-date=July 10, 2015|access-date=July 18, 2015|website=New York University}}</ref><ref name="The Global Network University">{{cite web|title=The Global Network University|url=http://www.nyu.edu/global/the-global-network-university.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825101657/http://www.nyu.edu/global/the-global-network-university.html|archive-date=August 25, 2013|access-date=August 30, 2013|website=New York University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Beckman|first=John|date=November 15, 2018|title=NYU to set up program in Los Angeles|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/november/nyu-to-set-up-a-program-in-los-angeles-for-students-in-the-arts-.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210915/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/november/nyu-to-set-up-a-program-in-los-angeles-for-students-in-the-arts-.html|archive-date=November 28, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018|website=nyu.edu}}</ref> Past and present [[List of New York University faculty|faculty]] and [[List of New York University alumni|alumni]] include 39 Nobel Laureates, 8 Turing Award winners, 5 Fields Medalists, 31 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellows]], 26 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 3 [[Head of state|heads of state]], 5 [[Governor (United States)|U.S. governors]], 12 [[United States Senate|U.S. senators]], and 58 members of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]].

==History==
{{main|History of New York University}}

[[File:Albert Gallatin (by Gilbert Stuart).jpg|thumb|upright|Albert Gallatin (1761–1849) by [[Gilbert Stuart]]]]

[[Albert Gallatin]], [[Secretary of Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], declared his intention to establish "in this immense and fast-growing city ... a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all."<ref name="About NYU" /> A three-day-long "literary and scientific convention" held in [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] in 1830 and attended by over 100 delegates debated the terms of a plan for a new university. These New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class.

On April 18, 1831, the institution that would become NYU was established with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the city's [[merchant]]s, [[banker]]s, and [[trader (finance)|trader]]s.<ref name="NYU and the City">{{cite book |last1=Frusciano |first1=Thomas |name-list-style=amp |last2=Pettit |first2=Marilyn |title=New York University and the City: An Illustrated History |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1997 }}</ref> Albert Gallatin was elected as its first president.<ref name="NYU in Retrospect">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/thenandnow/ |title=A Window Into the Past: NYU in Retrospect |last1=Friss |first1=Evan |website=NYU Archives |publisher=New York University |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719014440/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/thenandnow/ |archive-date=July 19, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 21, 1831, the new institution received its [[charter]] and was incorporated as the University of the City of New York by the [[New York State Legislature]]; older documents often refer to it by that name. The university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896.<ref name="NYU in Retrospect" /> In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, situated near City Hall.<ref name="NYU in Retrospect" /> In 1835, the [[NYU School of Law|School of Law]], NYU's first professional school, was established. Although the impetus to found a new school was partly a reaction by [[evangelical]] [[Presbyterian]]s to what they perceived as the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalianism]] of [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]],<ref name=gotham>{{cite gotham}} pp. 531–532</ref> NYU was created [[non-denominational]], unlike many American colleges at the time.<ref name="NYU in Retrospect" /> The [[American Chemical Society]] was founded in 1876 at NYU.

[[File:New York University Building in Washington Square, 1850.jpg|thumb|left|NYU Building in Washington Square, 1850]]
[[File:Nyuuniheights.jpg|thumb|left|The University Heights campus, now home to [[Bronx Community College]]]]
Soon after its founding, it became one of the nation's largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917.<ref>{{cite enc-nyc}}, pp 848–49</ref> The university purchased a campus at [[University Heights, Bronx|University Heights]] in [[the Bronx]] because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York City's development further uptown. NYU's move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor [[Henry Mitchell MacCracken]].<ref name="NYU in Retrospect" /> The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was. As a result, most of the university's operations, along with the undergraduate [[NYU College of Arts and Science|College of Arts and Science]] and School of Engineering, were housed there. NYU's administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the graduate schools of the university remained at Washington Square.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/heights.htm |title=175 Facts About NYU |publisher=New York University |access-date=December 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202090625/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/heights.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the downtown undergraduate college of NYU.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In 1935, NYU opened the "Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead, Long Island." This extension would later become a fully independent [[Hofstra University]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hofstra.edu/alumni/support/devcc/devcc_growth.html | title = Capital Campaign | publisher = Hofstra University | access-date = February 22, 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081223092241/http://www.hofstra.edu/alumni/support/devcc/devcc_growth.html | archive-date = December 23, 2008 }}</ref>

In 1950, NYU was elected to the [[Association of American Universities]], a nonprofit organization of leading public and private research universities.<ref name="AAU members">{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions and Years of Admission |website=Association of American Universities |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AAU about">{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=58 |title=About AAU |website=Association of American Universities |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922040713/http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=58 |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Financial crisis gripped the New York City government in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the troubles spread to the city's institutions, including NYU.<ref name="nyuandvillage">{{cite web |title=NYU and the Village: History |publisher=New York University Archives |url=http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/collections/exhibits/bobst/washsq/history/history.html |access-date=July 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012185420/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/collections/exhibits/bobst/washsq/history/history.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU President [[James McNaughton Hester]] negotiated the sale of the University Heights campus to the [[City University of New York]], which occurred in 1973.<ref name=Chronopoulos>{{cite web |last=Chronopoulos |first=Themis |title=Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx". ''The Bronx County Historical Society Journal'' XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24. |url=http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html |access-date=December 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031124152/http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html |archive-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref> In 1973, the New York University School of Engineering and Science merged into [[Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn]],<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/05/education/brooklyn-s-polytech-a-storybook-success.html |title=Brooklyn's Polytech, A Storybook Success |date=January 5, 1986 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |first1=Cynthia |last1=Sanz |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117051744/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/05/education/brooklyn-s-polytech-a-storybook-success.html|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> which eventually merged back into NYU in 2014, forming the present [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|Tandon School of Engineering]]. After the sale of the Bronx campus, University College merged with Washington Square College. In the 1980s, under the leadership of President [[John Brademas]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Laura Turegano |title=Fundraising Beyond U.S. Borders – NYU: A Success Story |website=Onphilanthropy.com |date=December 13, 2001 |url=http://www.onphilanthropy.com/prof_inter/pi2001-12-13a.html |access-date=October 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105170859/http://www.onphilanthropy.com/prof_inter/pi2001-12-13a.html |archive-date=January 5, 2006}}</ref> NYU launched a billion-dollar campaign that was led by [[Naomi B. Levine]]<ref name="NL">{{Cite news |last=Arenson |first=Karen W. |date=2001-04-18 |title=The Dynamo at the Heart of N.Y.U.'s Fund-Raising |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/18/nyregion/the-dynamo-at-the-heart-of-nyu-s-fund-raising.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030705/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/18/nyregion/the-dynamo-at-the-heart-of-nyu-s-fund-raising.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was spent almost entirely on updating facilities.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kenneth R. |last=Weiss |title=NYU Earns Respect |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 22, 2000 |url=http://www.nyu.edu/financial.aid/latimes2000-03-22.pdf |access-date=October 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723180626/http://www.nyu.edu/financial.aid/latimes2000-03-22.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The campaign was set to complete in 15 years, but ended up being completed in 10.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE6DE1F3BF933A15750C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |title=Buying Excellence: How N.Y.U. Rebuilt Itself – A special report.; Decade and $1 Billion Put N.Y.U. With the Elite |author=Honan, William H. |author-link=William H. Honan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 20, 1995 |access-date=March 5, 2008 |archive-date=January 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234612/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/20/us/buying-excellence-nyu-rebuilt-itself-special-report-decade-1-billion-put-nyu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, [[L. Jay Oliva]] was inaugurated the 14th president of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/473|title=Higher Education Leaders From Around the World Meet at NYU to Discuss Financial Challenges and Fundraising|date=February 12, 1999|publisher=NYU Office of Public Affairs|access-date=October 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907102912/http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/473|archive-date=September 7, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Following his inauguration, he moved to form the [[League of World Universities]], an international organization consisting of [[Rector (academia)|rectors]] and [[University president|president]]s from [[urban area|urban]] [[universities]] across six continents. The league and its 47 representatives gather every two years to discuss global issues in [[education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2002/10/02/33504|title=League of World Universities meets for forum|date=October 2, 2002|website=[[Minnesota Daily]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414192729/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2002/10/02/33504|archive-date=April 14, 2008|access-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref>

In 2003, President [[John Sexton]] launched a $2.5 billion campaign for funds to be spent especially on faculty and financial aid resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/alumni/newsletter/0105/campaign.html|title=NYU Kicks Off $2.5 Billion Campaign|date=January 2005|publisher=NYU Office for University Development and Alumni relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612185959/http://www.nyu.edu/alumni/newsletter/0105/campaign.html |archive-date=June 12, 2007|access-date=July 15, 2007}}</ref> Under Sexton's leadership, NYU also began its transformation into a global university, including the opening of a campus in Abu Dhabi in 2010.

Mortgage loans issued to some administrators and faculty by the university were criticized following published reports of August 2013, detailing terms of the loans, including that the school had issued some which approached zero percent interest rates, and some that were partially forgiven.<ref name=CNBC>[https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/15/nyu-will-cease-loans-to-top-employees-for-second-homes.html "Columbia University In The City Of New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228203808/https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/15/nyu-will-cease-loans-to-top-employees-for-second-homes.html |date=February 28, 2024 }} ''CNBC''. August 15, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</ref> Uniquely, among universities,<ref>Kaminer, Ariel and Delaquérière, Alain [https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/15/nyu-will-cease-loans-to-top-employees-for-second-homes.html "Columbia University In The City Of New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228203808/https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/15/nyu-will-cease-loans-to-top-employees-for-second-homes.html |date=February 28, 2024 }} ''The New York Times''. June 17, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</ref> the school had also issued multi-million-dollar loans for luxury vacation homes. President Sexton would step down at the end of his term in 2016, in the wake of a vote of no confidence in March 2013,<ref>[http://nyunews.com/2013/03/15/vote-4/ "Vote of No Confidence passes against John Sexton"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229190638/https://nyunews.com/2013/03/15/vote-4/ |date=February 29, 2024 }} ''Washington Square News'', June 29, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</ref> closely followed by controversy over having received a vacation home loan from NYU.<ref name=CNBC/>

In August 2018, the [[New York University Grossman School of Medicine]] announced it would be offering full-tuition scholarships to all current and future students in its MD program regardless of need or merit, making it the only top-10 medical school in the United States to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/nyregion/nyu-free-tuition-medical-school.html|title=Surprise Gift: Free Tuition for All N.Y.U. Medical Students|newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 16, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831152509/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/nyregion/nyu-free-tuition-medical-school.html|archive-date=August 31, 2018|url-status=live|last1=Chen |first1=David W. }}</ref>

In Spring 2022, President [[Andrew D. Hamilton]] announced that the 2023 academic year would be his last, and that he would be returning to research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Andrew |date=April 13, 2022 |title=A Letter from NYU President Andrew Hamilton |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/communications/a-letter-from-nyu-president-andrew-hamilton-041222.html |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413181012/https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/communications/a-letter-from-nyu-president-andrew-hamilton-041222.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Linda G. Mills]], the university's first female president.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYU Names Linda G. Mills As Its 17th President |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2023/february/nyu-names-linda-g--mills-as-its-17th-president.html |website=www.nyu.edu |access-date=11 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507194339/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2023/february/nyu-names-linda-g--mills-as-its-17th-president.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Enrollment===
From 2007 to 2018, NYU experienced a 114% increase in applications to its university system, increasing from around 35,000 applicants to more than 120,000 in 2024 and 2025.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2025/january/applications-to-nyu-class-of-2029-top-120-000-a-new-record.html |title=Applications to NYU Class of 2029 Top 120,000—A New Record |publisher=New York University |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=March 31, 2025}}</ref> This has also caused the acceptance rate to drop significantly, with a record-low acceptance rate of 8% in 2023 and 2024.<ref name="class of 2029">{{Cite web|date=April 8, 2024 |title=NYU Sends Out Offers of Admission to the Class of 2029|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2025/march/nyu-sends-out-offers-of-admission-to-the-class-of-2029.html|publisher=New York University|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823212609/http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2020/march/NYU_Class_of_2024_Admits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, this number dropped even further to 7.7% for the upcoming Class of 2029.<ref name="class of 2029"/> In parallel to NYU's expansion in the early 1900s, the university similarly expanded vigorously in the early 2000s, becoming the largest private university in the United States with a combined undergraduate/graduate enrollment of over 59,000 students {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.

===University logo===
The university logo, the upheld [[torch]], is derived from the [[Statue of Liberty]], signifying NYU's service to New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logos, Lockups, and University Seal |url=https://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/media-and-communications/nyu-brand-guidelines/designing-in-our-style/nyu-logos-and-university-seal/logos-lockups-and-university-seal.html |website=NYC |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513182413/https://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/media-and-communications/nyu-brand-guidelines/designing-in-our-style/nyu-logos-and-university-seal/logos-lockups-and-university-seal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The torch is depicted on both the NYU seal and the more abstract NYU logo, designed in 1965 by renowned graphic designer [[Tom Geismar]] of the branding and design firm [[Chermayeff & Geismar]].<ref>{{cite web|title= A Chat With The Designer Of NYU's Torch Logo|url= https://nyulocal.com/a-chat-with-the-designer-of-nyus-torch-logo-f28d6845b566|website= NYU Local|date= November 16, 2016|access-date= 13 May 2023|archive-date= September 19, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230919162035/https://nyulocal.com/a-chat-with-the-designer-of-nyus-torch-logo-f28d6845b566?gi=4b4c51c7d791|url-status= live}}</ref> There are at least two versions of the possible origin of the university color, [[Violet (color)|violet]]. Some believe that it may have been chosen because [[Violet (plant)|violets]] are said to have grown abundantly in Washington Square and around the buttresses of the Old University Building. Others argue that the color may have been adopted because the violet was the flower associated with [[Athens]], the center of learning in [[ancient Greece]].

===Cultural setting===
[[Washington Square Park|Washington Square]] and [[Greenwich Village]] have been hubs of [[cultural learning|cultural life]] in New York City since the early 19th century. Much of this culture has intersected with NYU at various points in its history. [[Artist]]s of the [[Hudson River School]], the United States' first prominent school of painters, settled around Washington Square. [[Samuel F.B. Morse]], a noted artist who also pioneered the telegraph and created the Morse Code, served as the first chair of Painting and Sculpture. He and [[Daniel Huntington (artist)|Daniel Huntington]] were early tenants of the Old University Building in the mid-19th century. (The university rented out studio space and residential apartments within the "academic" building.) As a result, they had notable interaction with the cultural and academic life of the university.<ref name="nyuandvillage"/>

In the 1870s, sculptors [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]] and [[Daniel Chester French]] lived and worked near the Square. By the 1920s, Washington Square Park was nationally recognized as a focal point for artistic and moral rebellion. As such, the Washington Square campus became more diverse and bustled with urban energy, contributing to academic change at NYU.<ref name="nyuandvillage"/> Famed residents of this time include [[Eugene O'Neill]], [[John French Sloan|John Sloan]], and [[Maurice Prendergast]]. In the 1930s, the abstract expressionists [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]], and the realists [[Edward Hopper]] and [[Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]] had studios around Washington Square. In the 1960s the area became one of the centers of the beat and folk generation, when [[Allen Ginsberg]] and [[Bob Dylan]] settled there. This led to tension with the university, which at the time was in the midst of an aggressive facilities expansion phase.<ref name="nyuandvillage"/> In 1975, the university opened The [[Grey Art Gallery]] at 100 Washington Square East, housing the NYU art collection and featuring museum quality exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/collection/collection.html|title=Home - Grey Gallery|work=Grey Gallery|access-date=March 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225120726/http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/collection/collection.html|archive-date=December 25, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/|title=Home - Grey Gallery|work=Grey Gallery|access-date=March 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318163541/http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/|archive-date=March 18, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Budget and fundraising===
NYU has successfully completed a seven-year, $2.5 billion campaign, surpassing expectations by raising more than $3 billion over the seven-year period.<ref>{{cite web | last = Masterson | first = Kathryn | year = 2008 | url = http://chronicle.com/news/article/5430/nyu-sets-record-with-31-billion-campaign | title = NYU Sets Record With $3.1-Billion Campaign | access-date = November 1, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211081654/http://chronicle.com/news/article/5430/nyu-sets-record-with-31-billion-campaign | archive-date = February 11, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Started in 2001, this campaign was the university's largest in its history, in which they planned to "raise $1 million per day for scholarships and financial aid, faculty building, new academic initiatives, and enhancing NYU's physical facilities."<ref name="campaignnews">{{Cite book | last = Beckman | first = John | title = New York University Kick Off $2.5 Billion Fundraising Campaign | publisher = NYU Office Public Affairs | date = April 28, 2004 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/publicaffairs/newsreleases/b_nyu_campaign_09282004.shtml | access-date = September 4, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070812191704/http://www.nyu.edu/publicaffairs/newsreleases/b_nyu_campaign_09282004.shtml | archive-date = August 12, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> The campaign included a $50 million gift from the Tisch family (after which one building and the [[Tisch School of the Arts|art school]] are named) and a $60 million gift from six [[trustee]]s called "The Partners Fund", aimed at hiring new faculty.<ref name="campaignnews"/><ref name="campaign">{{cite web| title = The Campaign for NYU | publisher = NYU Office for University Development & Alumni Relations | url = http://campaign.nyu.edu/ | access-date = September 4, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070822075608/http://campaign.nyu.edu/ |archive-date = August 22, 2007}}</ref> On October 15, 2007, the university announced that the Silver family donated $50 million to the [[New York University Silver School of Social Work|School of Social Work]], which will be renamed as a result.<ref>{{Cite book | title = NYU Alumni Constance & Martin Silver Donate $50 Million to University's School of Social Work | publisher = NYU Office Public Affairs | date = October 15, 2007 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1790 | access-date = October 17, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016134618/http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1790 | archive-date = October 16, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> This is the largest donation ever to a school of social work in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Scott | last = Jaschik | title = Quick Takes | publisher = [[Inside Higher Ed]] | date = October 17, 2007 | url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/10/17/qt | access-date = October 17, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019043103/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/10/17/qt | archive-date = October 19, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The 2007–2008 academic year was the most successful fundraising year to date for NYU, with the school raising $698 million in only the first 11 months of the year, representing a 70% increase in donations from the prior year.<ref>{{cite web| last = Souccar | first = Miriam | year = 2008 | url = http://www.crainsnewyork.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080801/FREE/659182051/1046/toc | title = Local universities report banner fundraising years | access-date = August 2, 2008}}</ref> The university also recently announced plans for NYU's Call to Action, a new initiative to ask alumni and donors to support financial aid for students at NYU.<ref>{{cite web|last=Platt |first=Eric |year=2008 |url=http://nyunews.com/news/university/over_seven_years%252C_nyu_rakes_in_3_billion |title=Over seven years, NYU rakes in $3 billion |access-date=September 9, 2008 |archive-date=January 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113040435/http://nyunews.com/news/university/over_seven_years%2C_nyu_rakes_in_3_billion |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The university has announced a 25-year strategic development plan, scheduled to coincide with its bicentennial in 2031. Included in the "NYU 200" plans are increasing resident and academic space, hiring additional faculty, and involving the New York City community in a transparent planning process. Additionally, NYU hopes to make their buildings more environmentally friendly, which will be facilitated by an evaluation of all campus spaces.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Portlock | first = Sarah | title = NYU unveils 25-year plan | newspaper = [[Washington Square News]] | date = April 24, 2007 | url = http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2007/04/24/News/Nyu-Unveils.25Year.Plan-2876454.shtml | access-date = September 4, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070822173414/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2007/04/24/News/Nyu-Unveils.25Year.Plan-2876454.shtml |archive-date = August 22, 2007}}</ref> As a part of this plan, NYU purchased 118 million kilowatt-hours of wind power during the 2006–2007 academic year – the largest purchase of wind power by any university in the country and any institution in New York City.<ref name="GreenBiz.com"/> For 2007, the university expanded its purchase of wind power to 132 million kilowatt-hours.<ref name="NYU buys more wind power credit"/> As a result, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] ranked NYU as one of the greenest colleges in the country in its annual College & University Green Power Challenge.<ref name="NYU Office of Public Affairs"/>

NYU consistently ranks as one of the top fundraising institutions in the country, raising $506.4 million in 2015 and $648 million in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/office-of-the-provost/provostial-communications/the-2017-2018-budget.html|title=The 2017-2018 Budget|last=Fleming|first=Katherine|date=May 15, 2017|website=nyu.edu|access-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003553/https://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/office-of-the-provost/provostial-communications/the-2017-2018-budget.html|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> NYU is also the 19th wealthiest university in America with $5.3 billion in cash and investments in fiscal year 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-u-s-universities-the-rich-get-richer-faster-1429156904|title=For U.S. Universities, the Rich Get Richer Faster|author=Melissa Korn|date=April 16, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320150550/https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-u-s-universities-the-rich-get-richer-faster-1429156904/|archive-date=March 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campus==
{{main|Campus of New York University}}

NYU's [[New York City]] campus includes more than 171 buildings spread between [[Manhattan]] and [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2006/05/nyu-columbia-make-a-mint-on-real-estate/|title=NYU Columbia Make A Mint on Real Estate|website=observer.com |date=May 2006|access-date=October 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024091705/http://observer.com/2006/05/nyu-columbia-make-a-mint-on-real-estate/|archive-date=October 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://commercialobserver.com/2018/07/nyu-martin-dorph-real-estate-holdings/|title=NYU Martin Dorph Talks University's Real Estate Holdings|date=July 24, 2018|website=Commercialobserver.com|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825102221/https://commercialobserver.com/2018/07/nyu-martin-dorph-real-estate-holdings/|archive-date=August 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the school's buildings in Manhattan are located across a roughly {{convert|230|acre|ha|adj=on}} area bounded by [[Houston Street]] to the south, [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] to the east, [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]] to the north, and [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Sixth Avenue]] (Avenue of the Americas) to the west. The core of NYU consists of buildings that surround Washington Square Park.<ref name="Campus Map">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/footer/map.html |title=Campus Map |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015065022/http://www.nyu.edu/footer/map.html |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/learn-at-nyu/a-global-network/new-york-campus.html |title=New York Campus |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200757/http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/learn-at-nyu/a-global-network/new-york-campus.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/learn-at-nyu/a-global-network.html |title=NYU's Global Network |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200848/http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/learn-at-nyu/a-global-network.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to its New York campus, NYU has 49 additional buildings overseas located throughout two 'portal' campuses and 12 Global Academic Centers.

===Washington Square campus===
[[File:NYC_-_Washington_Square_Park_-_Arch.jpg|thumb|left|[[Washington Square Park]], with its gateway [[Washington Square Arch|arch]], is surrounded largely by NYU buildings and plays an integral role in the university's campus life.]]Since the late 1970s, the central part of NYU has been its Washington Square campus in the heart of Greenwich Village. The Washington Square Arch is an unofficial symbol of NYU. Until 2007, NYU had held its commencement ceremonies in Washington Square Park, but because of renovations to Washington Square moved the 2008 ceremonies to the [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|original Yankee Stadium]] and all subsequent ones to the [[Yankee Stadium|current Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commencement ceremony |publisher=New York University |url=http://www.nyu.edu/commencement/ceremony.html |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411032533/http://www.nyu.edu/commencement/ceremony.html |archive-date=April 11, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Silver Center|Silver Center for Arts and Science]], home to the [[New York University College of Arts & Science|College of Arts & Science]] and the [[New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science|Graduate School of Arts & Science]], is one of the main academic buildings on the Washington Square campus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silver Center|url=https://meet.nyu.edu/locations/silver-center/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=MEET NYU|language=en-US|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824041004/https://meet.nyu.edu/locations/silver-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on Washington Square East, between Washington Place and [[Waverly Place]], and many individual departments of the two schools it houses are located in its vicinity. Meanwhile, Vanderbilt Hall, the main building for the [[New York University School of Law|School of Law]], is located near the southwest corner of Washington Square between [[Macdougal Street]] and [[Sullivan Street]] on [[4th Street (Manhattan)|Washington Square South]]. The Kimmel Center for University Life is also on Washington Square South, and is the primary hub for student life at the university, providing event and meeting space for student organizations and other gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimmel Center|url=https://www.nyu.edu/life/campus-resources/kimmel-center.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824041004/https://www.nyu.edu/life/campus-resources/kimmel-center.html}}</ref> Located closer to the eastern edge of the campus along Broadway are the main buildings for the [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|Tisch School of the Arts]] and the [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]], as well as the main office for [[NYU Liberal Studies|Liberal Studies]] and NYU's Bookstore and [[Student health|Student Health]] Center. Other nearby university buildings and complexes of note include 5 Washington Place, which houses NYU's distinguished [[New York University Department of Philosophy|Department of Philosophy]], 7 East 12th Street, which serves as the main building for the [[New York University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]], the [[Brown Building (Manhattan)|Brown Building]], which was the location of the infamous [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire|Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire]] before its acquisition by NYU, as well as [[Washington Square Village]] and [[University Village (Manhattan)|University Village]], two housing complexes for faculty members and graduate students. Undergraduate [[New York University residence halls|residence halls]] in the immediate surroundings of Washington Square include Goddard Hall, Lipton Hall, and Weinstein Hall, while those that are slightly farther but still nearby include Brittany Hall and Rubin Hall.

In the 1990s, NYU became a "two square" university by building a second community around [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]], in close proximity to Washington Square. NYU's Union Square community primarily consists of the priority residence halls of Carlyle Court, [[Palladium (New York City)|Palladium]] Residence Hall, Alumni Hall, Coral Tower, Thirteenth Street Hall, University Hall, Third North Residence Hall, and Founders Hall.<ref name="Campus Map" />

On its Washington Square campus, NYU operates theaters and performance facilities that are often used by the Tisch School of the Arts as well as the university's [[music conservatory]], which is within the [[Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development]]. External productions are also occasionally held in NYU's facilities. The largest performance accommodations at NYU are the [[Skirball Center for Performing Arts]] (850 seats) at 566 LaGuardia Place, just south of Washington Square South, and the Eisner-Lubin Auditorium (560 seats) in the Kimmel Center. Notably, the Skirball Center has hosted important speeches on foreign policy by [[John Kerry]]{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Former Vice President Al Gore Remarks to MoveOn.org | website = MoveOn.org | date = August 7, 2003 | url = http://www.moveon.org/gore-speech.html | access-date = July 15, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715151552/http://www.moveon.org/gore-speech.html | archive-date = July 15, 2007 }}</ref> The Skirball Center is the largest performing arts facility south of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]].<ref>{{cite web| title = The Skirball Center for the Performing Arts | publisher = NYU Office for University Development and Alumni Relations | url = http://www.nyu.edu/kimmel/perf_arts.shtml | access-date = July 15, 2007 |archive-date=February 20, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020220041238/http://www.nyu.edu/kimmel/perf_arts.shtml }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for University Life, NYU | publisher = Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates LLC – Architects | url = http://www.krjda.com/text/projectDetail.cfm?id=100 | access-date = July 15, 2007 |archive-date=February 22, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222230807/http://www.krjda.com/text/projectDetail.cfm?id=100 }}</ref>

NYU also has international houses meant to foster the study of particular cultures and languages on its Washington Square campus, including the Deutsches Haus, [[La Maison Française (New York University)|La Maison Française]], [[Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò]], the Glucksman Ireland House to foster [[Irish studies]], the [[King Juan Carlos I of Spain]] Center, the [[Hagop Kevorkian]] Center, an Africa House, and a China House.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research Centers, Institutes, and International Houses|url=http://as.nyu.edu/page/research#ih|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054058/http://as.nyu.edu/page/research#ih|archive-date=October 30, 2013|access-date=October 31, 2013|website=NYU Arts & Science|publisher=New York University, Arts and Science}}</ref> Most of these international houses are located on [[Washington Mews]], a private street north of Washington Square Park.

The closest [[New York City Subway]] stations servicing the Washington Square campus are [[Eighth Street–New York University station|Eighth Street–New York University]] and [[West Fourth Street–Washington Square station|West Fourth Street–Washington Square]]. In addition, NYU runs its own shuttle service, University Transportation Services, linking the Washington Square campus to other university locations and major transit hubs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Transportation|url=https://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824041004/https://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation.html}}</ref> The nearest major highway is the [[West Side Highway]] ([[New York State Route 9A|NY 9A]]) to the west. The campus is located less than {{convert|1|mi|km}} from the [[Holland Tunnel]], and {{convert|4|mi|km}} from the [[Brooklyn Bridge]].

==== Gould Plaza ====
{{main|Gould Plaza}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (48072654781).jpg
| image2 = NYU Stern School of Business - Henry Kaufman Management Center (48072761732).jpg
| total_width = 400
| caption2 = [[Stern School of Business]]
| caption1 = [[Courant Institute]]
}}
The Jeffrey S. Gould Plaza, located between [[University Place (Manhattan)|Washington Square East]] and [[Mercer Street (Manhattan)|Mercer Street]] on West 4th Street, is surrounded by the buildings for some departments of the College of Arts and Science as well as the main buildings for the [[Stern School of Business]] and the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]]. Other NYU buildings near the plaza include the Bonomi Family [[University and college admission|Admissions]] Center, the Jeffrey S. Gould Welcome Center, the Alumni Relations building, Goddard Hall, Frederick Loewe Theatre, and the main building for the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, as well as unrelated religious institutions such as [[Judson Memorial Church]], the [[Mosque|Islamic Center]] at NYU, and [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion]]. Because of its high student traffic during the academic year, Gould Plaza has become a popular meeting spot for NYU students and a performance area for [[Street performance|street musicians and buskers]].

====Bobst Library====
{{main|Elmer Holmes Bobst Library|New York University Libraries}}

[[File:Bobst Library (48072704803).jpg|left|thumb|Bobst Library]]
The Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, built between 1967 and 1972, is the largest library at NYU and one of the largest academic libraries in the United States. Designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and [[Richard Foster (architect)|Richard Foster]], the 12-story, {{convert|425000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} structure sits on the southern edge of Washington Square Park (at 70 Washington Square South) and is the flagship of an eight-library, 4.5 million-volume system. Bobst Library offers one Multidisciplinary Reference Center, a Research Commons, {{Convert|28|miles}} of open-stacks shelving, and approximately 2,000 seats for student study. The library is visited by more than 6,800 users each day, and circulates more than one million books annually.<ref>{{cite web | title = About the NYU Libraries | publisher = NYU Libraries | date = June 2007 | url = http://library.nyu.edu/about/about.html | access-date = July 15, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012185034/http://library.nyu.edu/about/about.html | archive-date = October 12, 2007 }}</ref>

Bobst's Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media is one of the world's largest academic media centers, where students and researchers use more than 95,000 audio and video recordings per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.nyu.edu/afc/ |title=The Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media |website=New York University Libraries |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200800/http://library.nyu.edu/afc/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref>

Bobst Library is also home to many special collections. The [[Fales Library|Fales Collection]] houses collections of English and American fiction in the United States, the unique Downtown Collection, documenting the New York literary avant-garde arts scene from the 1970s to the present, and the Food and Cookery Collection, which documents American food history with a focus on New York City. Bobst Library also houses the Tamiment Library, which holds collections in labor history, socialism, anarchism, communism, and American radicalism for scholarly research. Tamiment includes the Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, the Archives of Irish America, the Center for the Cold War and the U.S., and the Frederic Ewen Academic Freedom Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.nyu.edu/collections/archives.html |title=Special Collections and Archives |website=New York University Libraries |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029083700/http://library.nyu.edu/collections/archives.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref>

Bobst Library made headlines in the early 2000s when [[Bobst Boy|Steven Stanzak]], who is also known as "Bobst Boy", gained a following for living in Bobst Library after he was unable to pay for board at the university and began to write about his life on a self published blog.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3665885.stm|title=Broke student 'slept in library'|date=April 28, 2004|access-date=April 18, 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3665885.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The story was reported by ''[[Washington Square News]]'' before becoming an overnight national sensation, which helped Stanzak receive financial assistance from NYU until graduation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyulocal.com/bobst-boy-life-after-the-stacks-4900d117cab1|title=Bobst Boy: Life After The Stacks|last=Local|first=N. Y. U.|date=September 23, 2019|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=April 18, 2020|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521152538/https://nyulocal.com/bobst-boy-life-after-the-stacks-4900d117cab1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Brooklyn campus===
[[File:NYU Tandon - Bern Dibner Library of Science and Technology (48228034691).jpg|thumb|left|Bern Dibner Library of Science and Technology on the Brooklyn campus]]NYU's Brooklyn campus is located at [[MetroTech Center]], an urban academic-industrial [[research park]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> It sits on top of the [[Jay Street–MetroTech station]], is only a few blocks from the Brooklyn Bridge, and is connected to NYU's Manhattan campus via the NYU Shuttle Bus System.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation/routes-and-schedules/route-a.html|title=Route A|author=NYU Web Communications|work=nyu.edu|access-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031920/http://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation/routes-and-schedules/route-a.html|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation/passenger-information.html|title=Passenger Information|author=NYU Web Communications|work=nyu.edu|access-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907004823/http://www.nyu.edu/life/travel-and-transportation/university-transportation/passenger-information.html|archive-date=September 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It houses the Tandon School of Engineering, the [[Center for Urban Science and Progress]] and also several of Tisch School of the Arts<ref name="animationcareerreview.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationcareerreview.com/articles/top-50-game-design-schools-and-colleges-us-%E2%80%93-2015|title=Top 50 Game Design Schools and Colleges in the US – 2015|work=animationcareerreview.com|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064011/http://www.animationcareerreview.com/articles/top-50-game-design-schools-and-colleges-us-%E2%80%93-2015|archive-date=September 1, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development's degree programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magnet.nyu.edu/|title=MAGNET - NYU Media and Games Network|work=nyu.edu|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812020451/http://magnet.nyu.edu/|archive-date=August 12, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

MetroTech Commons, the 3.5-acre (14,000 m2) [[List of privately owned public spaces in New York City|privately owned public space]] at the heart of the MetroTech complex, functions as a quad for students at the Brooklyn campus in much the same way that Washington Square Park does for students at the main campus, hosting events including concerts, health fairs, chess tournaments and holiday celebrations. Bounded by Lawrence and Duffield Streets, the square is frequently adorned by modern art exhibits. Two pieces called ''Alligator'' and ''Visionary'' are part of the Commons' permanent public art collection by the well-known sculptor [[Tom Otterness]].

The Brooklyn campus is home to NYU's Game Center Open Library, which is the largest collection of games held by any university in the world,<ref name="animationcareerreview.com"/> as well as the NYU MakerSpace and Design Lab, which allows all NYU students who undergo training sessions to access advanced [[3D printing]], [[prototyping]], [[CNC machining]], and [[stress testing]] devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makerspace.engineering.nyu.edu/about/|title=What is MakerSpace?|website=makerspace.engineering.nyu.edu|access-date=November 1, 2021|archive-date=November 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101174049/https://makerspace.engineering.nyu.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, [[NYU Langone Medical Center]] acquired a {{Convert|125000|sqft}} healthcare facility in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frost|first1=Mary|title=NYU Langone to take over LICH emergency department in Brooklyn on Friday|url=http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/2014/10/29/nyu-langone-take-over-lich-emergency-department-brooklyn-friday|website=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=April 4, 2016|date=October 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404102307/http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/2014/10/29/nyu-langone-take-over-lich-emergency-department-brooklyn-friday|archive-date=April 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Quickly following this announcement, NYU announced in 2017 that it would invest over $500 million in the coming years to renovate and expand its Brooklyn campus, including [[370 Jay Street]], which opened in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/26/14397270/nyus-500m-downtown-brooklyn-expansion-will-open-this-summer|title=NYU's $500M Downtown Brooklyn expansion will open this summer|work=Curbed NY|access-date=November 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093646/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/26/14397270/nyus-500m-downtown-brooklyn-expansion-will-open-this-summer|archive-date=November 14, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other NY metropolitan area facilities===
[[File:NYU Langone Medical Center (41246168170).jpg|thumb|left|[[NYU Langone Health]]]]

The NYU Langone Health medical center is situated near the East River waterfront at 550 First Avenue between East [[30th Street (Manhattan)|30th]] and [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th]] Streets. The campus hosts the [[NYU Grossman School of Medicine]], Tisch Hospital, Kimmel Pavilion, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, and the [[Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://school.med.nyu.edu/contact-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704070730/http://school.med.nyu.edu/contact-us |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2011 |title=Contact Us |website=NYU School of Medicine |publisher=NYU Langone Medical Center |access-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> Other NYU and NYU-affiliated medical centers across the city include the NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, the [[NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn]], and the [[Bellevue Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hjd.med.nyu.edu/about-us |title=About Us |website=Hospital for Joint Diseases |publisher=NYU Langone Medical Center |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200723/http://hjd.med.nyu.edu/about-us |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.nyu.edu/patients-visitors/our-hospitals/bellevue-hospital-center |title=Bellevue Hospital Center |publisher=NYU Langone Medical Center |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200844/http://www.med.nyu.edu/patients-visitors/our-hospitals/bellevue-hospital-center |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mineola, Long Island, the [[NYU Langone Hospital – Long Island]] campus is home to NYU's second medical school, the [[NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medli.nyu.edu/medli|title=NYU Long Island School of Medicine|publisher=NYU Langone Health|access-date=January 29, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123005159/https://medli.nyu.edu/medli|url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU's Silver School of Social Work (formerly Ehrenkranz School of Social Work) manages branch campus programs in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] at [[Sarah Lawrence College]] and in [[Rockland County]] at [[St. Thomas Aquinas College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialwork.nyu.edu/contact.html |title=Contact |website=NYU Silver School of Social Work |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200848/http://socialwork.nyu.edu/contact.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Sterling Forest, New York|Sterling Forest]], near [[Tuxedo, New York|Tuxedo]], NYU has a research facility that contains various institutes, in particular the Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medicine.med.nyu.edu/pulmonary/research/centers/nelson-institute-environmental-medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401065120/http://medicine.med.nyu.edu/pulmonary/research/centers/nelson-institute-environmental-medicine |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |title=Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine |website=Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine – Department of Medicine |publisher=NYU Langone Medical Center |access-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> The Midtown Center at 11 West 42nd Street is home to the NYU Schack Institute of Real Estate. The [[Woolworth Building]] in the financial district is home to some of NYU's professional studies and education programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scps.nyu.edu/visit-us.html |title=Visit Us |publisher=New York University School of Professional Studies |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020145928/http://www.scps.nyu.edu/visit-us.html |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU has two units located on the [[Upper East Side]]. The [[Institute for the Study of the Ancient World]], a discrete entity within NYU, independent of any other school or department of the university, is located on East 84th Street,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isaw.nyu.edu/ |title=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028150530/http://isaw.nyu.edu/ |archive-date=October 28, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Institute of Fine Arts]], a graduate school of art history and fine arts, is located at the [[James B. Duke House]] at 1 East 78th Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/fineart/contact.htm |title=Contact the Institute |publisher=NYU Institute of Fine Arts |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200800/http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/fineart/contact.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the nearby Stephen Chan House at 14 East 78th Street houses the Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, which boasts the oldest graduate degree-granting [[Conservation and restoration of cultural property|conservation]] program in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Institute of Fine Arts, NYU|url=https://ifa.nyu.edu/conservation/program.htm|access-date=2021-08-24|website=ifa.nyu.edu|language=en|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824041004/https://ifa.nyu.edu/conservation/program.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Global campuses and sites ===

NYU has a host of foreign facilities used for [[study abroad|study away]] programs, referred to as Global Academic Centers. {{as of|2012}}, NYU operates 12 academic sites in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, including undergraduate academic-year and summer study away programs in [[Accra]], [[Berlin]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[NYU Florence|Florence]], [[NYU London|London]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Madrid]], [[NYU Paris|Paris]], [[Prague]], [[Sydney]], [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/global/global-academic-centers1.html|title=Global Academic Centers|publisher=New York University|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201235310/http://www.nyu.edu/global/global-academic-centers1.html|archive-date=February 1, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the most noteworthy sites is the {{convert|57|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus of NYU Florence, located at [[Villa LaPietra]] in Italy. The estate was bequeathed by the late Sir [[Harold Acton]] to NYU in 1994, and at the time it was the largest donation to a university in history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyu.edu/nyutoday/archives/16/01/Stories/LaPietra.html|title=NYU marks years of successful restoration at La Pietra|date=September 5, 2002|newspaper=NYU Today|access-date=July 16, 2007|issue=1|volume=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808213200/http://www.nyu.edu/nyutoday/archives/16/01/Stories/LaPietra.html|archive-date=August 8, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> In spring 2014, NYU Paris moved to a new campus, formerly occupied by the [[École Spéciale des Travaux Publics]] (ESTP Paris), in the student area of the [[Quartier Latin]], where NYU Law also set up an EU Regulatory Policy Clinic in partnership with [[HEC Paris]] taught by [[Alberto Alemanno]] and [[Vincent Chauvet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/a-paris-la-new-york-university-demenage-et-lance-une-clinique-du-droit.html|title=À Paris, la New York University déménage et lance une clinique du droit – Educpros|date=October 28, 2013|website=Letudiant.fr|access-date=August 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017114945/http://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/a-paris-la-new-york-university-demenage-et-lance-une-clinique-du-droit.html|archive-date=October 17, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the Global Academic Centers, NYU also maintains 10 Global Research Initiative Institutes, 9 of them are located in the academic centers at Berlin, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Shanghai, Tel Aviv, and Washington DC, with the other being located in Athens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYU Global Research Initiatives|date=August 9, 2017|url=https://isaw.nyu.edu/guide/academic-affairs/nyu-global-research-initiatives|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627021111/https://isaw.nyu.edu/guide/academic-affairs/nyu-global-research-initiatives|url-status=live}}</ref> Meant to provide faculty and graduate students with NYU infrastructural support while conducting international research projects, those who are interested can apply for fellowships at all sites during the academic-year and a limited number of sites during the summer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Research Centers|url=https://www.nyu.edu/research/provosts-global-research-initiatives/research-centers-faculty-graduate-students.html|website=nyu.edu|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627181630/https://www.nyu.edu/research/provosts-global-research-initiatives/research-centers-faculty-graduate-students.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Abu Dhabi campus ====
[[File:NYUAbuDhabiSaadiyat.jpg|thumb|right|[[NYU Abu Dhabi]]]]
Spearheaded by [[John Sexton]],<ref>Krieger, Zvika [https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135598093 "The Emir of NYU"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228202119/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135598093 |date=February 28, 2024 }} ''New York'', April 10, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</ref> president of the university during 2002–2015; in Fall 2010, [[New York University Abu Dhabi]] (NYUAD) opened as the university's first overseas "Portal Campus" with an inaugural class of 150 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyuad.nyu.edu/|title=NYU Abu Dhabi University & College in UAE, New York University|publisher=New York University Abu Dhabi|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202065817/http://nyuad.nyu.edu/|archive-date=February 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The campus faced controversy even before it opened. In 2009, the university responded to a series of interviews in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that showed a pattern of labor abuses at its fledgling Abu Dhabi location (which would open for classes the next year), creating a statement of labor values for Abu Dhabi campus workers. A 2014 follow-up article found that while some conditions had improved, contractors for the university were still frequently subjecting their workers to third-world labor conditions. The article documented that these conditions included confiscation of worker passports, forced overtime, recruitment fees and cockroach-filled dorms where workers had to sleep under beds. According to the article, workers who attempted to protest the NYU contractors' conditions were promptly arrested.<ref name=Kaminer>{{cite news|last=Kaminer|first=Ariel|title=Workers at N.Y.U.'s Abu Dhabi Site Faced Harsh Conditions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/nyregion/workers-at-nyus-abu-dhabi-site-face-harsh-conditions.html|access-date=May 20, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519234118/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/nyregion/workers-at-nyus-abu-dhabi-site-face-harsh-conditions.html|archive-date=May 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Reports also claimed that those arrested by police were later abused at the police station. Many workers who were not local were then deported to their home countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/nyregion/workers-at-nyus-abu-dhabi-site-face-harsh-conditions.html?_r=2 |work=The New York Times |first1=Ariel |last1=Kaminer |first2=Sean |last2=O'Driscoll |title=Workers at N.Y.U.'s Abu Dhabi Site Faced Harsh Conditions |date=May 18, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174811/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/nyregion/workers-at-nyus-abu-dhabi-site-face-harsh-conditions.html?_r=2 |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The university quickly responded to the reports with an apology to the workers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/nyregion/nyu-apologizes-to-any-workers-mistreated-on-its-abu-dhabi-campus.html |title=N.Y.U. Apologizes to Any Workers Mistreated on Its Abu Dhabi Campus|date=May 20, 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622164229/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/nyregion/nyu-apologizes-to-any-workers-mistreated-on-its-abu-dhabi-campus.html|archive-date=June 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the campus construction costs were entirely funded by the Abu Dhabi government, as will be the operational costs and any future expansions, in 2015, NYU additionally compensated thousands of migrant workers on its Abu Dhabi complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Batty |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/apr/24/nyu-compensate-thousands-migrant-workers-abu-dhabi-complex-nardello-report |title=NYU set to compensate thousands of migrant workers on Abu Dhabi complex | Global development |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=February 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223013254/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/apr/24/nyu-compensate-thousands-migrant-workers-abu-dhabi-complex-nardello-report |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abu dhabi">{{cite web|url=http://nyunews.com/news/2010/09/13/13abudhabi/|title=NYU Abu Dhabi: the story from concept to classroom |last=Timm |first=Jane |date=September 13, 2010 |website=nyunews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917064857/http://nyunews.com/news/2010/09/13/13abudhabi/|archive-date=September 17, 2010|access-date=November 22, 2010}}</ref>

Unlike NYU's other study abroad centers, NYUAD functions as a separate liberal arts college within a university, offering complete degree programs to students admitted directly to NYUAD. NYUAD recruits students from all over the world and describes itself as the "World's Honor College". The main campus for NYUAD is on [[Saadiyat Island]] and opened in 2014. Until then, the school operated from a campus located in downtown Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/education/21nyu.html|title=N.Y.U. Abu Dhabi Scours Globe for Its First Students|last=Foderaro|first=Lisa W.|date=June 20, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522120348/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/education/21nyu.html|archive-date=May 22, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Shanghai campus ====
[[File:NYUSH_Lujiazui_Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[NYU Shanghai]]]]

In 2011, NYU announced plans to open another portal campus, NYU Shanghai, for the fall semester of 2013. It was expected to have about 3,000 undergraduate students, the majority of whom would be [[Chinese people|Chinese]]. It was approved by the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] in January 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyulocal.com/on-campus/2011/01/21/chinas-education-ministry-approves-nyu-portal-campus-in-shanghai/ |title=China's Education Ministry Approves NYU Portal Campus in Shanghai |work=NYU Local |date=January 21, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605034108/http://nyulocal.com/on-campus/2011/01/21/chinas-education-ministry-approves-nyu-portal-campus-in-shanghai/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> NYU's local partner would be [[East China Normal University]] (ECNU). ECNU's president [[Yu Lizhong]] would be the chancellor and play a major role in government relations while [[Jeffrey S. Lehman]], former president of [[Cornell]] amongst other positions, would serve as vice chancellor and have "free rein in academic affairs".<ref>Hennock, Mary, [http://chronicle.com/article/New-Leader-of-NYU-Shanghai-Has/131730/ "New Leader of NYU Shanghai Has Built Other Bridges to China"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509061707/http://chronicle.com/article/New-Leader-of-NYU-Shanghai-Has/131730 |date=May 9, 2012}}, ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]'', April 29, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.</ref> Since late summer of 2014, NYU Shanghai has been based in [[Pudong|Pudong, Shanghai]], at 1555 Century Ave. The main campus is contained in a single building, the Academic Center, a new 15-story building with two underground floors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pudong Campus |url=https://shanghai.nyu.edu/about/campus/pudong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100815/https://shanghai.nyu.edu/about/campus/pudong |archive-date=February 28, 2018 }}</ref> On May 30, 2019, the groundbreaking ceremony was held for the new campus building in the [[Qiantan International Business Zone (Shanghai)|Qiantan International Business Zone]]. The Qiantan campus building is also located in Pudong, and was designed and built by architectural firm [[Kohn Pedersen Fox|Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF)]]. The design features four buildings arranged in a pinwheel shape reminiscent of NYU Shanghai's logo, that are connected as one building above the fifth floor. In 2022, the university moved up to 4,000 undergraduate and graduate students into the new campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/nyu-shanghai-breaks-ground-new-qiantan-campus|title=NYU Shanghai Breaks Ground on New Campus|date=May 30, 2019|website=shanghai.nyu.edu|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603165549/https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/nyu-shanghai-breaks-ground-new-qiantan-campus|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Former global campuses ====

Tisch School of the Arts, Asia was NYU's first branch campus abroad. The result of a partnership between Tisch School of the Arts and the Singapore Government, it offered Master of Fine Arts degrees in animation and digital arts, dramatic writing, film and international media producing. The campus opened in fall 2007 with the intention to enroll approximately 250 students.<ref>
{{cite news|title=NYU's Tisch School Of The Arts opens its first campus in Singapore|url=http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/nyu_s_tisch_school.html|url-status=dead|access-date=August 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143728/http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/nyu_s_tisch_school.html|archive-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref> Anticipated enrollment figures were not achieved, financial irregularities were alleged, and President Pari Sara Shirazi was dismissed from her post by NYU in November 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tisch Asia in a flux following president's removal|url=http://www.edvantage.com.sg/edvantage/news/schoolnews/970962/Tisch_asia_in_a_flux_following_president_s_removal.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019103847/http://www.edvantage.com.sg/edvantage/news/schoolnews/970962/Tisch_asia_in_a_flux_following_president_s_removal.html|archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> She subsequently announced her intention to commence legal proceedings against NYU alleging wrongful termination and defamation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Tisch Asia president takes NYU to court|url=http://www.asiaone.com/A1Business/General%2BNews/Story/A1Story20121009-376501.html|url-status=dead|access-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119045909/http://www.asiaone.com/A1Business/General%2BNews/Story/A1Story20121009-376501.html|archive-date=November 19, 2012}}</ref> In a letter to the Tisch Asia community dated November 8, 2012, Dean Mary Schmidt Campbell announced that the campus would close after 2014 with recruitment and admission of new students suspended with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite news|title='The Future Of Tisch Asia' (Memo from Office of the Dean to Tisch Asia Community)|url=http://www.tischasia.nyu.edu.sg/attach/209829.html?type=support&primitive=0|access-date=November 9, 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 2016, three former students of the now defunct Tisch Asia sued NYU.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eustachewich|first=Lia|date=September 20, 2016|title=NYU students claim defunct Tisch Asia was a rip-off in suit|url=https://nypost.com/2016/09/20/nyu-students-claim-defunct-tisch-asia-was-a-rip-off-in-suit/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923200041/http://nypost.com/2016/09/20/nyu-students-claim-defunct-tisch-asia-was-a-rip-off-in-suit/|archive-date=September 23, 2016|access-date=September 24, 2016|website=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ex-students call NYU's Singapore art school an 'educational scam'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ex-students-call-nyu-singapore-art-school-educational-scam-article-1.2798769|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923015023/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ex-students-call-nyu-singapore-art-school-educational-scam-article-1.2798769|archive-date=September 23, 2016|access-date=September 24, 2016|website=New York Daily News|date=September 19, 2016 }}</ref>

Before moving to its current location at the former campus of ESTP Paris, NYU Paris was located in a small building in the historic neighborhood of [[Passy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/a-paris-la-new-york-university-demenage-et-lance-une-clinique-du-droit.html|title=À Paris, la New York University déménage et lance une clinique du droit|website=www.letudiant.fr|date=October 28, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629092617/https://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/a-paris-la-new-york-university-demenage-et-lance-une-clinique-du-droit.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Residence halls===
{{main|New York University residence halls}}

[[File:Washington Square Village Jul 2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Washington Square Village]], home to NYU faculty and graduate students]]NYU houses approximately 12,000 undergraduate and graduate residents,<ref name="On Campus Living">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu/on-campus-living.html |title=On Campus Living |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201020/http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu/on-campus-living.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and had the seventh-largest university housing system in the U.S. {{as of|2007|lc=y}}, and one of the largest among private schools.<ref name="housingranking">{{cite web| title = Top Ten Residence Hall Systems | publisher = [[University of Michigan]] Housing | url = http://www.housing.umich.edu/general/topten.html | access-date = July 16, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070305034155/http://www.housing.umich.edu/general/topten.html |archive-date = March 5, 2007}}</ref> NYU's undergraduate housing system consists of more than 20 residence halls and is governed by the [[Residence hall association|Inter-Residence Hall Council]] (IRHC), an umbrella student council organization.<ref name="On Campus Living" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyuirhc.org/what-is-irhc/mission-statement/|title=Mission Statement|website=Inter-Residence Hall Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230701/http://nyuirhc.org/what-is-irhc/mission-statement/|archive-date=November 2, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref>

Uniquely, many of NYU's residence halls are converted [[apartment]] complexes or old hotels. In general, NYU residence halls receive favorable ratings, and some are opulent. Many rooms are spacious and contain amenities considered rare for individual college residence hall rooms, such as kitchens, lavatories, living rooms and common areas.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Turley | first = Meredith | title = New York University: Off the Record | publisher = [[College Prowler]] | date = July 1, 2006 | isbn = 978-1-4274-0102-1 | page = 161}}</ref> The university operates its own transit system to transport its students by [[bus]] to its campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/public.safety/transportation/routes.html |title=Routes and Schedules |website=Department of Public Safety |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200712/http://www.nyu.edu/public.safety/transportation/routes.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A few of the residence halls are considered to be among the nicest in the nation, being furnished with granite counter-tops, stainless-steel appliances, in-hall gyms, wood flooring, marble bathroom fixtures, large floor lounges, floor to ceiling windows and extensive views of lower and midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/nyregion/thecity/28gram.html|title=Dazed, Confused and Living Large|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 27, 2008|last1=Beyer|first1=Gregory|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/nyregion/thecity/28gram.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Undergraduate students are guaranteed housing during their enrollment at NYU and are split into two categories, FYRE (First-Year Residential Experience) and TRUE (The Residential Upperclassmen Experience). Most FYRE halls are located near the Washington Square area. While nearly all TRUE halls are located near the Union Square area, two former residence halls were located in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] and one is still in use in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu.html |title=Living at NYU |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012034407/http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu.html |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu/on-campus-living/explore-the-residencehalls.html |title=Explore the Residence Halls |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201018/http://www.nyu.edu/life/living-at-nyu/on-campus-living/explore-the-residencehalls.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two residence halls are located in and around the MetroTech Commons, intended to serve NYU's Brooklyn Campus.

In 2007, the [[National Association of College and University Residence Halls]] (NACURH) named NYU the National School of the Year for IRHC and [[NRHH]]'s strong efforts over the past year. In addition, NYU was named the National Program of the Year for UltraViolet Live, the annual inter-hall competition that raises funds for [[Relay For Life]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyuirhc.org/what-is-irhc/awards/ |title=Awards |website=Inter-Residence Hall Council |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230425/http://nyuirhc.org/what-is-irhc/awards/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref>

===Sustainability===

NYU has made the greening of its campus a large priority. For example, NYU has been the largest university purchaser of wind energy in the U.S. since 2009.<ref name="Sustainability Fast Facts">{{cite web | title =NYU Sustainability Fast Facts | publisher =New York University | url =http://www.nyu.edu/sustainability/about.sustainability/fast.facts.html | access-date =June 8, 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090412133811/http://www.nyu.edu/sustainability/about.sustainability/fast.facts.html | archive-date =April 12, 2009 | url-status =live }}</ref> With this switch to renewable power, NYU is achieving benefits equivalent to removing 12,000 cars from the road or planting 72,000 trees. In May 2008, the NYU Sustainability Task Force awarded $150,000 in grants to 23 projects that would focus research and efforts toward energy, food, landscape, outreach, procurement, transportation and waste.<ref name="At New York University, green is the new violet">{{cite news | title = At New York University, green is the new violet | newspaper = The Villager | url = http://www.nyu.edu/sustainability/about.sustainability/fast.facts.html | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412133811/http://www.nyu.edu/sustainability/about.sustainability/fast.facts.html | archive-date = April 12, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref>
These projects include a student-led bike-sharing program modeled after Paris' Velib program with 30 bikes free to students, staff, and faculty. NYU received a grade of "B" on the College Sustainability Report Card 2010 from the Sustainable Endowments Institute.<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web | title =College Sustainability Report Card 2010 | publisher =Sustainable Endowments Institute | url =http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2010/f | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111006153219/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2010/f | archive-date =October 6, 2011 }}</ref>

NYU purchased 118 million [[kilowatt-hours]] of [[wind power]] during the 2006–2007 academic year – the largest purchase of wind power by any university in the country and any institution in New York City.<ref name="GreenBiz.com">{{Cite news | title = NYU, Ivy Leagues Top Schools for Green Power | website = GreenBiz.com | date = April 19, 2007 | url = http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=34925 | access-date = September 12, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175908/http://greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=34925 | archive-date = October 12, 2007 }}</ref> For 2007, the university expanded its purchase of wind power to 132 million kilowatt-hours.<ref name="NYU buys more wind power credit">{{Cite news| title = NYU buys more wind power credit | publisher = Washington Square News | date = November 15, 2007 | url = http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2007/11/15/UniversityNews/Nyu-Buys.More.Wind.Power.Credit-3103146.shtml | access-date = July 22, 2008 |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201111646/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2007/11/15/UniversityNews/Nyu-Buys.More.Wind.Power.Credit-3103146.shtml }}</ref>

The EPA ranked NYU as one of the greenest colleges in the country in its annual College & University Green Power Challenge.<ref name="NYU Office of Public Affairs">{{cite web | title = NYU to Purchase Wind-Generated Power As Part of New Sustainability Initiative | publisher = NYU Office of Public Affairs | date = October 5, 2006 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1235 | access-date = September 12, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070823234211/http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1235 | archive-date = August 23, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== NYU 2031 ===
In 2007, NYU created a strategic plan for a six billion-dollar, 25-year, {{convert|6000000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} expansion scheduled to conclude by the university's bicentennial in 2031.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/arts/design/23nyu.html|title=N.Y.U. Plans an Expansion of 40 Percent|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=March 22, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128212624/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/arts/design/23nyu.html|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Details of the plan include {{convert|2000000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of additional on-campus housing and {{convert|3500000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of modern academic spaces spread between NYU's New York City campuses.

The expansion started in earnest in 2017 with the groundbreaking of [https://www.nyu.edu/about/university-initiatives/academic-space-projects/181-mercer-street.html 181 Mercer Street], a new multi-purpose building that will act as the flagship athletic facility for NYU, while also accompanying a 350-bed Residence Hall, 58 general purpose classrooms and a 350-seat theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/university-initiatives/academic-space-projects/181-mercer-street.html|title=181 Mercer Street |website=nyu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003534/https://www.nyu.edu/about/university-initiatives/academic-space-projects/181-mercer-street.html|archive-date=July 23, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The roughly {{convert|800000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, $1.1 billion building is directly adjacent to the south eastern corner of the Washington Square campus and represents a significant focus on the university owned super blocks. Work on the plans second project, 370 Jay Street, a {{Convert|500000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} addition to the Brooklyn campus is scheduled to conclude in 2019. The building will house 'the digital arts and sciences' such as the Tandon School of Engineering departments of Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering; the Tisch School of the Arts Clive Davis Institute for Recorded Music and Game Center and various other NYU initiatives such as the Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) and NYU Wireless (5G research).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/publications/alumni-magazine/fall-2018/features/Brooklyn.html|title=Alumni Magazine Fall 2018|website=nyu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128211107/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/publications/alumni-magazine/fall-2018/features/Brooklyn.html|archive-date=November 28, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

To date, NYU has confirmed specific construction details for its NYU 2031 plan to the tune of {{Convert|1300000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} at a cost of $1.6 billion with roughly 12 years to go until the university's bicentennial. In order to meet the plans outlined goals on time, the university would have to significantly increase spending, fundraising and construction over the next decade.

==Academics==

===Admissions and scholarships===

Admission to NYU is highly selective. For the undergraduate first-year class of 2029, 7.7% were admitted from an applicant pool of more than 120,000. Three of NYU's undergraduate colleges offered admission to fewer than 5% of applicants.<ref name=":1" /> In 2021, NYU became the first private university in the US to top 100,000 applications.<ref name="100K">{{cite news |last1=Jaschik |first1=Scott |title=NYU Tops 100,000 Applications for Freshmen |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/14/nyu-tops-100000-applications-freshmen |access-date=January 22, 2021 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=January 14, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081925/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/14/nyu-tops-100000-applications-freshmen |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%: text-align:center;"
|+Admission statistics, including global network<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/administrative-services/institutional-research/factbook.html |title=Factbook |website=NYU |access-date=August 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226060444/http://www.nyu.edu/employees/resources-and-services/administrative-services/institutional-research/factbook.html |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rajaram |first=Pari |title=NYU Sends Out Offers of Admission to The Class of 2029 |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2025/march/nyu-sends-out-offers-of-admission-to-the-class-of-2029.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807185525/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2022/march/Admits_Class_of_2026.html |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! Class of
!2029
!2028
!2027
!2026
!2025
|-
! Applicants
|120633
|118000
|120,000
|100,500
|100,131
|-
! Admits
|9289
|9440
|9,600
|12,810
|12,500
|-
! % Admitted
|7.7
|8
|8
|12.2
|12.8
|-
! Enrolled
|
|5705
|6,500
|6,500
|6,500
|}

Of those admitted, about 6,500 made up the total enrollment for the class, representing 102 countries, all 50 US states, and the [[District of Columbia]]. Most freshmen have a typical unweighted GPA of 3.7/A (90–95%) and are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. The median [[SAT]] score was 1540 out of 1600 (within the 99th percentile).<ref name=":1" /> The student-to-faculty ratio at the New York campus is 9:1, and less than that at the Abu Dhabi and Shanghai campuses. The average scholarship amount awarded to freshmen is over $35,000, and 20% of freshmen received Pell Grants.<ref name="NYU Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/nyu-facts.html|title=NYU Facts|publisher=New York University|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405121608/https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/nyu-facts.html|archive-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{as of|2016}}, NYU's graduate schools have acceptance rates of 1.8% to the School of Medicine, 23% to the School of Business,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.stern.nyu.edu/programs-admissions/full-time-mba/admissions/class-profile|title=NYU Stern | Class Profile|website=Stern.nyu.edu|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927083644/http://www.stern.nyu.edu/programs-admissions/full-time-mba/admissions/class-profile|archive-date=September 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 28% to the School of Engineering,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/new-york-university-02120|title=New York University | Best Engineering School |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920063237/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/new-york-university-02120|archive-date=September 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 29% to the Graduate School of Arts and Science,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.petersons.com/graduate-schools/new-york-university-graduate-school-of-arts-and-science-000_10053128.aspx|title=Graduate School of Arts and Science New York University|website=petersons.com|access-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070913/https://www.petersons.com/graduate-schools/new-york-university-graduate-school-of-arts-and-science-000_10053128.aspx|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and 34% to the School of Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyu.lawschoolnumbers.com/|title=NYU Law School | Law School Numbers|website=Nyu.lawschoolnumbers.com|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923113957/http://nyu.lawschoolnumbers.com/|archive-date=September 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Average [[MCAT]] score of students at the School of Medicine is 522,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.nyu.edu/school/admissions/about-us/student-composition|title=Student Composition | Education and Training|website=Med.nyu.edu|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927084315/http://www.med.nyu.edu/school/admissions/about-us/student-composition|archive-date=September 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> average [[GMAT]] score of graduate students at the School of Business is 723,<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2020|title=Class of 2022 Final Class Profile|url=https://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/admissions/full-time-mba-class-profile.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822163204/https://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/admissions/full-time-mba-class-profile.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|publisher=NYU Stern Admissions}}</ref> and the median [[LSAT]] score of students at the School of Law is 170.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Entering Class Profile and Statistics|url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/jdadmissions/applicants/classprofile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822163458/https://www.law.nyu.edu/jdadmissions/applicants/classprofile|archive-date=22 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|publisher=NYU Law Admissions}}</ref>

=== Schools and leadership ===
NYU is a private, global, non-sectarian and [[Nonprofit organization|not-for-profit]] institution of higher education<ref name=ProP>[https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135562308 "New York University"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827220548/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135562308 |date=August 27, 2023 }} ''ProPublica''. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</ref> organized into 10 undergraduate schools and 15 graduate/professional schools, with a roughly even split of students between the divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges.html|title=NYU Schools and Colleges|website=nyu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013853/https://www.nyu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|access-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Arts and Science is currently NYU's largest academic division. It has three subdivisions: the College of Arts and Science, the Graduate School of Arts and Science, and the Liberal Studies program.<ref name="Schools and Colleges" /> The College of Arts and Science and Liberal Studies program are undergraduate divisions, and the former has existed since the founding of NYU.<ref name="About CAS">{{cite web|url=http://cas.nyu.edu/page/aboutcas|title=About CAS|website=NYU College of Arts & Science|publisher=New York University, Arts and Science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922235954/http://cas.nyu.edu/page/aboutcas|archive-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; max-width:300px;"
|+ NYU Graduate/Professional Schools
|-
! College/School !! Established
|-
|[[New York University School of Law|School of Law]]
| 1835
|-
|[[New York University School of Medicine|Grossman School of Medicine]]
| 1841
|-
|[[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|Tandon School of Engineering]]|| 1854
|-
|[[NYU College of Dentistry|College of Dentistry]]
| 1865
|-
|[[NYU Graduate School of Arts and Science|Graduate School of Arts and Science]]
| 1886
|-
|[[Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development]]|| 1890
|-
|[[Leonard N. Stern School of Business|Stern School of Business]]|| 1900
|-
|[[New York University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]]|| 1934
|-
|[[Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service]]
| 1938
|-
|[[New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing|Rory Meyers College of Nursing]]|| 1944
|-
|[[New York University Silver School of Social Work|Silver School of Social Work]]|| 1960
|-
|[[Tisch School of the Arts]]|| 1965
|-
|[[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]]|| 1972
|-
|[[Center for Urban Science and Progress]]
| 2013
|-
|[[NYU College of Global Public Health|College of Global Public Health]]
| 2015
|}

According to NYU, it has created a "global network university" with its primary campus, two "portal" campuses, and 12 academic sites. The portal campuses at [[New York University Shanghai|NYU Shanghai]] and NYU Abu Dhabi function as full-fledged colleges, allowing students to study all four years of their undergraduate studies and receive a degree, never having set foot on NYU's traditional campus in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/provost/documents/faculty-global-network/OverviewofGlobalSites%26Portals.pdf|title=NYU's Global Network|website=nyu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412151409/https://www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/provost/documents/faculty-global-network/OverviewofGlobalSites%26Portals.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The academic sites at Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv, and Washington, D.C. function as study away sites, allowing students to spend up to a year away from their home campus. NYU, citing a report by the [[Institute of International Education]], asserts that it has sent more students abroad and brought more international students in than any other university for five continuous years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/november/nyu-is--1-again-in-both-international-students-and-study-abroad.html|title=NYU #1 Again in Both International Students and Study Abroad|last=Beckman|first=John|date=November 13, 2018|website=nyu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073858/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/november/nyu-is--1-again-in-both-international-students-and-study-abroad.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|access-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; max-width:300px;"
|+ NYU Undergraduate Schools
|-
! College/school !! Established
|-
| [[NYU College of Arts and Science|College of Arts and Science]] || 1832
|-
| [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|Tandon School of Engineering]] || 1854
|-
| [[Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development]] || 1890
|-
| [[Leonard N. Stern School of Business|Stern School of Business]] || 1900
|-
| [[New York University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] || 1934
|-
| [[New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing|Rory Meyers College of Nursing]] || 1944
|-
| [[New York University Silver School of Social Work|Silver School of Social Work]]|| 1960
|-
| [[Tisch School of the Arts]] || 1965
|-
| [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]] || 1972
|-
| [[NYU Liberal Studies|Global Liberal Studies]] || 2009
|}

[[List of Presidents of New York University|The President of New York University]], is selected by the board of trustees and serves as the primary executive officer of the university for an unspecified term length. On July 1, 2023, [[Linda G. Mills]] became the 17th and current President of NYU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyulocal.com/oxford-university-administrator-named-next-nyu-president-1bc048d54ac1|title=Oxford University Administrator Named Next NYU President|last=Local|first=N. Y. U.|date=March 18, 2015|website=NYU Local|access-date=January 9, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234546/https://nyulocal.com/oxford-university-administrator-named-next-nyu-president-1bc048d54ac1?gi=6375bfd420d0|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Research===
NYU is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and research expenditures totaled $917.7 million in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=193900 |publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education |website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719143717/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=193900 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rankings by total R&D expenditures |url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd |website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113144205/https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd |url-status=live }}</ref> The university was the founding institution of the American Chemical Society.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACS Fast Facts|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/aboutacs.html|access-date=April 23, 2020|website=American Chemical Society|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329090323/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/aboutacs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYU Grossman School of Medicine received $305 million in external research funding from the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 2014.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} NYU was granted 90 [[patent]]s in 2014, the 19th most of any institution in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academyofinventors.org/pdf/NAI-IPO-Top-100-Universities-2014.pdf |title=Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents |date=2014 |website=Academyofinvestors.org |access-date=October 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190405/http://www.academyofinventors.org/pdf/NAI-IPO-Top-100-Universities-2014.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> NYU owns the fastest [[supercomputer]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2005/august/nyu_acquires_fastest.html|title=NYU Acquires Fastest Supercomputer in New York City|website=Nyu.edu|access-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019021352/http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2005/august/nyu_acquires_fastest.html|archive-date=October 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, NYU hardware researchers and their collaborators enjoy the largest outside funding level for hardware security of any institution in the [[United States]], including grants from the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), the [[Office of Naval Research]], the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA), the [[United States Army Research Laboratory]], the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]], the [[Semiconductor Research Corporation]], and companies including [[Twitter]], [[Boeing]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Google]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://engineering.nyu.edu/news/2016/10/11/cybersecurity-team-makes-nyu-tandon-crucible-microchip-security |title=Cybersecurity Team Makes NYU Tandon a Crucible for Microchip Security | NYU Tandon School of Engineering |website=Engineering.nyu.edu |date=October 11, 2016 |access-date=October 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014160632/http://engineering.nyu.edu/news/2016/10/11/cybersecurity-team-makes-nyu-tandon-crucible-microchip-security |archive-date=October 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, four NYU Arts & Science departments ranked in Top 10 of Shanghai ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' by academic subjects ([[economics]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Economics {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2019|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/economics.html|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506062420/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/economics.html|archive-date=May 6, 2019|access-date=May 19, 2020}}</ref> [[politics]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Political Sciences {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2019|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/political-sciences.html|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413100851/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/political-sciences.html|archive-date=April 13, 2020|access-date=May 19, 2020}}</ref> [[psychology]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Psychology {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2019|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/psychology.html|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415111729/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/psychology.html|archive-date=April 15, 2020|access-date=May 19, 2020}}</ref> and [[sociology]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Sociology {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2019|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/sociology.html|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415060328/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/sociology.html|archive-date=April 15, 2020|access-date=May 19, 2020}}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| USNWR_NU = 30 (tie)
| THE_WSJ = 273
| USNWR_W = 32
| Wamo_NU = 64
| THES_W = 33
| QS_W = 55
| Forbes = 49
| ARWU_W = 31
}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ 2021 ''U.S. News & World Report'' rankings<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/new-york-university-193900/overall-rankings|title=NYU's Graduate School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=August 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816225318/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/new-york-university-193900/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Business || 10
|-
|Economics
|11
|-
| Education || 6
|-
| Engineering || 36
|-
| Law || 5
|-
|Mathematics
|9
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care || 41
|-
| Medicine: Research || 2
|-
| Nursing: Doctor of Nursing Practice || 24
|-
| Nursing: Master's || 12
|}

Nationally, NYU is ranked 17th in the ''Center for World University Rankings'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2022-23 | CWUR |url=https://cwur.org/2022-23.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012034200/https://cwur.org/2020-21.php |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |access-date=June 25, 2020 |website=cwur.org}}</ref> 9th by ''[[QS World University Rankings]],''<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 11, 2020|title=QS USA Rankings 2021|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/usa-rankings/2021|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=Top Universities|language=en|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506030033/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/usa-rankings/2021|url-status=live}}</ref> 17th in the ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 ARWU Ranking |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815195442/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2019.html |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref> 27th by ''[[Business Insider]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-colleges-in-america-ranked-2018-9|title=The top 50 colleges in the United States, ranked|first=Rachel|last=Premack|website=Business Insider|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507202557/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-colleges-in-america-ranked-2018-9|archive-date=May 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and 25th by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best National University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223062922/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |url-status=live }}</ref>

Globally, NYU is ranked 23 in the ''Center for World University Rankings'',<ref name="cwur.org">{{cite web |title=CWUR World University Rankings 2022-23 |url=https://cwur.org/2022-23.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528190852/https://cwur.org/2018-19.php |archive-date=May 28, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2019 |website=Cwur.org}}</ref> 25th in the ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'', 26th in the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 18, 2020 |title=New York University |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=Times Higher Education |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118084102/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university |url-status=live }}</ref> and 35th in the ''QS World University Rankings''.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2020|title=QS World University Rankings 2021|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=Top Universities|archive-date=September 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, NYU is ranked 26th in the ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' Reputation Rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university|title=New York University|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118084102/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university|archive-date=January 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

''U.S. News & World Report'' ranks NYU's graduate schools 6th for law, 10th for public policy, 9th for mathematics (1st for applied mathematics),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/applied-mathematics-rankings |title=Best Applied Mathematics Programs - Top Math Schools - US News Best Graduate Schools |work=rankingsandreviews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101230848/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/applied-mathematics-rankings |archive-date=November 1, 2013 }}</ref> 8th for [[Occupational therapy]] under Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, 10th for business, 11th for economics, 12th for political science, 4th for medical school research, 10th for education, 19th for nursing doctorate, 38th for physical therapy, 30th for computer science, 36th for psychology, and 38th for engineering.<ref name="NYU_Rankings_USNWR_G">{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools |title=Best Graduate Schools |publisher=U.S. News & World Report LP |access-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424191236/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools |archive-date=April 24, 2009}}</ref>

Globally, NYU's social sciences are ranked 8th by the ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/FieldSOC2015.html |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities in Social Science - 2015 |work=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |access-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007080259/http://www.shanghairanking.com/FieldSOC2015.html |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> 15th by the ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university?ranking-dataset=1089 |title=Top 100 universities for social sciences 2015 |magazine=Times Higher Education |access-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006213018/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/new-york-university?ranking-dataset=1089 |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 16th by the ''QS World University Rankings''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/new-york-university-nyu#wur |title=QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2015 – Social Sciences and Management |publisher=Top Universities |date=August 28, 2015 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004162643/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/new-york-university-nyu#wur |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> NYU is globally ranked 11th for psychology by the ''QS World University Ranking''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/psychology |title=New York University (NYU) Rankings |publisher=Top Universities |access-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923161111/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/psychology |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Social Psychology Network]] ranks NYU 5th for industrial/organizational psychology, 14th for clinical psychology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialpsychology.org/ggradoth.htm |title=Ranking of U.S. Psychology Ph.D. Programs by Area |publisher=Socialpsychology.org |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727035538/http://www.socialpsychology.org/ggradoth.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''U.S. News & World Report'' ranks NYU 9th for social psychology and 9th for behavioral neuroscience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/new-york-university-193900 |title=New York University | Best Social Sciences & Humanities School | US News |publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909112121/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/new-york-university-193900 |archive-date=September 9, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''U.S. News & World Report'' ranks the New York University School of Law 1st for tax law, 1st for international law, 1st for business and corporate law (tie), and 1st in criminal law. The publication also ranks The Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service 10th in public policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/new-york-university-03110 |title=New York University | Best Law School | US News |publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813225803/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/new-york-university-03110 |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[NYU Department of Philosophy]] is globally ranked 1st by ''[[The Philosophical Gourmet Report]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com|title=The Philosophical Gourmet|year=2011|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Philosophy|access-date=August 19, 2005|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100813140338/http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/|archive-date=August 13, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''QS World University Rankings''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/philosophy#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2015 – Philosophy |publisher=Top Universities |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929065545/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/philosophy#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The annual Global Employability Survey in ''The New York Times'' ranks NYU 11th nationally and 29th globally for employability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/10/28/education/28iht-educlede28-graphic.html |title=Education – Image |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=October 28, 2013 |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031001520/http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/10/28/education/28iht-educlede28-graphic.html |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://emerging.fr/rank_en.html |title=Emerging Employability University Ranking |website=Emerging.fr |date=January 1, 1980 |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217033507/http://emerging.fr/rank_en.html |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> NYU ranks 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academyofinventors.org/pdf/NAI-IPO-Top-100-Universities-2014.pdf |title=Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents |date=2014 |website=Academyofinvestors.org |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190405/http://www.academyofinventors.org/pdf/NAI-IPO-Top-100-Universities-2014.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Globally, NYU is ranked 7th by the ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' for producing alumni who are millionaires, 5th among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, and 4th by Wealth-X for producing ultra high net-worth and billionaire alumni.<ref name="Times Higher Education">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/worlds-top-100-universities-for-producing-millionaires/2008749.article|title=World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires|work=Times Higher Education|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115105352/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/financial-times-executive-mba-ranking-2015-top-100|archive-date=January 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/top-15-universities-wealthy-alumni/story?id=18539608#5|title=Top 15 Universities With the Most Wealthy Alumni|work=ABC News|access-date=September 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630103045/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/top-15-universities-wealthy-alumni/story?id=18539608#5|archive-date=June 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/02/20/billionaire-u-why-harvard-mints-megarich-alums.html|title=Billionaire U: Why Harvard Mints Mega-Rich Alums|work=CNBC News|date=February 20, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815030219/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100475323|archive-date=August 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wealthx">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wealthx.com/report/major-gift-fundraising-potential-global-uhnw-alumni-report/|title=Major Gift Fundraising Potential: Global UHNW Alumni Report - Wealth-X|work=Wealth-X|access-date=June 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153548/https://www.wealthx.com/report/major-gift-fundraising-potential-global-uhnw-alumni-report/|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Student life==
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition {{As of|2022|May|2|df=US}}
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web|title=College Scorecard: New York University|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?193900-New-York-University|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|access-date=May 8, 2022|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630220548/https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?193900-New-York-University|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Foreign national]]
|align=right| {{bartable|24|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|23|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|19|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|17|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| Other{{efn|Other consists of [[Multiracial Americans]] & those who prefer to not say.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:brown}}
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]]
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell Grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|19|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|81|%|2||background:black}}
|}

===Student government===
The Student Government Assembly (SGA) is the [[students' union|governing student body]] at NYU. The SGA has been involved in controversial debates on campus, including a campus-wide ban on the sale of [[The Coca-Cola Company]]'s products in 2005 to protest its refusal to investigate apparent human rights violations at their Colombian bottling plant<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coca-Cola given ultimatum |first=Barbara |last=Leonard |url=http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2005/11/04/NewscampusNews/CocaCola.Given.Ultimatum-2387167.shtml |newspaper=[[Washington Square News]] |date=November 4, 2005 |access-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113000715/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2005/11/04/NewscampusNews/CocaCola.Given.Ultimatum-2387167.shtml |archive-date=January 13, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_04/b3968078.htm |title=How NYU Chose Colombia over Coke |first=Elizabeth |last=Woyke |newspaper=[[Business Week]] |date=January 23, 2006 |access-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808180450/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_04/b3968078.htm |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref> and the [[Graduate Student Organizing Committee]] unionization in 2001 and subsequent strike in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news| title = A Big Breakthrough for T.A. Unions | first = Scott | last = Smallwood | url = http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47/i27/27a01001.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424041905/http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47/i27/27a01001.htm| archive-date=April 24, 2008| newspaper = [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] | date = March 16, 2001 | access-date = October 12, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NYU graduate assistants pledge to continue strike |first=Richard M. |last=Coe III |url=http://media.www.dailytarheel.com/media/storage/paper885/news/2005/12/06/StateNational/Nyu-Graduate.Assistants.Pledge.To.Continue.Strike-1368324.shtml |newspaper=[[Daily Tar Heel]] |date=December 6, 2005 |access-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090210230240/http://media.www.dailytarheel.com/media/storage/paper885/news/2005/12/06/StateNational/Nyu-Graduate.Assistants.Pledge.To.Continue.Strike-1368324.shtml |archive-date=February 10, 2009 }}</ref> The Coke ban was lifted by the University Senate on February 5, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nyunews.com/news/university/coke_ban_lifted-1.1356379 | first = Sergio | last = Hernandez | website = [[Washington Square News]] | title = Coke ban lifted | date = February 5, 2009 | access-date = February 8, 2009 |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207072456/http://nyunews.com/news/university/coke_ban_lifted-1.1356379 }}</ref> SGA consists of 75 voting members from subsidiary student government organs including the [[Student Senators Council of New York University|Student Senators Council (SSC)]] and the Presidents Council, which are elected from their respective individual undergraduate and graduate colleges.

In 2018, the structure of the university's student government was called into question by students through school newspapers and social media pages calling for "sweeping changes to its [[wikt:Byzantine|byzantine]] structure." Advocates claimed the structure of SGA failed to represent all students, wasted university funds and operated in an undemocratic manner. Opponents claimed that advocates were merely motivated by legislation supporting the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement that was likely to pass.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nyulocal.com/facebook-page-calling-for-sweeping-changes-to-sga-35d9e3097d98|title="OurSGA-NYU" Facebook Page Calls for Sweeping Changes to Student Government|last=Pilgreen|first=Justin|date=December 6, 2018|work=NYU Local|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=January 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234536/https://nyulocal.com/facebook-page-calling-for-sweeping-changes-to-sga-35d9e3097d98?gi=6f96a64dfe08|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Student organizations===
[[File:AcademyBus2145NYU.jpg|alt=|thumb|A bus system transports students to and from the far ends of campus.]]
NYU has over 450 student clubs and organizations on campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = New York University:Housing & Campus Life | year = 2007 | publisher = [[College Board]] | url = http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=3186&profileId=8 | access-date = October 10, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070821000153/http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=3186&profileId=8 | archive-date = August 21, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> In addition to the sports teams, fraternities, sororities, and study clubs, there are many organizations on campus that focus on entertainment, arts, and culture.

==== Journalism, media, and broadcast organizations ====
These organizations include various student media clubs: for instance, the daily [[student newspaper]] the ''Washington Square News'', the ''[[NYU Local]]'' daily blog, ''[[The Plague (magazine)|The Plague]]'' comedy magazine, "''Washington Square Local'' web-based satire news source, and the literary journals ''[[Washington Square Review]]'' and ''The Minetta Review'', as well as student-run event producers such as the NYU Program Board and the Inter-Residence Hall Council. It also operates [[radio station]] [[WNYU-FM]] 89.1 with a diverse [[college radio]] format, transmitting to the entire [[New York metropolitan area]] from the original campus, and via booster station WNYU-FM1 which fills in the signal in [[lower Manhattan]] from atop one of the Silver Towers, next to the [[American football field|football field]] at the Washington Square campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/student-life/getting-involved/clubs-and-organizations.html |title=Clubs and Organizations |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200710/http://www.nyu.edu/life/student-life/getting-involved/clubs-and-organizations.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osa.nyu.edu/directory/club_directory_alias.php |title=Club Directory |website=Center for Student Activities, Leadership & Service |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925014812/http://www.osa.nyu.edu/directory/club_directory_alias.php |archive-date=September 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Students publish a campus comedy magazine, ''The Plague''. Like many [[college humor magazines]], this often pokes fun at [[popular culture]] as well as campus life and the idiosyncrasies of New York University.<ref name="Medley">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.nyu.edu/s/1068/index.aspx?sid=1068&gid=1&pgid=1617|title=New York University - Archivist's Angle: The Medley|website=Alumni.nyu.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194200/http://www.alumni.nyu.edu/s/1068/index.aspx?sid=1068&gid=1&pgid=1617|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> ''The Plague'' was founded in 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/clubs/plague/history.shtml|title=History of The Plague|website=Ny.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830152657/http://www.nyu.edu/clubs/plague/history.shtml|archive-date=August 30, 2013|access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> by Howard Ostrowsky along with Amy Burns, John Rawlins, Joe Pinto and Dan Fiorella,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danfiorella.com/easy-as-falling-off-a-blog/memories-of-the-plague|title=Memories of The Plague|work=Dan Fiorella: Writer @ large|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223730/http://www.danfiorella.com/easy-as-falling-off-a-blog/memories-of-the-plague|archive-date=June 6, 2014|access-date=June 19, 2014}}</ref> and is currently published once per semester.<ref name="Plague">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/clubs/plague/|title=The Plague|website=Ny.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054624/http://www.nyu.edu/clubs/plague/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> It is not NYU's first humor magazine, as ''The Medley'' was a humor magazine published by the [[Eucleian Society]] from 1913 to 1950.<ref name="Medley" />

==== Debate team ====
Since winning the national championship in the 2003–2004 season, the NYU [[Cross Examination Debate Association]] (CEDA) debate team is considered one of the perennial collegiate [[policy debate]] teams in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/academiccomp/college/debate/|title=Which Colleges Have Great Debate Teams?|last=Teachnology|date=30 July 2020|website=Teachnology|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181504/https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/academiccomp/college/debate/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the 2020–21 season, they placed 5th in the nation at CEDA Open Nationals<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/round_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19667&round_id=685367|title=CEDA Nationals Quarters Results|last=Cross Examination Debate Association|date=11 April 2021|website=Tabroom|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625221309/https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/round_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19667&round_id=685367|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2nd in the nation at JV Nationals,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/round_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19486&round_id=677628|title=JV Novice Nationals Finals Results|last=West Virginia University Debate Team|date=14 March 2021|website=Tabroom|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625221309/https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/round_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19486&round_id=677628|url-status=live}}</ref> along with students named the 1st and 4th place speakers at Novice Nationals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/event_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19486&result_id=174501|title=JV Novice Nationals Speaker Awards|last=West Virginia University Debate Team|date=14 March 2021|website=Tabroom|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625221308/https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/results/event_results.mhtml?tourn_id=19486&result_id=174501|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, they ranked 10th in the nation, finishing ahead of Harvard and Cornell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabroom.com/index/results/ndt_ceda_points.mhtml|title=CEDA Points for 2020-2021|last=Cross Examination Debate Association|date=April 2021|website=Tabroom|publisher=Cross Examination Debate Association|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181703/https://www.tabroom.com/index/results/ndt_ceda_points.mhtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This marked 14 years of Top 20 National finishes dating back to the 2007 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cedadebate.org/2021-ceda-final-rankings|title=2021 CEDA Final Rankings|last=Cross Examination Debate Association|date=4 April 2021|website=Cross Examination Debate Association Newsletter|publisher=Cross Examination Debate Association|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625221317/http://www.cedadebate.org/2021-ceda-final-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Mock trial team ====
The New York University Mock Trial team is consistently ranked as one of the best collegiate mock trial teams in the country. NYU has qualified for the National Championship Tournament for 10 consecutive seasons and placed in the top 10 during each of those years. In the 2009–2010 season, NYU won the 26th National Championship Tournament in Memphis over rival [[Harvard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2010/04/22/nyu-crowned-national-college-mock-trial-champion.html|title=NYU Crowned National Mock Trial Champion|author=NYU Web Communications|work=nyu.edu|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119124334/http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2010/04/22/nyu-crowned-national-college-mock-trial-champion.html|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The following season, they qualified for the final round once more only to be the runners-up to [[UCLA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailybruin.com/2011/04/25/ucla_mock_trial_team_takes_first_at_american_mock_trial_association_27th_national_championship_tourn/|title=UCLA Mock Trial team takes first at American Mock Trial Association 27th National Championship Tournament|work=dailybruin.com|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119182704/http://dailybruin.com/2011/04/25/ucla_mock_trial_team_takes_first_at_american_mock_trial_association_27th_national_championship_tourn/|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the American Mock Trial Association's 2015–2016 power rankings, NYU ranks third, behind Harvard and [[Yale]].<ref>{{cite web |title=American Mock Trial Association : 2015-2016 Team Power Rankings |url=http://www.collegemocktrial.org/2015-16%20AMTA%20TPR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329015631/http://www.collegemocktrial.org/2015-16%20AMTA%20TPR.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2017 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Collegemocktrial.org}}</ref>

==== Campus traditions ====
NYU has traditions which have persisted across campuses. Since the beginning of the 20th century initiation ceremonies have welcomed incoming NYU freshmen. At the Bronx University Heights Campus, seniors used to grab unsuspecting freshmen, take them to a horse-watering trough, and then dunk them head-first into what was known colloquially as "the Fountain of Knowledge". This underground initiation took place until the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Friss | first = Evan | title = Chronicles: A Look at NYU's Past | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | newspaper = NYU Today | date = September 13, 2004 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/nyutoday/archives/18/01/Stories/chronicles-18-01.html | access-date = July 17, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070812235317/http://www.nyu.edu/nyutoday/archives/18/01/Stories/chronicles-18-01.html | archive-date = August 12, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> Today freshmen take part in university-sponsored activities during what is called "Welcome Week".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/life/events-traditions/welcome-week.html |title=Welcome Week |website=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200851/http://www.nyu.edu/life/events-traditions/welcome-week.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, throughout the year the university traditionally holds Apple Fest (an apple-themed country fest that began at the University Heights campus), the Violet Ball (a dance in the atrium of Bobst Library), Strawberry Fest (featuring New York City's longest [[Shortcake|strawberry shortcake]]), and the semi-annual [[midnight breakfast]] where Student Affairs administrators serve free breakfast to students before [[final examination|finals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inlikeme.com/new-york-university/ |title=New York University |website=In Like Me |publisher=InlikeMe and Phrazorp LLC |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102210314/http://inlikeme.com/new-york-university/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== A cappella groups ====
NYU is home to a number of student-run a cappella groups, several of which compete regularly at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA). Most notable of these groups is The NYU N'Harmonics, who won the ICCA title in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2015|title=Results|url=https://varsityvocals.com/results-page/|access-date=October 7, 2020|website=Varsity Vocals|language=en-US|archive-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008203958/https://varsityvocals.com/results-page/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The NYU N'Harmonics at No. 6 among all ICCA-competing groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The A Cappella Archive - Rankings & Records|url=https://sites.google.com/view/the-a-cappella-archive/varsity-vocals/rankings-records|access-date=October 7, 2020|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713080701/https://sites.google.com/view/the-a-cappella-archive/varsity-vocals/rankings-records|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Greek life===
Some of the first [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternities]] in the country were formed at NYU.<ref name="psiupsilon"/><ref name="alphaepsilonpi"/> Greek life first formed on the NYU campus in 1837 when [[Psi Upsilon]] chartered its Delta Chapter.<ref name="psiupsilon">{{cite web| title = Psi Upsilon History | year = 2006 | publisher = Psi Upsilon Fraternity | url = http://www.psiu.org/fr/history.html | access-date = July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070414185849/http://www.psiu.org/fr/history.html |archive-date = April 14, 2007}}</ref> The first fraternities at NYU were social ones. With their athletic, professional, intellectual, and service activities, later groups sought to attract students who also formed other groups. Since then, Greek letter organizations have proliferated to include 25 social fraternities and sororities. {{as of|2014}}, approximately 13% of NYU undergraduate students are members of fraternities or sororities.<ref>{{cite web | title = New York University: Campus Life | work = U.S. News & World Report | year = 2014 | access-date = March 20, 2014 | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/new-york-university-2785 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220200404/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/new-york-university-2785 | archive-date = February 20, 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Four governing boards oversee Greek life at the university. The Interfraternity Council (IFC) has jurisdiction over all twelve recognized fraternities on campus. Eight sororities are under the jurisdiction of the Panhellenic Council (PhC), which features seven national sororities (ΔΦΕ, ΑΕΦ, ΑΣΤ, ΠΒΦ, ΚΚΓ, ΖΤΑ, ΔΓ) and two local sororities (ΑΦΖ and ΘΦΒ). Five multicultural organizations maintain membership in the Multicultural Greek Council (MGC), including two fraternities and three sororities. All three of the aforementioned boards are managed under the auspices of the Inter-Greek Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyu-igc.weebly.com/who-we-are.html |title=Who We Are |website=Inter-Greek Council |publisher=New York University Inter-Greek Council |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103120720/http://nyu-igc.weebly.com/who-we-are.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Greek organizations have historical significance at NYU. [[Delta Phi Epsilon (social)|Delta Phi Epsilon]], [[Zeta Psi]], [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Tau Delta Phi]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Our History | publisher = Tau Delta Phi Fraternity, Inc. | year = 2007 | url = http://www.taudeltaphifraternity.org/history.php | access-date = October 20, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080920030110/http://www.taudeltaphifraternity.org/history.php  | archive-date = September 20, 2008}}</ref> [[Alpha Kappa Psi]] and [[Delta Sigma Pi]] were founded at NYU. Zeta Psi was chartered in 1847,<ref name="alphaepsilonpi">{{cite web| first = Jared | last = Sunshine | title = History | year = 2007 | publisher = Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America, Inc. | url = http://www.zetapsi.org/history.php | access-date = July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070729224238/http://www.zetapsi.org/history.php |archive-date = July 29, 2007}}</ref> Delta Sigma Pi in 1907,<ref name="deltsigmapi">{{cite web| title = History | year = 2008 | publisher = International Business Fraternity of Delta Sigma Pi | url = http://www.dspnet.org/site/about_us/history.asp | access-date = April 25, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080319093432/http://www.dspnet.org/site/about_us/history.asp |archive-date = March 19, 2008}} and</ref> Alpha Epsilon Pi in 1913<ref>{{cite web| title = History – Alpha Epsilon Pi | publisher = Kintera, Inc. | url = http://www.aepi.org/site/pp.asp?c=geJQIUOwErH&b=2117019 | access-date = July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070523171037/http://www.aepi.org/site/pp.asp?c=geJQIUOwErH&b=2117019 |archive-date = May 23, 2007}}</ref> Delta Phi Epsilon was founded in 1917.<ref>{{cite web| title = History and Traditions | publisher = Delta Phi Epsilon International Sorority | url = http://www.dphie.org/general/index.shtml | access-date = July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070628142321/http://www.dphie.org/general/index.shtml |archive-date = June 28, 2007}}</ref> The NYU Gamma chapter of [[Delta Phi]], founded in 1841, is the longest continuously active fraternity chapter in the world, having never gone inactive since its establishment. Delta Phi is also the oldest continuously active fraternity in the United States, being the only organization in the original Union Triad to remain active since its institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dphinyu.com/dphinyu.com/About.html |title=About |website=Delta Phi Gamma Chapter |publisher=NYU Delta Phi Gamma Chapter |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102054638/http://www.dphinyu.com/dphinyu.com/About.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref> The NYU Gamma chapter of [[Zeta Beta Tau]] is the oldest active ΖΒΤ chapter in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyuzbt.com/#rush |title=Rush FAQ'S |website=Zeta Beta Tau Gamma Chapter |publisher=NYU Zeta Beta Tau Gamma Chapter |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102123023/http://nyuzbt.com/#rush |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Secret societies ===
During the University Heights era, an apparent rift evolved with some organizations distancing themselves from students from the downtown schools. The exclusive [[Philomathean Society at New York University|Philomathean Society]] operated from 1832 to 1888 (formally giving way in 1907 and reconstituted into the [[Andiron Club]]). Included among the Andiron's regulations was "Rule No.11: Have no relations save the most casual and informal kind with the downtown schools."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/eadapp/transform?source=archives/andiron.xml&style=archives/archives.xsl|title=Guide to the Andiron Club of New York City|publisher=New York University Archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817042434/http://dlib.nyu.edu/eadapp/transform?source=archives%2Fandiron.xml&style=archives%2Farchives.xsl|archive-date=August 17, 2007|access-date=July 17, 2007}}</ref> [[The Eucleian Society]], rival to the Philomathean Society, was founded in 1832. The [[Knights of the Lamp]] was a social organization founded in 1914 at the School of Commerce. This organization met every full moon and had a glowworm as its mascot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/thenandnow/leisure.html|title=A Window Into the Past: NYU in Retrospect|publisher=New York University Archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618072029/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/thenandnow/leisure.html|archive-date=June 18, 2007|access-date=July 15, 2007}}</ref> The [[Red Dragon Society]], founded in 1898, is thought to be the most selective society at NYU.

In addition, NYU's first [[yearbook]] was formed by fraternities and "secret societies" at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/test/175/pages/year.htm|title=175 Facts About NYU|publisher=New York University Archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012185430/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/test/175/pages/year.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2007|access-date=July 15, 2007}}</ref> There have been several attempts to restart old societies by both former and incoming undergraduate classes.

=== ROTC ===
NYU does not have an ROTC program on campus. However, NYU students may participate in the [[U.S. Army ROTC]] program through NYC Army ROTC (Yankee Battalion), headquartered at [[Fordham University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/financial-aid-and-scholarships/frequently-asked-questions.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions|author=NYU Web Communications|work=nyu.edu|access-date=April 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501155321/http://www.nyu.edu/admissions/financial-aid-and-scholarships/frequently-asked-questions.html|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROTC at NYU: Training to Serve |date=November 11, 2020 |url=https://meet.nyu.edu/life/rotc-at-nyu-training-to-serve/ |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165803/https://meet.nyu.edu/life/rotc-at-nyu-training-to-serve/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Students may also participate in the U.S. Air Force ROTC program through AFROTC Detachment 560 headquartered at Manhattan College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan College Air Force ROTC |url=https://manhattan.edu/academics/schools-and-departments/school-of-engineering/rotc-dept/about-afrotc.php |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721125040/https://manhattan.edu/academics/schools-and-departments/school-of-engineering/rotc-dept/about-afrotc.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Athletics==
{{main|NYU Violets}}

NYU's sports teams are referred to as the [[NYU Violets]], the colors being the trademarked hue "NYU Violet" and white. Since 1981, the school [[mascot]] has been a bobcat, whose origin can be traced back to the abbreviation then being used by the Bobst Library computerized catalog—short: Bobcat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/athletics/clubs/mascots/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612225016/http://www.nyu.edu/athletics/clubs/mascots/history.html |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=History of the Bobcat |publisher=New York University |access-date=December 29, 2010}}</ref> NYU's sports teams include baseball, men's and women's varsity basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, and wrestling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gonyuathletics.com/ |title=NYU Athletics |publisher=New York University |access-date=April 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414084536/http://www.gonyuathletics.com/|archive-date=April 14, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of NYU's sports teams participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA's]] [[NCAA Division III|Division III]] and the [[University Athletic Association]], while fencing and ice hockey participate in [[NCAA Division I|Division I]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Organization |publisher=National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association |url=http://www.niwfa.com/ |access-date=July 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607172853/http://www.niwfa.com/ |archive-date=June 7, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://achahockey.org/view/achahockey/acha-hockey-news/news_464320 |title=ACHA Approves New York University to Men's Division 1 {{!}} ACHA |website=achahockey.org |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113025709/http://achahockey.org/view/achahockey/acha-hockey-news/news_464320 |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncaa.com/rankings/icehockey-men/d1/rpi |title=DI Men's Ice Hockey Rankings - RPI {{!}} NCAA.com |website=www.ncaa.com |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075448/https://www.ncaa.com/rankings/icehockey-men/d1/rpi|archive-date=November 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While NYU has had [[All-American]] football players, the school has not had a varsity [[American football|football]] team since 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyulocal.com/on-campus/2012/04/19/we-are-the-champions-sometimes-the-highs-and-lows-of-nyu-athletics-2/ |title=We Are The Champions, Sometimes: The Highs And Lows Of NYU Athletics |last1=Kleeman |first1=Sophie |date=April 19, 2012 |website=NYU Local |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101195859/http://nyulocal.com/on-campus/2012/04/19/we-are-the-champions-sometimes-the-highs-and-lows-of-nyu-athletics-2/ |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU students also compete in club and intramural sports, including [[badminton]], [[baseball]], [[basketball]], [[Rowing (sport)|crew]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[equestrianism]], [[ice hockey]], [[lacrosse]], [[martial arts]], [[rugby football|rugby]], [[softball]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[tennis]], [[triathlon]], and [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]]. The Palladium Athletic Facility<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gonyuathletics.com/splash.aspx?id=splash137&path=palladium|title=Palladium Pool Closure 2025 - Official Athletics Website|website=NYU Athletics}}</ref> serves as the home base of NYU's Varsity and Club intercollegiate athletic teams, while NYU's 404 and Brooklyn athletic facilities offer additional space for the NYU fitness community. Many of NYU's varsity teams play their games at various facilities and fields throughout Manhattan because of the scarcity of space for playing fields near campus. NYU is currently in the process of building a new billion dollar flagship athletic facility known as 181 Mercer Street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/content/nyu/en/life/campus-resources/paulson-center|title=John A. Paulson Center|first=NYU Web|last=Communications|website=www.nyu.edu}}</ref> When complete, the new home of NYU Athletics will host a six-lane swimming pool, four full basketball courts, a complete in-door running track and other sports related offerings.

== Notable faculty ==
{{main|List of New York University faculty|}}

==Notable alumni==
{{main|List of New York University alumni|}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 120
| caption_align = center
| header = Select NYU alumni
| header_align = center
| image1 = DrDorothyHeight.jpg
| caption1 = [[Dorothy Height]] (B.A. 1933, M.A. 1934)
| image2 = Martin Scorsese-68749.jpg
| caption2 = [[Martin Scorsese]] (B.A. 1964, M.A. 1968)
| image3 = Rudy Giuliani (49279859833) (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Rudy Giuliani]] (J.D. 1968)
| image4 = Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Hakeem Jeffries]] (J.D. 1997)
| image5 = M. Night Shyamalan (28769148857) (cropped 2).jpg
| caption5 = [[M. Night Shyamalan]] (B.A. 1982)
| image6 = Charles Ranlett Flint.jpg
| caption6 = [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] (B.S. 1868)
| image7 = John Kennedy Jr 1997.jpg
| caption7 = [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]] (J.D. 1989)
| total_width = 900
}}
{{As of|2020}}, multiple [[Head of state|heads of state]], royalty, [[Sonia Sotomayor|one U.S. Supreme Court justice]], five [[Governor (United States)|U.S. governors]], 17 [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|billionaires]], 8 Turing Award winners, 5 Fields Medalists, 31 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellows]], 167 [[Guggenheim Fellows]], three [[astronaut]]s, seven [[Abel Prize]] winners, seven [[Lasker Award]] winners, a [[Crafoord Prize]] winner, 26 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 37 [[Academy Award]] winners, 30 [[Emmy Award]] winners, 25 [[Tony Award]] winners, 12 [[Grammy Award]] winners, multiple [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' 30 under 30]] and [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] notables, and numerous members of the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|National Academies of Sciences]], [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], [[United States Congress]], and [[Foreign Service Officer|U.S. diplomats]] have been affiliated with [[List of New York University faculty|faculty]] or [[List of New York University alumni|alumni]].<ref name="Weinberg">{{cite web |last=Weinberg |first=Justin |date=April 9, 2020 |title=Philosophers Among New Class of Guggenheim Fellows |url=http://dailynous.com/2020/04/09/philosophers-among-new-class-guggenheim-fellows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410174023/http://dailynous.com/2020/04/09/philosophers-among-new-class-guggenheim-fellows/ |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=Daily Nous}}</ref><ref name="CNBC LLC">{{cite web |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Paul |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Billionaire U: Why Harvard Mints Mega-Rich Alums |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/02/20/billionaire-u-why-harvard-mints-megarich-alums.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031837/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100475323 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref name="mic.com">{{cite web |date=October 23, 2013 |title=These 7 Schools Have the Richest Alumni — Is Yours On the List? |url=http://mic.com/articles/69539/these-7-schools-have-the-richest-alumni-is-yours-on-the-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701085518/http://mic.com/articles/69539/these-7-schools-have-the-richest-alumni-is-yours-on-the-list |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=mic.com}}</ref><ref name="timeshighereducation.co.uk">{{cite web |date=November 4, 2013 |title=World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/worlds-top-100-universities-for-producing-millionaires/2008749.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115105352/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/financial-times-executive-mba-ranking-2015-top-100 |archive-date=January 15, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=[[Times Higher Education]]}}</ref><ref name="Peterson-Withorn">{{cite web |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |title=The 28 Schools That Mint The Most Billionaire Alumni |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/07/06/the-28-schools-that-mint-the-most-billionaire-alumni/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713130335/https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/07/06/the-28-schools-that-mint-the-most-billionaire-alumni/ |archive-date=July 13, 2017 |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="bestcollegereviews.org">{{cite news |date=December 20, 2013 |title=The 30 Most Influential Colleges and Universities of the Past Century - Best College Reviews |url=https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/features/the-30-most-influential-colleges-and-universities-of-the-past-century/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105251/https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/features/the-30-most-influential-colleges-and-universities-of-the-past-century/ |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |newspaper=Best College Reviews}}</ref> Multiple [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholars]], [[Schwarzman Scholars]] and a [[Mitchell Scholarship|Mitchell Scholar]] are affiliated with the university, with NYU Abu Dhabi producing more Rhodes Scholars per student than any university in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/news/latest-news/honors-and-awards/2019/november-/nyuad-students-selected-as-2020-uae-rhodes-scholars.html |title=Two NYU Abu Dhabi students selected as 2020 UAE Rhodes Scholars |last=Dhabi |first=NYU Abu |website=New York University Abu Dhabi |access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062316/https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/news/latest-news/honors-and-awards/2019/november-/nyuad-students-selected-as-2020-uae-rhodes-scholars.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="shanghai.nyu.edu">{{cite web |url=https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/three-nyu-shanghai-seniors-receive-schwarzman-scholars-fellowship |title=Three NYU Shanghai Seniors Receive Schwarzman Scholars Fellowship |date=December 4, 2019 |website=shanghai.nyu.edu |access-date=April 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411002428/https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/three-nyu-shanghai-seniors-receive-schwarzman-scholars-fellowship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rose Asaf - Marshall Scholarships">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marshallscholarship.org/the-scholars/scholar-profiles/rose-asaf|title=Rose Asaf - Marshall Scholarships|website=www.marshallscholarship.org|access-date=April 18, 2020|archive-date=March 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315230009/https://www.marshallscholarship.org/the-scholars/scholar-profiles/rose-asaf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mohammadi">{{Cite web|url=https://nyunews.com/news/2019/12/04/liberal-studies-rebecca-brett-named-george-j-mitchell-scholar/|title=Chess Led This Student to Become NYU's First Mitchell Scholar {{!}} Washington Square News|last=Mohammadi|first=Mina|date=December 4, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=April 18, 2020|archive-date=April 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406135404/https://nyunews.com/news/2019/12/04/liberal-studies-rebecca-brett-named-george-j-mitchell-scholar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

NYU has more than 500,000 living alumni {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/alumni/get-involved/nyu-alumni-association.html|title=New York University - Alumni Association |work=imodules.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031080416/https://www.nyu.edu/alumni/get-involved/nyu-alumni-association.html|archive-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2020|October|df=US}}, 38 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with NYU. The university is also associated with a great number of important inventions and discoveries, such as [[cardiac defibrillator]] and [[artificial cardiac pacemaker]] ([[Barouh Berkovits]]), closed-chest cardiac defibrillator ([[William B. Kouwenhoven]]), [[laser]] ([[Gordon Gould]]), [[atom bomb]] ([[Frederick Reines]]), [[polio vaccine]] ([[Albert Sabin]]), [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]] ([[Mario Cardullo]]), [[handset#telehony|telephone handset]] ([[Robert G. Brown]]), [[wireless microphone]] ([[Hung-Chang Lin]]), first digital [[image scanner]] ([[Russell A. Kirsch]]), [[television]] ([[Benjamin Adler]]), [[light beer]] ([[Joseph Owades]]), [[Non-stick surface|non-stick cookware]] ([[John Gilbert (scientist)|John Gilbert]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2011-07-teflon-super-durable-proteins.html |title=Inspired by teflon, researchers create super durable proteins |website=Phys.org |date=July 4, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417152745/http://phys.org/news/2011-07-teflon-super-durable-proteins.html |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[black hole thermodynamics]] ([[Jacob Bekenstein]]), [[polymer science]] ([[Herman Francis Mark]]), [[microwave]] ([[Ernst Weber (engineer)|Ernst Weber]]), [[X-ray crystallography]] ([[Paul Peter Ewald]]), [[barcode]] ([[Jerome Swartz]]), structure of the [[DNA]] ([[Francis Crick]]), [[tau lepton]] ([[Martin Lewis Perl]]), processes for creating [[food coloring]], [[decaffeination]] and [[sugar substitute]] ([[Torunn Atteraas Garin]]), processes for the mass production of [[penicillin]] ([[Jasper H. Kane]]), [[X-ray generator]] and rotational [[radiation therapy]] ([[John G. Trump]]), [[nuclear reactor]] and [[hydrogen bomb]] ([[John Archibald Wheeler]]), and [[contact lenses]] ([[Norman Gaylord]]), among many others. Alumnus [[Fred Waller]] who invented [[Cinerama]] and the [[Waller Gunnery Trainer]], also obtained the first patent for a [[water ski]].

Some of the most prolific inventors in American history are NYU alumni, for example [[Jerome H. Lemelson]] whose 605 patents involved the [[cordless telephone]], [[fax machine]], [[videocassette recorder]] and [[camcorder]], among others; [[Samuel Ruben]] whose inventions include [[electric battery]]; [[James Wood (engineer)|James Wood]] who invented cable-lift [[elevator]], fabricated the steel cables for the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] and contributed to the development of [[Lock (security device)|lockmaking]], [[submarine]], [[electric generator]], [[electric motor]], [[transformer]] and the design of the [[refrigerator]]; and [[Albert Macovski]] whose innovations include the single-tube color camera and real-time [[Phased array ultrasonics|phased array imaging]] for [[ultrasound]]. NYU is the birthplace of the [[tractor beam]] and [[5G]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/august/davidgrier.html|title=Straight Out of Star Trek|website=Nyu.edu|access-date=September 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923025600/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/august/davidgrier.html|archive-date=September 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Before and during [[World War II]], NYU's Tandon School of Engineering worked on problems whose solution led to the development of [[radar]], and later broke ground in electromagnetic theory, electronics in general, and solved re-entry problems of the crewed [[space capsule]]s,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/05/education/brooklyn-s-polytech-a-storybook-success.html|title=BROOKLYN'S POLYTECH, A STORYBOOK SUCCESS|date=January 5, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619062610/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/05/education/brooklyn-s-polytech-a-storybook-success.html|archive-date=June 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as helped develop and design the [[NASDAQ]] Automated Quote System and trading floors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://issuu.com/spark451/docs/invention_brochure/14|title=Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Begin at the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering|date=January 5, 2013|work=issuu|access-date=October 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023054838/https://issuu.com/spark451/docs/invention_brochure/14|archive-date=October 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Developer of the early telephone systems in the United States [[Bancroft Gherardi Jr.]], developer of the submarine communications facilities [[Jack M. Sipress]], inventor of [[Italy]]'s first computer [[Mario Tchou]], designer of the [[Panama Canal locks]] [[Henry C. Goldmark]], designer of [[the Pentagon]] [[Hugh John Casey]], designer of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] [[Thomas J. Kelly (aerospace engineer)|Thomas J. Kelly]], as well as the designer of virtually every major bridge in New York City from the [[George Washington Bridge|George Washington]] to the [[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge|Verrazzano]], [[Leopold Just]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/nyregion/leopold-h-just-95-is-dead-designer-of-new-york-bridges.html |title=Leopold H. Just, 95, Is Dead - Designer of New York Bridges |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=March 7, 1999 |access-date=October 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308112021/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/nyregion/leopold-h-just-95-is-dead-designer-of-new-york-bridges.html |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> are also NYU alumni.

Many of the world's most renowned companies, such as [[IBM]] ([[Charles Ranlett Flint]]), Twitter ([[Jack Dorsey]]), [[Bloomberg L.P.]] ([[Charles Zegar]]), [[Jacobs Engineering Group]] ([[Joseph J. Jacobs]]), [[Hudson Group]] ([[Robert B. Cohen]]), [[MTV]] ([[Tom Freston]]), [[Barnes & Noble]] ([[Leonard Riggio]]), [[Northrop Grumman]] ([[William T. Schwendler]]), [[Automatic Data Processing]] ([[Henry Taub]]), [[Duracell]] ([[Samuel Ruben]]), [[Bugle Boy]] ([[William C. W. Mow]]), [[Virgin Mobile USA]] ([[Dan Schulman]]), among many others, were founded or co-founded by NYU alumni. Many of the world's most famous companies were either owned or led by NYU alumni. These include, [[Lockheed Martin]] ([[Robert J. Stevens]]), [[Xerox]] ([[Ursula Burns]]), [[Yahoo!]] ([[Alfred Amoroso]]), [[TPV Technology]] ([[Jason Hsuan]]), [[20th Century Fox]] ([[Marvin Davis]]), [[BAE Systems Inc]] ([[Mark Ronald]]), [[AECOM]] ([[John Dionisio]]), [[Pfizer]] ([[John Elmer McKeen]]), [[Ingersoll Rand]] ([[Herbert L. Henkel]]), [[General Motors]] ([[Alfred P. Sloan]]), and [[Sears]] ([[Arthur C. Martinez]]).

Others include ''The New York Times'' ([[Spencer Trask]]), [[Stanley Black & Decker]] ([[John Trani]]), [[American International Group]] ([[Harvey Golub]]), [[American Express]] ([[Edward P. Gilligan]]), [[Qwest]] ([[Joseph Nacchio]]), [[Chase Bank]] ([[Walter V. Shipley]]), [[CBS]] ([[Laurence Alan Tisch]]), [[Bristol-Myers Squibb Company]] ([[Charles A. Heimbold, Jr.]]), [[Citigroup]] ([[Robert I. Lipp]]), [[Morgan Stanley]] ([[Robert A. Kindler]]), [[Marvel Entertainment]] ([[John Turitzin]]), [[ConocoPhillips]] ([[John Carrig]]), [[Deloitte]] ([[Barry Salzberg]]), [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] ([[Peter Guber]]), [[GQ]] ([[Steven Florio]]), [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] ([[Thomas E. Dooley]]), [[Liberty Media]] ([[John C. Malone]]), [[Verizon]] ([[Lawrence Babbio Jr.]]) and [[Chemtura]] ([[Vincent A. Calarco]]). A pioneer of [[Silicon Valley]], [[Eugene Kleiner]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/26/business/eugene-kleiner-early-promoter-of-silicon-valley-is-dead-at-80.html|title=Eugene Kleiner, Early Promoter Of Silicon Valley, Is Dead at 80|date=November 26, 2003|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123758/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/26/business/eugene-kleiner-early-promoter-of-silicon-valley-is-dead-at-80.html|archive-date=September 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[World Trade Center site]] owner, [[Larry Silverstein]], are also alumni.

==See also==
{{Portal|New York (state)|New York City|Schools}}
* [[Silicon Alley]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Dim |first=Joan |title=The Miracle on Washington Square |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2000 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Frusciano |first1=Thomas |name-list-style=amp |last2=Pettit |first2=Marilyn |title=New York University and the City: An Illustrated History |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1997 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gitlow |first=Abrahm L. |title=NYU's Stern School of Business: A Centennial Retrospective |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |year=1995 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Luther S. |title=Around Washington Square : An Illustrated History of Greenwich Village |location=Baltimore |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2003 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hester |first=James M. |title=New York University; the urban university coming of age |location=New York |publisher=Newcomen Society in North America |year=1971 |oclc=140405 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Theodore F. |title=New York University, 1832–1932 |location=London |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |year=1933 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Naphtali |author-link=Naphtali Lewis |title=Greek papyri in the collection of New York University |location=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1968 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Tonne |editor-first=Herbert A. |title=Early Leaders in Business Education at New York University |publisher=National Business Education Association |location=Reston, Virginia |year=1981 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Potash |first=David M. |title=The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at New York University: A History |location=New York |publisher=NYU Arts and Sciences Publications |year=1991 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{NSRW Poster|New York (City) University|New York University}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://gonyuathletics.com/ Athletics website]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=New York University|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=New York University|short=x}}

{{New York University}}
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Hadhramaut

2026-03-25T14:56:44Z

ShielaPaxton36: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Region in southern Arabia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hadhramaut
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Historical region]] of [[Arabia]]
| native_name = {{native name|ar|حضرموت}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Shibam Wadi Hadhramaut Yemen.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Old Walled City of Shibam]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
| image2 = Sultan Al Kathiri Palace, Seiyun (2285894903).jpg
| caption2 = [[Seiyun Palace]], one of the world's largest mud-brick structures
| image3 = Minaret Al Muhdhar Mosque Tarim Yemen.jpg
| caption3 = The Minaret of [[al-Muhdhar Mosque]]
| image4 = Haid al-Jazil.jpg
| caption4 = [[Haid al-Jazil]] in [[Wadi Dawan]]
| image5 = Al Mukala (2285805011).jpg
| caption5 = [[Mukalla]], capital city of [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadhramaut]]
}}
| image_map = Map of Hadhramaut.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Map of Hadhramaut in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|N|49|E|display=title,inline}}
| parts_type = [[Governorate]]s
| parts_style = coll
| parts = List
| p1 = [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadhramaut]] (main)
| p2 = [[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwah]] (main)
| p3 = [[Al Mahrah Governorate|al Mahra]] (main)
| p4 = [[Aden]]
| p5 = [[Abyan Governorate|Abyan]]
| p6 = [[Lahij]]
| p7 = [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]]
| p8 = [[Sharurah]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Kawr Saybān]]
| elevation_max_m = 2070
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="NIC">{{cite web |title=حضرموت |trans-title= Hadhramaut - National Information Center of Yemen |language= ar |url=https://yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/detail.php?ID=7609&print=Y |website=المركز الوطني للمعلومات |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
| population_demonym = [[Hadharem]]
| subdivision_type = Countries
| subdivision_name = {{Plain list|
* '''{{flag|Yemen}}''' (main)
* {{flag|Oman}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities in Yemen|Notable cities]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible list|
*[[Mukalla]]
*[[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]]
*[[Shibam]]
*[[Seiyun]]
*[[Ash Shihr]]
*[[Al Ghaydah]]
*[[Salalah]]
*[[Al-Wadiah]]
*[[Sayhut]]
}}
| footnotes =
}}


'''Hadhramaut'''{{efn|Also romanized as '''Hadramaut''', '''Hadramout''' or '''Hadramawt''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɑː|d|r|ə|ˈ|m|ɔː|t|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hadramaut.wav}} {{respell|HAH|drə|MAWT}}.|group=note}} ({{langx|ar|حَضْرَمَوْت|Ḥaḍramawt}} {{pronunciation|LL-Q13955 (ara)-Mohammed Al-Aidaroos (Abo Yemen)-حَضْرَمَوْت.wav}}; {{Langx|ayh|حَضْرَمُوت|rtl=yes|Ḥaḍramūt}} {{pronunciation|LL-Q13955 (ara)-Mohammed Al-Aidaroos (Abo Yemen)-حَضْرَمُوت.wav}}) is a geographic region in the [[South Arabia|southern part]] of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] which includes the [[Yemen]]i [[Governorates of Yemen|governorates]] of [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadhramaut]], [[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwah]] and [[Al Mahrah Governorate|Mahrah]], [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]] in southwestern [[Oman]], and [[Sharurah]] in the [[Najran Province]] of [[Saudi Arabia]], and sometimes the [[Aden Governorate|Aden]], [[Abyan Governorate|Abyan]] and [[Lahij Governorate|Lahij]] governorates of Yemen at a more stretched historical definition. The region's people are known as the ''[[Hadharem]]''. They formerly spoke [[Hadramautic language|Hadramautic]], an [[old South Arabian]] language, but they now predominantly speak the [[Hadhrami Arabic|Hadhrami dialect]] of [[Arabic]].

Though the origins of the name are unknown, the name Hadhramaut is traditionally explained as a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound word]] meaning "death has come" or "court of death," derived either from the [[Arabic]] {{Transliteration|ar|ḥaḍara}} ("he came") plus {{Transliteration|ar|mawt}} ("death"), a folk nickname for Amer bin Qahtan, the region's legendary first settler, or from the [[Biblical Hebrew]] {{Transliteration|he|ḥaṣar}} ("court" or "dwelling") plus {{Transliteration|he|māweṯ}} ("death") as seen in [[Hazarmaveth]]. The name is of ancient origin and is reflected in the name of the modern-day Yemeni governorate of [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadhramaut]].

The boundaries of Hadhramaut stretches from the [[Rub' al Khali|Empty Quarter desert]] in the north down through its ''Wadi Hadhramaut'' and its [[coastal plain]] on the [[Arabian Sea]], historically spanning from modern-day [[Aden]] in the west across [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]] to the east but today spans Yemen's Shabwah from the west and Oman's Dhofar to the east. The region once comprised the [[Qu'aiti]] and [[Kathiri]] sultanates whose lands now form the Hadhramaut governorate, with tribal Hadhrami towns clustered around [[oasis]] wells in the [[wadi]]s, where they farm [[wheat]], [[millet]], [[Dates (fruit)|dates]], [[coconut]]s and [[coffee]], while [[Bedouin]] herders graze flocks on the [[plateau]]. Physically, the region divides into ''Inner Hadhramaut'', centered on the main wadi and its tributaries, and ''Coastal Hadhramaut'', a narrow plain backed by the steep ''Jowl'' [[escarpment]] rising to about 1,370 m; to the north the highland plateau (''Haḍbat Ḥaḍramawt'') slopes down sharply into the Empty Quarter, creating a transition from lush valley to arid desert.

== Toponymy ==
The origins of the name ''Ḥaḍramawt'' is disputed, and numerous debated hypotheses regarding its meaning exist. The most popular [[folk etymology]] is that the word comes from a nickname of ''Amer bin Qahtan'', who is thought to be the first person to dwell in the region, meaning "death has come", from the words in {{langx|ar|حَضَر|ḥaḍara|he came|link=no}} and {{langx|ar|مَوْت|mawt|death|link=no}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Ameri |first=Aidah |date=June 2018 |title=في مفهوم حضرموت والحضارمة |trans-title=On the concept of Hadhramaut and the Hadhramis |url=https://hadramout.center/articles/2884 |journal=Hadramawt Cultural Journal |language=ar |publisher=Hadramawt Center for Historical Studies |volume=8 |page=38 |quote=لقد أفاضت المصادر العربية الإسلامية في ذكر دلالة تسمية حضرموت، ومما جاء عندهم في هذا الأمر عدد من الروايات، الأولى ترى أن عامر بن قحطان كان أول من نزل بالأحقاف، وكان إذا حضر حربًا أكثر من القتل فصار يقولون عند حضوره (حضر موت)، ثم صار ذلك عليه لقبًا وصاروا يقولون للأرض التي بها قبيلته (أرض حضرموت)، ثم أطلق على البلاد ذاتها |trans-quote=Arab-Islamic sources have elaborated on the significance of the name Hadhramaut, including several narratives. The first of these states that Amer ibn Qahtan was the first to land in Al-Ahqaf and that when he attended a war, he used to kill more than anyone had killed, so they used to say when he came, death has come (Hadhara al-maut), and then it became a nickname for him. They used to call the land where his tribe was (the land of Hadhramaut), and then the country itself.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |title=Hadhramaut |date=2014-05-22 |work=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191751394.001.0001/acref-9780191751394-e-2786 |access-date=2025-03-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191751394.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-175139-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another theory is that it is a variant of the name of Islamic prophet [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]]{{efn|identified as [[Eber]] in Biblical tradition}} who was sent to this region or his last words "Ludara al-mawt," meaning "death has come."{{sfn|Lewcock|1986|p=21}}

The name Ḥaḍramawt has also been found within Biblical [[Hazarmaveth]].{{efn|{{langx|hbo|חֲצַרְמָוֶת|Ḥăṣarmāweṯ|italic=no|rtl=yes}}; [[Genesis 10]]:26<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|10:26|KJV}}</ref> and [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]] 1:20<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Chronicles|1:20|KJV}}</ref>|group=note}} The name means "court of death" and is composed of two parts: {{langx|he|חֲצַרְ|ḥaṣar|dwelling; court}} and {{langx|he|מָוֶת|link=no}} ''māweṯ'' "death".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchcock |first=Roswell |title=Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary |publisher=Send The Light Distribution LLC |year=2013 |isbn=9781481024761 |language=en}}</ref> There, Hud was the descendant of [[ʿĀd]], son of [[Joktan]],{{efn|identified as [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]] in Islamic tradition}} the purported ancestor and progenitor of the [[South Arabia]]n kingdoms. According to tradition, the family of ʿĀd was the first to settle in the region, and when the sons of ʿĀd had died, Amer bin Qahtan, nicknamed "Hadhramaut", came to power.{{sfn|Lewcock|1986|p=21}}

Though the origins of the name are unknown, there are several scholarly proposals. [[Kamal Salibi]] says that the [[diphthong]] "-aw" is an incorrect vocalisation, noting that "-ūt" is a frequent ending for place names in the Ḥaḍramawt; given that "Ḥaḍramūt" is the colloquial pronunciation of the name, and also its ancient pronunciation, the correct reading of the name would thus be "place of ''ḥḍrm''". Salibi proposes, then, that the name means "the green place", which is appropriate given its [[well]]-irrigated [[wadi]]s, giving a lushness that contrasts with the surrounding high desert [[plateau]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salibi|first1=Kamal|editor1-last=al-Qāḍī|title=Ḥaḍramūt: A Name with a Story|journal=Studia Arabica et Islamica: Festschrift for Iḥsān ʿAbbās on His Sixtieth Birthday|date=1981|pages=393–397}}</ref>

Variations of the name are attested to as early as the middle of the [[1st millennium BC]]. The names ''ḥḍrmt'' (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩) and ''ḥḍrmwt'' (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩) are found in texts of the Old South Arabian languages (Ḥaḍramitic, [[Minaean language|Minaic]], [[Qatabanian language|Qatabanic]] and [[Sabaic]]), though the second form is not found in any known Ḥaḍramitic inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=32&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=22579382&wl_group=11&wl_subgroup=5 |website=DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions |title=General word list |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> In either form, the word itself can be a [[Toponymy|toponym]], a tribal name, or the name of the kingdom of Ḥaḍramawt. In the late [[4th century BC|fourth]] or early [[3rd century BC]], [[Theophrastus]] gives the name {{lang|grc|Άδρραμύτα}},<ref>Theophrastus: ''Historia Plantarum''. 9,4.</ref> a direct transcription of the Semitic name into Greek.

==History==
{{History of Yemen}}

===Prehistory===
The earliest human activities in the region date from the [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle Palaeolithic]], with the local population using a [[Levallois technique]] for flake preparation until the appearance of tools produced by a desert-dwelling pre-agricultural population. From this latter period, or perhaps the succeeding one, can be dated several [[megalith]]ic structures, large [[stone circle]]s, and four [[dolmen]]-like strictures whose inner surfaces were decorated with repetitive rows of pecked meander or crenellated design.{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}

Wadi Hadhramaut and its tributaries have been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]]. Small mounds of flint chippings – debris from the manufacture of stone tools and weapons – and windblown dust can be found close to canyon walls. Further north and east are lines of [[Thamudic]] ‘triliths’ with a few surviving crude inscriptions. On the fringes of the [[Rub' al Khali]] north of [[Al Mahrah Governorate|Mahra]], a seemingly ancient track leads – according to local legend – to the lost city of [[Iram of the Pillars|Ubar]].<ref name="Ellis, Jim 1997">Ellis, Jim (1997)</ref>

===Ancient===
{{main|Kingdom of Hadhramaut}}
{{further|Ancient history of Yemen}}
[[File:Decorated capital from the Royal Palace of Shabwat.jpg|left|thumb|An ancient sculpture of a [[griffin]], from the royal palace at [[Shabwa]], the then-capital city of Hadhramaut]]

The [[Kingdom of Hadhramaut]] was established in the early 1st millennium BCE.{{sfn|Avanzini|2016|page=184}} Its capital was [[Shabwa]], not far from the city of [[Timna|Teman]] (the capital of the [[Qataban|Kingdom of Qataban]]),<ref>Naval ''Western Arabia & The Red Sea'' p.224 Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-20995-6}}</ref> a tribal federation consisting of several tribes united by their common veneration of the lunar god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]]. Hadhramaut became independent from [[Sheba]] in {{circa|330}} BCE.<ref name="Al Jazeera Arabic-2014">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2014 |title=حضرموت |trans-title=Hadhramaut |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/10/19/%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b6%25d8%25b1%25d9%2585%25d9%2588%25d8%25aa |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]] |language=ar}}</ref> Hadhramaut and its god Sin are mentioned in the inscription of Surwah by the Makrib Sabean writer [[Karib'il Watar|Karib'il Watar I]] around 700–680 BCE.

The Kingdom, led by King Shahr-al-Khuraymat, allied with the [[Minaeans]] and the Kingdom of Qataban and became independent from the [[Kingdom of Sheba]] around 330 BCE, during which the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite dynasty]] ruled the Kingdom of Sheba.<ref>Holger Gzella ''Languages from the World of the Bible'' p.162 Walter de Gruyter, 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-934078-63-1}}</ref><ref>Woodard ''The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia'' p.145 Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-1-139-46934-0}}</ref> The relationship between the Kingdom of Hadhramaut and the Himyarite Kingdom remained tense, with both sides waging wars against each other for control of the trade routes and territory in the region.<ref>Leonard & Brunschvig ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'' Vol. II, p.183 {{ISBN|978-90-04-05745-6}}</ref> Early Islamic authors believed the nomadic [[Kinda (tribe)|Kinda]] tribe that founded a [[Kingdom of Kinda|kingdom]] in central Arabia were originally from Hadhramaut, although distinct from the settled Hadhrami population.<ref name="EI2" />

[[File:Ruins6.JPG|thumb|The ruins of Sumhuram in [[Khor Rori]]]]
The Hadhrami are referred to as "Chatramotitai" in [[ancient Greek]] texts. Hadhramautic texts come later than Sabaean ones, and some Sabaean texts from Hadhramaut are known. Greek, [[Latin]], Sabaean and Hadhramautic texts preserve the names of many kings of Hadhramaut, but there is as yet no definitive chronology of their reigns. Their capital was [[Shabwa]] in the northwest corner of the kingdom, along the Incense trade route. [[Eratosthenes]] called it a ''metropolis''. It was an important cult centre as well. At first, the religion was [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|South Arabian polytheism]], distinguished by the worship of the [[List of Mesopotamian deities|Babylonian moon god Sin]]. By the sixth century, the monotheistic cult of [[Rahmanan]] was followed in the local temple.<ref name="EI2">{{EI2 |title=Ḥaḍramawt, I. Pre-Islamic Period |last=Beeston |first=A. F. L. |author-link=A. F. L. Beeston |pages=51–53 |volume=3}}</ref>

The political history of Hadhramaut is not easy to piece together. Numerous wars involving Hadhramaut are referenced in Sabaean texts. From their inscriptions, the Hadhrami are known to have fortified Libna (now {{ill|Qalat (Yemen)|lt=Qalat|ar|القلعة (حضرموت)}}){{citation needed|date=July 2025}} against Himyar and to have fortified {{smallcaps|mwyt}} (''Ḥiṣn al-Ghurāb'' {{lang|ar|حِصْن ٱلْغُرَاب}}) against the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] in the period following the death of [[Dhū Nuwās]].<ref name="Al Jazeera Arabic-2014" /> The kingdom ceased to exist by the end of the [[3rd century CE]], having been annexed by the [[Himyarite Kingdom]]. Hadhramaut continued to be used in the full titulature of the [[List of rulers of Saba and Himyar|kings of Sabaʾ and Dhu Raydān]] (Himyar).<ref name="EI2" />

In the 2nd century CE, Hadhramaut was known for its frankincense and myrrh trade.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robin |title=Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam |page=281 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-64634-0}}</ref> The incense trade route (southern incense route) that passed through the southern part of Hadhramaut helped the region flourish economically and culturally.<ref>Miller ''Arabic Geography in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries'' p.37 Indiana University Press, 1999</ref> The Kingdom of Hadhramaut played a significant role in connecting the cultures of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Mesopotamia]], East Africa, and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia p.953 Government of India, 1908</ref>

===Middle Ages===
====Pre-Islamic history====
{{see also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}}

Hadhramaut's early economic importance stemmed from its part in the incense trade. Authorities exploited their position on the overland route from [[Dhufar]] through Mahra, Hadhramaut and Shabwa to the [[Hejaz]] and [[Eastern Mediterranean]] to tax caravans in return for protection. [[Shabwa]] was Hadhramaut's capital for most of the [[Himyaritic]] period. The kingdom of [[Sabaeans|Saba']] had its capital at Marib. The Himyaritic civilization flourished from c. 800 BC to 400 CE, when the incense trade was diverted to the newly opened sea route via [[Aden]] and the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="Ellis, Jim 1997" /> Early in the 6th century, [[Abyssinian Empire|Abyssinians]] invaded Yemen, encouraged by [[Eastern Roman Empire|Byzantines]] to protect Yemenite Christians from [[Dhu Nuwas]], the anti-Christian ruler of [[Najran]]<ref name="Haas 03-2014">{{cite book |last=Haas |first=Christopher |chapter=Geopolitics and Georgian Identity in Late Antiquity: The Dangerous World of Vakhtang Gorgasali |editor1=Tamar Nutsubidze |editor2=Cornelia B. Horn |editor3=Basil Lourié |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Georgian Christian Thought and Its Cultural Context |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |pages=29–44, 36–39 |date=13 March 2014|isbn=9789004264274 }}</ref> who converted to Judaism. The Yemenites opposed Ethiopian rule and sought the [[Sassanid]] [[Persia]]ns for assistance. The result was that the Persians took over about 570 CE. The Persians appear to have been in Hadhramaut, but the only clear evidence of their presence is at Husn al-Urr, a fort between Tarim and [[Qabr Hud]].

====Islamic====
[[File:Hadramawt Flag (17).png|thumb|The flag of Hadhramaut in the [[Battle of Siffin]]|220x220px]]
[[File:Hadhramaut in Houghton Typ 794.34.475 - Kâtip Çelebi, Kitab-ı cihannüma (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hadhramaut in a 1732 copy of the map by Ottoman geographer [[Kâtip Çelebi]] (1609–57), from the first printed atlas in the Ottoman Empire]]

Islam reached Hadhramaut in {{circa|630}} after Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] sent {{ill|Wael bin Hajar|ar|وائل بن حجر}} as a ''[[da'i]]'' to the region.<ref name="Al Jazeera Arabic-2014" /> The tribes of the region and the ancient [[aristocracy]] initially resisted the religion for a considerable period with the city of [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]] being the only adopter of the religion. Nevertheless, [[companion of Muhammad|companions of Muhammad]] like [[Miqdad ibn Aswad]] and Islamic military leaders like {{ill|Qaisabah ibn Kalthum|ar|قيسبة بن كلثوم}} were from the region.<ref name="Miqdad_biography">{{cite web |last1=al Asqalani |first1=Ibn Hajar |last2=Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shafii |first2=Abū ʿAbdillāh |last3=ibn Kathir |first3=Ismail |last4=ibn Faisal al-Tamimi al-Darimi |first4=Abu Hatim Muhammad |title=Al-Isabah Fi Tamyiz Al-Sahabah by Ibn Hajr; al Istishaab by Shafii; al Bidayah wan Nihayah by Ibn Kathir; Kitab al Sahaba by Ibn Hibban |url=https://islamstory.com/-المقداد_بن_الأسود |website=Islam story |publisher=Story of Islam |access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewcock|1986|p=29}}

As part of the Great Arab Expansion, Hadhramis formed a major part of the [[Arabs|Arab]] armies that conquered North Africa and the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. In the mid-8th century, a preacher from [[Basra]] called "Abdullah bin Yahya" arrived in Hadhramaut and established the [[Ibadhi]] rite of Islam. By the 10th century conflict had erupted between the [[Hashid]] and [[Bakil]], the two dominant tribes in the Northern Highlands. Sheikh al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi (a sayyid) was called from [[Medina]] to settle this affair at Sa'da in 893–897. He founded the [[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] Imamate which reigned until Imam Al-Badr was deposed in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi |title=A short History of the Yemenite Shiites |year=2005}}</ref> In 951 CE, [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Imam Aḥmad bin `Isā Al-Muhājir]] arrived from [[Iraq]] with a large number of followers, and established the [[Shafi`i]] [[madhab]] of [[Sunni Islam]] (according to majority of historians),<ref>{{cite book |first=Abdurrahman bin |last=Ubaidillah al-Saqqaf |title=Nasim Hajir fī Ta'kid Qawli 'an Madhhab al-Imam al-Muhājir |language=ar}}</ref> which remains dominant in the region. A ''Ribat'', or University, was first established in [[Zabid]], in the Tihama, and, later, in Tarim. The latter still functions.

In the 11th century, the Hadhramaut region came under the rule of the [[Mahdids]], who were of Banu Hadhrami origin.<ref name="Daftary">{{cite book |title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |last=Daftary |first=Farhad |pages=237–239}}</ref>{{rp|237}} They established the [[Qasimid dynasty|Qasimi dynasty]], which ruled the region for several centuries.<ref name="Daftary" />{{rp|239}}

====15th century====
In 1488, the [[Kathiri]]s, led by Badr Abu Towairaq, invaded Hadhramaut from the High Yemen and established their state, first in Tarim and then in Seiyun. The Kathiris employed mercenaries, mainly Yafa'is from the mountains north-east of Aden. About a hundred years after arriving, their momentum was lost. The Yafa'is usurped western Hadhramaut and established a separate state based at Al-Qatn.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

====Portuguese and Ottoman Influence====
In the 16th century, the Portuguese arrived in Hadhramaut and established several settlements along the southern coast. However, their influence was short-lived as the [[Imams of Yemen|Yemeni Imams]] managed to drive them out by the 17th century.<ref name="Malekandathil">{{cite book |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |first=Pius |last=Malekandathil |pages=114–115}}</ref>{{rp|115}} Subsequently, Hadhramaut came under Ottoman influence, and the Ottomans maintained control over the region until the early 20th century.<ref name="Malekandathil" />{{rp|114}}

===Modern===
==== Sultanates and the British rule ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| width = 210
| image1 = Kathiri flag.svg
| caption1 = Flag of [[Kathiri]]
| image2 = Flag of the Qu'aiti Sultanate from 1939 until 1967.svg
| caption2 = Flag of [[Qu'aiti]]
| total_width =
}}

Despite establishing a regionally advanced administration, by the 1930s the Qu'aiti Sultan Saleh bin Ghalib (r. 1936–1956) was facing stiff pressure to modernize – a task for which he seriously lacked resources. These demands were largely initiated by returning Yemeni emigrants, such as the Kaf Sayyids of Tarim. The family of Al-Kaf had made their fortune in [[Singapore]], and wished to spend some of their wealth improving living conditions at home. Led by Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf bin Sheikh, they built a motor road from Tarim to Shihr – hoping to use it to import goods into Hadhramaut, but were frustrated by opposition from the camel-owning tribes who had a transport monopoly between the coast and the interior.<ref>{{cite book |author=W. Clarence-Smith |url=http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/10Clarence-Smith301.pdf |title=Middle Eastern Entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007084625/http://www.eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/10Clarence-Smith301.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-07 |publisher=The [[University of London]]}}</ref>

In February 1937, a peace between the Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultanates, totally unprecedented in the history of that region, was brought about essentially by the efforts of two men: Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf and [[Harold Ingrams]], the first political officer in Hadhramaut. Sayyid Abu Bakr used his personal wealth to finance this peace, which was known universally thereafter as "Ingrams Peace." This brought some stability, permitting introduction of administrative, educational and development measures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=R. |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=CF6C0E8FE432ED50689AFA43E9B0D849.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=99425 |title=Ingrams Peace (1937–1940) |location=Hadramawt |publisher=Some Contemporary Documents of the [[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |year=2002}}</ref>
Tarim remained under Kathiri rule. However, Tarim, alongside the neighboring settlement of Al Ghuraf, was a pocket of Kathiri territory in the country of the Tamim. The Tamim, a subset of the larger Bani Dhanna tribe,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Engseng |title=The graves of Tarim: genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |date=2010 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24454-2 |edition=Nachdr. |series=The California world history library |location=Berkeley, Calif.}}</ref> occupied the land in between Tarim and Seiyoun and owed political allegiance to the Qu'aiti Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ingrams |first=W. H. |date=October 1938 |title=The Hadhramaut: Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787216 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=289–311 |doi=10.2307/1787216|jstor=1787216 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Qu'aiti]] sultans ruled the vast majority of Hadramaut, under a loose British protectorate, the Aden Protectorate, from 1882 to 1967, when the Hadhramaut was annexed by South Yemen. The Qu'aiti dynasty was founded by Umar bin Awadh al-Qu'aiti, a Yafa'i tribesman whose wealth and influence as hereditary [[Jemadar]] of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]'s armed forces enabled him to establish the Qu'aiti dynasty in the latter half of the 19th century, winning British recognition of his paramount status in the region in 1882. The British Government and the traditional and scholarly sultan Ali bin Salah signed a treaty in 1937, appointing the British government as "advisors" in Hadhramaut. The British exiled him to Aden in 1945, but the Protectorate lasted until 1967.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[File:Gate of Mukalla, 1949.jpg|left|thumb|Gate of Mukalla in [[Qu'aiti]], 1949]]
During the final years of the British colonial rule in South Arabia, Hadhramaut remained administratively distinct from the [[Federation of South Arabia]]. The region was primarily governed by the [[Qu'ayti]] and [[Kathiri]] sultanates. The Hadhrami sultans resisted integration into the Federation, maintaining a separate identity and exploring options for total independence or potential links to [[Saudi Arabia]].{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}

In the 1960s, a rise of revolutionary sentiment in the region was fueled by the spread of Nasserism and anti-colonial ideas throughout the Hadhrami diaspora. The Movement of Arab Nationalists (MAN) established its first Hadhrami cells in 1960. By 1963, MAN leadership helped form the National Liberation Front (NLF) to challenge British rule across the south.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}

While the NLF engaged in fighting in Aden and its hinterland, its strategy in Hadhramaut relied on the systemic infiltration of local security forces, most notably the [[Hadhrami Bedouin Legion]] (HBL), which allowed the NLF to seize control with minimal resistance in late 1967. While the Qu'ayti and Kathiri sultans were attending UN negotiations in Geneva, revolutionary forces took over the administrative centers. When the sultans attempted to return via Mukalla on 17 September 1967, they were blocked by a combined NLF-HBL delegation, effectively ending monarchical rule.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}

==== Under the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen ====
{{see also|South Yemen}}
In 1967, the former states of the British [[Aden Protectorate]] became an independent [[Marxism|Communist]] state, the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (PDRY). Hadhramaut's transition into the PDRY was marked by ideological conflict. Local NLF leaders, including future Vice President [[Ali Salem al-Beidh]] and Governor Faysal al-Attas, represented the party's radical left wing. In May 1968, these local figures attempted to assert regional autonomy by declaring the People's Democratic Republic of Hadhramaut. This move was viewed by president [[Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi]] as a threat to national unity to the government in Aden. In response, he deployed the army to purge the Hadhrami NLF leadership and bring the province under centralized authority.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}
[[File:Old city of Mukalla in the late 1970s (1).png|thumb|Mukalla in the 1970s]]
Under the [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] (YSP), Hadhramaut was integrated into a unified state that prioritized the eradication of [[Tribalism in Yemen|tribal identities]].{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}} While early revolutionary policies led to friction—including the desecration of [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines in the late 1960s—the 1980s saw a more conciliatory approach toward the religious establishment. Despite the state's diplomatic isolation from most of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] due to its alliance with the [[Soviet Union]], the Hadhrami economy remained resilient due to the steady flow of [[remittance]]s from workers living in the Gulf states.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}

Hadhramaut was historically underrepresented in the NLF's central hierarchy compared to the more politically dominant regions of [[Abyan Governorate|Abyan]] and [[Lahij Governorate|Lahij]]. This regional power balance shifted following the [[South Yemeni crisis]], a brief but violent conflict between rival factions in Aden.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}} Although Hadhramaut was not a primary theater of combat, the resulting political vacuum allowed Hadhrami politicians to ascend to the top of the state apparatus. [[Ali Salem al-Beidh]] assumed leadership of the YSP, while [[Haydar Abu Bakr al-Attas]] became president, leading the country until South Yemen was [[Yemeni unification|united]] with [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] in 1990 as the Republic of Yemen.{{sfn|Talib|Brehony|2017|pp=20–22}}<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=1990-05-23 |title=2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Contemporary Yemen ====
The capital and largest city of Hadhramaut is the port [[Mukalla]]. Mukalla had a 1994 population of 122,400 and a 2003 population of 174,700, while the port city of [[Ash Shihr]] has grown from 48,600 to 69,400 in the same time. One of the more historically important cities in the region is [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]]. An important locus of Islamic learning, it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of Muhammad anywhere in the world.<ref name="No Room at the Inn">{{cite magazine |last=Alexandroni |first=Sam |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041 |title=No Room at the Inn |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |date=October 18, 2007 |archive-date=July 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015416/http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{See also|Geology of Yemen|Geography of Yemen|South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune|Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert}}
[[File:Al-Hajarayn (2285802221).jpg|thumb|[[Al-Hajarayn]], [[Wadi Dawan|Wadi Dowan]]]]

===Physical geography===
[[File:Al-Shaggain, Mukalla.jpg|thumb|Al-Shaggain in [[Burum, Yemen|Burum]], [[Brom Mayfa District]]]]
Hadhramaut is geographically divided into ''Inner Hadhramaut'' ({{Langx|ayh|حضرموت الداخل}}) which is made up of Wadi Hadhramaut, smaller tributary wadis south from the main wadi, and ''Coastal Hadhramaut'' ({{Langx|ayh|حضرموت الساحل}})<ref name="ميخائيل رودينوف">{{Cite book |last=ميخائيل رودينوف |url=https://archive.org/details/20220809_20220809_1502/page/3/mode/2up |title=عادات وتقاليد حضرموت الغربية}}</ref> which consists of a narrow, arid [[coastal plain]] bounded by the steep [[escarpment]] of a broad [[plateau]] locally known as the ''Jowl'' ({{langx|ayh|ٱلْجَوْل|al-Jawl}}, averaging {{convert|1370|m|abbr=on}}).{{sfn|Boxberger|2002|page=13}} The undefined northern edge of Hadhramaut slopes down to the desert of the Empty Quarter, where the Hadhramaut Plateau or Highlands ({{langx|ar|هَضْبَة حَضْرَمَوْت|Haḍbat Ḥaḍramawt}}) meets the [[Gulf of Aden]] in the [[Arabian Sea]], elevation abruptly decreases.<ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013">{{cite book |last1=Ghazanfar |first1=Shahina A. |author-link=Shahina A. Ghazanfar |title=Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula |last2=Fisher |first2=Martin |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-9-4017-3637-4 |location=[[Sultan Qaboos University]], [[Muscat]], [[Oman]] |pages=27–55 |chapter=1–2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52}}</ref>

<gallery widths="150">
File:146 Šibam.jpg|[[Shibam]] in Wadi Hadhramaut, with mountains in the background
File:BirAli Crater.JPG|[[Bir Ali]] Crater in [[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwa]], the crater is about 1.3 km wide and contains water with a surface of about 800 meters wide
</gallery>

==== Mountains ====
{{See also|Hadhramaut Mountains}}

The Hadhramaut Mountains ({{langx|ar|جِبَال حَضْرَمَوْت|Jibāl Ḥaḍramawt}}),<ref name="Biladi1982">{{cite book |last=Bilādī |first=ʿĀtiq ibn Ghayth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrktAQAAIAAJ&q=جبال+حضرموت |title=بين مكة وحضرموت: رحلات ومشاهدات |publisher=دار مكة |year=1982 |language=ar}}</ref> also known as the "Mahrah Mountains"<ref name="Cavendish2006">{{cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |author-link=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=mahrat |title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |publisher=[[Cavendish Publishing]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |pages=9–144 |chapter=I: Geography and climate}}</ref> ({{langx|ar|جِبَال ٱلْمَهْرَة|Jibāl Al-Mahrah}}), are a mountain range in [[Yemen]].<ref name="Scoville1979">{{cite book |last=Scoville |first=Sheila A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |title=Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |year=2006 |isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |volume=2 |pages=117–122}}</ref> They are contiguous with the Omani [[Dhofar Mountains]] to the northeast,<ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013" /> and James Canton considered [[Aden]] in the southwest to be in the mountains' recesses.<ref name="Canton2014">{{cite book |last=Canton |first=James |author-link=James Canton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU9QBgAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |title=From Cairo to Baghdad: British Travellers in Arabia |date=2014-08-25 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-0-8577-3571-3 |location=London and New York City |page=91 |chapter=4: Modernising Arabia}}</ref>

==== Wadis ====
[[File:Dry river valleys in Yemen (iss069e010858).jpg|thumb|Image of Wadi Hadhramaut, its tributaries and the plateau from the [[ISS]]]]
Wadi Hadhramaut ({{langx|ar|وادي حضرموت}}) is the main [[wadi]] in the region, which has 16 tributary wadis, which are:<ref name="NIC"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Wadis
|-
! Southern plateau !! Northern plateau
|-
| Wadi Dahr || Wadi Hanin
|-
| Wadi Rahyah || Wadi Sad
|-
| Wadi 'Amd || Wadi Na'am
|-
| [[Wadi Dawan]] || Wadi Ja'imah
|-
| Wadi al'Ain || Wadi Thabi
|-
| Wadi Manoob bin Ali || Wadi al-Jon
|-
| Wadi 'Adim ||
|-
| Wadi 'Aynat ||
|-
| Wadi Tena ||
|-
| Wadi Sena ||
|}

==== Desert ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2024}}

==== Coast ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2024}}

===Political geography===
The borders of Hadhramaut have varied over time to include the territory between [[Aden]] and [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]], but it always included the Wadi Hadhramaut, the lands between the Wadi and the coast, and the desert region of the [[Rub' al Khali|Empty Quarter]] north of the Wadi.<ref name="Talib-2017" /> This encompasses the current governorates of Hadramaut and Mahra in their entirety as well as parts of the [[Shabwah Governorate]].<ref name="SchofieldBlake220">{{citation |last1=Schofield |first1=Richard N. |title=Arabian Boundaries: Primary Documents, 1853–1957 |work=Archive Editions |volume=22 |page=220 |year=1988 |isbn=1-85207-130-3 |quote=...should be made along the coast to the west as far as the DHOFAR-HADHRAMAUT frontier... |last2=Blake |first2=Gerald Henry}}</ref><ref name="Talib-2017" /> The current governorate of Hadhramaut roughly incorporates the former territory of the two sultanates.<ref name="Talib-2017">{{Cite book |last1=Talib |first1=Saadaldeen |title=Hadhramaut and its diaspora: Yemeni politics, identity and migration |last2=Petouris |first2=Thanos |last3=Lackner |first3=Helen |last4=Kaptein |first4=Nicolaas J. G. |last5=Arai |first5=Kazuhiro |last6=Clarence-Smith |first6=William G. |last7=Spencer |first7=James |last8=Walker |first8=Iain |last9=Pétriat |first9=Philippe |date=2017 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |others=Hadhramaut Research Centre |isbn=978-1-78672-167-9 |editor-last=Brehony |editor-first=Noel |series=Library of modern Middle East studies |location=London New York |page=2}}</ref>

The Hadharem live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadharem harvest crops of wheat and [[millet]], tend [[Phoenix dactylifera|date palm]] and [[coconut]] groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau, Bedouins tend sheep and goats. Society is still highly tribal, with the old [[Sayyid|Seyyid]] [[aristocracy]], descended from the [[Muhammad in Islam|Islamic prophet Muhammad]], traditionally educated, strict in their Islamic observance, and highly respected in religious and secular affairs.<ref name="ميخائيل رودينوف" />

==Economy==
[[File:Qasr Bugshan.jpg|thumb|right|The Bugshan Palace in [[Wadi Dawan]]]]

Historically, Hadhramaut was known for being a major producer of [[frankincense]], which in the early 20th century was mainly exported to [[Mumbai]] in India.<ref name="Prothero_1920">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |title=Arabia |year=1920 |publisher=[[H.M. Stationery Office Collection|H.M. Stationery Office]] |location=London |pages=84–85 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/}}</ref>{{rp|84}} The region has also produced [[senna (plant)|senna]] and [[coconut]]. Farming and fishing are other economic activities in the region, where 5.8% of Yemen's total agriculture comes from the [[Hadhramaut Governorate]] alone. Key agricultural products from this region include [[dates (fruit)|dates]] and various [[grains]]. Additionally, the fishing sector serves as a primary economic resource for the local population, benefiting from a lengthy coastline along the [[Arabian Sea]] that is rich in diverse fish and marine life.<ref name="Al Jazeera Arabic-2014"/>

The governorate's lands also hold mineral resources, notably [[oil]] and [[gold]], further enhancing its economic significance.<ref name="Al Jazeera Arabic-2014" /> Currently, Hadhramaut produces approximately 260,000 barrels of oil per day; one of the most productive fields is ''Al Maseelah'' in the strip (14), which was discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is keen to develop its oil fields to increase oil production to increase national wealth in response to the requirements of economic and social development in the country. Oil contributes 30–40% of the nation's GDP, over 70% of total state revenues, and more than 90% of the value of the country's exports.<ref name="Prothero_1920" />{{rp|85}}

=== Oil and gas ===
A Soviet discovery in the southern governorate of [[Shabwah]] has proven only marginally successful even when taken over by a different group. A Western consortium began exporting oil from [[Al-Masilah|Masila]] in the Hadhramaut in 1993, and production there reached {{convert|67000|m3/d|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} in 1999. There are new finds in the Jannah (formerly known as the Joint Oil Exploration Area) and east Shabwah blocks. Yemen's oil exports in 1995 earned about US$1 billion. Yemen's offshore oil and gas deposits are estimated to contain billions of barrels of oil and gas. Marib oil contains associated natural gas. In September 1995, the Yemeni Government signed an agreement that designated [[TotalEnergies]] of France to be the lead company for a project for the export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1997, Yemen Gas Company joined with various privately held companies to establish [[Yemen LNG]] (YLNG).

[[File:Yemen 06.jpg|thumb|left|An [[oil drill]] in Hadhramaut]]
In August 2005, the government gave final approval to three LNG supply agreements, enabling YLNG to award a $2 billion contract to an international consortium to build the country's first liquefaction plant at [[Balhaf]] on the [[Arabian Sea]] coast. The project is a $3.7 billion investment over 25 years, producing approximately 6.7 million tons of LNG annually, with shipments likely to go to the United States and South Korea. Production of LNG began in October 2009. The Yemen government expects the LNG project to add $350 million to its budget and enable it to develop a petrochemicals industry.<ref name="cp">{{Citation |title=Country Profile: Yemen |date=Dec 2006 |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726030455/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf |archive-date=26 Jul 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division}}This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref>

Hadramout produces approximately 258.8 thousand barrels per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world#/?tl_type=p&tl_id=5-A&pa=0000000000000000000000000000000000g&ct=0&ord=SA&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1urvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvnvvuvo&f=A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200254/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=53&aid=1&cid=YM,&syid=1997&eyid=2010&unit=TBPD|url-status=dead|title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> One of the prominent oil fields is the Masila Basin Sector (14), discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is committed to developing its oil fields to increase oil production, aiming to enhance national wealth in response to the country's economic and social development needs. Oil contributes between 30% and 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP) value and represents more than 70% of the total general budget revenues of the state. Moreover, it constitutes more than 90% of the country's export value.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209041951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html|url-status=dead|title=CIA World Factbook|archivedate=9 February 2018}}</ref>


== Culture ==


=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Hadhrami Music}}

[[File:مزمار الهبيش.webm|thumb|''Mizmar Al-Habeesh'' ({{Langx|ar|مزمار الهبيش}}), a Coastal Hadhrami song]]

[[Hadhrami Music]] is one of the five main [[Music of Yemen|Yemeni musical genres]] or "colours" ({{transliteration|ar|alwan}}). It comprises vocal performances in the [[Hadhrami Arabic]] dialect and features melodic phrases and a characteristic [[humming|humming-style]] known as the ''Dan''. Hadhramaut's strategic location along the ancient [[Incense trade route|incense road]] has shaped a unique musical tradition. [[Music of India|Indian]] and [[Music of Africa|African]] musical elements have intermingled with indigenous forms over time.<ref name="Khuyut">{{cite web |url=https://www.khuyut.com/blog/07-28-2020-08-20-pm |title=الأغنية الحضرمية كصورة للرحابة والتنوع |trans-title=Hadhrami Singing as an Image of Openness and Diversity |last=Hasan |first=Gamal |date=2020-07-29 |publisher=Khuyut |accessdate=2025-02-05 |language=ar}}</ref> Besides, It has been deeply influenced by [[Sufism]].<ref name="AlMaslami">{{cite web |url=https://assafirarabi.com/ar/5397/2016/09/23/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86/ |title=جغرافيا الغناء في اليمن |trans-title=Geography of Music in Yemen |last=AlMaslami |first=Farea |date=2016-09-23 |publisher=السفير العربي |accessdate=2025-02-05 |language=ar}}</ref>

[[File:Iddah-Shabwani dance.webm|thumb|left|The ''Shabwani'' music and dance]]
The region is renowned for its vast array of over four hundred distinct rhythmic patterns that vary by locality. These rhythms are closely tied to daily activities and special occasions, from planting and fishing to wedding celebrations. A key musical form in the region is the ''Dan'', a fixed melodic structure in which the melody precedes the lyrics; in contrast, in other songs, the lyrics typically come before the melody.<ref name="ArabiaFelix">{{cite web |url=https://arabiafelix.social/in-hadhramaut-music-rings-with-youth-ambitions/#:~:text=Historians%20and%20Arab%20singers%20trace,Indonesia%2C%20Brunei%2C%20and%20India |title=In Hadhramaut, Music Rings with Youth Ambitions |last=Bawazir |first=Fatima |publisher=Arabia Felix |accessdate=2025-02-07 |language=en}}</ref> Steps have been taken by the Yemeni government to include the Dan art on [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]], [[Ministry of Culture (Yemen)|Cultural authorities in Yemen]] have already received initial approval from [[UNESCO]] to consider its inclusion.<ref name="South24">{{cite web |url=https://south24.net/news/newse.php?nid=2969 |title=الدان الحضرمي: متعة الكلمة واللحن |trans-title=Hadhrami Dan: The Pleasure of Word and Melody |last=Al-Shadely |first=Abdullah |date=2022-10-08 |publisher=South24 |accessdate=2025-02-16 |language=ar}}</ref>

Numerous art critics note that the Hadhrami Dan has played a pivotal role in shaping vocal traditions throughout the [[Arab world]], particularly within the [[Gulf region]]. This distinctive musical form is regarded as a foundational element for many singing schools, with contemporary artists continuing to draw inspiration from its rich heritage and folkloric melodies.<ref name="TheNewArab">{{cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88 |title=الدان الحضرمى في طريقه إلى قائمة اليونسكو |trans-title=Hadhrami Dan on Its Way to a UNESCO List |last=Abdulmalek |first=Mohammed |date=2019-06-14 |publisher=[[The New Arab]] |accessdate=2025-02-02 |language=ar}}</ref>

The Hadhrami Dan has spread to the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Arabian Gulf]] through the migration of Hadhrami musicians who settled in Gulf countries. Over time, local musicians integrated the Hadhrami Dan and other forms of the Dan and other Hadhrami musical forms into their own repertoires.<ref name="AlMaslami"/><ref name="HAL-SHS">{{cite web |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02476223/document |title=Document Title |publisher=HAL-SHS |accessdate=2025-02-07 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, Hadhrami music has significantly influenced the cultural landscapes of regions beyond the [[Arabian Peninsula]], notably in parts of Africa and East Asia.<ref name="Persee">{{cite web |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0399-0346_2002_num_72_2_1315 |title=The Music of Zenj: Arab-African crossovers in the music of Zanzibar |last=Topp Fargion |first=Janet |date=2002 |publisher=Persee |accessdate=2025-02-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NLB">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/api/MusicDetailPage/ViewPdf?resourceUuid=7cb87386-f807-4e9a-a611-6fbb24487745 |title=Musical Practice of Zafin/Zapin Arab in Singapore |publisher=National Library Board, Singapore |accessdate=2025-02-06 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:اغنية نادرة - غدار الليل - الفنان أبو بكر سالم بلفقيه والفنان أحمد فتحي.webm|thumb|[[Abu Bakr Salem]] and [[Ahmed Fathi]] perform ({{langx|ayh|غدر الليل|Ghadar al-Layl|Night Has Come}})]]
Several Hadhrami influential musicians and poets played an important role in shaping Hadhrami and the wider [[Arab music|Arabian music]]. [[Abu Bakr Salem|Abu Bakr Salem Belfkih]] (1932–2017), for example, modernised al-Dân songs by incorporating contemporary musical instruments, while poets such as Haddad al-Kaff (1910–1970) and Hussein al-Mihdhar (1932–2000) enriched the tradition with their lyrics. Additionally, Mohammed Juma Khan (1903–1963) is celebrated as a pioneer who blended his [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] musical influences with local traditions.<ref name="ArabiaFelix"/>

Moreover, several prominent non-Hadhrami Arab musicians have also embraced Hadhrami styles. These include Kuwaiti singer [[Abdallah Al Rowaished]]; Saudi singers [[Abdul Majeed Abdullah]] and Abdel Rab Idris, the latter of Hadhrami origin; as well as Emirati singers [[Ahlam (singer)|Ahlam]] and [[Hussain Al Jassmi]].<ref name="AlAyyam">{{cite web |url=https://www.alayyam.info/news/7P2U8EEG-0WJPW9 |title=الأغنية الحضرمية.. ذات أجنحة لا تعترف بحدود الجهات الأربع..! |trans-title=Hadhrami Song... With Wings That Recognize No Boundaries |last=AlNadhami |first=Ahmed |date=2019-02-11 |publisher=[[Al-Ayyam (Yemen)|AlAyyam Newspaper]] |accessdate=2025-02-11 |language=ar}}</ref>

The instruments used in Hadhrami music vary widely, encompassing percussion instruments, [[string instrument]]s, wind instruments, and simple [[clapping]] techniques, often used individually or in combination. This includes notably the [[Qanbūs]], which the Hadhrami migrants spread across the Indian Ocean across the [[Muslim Southeast Asia]] areas (notably in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Brunei]]).

== Demographics ==
{{main|Hadharem}}

{{See also|Ba 'Alawi sada}}
The people of the region are known as the [[Hadharem]], generally belong to the Semitic south Arabians who claim descent from [[Qahtanite|Yarub bin Qahtan]]. There is, however, a large number of [[Sayyid|Sada]] ({{Langx|ayh|سادة|Sadah}}; Singular: ''Sayyid''), or descendant of the [[Muhammad|Islamic Prophet Muhammad]], and of townsmen of northern origin, besides a considerable class of African or mixed descent. The Sada, descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husain ibn Ali]], grandson of the Islamic Prophet, form a numerous and highly respected [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]]. They are divided into families, the chiefs of which are known as ''Munsibs'', who are looked on as the religious leaders of the people and are even, in some cases are regarded with great respect as saints. Among the leading families are that of ''Sheikh Abu Bakar bin Salem'' ({{Langx|ayh| الشيخ ابو بكر بن سالم}}) of [[ʽAynat]], ''al-Aidarus'' ({{Langx|ayh|العيدروس}}) of [[Shihr]] and [[Wadi Dawan]], Bin Sumayt ({{Langx|ayh|بن سميط}}) of [[Shibam]] and the ''Sakkaf'' ({{Langx|ayh|سقاف}}) of [[Seiyun]]. They do not bear arms, nor occupy themselves in trade, nor manual labour, nor even agriculture; though owning a large proportion of the land, they employ labourers to cultivate it. As compared with the other classes, they are well educated and are strict in their observance of religious duties, and owing to the respect due to their descent, they exercise a strong influence both in temporal and spiritual affairs.<ref name="GazetteerPD">{{Source-attribution|{{Cite book |last=India Office |url=https://archive.org/details/20201031_20201031_1145/page/727/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Arabia Vol. I (Qatar Digital Library) |date=1917 |pages=727–729}}|pl=n|inline=y}}</ref><ref name="EB 1911">{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica 11 ed. Vol. 12 (Gichtel, Johann Georg to Harmonium) |date=1911 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopaediabrit12chisrich_201303/encyclopaediabrit12chisrich_djvu.txt}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

The Mashayikh ({{Langx|ayh|المشايخ}}) is another highly regarded group that is second in prestige to the Sada. Like the Sada, they don't bear arms.{{sfn|Boxberger|2002|pages=19–37}} Men from this group are given the honorific surname ''Sheikh'' ({{Langx|ayh|شيخ}}) and women are given the surname ''Sheikha'' ({{Langx|ayh|شيخة}}) which is different from the term ''[[Sheikh]]'' ({{Langx|ar|شيخ}}) that is used to refer to a [[tribal chief]] or a Muslim [[Ulama|scholar]].{{sfn|Boxberger|2002|pages=19–37}} Prominent Mashayikh families include the ‘Amudi ({{langx|ayh|العمودي}}), Ba Wazir ({{langx|ayh|با وزير}}), and Ba ‘Abbad ({{langx|ayh|با عبّاد}}) families.{{sfn|Boxberger|2002|pages=19–37}}

The Qaba'il ({{langx|ayh|القبائل}}) or tribesmen, as in the rest of Arabia, are the predominant class in the population. All the adults carry arms. Some of the tribes have settled towns and villages, others live a [[bedouin]] life, keeping however within the territory which is recognised as belonging to the tribe. They are divided into sections or families, each headed by a chief while the head of the tribe is called the ''muqaddam'' or ''sultan''. He is the leader in peace and in war, but the tribesmen are not his subjects; he can only rule with their support.<ref name="GazetteerPD" /> Historically, the most powerful tribes in Hadhramaut was the ''Qu’aiti'', a branch of the ''[[Yafa'a]]'' tribe. Originally invited by the Sada to protect the settled districts against the marauding tribes, they established themselves as rulers of the country, and possessed the coastal districts with the towns of Mukalla and Shihr as well as Shibam in the interior. The family had accumulated great wealth and was in the service of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in India as commander of the Arab levy composed of his tribesmen.<ref name="GazetteerPD" /><ref name="EB 1911"/>

The townsmen are the free inhabitants of the towns and villages as distinguished from the Sada and the tribesmen; they do not carry arms, but are the working members of the community, merchants, [[Armed-forces artificer|artificers]], cultivators, and servants and are entirely dependent on the tribes and chiefs under whose protection they live. The servile class contains a large African element, brought over formerly when the slave trade nourished on this coast; as all Islamic countries they are well treated, and often rise to positions of trust.<ref name="GazetteerPD"/><ref name="EB 1911"/>

=== Hadhrami diaspora ===
{{Main|Hadharem#Diaspora}}

[[File:Map of Hadhrami emigrations.svg|thumb|Map of Hadhrami emigrations around the world]]
Since the early 19th century, large-scale Hadhramaut [[human migration|migration]] has established sizable Hadhrami minorities all around the Indian Ocean,<ref name="Ho2006">{{citation |last=Ho |first=Engseng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C |title=The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 }}</ref> in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Africa, including [[Mombasa]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Konkan division|Maharashtrian Konkan]],<ref name="Khalidi1996">{{citation |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |author-link=Omar Khalidi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52 |chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad |title=Mediaeval Deccan History |editor1=Kulkarni |editor2=Naeem |editor3=De Souza |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-8-1715-4579-7}}</ref><ref name="Manger2007">{{citation |last=Manger |first=Leif |title=Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers |publisher=[[Asian Journal of Social Science]] |volume=35 |number=4–5 |pages=405–433 (29) |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2007/00000035/F0020004/art00003 |year=2007}}</ref> [[Mangalore]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Gangolli]], [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Sylhet]], [[Tanzania]], the [[Malay Archipelago]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[southern Philippines]] and Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Arab News]] |title=Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley |first=Joanna |last=Tan |date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1342016/world |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> In Hyderabad and Aurangabad, the community is known as [[Chaush]] and resides mostly in the neighborhood of [[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]. There are also settlements of Hadharem in [[Gujarat]], such as in [[Ahmadabad, Gujarat|Ahmadabad]] and [[Surat]]. In South India, the [[Nawayath]] community also descends from Hadrami traders.

Earlier, several sultans in the [[Malay Archipelago]] such as the [[Malacca Sultanate]],<ref name="Freitag Clarence-Smith 1997">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C |title=Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s |last1=Freitag |first1=Ulrike |last2=Clarence-Smith |first2=William G. |date=1997 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=9-0041-0771-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Pontianak Sultanate]] or [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura]] were descents of Hadharem . In the 19th century, Hadhrami businessmen owned many of the maritime armada of barks, brigs, schooners and other ships in the Malay archipelago.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWwCQAAQBAJ&q=sultanate+arab+in+maluku&pg=PA141|title=The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Hassan|last2=Shouk|first2=Abu|date=2009-03-16|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2578-6|language=en}}</ref> In modern times, several Indonesian ministers, including former Foreign Minister [[Ali Alatas]] and former Finance Minister [[Mar'ie Muhammad]] are of Hadhrami descent, as is the former [[Prime Minister of East Timor]], [[Mari Alkatiri]] (2006).<ref>[[Agence France-Presse]]</ref>

The Hadharem have also settled in large numbers along the East African coast,<ref name="Bang2003">{{citation |last=Bang |first=Anne K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCgzr5jKQEkC |title=Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860–1925 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-31763-4 }}</ref> and two former ministers in [[Kenya]], Shariff Nasser and [[Najib Balala]], are of Hadhrami descent. It has also been proved by genetic evidence<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soodyall |first=Himla |date=2013-10-11 |title=Lemba origins revisited: tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba |journal=South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde |volume=103 |issue=12 Suppl 1 |pages=1009–1013 |doi=10.7196/samj.7297 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=0256-9574 |pmid=24300649|doi-access=free }}</ref> that the [[Lemba people]] of Southern Africa bear some relation to the people of Hadramaut.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espar|first1=David|title=Tudor Parfitt's Remarkable Quest|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/tudor-parfitts-remarkable-quest/|website=[[Nova (American TV program)|NOVA]]|date=February 22, 2000 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

Within the Hadhramaut region there has been a [[History of the Jews in Hadramaut|historical Jewish population]].<ref name="Wahrman2004">{{cite book|last=Wahrman|first=Miryam Z.|title=Brave New Judaism: When Science and Scripture Collide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYXcRVGNznEC&pg=PA150|date=1 January 2004|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-032-4|page=150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahroni|first=Reuben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58QQocrWVkC&dq=hadramawt+jews&pg=PA201|title=The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations|date=1994|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10110-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEEOAQAAMAAJ&q=hadramawt+jews|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Gos-Hep|date=2007|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865936-7|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hejaz]]
* [[Tihamah]]
* [[Al-Yamama]]
* [[Najd]]
* [[Greater Yemen]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

===Language notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Avanzini |first=Alessandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMkfvgAACAAJ |title=By Land and by Sea: A History of South Arabia Before Islam Recounted from Inscriptions |date=2016 |publisher="L'Erma" di Bretschneider |isbn=978-88-913-1110-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boxberger |first=Linda |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book4490 |title=On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s–1930s |date=2002 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8935-2 |doi=10.1353/book4490 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Darles |first=Christian |title=Earthen Architecture in Muslim Cultures: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-35633-7 |editor-last=Pradines |editor-first=Stéphane |language=en |chapter=Mud Brick Architecture in Ḥaḍramawt-Yemen under the Qu'aiti and Kathiri Sultanates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpJyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jerome |first1=Pamela |last2=Chiari |first2=Giacomo |last3=Borelli |first3=Caterina |date=1999 |title=The Architecture of Mud: Construction and Repair Technology in the Hadhramaut Region of Yemen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504639 |journal=APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology |volume=30 |issue=2/3 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.2307/1504639 |jstor=1504639 |issn=0848-8525|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewcock |first=Ronald B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88ltAAAAMAAJ&q=w%25C4%2581d%25C4%25AB%2520%25E1%25B8%25A5a%25E1%25B8%258Dramawt%2520and%2520the%2520walled%2520city%2520of%2520shib%25C4%2581m%2520ronald%2520lewcock |title=Wādī Ḥaḍramawt and the Walled City of Shibām |date=1986 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-102338-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Talib |first1=Saadaldeen |last2=Brehony |first2=Noel |date=2017 |chapter=Hadhramaut in Yemeni Politics since the 1960s |editor=Brehony, Noel |title=Hadhramaut and its diaspora: Yemeni politics, identity and migration |series=Library of Modern Middle East studies |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78672-167-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Van Beek |first=Gus W. |editor-last1=Dever |editor-first1=William G. |editor-link1=William G. Dever |editor-last2=Meyers |editor-first2=Carol L. |editor-link2=Carol Meyers |editor-last3=Muhly |editor-first3=James D. |editor-last4=Pardee |editor-first4=Dennis |editor-last5=Sauer |editor-first5=James A. |editor-last6=Finney |editor-first6=Paul Corby |editor-last7=Jorgensen |editor-first7=John S. |title=Ḥadhramaut |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]]; [[New York City]], [[United States]] |volume=2 |pages=452–453 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
{{Library resources box}}
* [http://www.der.org/films/architecture-of-mud.html Architecture of Mud: documentary Film about the rapidly disappearing mud brick architecture in the Hadhramaut region]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/zarins/zarins2.html ''Nova'' special on Ubar, illustrating a ''hydreuma'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030814110659/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/books/qaddal.htm Book review of a biography of Qu'aiti sultan Alin din Salah]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000712123052/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries]
* [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com Ba'alawi, the Definitive Resource for Islam and the Alawiyyen Ancestry]

{{Regions of the Arabian Peninsula}}
{{Wadis of Yemen}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Subject bar|Yemen|Oman|Saudi Arabia|Asia|Middle East}}

[[Category:Hadhramaut|*]]
[[Category:Geography of Yemen]]
[[Category:Gulf of Aden]]
[[Category:Hadhramaut Governorate]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Asia]]
[[Category:South Arabia]]
[[Category:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Yemen]]

Mohammed Asif Ali

2026-03-25T10:02:10Z

ShielaPaxton36: starting a bio...

'''Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali''' is the Heir-Apparent and Dewan to the current Prince of Arcot, Nawab [[Muhammed Abdul Ali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-25 |title=International human rights summit: Dewan to Prince of Arcot attends as keynote speaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dewan-to-prince-of-arcot-attends-international-human-rights-summit-as-keynote-speaker/article69854673.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=King of the city |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Mar/17/king-of-the-city-236240.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a philanthropist and cultural figure based in Chennai, India. His family lineage traces back to Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam.<ref name="princeofarcot">{{Cite web |title=Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali(NAWABZADA) – Biography |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/nawabzada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009135529/https://www.princeofarcot.in/nawabzada |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Prince of Arcot Official Website |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He completed his schooling at '''Don Bosco School''' and earned a '''Bachelor's degree in Commerce''' from '''Loyola College, Chennai'''.<ref name="princeofarcot" />

==Leadership and philanthropy==
He serves as the '''Chairman''' of ''Whiteleaf Ventures Private Limited'', and is the '''President''' of the ''Carnatic Family Association''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=N. T. |date=2020-03-09 |title=Mohammed Asif Ali elected as CFA prez |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2020/03/09/mohammed-asif-ali-elected-as-cfa-prez/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=News Today {{!}} First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is the '''Founder Trustee''' of the ''Arcot Foundation'', which provides assistance to underprivileged individuals across communities.<ref name="princeofarcot" />

==Public service==
He serves as the '''Secretary''' of the ''Prince of Arcot Educational and Charitable Trust'', which promotes education and social welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-02-06 |title=Prince of Arcot Edu, Charitable Trust launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Feb/06/prince-of-arcot-edu-charitable-trust-launched-1769073.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali: Founder Trustee of "Arcot Foundation" |url=https://www.wef.org.in/nawabzada-mohammed-asif-ali/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Women Economic Forum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Radiance News |date=2025-08-08 |title=Nawabzada Asif Ali Sheds Light on Education at UN Summit in New York |url=https://radiancenews.com/nawabzada-asif-ali-sheds-light-on-education-at-un-summit-in-new-york/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Radiance News |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was awarded an '''Honorary Doctorate in Social Work''' by the ''International Global Peace University'' at the Tamil Nadu Achievers Conference in Chennai.

==Views and advocacy==
Asif Ali has promoted interfaith harmony and secularism. In 2018, he stated at a public event that no religion teaches hatred and urged youth to uphold unity and social peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-07-16 |title=We are living as one, will always be one: Prince of Arcot's Dewan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/Jul/16/we-are-living-as-one-will-always-be-one-prince-of-arcots-dewan-1843871.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=indiatomorrow |first=admin |date=2023-06-12 |title=Prince of Arcot Urges Centre to Promote Peace, Communal Harmony in the Country |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2023/06/12/prince-of-arcot-urges-centre-to-promote-peace-communal-harmony-in-the-country/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=IndiaTomorrow}}</ref>

==Personal interests==
He is active as a quizmaster, musician, and patron of arts and literature. He plays the piano and occasionally composes his own music.<ref name="princeofarcot" />

==See also==
* [[Prince of Arcot]]
* [[Muhammed Abdul Ali|Nawab Mohammed Abdul Ali]]
* [[Amir Mahal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==



{{DEFAULTSORT:Asif Ali, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vaishno Devi

2026-03-12T16:41:58Z

ShielaPaxton36: general improve content based on references additionally and improved wording after review

{{short description|Hindu mother goddess}}
{{Distinguish|Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)}}
{{For|the temple|Vaishno Devi Temple}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=October 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Original research|date=February 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2024}}
{{Copy edit|for=long paragraph|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| abode = [[Vaishno Devi Temple]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[India]]
| type = hindu
| father = King Ratnākara
| mother = Queen Samṛddhi
| image = File:Vaishno devi.jpg
| name = Vaishno Devi
| affiliation = [[Tridevi]], [[Mahadevi]], [[Durga]], [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalakshmi]], [[Mahasaraswati|Mahasarasvati]]
| caption = Inside view of the Holy Cave, the 3 [[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|Pindis]]; Mahakali, Mahalakshmi and Mahasarasvati
| mount = Lion
| Devanagari = वैष्णो देवी
| other_names = Vaishnavi, Mata Rani, Ambe, Trikuta, Sheravali, Jyotavali, Pahadavali, Durga, Bhagavati, Jagdamba, Lakshmi, Vishnumaya, Vishnupriya, Maniki, Sukriti
| deity_of = Mother Goddess; Goddess of hills
| gender = Female
| birth_name =
}}

'''Vaishno Devi''' (also known as '''Mata Rani''', '''Sherawali''', '''Trikuta''', '''Ambe''' and '''Vaishnavi''') is an unmarried form of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] mother goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], embodying the [[tattva]] of [[Saraswati|Mahasarasvati]] and [[Mahakali]].<ref name="Veda Vyasa">{{Cite book |last=Veda Vyasa |url=http://archive.org/details/toaz.info-varaha-purana-unabridged-motilal-englishpdf-pr_e1d9a18739bfe3dd54249588e67c9ece |title=The Varaha Purana in English}}</ref> Vaishno Devi is worshipped as a combined [[avatar]] of the trinity goddesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-09 |title=The exalted magnificence of Gaurī and Śiva [Chapter 4] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226676.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
=== Purāṇa ===
According to [[Mahabhagavata Purana|''Mahābhāgavata Upapurāṇa'']] (23.44b-45.39), she is mentioned as "Viṣṇupriyā".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dēvī Mahābhāgavata Purāṇa |date=4 March 1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.404138/mode/2up}}</ref>

In the [[Varaha Purana|''Varāha Mahāpurāṇa'']]'s Triśakti Māhātmya, she originated from the Lakṣmī bhāga (portion) of Goddess '''Trikalā''' (the goddess who was born from Trimūrtis) and slayed an asura called [[Mahishasura|Mahiṣāsura]] on Śataśṛṅga Parvata where the current Trikūṭa Dhāma of Vaiṣṇōdēvī is situated.<ref name="Veda Vyasa"/> (Disclaimer: this event is of a separate [[Kalpa (time)|Kalpa]] – Mānava Kalpa – and not of our Śvēta Varāha Kalpa). The ''[[Naradiya Purana|Nārada Mahāpurāṇa]]'' (1.103.1-3) <ref>{{Cite book |last=J. L. Shastri |first=G. V. Tagare |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976 |title=The Narada-Purana, Part 4 |date=1952 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref> and ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya Mahāpurāṇa]]'' (53.38-40) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Veda Vyasa |url=http://archive.org/details/pdfcoffee.com_matsya-purana--4-pdf-free |title=Matsya Purana in English PDF - Volumes 1 and 2}}</ref> clarify that the ''Varāha Mahāpurāṇa''{{'}}s events take place during the Mānava Kalpa.

=== Pāñcarātra ===
The ''Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa Saṃhitā'' (1.4.22-25) mentions the Triśaktis (Brāhmī, Vaiṣṇavī, and Raudrī) of the ''Varāha Mahāpurāṇa'' and when describing Vaiṣṇavī, directly calls her "Viṣṇuśakti" and "Lakṣmī". It also says that '''only because of her [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]] is able to preserve, making it clear that she's a form of [[Lakshmi|Lakṣmī]].''' This event is directly mentioned at the beginning of creation during Kṛta Yuga, where the Tridēvas’ Prakṛtis are introduced. This is in the same manner as the ''Varāha'' ''Mahāpurāṇa'' notates. Vaiṣṇavī directly is stated here as Lakṣmī.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Svetayana Vyasa |url=http://archive.org/details/lakShmInArAyaNasaMhitA1 |title=lakShmInArAyaNasaMhitA1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-28 |title=Lakshminarayana Samhita Verse 1.4.25 [Sanskrit text] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/lakshminarayana-samhita-sanskrit/d/doc502414.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa Saṃhitā''{{'}}s Kṛtayuga Santāna (1.334.53) <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-28 |title=Lakshminarayana Samhita Verse 1.334.53 [Sanskrit text] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/lakshminarayana-samhita-sanskrit/d/doc531383.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> and Dvāparayuga Santāna (3.237.154) <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-28 |title=Lakshminarayana Samhita Verse 3.237.154 [Sanskrit text] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/lakshminarayana-samhita-sanskrit/d/doc616743.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> calls her "Māṇikī", the Śakti of Kalki, as she resides on Māṇika Parvata (another name of Trikūṭa).

She is mentioned in the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Saṃhitā]]'' (5.15.33b) as "Sukṛti", the Śakti and future consort of Lord [[Kalki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-07-16 |title=Verse 5.15.33 [Garga Samhita] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1125814.html#:~:text=English%20translation%20of%20verse%205.15,by%20which%20He%20bewilders%20them. |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Legends==

=== Trikuta Rani/Vaishno devi Legend ===

The incarnation of Vaishno Devi took place during the Treta Yuga, when Ravana, Kumbhakarna, and other demonic forces were committing atrocities. The three great Shaktis [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalaxmi|Mahalakshmi]], and [[Mahasaraswati|Mahasarasvati]] decided to combine their respective energies (Raj, Tam, and Satvik Gunas) to give birth to a single divine power (Divya Shakti) for the preservation of Dharma.<ref name="SampurnKahani">{{cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Jwala Prasad |url=https://dn710601.ca.archive.org/0/items/shrivaishnodevikisampurnakahanijanmakathasahitjwalaprasadchaturvedi/Shri%20Vaishno%20Devi%20Ki%20Sampurna%20Kahani%20Janma%20Katha%20Sahit%20-%20Jwala%20Prasad%20Chaturvedi%20.pdf |title=Shri Vaishno Devi Ki Sampurna Kahani Janma Katha Sahit |publisher=Bhavani Pustak Mahal |year=2025 |language=hi |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> From this unified brilliance, a beautiful divine girl emerged.<ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan">{{cite book
| last = Sharma
| first = Bala Krishna
| title = Vaishno Devi Tatha Nau Deviyon Ki Amar Kahani
| url = https://archive.org/details/Qavi_vaishno-devi-tatha-nau-deviyon-ki-amar-kahani-bala-krishna-sharma/mode/2up
| language = hi
| access-date = 25 June 2025
}}</ref><ref name="PuriKahani">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/shrivaishnodevikipurikahanibhavanipustakmahal |title=Shri Vaishno Devi Ki Puri Kahani |publisher=Bhavani Pustak Mahal |location=Katra |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> This girl was given the name Vaishnavi.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> She was commanded to take birth as a daughter in the home of a man named Ratnakar Sagar in [[Southern India]].<ref name="SampurnKahani"/> Ratnakar Sagar gave her name Trikuta.<ref name="SampurnKahani"/> Her mission was specifically defined as upholding [[dharma]] on Earth and assisting in the preservation of [[Sita]], the consort of [[Lord Rama]], an avatar of [[Vishnu]]<ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> Even from a young age, Devi Trikuta demonstrated her divine powers, attracting [[sages]],seers, and [[deities]].<ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/> With her father's permission, she moved to a secluded area on the seashore, concentrating solely on [[Lord Rama]] and performing severe penance. When [[Lord Rama]] reached the seashore with his army of Vaanars during his pursuit of [[Ravana]], he saw the young girl absorbed in deep meditation. When questioned about the purpose of her penance, Trikuta introduced herself as the daughter of Ratnakar Sagar and stated her firm resolve to obtain Rama as her husband.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> [[Rama]], who had taken a vow of monogamy in that avatar, set a condition. He promised that after defeating [[Ravana]], he would return to her hut in a changed guise, and if she recognized him, he would accept her.<ref name="PuriKahani"/> When [[Rama]] returned disguised as an old [[sadhu]] after conquering [[Lanka]], Trikuta failed to recognize him.<ref name="PuriKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/> Upon realizing his true identity, Trikuta was distraught, but [[Rama]] offered her solace and assurance.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> He instructed her to travel to a beautiful cave on the [[Trikuta]] Parvat in [[North India]], where the [[Tridevi]] dwell, and immerse herself in penance.<ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/> [[Rama]] promised that in the upcoming [[Kali Yuga]], when he takes his [[Kalki]] [[Avatar]], she would become his companion. She would become [[Immortality|immortal]] there, and brave Langur warriors (Nal, Neel, [[Hanuman]], Jambavant) would stand as her protectors. Her glory would eventually spread throughout the entirety of World, and she would be famously known as Vaishno Devi. Around 700 years ago, Bhakt Shridhar lived in the village of Hansali, approximately 2 km from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. Shridhar was a devout worshipper of the [[Mahadevi]] and customarily performed kanya pujan.<ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/> Grieved by his childlessness, he intensified his devotion to [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]].<ref name="PuriKahani"/><ref name="SampurnKahani"/> He made a strict vow that he would fast until the [[Mahadevi]] herself came to his home and fed him.<ref name="PuriKahani"/> Touched by his unshakeable faith, Mata Vaishno Devi appeared before him in the form of a young, divine girl. The girl instructed Shridhar to organize a Maha Bhandara, the following day and invite people from his village and nearby areas. While distributing invitations, Shridhar encountered the ascetic [[Guru]] [[Gorakhnath]] and his disciples, including [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]]. [[Gorakhnath]], upon hearing of the grand feast organized by a poor [[Brahmin]] on the advice of a young girl, remarked scornfully that Shridhar must be mistaken in inviting him and his 360 disciples. Nevertheless, [[Gorakhnath]] and [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] agreed to attend, deciding to test the veracity of the girl's power.<ref name="PuriKahani"/><ref name="NauDeviyan"/> When the day arrived, a huge crowd gathered, and the divine girl arranged for everyone, including Gorakhnath and his 62 followers, to be seated comfortably in the small hut. Using a miraculous vessel, the girl began serving food that fulfilled every guest's specific desire. [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] realized the girl was a manifestation of [[Adi shakti]]. When the girl approached him, [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]], intending to test her and driven by impure desire, demanded meat and wine. The girl, however, stated firmly that this was a [[Brahmin]]'s [[Vaishnava]] bhandara, and only vegetarian food would be served. [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]], attempting to seize the girl in his anger, found that the Kanya-Rupi [[Mahadevi]] instantly vanished. [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] immediately began pursuing her up the [[Trikuta]] mountain.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="SampurnKahani"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> Darshani Darwaza is where the Devi vanished from the bhandara site and proceeded toward the [[Trikuta]] mountain. It is considered the first gateway to [[Trikuta]] Parvat and is located approximately 1 km from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. She invoked Veer [[Hanuman]]. As the Devi continued her path, her attendant, Veer [[Hanuman]], grew thirsty. To quench his thirst, the Devi struck the rocks with an arrow, causing a stream, known as [[Ganga]], to flow forth. She also washed her hair in this water, contributing to the name Ban Ganga. This sacred place is about 2 km past Darshani Darwaza. After that [[Mahadevi|Mahadevi Vaishnavi]] paused and looked back to check if [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] was still following her. Her footprints became imprinted on the rock where she stopped, hence the name Charan Paduka. It is considered the second rest spot on the pilgrimage route. The Devi traveled a considerable distance from Charan Paduka before stopping near a cave.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/> She asked a seated ascetic not to disclose her presence. The Devi then took refuge inside the cave, meditating there for nine months, symbolizing the time a child spends in the womb. When [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]]<ref name="NauDeviyan"/><ref name="PuriKahani"/> When [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] reached this spot and questioned the ascetic, the tapasi revealed that the girl was Mahashakti, the Adi Kumari, who had observed a vow of perpetual celibacy since creation. When [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] forcefully entered the cave, the Devi struck the back wall with her [[trishul]], creating an exit and continuing her journey. Hathimatha is known for its steep ascent, likened to the vertical forehead of an elephant. It is situated 2.5 km from Adikumari. Travelers then proceed to Sanjhi Chhat, an important resting point. The pursuit continued until Devi Kanya reached the beautiful cave on the [[Trikuta]] Parvat. She appointed her warrior, Langur Veer, to guard the entrance and prevent [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] from entering. When [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] ignored the warning and tried to follow the Devi into the cave, a fierce battle erupted with the Langur Veer. When the Langur began to falter, the Mother Goddess herself assumed the ferocious form of [[Chandi]] and struck Bhairavnath, causing his death. Bhairav's headless body fell near the cave, while his severed head landed far below in the valley, which is now known as Bhairav Ghati. As his head separated from his body, Bhairavnath regretted his actions and repeatedly begged the [[shakti|Maa Shakti]] for forgiveness, worried that the coming age would see him as a sinner. Hearing him call her "Maa" (Mother) repeatedly, the Goddess granted him a divine boon that - "'''After my worship, your worship will also occur. The pilgrimage of my devotees will only be considered complete and successful when they visit your shrine (Bhairav Mandir) after having my Darshan.'''" <ref name="PuriKahani"/> This promise ensured his [[moksha]]. The Bhairav Mandir, built at the spot where his head fell, is located about 1.5 km from Sanjhi Chhat.<ref name="NauDeviyan"/> After the divine girl disappeared following the confrontation, Bhakt Shridhar was heartbroken and gave up food and water. Mata Vaishno Devi then granted him a vision (svapna) of the entire journey and the location of her [[Vaishno Devi Temple|divine abode]]. Following the directions shown in his dream, Shridhar eventually found the holy cave. Upon entering and worshipping the Mother, Shridhar was blessed with four sons, and his descendants continue to perform the Mother's worship today. The shrine is located on [[Trikuta]] Parvat, approximately 2.5 km from the Bhairav Mandir and stands at an elevation of 5,200 feet above sea level. Inside the holy cave, devotees receive the sacred vision of Mata Vaishno Devi in the form of three natural rock formations known as [[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|Pindis]]. These three Pindis represent the collective power of the three original [[Tridevi]] who gave her birth. [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalaxmi|Mahalakshmi]] Vaishnavi, and [[Mahasaraswati|Mahasarasvati]]. The central Pindi is sometimes identified specifically as Mata Vaishno Devi, reflecting her origin as a form of [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] or [[Vishnu]]'s power.<ref name="SampurnKahani"/> A stream of water, known as the Charan [[Ganga]], flows near the Devi's feet inside the cave. Worship is conducted with offerings such as betel nut, scarf, and coconut. It is believed that Mata Vaishno Devi remains in deep penance in this cave, awaiting the arrival of [[Lord Vishnu]]'s [[Kalki]] avatar at the end of the [[Kali Yuga]].<ref name="NauDeviyan"/>

=== The Legend of Baba Jittoo ===

The identity of the Vaishno Devi shrine is deeply intertwined with regional [[Dogras|Dogri]] folklore. A prominent example is "The Story of Baba Jittoo," described as a "long and complex myth" originating from the [[Jammu]] region in the 15th century.<ref name="UnderstandingCultureJammu">{{cite web |url=https://ebin.pub/understanding-culture-and-society-in-india-a-study-of-sufis-saints-and-deities-in-jammu-region-9811615977-9789811615979.html |title=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |publisher=eBin.pub |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> In this legend, Baba Jittoo is depicted as a "poor peasant" and a devout "devotee of Mata Vaishno Devi."<ref name="UNLDigital">{{cite web |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=geographyfacpub |title=The Vaishno Devi Pilgrimage: A Study of Religious Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln DigitalCommons |access-date=2025-11-17 |format=PDF}}</ref> As analyzed by scholars, the myth functions as a social charter, illustrating "how Vaishno Devi helps her devotees gain... bountiful harvests, and protection from enemies," particularly supporting "poor peasants who are exploited by kings and landlords."<ref name="UnderstandingCultureJammu"/> This narrative exemplifies a classic syncretism, where the pan-Hindu goddess assumes an immanent, socio-economic role as a protector of the oppressed in local Dogri traditions.<ref name="UNLDigital"/>

==Pilgrimage route==
[[File:Houses and Shops located in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|alt=|thumb|A view of Vaishno Devi Bhawan]]
According to Hindu legend, the pilgrimage route follows the path the Goddess took while fleeing the [[Bhairav (tantrik)|tantric Bhairav Nath]].<ref name="Bansal2017">{{cite book |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |title=Vaishno Devi: The Powerful Goddess |publisher=Om Books International |year=2017 |location=New Delhi |page=48 |isbn=9788187108405}}</ref> The first major stop is Ardh Kumari, a cave where the Devi is said to have meditated for nine months.<ref name="Bansal2017"/> This cave is also known as Garbh Joon, or the "Womb Cave," as the shape of the cave is narrow and devotees must crawl through it, symbolizing a spiritual rebirth.<ref name="Raina2007">{{cite web |last=Raina |first=Mohini |title=Cave Temple of Vaishno Devi |website=Shehjar |year=2007 |url=https://www.shehjar.com/places/0001 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

The legend states that when Bhairav Nath located her at Ardh Kumari, the Goddess used her [[Trishul]] to strike the back wall of the cave, creating a new opening. She then escaped through this passage and continued her journey to the main Holy Cave on [[Trikuta]] Mountain.<ref name="Dua2005">{{cite book |last=Dua |first=Shyam |title=Vaishno Devi: The Goddess of Trikuta |publisher=S.B. Publications |year=2005 |location=New Delhi |pages=18–21 |isbn=9788130405834}}</ref>

The final confrontation occurred at the entrance of the Holy Cave (now the Bhawan). After being pursued to this location, the Devi assumed the ferocious form of Mahakali and beheaded Bhairav Nath. According to the narrative, his body fell at the entrance to the Holy Cave, while the force of the blow flung his head to a distant, adjacent peak.<ref name="Dua2005"/>

The legend concludes with Bhairav Nath's repentance. As his head lay on the peak, he realized the Devi's true divinity and begged for forgiveness. The Goddess granted him salvation and a boon: that no pilgrimage to her shrine would be considered complete unless the devotee also paid respects at the Bhairav Nath Temple, which now stands at the location where his head is said to have fallen. This is why pilgrims traditionally visit the Bhairav Nath temple after having darshan at the main Holy Cave.<ref name="Dua2005"/>

==Temple==
{{Main|Vaishno Devi Temple}}

[[File:Vaishno Devi Bhavan.jpg|thumb|right|The Vaishno Devi temple in 2008]]
The '''Vaishno Devi Temple''' is an important [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Vaishno Devi located in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] at the [[Trikuta Mountains]] within the Indian [[Union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ|page=47|first=Kirit|last=Rindani|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1482858860}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kusLzP8H6TQC|page=429|author=S. S. Negi|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1998|isbn = 9788173870798}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mountains of the God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5AaI2PhiV8C|page=15|author=Kuldip Singh Gulia|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2007|isbn = 9788182054202}}</ref> It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centers of India. Every year, millions of visitors visit the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishno Devi pilgrim footfall in 2019 lowest in 3 years: Shrine Board|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vaishno-devi-footfall-in-2019-lowest-in-3-years-shrine-board-120010200678_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishno Devi likely to receive 8.5 mn pilgrims by Dec 31; highest in 5 yrs|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vaishno-devi-likely-to-receive-8-5-mn-pilgrims-by-dec-31-highest-in-5-yrs-118122900321_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=29 December 2018}}</ref> During festivals like [[Navaratri]], the count even increases to one crore visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/vaishno-devi-bhairav-mandir-ropeway-service-starts-from-today/as67227545.cms|title=Vaishno Devi-Bhairav Mandir ropeway service starts from today|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> Vaishno Devi Temple is one of the richest temples in India. Authors Michael Barnett and Janice Gross Stein says, "Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine in [[Jammu]] has an annual income of about $16 billion, mainly from offerings by devotees".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3NpAgAAQBAJ|title=Sacred Aid: Faith and Humanitarianism|page=140|author1=Michael Barnett|author2=Janice Gross Stein|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=3 July 2012|isbn=978-0199916030}}</ref>

The temple is sacred to all Hindus. Many prominent saints, such as [[Vivekananda]], have visited the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Charting a Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEhuAAAAMAAJ|author1=Dipankar Banerjee|author2=D. Suba Chandran|publisher=Saṁskṛiti|year=2005|page=61|isbn = 9788187374442}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''
* [[Jhandewalan Temple]]
* [[Vaishnodevi Temple, Rourkela]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
https://www.maavaishnavi.com/51-shakti-peethas-of-maa-durga-maa-sati-dakshayani/

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/introduction.aspx Maa Vaishno Devi Shrine Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307233021/https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/introduction.aspx |date=7 March 2023 }}

{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Caves of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Member for India

2026-03-12T07:52:04Z

ShielaPaxton36: starting a entry

{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}

'''The Honourable Member for India''' was an informal title popularly applied to a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in the British [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] who were known for taking a particular personal interest in social or political conditions in [[British India]] or for personal sympathy towards the [[Indian independence movement]]. The historian Nicholas Owen describes it as a "tradition" for those who "wished to take the moral lead in demolishing or transforming empire".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Nicholas |title=The British left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923301-4 |page=199}}</ref>

The term implies that the MP considered India to be their [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]] even though, as a colonial territory, it was not in fact represented in Parliament.

Members of Parliament popularly known as the "Member for India" included [[John Bright]], [[Henry Fawcett]], [[Charles Bradlaugh]], [[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood|Josiah Wedgwood]], and [[Fenner Brockway]].<ref name=Owen17>{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Nicholas |title=The British left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923301-4 |page=17}}</ref> It was generally considered to be a compliment by those it was applied to.<ref name=Owen17/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Political titles]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British political phrases (pre-1950)]]

Virginia Rajakumari

2026-03-10T04:34:19Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made Basic Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian Christian theologian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend Sister
| name = Virginia Rajakumari, SAB<ref name="KJC"/>
| honorific_suffix = Congregation of Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore (SAB)<ref name="Felix">{{cite journal |last1=Machado|first1=Felix|last2=de Lima|first2=Gilbert|last3=Fernandes|first3=Stephen|date=September 2009|title=About the Authors|url=https://standrewscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Paul-Poupard-Journal-Nov-2009-Abt-authors-and-contributors.pdf|journal=Ethics and Society|volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–6|doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Virginia Rajakumari Sandiyagu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|10|08}}<ref name="KJC">{{Cite web |url=https://kjcblr.org/sr-sandiyagu.html |title=Kristu Jyoti College, Bangalore|author= |date=2024-11-17 |website= KJC, Bangalore|publisher= Kristu Jyoti College|access-date=2024-11-17 |quote=}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = 
| other_names = V. R. Sandiyagu
| occupation = Spiritual Formator
| period = 21st century
| known_for = Scholarship in Biblical Studies
| title = The Reverend Sister
| boards =
*Society for Biblical Studies in India (President)
*Bible Commission, Archdiocese of Bangalore (Secretary)<ref name="KRCBC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.krcbcbible.org/BibleMarathon_Readers.php |title=Karnataka Regional Catholic Bishops' Council, Commission for Bible|author= |date= 2024-11-17|website=KRCBC |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
*Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore (General Councilor)<ref name="SAB">{{Cite web |url=https://stannesofbangalore.org|title= Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore|author= |date=2024-11-17 |website=SAB |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
*St. Anne’s Educational Society, Bangalore (Governing Councilor)<ref name="SAES">{{Cite web |url= https://www.stannesfgcmillerroad.edu.in/governing-council|title=St. Anne's Educational Society |author= |date=2024-11-17 |website=SAES |publisher= |access-date= 2024-11-17|quote=}}</ref>
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = Rev. Fr. Ignatius Anthappa
| awards = 
| website =
| education =
*[[Bachelor of Theology|B.Th.]] ([[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram|DVK]]) {{small|(1995)}}<ref name="Felix"/>
*[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary|SPPI]]) {{small|(1997)}}<ref name="Felix"/>
* [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[KU Leuven]]) {{small|(2004)}}<ref name="RB">{{cite book |last1=Ibita|first1=MA Marilou S.|last2=Kurek-Chomycz|first2=Dominika|last3=Lemmelijn|first3=Benedicte|date=2023|title=Kindness, Courage, and Integrity in Biblical Texts and in the Politics of Biblical Interpretation: Festschrift Reimund Bieringer|publisher=Peeters|doi=10.2307/jj.3919375 |isbn=978-90-429-5048-1 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3919375}}</ref>
*[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] ([[KU Leuven]]) {{small|(2008)}}<ref name="RB"/>
| alma_mater =
*[[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]] (DVK),<ref name="Felix"/> Bangalore
*[[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary|St. Peter's Pontifical Institute]] (SPPI),<ref name="Felix"/> Bangalore
*[[:nl:Maria-Theresia- en Veteranencollege|Maria-Theresia College]],<ref name="Maria">{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date=2007-02-14 |title=Doctoral Committee - Doctoraatscommissie Nr. 2, 2007/02/09 - 02.00 p.m. – 09/02/2007 – 14.00 uur Maria Theresia College 00.12 Sint-Michielsstraat 6, 3000 Leuven|url=https://theo.kuleuven.be/uploads/file/reports/doccomversl070209-062.pdf |publisher=KU Leuven |page=2 |docket= |access-date=2024-11-17 |quote=}}</ref> [[KU Leuven]] (Belgium)
| thesis_title = Women as Eyewitnesses to the Christian Kerygma: The Galilean Women in the Redaction of Luke: An Exegetical Study of Luke 8:1-3
| thesis_url = https://kuleuven.limo.libis.be/discovery/delivery/32KUL_KUL:Lirias/12549996900001488
| thesis_year = 2008
| school_tradition = Theology
| doctoral_advisor = [[Reimund Bieringer]]
| academic_advisors = Lucien Legrand, MEP, [[P. A. Sampath Kumar]]
| influences = [[Feminism]]
| era = 21st century
| discipline = [[Biblical Studies]]
| sub_discipline = New Testament
| workplaces =
*[[Bangalore]]
**SDB-Kristu Jyoti College, [[Krishnarajapuram]]<ref name="KJC"/>
**[[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], [[Malleswaram]]<ref name="Felix"/>
**National Biblical, Catechetical & Liturgical Centre, [[Banaswadi]]<ref name="NBCLC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbclcindia.org/Virginia.php |title= National Biblical, Catechetical & Liturgical Centre|author= |date= 2024-11-17|website= NBCLC|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
**[[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]], [[Bannerghatta Road]]<ref name="DVK">{{Cite web |url=http://demo.idynasite.com/dvk/departments/Theology/faculty
|title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram |author= |date=2024-11-17 |website= DVK|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
**Indian Institute of Spirituality, [[Rajajinagar]]a<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iispirituality.org/faculty/ |title= Indian Institute of Spirituality - Faculty|author= |date=2024-12-01 |website=Indian Institute of Spirituality |publisher= |access-date=2024-12-01 |quote=}}</ref>
*[[Mysore]]
**Dhyanavana - International Institute of Spirituality, R. S. Naidu Nagar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dhyanavana.com/faculty.html
|title= Dhyanavana - The Teaching Faculty|author= |date=2024-12-01 |website=Dhyanavana |publisher= |access-date=2024-12-01 |quote=}}</ref>
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = Women's participation in the Church
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas = Women in Christianity
| influenced = [[Biblical hermeneutics]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Virginia Rajakumari Sandiyagu''' (born 8 October 1965<ref name="KJC"/>) is a [[Biblical scholar]] belonging to Congregation of Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore (SAB). She teaches [[Sacred Scriptures]] at Kristu Jyoti College, [[Krishnarajapuram]], [[Bangalore]]. Rajakumari is known for [[Biblical hermeneutics]],<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Nico. |first=Riemersma |date=2016 |title=Aan de dode een wonder gedaan : Een exegetisch-hermeneutische studie naar de dodenopwekking in Lucas 7,11-17 in relatie tot 1 Koningen 17,17-24 en Vita Apollonii IV,45 |url=https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/12388678/Riemersma_Aan_de_dode_03_06_2016.pdf|degree=Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= Uitgeverij 2VM : Bergambacht|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> especially her research on re-reading<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Kattampally|first1= Tomy Thomas |date= March 2021|title="Review: Sandiyagu, Virginia Rajakumari, Women as Eyewitnesses to the Christian Kerygma. The Galilean Women in the Redaction of Luke: An Exegetical Study of Luke 8:1-3, Bengaluru: Kristu Jyoti Publications, 2017"|url= https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/ah/article/view/3783/3323|journal=Asian Horizons |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages= 194–196|doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> scriptures that hitherto relegated women to the background. Her re-interpretation has shed new light on importance<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Areeparampil|first= Merline|date=2009 |title=A relevant Theology of women empowerment in the contemporary Catholic Church and society in India with special reference to mulieris dignitatem|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/233914/5/Ph.D+Thesis+Merline+Areeparampil.pdf|degree= Ph.D.|chapter= |publisher=KU Leuven|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> of women in [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]].

==Early life and education==
Sandiyagu, V. R. professed as a [[Nun]] on 21 May 1985<ref name="KJC"/> with Sisters of St. Anne of Bangalore (SAB). She studied in [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]], [[Bangalore]], graduating in 1995<ref name="Felix"/> with a [[Bachelor of Theology|B.Th.]] degree. She continued her studies in [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], enrolling in a postgraduate course leading to [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] The faculty included Lucien Legrand, MEP and [[P. A. Sampath Kumar]]. Sandiyagu graduated in 1997.<ref name="Felix"/>

In the 2000s, Sandiyagu enrolled with [[KU Leuven]] in [[Leuven, Belgium]], where she was guided by [[Reimund Bieringer]]. In 2004,<ref name="RB"/> she graduated with a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]<ref name="RB"/> degree and continued her studies at KU Leuven, enrolling in a doctoral programme. She studied in Maria-Theresia College.<ref name="Maria"/> During her time at KU Leuven, Sandiyagu also took part in an International research project ''Mary Magdalene and the Touching of Jesus. An Intra- and Interdisciplinary Investigation of the Interpretation of John 20,17 in Exegesis, Iconography and Pastoral Care''.<ref>{{cite report |author=KU Leuven |author-link= KU Leuven|date=2008 |title=CONF: Noli me tangere: Text, Image, Context (Rome, 2-3 Apr 08). In: ArtHist.net, Mar 14, 2008|url=https://theo.kuleuven.be/fckupload/file/programma_eng.pdf |publisher=KU Leuven |pages=1–2 |docket= |access-date=2024-11-17|quote=}}</ref> In 2008, Sandiyagu graduated with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree. Her dissertation was listed in [[:fr:Revue théologique de Louvain]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= |date=2009 |title= Index international des dissertations doctorales en théologie et en droit canonique présentées en 2008|url= https://www.persee.fr/doc/thlou_0080-2654_2009_num_40_4_3807|journal=Revue Théologique de Louvain |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=613–664 |doi= 10.2143/RTL.40.4.2042732|access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref>

==Career==
Sandiyagu teaches Sacred Scriptures at [[Salesians of Don Bosco]]-run Kristu Jyoti College, [[Krishnarajapuram]] as a permanent faculty. She also teaches as a guest faculty at [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], [[Malleswaram]],<ref name="Felix"/> National Biblical, Catechetical & Liturgical Centre, [[Banaswadi]]<ref name="DVK"/> and [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]], [[Bannerghatta Road]]<ref name="DVK"/>

As a scholar in [[Biblical Studies]], Sandiyagu is engaged in scripture engagement as Secretary of Bible Commission, Karnataka Regional Catholic Bishops' Council<ref name="KRCBC"/> In November 2024, she got elected as President of Society for Biblical Studies in India for biennium 2024-2026, succeeding Old Testament Scholar, K. Jesurathnam, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]].

She is on the Council of Congregation of Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore as General Councilor.<ref name="SAB"/> Sandiyagu is also Governing Councilor of St. Anne’s Educational Society, Bangalore that manages St. Anne's First Grade College for Women in Bangalore.<ref name="SAES"/>

==Notable works==
*{{cite thesis |last= Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |date= 2004|title= Galilean Women in the Company of Jesus: A Text-Critical and Syntactical Analysis of Luke 8:1-3|url= https://theo.kuleuven.be/en/research/centres/centr_women/centr_women_report03|degree=M.A.|chapter= |publisher= KU Leuven|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=2005|title=Review: Filiop Noël, The Travel Narrative in the Gospel of Luke, Interpretation of Lk 9,51-19,28 (Collectanea Biblica et Religiosa Antiqua, 5)|url= https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1874577&lang=en|journal=
Bijdragen: Tijdschrift voor Filosofie en Theologie|volume=66|issue=3 |pages=343–352|doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu |first= V.R.|author1-mask=3|date= January 2006|title=ἕτερος and ἄλλος in Luke |url=https://go.exlibris.link/JB3dtKsf |journal= Novum Testamentum|volume= 48|issue=2 |pages=105–130 |doi= 10.1163/156853606777065350|access-date=2024-11-17|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=2007 |title= Misreading Mary Magdalene: a critical review of Bruce Chilton's recent book on Mary Magdalene|url=https://doi.org/10.2143/BIJ.68.1.2019445|journal= Bijdragen, International Journal in Philosophy and Theology |volume=68|issue=1 |pages=87–104 |doi= 10.2143/BIJ.68.1.2019445|access-date=2024-11-17|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite thesis |last= Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date= 2008|title= Women as Eyewitnesses to the Christian Kerygma: The Galilean Women in the Redaction of Luke: An Exegetical Study of Luke 8:1-3|url=https://kuleuven.limo.libis.be/discovery/delivery/32KUL_KUL:Lirias/12549996900001488 |degree=Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Godgeleerdheid|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=2008|title=Joanna in Biblical Scholarship: Fact or Fiction?
|url= http://ubs-koha.informindia.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=ccl=ti%2Cphr%3AVidyajyoti%20Journal%20of%20Theological%20Reflection&offset=340&sort_by=relevance_dsc|journal=Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection|volume=72|issue=|pages=340–355|doi= |access-date=}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=March 2009|title=Women's Prayer in the Bible: A Contextual Understanding in Reference to the Psalms|url=http://59.99.154.81:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=46814 |journal=Kristu Jyoti|volume=25|issue=1|pages=25–42|doi= |access-date=}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=September 2009|title=The crucial role of Women in fostering inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue in the Asian context|url= https://standrewscollege.ac.in/ethics-and-society-2009/|journal=Ethics and Society|volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=152–165|doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=2019 |title= Discipleship in Luke: Struggles in Interpretation and Living
|url= https://bible.ixtheo.de/Record/1668752018?sid=120135078|journal= Malabar Theological Review|volume=14 |issue=1/2 |pages=110–132 |doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sandiyagu|first=V.R. |author1-mask=3|date=December 2020 |title=Daughters of Zelophehad: Story of Inheritance and Influence |url=https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/ah/article/view/3631/3253 |journal=Asian Horizons |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=988–1004 |doi= |access-date=2024-11-17}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=K. Jesurathnam, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President, Society for Biblical Studies in India|years=2024-2026}}
{{s-aft|after=''Incumbent''}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandiyagu, Virginia Rajakumari}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:KU Leuven alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Naushad

2026-03-08T08:58:34Z

ShielaPaxton36: minor expanded citations to improve readability also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian composer (1919–2006)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Naushad Ali
| image = Naushadsaab1.jpg
| caption = Naushad Ali in 2005
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|05|05|1919|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| instrument = {{hlist|Harmonium | sitar | piano | tabla | flute | clarinet | accordion | mandolin}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hindustani classical music]] | [[Filmi|Indian film music]]}}
| occupation = Composer, music director, film producer, writer, poet, producer
| years_active = 1940–2005
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Bhushan|PB]]
}}
'''Naushad Ali''' (25 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian composer for [[Hindi film]]s.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=upperstall/><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ| title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad | author=Bharatan, Raju | year=2013 | page=352|publisher=Hay House|isbn=9789381398630}}</ref> He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and foremost music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is respectfully remembered as "Moseeqar-e-azam" (
The great musician) in the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/naushad-ali-india%E2%80%99s-foremost-music-director|title=Naushad Ali: India's foremost music director|date=3 August 2012|work=Arab News|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> He is particularly known for popularising the use of [[Hindustani classical music|classical music]] in films.<ref name="Bharatan2013">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|access-date=26 January 2015|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-63-0|pages=48–|chapter=Preface}}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/08sl1.htm |title=Naushad: Composer of the century |author=Raju Bharatan |website=rediff.com website|date=8 May 2006|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

His first film as an independent music director was ''Prem Nagar'' in 1940.<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA31|access-date=26 January 2015|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|pages=31–}}</ref> His first musically successful film was ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944), followed by 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1981 and 1992 respectively for his contribution to the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{cite web|last=CHOPRA|first=SATISH|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3388728.ece|title=The man, his music (Naushad)|website=The Hindu|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Naushad Ali was born and raised in [[Lucknow]],<ref name=Britannica/> a city with a long tradition as a centre of [[Indian Muslim]] culture. His father, Wahid Ali, was a [[munshi]] (court clerk). As a child, Naushad would visit the annual fair at the Deva Sharif in [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], 25 km from Lucknow, where all the great [[qawwali|qawwals]] and musicians of those days would perform before the devotees. He studied [[Hindustani music]] there under Ustad Ghurbat Ali, Ustad Yusuf Ali, Ustad Babban Saheb and others. He also repaired harmoniums.<ref name=upperstall/>

As a lad, he joined a junior theatrical club and was appointed the club's music maestro for their theatrical presentations. He used to watch silent films at the Royal theatre in Lucknow. Theatre owners would hire a team of musicians to play the [[tabla]], [[Harmonium#On the Indian subcontinent|harmonium]], [[sitar]] and [[violin]]. The musicians would watch the film first, make notes, finalize the scales required. When the show began in the evening, they would sit in front of the screen and play music for the scenes. This was a great way to be entertained and learn music at the same time. It made him grasp the nuances required in composing a film's background music score.

In time Naushad formed his own Windsor Music Entertainers or just Windsor Entertainers, so named because he had seen the word "Windsor" around Lucknow and liked its ring. It led to the Indian Star Theatrical Company in a theatre at Golaganj colony in [[Lucknow]]. He was trained under Laddan Khan until he became capable of working independently as a composer. There he also developed the sense to pick rare musical jewels from the folk tradition of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] during the company's sojourns in those regions. The travelling players got as far as [[Viramgam]] in Gujarat, where they discovered penury, even after selling off theatrical props and musical instruments. The company limped back to Lucknow through the kindness of one of Naushad's friends.

Naushad had already become a cinema fan in the silent era and then, in 1931, Indian cinema got voice and music that further fascinated the 13-year-old boy. He learnt classical and folk music against the wishes of his father. He moved to [[Mumbai]] in late 1937 for a career as a musician.<ref name=TheGuardian/>

==Career==
In [[Mumbai]], he initially stayed with an acquaintance from Lucknow (U.P.) at [[Colaba]] and after a while, shifted to [[Dadar]] opposite the Broadway theatre where he would sleep on the footpath. He assisted music director [[Ustad Jhande Khan]] who was at the peak of his success those days, at a monthly salary of Rs 40.

Then he worked on a film with a Russian producer with the studio located at [[Chembur]]. This film could not be completed. Naushad was a piano player so he worked as a pianist in composer Ustad Mushtaq Hussain's orchestra.<ref name=upperstall/> He then polished off an unfinished film score and got a credit as assistant to Mushtaq Hussain. Then the film company collapsed. Composer [[Khemchand Prakash]] took him on as his assistant for the film ''Kanchan'' at [[Ranjit Studios]] at a salary of Rs 60 per month, for which Naushad remained extremely grateful and in interviews, he had called Khemchand his guru.<ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=https://upperstall.com/profile/naushad/ |title=Profile and filmography of Naushad |author=Karan Bali|website=upperstall.com website|date=5 May 2015 |access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

His friend, lyricist [[D. N. Madhok]], trusted Naushad's unusual talent for composing music and introduced him to various film producers. [[Chandulal Shah]], the owner of Ranjit Studios, offered to sign Naushad for one of his forthcoming films. Naushad composed a [[thumri]] for this film, "Bata de koi kaun gali gaye Shyam", but the film never went into production. He was assistant music director for the Punjabi film ''Mirza Sahib'' (1939).

He composed for his first independent film ''Prem Nagar'' in 1940 that had a story set in [[Kutch]] for which he did a lot of research into the folk music of the area.<ref name=TheGuardian/> With [[A.R. Kardar]]'s film ''Nayi Duniya'' (1942), he got first credit as "music director" and he began to work regularly for Kardar Productions. He, however, had a flexibility that he could work outside Kardar Productions and this arrangement continued throughout his career. He first got noticed with A.R. Kardar's film ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]'' (1942) wherein 13-year-old [[Suraiya]] debuted with the song "Panchhi Ja" for the playback for heroine [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]]. It was [[Rattan (film)|Rattan]] (1944) that took Naushad right to the top and enabled him to charge Rs 25,000 a film during those days.<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=TheGuardian/>

Film expert and author Rajesh Subramanian opines that Kardar productions spent Rupees seventy five thousand in 1944 to make ''Rattan''. The music by Naushad saheb was such a phenomenal hit that the company earned Rs 3 lacs as royalty from gramophone sales in the first year.

But his Lucknow-based family remained against music and Naushad had to hide from his family the fact that he composed music. When Naushad got married, the band was playing the tunes of the super hit songs of Naushad's film 'Rattan'. While Naushad's father and father-in-law were condemning the musician who had composed these songs, Naushad dared not tell them that it was he who had composed the music. Naushad understood Hindu and Muslim culture and the languages of those cultures.<ref name=TheGuardian/>

From 1942 until the late 1960s, he was one of the top music directors in Hindi films. While he did 65 films during his lifetime, 26 of those films celebrated Silver jubilees (25 weeks run) – 8 celebrated golden jubilees (50 weeks run) and 4 celebrated diamond jubilees (60 weeks run) – (inclusive count – a diamond jubilee film also celebrates Silver and Golden jubilees).

Naushad worked with several lyricists, including [[Shakeel Badayuni]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[D. N. Madhok]], [[Zia Sarhadi]], [[Yusufali Kechery]] and [[Khumar Barabankvi]].<ref name=TheGuardian/>

[[Mother India]] (1957),<ref name=TheGuardian/> for which he had composed music, was the first Indian film that got nominated for an [[Oscar award]].

In 1981, Naushad was awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] for his lifetime contribution to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref name=rediff/>

He composed the tunes of ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' (2005) at the age of 86.<ref name=upperstall/>

Amongst his assistants, Mohammed Shafi, [[Jerry Amaldev]] and [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] stand out prominently.

The songs composed by Naushad and sung by P. Susheela & K. J. Yesudas of the 1988 Malayalam film [[Dhwani]], went on to become evergreen hits among the Malyali audience.

Five films have been made on his life and work. Biographical books published are Dastaan-E-Naushad (Marathi) by Shashikant Kinikar; Aaj Gaawat Man Mero (Gujarati); Hindi and Urdu biographical sketches in Shama & Sushma Magazines respectively, titled "Naushad Ki Kahani, Naushad Ki Zubani"; the last one was translated into Marathi by Shashikant Kinikar. Kinikar also came up with a book titled "Notes of Naushad" which puts together some interesting anecdotes of Naushad's life.

Naushad also composed background music for the TV serial "Akbar The Great" telecast in 1988 which was directed by Akbar Khan, brother of Hindi film stars [[Sanjay Khan]] and [[Feroze Khan]] as was also [[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]] produced and directed by Sanjay Khan and Akbar Khan which was telecast in 1990 and became very popular.

===Death and legacy===
Naushad died on 5 May 2006 in Mumbai due to cardiac arrest at age 86.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=upperstall/> He was buried at the [[Juhu]] Muslim cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rafi-Madhubala-dont-rest-in-peace-here/articleshow/5558345.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-11/mumbai/28121815_1_ground-islamic-law-new-graves |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 | title=Rafi, Madhubala don't rest in peace here | date = 11 February 2010 | access-date = 12 September 2019 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | first1=Bella | last1=Jaisinghani}}</ref><ref name=TheGuardian/>

He is survived by six daughters Zubeda, Fehmida, Farida, Sayeeda, Rashida, and Waheeda and three sons Rehman Naushad, Raju Naushad & Iqbal Naushad. Rehman Naushad being the eldest of all assisted him in some of his films. Also, Naushad composed music for two movies directed by Rahman Naushad, ''My Friend'' (1974) and ''Teri Payal Mere Geet'' (1989).<ref name=TheGuardian/>

Naushad was ranked as one of the most respected and successful music directors of [[Indian Film Industry]].<ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1154071 |author=M. A. Siddiqqi|title=Naushad: The musical journey of a musical man|date=27 March 2018|website=Herald (Dawn newspaper)|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

Naushad had requested the Maharashtra State Government to sanction a plot for an institution for promoting [[Hindustani music]]. This was sanctioned during his lifetime and the 'Naushad Academy of Hindustani Sangeet' was formed.

==Writer==
Naushad was also a respected and published poet and formally launched his book of Urdu poetry entitled Aathwaan Sur ("The Eighth Note") and the Navras label's album titled "[[Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad]]" having 8 ghazals as part of Hounslow's book fair and festival "Bookmela" in November 1998. The album has lyrics and composition by Naushad, arranged by [[Uttam Singh]].<ref name=TheGuardian/>

Track list:
# Aabadiyon Mein Dasht Ka Munzar Bhi Aayega – [[Hariharan (singer)|A. Hariharan]] – 7:08
# Aaj Ki Baat Kal Pay Kyun Taalo – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 6:17
# Ghata Chhaayi Thi Saawan Khul Ke Barsa – Preeti Uttam Singh – 7:19
# Kabhi Meri Yaad Unko Aati To Hogi – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 6:18
# Mujh Ko Muaff Kijiye – A. Hariharan – 5:35
# Peenay Waalay Bekhudi Say Kaam Lay – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 8:13
# Saawan Kay Jab Baadal Chhaaye – A. Hariharan – 6:50
# Tanhaa Khud Say Baat Karoon – Preeti Uttam Singh – 7:49

==Music style==
Naushad gave a new trend to popular film music by basing his tunes on classical music ragas and folk music. [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]] is his favourite [[Raga]]<ref name=Tangibleemotions>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eb8g7w9nTQc |title=Naushad Interview|author=Mausiqar e Azam|via=YouTube(videostreaming)|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Naushad was known for his skillful adaptation of the classical musical tradition for movie songs. Among all contemporary singer, Naushad Ali gave numbers of the songs to Mohammad Rafi. Most of Naushad Ali popular songs are sung by Mohammad Rafi.
For some movies like ''[[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]'', he composed all scores in classical [[raga]] modes and arranged for the well-known vocalist [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] to be a music consultant for this film. Naushad could easily work with Western instruments, including the clarinet, the mandolin and the accordion. He could incorporate Western musical idioms in his compositions and compose for Western-style orchestras.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dawn/>

During the early 1940s, recordings were done in quiet parks and gardens after midnight because the studios did not have sound-proof recording rooms. In the gardens, there would be no echo and disturbances, unlike the studios where the sound reverberated because of the tin roofs.

For films like 'Uran Khatola' and 'Amar', he recorded the voice of a particular artiste on a scale of 90, then recorded it on 70, then on 50 and so on. After the complete recording, it was played for the scene and the impact it created was terrific.

He was one of the first to introduce sound mixing and the separate recording of voice and music tracks in playback singing. He was the first to combine the flute and the clarinet, the sitar and mandolin. He also introduced the [[accordion]] to Hindi film music and was among the first to focus on background music to extend characters' moods and dialogue through music. But perhaps his greatest contribution was to bring [[Indian classical music]] into the film medium. Many of his compositions were inspired by [[raga]]s and he even used distinguished classical artistes like [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] and [[D.V. Paluskar]] in ''[[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952) and [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] in ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960). ''[[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952) demonstrated Naushad's grasp of classical music and his ability to bring it to the masses, for which he won the first [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]] in 1954.<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Britannica/>

Naushad commented on a pre-release meeting about "Baiju Bawra":
"When people heard that the film would be full of classical music and ragas, they protested, 'People will get a headache and they will run away.' I was adamant. I wanted to change public taste. Why should people be fed what they like all the time? We presented them with music from our culture and it worked".

For [[Aan]] (1952), he was the first to use a 100-piece orchestra. He was the first composer to have developed the system of western notation in India. The notation for the music of the film 'Aan' was published in book form in London.

In [[Uran Khatola]] (1955), he recorded an entire song without the use of orchestra, having replaced the sound of musical instruments with choral sound of humming.

For [[Mughal-e-Azam]] (1960) song Ae Mohabbat Zindabad, he used a chorus of 100 persons.

For [[Ganga Jamuna]] (1961), he used lyrics in chaste Bhojpuri dialect.<ref name=Dawn/>

He used just six instruments in the title song of Mere Mehboob (1963).

In 2004, a colorized version of the classic [[Mughal-e-Azam]] (1960) was released, for which Naushad had the orchestral music specially re-created (in Dolby Digital) by today's industry musicians, while maintaining all the solo vocals from the original soundtrack. To elaborate, the playback vocals (though not the chorus) recorded four decades ago are mixed with orchestra tracks created in the present millennium.

As Indian film music gradually assumed a Western bend starting in the late 1960s, Naushad came to be considered old-fashioned. Composers who could compose [[rock-and-roll]] and [[disco]]-inflected music started getting increasingly popular. Naushad was still esteemed as a maestro, but his talents were sought mostly for historical movies where traditional scores were appropriate. It can be said of Naushad that in the early days of popular cinema music in the thirties and forties he set the standards for classical and folk music that resonated with the idea of India. In short he brought out the beauty of Indian music in a short film song of a few minutes which was not an easy feat. The composers who followed him were inspired by this aspect of his compositions.

==Filmography==

===Music director===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Director
! Cast
! Remarks/Verdict
|-
| ''[[Prem Nagar (1940 film)|Prem Nagar]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1940
| Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani
| Ramanand, Bimla Kumari, Husn Banu, Rai Mohan, Nagendra, Salu, Gulzar
| Naushad was assistant for Baaghbaan (1938) and Kanchan (1941). According to him, he had composed one song in each film.
|-
| ''Darshan''
| 1941
| Chimanlal Muljibhoy Luhar
|[[Prem Adib]], Jyoti, Kaushalya, [[Bhudo Advani]], Miradevi, M. Nazir, Shakir, [[Amirbai Karnataki]], Madhusudan
|
|-
| ''[[Mala (1941 film)|Mala]]''
| 1941
| Balwant Bhatt
| Jayant, Rose, Jairaj, Nazir, Daya Devi, Heera
|
|-
| ''[[Nai Duniya]]''<ref name=rediff/>
| 1942
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Jairaj, Shobhna Samarth, Wasti, [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]], Mazhar Khan. [[Hari Shivdasani]], Jeevan
| Debut of Singer Surayya in the song "Boot Karoon main Polish" Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1942
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Ulhas, Mehtab. Wasti, Nirmala, Badri Prasad
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Station Master (1941 film)|Station Master]]''
| 1941
| Chimanlal Muljibhoy Luhar
| Prem Adib, Pratima Devi, Gulab
|
|-
| ''[[Kanoon (1943 film)|Kanoon]]''
| 1943
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Mehtaab, [[Shahu Modak]]
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''Namaste''
| 1943
| Mohammed Sadiq Sani
| Wasti, Protima Das, Jagdish Sethi, Misra
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Sanjog (1943 film)|Sanjog]]''
| 1943
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Charlie, [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], Mehtab
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Geet (1944 film)|Geet]]''
| 1944
| S. U. Sunny
| [[Shahu Modak]], Nirmala, Amir Ali
|
|-
| ''Jeevan''
| 1944
| Mohammed Sadiq
| Wasti, Mehtab, Badri Prasad, Anwar, Shyam Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Pehle Aap]]''
| 1944
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Shamim, Wasti, [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], Jeevan, Dixit
| Rafi's first song for Naushad "Hindustan Ke Hum Hain" in a chorus Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1944
| S Sadiq
| Amir Banu, Karan Dewan, Swarnalata
| Diamond Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Sanyasi (1945 film)|Sanyasi]]''
| 1945
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Shamim, Amar, Misra, Shyam Kumar, Naseem Jr., Gulam Mohamad
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]''<ref name=rediff/>
| 1946
| Mehboob Khan
| Noorjehan, Surinder, Suraiya
| Diamond Jubilee
|-
| ''Keemat''
| 1946
| Nazir Ajmeri
| Amar, Sulochana Chatterjee, A Shah, Sharda, Badri Prasad, Sofia, Anwari, Nawab
|
|-
| ''[[Shahjehan]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/>
| 1946
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Kundan Lal Saigal, Ragini
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Dard (1947 film)|Dard]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1947
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Uma Devi, Suraiya
| Debut of Singer Uma Devi (Comedy Actress Tuntun) in the song "Afsana Likh Rahi Hoon" Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Elaan (1947 film)|Elaan]]''
| 1947
| Mehboob Khan
| Himalaywala, [[Leela Mishra]], Shah Nawaz
|
|-
| ''[[Naatak]]''
| 1947
| S. U. Sunny
| Suraiya, Amar, Sofiya, Kanwar, Sham Kumar, Pratima Devi
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Anokhi Ada (1948 film)|Anokhi Ada]]''
| 1948
| Mehboob Khan
| Surendra, Naseem Bano, Murad, Cuckoo
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]''<ref name=rediff/>
| 1948
| S. U. Sunny
| Dilip Kumar, Nargis, Jeevan
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1949
| Mehboob Khan
| Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Nargis
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''Chandni Raat''
| 1949
| Mohammed Ehsan
| Shyam, Naseem Bano
|
|-
| ''[[Dillagi (1949 film)|Dillagi]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/>
| 1949
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Shyam, Suraiyya, Sharda, Amir Banu, Amar
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Dulari (film)|Dulari]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1949
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Suresh, Madhubala, Geeta Bali
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Babul]]''<ref name=Dawn/>
| 1950
| S. U. Sunny
| Dilip Kumar, Nargis
| Also as Producer Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Dastan (1950 film)|Dastan]]''<ref name=rediff/>
| 1950
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Raj Kapoor, Suraiya, Veena, Suresh
| Also as Co-producer Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]''
| 1951
| Nitin Bose
| Dilip Kumar, Nimmi, Nargis, Ashok Kumar
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Jadoo (1951 film)|Jadoo]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1951
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Suresh, Nalini Jaywant
| Also as Co-producer Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Aan]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1952
| Mehboob Khan
| Dilip Kumar, Nimmi, Nadira
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1952
| Vijay Bhatt
| Bharat Bhushan, Meena Kumari
| Also as Co-producer Film debut of singers Amir Khan and D. V. Paluskar in the song "Aaj gaavat man mero jhoomke" Diamond Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Deewana (1952 film)|Deewana]]''
| 1952
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Suraiya, Suresh, Sumitra Devi, Shyam Kumar
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1954
| Mehboob Khan
| Dilip Kumar, Nimmi, Madhubala
|
|-
| ''[[Shabaab (film)|Shabaab]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1954
| Mohammed Sadiq
| Bharat Bhushan, Nutan
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]''<ref name=rediff/>
| 1955
| S. U. Sunny
| Dilip Kumar, Nimmi.
| Also as Producer Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Mother India]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1957
| Mehboob Khan
| Nargis, Raj Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Sunil Dutt, Kanhaiyalal
| Diamond Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1958 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]''
| 1958
| Raja Nawathe
| Bharat Bhushan, Nimmi
| Debut of singer [[Mahendra Kapoor]] in the song "Chaand Chhupa Aur Taarey Doobey"
|-
| ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]''<ref name=Dawn/>
| 1960
| S. U. Sunny
| Dilip Kumar, Meena Kumari, Kumkum, Jeevan
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1960
| Karim Asif
| Dilip Kumar, Madhubala, Prithviraj Kapoor, Durga Khote, Ajit
| Film debut of singer Bade Ghulam Ali Khan in the songs "Shubh din aayo" and "Prem jogan ban ke" Diamond Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Ganga Jamuna|Gunga Jumna]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1961
| Nitin Bose
| Dilip Kumar, Vyjayantimala Bali
| Lyrics of several songs were in Bhojpuri dialect Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]''
| 1962
| Mehboob Khan
| Kamaljit, Kumkum, Sajid, Simi Garewal, Jayant
|
|-
| ''[[Mere Mehboob]]''<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1963
| [[H. S. Rawail|Harnam Singh Rawail]]
| Rajendra Kumar, Sadhana, Ameeta, Ashok Kumar, Nimmi
| Silver Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1964
| Ram Mukherjee
| Dilip Kumar, Vyjayantimala Bali
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/>
| 1966
| Abdul Rashid Kardar
| Dilip Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Pran
|
|-
| ''Saaz Aur Awaaz''
| 1966
| Subodh Mukherji
| Saira Banu, Kanhaiyalal, Joy Mukherjee
|
|-
| ''Palki''<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dawn/>
| 1967
| S. U. Sunny
| Rajendra Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Rehman, Johnny Walker
| Also as Writer 
|-
| ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''<ref name=upperstall/>
| 1967
| Tapi Chanakya
| Dilip Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Mumtaz, Pran, Nirupa Roy, Leela Mishra
| Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]''
| 1968
| A. Bhimsingh
| Dilip Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Manoj Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]''
| 1968
| C. V. Sridhar
| Rajendra Kumar, Vyjayantimala Bali, Simi Garewal
|
|-
| ''[[Sunghursh (1968 film)|Sunghursh]]''
| 1968
| Harnam Singh Rawail
| Dilip Kumar, Vyjayanthimala, Balraj Sahni
|
|-
| ''[[Ganwaar]]''
| 1970
| Naresh Kumar
| Rajendra Kumar, Vyjayantimala Bali, Nishi
|
|-
| ''[[Pakeezah]]''<ref name=TheGuardian/>
| 1972
| Kamal Amrohi
| Raj Kumar, Meena Kumari, Ashok Kumar
| Background Score and a few songs Golden Jubilee
|-
| ''[[Tangewala]]''
| 1972
| Naresh Kumar
| Rajendra Kumar, Mumtaz, Sujit Kumar
|
|-
| ''My Friend''
| 1974
| M Rehman
| Rajeev, Prema Narayan, Utpal Dutt, Jagdeep, Asit Sen, Tuntun
|
|-
| ''[[Sunehra Sansar]]''
| 1975
| Adurti Subba Rao
| Rajendra Kumar, Hema, Mala Sinha
|
|-
| ''[[Aaina (1977 film)|Aaina]]''
| 1977
| Kailasham Balachander
| Mumtaz, Rajesh Khanna
|
|-
| ''[[Chambal Ki Rani]]''
| 1979
| Radhakant
| Mahendra Sandhu, Dara Singh, [[Chand Usmani]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dharam Kanta]]''
| 1982
| Sultan Ahmed
| Raj Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Jeetendra, Reena Roy, Rajesh Khanna, Sulakhshana Pandit
|
|-
| ''Paan Khaae Sainyyan Humaar''
| 1985
| Sujit Kumar
| Sujit Kumar, Bandini, [[S. N. Tripathi]]
| Bhojpuri film
|-
| ''[[Love and God]]''
| 1986
| [[K. Asif]]
| [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dhwani]]''
| 1988
| [[A. T. Abu]]
| Prem Nazir, Jayaram, Shobana
| Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Teri Payal Mere Geet]]''
| 1989
| Rehman Naushad
| Govinda, Meenakshi Seshadri
|
|-
| ''[[Awaaz De Kahan Hai]]''
| 1990
| Sibte Hassan Rizvi
| Bindu, Annu Kapoor, Satyendra Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Guddu (1995 film)|Guddu]]''
| 1995
| Prem Lalwani
| Shah Rukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, Mukesh Khanna
|
|-
| ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=TheGuardian/>
| 2005
| Akbar Khan
| Kabir Bedi, Sonia, Monisha Koirala
|Last released work of Naushad, famous for songs like "Apni Julfein" sung by Hariharan, and other songs
|-
| ''Hubba Khatoon''
| Unreleased
| B. R. Chopra
| Sanjay Khan, Zeenat Aman
| "Jis Raat Ke Khwaab Aaye", sung by Rafi is released
|}

===Non-film album===
*[[Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad]] : This was a Ghazal album released in 1998 and had all its songs composed by Naushad and sung by Hariharan and Preeti Uttam Singh.<ref name=TheGuardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jun/09/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |title=Naushad Ali: Master of Bollywood film music magic|date=8 June 2006|author=Lalit Mohan Joshi|website=The Guardian (newspaper)|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

===Producer===
* ''[[Maalik]]'' (1958) Music Director for this film was [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)]]
* ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Babul]]'' (1950)
* Jeevan Jyoti (1953, co-producer; music director for this film was SD Burman)
* Gawaiya (1954, co-producer; music director for this film was Ram Ganguly)
* Yasmin (1955, co-producer; music director for this film was C Ramchandra)
* Dastan (1950)
* Jadoo (1951)

===Storywriter===
* Palki (1967)
* [[Teri Payal Mere Geet]] (1989)

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Naushad 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Naushad on a 2013 stamp of India]]
* 1954: [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]] – [[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]<ref name=rediff/>
* 1961: [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association]]'s 'Best Music Director Award' for film [[Gunga Jumna]] (1961)
* 1975: "Naushad Ali", a 30-minute documentary film produced by Television Centre, Mumbai
* 1981: [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]<ref name=rediff/><ref name=upperstall/>
* 1984: [[Lata Mangeshkar]] Award (Madhya Pradesh State Government's Award)
* 1987: [[Amir Khusrow]] Award
* 1990: Best Music for [[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]] TV series
* 1992: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* 1992: [[Padma Bhushan]] Award for his lifetime contributions to Indian cinema<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Naushad-Ali| title=Naushad Ali {{!}} Indian composer and music director| website=Encyclopædia Britannica| access-date=13 September 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919070120/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Naushad-Ali| archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>
* 1993: Awadh Ratna Award by Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* 1994: Maharashtra Gaurav Puruskar Award{{sfn | Bharatan | 2019}}
* 2000: [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award]]{{sfn | Bharatan | 2019}}
* 2008: The [[Carter Road Promenade|Carter Road]] situated at [[Bandra]], was renamed as '''[[Sangeet Samrat Naushad Ali Marg]]''' in his memory<ref name=dna2008>{{cite news|title=Carter Rd becomes history, now Naushad Ali Rd|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-carter-rd-becomes-history-now-naushad-ali-rd-1162763|access-date=13 September 2019|newspaper=DNA (newspaper)|date=5 May 2008}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* President of Cine Music Directors Association
* Chairman of Indian Performing Rights Society
* President of Maharashtra State Angling Association
* President of Alam-E-Urdu Conference (Delhi)
* The title of Special Executive Magistrate, Mumbai

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Bharatan|first=Raju |title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ&q=the+sword+of+tipu+Sultan+Naushad|year=2014 |publisher=Hay House Inc.|isbn=9789381398630}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Naushad}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2011_pg9_14|title=Naushad Ali – Music composer with rich melodies|author=Dr. [[Amjad Parvez]]
|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=28 April 2011}}
*[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/10naushad.htm Khayyam remembers Naushad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070318144616/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050601841300.htm Glowing tribute to Naushad: The Hindu (newspaper)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427024911/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/14/stories/2006051400170700.htm Pandit Jasraj on Naushad: The Hindu (newspaper)]
*{{IMDb name|id=0006210}}
*[http://stationhollywood.blogspot.com/2007/12/naushads-relationship-with-rafi.html Naushad Ali] Naushad Ali's Relationship with Mohammed Rafi
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180713204109/http://www.majroohnaushad.com/ Fan Site of Naushad]
*[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0953473732 Naushad's book Aathwan Sur]
*[http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2006/05/na-mandir-mein-sanam-hotay-na-masjid.html Read a ghazal by Naushad]
*[http://hindi-films-songs.com/naushad-letterhead2.jpg Naushad's Letterhead]

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naushad}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Musicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]

Keshto Mukherjee

2026-03-06T18:46:17Z

ShielaPaxton36: corrected article for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keshto Mukherjee
| image = Keshto-Mukherjee-pic.jpg
| image_size = 210px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 7 August 1925
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 3 March 1982 (aged 56)
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}
'''Keshto Mukherjee''' (7 August 1925 – 3 March 1982) was an Indian actor and comedian.<ref name="finexp">{{cite web | title = Don't miss out on the laughs | url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dont-miss-out-on-the-laughs/417542 | publisher = Financial Express | date = 1 February 2009 | access-date = 14 June 2013 | archive-date = 27 July 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727183255/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dont-miss-out-on-the-laughs/417542 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/keshto-mukherjee-biography/16291/994340 |title=Biography |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825152019/http://www.gomolo.com/keshto-mukherjee-biography/16291/994340 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was born in Kolkata, Bengal Presidency, British India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/person/keshto-mukherjee/1068271|title=Keshto Mukherjee Biography, Filmography & Movie List - BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|language=en|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825183849/https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/person/keshto-mukherjee/1068271|url-status=live}}</ref> He specialised in comic [[drunkard]] roles in Hindi films.

He used to share a very good relation with the iconic [[Film director|director]] [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and had very tiny but important roles in the maestro's films such as the trickster in ''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'', the madman in ''[[Ajantrik]]'' or character roles in ''[[Nagarik]]'' and ''[[Jukti Takko Aar Gappo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=एबीपी |date=2021-06-22 |title=केष्टो मुखर्जी की कहानी: शराबी के रोल ने दिलाई पहचान लेकिन रियल लाइफ में कभी नहीं पी शराब |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/remember-keshto-mukherjee-the-comedian-drunk-from-old-hindi-movies-he-was-teetotaller-1930578 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408181340/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/remember-keshto-mukherjee-the-comedian-drunk-from-old-hindi-movies-he-was-teetotaller-1930578 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=HBD Keshto Mukherjee: कैस्टो मुखर्जी का चेहरा देख हंस पड़ते थे दर्शक, ऐसे हुआ था बिमल रॉय से सामना |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-keshto-mukherjee-birth-anniversary-intersting-facts-about-drunk-comedian-ss-3683953.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408101137/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-keshto-mukherjee-birth-anniversary-intersting-facts-about-drunk-comedian-ss-3683953.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Family and personal life ==
Keshto Mukherjee was married to Chaaya Mukherjee, and they had two sons, Indrajit Mukherjee (Babloo Mukherjee) and Ranjit Mukherjee. Ranjit Mukherjee died in a traffic accident.

=== Relationship with alcohol ===
Keshto Mukherjee specialised in comic [[drunkard]] roles in Hindi films. Though he was famous for his [[drunkard]] typecast role in Hindi films, he was a teetotaller throughout his life.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web | title = He hammed with humour | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073002100300.htm | date = 30 July 2004 | access-date = 14 June 2013 | archive-date = 10 April 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100410014044/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073002100300.htm | work = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#GoldenFrames: Keshto Mukherjee, one of the most talented comedians of Indian Cinema {{!}} Photogallery - ETimes |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/goldenframes/goldenframes-keshto-mukherjee/articleshow/85286671.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812153913/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/goldenframes/goldenframes-keshto-mukherjee/articleshow/85286671.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
However in his own interview published in the Stardust magazine in 1981, he mentioned the following; "I drink a lot. I started boozing when I left my home town and came to Bombay to become a film hero. I lived in a dingy room in the railway quarters with nothing to eat, but lots to drink. I drank because I was frustrated. I didn’t have any work. I drank to get some sleep, to forget that there were rats running all around the place, that there was a dog sleeping next to me. I drank to relieve the tension. And I only had daaru as my true friend. And again, it was because of this daaru that I gained popularity. Today, if anyone says my name, everyone pictures a bevda. I cannot ditch my friend now. I still drink. The only day when I didn’t touch a drop of liquor was on my wedding day."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bollywoodirect.medium.com/keshto-muk-45564b00b9e7 |title=Keshto Muk |date=6 May 2020 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124644/https://bollywoodirect.medium.com/keshto-muk-45564b00b9e7 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2024}}

==Death==
Keshto Mukherjee died on March 3, 1982, in an accident
in Mumbai (then Bombay).

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nagarik]]'' (1952) - Jatin Babu
*''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]'' (1957) - Street Dancer
*''[[Ajantrik]]'' (1958) - Lunatic
*''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'' (1958) - Magician
*''Lukochuri'' (1958)
*''[[Khazanchi (1958 film)|Khazanchi]]'' (1958)
*''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'' (1960) - Compounder Keshto
*''[[Masoom (1960 film)|Masoom]]'' (1960) - CID Officer
*''Aas Ka Panchhi'' (1961)
*''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'' (1962) - Keshto
*''[[Prem Patra]]'' (1962)
*''[[Asli Naqli]]'' (1962)
*''[[Aashiq (1962 film)|Aashiq]]'' (1962) - Bheekhu
*''[[Aarti]]'' (1962) - Johnny
*''[[Daal Me Kala]]'' (1964) - Mangu
*''Faraar'' (1965) - School Janitor
*''[[Akashdeep]]'' (1965) - Ramu (uncredited)
*''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' (1966) - Shivratan
*''[[Pinjre Ke Panchhi]]'' (1966) - Keshto (Barber)
*''Paari'' (1966)
*''[[Biwi aur Makan]]'' (1966)
*''[[Mehrban]]'' (1967) - Gadhamaharaj's devotee
*''[[Majhli Didi]]'' (1967) - Bhola - Navin's employee
*''[[Baazi (1968 film)|Baazi]]'' (1968) - Madhav
*''[[Padosan]]'' (1968) - Calcuttiya
*''Shikar'' (1968)
*''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' (1968)
*''Apna Ghar Apni Kahani'' (1968)
*''[[Anokhi Raat]]'' (1968) - Buyer (stammerer)
*''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]'' (1969) - Raju
*''[[Suhana Safar]]'' (1970) - Keshto
*''[[Maa Aur Mamta]]'' (1970) - Drunkard
*''[[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]]'' (1970) - Keshav
*''[[Mere Humsafar]]'' (1970) - Abdul Narayan D'Souza
*''[[Umang]]'' (1970) - Prem Praksh Jagmag (uncredited)
*''[[Maa Ka Aanchal]]'' (1970) - Drunkard Flower Vendor
*''[[Bachpan]]'' (1970) - Advocate John - Tom's dad
*''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' (1971) - Kader Bhai
*''[[Rakhwala (1971 film)|Rakhwala]]'' (1971) - Drunk patient (uncredited)
*''[[Mere Apne]]'' (1971) - Jattu
*''[[Memsaab (film)|Memsaab]]'' (1971) - Masterji
*''[[Lakhon Mein Ek]]'' (1971) - Chatterjee
*''[[Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari]]'' (1971) - Doctor
*''[[Door Ka Raahi]]'' (1971) - Paunchkaudi
*''Chori Chori'' (1972) - Hotel Manager
*''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' (1972) - Baburao Kulkarni
*''[[Sanjog (1972 film)|Sanjog]]'' (1972) - Mohan's Father
*''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay To Goa]]'' (1972) - Sleeping Passenger
*''[[Lalkaar]]'' (1972) - Keshto
*''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972) - Teacher
*''[[Koshish]]'' (1972) - The Man irritated by Hari's whistling (uncredited)
*''[[Sabse Bada Sukh]]'' (1972) - Guide at railway station
*''[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]'' (1972) - Soldier
*''Bindiya Aur Bandook'' (1972)
*''[[Anokha Milan]]'' (1972)
*''[[Mem Saheb]]'' (1972)
*''[[Loafer (1973 film)|Loafer]]'' (1973) - Drunk
*''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) - Gangu
*''[[Bada Kabootar]]'' (1973) - Abdul
*''Sweekar'' (1973) - Drunkman
*''[[Samjhauta (film)|Samjhauta]]'' (1973) - Cheater at R.K.Studio
*''[[Chalaak]]'' (1973) - Gangaram Sakharam Patil
*''[[Achanak (1973 film)|Achanak]]'' (1973) - Man in the train
*''[[Nirmaan]]'' (1974) - Bajrangi
*''[[Apradhi (1974 film)|Apradhi]]'' (1974) - Nawab Ashiq Mizaaj
*''[[Aarop]]'' (1974) - Kunwarelal
*''[[Geetaa Mera Naam]]'' (1974) - Keshto - Raja's Assistant
*''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'' (1974) - Kanhaiya Lal (uncredited)
*''Jab Andhera Hota Hai'' (1974) - Drunkard
*''[[Chor Chor]]'' (1974) - Keshto Mukherjee
*''[[Trimurti (1974 film)|Trimurti]]'' (1974) - Drunk Man
*''[[5 Rifles]]'' (1974) - Drunkard
*''[[Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye]]'' (1974) - Prospective groom for Janniya
*''[[Jeevan Rekha]]'' (1974)
*''[[Imaan (film)|Imaan]]'' (1974) - Mama
*''[[Humrahi]]'' (1974)
*''[[Call Girl (1974 film)|Call Girl]]'' (1974)
*''Maze Le Lo'' (1975)
*''Kaam Shastra'' (1975)
*''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975) - James D'Costa (Driver)
*''[[Aakraman]]'' (1975) - Rangeela
*''[[Qaid (film)|Qaid]]'' (1975) - Kanhaiyalal
*''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratigya]]'' (1975) - Chandi
*''[[Kala Sona]]'' (1975) - Drunkard
*''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) - Hariram
*''[[Salaakhen (1975 film)|Salaakhen]]'' (1975) - Qaidi No.840
*''[[Mazaaq]]'' (1975) - Waiter
*''[[Kahte Hain Mujhko Raja]]'' (1975)
*''[[Do Thug]]'' (1975) - Jaggu
*''[[Dhoti Lota Aur Chaupaty]]'' (1975)
*''Aag Aur Toofan'' (1975)
*''[[Sankoch]]'' (1976) - Dhakkan
*''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]'' (1976) - Himalaya Club's President
*''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' (1976) - Police Inspector Gomes
*''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1976) - Principal 'Kalu'
*''Sikka'' (1976)
*''[[Rakhi Aur Rifle]]'' (1976)
*''[[Meera Shyam]]'' (1976)
*''[[Gumrah (1976 film)|Gumrah]]'' (1976) - Kesto - Drunk
*''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1976) - Examiner
*''[[Aaj Ka Mahatma]]'' (1976) - Pedro
*''[[Vir Mangdavalo]]'' (1976) (Gujarati film)
*''[[Amaanat (1977 film)|Amaanat]]'' (1977) - Drunk
*''[[Chala Murari Hero Banane]]'' (1977) - Abdul
*''Tinku'' (1977) - Truck Driver
*''[[Sahib Bahadur]]'' (1977) - Trumpet Player
*''[[Ram Bharose]]'' (1977)
*''[[Niaz Aur Namaz]]'' (1977)
*''[[Naami Chor]]'' (1977)
*''[[Kitaab]]'' (1977) - Pandit Shankar Lal
*''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]'' (1977)
*''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' (1977) - Drunk fishing at the china creek
*''[[Dildaar]]'' (1977) - Raju
*''[[Daku Aur Mahatma]]'' (1977) - Shersingh
*''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' (1977) - Kesto
*''[[Agar... If]]'' (1977) - Chaman
*''[[Aafat]]'' (1977) - Pyare Miyan
*''[[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|Rahu Ketu]]'' (1978) - Taxi driver
*''[[Aakhri Daku]]'' (1978)
*''[[Naukri]]'' (1978) - Hawaldar
*''[[Damaad]]'' (1978) - Tulsiram
*''[[Azad (1978 film)|Azad]]'' (1978) - Ramesh Sharma
*''Giddha'' (1978) - Policeman
*''[[Devta (1978 film)|Devta]]'' (1978)
*''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (1978) - Milkman in the song "Roll Roll"
*''[[Dillagi (1978 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1978) - Tonga driver
*''[[Do Ladke Dono Kadke]]'' (1979) - Shantu's husband / Local drunk
*''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]'' (1979) - Tushar Babu Ghosh / Chatterjee
*''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]'' (1979) - Johny - Dr Vinod's Assistant
*''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]'' (1979) - Rahim (Chauffeur)
*''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979) - Drunk
*''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' (1979) - Babu Ram
*''[[Duniya Meri Jeb Mein]]'' (1979) - Watchman
*''[[Hum Tere Ashiq Hain]]'' (1979) - Mukherjee
*''[[Do Shikari]]'' (1979) - Gulu
*''[[Salaam Memsaab]]'' (1979) - James
*''[[Ghar Ki Laaj]]'' (1979) - Manphool
*''[[Desh Drohi (1980 film)|Desh Drohi]]'' (1980) - Drunkman in Hotel Room
*''[[Khubsoorat|Khubsurat]]'' (1980) - Dayal's cook
*''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]'' (1980) - Lawyer
*''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980) - Passenger in toilet
*''[[Hum Nahin Sudhrenge]]'' (1980) - Mukherjee
*''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'' (1980) - Man came to buy brassiere for his girlfriend
*''[[Be-Reham]]'' (1980) - Ram Prasad
*''[[Taxi Chor]]'' (1980) - Robert
*''Qatil Kaun'' (1980) - Press Manager
*''Garam Khoon'' (1980)
*''[[Ganga Aur Suraj]]'' (1980)
*''[[Paanch Qaidi]]'' (1981) - Sharaabi
*''[[Kudrat]]'' (1981) - Jagat Ram
*''[[Mangalsutra (disambiguation)|Mangalsutra]]'' (1981) - Drunk in Tonga
*''[[Wardat]]'' (1981) - Dharamdas
*''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981) - Ad Film Director
*''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]'' (1981) - Drunk Driver
*''Chhupa Chhuppi'' (1981)
*''Shradhanjali'' (1981) - Rocky - Drummer
*''[[Sansani: The Sensation]]'' (1981) - Juman Miya
*''Nai Imarat'' (1981) - Drinkard
*''Meena Kumari Ki Amar Kahani'' (1981)
*''[[Main Aur Mera Haathi]]'' (1981)
*''[[Katilon Ke Kaatil]]'' (1981) - Husband of lady with necklace
*''[[Jeene Ki Arzoo (1981 film)|Jeene ki Arzoo]]'' (1981)
*''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)|Hathkadi]]'' (1982) - Drunkman
*''[[Dial 100 (1982 film)|Dial 100]]'' (1982) - P. K. Bahke
*''Meharbaani'' (1982)
*''[[Troyee]]'' (1982) - Drunkard
*''[[Ghazab]]'' (1982) - Emperor
*''[[Dil-E-Nadan]]'' (1982)
*''Waqt-Waqt Ki Baat'' (1982)
*''[[Shiv Charan]]'' (1982) - Sweeper
*''[[Rachana (film)|Rachna]]'' (1983) - Babu
*''Paanchwin Manzil'' (1983)
*''Divorce'' (1984) - Shankar dada
*''Kasam Durga Ki'' (1984)
*''[[Hanste Khelte (1984 film)|Hanste Khelte]]'' (1984) - Canteen Owner
*''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' (1985) - Shankar
*''Maa Ki Saugandh'' (1986)
*''[[Aatank]]'' (1996) - Phillips Crasto (uncredited) (final film role)
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
! Category
!Film
!Result
|-
![[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Kaala Sona]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[25th Filmfare Awards|1978]]
|''[[Chacha Bhatija]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[26th Filmfare Awards|1979]]
|''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
|''[[Be-Reham]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Khubsoorat]]''
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0611537|name=Keshto Mukherjee}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestComedian}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Keshto}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]

Ghungroo Ki Awaaz

2026-03-03T23:51:57Z

ShielaPaxton36: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghungroo Ki Awaaz
| image = Ghungroo Ki Awaaz.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Ramsay Brothers]]
| producer = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] [[Rekha]]
| narrator =
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1981|09|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ghungroo Ki Awaaz''''' ({{Translation|Sound of the [[anklet]]s}}) is a 1981<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghungroo Ki Awaaz - Movie Quotes - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghungroo_ki_awaaz/quotes?|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] [[Horror film|Horror]]-[[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Film]] directed by the [[Ramsay Brothers]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghungroo Ki Awaaz (1981) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ghungroo-ki-awaaz-5358|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927070814/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ghungroo-ki-awaaz-5358|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2021|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> and produced by [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]. It features [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Rekha]] in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. It was loosely inspired by the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] thriller ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=Ghungroo Ki Awaaz 1981 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Facts 1980's Box Office Collection|url=https://ksboxoffice.com/ghungroo-ki-awaaz-1981-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-facts/1980s-box-office-collection/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=KS Box Office}}</ref>

==Plot==
Thakur Ranjeet Singh buys Kajal's freedom from a panderer and installs her in his house with the status of a daughter-in-law, much to the disgust of his uncle, Jasbeer. When the sleazy Shakaal turns up and arranges a secret meeting with Kajal, Ranjeet believes that he has caught his beloved being unfaithful. He exacts a fearful retribution. Obligingly, Jasbeer destroys the evidence. Ranjeet finds himself being plagued by the [[restless spirit]] of Kajal as well as a suspicious policeman. Seeking respite in Bombay, he is stunned to see Kajal's doppelgaenger, a nurse called Kiran. Unnerved, he brings Kiran home with him and finds himself falling in love again. The mystery deepens when Kajal's vengeful spirit murders the usurper, sending Ranjeet over the edge and into an asylum.

==Cast==
* [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] as Thakur Ranjeet Singh
* [[Rekha]] as Kajal / Kiran
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Jasbeer Singh "Mamaji"
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Damayanti "Dai Maa"
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Butler
* [[Iftekhar]] as Dr. Dixit
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Daroga
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]] as Shakaal
* [[Padma Khanna]] as Dancer
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] as Nawab Jung Bahadur

==Soundtrack==
[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] has written the lyrics of all songs and [[R. D. Burman]] has composed the music.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Tere Ghungroo Ki Awaaz"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Akhiyon Ka Kajra, Haathon Ka Gajra, Kaanon Ka Jhumka"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Jo Bhi Tune Dekha"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Roti Roti Raina"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Pagla Pagla"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0260047}}

{{Shyam Ramsay}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1980s-horror-film-stub}}

Mast (film)

2026-03-03T23:38:46Z

ShielaPaxton36: minor improved structure per standard format and updated info

{{short description|1999 film by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Distinguish|Mast (Sufism)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Mast
| image = Mast movie.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma
| writer = Vinod Ranganathan Ramesh Khatkar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Urmila Matondkar]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Antara Mali]]
| music = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cinematography = [[Piyush_Shah|Piyush Shah]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]] Ashok Honda
| studio = Varma Corporation
| distributor = [[Eros International]] [[B4U (network)|B4U Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1999|10|15}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Mast''''' ({{translation|Enchanted}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic film|romance film]] directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref>{{cite interview |last=Varma |first=Ram Gopal |subject-link=Ram Gopal Varma |interviewer=Sharmila Taliculam |title='A film has to touch the audience somewhere' |date=13 October 1999 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/13ramu.htm |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420072936/http://rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/13ramu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Aftab Shivdasani]] in his debut as a lead actor alongside [[Urmila Matondkar]]. Shivdasani won the [[Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male]] for his performance.

==Plot ==
Kittu is an arts student in [[Pune]] and is madly in love with [[actress]] and film star Malika. He has posters up on his wall and goes to all of her movies and even fantasizes that she is there with him when he is watching these items, something which his sister often witnesses. His father, concerned with his son's declining exam scores, confronts Kittu on his obsession on learning of it from his daughter and later tears down every poster. To Kittu, this is almost as bad as [[murder]], and decides to move out and travels to Mumbai, where the star, herself, lives.

Unknowing of where to go, he goes to her bungalow, but the security guard shoos him away. He finds a job at a nearby [[cafe]]. After interacting with Malika, Kittu soon finds that she is not the girl that he had pictured from her posters and movies. Being a simple orphan, exploited by her evil uncle and his family, Kittu begins to feel sorry for her and even more in love although for an unknown reason she does not report her uncle's actions to the police.

A series of events lead him to the point where he decides to convince her to run away with him. But with her being such a famous icon, Kittu soon finds it harder than he had thought to get away. The police are looking for her as is her uncle, although upon reunion with his family, they are relieved at his return and Kittu makes amends with his father. When Kittu's mother and sister learn of Mallika having accompanied him so she could escape from her uncle, they understand her plight and take her in. They soon help Malika enjoy her newfound freedom.

Things take a turn for the worse when Mr. Mathur is taken into custody for allegedly housing the "kidnapped" Malika. The police beat Kittu for information. Malika gains the courage to turn herself in so that she can save them, and she tells the cops that Kittu rescued her and that her uncle is the one who has ill-treated her. The police then take her uncle into custody and whack him before ordering him to leave her alone forever.

Malika then returns home, leaving Kittu to his life with his family and Nisha believing that they are in love. Kittu returns home as well and is devastated that she left him without an explanation or goodbye. They visit her on set one day to see that she has returned to her old life, uncle-free, but this meeting is an uncomfortable one. Through her awkward goodbye, Kittu then realizes that she believes that Kittu is going to marry Nisha.

After this realization, he then runs to Malika's dressing room from the cab to tell her of his love and the fact that she has assumed wrong. They have a heartfelt conversation of love and life, and Malika goes on to explain that she thinks that Nisha and Kittu have a love that she cannot come between. She then asks him not to see her anymore and he runs to Nisha to tell her of this belief. After hearing this, Nisha explains the situation that she loves Kittu, but Kittu has always been in love with Malika at which Malika and Kittu embrace.

The closing scene shows that they get married and everyone who supported both of them in the story are present, including his coworkers from the cafe and the taxi driver.

==Cast==

* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Krishnakant Mathur <nowiki>''Kittu''</nowiki>
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as Mallika
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Mr. Mathur, Kittu's father
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Mrs. Mathur, Kittu's mother
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Mallika's uncle
* [[Antara Mali]] as Nisha
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as Usman Bhai
* [[Raju Mavani]] as Police Inspector
* Sheetal Suvarna as Nikki Mathur, Kittu's sister

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mast
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 July 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
All songs were composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]] and written by [[Nitin Raikwar]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Mast"
| [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|-
| 2
| "Ruki Ruki"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 3
| "Aasman Kehta Hai Rab Se"
| Sonu Nigam
|-
| 4
| "Pucho Na Yaar"
| Sonu Nigam, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 5
| "Hey Rama Krishna Govinda Gopala"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 6
| "Suna Tha"
| Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| 7
| "Main Mast"
| Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| 8
| "Main Tere Dil Ki Malika"
| Sonu Nigam, Asha Bhosle
|-
| 9
| "Na Govinda Na Shah Rukh"
| Asha Bhosle
|}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Faisal Shariff of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "Yes, a must see. If not for the storyline, if not for Urmila Matondkar, if not for the music, then because most of us, somewhere within, nurture this secret fantasy of realising our wildest dreams. And that is what Mast is all about. Realising a dream."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/15mast.htm |title=A Mast See! |last=Shariff |first=Faisal |date=15 October 1999 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509033039/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/15mast.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INR}}10.35 [[crore]] against a budget of {{INR}}4.5 crore.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2365|title=Mast - Movie|website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|date=15 October 1999|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205114826/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2365|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boxofficeindia.com]] called it a "[[Box office flop]]" while [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that the film "died an agonisingly quick death at the box office."<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=12 June 2000 |title=Generation Next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000612-bollywood-newcomer-mania-hot-happening-and-hyper-they-are-raring-to-wow-the-audience-777699-2000-06-11 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509025328/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000612-bollywood-newcomer-mania-hot-happening-and-hyper-they-are-raring-to-wow-the-audience-777699-2000-06-11 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | List of awards and nominations
|-
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! class="unsortable"| {{nowrap|{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Screen Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|[[6th Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|Aftab Shivdasani
|{{won}}
|<ref name="host">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/hum-dil-de-sweeps-screen-videocon-awards-2/ |title=Hum Dil De… sweeps Screen-Videocon awards |work=The Indian Express |date=23 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191347/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/hum-dil-de-sweeps-screen-videocon-awards-2/ |url-status=live |quote=while Aftab Shivdasani walked upstage to collect his trophy for Best Male Newcomer for Ramgopal Varma’s musical, Mast. }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Antara Mali
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 6th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees & Winners for the year 1999 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035703/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Ruki Ruki"
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sixth-annual-screen-videocon-awards-nominations/ |title=Sixth Annual Screen-Videocon Awards nominations |website=The Indian Express |date=7 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191945/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sixth-annual-screen-videocon-awards-nominations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0214931}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mast (Film)}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1999 musical films]]

Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu

2026-03-03T21:58:35Z

ShielaPaxton36: creating a info

{{Short description|2003 Indian Telugu-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu
| image = Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
| writer = AVS Sankaramanchi Parthasaradhi (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = AVS
| starring = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]] [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing =
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Maitree Talkies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu''''' ({{translation|May your love be gold}}) is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] and starring singer [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]] in his acting debut and [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]]. The film was met with negative reception by critics who criticised Rajesh's acting and the film's lack of story.

== Plot ==
Rajesh, a poor man, falls in love with Sangeeta. In order to win over his daughter, Sangeeta's father challenges Rajesh to keep ₹1 crore rupees safely in a room for a month. How Rajesh manages to do so and win over Sangeeta forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]] as Rajesh
*[[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] as Sangeeta
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Sangeeta's father
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Gutthi Gurnadham
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Rajesh's classmate
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Rajesh's classmate
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Rajesh's classmate
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Rajesh's classmate
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as a police officer
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
*Anita Chowdary
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*[[Giri Babu]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
*[[Tirupathi Prakash]]
*Junior Relangi
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Ramjagan]]
{{Colend}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 7 August 2003, but was postponed due to financial problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news239.html|title=Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu release postponed|date=7 August 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a negative review and said that "The film, which is a comedy caper can be labelled as the most pathetic film of the year. This is veteran comedian AVS's second directorial venture, but the comedy scenes fail to evoke any laughter among the audiences. Not even a single scene is interesting and on the whole plainly irritating".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ori-nee-prema-bangaram-kaanu-review-telugu-pclvwjgeghajj.html|title=Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu|date=21 October 2003|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620020418/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:v8nWLpCPj0MJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/ori-nee-prema-bangaram-kaanu-review-telugu-pclvwjgeghajj.html+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that " Though all the comedy artists of the industry are present in this film, the laughter they created is nil" and that "By directing movies, he [AVS] is only losing all the hard-earned good will".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-onpbk.html|title=Movie review - Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu|date=16 October 2003|author=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Similar to ''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]'' (2000), AVS's first film as a producer, this film was also a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/film-comedian-amanchi-venkata-subramanyam-dies-at-56/articleshow/25460023.cms|title=Film comedian Amanchi Venkata Subramanyam dies at 56|date=9 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]] 2003<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=5 August 2022}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]] - Kovai Sarala

;[[Santosham Film Awards]] 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/santoshamawards2004.html|title=Santosham Film Awards 2004|date=3 August 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
*Best Comedy Love Story

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579848}}

[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]

Preyasi Raave

2026-03-03T18:26:32Z

ShielaPaxton36: quick update

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Preyasi Raave
| image = Preyasi_Rave.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Chandra Mahesh]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| screenplay = Posani Krishna Murali
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] [[Sanghavi]] [[Ananda Vardhan]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|11|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Preyasi Raave ''''' is a 1999 [[Telugu language]] film directed by [[Chandra Mahesh]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]]. The film stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] and [[Sanghavi]].The film was a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-posanikrishnamurali.html|title=Chitchat with Posani Krishna Murali|date=17 February 2005|work=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinegoers2000.html|title=Nandi Awards 1999-2000: AP Cinegoers Awards|work=Idlebrain}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vamsi ([[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]]) is a hotelier who falls in love with Mahalakshmi ([[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]). She too reciprocates his feelings and eventually seeks the permission of her father ([[Chalapathi Rao]]). Her father however demands Vamsi to give 15 lakhs as dowry. Vamsi goes abroad and earns the money but comes back to find out that Mahalakshmi’s father had cheated him and got her forcibly married to Sriram ([[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]), son of a Zamindar. Mahalakshmi too eventually starts loving Sriram. Vamsi tries to win her back but his attempts go in vain. The rest of the story involves whether Vamsi will win back Mahalakshmi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Vamsi
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Sriram, Mahalakshmi's husband
* [[Sanghavi]] as Soni Maganti
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Dr. Gopal MS
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ali, Vamsi's friend
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Mahalakshmi's father
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Mahalakshmi's mother
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Dr. Appa Rao
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Dr. Janardan
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as AV Rao, Sriram's step-brother
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Anasuya, Gopal's aunt
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Vamsi's brother-in-law
* [[Ramjagan]]
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Pavani, Vamsi's sister
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Sriram's father
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Doctor
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Doctor
* Delhi Rajeshwari as Nagendra Babu's wife (Cameo appearance)
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] as Mr. Naidu, Vamsi's boss
* [[Ananda Vardhan|Aanand Vardhan]] as Nani, Vamsi's nephew
* [[Rajitha]] as Anasuya's daughter
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as a patient
{{colend}}

==Production==
During the making of the film, D. Ramanaidu told Srikanth to change his hairstyle but he did not follow suit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news159.html|title=Srikanth changes his hairstyle|work=Idlebrain|date=20 September 2001}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by M. M. Srilekha.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicmazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Preyasi+Raave.html|title= Preyasi Raave Audio Songs |date= 19 November 1999 | publisher= musicmazaa.com | accessdate= 25 April 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers
|-
|1 ||"Menakavo Priyakanukavo " || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[M. M. Srilekha]]
|-
|2 ||"Nekoosam Nekoosam " || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]
|-
|3 ||"Premante Nedu Thelisinadi " || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chithra
|-
|4 ||"Oh Prema " || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chithra
|-
|5 ||"Tenchukunte Thegipothunda " || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|6 ||"Waiting To Kiss You " ||S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|7 ||"We Have Freedom " ||M. M. Srilekha
|}
==Reception==
''Andhra Today'' wrote "Director Chandra Mahesh's deft handling of scenes expressing love between Vamsi and Mahalakshmi are quite entertaining. Brahmanandam's comedy is worthy of mention. All the actors and actresses do live up to their roles. Music by Sri Lekha with good score and lyrics feature well picturized songs. The songs may even top the charts. Photography by Jairam is superb. On the whole, Krishna Murali's dialogues surpass and dominate the efforts of all other departments of the film".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/preyasi.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329130715/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/preyasi.htm | archive-date=29 March 2002 | title=Reviews |access-date=18 September 2025 }}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' felt "second half drags. Some scenes can be chopped off. Similarities are there of ANR’s Amarajeevi" but praised Posani's dialogues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/preyasiravee.html|last=Sri|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=18 September 2025|title=Preyasi Ravee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210092113/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/preyasiravee.html|archive-date=10 February 2001}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1575663}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Click (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:11:55Z

ShielaPaxton36: added first post initial version!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Click
| image = This is a Poster for Click (2024 film).jpg
| director = Shashikumar
| writer = Shashikumar
| producer = Shashikiransuhas
| starring = Pavan Basur [[Chandrakala Mohan]] Silli Lalli Anand
| cinematography = Jeevan Gowda
| editing = Vinaykumar Coorg
| music = Vishwas Koushik
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|02}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Click''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by Shashikumar, co-directed by Veeru and produced by Shashikiransuhas under Sharanya Films. The film stars Pavan Basrur in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-01-11 |title=Ravi Basrur's son Pavan to debut as a hero in Click |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jan/11/ravi-basrurs-son-pavan-to-debut-as-a-hero-in-click-51126.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವೇರ್ ಪರದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ರವಿ ಬಸ್ರೂರು ಪುತ್ರನ 'ಕ್ಲಿಕ್‌' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೇಲರ್‌ ಅನಾವರಣ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-ravi-basrur-son-master-pawan-acts-click-movie-trailer-released-kannada-movie-upadtes-mnk-181706332492429.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>

''Click'' was released on 2 February 2024.

== Plot ==
In the film, Samarth, disinterested in education, leaves home due to stress and loneliness. He meets Siddarth, an IT professional and photographer, who offers him shelter. Samarth learns about the importance of education and parental support while staying with Siddarth's family. When his own family learns about his passion for photography, they realize the importance of supporting children in pursuing their dreams. Samarth eventually finds success in photography with the support of his family.

== Cast ==

* Pavan Basrur as Samarth
* Karthik Kadamba as Siddhart
* Silli lalli Anand as Sanket
* Shashisumana as Swapna
* [[Chandrakala Mohan]] as Siddarth's Mother
* Rachana Dasharath as Inchara
* Sanju basayya as Sanju

== Release and reception ==
''Click'' was released on 2 February 2024 in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-05 |title='Click' movie review: Effectively captures the struggle between parental expectations and a child's passion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/05/click-movie-review-effectively-captures-the-struggle-between-parental-expectations-and-a-childs-passion |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A Sharadhaa of [[Cinema Express]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Click may not follow the usual storytelling norms but it weaves a compelling narrative through a relatable story and themes that are very relevant to our times. The film offers valuable insights into the delicate relationships between parents and children and how even good intentions might become restrictive."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-05 |title=Click Movie Review: Effectively captures the struggle between parental expectations and a child's passion |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Feb/05/click-movie-review-effectively-captures-the-struggle-between-parental-expectations-and-a-childs-pa-51754.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Times Now]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Click is a poignant cinematic journey that delves into the less-explored realms of children's emotional struggles. Shashi Kumar Mandya's sensitive direction, coupled with heartfelt performances and visually appealing storytelling, makes this film a compelling watch. As it brings attention to the often overlooked subject of parental mistreatment, Click prompts contemplation on the importance of understanding and addressing children's emotional needs."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Click Movie Review: Navigating The Emotional Struggles Of Mistreated Children |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/click-movie-review-navigating-the-emotional-struggles-of-mistreated-children-review-107334053 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtracks of the film were composed by Vishwas Koushik and Background Score is done by Akash Parwa. Music Supervising and mix-mashing is done by [[Ravi Basrur]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shuruvada Daarige
| length1 = 3:18
| lyrics1 = Kinnal Raj Siri
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| title2 = Payana Ellige
| length2 = 4:36
| lyrics2 = Kinnal Raj
| extra2 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt30836377|title=Click}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/click.html#synopsis Flimibeat]

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Vadhel

2026-02-28T18:55:23Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made First Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Clan of Rajputs in India}}

The '''Vadhel''' (also spelled '''vadher''') are a [[Rajput]] clan found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. They are an offshoot of [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] of [[Marwad]] and claim [[Solar dynasty|Suryavanshi]] descent.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC&dq=%22Vadhel%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA283 |title=Gazetteer |date=1884 |page=129,283 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02571 |title=The Hind Rajasthan : the annals of the Native States of India |date=1896 |page=245,246 |publisher=Amritlal G. Shah, Bapawala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC&q=vadhel+rajput |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=Vintage Books |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Maharanashri_Sanganji_Vádhel.jpg|thumb|Maharanashri Sanganji Vádhel of Vadhel Dynasty<ref>{{Citation |last=Vadhel9 |title=English: Sanganji Vadhel belongs to the lineage of Vadhelji Rathore, in A.D. 1445 Sanganji came to power, and expanded his territory to Jamkhambhaliya. Sanganji had defeated Ra Mandlik Chudasama by attacking the Shankhodwar Dweep.also Sanganji Vadhel captured the surrounding territories of okhamandal and established a strong estate.
|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maharanashri_Sanganji_V%C3%A1dhel.jpg }}</ref>]]

==Origin==
About A.D. 1225 Rathore tribes of Vadhel, who are said to have been sprung from [[Pabuji|Pabuji Rathore]], entered the province on the pretence of a pilgrimage to [[Dwarka]]. Here they massacred the Chavda and Harol Rajputs and seized Okhamandal.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[Gahadavala dynasty|Seoji]] and Saitrain, The two grandsons of [[Jayachandra]] roamed about as outlaws against the Mahomedan rule for eighteen years. They had left [[Kannauj]] the land of their birth, attended by only 200 Rajput followers. Seoji married a Solanki princess, and proceeded on a pilgrimage to the holy shrine of shri krishna at Dwarka. He established Rathore rule in Marwad. Seoji had at the time of his death, three sons,'''Asothma, Soning and Ajmal(Pabuji)'''. [[Rao Asthan|Asothma]] succeeded him to the gadi, [[Rao Sonag|Soning]] conquered [[Idar State|Idar]].<ref name="auto"/> and [[Pabuji|Ajmal]]’s son Vadhelji conquered [[Dwarka]] and [[Bet Dwarka|beyt]] and established [[Okha, India|Okhamandal]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

==History==
During the 13th century, Rathore Rajput brothers, '''Veeravaliji''' and '''Bijlaji''' of the '''Vadhel dynasty''' of Okhamandal reached Dwarka from Marwar. In that region, a dispute between Hiron and Chavada Rajputs was going on. The conflict ended with the victory of Rathore Rajputs and Chavadas were completely routed from the region.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Trikha |first=Madhav Hada Translated by Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgsNEAAAQBAJ |title=Meera Vs Meera |date=2020-12-07 |publisher=Vani Prakashan Group |page=70|isbn=978-93-89915-90-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Vadhels captured the surrounding territories and established a small but strong estate.[[Veraval|Veeravalji]] conquered the territory till the river Vedmati near the small desert of Kutch. He established a new capital in the north of Dwarka that is at '''Arambhada''' a small settlement in the village as a centre of power. After his death Vikamsi, his son, came to power and after him nine descendants one after the other became Ranas. They all ruled for about 120 years. Among the '''lineage of Vikamsi''', one '''Sanganji''' also came to power, and expanded his territory to Jamkhambhaliya. Sanganji had defeated Rao Mandlik by attacking the Shankhodwar Dweep. Sanganji came into conflict with the Wagheras of Manik Avantak, this had become quite regular therefore he signed a treaty that Okhamandal that it shall be ruled by Vadhelas and Wagheras shall rule on Dwarka.He also made this kind of an agreement that both of them should remain in harmony, so that their strongest enemy could never destroy them. Since then both the tribes have been living together. After Sanganji, his son Bhimji came to power. During the reign of Bhimji's, [[Mahmud Begada|Mahmud Baghera]] attacked his territory on the behest to check the looting pirates due to its proximity with Dwarka and defeated Bhimji, eventually establishing Muslim rule in the region.<ref name="auto2"/>

==War with Mahumd Begda and Raizadas==
'''Conquest of Okha, A.D. 1480'''-
During these eight years in addition to the conquest of Okhamandal, Sanganji stopped Begada's chieftains and defeated [[Mandalika III|Ra Mandlika]] twice, after the death of Sanganji Vadhel around A.D. 1480 the Sultan heard of the Vadhel chief Bhim of Okha, an attack on Mullah Muhammad Samarkandi, who implored Mahmud in person to avenge his wrongs. The Sultan accordingly marched to '''Jagat''', took the fort, and destroyed the temples. Then he conquered the island of Shankhodwar, the modern Bet, and after building a mosque at Jagat returned, leaving the government of the country in the hands of Farhat-ul-Mulk.According to the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Mirat-i-Sikandari]] this was the first time that Dwarka had been conquered by the Muhammadans.The Vadhel chieftain Bhim was taken prisoner and sent to Ahmadabad, and the governor Muhafiz Khan was directed to hew him in pieces and affix a portion of him to each gate of the city, and this was accordingly done. In A.D. 1480, eight years subsequent to the conquest of Junagad, Sultan Mahmud returned to Gujarat after the defeat of Vadhels.A son of the Ra Mandlika was appointed Jágirdár, but he was associated with a high Muhammadan official called the Thanahdar who commanded the garrsia.The first jagirdar was Bhupatsingh also called Melag, who was a son of Ra Mandlika. These jagirdars and their descendants, from being sons of the last Ra, were called '''Raizadahs''' to distinguish them from other Chudasama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC |title=Gazetteer |date=1884 |page=288|publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> In A.D. 1472 [[Mandalika III|Ra Mandlika]] surrendered the fortress and became a convert to Islam, and accompanied the Sultan to Ahmadabad, where he eventually died, and lies buried in the Manik Chok of that town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC |title=Gazetteer |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=288 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jadeja]]
* [[Battle of Bhuchar Mori]]
* [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]

Punjabi Sikhs

2026-02-27T17:26:48Z

ShielaPaxton36: typo fix

{{Short description|Ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{about|the ethnically Punjabi Sikhs|Sikhs in general|Sikhs}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Sikhs
| native_name = ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਿੱਖ {{·}} {{Uninastaliq|پنجابی سکھ}} {{lang|pa|Panjābī Sikh}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = A painting of a Sikh family, circa late 19th century.jpg
| image_caption = A painting of a Punjabi Sikh family, circa late 19th century
| population = {{circa|25-28 million approx.}} (Worldwide)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/05/us/religion-what-is-a-sikh/index.html | title=Who are Sikhs and what do they believe? | date=5 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/religion/indianapolis-shootout-the-us-has-long-lacked-understanding-on-who-sikh-people-are | title=Indianapolis Shootout: The US Has Long Lacked Understanding on Who Sikh People Are }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece|title=Behind the decline|date=16 September 2015|website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Punjab, India]]
| pop1 = 16,004,754 ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>{{efn|name=SikhPop|Figure is total Sikh population on census.}}
| region2 = [[Haryana]]
| pop2 = 1,243,752 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| pop3 = 872,930 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region4 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pop4 = 643,500 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region5 = [[Delhi]]
| pop5 = 570,581 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region6 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| pop6 = 236,340 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region7 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop7 = 223,247 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region8 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop8 = 151,412 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region9 = [[Chandigarh]]
| pop9 = 138,329 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region10 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| pop10 = 79,896 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| langs = '''Sacred language''' [[Sant Bhasha]] 
'''Ethnic language''' [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]] 
'''Code language''' [[Khalsa bole]] 
'''Other languages''' [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Sikhism]]
| related = {{flatlist|
* [[Punjabi Hindus]]
* [[Punjabi Muslims]]
* [[Punjabi Christians]]}}
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}{{Punjabis}}

'''Punjabi Sikhs''' are an ethnoreligious group of [[Punjabis]] who adhere to [[Sikhism]]. They are the second-largest religious group amongst Punjabis after the [[Punjabi Muslims]], who predominantly inhabit [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]. Punjabi Sikhs form the largest religious community in the [[Indian states|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[Sikhism]] is an [[indigenous religion]] that originated in the [[Punjab region]] of [[South Asia]] during the 15th century. The global Sikh population is primarily composed of [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism | title=Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature | Britannica }}</ref>

Punjabi Sikhs primarily inhabit the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the only Sikh-majority [[administrative division]] on Earth. Punjabi Sikhs make up 57.69% of the state’s population.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/census-2011-age-of-sikhs-drops-in-punjab-migration-to-blame/articleshow/48689317.cms | title=Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame? | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> Many have ancestry from the [[Punjab region|greater Punjab region]], an area that was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947. In the contemporary era, apart from [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], Punjabi Sikhs are found in large numbers across the Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Large numbers are also found in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]], due to various immigration waves over the centuries.<ref>George, Usha, and Ferzana Chaze. "Punjabis/Sikhs in Canada." ''Mobility and Multiple Affiliations'' (2016): 91-104. </ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Sikhism}}

The Sikh religion founder, [[Guru Nanak Dev|Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), was roughly a contemporary of the founder of [[Mughal Empire]] [[Babur]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|India]]. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in a Punjabi Hindu [[Khatri]] family, which was initially a community of scribes and traders.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Sikhs-in-the-Punjab | title=India - the Sikhs in the Punjab | Britannica }}</ref> In un-divided [[Punjab region]], the eldest son of every [[Punjabi Hindu]] families was nominated and was represented as [[Sikh|Sardars]] and had protected their family and [[Indian religions|Indic communities]] from the tyrannies of Mughal rulers and their torture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/880186/from-guru-hargobind-to-guru-gobind-singh-how-the-sikh-community-militarised-to-take-on-the-mughals | title=From Guru Hargobind to Guru Gobind Singh: How the Sikh community militarised to take on the Mughals }}</ref><ref>[https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Indian-History/Why-was-the-first-son-made-a-Sikh-1.aspx Why was the first son made a Sikh]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism | title=Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature | Britannica }}</ref> A large number of peasants from [[Punjabi Hindu|Hindu]] and [[Punjabi Muslim|Muslim]] backgrounds in Punjab have converted to Sikhism for various motives (such as conviction, fear, or economic) since the starting of new faith.<ref name="Singh2008">
{{cite book
|last1= Singh |first1= Pritam
|title= Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy
|date= 2008 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781134049455
|language= en
|quote= A lot of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).
}}
</ref>

==Militarism==
[[File:Soldier Sikh LI INF of the Indian Army practices aim during MALABAR 2006.jpg|thumb|Indian Punjabi Sikh armies during their military training]]

The militarization of Punjabi Sikhs began after the execution of [[Guru Arjan Dev]] (5th Guru in [[Sikhism]]). Following his execution, [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars|a conflict]] erupted between the [[Mughal Empire]] and Sikhs which led to the last guru, [[Gobind Singh]], establishing a militarized order known as the [[Khalsa Fauj|Khalsa]], in 1699.<ref>https://theprint.in/feature/guru-arjan-dev-the-martyr-whose-death-changed-the-course-of-sikhism/401897/</ref> Punjabi Sikhs were regarded as one of the toughest and fiercest warriors by the [[British Empire|British]] [[British Raj|during their rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Punjabi Sikh soldiers constituted a significant chunk of the [[British Indian Army]] due to their distinguished service in action.<ref>https://scroll.in/article/1045152/how-punjab-came-to-dominate-the-british-indian-army</ref><ref>https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-british-idolised-the-loyal-sikh-soldier-and-inspired-conflict-in-indian-army/1559249/</ref> Despite being only around 2% of India's population, Punjabi Sikhs constitute around 20% of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], with the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] province being the 2nd largest contributor for manpower after [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/gallant-and-patriotic-how-sikhs-shaped-armed-forces/articleshow/99028321.cms]</ref><ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-second-among-all-states-in-contributing-to-armys-rank-and-file-225565</ref>

== Language ==
Punjabi Sikhs speak the [[Punjabi language]] as their [[mother tongue]]. Various [[Punjabi dialects and languages|dialects of the Punjabi language]] such as [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Bhateali]], [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]] are spoken by Punjabi Sikhs across India and abroad as their mother tongue. In Indian Punjab, Punjabi is written in [[Gurmukhi script]]. In Pakistani Punjab, [[Shahmukhi script]] is used.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/generals-jottings/shahmukhi-the-window-to-punjabi-culture/ | title=Shahmukhi: The window to Punjabi culture | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Gurmukhi is written from left to right, while Shahmukhi is written from right to left.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Saurabh|last2=Gupta|first2=Vishal|date=May 2013|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence|volume=5|issue=2|page=174|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187|s2cid=55699784}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-3030059774|pages=142}}</ref> The use of Gurmukhi script generally started and developed during the time of second Sikh guru, [[Guru Angad Dev]] (1504–1552) who standardized it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guru-Angad | title=Guru Angad | Second Sikh Guru, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica }}</ref> It is commonly regarded as a Sikh script. The Shahmukhi script has been used by [[Punjabi Muslims]] since the 12th century, when it was used by [[Sufi literature|Punjabi Sufi poets]]. Shahmukhi is a [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet script]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language | title=Punjabi language | Britannica }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Punjabi culture}}

=== Festivals ===
{{Further information|List of Sikh festivals|Punjabi festivals|Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)}}
The Punjabi Sikhs observe historic festivals such as [[Lohri]], [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] and [[Vaisakhi]] as seasonal and cultural festivals in [[Punjab]] and outside of it. Other seasonal Punjabi festivals in India include [[Maghi]] and [[Teeyan]] respectively. Teeyan is also known as festival of females, as women enjoy it with their close friends. On the day of maghi, people fly kites and eat their traditional dish Punjabi dish [[khichdi]].<ref>Punjab Tourism
https://punjabtourism.punjab.gov.in › ...PDF
FESTIVALS IN PUNJAB 2021-22</ref> Other festivals observed by Punjabi Sikhs includes the festivals of [[Sikhism]] like- [[Gurupurab]], [[Bandi Chhor Divas]], etc.

== Separatism ==
{{Main article|Khalistan}}

The demand for Khalistan as a separate homeland for Sikhs is championed by a segment of the Punjabi Sikh population, various advocacy groups, and certain Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) who demand secession of [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] from India. This movement, rooted in historical, political, and religious factors, emerged prominently in the 1970s and 1980s. Key advocates include local organizations in Punjab and Sikhs abroad, particularly in [[Canada]], the [[UK]], and the [[US]]. They seek to safeguard [[Sikh]] identity, achieve political autonomy, and address historical grievances such as [[Operation Blue Star]] and the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. However, not all Sikhs support this idea, with many preferring integration within India to address issues through democratic means. While the Khalistan movement does not dominate mainstream Sikh politics today, it remains a contentious issue with varying levels of support.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Sikh-separatism</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Benson, Heather Lené. "In Place/Out of Place: Punjabi-Sikhs in Reno, Nevada" (PhD dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, 2022) [https://scholarworks.unr.edu/bitstream/handle/11714/8223/Benson_unr_0139D_13786.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online].
* Bhachu, Parminder. "Culture, ethnicity and class among Punjabi Sikh women in 1990s Britain." ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'' 17.3 (1991): 401-412.

* Banerjee, Himadri. "The Other Sikhs: Punjabi-Sikhs of Kolkata." ''Studies in History'' 28.2 (2012): 271-300.

* Grewal, Jagtar Singh. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998).

* Usha, George, and Ferzana Chaze. "Punjabis/Sikhs in Canada." in ''Mobility and Multiple Affiliations'' (2016): 91-104.

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Community]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs|*]]
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Sikh culture]]

Miss Beatty's Children

2026-02-19T17:17:37Z

ShielaPaxton36: starting a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Miss Beatty's Children
| image = Miss Beatty's Children.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Pamela Rooks]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] [[Doordarshan]] Rooks AV
| writer =
| screenplay = Pamela Rooks James Killough
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''Miss Beatty's Children''|Pamela Rooks}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jenny Seagrove]] [[Faith Brook]] [[Protima Bedi]]
| music = [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime = 112 min.
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Miss Beatty's Children''''' is a 1992 English-language Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Pamela Rooks]] in her directorial debut, with [[Jenny Seagrove]], [[Faith Brook]] and [[Protima Bedi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaosmag.in/pamela.html |title=Pamela Rooks |website=Chaosmag Database |access-date=2014-04-25 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507162546/http://www.chaosmag.in/pamela.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss Beatty's Children (1992) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/435691/Miss-Beatty-s-Children/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202132/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/435691/Miss-Beatty-s-Children/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-26 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-04-25}}</ref> The film set in 1936 in South India, was based on Rooks' own novel of the same name.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2004 |title=Found in translation |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/13/stories/2004091301830300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509182922/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/13/stories/2004091301830300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-04-25}}</ref>

At the [[40th National Film Awards]], the film won the award for [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |title=40th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=2014-04-25 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1936 in [[South India]], Jane, an English schoolteacher comes to Trippuvur to work with Mabel Forster, a [[Christian missionary]], who runs a mission school, and works towards young girls from being sold into temple prostitution. She has Kamla Devi, a senior temple woman as her opponent. Once when Mabel has gone away Jane finds herself trapped in a local controversy. She rescues an Anglo-Indian girl and takes her to [[Ooty]], but back in the town she is accused of kidnapping. However she manages to find help with an American doctor, Alan Chandler. Eventually she adopts Amber, and rescues several more children.

==Cast==
* [[Jenny Seagrove]] as Jane Beatty
* [[Faith Brook]] as Mabel Forster
* [[Protima Bedi]] as Kamla Devi
* [[D. W. Moffett]] as Alan Chandler
* [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]
* Emma Sanderson
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]]
* Catherine Stevens
* Cecil Qadir

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Miss Beatty's Children |author=Pamela Rooks |publisher=Clarion Books |year=1989 |isbn=8185120358}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0104884}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232552/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1777_Miss-Beattys-Children Miss Beatty's Children, Online] at CinemasofIndia, NFDC

{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1936]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]
[[Category:1992 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

Pabiben Rabari

2026-02-16T15:26:56Z

ShielaPaxton36: creating new data!

[[File:Pabiben.png|thumb|alt=A photo of Pabiben Rabari|Pabiben Rabari]]
'''Pabiben Rabari''' is an Indian [[Embroidery|embroiderer]] from Bhadroi village in [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] taluka, [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]. She began her embroidery work at an early age and later invented a new embroidery art form called Hari Jari. Rabari also founded a company to produce a line of shopping bags called the Pabi Bag,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=Honour for Kutch woman who promoted hari jari, 59 others |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/honour-for-kutch-woman-who-promoted-hari-jari-59-others/ |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> which has been featured in several [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rupera |first=Prashant |date=8 March 2015 |title=Rabari woman goes global with her bags - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Rabari-woman-goes-global-with-her-bags/articleshow/46490096.cms |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pabiben dropped out of school after completing [[Fourth grade#Equivalent in India|standard IV]] and later she started working in embroidery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M Kamal |first=Hassan |last2=Mitter |first2=Suprita |last3=Behrawala |first3=Krutika |date=5 December 2015 |title=Mumbai Diary: Saturday dossier |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-saturday-dossier/16743174 |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=[[Mid Day]]}}</ref>

== Participation & design selection ==
* Design Selected for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood film]] "[[The Other End of the Line|The Other End of The Line]]"
* Pabiben’s design has been selected for [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood film]] "[[Luck by Chance]]"
* Selection for Santa Fe Folk Art Festival, [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], USA, Year 2013
* Participate in International Buyer Seller Meet, [[Ahmedabad]], Year 2015
* Participate in Design Workshop with [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] artisans in [[Delhi]]
* Participate in theme based exhibition-Kutch center of the world at [[India International Centre]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=pabiben.com In News |url=http://www.pabiben.com/pabiben-com-in-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624014149/https://www.pabiben.com/pabiben-com-in-news |archive-date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=www.pabiben.com |publisher=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabari, Pabiben}}
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian embroiderers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Gujarat]]

Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo

2026-02-08T09:21:43Z

ShielaPaxton36: correct layout and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Indian lawyer, poet and writer (1940–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|2|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Lalgarh ([[Palkot]]), [[Ranchi district]], [[Chota Nagpur Division]], [[Bihar Province]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|03|18|1940|2|5}}
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| education =
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Ranchi University]]|[[Chotanagpur Law College]]}}
| occupation = Lawyer, Poet, writer, political activist
| years_active =
| spouse =
| parents = Maharaj Kumar Chhotlal Laxminath Shahdeo(father)
| children = Dr Lal Ajay Nath Shahdeo (son)
| relatives = Giriraj Nath Shahdeo(grandson), Rituraj Nath Shahdeo(grandson)
| awards = {{ubl|Praful Samman (2014)|Nagpuri Sansthan Swarn Samman (2014)|Durdarshan Samman (2011)|Swarn Samman|Honour by Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha (2017)|Jharkhand Ratna| Sher-e-Jharkhand honour}}
}}
'''Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo''' (5 February 1940 – 18 March 2019), was a lawyer, poet, writer and political activist. He was a prominent leader of the movement for a separate [[Jharkhand]] state. He was president of the [[Jharkhand Party]]. He wrote several Nagpuri poems, songs and slogans for the [[Jharkhand]] movement. At the end, the Central government of India accepted to form a new state, Jharkhand. He changed the state name ''Vananchal'' to ''[[Jharkhand]]'' after a debate with Prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/story/1263519.html|title=झारखंड आंदोलन के क्रांतिकारी कवि थे रणविजय नाथ शाहदेव|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> He was the recipient of the Jharkhand Ratna Award for his contribution to the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-jharkhand-state-head-of-jagran-kamlesh-raghuvanshi-awarded-jharkhand-ratna-12232986.html|title=जागरण के स्टेट हेड कमलेश रघुवंशी को झारखंड रत्न|website=jagran|date=4 April 2015|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/lal-ranvijay-nath-shahdeo-passed-away-in-ranchi/1263160.html|title=नहीं रहे झारखंड आंदोलन के सबसे लोकप्रिय नेता लाल रणविजय नाथ शाहदेव|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/jharkhand-party-and-jharkhand-agitator-leader-lal-ranvijay-nath-shahdev-passes-away-01501159.html|title=झापा एवं झारखंड आंदोलनकारी नेता लाल रणविजय नाथ शाहदेव का निधन|website=bhaskar|date=18 March 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo was born on 5 February 1940 in Lalgarh in [[Ranchi district]] in [[Bihar Province]] (now Jharkhand) to the [[Palkot]] [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] royal family.<ref name="auto"/> He was the son of Chhotelal Laxminath Shahdeo. He received his early education at home and teachers taught him Hindi, Sanskrit and English. His mother tongue was [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]. He learnt the traditional nagpuri song from his father during his childhood.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://www.publicbol.com/jharkhand-legend-poet-literary-and-agitative-passes-away-586|title=मिलना इत्तेफाक और बिछड़ना नसीब था, वो उतना ही दूर चला गया जितना करीब था|website=publicbol|date=29 March 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>

He completed his M.A in Political Science and History at [[Ranchi University]]. He studied Law at [[Chotanagpur Law College]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> During his studies, he came in contact with writer Radhakrishna and political leader [[Jaipal Singh Munda]].<ref name="auto4"/>

===Career===
He was a lawyer for four decades. He was a nagpuri poet, story writer also a singer.

He joined the [[Jharkhand Party]] in 1957 and was a close associate of Jaipal Singh Munda. When Jaipal Singh Munda merged the Jharkhand Party with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] on 20 June 1963, Lal Ranvijay did not support him and kept alive the Jharkhand Party. He was the president of Jharkhand Party. He give the slogan ''Jaipal, Bodra, Bage, Murga le ke Bhage'' which was popular during the Jharkhand movement. He wrote the Nagpuri poems and slogans for movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. He had a prominent role in the start of studies in the tribal and reignal languages in [[Ranchi University]]. He changed the state name ''Vananchal'' to ''Jharkhand'' though a debate with Prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/jharkhand-agitator-ranvijay-shahdev-panchatattva-merge-involved-hundreds-of-people-agitating-emotional-farewell/1263521.html|title=झारखंड आंदोलनकारी रणविजय शाहदेव पंचतत्व में विलीन, शामिल हुए सैकड़ों लोग, आंदोलनकारी को दी भावपूर्ण विदाई|date=19 March 2019|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> He was president of Jharkhand Party till his death.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

===Death===
He died on 28 March 2019 in raja dera in [[Ranchi]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==Works==
Lal Ranvijay was a poet and singer. He translated [[Bhagwat Gita]] in nagpuri. He was also editor of several books and magazines. He was known for ''Vir'' and ''Sringar ras'' poems. He composed around 350 nagpuri songs and poems.<ref name="auto4"/> Some of his prominent works are:
*''Mati mange lahu''
*''Barndo''
*''Purab kar ranf(drama)''
*''Piyasal''
*''Atma''
*''Aur shahnai baij uthlak''
*''Darad''
*''Manpuran(story)''
*''Kundri kar larange''
*''Admiman aur admiyat''
*''Chotanagpur kar gaon me''
*''Ekta(essay)''
*''Jagi jawan chamki bijuri(collection of poem)''
*''Puja kar Phul(collection of bhakti songs)''
*''Khotha(collection of songs)''

==Awards and honours==
In 2015, the [[Government of Jharkhand]] awarded him the Jharkhand Ratna Award for his contribution to the movement for a separate Jharkhand state by writing inspiring poems, songs and for his speeches. He was also awarded by Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha in 2017 and achieved the title of ''sher-e-jharkhand''.<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahdeo, Lal Ranvijay Nath}}
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Nagpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
[[Category:Activists from Jharkhand]]

2014 Indian Super League

2026-02-07T01:55:14Z

ShielaPaxton36:

{{Short description|1st season of the Indian Super League}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2014–15 in Indian football|2014]]
| image =
| caption =
| winners = [[Atletico de Kolkata]] (1st title)
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 61
| total goals = 129
| league topscorer = [[Elano]] (8 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Jan Šeda]] (143.33 mins per goal)
| biggest home win = {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 5–0 [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]}} (18 October 2014)
| biggest away win = {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 0–3 [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}} (23 November 2014)
| highest scoring = {{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 5–1 [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}} (28 October 2014)
| longest wins = [[FC Goa|Goa]] (4 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[FC Goa|Goa]] (10 games)
| longest winless = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (6 games)
| longest losses = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (3 games)
| highest attendance = 65,000 {{nobreak|[[Atlético de Kolkata]] 3–0 [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}} (12 October 2014)
| lowest attendance = 7,243<ref name="High and Low">{{cite news|last1=Lahiri|first1=Dipankar|title=ISL teams with most supporters|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/football-isl-teams-most-supporters|access-date=31 May 2015|work=SportsKeeda|date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082512/http://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/football-isl-teams-most-supporters|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{nobreak|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]] 1–1 [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}} (11 November 2014)
| attendance = 1,590,292
| average attendance = 24,357<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL Gives Indian Football a Re-launch Pad|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ISL-Gives-Indian-Football-a-Re-launch-Pad/2014/12/21/article2582237.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008032119/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ISL-Gives-Indian-Football-a-Re-launch-Pad/2014/12/21/article2582237.ece|archive-date=8 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
| dates = 12 October – 20 December
}}

The '''2014 Hero Indian Super League''' was the first season of the [[Indian Super League]], the top flight [[association football|football]] league of [[Football in India|India]]. The season featured eight teams, each playing 14 matches during the regular season.

The regular season started on 12 October when [[Atlético de Kolkata]] defeated [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 3–0 at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=ATKMC>{{cite news|last1=Dutta|first1=Subhasish|title=ISL 2014: Slick Atletico de Kolkata thump Mumbai City FC 3-0 in opener|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/footballnext/news/isl-2014-slick-atletico-de-kolkata-thump-mumbai-city-fc-30-in-opener-505703-5-21.html|access-date=31 May 2015|work=IBN Live|date=14 October 2014|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330150924/https://www.news18.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The season ended on 20 December when Atlético de Kolkata defeated the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in the [[2014 Indian Super League final|final]] 1–0 in front of 36,484 spectators.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL: Atletico de Kolkata beat Kerala Blasters 1-0 to win title|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Atletico-de-Kolkata-beat-Kerala-Blasters-1-0-to-win-title/articleshow/45588313.cms|access-date=31 May 2015|work=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811014545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Atletico-de-Kolkata-beat-Kerala-Blasters-1-0-to-win-title/articleshow/45588313.cms|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] was the lone goalscorer as the Kolkata club became the inaugural champions.

==Teams==
{{location map+ |India
|float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the ISL Teams
|caption=Locations of the ISL Teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.3636|long=77.1348|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}</div>|position=right}}
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! City/State
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|68,000}}
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Marina Arena]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|19,484}}
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|60,000}}
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|19,500}}
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|60,000}}
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|55,000}}
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|35,000}}
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|12,000}}
|}

===Personnel and sponsorship===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Team
! Head coach
! Captain
! Kit manufacture
! Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López Habas]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]]
|[[Umbro]]
|[[Aircel]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Materazzi]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Bojan Djordjic]]
|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
|Ozone Group
|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Harm van Veldhoven]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Hans Mulder]]
|[[Lotto Sport Italia|Lotto]]
|[[FreeCharge]]
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Robert Pires]]
|[[Adidas]]
|[[Videocon d2h]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|colspan=2 align=center|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]
|[[Puma SE|Puma]]
|[[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Group]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Reid]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]]
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|[[Jabong.com]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Ricki Herbert]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Miguel Garcia (Portuguese footballer)|Miguel Garcia]]
|[[Adidas]]
|[[HTC]]
|-
|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Franco Colomba]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[David Trezeguet]]
|[[Dida Sportswear|Dida]]
|Various
|}

===Marquee players===
{{More information|List of Indian Super League marquees}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Team
! Marquee
|-
|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]]
|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Del Piero]]
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Robert Pires]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Freddie Ljungberg]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Joan Capdevila]]
|-
|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[David Trezeguet]]
|}

===Player drafts===
Before the season began, the rosters were formed through two player drafts, based on the college draft system used in the [[United States]]. The first draft would be to sign the initial 14 Indian players and then the second one would be to sign seven foreign players.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Super League football: Major signings on day 1 of players draft|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/indian-super-league-major-signings-on-day-1-players-draft-1487553.html|access-date=2 June 2015|work=One India|date=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092154/http://www.oneindia.com/sports/indian-super-league-major-signings-on-day-1-players-draft-1487553.html|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Domestic players draft====
{{More information|2014 ISL Inaugural Domestic Draft}}

The domestic players draft took place within two days on 22 July and 23 July 2014 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Domestic Draft Start">{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=ISL domestic draft to include 40 national players|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-domestic-draft-to-include-40-national-players/articleshow/38661087.cms|access-date=2 June 2015|work=The Times of India|date=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708092736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-domestic-draft-to-include-40-national-players/articleshow/38661087.cms|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 84 players up for grabs during the draft that could be selected between six of the eight Indian Super League teams ([[FC Goa|Goa]] and [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] selected from their respective [[I-League]] teams).<ref name="Domestic Draft Start"/> Close to 50% of the 84 players had played for [[India national football team|India]] internationally.<ref name="Domestic Draft Start"/> The opening pick in the draft was [[Lenny Rodrigues]] by [[FC Pune City]]. [[Subrata Pal]], [[Syed Nabi]], and [[Gouramangi Singh]] were the most expensive picks during the draft.<ref name="Domestic Draft Start"/>

====International draft====
{{More information|2014 ISL Inaugural International Draft}}

After the completion of the domestic draft, the international draft took place on 21 August 2014, also in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="International draft">{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=ISL: Draft for overseas players on August 21|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Draft-for-overseas-players-on-August-21/articleshow/40244205.cms|access-date=2 June 2015|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105648/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Draft-for-overseas-players-on-August-21/articleshow/40244205.cms|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 49 players available for selection during the draft.<ref name="International draft"/> The first pick in the draft was former [[Inter Milan]] defender, [[Bruno Cirillo]], who was selected by [[FC Pune City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL - Round 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianSuperLeague/photos/a.312230682286195.1073741828.158120631030535/327804800728783/?type=1|via=Facebook|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117050456/https://www.facebook.com/IndianSuperLeague/photos/a.312230682286195.1073741828.158120631030535/327804800728783/?type=1|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2020}}

==Regular season==

===League table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style = WDL
|update = complete
|source = [https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/indian-super-league/2014/regular-season/r28731/ Soccerway]
|teamwidth = 200


|team1 = CFC |team2 = FCG |team3 = ATK |team4 = KB |team5 = DD |team6 = FCPC |team7 = MUM |team8 = NEU
|result1 = KO |result2 = KO |result3 = KO |result4 = KO



|win_FCG = 6 |draw_FCG = 4 |loss_FCG = 4 |gf_FCG = 21 |ga_FCG = 12 
|win_ATK = 4 |draw_ATK = 7 |loss_ATK = 3 |gf_ATK = 16 |ga_ATK = 13 
|win_CFC = 6 |draw_CFC = 5 |loss_CFC = 3 |gf_CFC = 24 |ga_CFC = 20 
|win_DD = 4 |draw_DD = 6 |loss_DD = 4 |gf_DD = 16 |ga_DD = 14 
|win_NEU = 3 |draw_NEU = 6 |loss_NEU = 5 |gf_NEU = 11 |ga_NEU = 13 
|win_MUM = 4 |draw_MUM = 4 |loss_MUM = 6 |gf_MUM = 12 |ga_MUM = 21 
|win_FCPC = 4 |draw_FCPC = 4 |loss_FCPC = 6 |gf_FCPC = 12 |ga_FCPC = 17 
|win_KB = 5 |draw_KB = 4 |loss_KB = 5 |gf_KB = 9 |ga_KB = 11 
|status_ATK= C


|name_FCG = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_ATK = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|name_CFC = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DD = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|name_NEU = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_MUM = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_FCPC = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|name_KB = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]


|show_limit = 4
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) play-off match


|res_col_header = Q
|col_KO = green1 |text_KO = Advance to [[2014 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals|ISL Play-offs]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results===

{{#invoke:sports results|main
|matches_style=FBR|solid_cell=blue
|team1=ATK|team2=CFC|team3=DD|team4=FCG|team5=KB
|team6=MUM|team7=NEU|team8=FCPC

|name_ATK=[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|match_ATK_CFC=0–1
|match_ATK_DD=1–1
|match_ATK_FCG=1–1
|match_ATK_KB=1–1
|match_ATK_MUM=3–0
|match_ATK_NEU=1–0
|match_ATK_FCPC=1–3

|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|match_CFC_ATK=1–1
|match_CFC_DD=2–2
|match_CFC_FCG=1–3
|match_CFC_KB=2–1
|match_CFC_MUM=5–1
|match_CFC_NEU=2–2
|match_CFC_FCPC=3–1

|name_DD=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|match_DD_ATK=0–0
|match_DD_CFC=4–1
|match_DD_FCG=1–4
|match_DD_KB=0–1
|match_DD_MUM=4–1
|match_DD_NEU=0–0
|match_DD_FCPC=0–0

|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|match_FCG_ATK=1–2
|match_FCG_CFC=1–2
|match_FCG_DD=2–1
|match_FCG_KB=3–0
|match_FCG_MUM=0–0
|match_FCG_NEU=3–0
|match_FCG_FCPC=2–0

|name_KB=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|match_KB_ATK=2–1
|match_KB_CFC=0–1
|match_KB_DD=0–0
|match_KB_FCG=1–0
|match_KB_MUM=0–0
|match_KB_NEU=0–0
|match_KB_FCPC=1–0

|name_MUM=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|match_MUM_ATK=2–1
|match_MUM_CFC=0–3
|match_MUM_DD=1–0
|match_MUM_FCG=0–0
|match_MUM_KB=1–0
|match_MUM_NEU=0–2
|match_MUM_FCPC=5–0

|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|match_NEU_ATK=0–2
|match_NEU_CFC=3–0
|match_NEU_DD=1–2
|match_NEU_FCG=1–1
|match_NEU_KB=1–0
|match_NEU_MUM=1–1
|match_NEU_FCPC=0–0

|name_FCPC=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|match_FCPC_ATK=1–1
|match_FCPC_CFC=1–1
|match_FCPC_DD=0–1
|match_FCPC_FCG=2–0
|match_FCPC_KB=1–2
|match_FCPC_MUM=2–0
|match_FCPC_NEU=1–0

|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2014/schedules-fixtures Indian Super League Fixtures]
}}

==Playoffs==
{{main article|2014 ISL Cup playoffs}}

===Semi-finals===

====First leg====
{{football box collapsible
|date = 13 December
|time = Saturday 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 3–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1761-kerala-blasters-thump-Banglore titans-fc-to-boost-final-hopes Report]
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 = [[Ishfaq Ahmed|Ahmed]] {{goal|27}} [[Iain Hume|Hume]] {{goal|29}} [[Sushanth Mathew|Methew]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 60,900
|referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 December
|time = Sunday 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1778-kolkata-goa-play-out-goalless-draw-in-first-leg-of-semifinals Report]
|team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 53,173
|referee = [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
}}

====Second leg====
{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 December
|time = Tuesday 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1803-late-winner-sends-kerala-blasters-into-final-after-dramatic-second-leg-in-banglore Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|aggregatescore = 3–4
|aet = yes
|goals1 = [[Mikaël Silvestre|Silvestre]] {{goal|42}} [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{own goal|76}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2 = [[Stephen Pearson|Pearson]] {{goal|117}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]]
[[Chennai]]
|attendance = 25,317
|referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 17 December
|time = Wednesday 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 0–0
|aet = yes
|aggregatescore = 0–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1818-atletico-de-kolkata-defeat-goa-after-first-isl-penalty-shootout Report]
|team2 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|penalties1 = [[André Santos|Santos]] {{penmiss}} [[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{pengoal}} [[Zohib Islam Amiri|Amiri]] {{penmiss}} [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 2–4
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[Josemi]] {{pengoal}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{pengoal}} [[Jofre]] {{pengoal}} [[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Borja]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|attendance = 19,012
|referee = [[Ravshan Irmatov]]
}}

===Final===
{{Main article|2014 Indian Super League final}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 20 December
|time = Saturday 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 0–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1850-substitute-mohammed-rafique-hands-atletico-de-kolkata-the-title Report]
|team2 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|90+5}}
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance = 36,484
|referee = [[Ravshan Irmatov]]
}}

==Attendance==

===Average home attendances===
:''Note: Table lists in order of average attendance.''

{{fb a header}}
{{fb a2 team|p=1 |t=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|s=392886|h=61323|l=34657|a=49111|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=2 |t=[[Atlético de Kolkata]]|s=316195|h=65000|l=21550|a=45171|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=3 |t=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|s=200296|h=31770|l=25530|a=28614|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=4 |t=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|s=158142|h=28000|l=18197|a=22592|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=5 |t= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|s=176757|h=25317|l=16567|a=22095|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=6 |t=[[FC Goa|Goa]]|s=144524|h=19752|l=16652|a=18066|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=7 |t=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]|s=109993|h=18268|l=13000|a=15713|pr=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=8 |t=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]|s=55015|h=8427|l=7243|a=7859|pr=}}

{{fb a footer |s= 1590292 |h=65000|l=7243 |a=26505|pr=
|u=20 December 2014 |source=Official club websites and [http://www.indiansuperleague.com Indian Super League]|date=June 2015}}

{{clear}}

===Highest attendances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Home team
!Score
!Away team
!Attendance
!Date
!Stadium
|-
| align=center | 1 ||Atlético de Kolkata|| align=center | 3–0||Mumbai City|| align=center | 65,000||{{start date|2014|10|12|df=y}}||[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 2 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 0–1||Chennaiyin|| align=center | 61,323||{{start date|2014|11|30|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 3 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 3–0||Chennaiyin|| align=center | 60,900||{{start date|2014|12|13|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 4 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 2–1||Atlético de Kolkata|| align=center | 57,296||{{start date|2014|11|21|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 5 ||Atlético de Kolkata|| align=center | 1–1||Delhi Dynamos|| align=center | 55,793||{{start date|2014|10|19|df=y}}||[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 6 ||Atlético de Kolkata|| align=center | 0–0||Goa|| align=center | 53,173||{{start date|2014|12|14|df=y}}||[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 7 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 1–0||Goa|| align=center | 49,517||{{start date|2014|11|6|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 8 ||Atlético de Kolkata|| align=center | 0–0||Chennaiyin|| align=center | 46,288||{{start date|2014|11|14|df=y}}||[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 9 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 1–0||Pune City|| align=center | 44,532||{{start date|2014|12|9|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align=center | 10 ||Kerala Blasters|| align=center | 0–0||NorthEast United|| align=center | 43,299||{{start date|2014|12|4|df=y}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|}
Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141104080253/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2014/schedules-fixtures]

==Statistics==
{{See also|Indian Super League records and statistics{{!}}List of Indian Super League records and statistics}}
===Scoring===
====Top scorers====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|8
|-
|rowspan=4|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ETH}} [[Fikru Teferra]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|rowspan=4|5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Marmentini]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Miroslav Slepička]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|rowspan=6|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Pelissari]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|rowspan=6|4
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Stiven Mendoza]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Santos]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Koke (footballer, born 1983)|Koke]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|}

====Top Indian scorers====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|4
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Goa
|3
|-
|rowspan=2|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Baljit Sahni]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|rowspan=2|2
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Cavin Lobo]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|}

====Hat-tricks====
{{see also|List of Indian Super League hat-tricks}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Player !! For !! Against !! style="text-align:center"| Result !! Date
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|André|Moritz}} || Mumbai City || Pune City || style="text-align:center;"| 5–0<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league-2014/news/231649-isl-andre-moritz-s-hat-trick-sinks-fc-pune-city |title=Andre Moritz Nets First Hat-Trick as Mumbai City FC Rout FC Pune City 5-0 |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=NDTV Sport |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028182732/http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league-2014/news/231649-isl-andre-moritz-s-hat-trick-sinks-fc-pune-city |archive-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|10|18}}
|}

===Assists===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Assists
!Ref
|-
| 1
| ?
| ?
| align=center| ?
|
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Šeda]]
|align="left"|Goa
|7
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|6
|-
|rowspan=3|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kristof Van Hout]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan=3|5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|}

===Awards===

===Hero of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Borja Fernández]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 21
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 41
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Santos]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 2
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Alexandros Tzorvas]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 22
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Anelka]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 42
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Massamba Sambou]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 3
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Del Piero]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Milagres Gonsalves]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 43
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Marmentini]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 4
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 24
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| Pune City
| Match 44
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 5
| {{flagicon|ETH}} [[Fikru Teferra]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 25
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 45
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bernard Mendy]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 6
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Moritz]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 26
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Štohanzl]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 46
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 7
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Eliáš]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 27
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Pearson]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 47
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Marmentini]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 8
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grégory Arnolin]]
| Goa
| Match 28
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Stiven Mendoza]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 48
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 9
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bernard Mendy]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 29
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 49
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 10
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Cavin Lobo]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 30
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Youness Bengelloun]]
| Goa
| Match 50
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 11
| {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Kondwani Mtonga]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 31
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jofre]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 51
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Marmentini]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 12
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Wim Raymaekers]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 32
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]]
| Pune City
| Match 52
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 13
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 33
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 53
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 14
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]]
| Pune City
| Match 34
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Moritz]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 54
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 15
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 35
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 55
| {{flagicon|ETH}} [[Fikru Teferra]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 16
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Hans Mulder]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 36
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Stiven Mendoza]]
| Banglore titans
| Match 56
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Koke (footballer, born 1983)|Koke]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 17
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 37
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pedro Gusmão]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 57
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 18
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jewel Raja]]
| Goa
| Match 38
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| Goa
| Match 58
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grégory Arnolin]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 19
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Anelka]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 39
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Pelissari]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 59
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Colin Falvey]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 20
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 40
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Marmentini]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 60
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Santos]]
| Goa
|-
|colspan=6|
| Match 61
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
| Atlético de Kolkata
|}

==End-of-season awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Player/Club
|-
| [[Indian Super League Hero of the League|Golden Ball for Hero of the League]]
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]] (Kerala Blasters)<ref name="End of Season Awards">{{cite news|title=ISL 2014: Full list of award winners|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/isl-2014-full-list-award-winners-elano-blumer-takes-golden-boot-1598802.html|access-date=2 June 2015|work=OneIndia|date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727023939/http://www.oneindia.com/sports/isl-2014-full-list-award-winners-elano-blumer-takes-golden-boot-1598802.html|archive-date=27 July 2015|author=Aprameya}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Boot|Golden Boot]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]] (Chennaiyin)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Most Exciting Player
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]] (Athlético de Kolkata)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Fittest player
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Štohanzl]] (Mumbai City)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Glove]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Šeda]] (Goa)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|[[Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League|Emerging Player of the Season]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]] (Kerala Blasters)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Goal of the Season
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]] (Pune City)<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Happy Fans Award for Best Club at Home
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Happy Fans Runners Award for Second Best Club at Home
|[[Northeast United FC|Northeast United]]<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|-
|Fair Play Award
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]<ref name="End of Season Awards"/>
|}

==See also==

* [[2014 Atlético de Kolkata season]]
* [[2014 Chennaiyin FC season]]
* [[2014 Delhi Dynamos FC season]]
* [[2014 FC Goa season]]
* [[2014 Kerala Blasters FC season]]
* [[2014 Mumbai City FC season]]
* [[2014 NorthEast United FC season]]
* [[2014 FC Pune City season]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.indiansuperleague.com/}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2014 in Asian Football (AFC)}}
{{2014–15 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League}}
[[Category:2014 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|2014]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football|1]]
[[Category:2014 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

Anthrenus katrinkrauseae

2026-02-07T00:41:54Z

ShielaPaxton36: new stub

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = katrinkrauseae
| authority = Háva, 2018
| parent = Anthrenodes
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) katrinkrauseae''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India (Kashmir).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q126919851}}
{{Portal bar|Insects}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|katrinkrauseae]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2018]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

David Bergman (journalist)

2026-02-06T06:26:17Z

ShielaPaxton36: reworked structure further and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|British journalist}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Bergman
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1965 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = University of Birmingham
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active =
| known_for = {{bulleted list
|Activism in [[Bhopal disaster]]
|His reporting on [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|war crimes]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
}}
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Sara Hossain]]
| relatives = [[Kamal Hossain]] (father in-law)
| awards = Royal Television Society
}}

'''David Bergman''' (born {{circa}} 1965)<ref name=thetimesplot /><ref name="highcourt">{{cite news |date=30 October 1986 |title=Court to Hear Man's Plea on Bhopal |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |agency=Reuters}}</ref> is a British [[investigative journalist]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite news| title=Bangladesh court convicts British journalist for doubting war death toll | work=The Guardian | date=2 December 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/02/bangladesh-convicts-british-journalist-david-bergman | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Bergman has worked for Bangladeshi and British newspapers. He was first known in Bangladesh for his reporting on [[war crime]]s committed during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. An investigative documentary on the subject he worked as a reporter and researcher for British television in 1995 won an award.<ref name="sahgalinterview">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Tamanna |date=20 April 2012 |title=Defender of Justice |newspaper=Star Weekend Magazine |publisher=The Daily Star |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/04/03/profile.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235127/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/04/03/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite news |date=18 April 2014 |title=Bangladesh files contempt case against British reporter |newspaper=Dawn |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1100532 |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> Twenty years later, he was convicted of [[contempt of court]] by Bangladesh's special war crimes tribunal in 2015 for contradicting the official death toll of the war.<ref name="convicted2014" /><ref name="british_journalist_2014_12_02_guardian">Greenslade, Roy, [https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/dec/02/british-journalist-found-guilty-of-contempt-in-bangladesh "British journalist found guilty of contempt in Bangladesh: He is fined for 'examining' 1971 war statistics,"] 2 December 2014, ''[[The Guardian]],'' retrieved 30 March 2019</ref><ref name="british_journalist_2014_12_02_the_independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/british-journalist-found-guilty-of-contempt-by-bangladesh-court-for-questioning-war-death-toll-9897430.html "British journalist found guilty of contempt by Bangladesh court for questioning war death toll: David Bergman 'did not have the right' to examine the figures, it ruled,"] 2 December 2014, ''[[The Independent]],'' retrieved 30 March 2020</ref> Bergman has also contributed to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Foreign Policy]]''.

Bergman is a editor and contributor to [[Netra News]], a Bangladeshi news website funded by [[National Endowment for Democracy]], a non-government, bipartisan, US-based organisation, funded by the US Congress and based in [[Sweden]].<ref name="f446">{{cite web |last=Bergman |first=David| title=The cost of independent journalism in Bangladesh | website=Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ | date=31 May 2023 | url=https://netra.news/2023/the-cost-of-independent-journalism-in-bangladesh/ | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=David Bergman | website=Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ | date=25 March 2025 | url=https://netra.news/authors/david-bergman/ | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Netra News - About | website=Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ | date=25 December 2019 | url=https://netra.news/about/ | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> He was interviewed for the [[Al Jazeera Investigates|Al Jazeera]] documentary ''[[All the Prime Minister's Men]].''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://mofa.gov.bd/site/press_release/ad02e180-cebb-4ac0-bb14-52b1cf61ac12|title=Al Jazeera Report|date=1 February 2021|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|place=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref>

Bergman was the executive director of the Centre for Corporate Accountability, which promoted the enactment of the [[Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007]] in the [[United Kingdom]].

==Personal==
David Bergman is the son of Alan Bergman from [[Hadley Wood]], in north London.<ref name=thetimesplot /><ref name="guardianplot">{{cite news |last=Hoyland |first=Paul |date=9 September 1986 |title=India holds British aid worker: Arrest of David Bergman under official secrets act |newspaper=The Guardian (UK)}}</ref><ref name="upiplot">{{cite news |last=Ullah |first=Mazhar |date=22 September 1986 |title=Briton faces trial in Bhopal leak |publisher=United Press International}}</ref> He holds degrees in both politics and law<ref name="New Age article contemptuous">{{cite news |title=New Age article contemptuous, says ICT |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2012/02/19/new-age-article-contemptuous-says-ict |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=19 February 2012}}</ref> and his law degree is from the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name=thetimesplot>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Hamlyn |date=17 September 1986 |title=Briton caught up in 'Bhopal vendetta': David Bergman |newspaper=The Times (London)}}</ref><ref name=plot>{{cite news |date=22 September 1986 |title='Plot to silence' Briton in Bhopal |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |page=3}}</ref> Bergman is married to Bangladeshi lawyer and writer [[Sara Hossain]],<ref name=family>{{cite news |date=1 December 2011 |title=Nurul Kabir to continue his defence on Dec 20 |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2011/12/01/nurul-kabir-to-continue-his-defence-on-dec-20 |newspaper=BDNews24 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2011 |title=Yunus verdict today |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184303 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=bcnet /> who is the co-editor of ''{{'}}Honor{{'}}: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence Against Women''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hossain |editor-first1=Sara |editor-last2=Welchman |editor-first2=Lynn |date=2005 |title='Honour': Crimes, Paradigms and Violence Against Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujwLunL_rrQC&pg=PR9 |publisher=Zed Books |pages=9– |isbn=978-1-84277-627-8}}</ref> His father-in-law is Dr. [[Kamal Hossain]], who has been the president of the [[Gano Forum]] political party in Bangladesh since he founded it in 1992.<ref name=family /><ref name=bcnet /><ref>{{cite news |author=Anwar Parvez Halim |date=12 June 2011 |title=Sons and daughters of political parents |url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/9375343-sons-and-daughters-of-political-parents |publisher=All Voices |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413063404/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/9375343-sons-and-daughters-of-political-parents |archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2012 |title=Two decades of Gono Forum |url=http://probenews.com/utility/emaillists/printview/4f2db660-626c-443d-9395-2672416fb142/ams/Newsarticle |work=Probe News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193001/http://probenews.com/utility/emaillists/printview/4f2db660-626c-443d-9395-2672416fb142/ams/Newsarticle |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref>

== Activism in Bhopal ==
[[Gita Sahgal]], who later produced ''War Crimes File'', said she first met Bergman when he was politically active in the relief work after the [[Bhopal disaster]] in India.<ref name="sahgalinterview" /> Bergman first traveled from [[Birmingham]], England, to [[Bhopal]] in March 1986 by bicycle as a charity to raise £5,000 for the victims of the disaster. While there, he became entangled in a legal dispute over the government's role in relief that ''[[The Guardian]]'' later dubbed "The Bergman Affair".<ref name="affair">{{cite news |date=31 October 1986 |title=Bhopal Briton wins visa ruling: David Bergman affair |newspaper=The Guardian (UK)}}</ref> Other organizations providing relief to the victims of the Bhopal disaster said they were harassed or prevented from being effective because of government intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamlyn |first=Michael |date=3 December 1986 |title=Bhopal gas tragedy claims more victims two years on: Aftermath of Indian chemical plant disaster |newspaper=The Times (London)}}</ref>

In September 1986, when Bergman was 21 years old, he was held in custody in violation of India's [[The Foreigners Act, 1946|Foreigners Act]] and [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] and was accused of working for [[Union Carbide]].<ref name="thetimesplot" /><ref name="highcourt" /> Around the time of his detention, Bergman was on a [[hunger strike]] and also suffering from [[hepatitis]], and although he requested the court allow him to travel for treatment his request was denied, as was his father's intervention on behalf of his son's health.<ref name="thetimesplot" /><ref name="guardianplot" /><ref name="upiplot" /><ref name="plot" /> He denied the charges as a form of harassment and challenged the lower courts decision.<ref name="highcourt" /><ref name="dismissed">{{cite news |last=Steyn |first=Chris |date=2 January 1987 |title=Bhopal Briton returns: David Bergman |newspaper=The Times (London)}}</ref> His case was heard before the Supreme Court,<ref name="highcourt" /> and the high court decided in his favour and also allowed for his continued stay in India to take part in the relief efforts.<ref name="affair" /> Later, the Supreme Court intervened again and forced the lower court to dismiss the charges.<ref name="dismissed" /> Bergman later spoke to the media for the Bhopal Action Group, London, and argued against the sabotage theory advocated by Union Carbide and in favour of design flaws as the cause.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Milne |first=Roger |date=19 May 1988 |title='Act of Sabotage' killed thousands at Bhopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbmVGaFBpAC&pg=PA28 |magazine=New Scientist |page=28 |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 1988 |title=India: Challenges Union Carbide's Bid for Personal Settlements |publisher=Inter Press Service}}</ref> He also published an article in a law journal about these competing views.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergman |first=David |date=17 June 1988 |title=The sabotage theory and the legal strategy of Union Carbide |journal=New Law Journal |volume=138}}</ref>

==Workers' rights==
Bergman was affiliated with the Centre for Corporate Accountability as its executive director for nine years before stepping down in 2009 when it closed.<ref name="1999CCA">{{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |date=7 October 1999 |title=Where the blame lies |newspaper=The Guardian (UK)}}</ref><ref name="trustreport">{{cite web |date=January 2005 |title=Grantees: Centre for Corporate Accountability |url=http://www.sigrid-rausing-trust.org/Grantees/Centre-for-Corporate-Accountability |publisher=Sigrid Rausing Trust}}</ref> While at this organization, Bergman worked on legal issues related to workers' safety issues and the Centre supported the [[Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathiason |first=Nick |date=17 November 2002 |title=Company ethics? They're not our business |newspaper=The Guardian / The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/nov/17/corporateaccountability.theobserver1 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |date=2 February 2003 |title=Work deaths soar as Labour dithers |newspaper=The Guardian (UK) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/feb/02/business.conferences7?INTCMP=SRCH |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=27 June 2007 |title=Manslaughter concession |journal=New Law Journal |volume=157 |issue=7283}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=23 November 2004 |title=Corporate killing bill unveiled |newspaper=The Guardian (UK) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/nov/23/ethicalbusiness.queensspeech2004?INTCMP=SRCH |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chamberlain |first=Phil |date=8 December 2007 |title=Safety catch |newspaper=The Guardian (UK) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2007/dec/08/workandcareers2?INTCMP=SRCH |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> The law went into effect in 2008 and allows corporations to be charged with manslaughter that occurs inside the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, including multinationals.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2009 |title=The 25 Most Influential Executives in the Business Travel Industry, 2008 |publisher=Business Travel News}}</ref>

== Journalism ==
David Bergman is an investigative journalist and previously worked for the UK's [[Twenty Twenty Television|Twenty Twenty]].<ref name="twenty">{{cite web |title=Who's worked with us?: A list of about 800 of the UK's most talented and skilled people |url=http://www.aag50.dial.pipex.com/07_modem_text_only/alumni.html |publisher=Twenty Twenty (former website) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719225047/http://www.aag50.dial.pipex.com/07_modem_text_only/alumni.html |archive-date=19 July 2004 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> He has formerly worked at several Bangladeshi newspapers, including ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'',<ref name=credentials>{{cite news |date=7 October 2013 |title=Rejoinder to 'SQ's relatives unperturbed' |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/10/07/rejoinder-to-sq-s-relatives-unperturbed |newspaper=bdnews24 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-123502|title=War crimes act needs reform|date=26 January 2010|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> and [[bdnews24.com]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/media-en/2021/02/07/toufique-khalidi-says-david-bergman-has-deficiencies-confuses-activism-with-journalism|title=Where does David Bergman fall short? Toufique Khalidi has an explanation|website=bdnews24.com}}</ref> In addition to writing for Bangladeshi papers, Bergman has contributed to ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' and ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name=FPMYunus>{{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |date=15 March 2011 |title=Is this the End of Muhammad Yunus |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/03/15/is-this-the-end-for-muhammad-yunus/ |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=EconMYunus>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/asiaview/2011/03/muhammad_yunus|title=Muhammed Yunus: You're fired. No, I'm not, The Economist, 3 March 2011|newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> His coverage of the [[International War Crimes Tribunal]] appeared in ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-opposition-party-chief-given-life-sentence-for-war-crimes-8482279.html |first=David |last=Bergman |title=Bangladesh: Opposition party chief given life sentence for war crimes |newspaper=The Independent (UK) |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

Between 1999 and 2009, Bergman headed the human rights organisation Centre for Corporate Accountability and advocated for legal reforms on work-related deaths.<ref name=1999CCA /><ref name=trustreport />

==Notable works of journalism==

===Bangladesh war crimes===
Bergman was the reporter and researcher behind the 1995 documentary film ''[[War Crimes File]]'' that was aired on British TV [[Channel 4]] about the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]].<ref name=sahgalinterview /> The film was produced by [[Gita Sahgal]], director of this film was Howard Bradburn, made with the assistance of Bangladeshi filmmaker [[Tareque Masud]], and created for Twenty Twenty.<ref name=sahgalinterview /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?p=542 |title=War Crimes File – A Documentary BY Twenty Twenty Television |work=Bangladesh Genocide Archive|date=19 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gita Sahgal |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=214510 |title=Dead Reckoning: Disappearing stories and evidence |work=The Daily Star |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Rakib |last1=Ahammed |first2=Rizanuzzaman |last2=Laskar |title=2 key witnesses lost |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=198696 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 August 2011 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> The program received a special commendation in the "Best International Current Affairs Award" category from the [[Royal Television Society]] in 1995, which was for its "courageous exposé of Islamic extremists now living in Britain".<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Holden |title=Top Award for Diana's Interviewer |publisher=Press Association News |date=23 February 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.org.uk/sites/default/files/file/PDF's/Awards/Awards_Archive_February_2011.pdf |title=RTS National Awards |publisher=Royal Television Society |access-date=2 February 2013 |page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and nominations |url=http://www.aag50.dial.pipex.com/07_modem_text_only/awards.html |publisher=Twenty Twenty (former website) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021230538/http://www.aag50.dial.pipex.com/07_modem_text_only/awards.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> The film was subjected to a libel charge by the men featured in the film.<ref>{{cite news |first=Naeem |last=Mohaiemen |title=Flying blind: Waiting for a real reckoning on 1971 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/October/flying.htm |work=Forum |publisher=The Daily Star |volume=v|issue=10 |date=October 2011 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509191127/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/October/flying.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bergman's personal blog Bangladesh Politico follows the proceedings of the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] of Bangladesh, a tribunal set up with solely domestic judges to use domestic law.<ref name=dawn />

Bergman published a controversial opinion article, "A crucial period for International Crimes Tribunal", in ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'' on 2 October 2011 that was seen as contempt by Justice Md Nizamul Huq, Justice [[A. T. M. Fazle Kabir]] and [[A. K. M. Zahir Ahmed]], although the body exonerated Bergman and his publisher, it warned them to be more careful.<ref name=DS_001>{{cite news |title=New Age editor, publisher, journo reprimanded |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=223183 |access-date=29 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=20 February 2012 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235201/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=223183 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=35917 |title=New Age editor exonerated |work=The Daily Star |date=19 February 2012 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Bergman |title=A crucial period for International Crimes Tribunal |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-01&nid=35250 |work=New Age |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235739/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-01&nid=35250 |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In December 2012, Justice [[Mohammed Nizamul Huq]] resigned for [[2012 ICT Skype controversy|Skype Scandal]] between the justice and [[Ahmed Ziauddin]] that compromised the fairness of the tribunal were revealed on YouTube and in publications such as ''The Economist'' and ''Amar Desh''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=43105 |title=Justice Nizamul quits International Crimes Tribunal |newspaper=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Daily Star |title=Bangladesh tribunal extends deadline for two journalists to reply to notice |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=267783 |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Daily Star |title=Sedition case filed against Amar Desh editor, publisher |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=43158 |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> Elsewhere in the media, Bergman has criticised the due process procedures of the International Crimes Tribunal as flawed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim preacher gets death for Bangla genocide |url=http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=136246&heading=Asia |newspaper=Oman Tribune |agency=Agence-France Presse |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=19 February 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022003027/http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=136246&heading=Asia |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been critical of the tribunal's due process and principles in following rule of law.<ref name=bcnet>{{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |date=15 February 2013 |title=My response to Tahmina Anam's article on 'Shahbag', 1971 war crimes trials in Bangladesh, and demands for hangings |url=http://bangladeshchronicle.net/2013/02/my-response-to-tahmina-anams-article-on-shahbag-1971-war-crimes-trials-in-bangladesh-and-demands-for-hangings/ |newspaper=Bangladesh Chronicle |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121060353/http://bangladeshchronicle.net/2013/02/my-response-to-tahmina-anams-article-on-shahbag-1971-war-crimes-trials-in-bangladesh-and-demands-for-hangings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bangladesh's tribunal raised a further contempt charge against Bergman in April 2014 concerning three articles he had published on his blog about the court. At issue is his writings about how many people died during the Bangladesh Liberation War with the court using the official figure of three million and Bergman saying that number is disputed by evidence.<ref name=dawn /> He was convicted by that court at the end of 2014, where it was proclaimed that he "hurt the feelings of the nation."<ref name="british_journalist_2014_12_02_guardian" /><ref name="british_journalist_2014_12_02_the_independent" /><ref name=convicted2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/british-journalist-david-bergman-convicted-bangladesh-questioning-1971-war-death-toll-1731760 |title=British Journalist David Bergman Convicted In Bangladesh For Questioning 1971 War Death Toll |first=Sneha |last=Shankar |date=2 December 2014 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>

Bergman has often appeared on the Al Jazeera show [[Inside Story (TV programme)|Inside Story]] as a political commentator on Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AFen4J1DwA|title=🇧🇩What's behind Bangladesh's war crimes trials? l Inside Story|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a70wJMfeL2g|title=Inside Story - Bangladesh's new reality|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

In February 2021, Bergman appeared in the Al Jazeera documentary ''[[All the Prime Minister's Men]]'' which exposed corruption allegations against the Bangladesh Army's 16th chief of staff [[Aziz Ahmed (general)|Aziz Ahmed]]. The army chief allegedly arranged presidential pardons for his brothers who have been fugitives from Bangladeshi law with convictions for murder and other crimes. The Bangladeshi government statement in response to the documentary mentioned Bergman, Jamaat and said that it "regrets that Al Jazeera has allowed itself to become an instrument for their malicious political designs aimed at destabilizing the secular democratic Government of Bangladesh".<ref name="auto2"/> In response to a question from a local journalist on the documentary, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina remarked "Some bizarre interactions always happen in Bangladesh’s politics when the line between the ultra-left and the ultra-right blurs".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2021/02/27/hasina-explains-why-bangladesh-needs-digital-security-act|title=Hasina explains why Bangladesh needs Digital Security Act|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> [[Shahidul Alam]], writing in the ''New Age'', advised the government to not slip on a [[banana peel]].<ref name="s124">{{cite web | first=Shahidul |last=Alam|title=I didn't eat the bananas | website=New Age | date=8 February 2021 | url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/129498/i-didnt-eat-the-bananas | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

==Blog and other writing==
Bergman runs a personal blog called Bangladesh Politico.<ref name="auto1"/> His criticism often focuses on [[Sheikh Hasina]] and her family. Bergman has been deeply critical of the Awami League's [[authoritarianism]] since Sheikh Hasina was re-elected in 2009. Bergman initially focused on the flaws of the war crimes tribunal set up by Sheikh Hasina's government in 2010. Since 2014, when the [[Bangladeshi general election, 2014|national election]] was boycotted by the opposition, Bergman became a fierce critic of Bangladesh's autocratic drift and [[human rights abuses]] by security agencies like the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] and the [[Directorate General of Forces Intelligence]].

Bergman is also the English language editor of [[Netra News]]. Apart from the Awami League, Bergman has been critical of [[Mahfuz Anam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netra.news/2020/re-writing-the-history-of-bangladeshs-padma-bridge-criminal-conspiracy-1402|title=Re-writing the history of Bangladesh's Padma Bridge criminal conspiracy|date=20 December 2020|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414002332/https://netra.news/2020/re-writing-the-history-of-bangladeshs-padma-bridge-criminal-conspiracy-1402|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[BRAC (organization)|BRAC]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/netranews/bangladeshs-ruling-party-family-think-tank-a64127c419e8|title=Bangladesh's Ruling Party Family Think Tank|date=14 October 2020|website=Netra News}}</ref> the [[London School of Economics]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netra.news/2021/lse-sheikh-mujib-and-the-bangladesh-government-1523|title=LSE, Sheikh Mujib and the Bangladesh government|date=19 January 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414002329/https://netra.news/2021/lse-sheikh-mujib-and-the-bangladesh-government-1523|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Biden administration]], the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/netranews/undp-defends-its-decision-to-work-with-awami-league-family-organisation-b39c7fc20764|title=UNDP defends its decision to work with Awami League family organisation|date=23 October 2020|website=Netra News}}</ref> [[Amnesty International India]], the [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Bangladesh|British High Commissioner to Bangladesh]], the [[European Union]] Ambassador to Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/netranews/why-is-bangladeshs-human-rights-record-on-such-a-steep-decline-the-diplomatic-silence-8b11bddd1ed1|title=Why is Bangladesh's human rights record on such a steep decline? The diplomatic silence|date=9 March 2021|website=Netra News}}</ref> [[Tulip Siddiq]], [[Boris Johnson]], [[Dominic Raab]] and the [[British Labour Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netra.news/2021/uk-labour-partys-awami-league-problem-1480|title=UK Labour Party's Awami League problem|date=11 January 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414002334/https://netra.news/2021/uk-labour-partys-awami-league-problem-1480|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
* Bergman, David. "The sabotage theory and the legal strategy of Union Carbide," ''New Law Journal'', 138, 17 June 1988.
* Bergman, David. (Director) "War Crimes Files" (documentary), ''Dispatches'' (program), Channel 4. 1995.
* {{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |author-mask=2 |date=2 October 2011 |title=A crucial period for International Crimes Tribunal |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-01&nid=35250 |newspaper=New Age |location=Dhaka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235739/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-01&nid=35250 |archive-date=21 October 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |author-mask=2 |date=15 February 2013 |title=My response to Tahmina Anam's article on 'Shahbag', 1971 war crimes trials in Bangladesh, and demands for hangings |url=http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/02/my-response-to-tahmina-anams-article-on-shahbag-1971-war-crimes-trials-in-bangladesh-and-demands-for-hangings/ |newspaper=Bangladesh Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207052658/http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/02/my-response-to-tahmina-anams-article-on-shahbag-1971-war-crimes-trials-in-bangladesh-and-demands-for-hangings/ |archive-date=7 February 2015}}
* {{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |author-mask=2 |date=16 May 2013 |title=Witness alleges state abduction |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-05-16&nid=49319 |newspaper=New Age |location=Dhaka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130112346/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-05-16&nid=49319#.Vh_01SvAE-X |archive-date=30 January 2014}}
* {{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |author-mask=2 |date=17 April 2014 |title=Questioning an Iconic Number |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}

==See also==
* [[Al Jazeera controversies and criticism]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://bangladeshwarcrimes.blogspot.com/ Bangladesh War Crimes Tribunal (blog)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1PBwgyOodA Tehelkatv Channel, Interview: "David Bergman on the politicisation of Shahbagh protests"]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bergman, David}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bhopal disaster]]
[[Category:British male journalists]]
[[Category:Workers' rights activists]]

Indrani Haldar

2026-02-05T18:09:33Z

ShielaPaxton36: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Indrani Haldar
| image = File:Indrani Haldar.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|01|06|df=yes}}<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Indrani-Haldar The Times of India website: Indrani Haldar]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata | Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1986–present
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Bhaskar Roy<ref>[https://sekho.in/indrani-halder-family-photos-father-husband-age-marriage-biography/ Sekho.in website: Indrani Haldar]</ref>
| partner =
| birth_name =
| awards = [[BFJA Awards]], [[Anandalok Awards]]
| website =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works =[[Biyer Phool]], [[Mayurakshi]], [[Sreemoyee]],<ref> [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/indrani-halder-back-on-the-small-screen-with-her-new-serial-sreemoyee/articleshow/69702597.cms The Times of India website: Indrani Halder back on the small screen with her new serial]</ref>
}}

'''Indrani Haldar''' is an Indian actress who is mostly known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Indrani Halder, Rachna Banerjee: Senior actresses who rule Bengali TV; challenge industry's 'obsession' with young artists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/indrani-halder-rachna-banerjee-senior-actresses-who-rule-bengali-tv-challenge-industrys-obsession-with-young-artists/photostory/85699818.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Sreemoyee: গুরুতর অসুস্থ রোহিত, ধারাবাহিক শেষের পথে, তার মধ্যেই হঠাৎ নাচ ইন্দ্রাণীর! কেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/indrani-halder-danced-param-sundori-on-the-set-of-sreemoyee-to-make-everyones-mind-better-dgtl/cid/1317718 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/indrani-haldar-20729 |title=Indrani Haldar movies, filmography, biography and songs – Cinestaan.com |website=Cinestaan |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402184831/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/indrani-haldar-20729 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was conferred with a [[National Film Award|National Award]], three [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Awards]] and two [[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Awards]].

Halder made her debut in 1986 with the Bengali TV series ''Tero Parbon'' directed by Jochon Dastidar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলার ঘরে ঘরে 'তেরো পার্বণ' |website=anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/ব-ল-র-ঘর-ঘর-ত-র-প-র-বণ-1.121643 |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> She made her big screen debut opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in ''Mandira'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four much fun |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/four-much-fun/cid/1424338 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> She has appeared in numerous films, telefilms and TV series and hit the pinnacle of her career with the Bengali TV series ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=শাশুড়িদের ট্যাঁকে পুরতে হলে রসে-বশে রাখ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-goyenda-ginni-actress-indrani-haldar-dgtl-1.315465 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> She appeared in critically acclaimed films such as ''Charachar'', ''Dahan'', ''Anu'', ''Sajhbatir Rupkathara'', ''Faltu'', ''Tokhon Teish'', ''Mayurakshi'' to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সামাজিক বার্তাতেই এখনও রাজেন্দ্রাণী |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/actress-indrani-halder-still-ruling-the-industry-at-her-own-terms/articleshow/78168590.cms |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Ei Samay |language=bn |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109042828/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/actress-indrani-halder-still-ruling-the-industry-at-her-own-terms/articleshow/78168590.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has also worked at Maa Shakti by BR Chopra.

==Career==
Indrani made her acting debut in the television serial ''Tero Parban'' (1986).<ref name="website">{{cite web |title=Star, Artist |publisher=Rediff |author=Chatterji, Shoma A. |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/aug/11ind.htm |access-date=20 March 2007 |archive-date=19 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119131451/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/aug/11ind.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She lived in [[Mumbai]] during 2008 to 2013 to act in [[Hindi]] TV serials.<ref name="star">{{cite web |url=http://thedailystar.net/showbiz/indrani-haldar-bengal-and-beyond-58959 |title=INDRANI HALDAR BENGAL AND BEYOND |author=Rafi Hossain |date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113064321/http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/indrani-haldar-bengal-and-beyond-58959 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2022, she sang the [[Dwijendralal Ray]] song "Dhono Dhanne Pushpe Bhora" in a show at the request of one. However, she thought it is [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s song. And so she was trolled on [[social media]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=রবীন্দ্র সংগীত ভেবে গাইলেন 'ধন ধান্য পুষ্প ভরা', নেটদুনিয়ায় তুলোধনা ইন্দ্রানীকে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indrani-halder-sangs-dhono-dhanno-pushpe-bhora-in-place-of-ranbidra-sangeet-trolled-massively-31643021344556.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030400/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indrani-halder-sangs-dhono-dhanno-pushpe-bhora-in-place-of-ranbidra-sangeet-trolled-massively-31643021344556.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1990
|''Abishkar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Debata''
|
|
|
|-
|''Mandira''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''Debor''
|
|
|
|-
|''Neelimay Neel''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''Dan Pratidan''
|
|
|
|-
|''Shwet Patharer Thala''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|''Kaancher Prithibi''
|
|
|
|-
|''Kanyadan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Charachar]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Tapasya''
|
|
|
|-
|''Prem Sanghat''
|
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Biswas Abiswas''
|
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Antartama''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Jay Bijay''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1996
| ''[[Biyer Phool]]''
| Lily Chatterjee
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jamaibabu]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Bonophool''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
|''Saptami''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
| Srabani / Jhinuk
|
|
|-
|''Bhalobasha''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Bhalobasa (1997) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/bhalobasa-1997-bengali-movie |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lal Darja]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Dabidar''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|1998
| ''Gharer Laxmi''
|
|
|
|-
|''Gouri''
|
|
|
|-
|''Chowdhury Paribar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sagar Banya''
|
|
|
|-
|''Saikat Sangeet''
|
|
|
|-
|''Anu''
|Anu
|
|
|-
|''Nayaner Alo''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1999
|''Day Dayita''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sampradaan''
|
|
|
|-
|''Ebong Tumi Aar Aami''
|
|
|
|-
|''Dadabhai''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''
|
|Cameo
|
|-
|''Buk Bhara Bhalobasa''
|
|
|
|-
|2000
|''Apon Holo Par''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2001
|''[[Dekha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Bhairav''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sesh Ashray''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2002
|''[[Devdas (2002 Bengali film)|Debdas]]''
|Chandramukhi
|
|
|-
|''Saanjhbatir Roopkathara''
|
|
|
|-
|''Barkane''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Anandalok''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|''Atatayee''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Assassin''
|
|
|
|-
|2005
| ''Asamapto''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[Faltu]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Aankush''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|''[[Jara Brishtitey Bhijechhilo]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Raatporir Rupkatha''
|
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Angshumaner Chhobi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2010
|''Banshiwala''
|
|
|
|-
|''Thikana Rajpath''
|
|
|
|-
|''Antim Swash Sundar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Antarbash''
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Takhan Teish]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Chakravyuha''
|
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Mistake (2013 film)|Mistake]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Strings of Passion]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Aro Ekbar''
|
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Mayurakshi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Drishyantar''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Kuler Achaar]]''
|Mitali
|
|
|}

== Web series ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Director
!OTT Platform
!Notes
!{{Refh}}
|-
|2021
|''[[72 Ghanta]]''
|Anjana
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|Chorki
|Film released om OTT platform due to COVID-19 induced lockdown
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmaker |first1=Sabyasachi |title=Soumitra’s last movie falls short of becoming memorable |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/soumitras-last-movie-falls-short-becoming-memorable-340960 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=The Business Standard |date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Chhotolok]]''
|Mohor Bhattacharya
|Indraneel Roy Chowdhury
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Chhotolok review: Daminee Basu shines bright in Indranil Roy Chowdhury’s unputdownable cop drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chhotolok-review-daminee-basu-shines-bright-in-indranil-roy-chowdhurys-unputdownable-cop-drama/628bec8cb832 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Television series ==
* ''[[Seemarekha]]'' as Seema and Rekha-Dual role ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]'' as Poroma (Zee Bangla)
* ''Spandan'' (Zee Bangla)
* ''[[Sreemoyee]]'' ([[Star Jalsha]])
* ''[[Savitri - EK Prem Kahani]]'' as Leena Roy Choudhary (2013)
* ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
* ''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]''
* ''Tamasharekha'' (Zee Bangla)
* ''Jeebon Rekha'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]]''
* ''Maa Shakti''
* ''Savitri''
* ''Sanai'' (Akash Bangla)
* ''Rajmahal'' ([[Aakash Aath]])
* ''Bahnishikha''
* ''Kudrat'' as Ganga Ajaynarayan Seth

== Telefilms and Short series ==
* ''Fakir''
* ''Tithir Atithi''
* ''Kuasha Jakhan''
* ''Bahanno Episode''(Directed by Rituporno Ghosh)
* ''Purbo Purush''
* ''Bhool Thikana''
* ''Hamaari Shaadi''(Directed by Basu Chatterjee)
* ''Tero Parban''
* ''Prashchito'' (NTV Bengali Telefilm)
* ''Pinzor'' (NTV Bengali Telefilm)
* ''Khonik Bosonto'' (BTV Telefilm), 2002
* ''Somoy'' ([[Rupasi Bangla]])
* ''Kapalkundala''

== Reality and Talk shows ==
* ''Ghore Ghore Zee Bangla'' (Reality show)- Host ([[Zee Bangla]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrani Halder's New Game Show: এবার দর্শকদের 'ঘরে ঘরে' পৌঁছাবেন ইন্দ্রাণী! আসছে নতুন গেম শো |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/indrani-halder-new-game-show-ghore-ghore-zee-bangla-goyenda-ginni-actress-host-new-bangla-non-fiction-show-new-format-soc-458906-2022-10-15}}</ref>
* ''Sange Indrani'' - a weekly interview on Tara TV featuring celebrity guests, hosted by Haldar

==Mahalaya==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Channel !! Show Name !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || [[DD Bangla]] || Maa Elo Oi || rowspan="2" | Devi Mahisasurmardini ||
|-
| 2016 || [[Zee Bangla]] || [[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Matrirupeno]] || rowspan="2" |{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
| 2017 || [[Zee Bangla]] || [[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Rupang Dehi Jayang Dehi]] || Devi Jayanti, Maangala, Kali, Bhadrakali, Kapalini and Mahisasurmardini
|-
| 2019 || [[Star Jalsha]] || Mahisasurmardini || Dance Performance ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Film/TV show
|-
| 1993
| Kalakar Awards
| [[Kalakar Award for Best Actress]]
|
| ''Tapashya''
|-
| 1996
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Best Actress
| Gouri
|''[[Charachar]]''
|-
| 1997
| [[45th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| Jhinuk
|''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
|-
| 1997
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress TV
|
| ''Tapashya''
|-
| 1998
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress TV
|
| ''Kuasa Jokhon''
|-
| 1999
| [[Anandalok Puraskar]]
| [[Anandalok Best Actress Award]]
| Jhinuk
|''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
|-
| 2000
| [[Anandalok Puraskar]]
| Anandalok Best Actress Award
|
|''Anu''
|-
| 2002
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress TV
|
| ''Maa Shakti''
|-
| 2003
|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award]]
| Sanjhbati
|''Sanjhbatir Roopkathara''
|-
| 2005
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress TV
|
| ''Pinjor''
|-
| 2006
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress TV
|
| ''Bonnisikha''
|-
| 2007
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actress Award]]
| Suri Khepi
|''[[Faltu]]''
|-
|2007
|Telly Samman
|Best Actress
|
|''Aaloy Phera''
|-
| 2008
| Madrid International Film Festival
| Best Actress
| Radha
|''[[Jara Bristite Bhijechhilo]]''<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/news/indrani-haldar-bags-best-actress-award-in-spain/321912/ Indrani Haldar bags best actress award in Spain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109125331/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Indrani-Haldar-bags-best-actress-award-in-Spain/321912/ |date=9 January 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
|Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress
| Sujata
|''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
|rowspan="2"|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2016
| Sera Nayika
|rowspan="4"| Poroma
|rowspan="4"| ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''
|-
| Priyo Bouma
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2017
|Telly Academy Awards 2017
| Sera Nayika
|-
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2017
| Priyo Sodosyo
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2018
|rowspan="2"|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2018
| Sera Kholnayika
| Seema
| ''[[Seemarekha]]''
|-
| Most Versatile Actress
| For her contributions to the Bengali Film Industry
|{{n/a}}
|-
| 2019
|Telly Academy Awards 2019
| Best Actress
|rowspan="5"| Sreemoyee
|rowspan="5"| ''[[Sreemoyee]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2021
|rowspan="2"|Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2021
|Priyo Maa
|-
|Cholo Paltai
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2022
|Telly Awards Bangla
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
|-
|Tele Academy Awards 2022
| Inspirational Character
|-
|[[Banga Bhushan]]
|
|For her contributions to the Bengali Film Industry
|{{n/a}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0354795}}
{{Authority control}}
{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldar, Indrani}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jogamaya Devi College alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]

Anish Ghosh

2026-02-05T15:49:33Z

ShielaPaxton36:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician}}
'''Anish Ghosh''' is an Indian mathematician specializing in [[ergodic theory]], [[Lie groups]] and [[number theory]]. He is a Professor in the School of Mathematics of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), [[Mumbai]], and is currently Dean of the School. He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in Mathematical Sciences in the year 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Technology 2021 List of recipients |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/202109260133259214500SSBPrize2021Website.pdf |website=SSB Prize in Science and technology |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group, New Delhi |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> Anish Ghosh is also a part of the [https://randomgeometry.in/ INFOSYS-Chandrasekharan Virtual Centre for Random Geometry] which is a group of scientists at TIFR Mumbai and ICTS Bengaluru working on topics related to random geometry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Random Geometry Centre|url=https://sites.google.com/view/tifrgeomdyn/home |website=Infosys-Chandrasekharan Random Geometry Centre |publisher=TIFR |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

Anish Ghosh was born on 25 December 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathematician Anish Ghosh |url=https://nikhilbharat.com/mathematician-anish-ghosh-in-hindi-jivani/ |website=Online Hindi world |date=29 November 2021}}</ref> He secured a BSc degree from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai in 2001 and received his PhD degree from [[Brandeis University]] in Waltham, Massachusetts in 2006. His research supervisor was Dmitry Yanovich Kleinbock.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anish Ghosh |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=108930 |website=Mathematics Genealogy Project |publisher=Department of Mathematics North Dakota State University |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> After spending a short period as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Austin, he joined University of East Anglia, UK as a Lecturer and after a few years he moved to TIFR as a faculty member,

==Recognitions==
Besides the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Anish Ghosh has been the recipient of several recognitions, including the following:

* [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Scopus]] Young Scientist Award in 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=NASI-SCOPUS Young Scientists Award 2018 |url=https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/711977/2018-SYSA-Winner-brochure.pdf |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
* DST Swarnajayanti Fellowship in 2017
* Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellows and Honorary Fellow |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Announcements/New_fellows/ |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
* B M Birla Science Prize in 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=B M Birla Science Prizes |url=https://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/previous-receipients-of-the-bm-birla-science-prizes/ |publisher=B M Birla Science Centre |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2022
* Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, 2025 <ref>https://insaindia.res.in/recent-elected-fellows/</ref>
* J. C. Bose grant of the ANRF

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|KqI2kS4AAAAJ}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Anish}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of East Anglia]]

Central library, IIT Delhi

2026-02-04T20:19:05Z

ShielaPaxton36: added some info added tags

{{Short description|Library in Delhi}}
{{Infobox library
| native_name = केंद्रीय पुस्तकालय भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान दिल्ली
| native_name_lang = hi
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| location_map = 
| items_collected =
| collection_size = 
| num_employees = 40+
| parent_organization = [[IIT Delhi]]
| affiliation =
| website = {{URL|https://library.iitd.ac.in}}
}}
The '''Central''' '''library''' is the main library of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] (IIT Delhi), located in [[Hauz Khas, New Delhi]]. The library provides access to resources to students, faculty, scholars, and researchers in both print and digital formats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ramaiah |first=Chennupati K. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Electronic_Resources_Management_in_Libra/WvGJAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Electronic Resources Management in Libraries |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-813-5 |pages=60-61 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 must-visit libraries in delhi with a rich cultural legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/web-stories/10-must-visit-libraries-in-delhi-with-a-rich-cultural-legacy/photostory/122317405.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Vijay Kumar |last2=Nair |first2=Aravind R. |date=2023-07-01 |title=Implementation of Electronic Resource Management System: A case study of Central Library, IIT Delhi |url=https://www.srels.org/index.php/sjim/article/view/171031 |journal=Journal of Information and Knowledge |pages=191–197 |doi=10.17821/srels/2023/v60i3/171031 |issn=2583-9314|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arora |first=Jagdish |date=2002 |title=Network-Enabled Digitized Collection at the Central Library, IIT Delhi |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bult.251 |journal=Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Hilal |last2=Mushtaq |first2=Muzamil |last3=Imran |first3=Sheikh Mohd |date=December 2012 |title=The Use of Search Strategies in OPAC: A Comparative Study of Central Library, IIT Delhi; P.K. Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur and Allama Iqbal Library, Kashmir University |url=http://irjlis.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/3-IR071.pdf |journal=Journal of Library and Information Science |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-date=2018-04-26 |access-date=2026-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426194856/http://irjlis.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/3-IR071.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Hilal |date=December 2014 |title=Library Automation in India: A survey of information retrieval system of Central libraries of IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and Kashmir University |url=http://www.ijodls.in/uploads/3/6/0/3/3603729/8444.pdf |journal=International Journal of Digital Library Services |volume=4 |issue=4 |via=IJODLS}}</ref>

== History ==
The library's [[cornerstone]] was laid by [[K.C. Pant]], on 18 May 1985. The new building was inaugurated in 1988 by [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=":0" /> Over time, the library has expanded from traditional print-based collections to digital resources.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Wei |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Leadership_and_Management_Principles_in/F3_JAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Central+Library+IIT+Delhi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT29&printsec=frontcover |title=Leadership and Management Principles in Libraries in Developing Countries |last2=Johnson |first2=Sue O'Neill |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-95534-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Information_Management_in_the_New_Millen/ePkdNDfBVHIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Central+Library+IIT+Delhi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA221&printsec=frontcover |title=Information Management in the New Millennium |date=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-170-7 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Hilal |date=2014-07-09 |title=Library Software Awareness: A Survey of OPAC Vs Card Catalogue in IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, and Kashmir University |url=http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/view/6164 |journal=DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=325–332 |doi=10.14429/djlit.34.6164|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahoo |first=Sambhunath |last2=Panda |first2=K C |date=18 January 2021 |title=Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) Library System: A Comparative Study |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9240&context=libphilprac |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice |via=University of Nebraska-Lincoln}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Academic libraries in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Delhi]]

List of Bengali films of 2011

2026-01-14T09:47:40Z

ShielaPaxton36: basic reworked structure for clarity and added references per standard format

#REDIRECT [[List of Bengali films]]

Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram

2026-01-06T07:54:37Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made Basic Place More To Come

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ulagalantha Perumal Temple
| image = Kanchipuram-temple-ulagalandar.jpg
| alt = The three tiered Raja Gopuram of Ulagalantha Perumal Temple
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|21|N|79|42|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vamana|Trivikraman]], Ulagalantha Perumal ([[Vishnu]]) Amuthavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction = West
| temple_tank = Naga Tirtham, Shesha Tirtham
| tower = Śrīkara Vimanam
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ulagalandha Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in [[Kancheepuram|Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th through 9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Ulagalantha Perumal, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Amuthavalli. The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]], with later contributions from the [[medieval Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]], and [[Madurai Nayaks]].

The temple is found in Big Kanchipuram, and situated close to [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]]. The temple complex actually houses four Divya Desams in its different precincts, namely, Tirukkaravanam, Tirukarakam, Tiruneerakam, and Tiruürakam, that last of which is present within the sanctum sanctorum of the main temple.

[[Vamana]], the [[Brahmin]] dwarf, and one of the [[Dashavatar|ten avatars of Vishnu]], is held to have appeared here to quell the pride of the [[asura]] king [[Mahabali]]. As Ulagalantha Perumal, he is believed to have appeared before king Mahabali and later to the Alvars. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Ulagalantha perumal Kanchipuram1.jpg|A view of the temple from the street preceding it and the temple tank|thumb|left|250px]]
''The [[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes that Vishnu descended as the [[Vamana]] avatar to restore the authority of [[Indra]] over [[Svarga]], as it had been taken by [[Mahabali]], a benevolent [[asura]] King. [[Lakshmi|Bali]] was the grandson of [[Prahlada]]. King Mahabali was generous, and engaged in severe austerities, winning the praise of the world. With the praise from his courtiers and others, he regarded himself as the most powerful being in the world. Vamana, in the guise of a short [[Brahmin]] carrying a wooden [[umbrella]], went to the king to request three paces of land. [[Mahabali]] consented, against the warning of his guru, [[Sukracharya|Shukracharya]]. Vamana then revealed his identity, and enlarged to gigantic proportions to stride over the three worlds. He stepped from heaven to earth with the first step, from earth to the netherworld with the second. With all the dominions he held effectively under Vamana's strides. King [[Mahabali]], unable to fulfill his promise, offered his head for the third. Vamana then placed his foot upon the humbled monarch, banishing him to the netherworld. Some texts also report that Vamana did not step into the netherworld, and instead gave its rule to Mahabali.

In his giant form, Vamana is known as Trivikrama. The legend is associated with the [[Thrikkakara Temple]] in [[Kerala]] and also with this temple and [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur]].<ref>[[#Parmeshwaranand|Parmeshwaranand]], p. 1337</ref><ref>[[#Hoiberg|Hoiberg 2001]], p. 217</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Thiruvikrama swamy temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=605|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref><ref>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], p. 73</ref>

==History and inscriptions==
[[File:Ulagalantha-perumal1.jpg|200x250px|thumb|View of the gopuram]]
According to the historian Nagaswamy, based on the inscriptions and the location of the temple, it is the oldest temple in Kanchipuram.<ref name=Naga>{{cite journal|title=Visnu Temples of Kancipuram|journal=Marg, A Magazine of the Arts|date=1 September 2013|access-date=26 April 2018|url-access=|first=Indira S|last=Aiyar|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-346532518.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044810/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-346532518.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2018}}</ref> The earliest inscription is from 846 CE during the regime of [[Nandivarman III]] (846–869 CE). There is another account that the temple is developed further by [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044 CE).<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=139|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref> The temple has 15 inscriptions from various dynasties like [[Pallavas]], [[Chola]] and Sambuvarayars. There is a Chola inscription dated 1110 CE during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) indicating his visit to the temple and his gift of land to the temple whose income was to be used for the maintenance of the temple. Another similar inscription indicates the donation of a village by the king on behest of his queen Kampamadeviyar. There are inscriptions from later Chola kings like [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] (1166–1178 CE) and [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1216-1256 CE) indicating various records of gifts to the temple. There are also inscriptions from minor chieftains like Vijaya Gandagopala indicating gifts to the temple.<ref name=M75/>
The inscriptions refer the main deity by various names like Thiru Uragathu Ninru-arulina Paramaswamin, Tiru Uragathaḻvar and Tiru Uragathu Emberuman.<ref name=M75/><ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Chola temple with a Pallava surprise|date=22 June 2007|access-date=18 October 2014|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/22/stories/2007062250630300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020150759/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/22/stories/2007062250630300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2007|last=Chakravarthy|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Pradeep}}</ref> The Sambuvarayar rule of the 16th century records the gift of a pond and a grove in Sevvanmedu village. The temple still continues to possess this grove.<ref name=hindu/> The inscriptions in the temple also indicate increased trade and commerce during the Pallava period, with licenses provided to shops like oil, ghee, arecanut, vegetables, flowers, coconut, sugar, cloth and sandal.<ref>[[#N.|N. 2008]], pp. 41-2</ref> The temple has not received a single donation from the ruling [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]], though the nearby temples received generous donations, indicating that the temple had sources of income. From those days Pancharatra Agama was followed in the temple, though all the surrounding people followed Vaikhanasa and Pancharatra Agama.<ref name=Naga/>

[[Parimelalhagar]], the 13th-century [[Ten medieval commentators|Tirukkural commentator]], belonged to the lineage of priests of the Ulagalantha Perumal temple.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}}

==Architecture==
[[File:Ulagalantha perumal Kanchipuram2.jpg|250px|left|View of the ceiling of the temple|thumb]]
The temple is located in central Kanchipuram, a locality in the Central side of [[Kanchipuram]], a [[South Indian]] town in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=46}}</ref> The temple has an area of about {{convert|60000|sqft}} and has a three tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (main towers) with seven kalasas. The temple houses four ''[[divya desam|Divya Desam]]s'' on its own – they are Tirukkaravanam, Tirukarakam, Tiruürakam, and Tiruneerakam.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1992]], p. 539</ref> It is believed that all the shrines were probably separate temples, but the circumstances which lead do these temples getting housed in the Ulagalantha Perumal temple is not known.<ref name=R452/> Thirumangai Alvar has sung praises of all the four temples in a single verse. The temple tank, Naga Tirtham, is located outside the main temple complex.<ref name=M74/>

The temple is revered by the verses of [[Tirumangai Alvar]] and [[Thirumazhisai Aazhwar|Thirumaḻisai Alvar]]. Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped as Amuthavalli (Amirthavalli) and the festival idol of the temple is Vishnu as Loganathan. The image of Ulagalantha Perumal is over {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height depicted with his left leg at a right angle to the body and parallel to the ground. The right leg is seen placed on the head of Mahabali with two fingers on his left hand stretched out referring to the two steps he took to measure the two worlds and the stretched finger on his right hand indicating the question the posted to Mahabali as to where he could place his third step. The roof of the sanctum, the [[vimana (shrine)|vimana]] has an elevated roof to accommodate the huge image of the presiding deity.<ref name=M72>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], p. 72</ref>

=== Tiruoorakam ===
The central shrine of temple is most commonly referred as Peragam, while the smaller shrine where the image of the snake god [[Adisesha|Adishesha]] is houses is called Tiruoorakam. As per tradition, Mahabali at the foot of Vamana, could not view the deity's [[Viswaroopam|vishvarupam]], and requested him to manifest as a smaller form. Vishnu obliged, and appeared as a snake in a smaller shrine. The shrine is frequented by childless couple praying for offspring.<ref name=R452>R. 2001, p. 452</ref><ref name=M74/>

===Tirukkarakam===
The shrine is located on the third precinct of the temple. As per Hindu legend, sage Garga performed his penance at this temple and obtained knowledge. The place thus derived its name Garagaham, which later became Karakam. The presiding deity of the shrine is Karunakara Perumal facing north and seated on Adishesha and his consort Padmamani Nachiyar. The temple tank associated with it is called Agraya Tirtham, and the [[vimana (tower)|vimana]] is called Vamana Vimanam or Ramaya Vimanam.<ref name=M74/><ref>R. 2001, p. 469</ref>

===Tirukkaravanam===
The shrine is located in the second precinct. The presiding deity is called Kalvar and faces north, while his consort is Kamalvalli Thayar. Gauri Tatakam and Taratara Tatakam are the temple tanks associated with the temple and the vimana is called Puskala Vimana.<ref name=M74/><ref>R. 2001, p. 469-70</ref> There is a separate for Aranavalli Thayar.<ref name=M74>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], p. 74</ref>

===Tiruneerakam===
The temple has no presiding deity, but just a festive image probably brought from other shrine. The images of the festival deity, Jagadishvara, facing the east and having four arms, is housed in a hall in the second precinct. The water body associated with the temple is Akrura Tirtham and the vimana is Jagadishvara Vimanam. According to Pillai Perumal Aiyangar in his ''Nurrettrutiruppatiyantati'', Vishnu revealed himself to a sage in the form of a child as a banyan leaf.<ref name=M74/><ref>R. 2001, p. 516</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Ulagalantha Perumal Kanchipuram7.jpg|250px|thumb|View of the ceiling of Tiruneerakam]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin community. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Ulagalantha Perumal and Amuthavalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar1"/> There are two major festivals celebrated in the temple - Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Thai'' (January–February) and Vamana Jayanthi during the Tamil month of ''Avani'' (August–September) on ''Sravanam'' star.<ref name=M75>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], p. 75</ref>

==Religious significance==
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by Thirumangai Alvar in one hymn of Thirunedunthandagam. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar1">{{cite web|title=Sri Ulagalanda Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1076|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref> The temple is unique among Divya Desams as it is the only temple complex that houses four different Divya Desams.<ref name=hindu/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&q=vamana&pg=PA1337|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2001|isbn=9788176252263|ref=Parmeshwaranand}}
* {{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=vamana&pg=PA217|last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale |last2=Ramchandani|first2=Indu |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=9780852297605|ref=Hoiberg}}
* {{cite book | last = Gopalakrishnamachariyar | first = V. M. | title = திருக்குறள் (மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும்) [Tirukkural (Moolamum Perimelalhagar Uraiyum)] | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= 1 | date = 2009 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=south+indian+shrines+illustrated+%2B+karvanam&pg=PA539|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=Economic History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCKserudM2AC&q=ulagalantha+kanchipuram&pg=PA42|last=N.|first=Jayapalan|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2008|ref=N.|isbn=9788126906970}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{commonscat|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram}}

[[Category:Perumal temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Vamana temples]]

Henry Drake-Brockman

2025-12-29T03:19:12Z

ShielaPaxton36: Created Basic Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1865–1933)}}
'''Sir Henry Vernon Drake-Brockman''' (8 November 1865 – 11 July 1933) was an [[Indian Civil Service|Indian civil servant]] who served as a judge in the [[Central Provinces]]. He was knighted in 1913.

Born in [[Madras]], Drake-Brockman was the oldest son of Henry Julius Drake-Brockman, Crown Solicitor of Madras, and Mary Ellinor Christian ''née'' Sims. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] and [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|St. Peter's College, Cambridge]] receiving a BA and LLB in 1886.<ref>{{cite book|title=Record of the Brockman and Drake-Brockman family|editor=Drake-Brockman, David Henry.|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/recordofbrockman00drak/page/n111/mode/1up|pages=61–62}}</ref> He passed the [[Indian Civil Service]] examination in 1883 and went to India in 1886 working in the Central Provinces.<ref>{{cite book|page=483|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|place=London|publisher=Harrison and Sons}}</ref> He was called to the Bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1904 and became a Divisional and Sessions Judge in 1896, additional Judicial Commissioner in 1904 and a Judicial Commissioner from 1906.<ref>{{cite book|page=166|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom|author=Walford, Edward |year=1860| publisher=Dalcassian}}</ref> He retired in 1921.

According to [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], a future [[Chief Justice of India]]:<blockquote>Sir Henry Drake-Brockman left a tradition for independence. It was said that he signed his last judgment against the Secretary of State-in-Council, and leaving the court went straight to the Railway Station to board his saloon.<ref>{{Cite book |title=My Own Boswell: Memoirs of M. Hidayatullah |publisher=Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. |year=2010 |location=New Delhi |pages=73}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.airgale.com.au/brockman/d15.htm#i38937 Genealogy]

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Drake-Brockman, Henry Vernon}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]

Tura Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-23T11:56:28Z

ShielaPaxton36: cleanup intro also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Tura {{Small|ML-2}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Meghalaya/Tura.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tura Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1971
| electors = 8,26,156<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| reservation = ST
| mp = [[Saleng A. Sangma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| assembly_cons = 24:
}}

'''Tura Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Meghalaya]] state in northeastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Tura Lok Sabha constituency comprises 24 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments, which are:
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency Number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!District
|-
|37
|[[Kharkutta Assembly constituency|Kharkutta]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
| rowspan="4" |[[North Garo Hills district|North Garo Hills]]
|-
|38
|[[Mendipathar Assembly constituency|Mendipathar]]
|-
|39
|[[Resubelpara Assembly constituency|Resubelpara]]
|-
|40
|[[Bajengdoba Assembly constituency|Bajengdoba]]
|-
|41
|[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]
|[[East Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]
|-
|42
|[[Rongjeng Assembly constituency|Rongjeng]]
| rowspan="2" |[[East Garo Hills district|East Garo Hills]]
|-
|43
|[[Williamnagar Assembly constituency|Williamnagar]]
|-
|44
|[[Raksamgre Assembly constituency|Raksamgre]]
| rowspan="8" |[[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
|-
|45
|[[Tikrikilla Assembly constituency|Tikrikilla]]
|-
|46
|[[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]]
| rowspan="2" |None
|-
|47
|[[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]
|-
|48
|[[Selsella Assembly constituency|Selsella]]
| rowspan="13" |[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
|49
|[[Dadenggre Assembly constituency|Dadenggre]]
|-
|50
|[[North Tura Assembly constituency|North Tura]]
|-
|51
|[[South Tura Assembly constituency|South Tura]]
|-
|52
|[[Rangsakona Assembly constituency|Rangsakona]]
| rowspan="2" |[[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]
|-
|53
|[[Ampati Assembly constituency|Ampati]]
|-
|54
|[[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]]
|[[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
|-
|55
|[[Salmanpara Assembly constituency|Salmanpara]]
|[[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]
|-
|56
|[[Gambegre Assembly constituency|Gambegre]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
|-
|57
|[[Dalu Assembly constituency|Dalu]]
|-
|58
|[[Rongara Siju Assembly constituency|Rongara Siju]]
| rowspan="3" |[[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]]
|-
|59
|[[Chokpot Assembly constituency|Chokpot]]
|-
|60
|[[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1972]]
|K. R. Marak
|style="background-color: yellow" |
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]<ref name=election1977/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Sanford Marak]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<ref name=election2004/>
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 2005{{efn|Resigned in 2005 to join NCP. Was re-elected}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| 2008{{efn|Resigned in 2008 to join the State assembly}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Agatha Sangma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=election2009/>
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=election2014/>
| [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]{{efn|died in 2016}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
| 2016{{efn|bye-poll}}
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Agatha Sangma]]<ref name=election2019/>
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Saleng A. Sangma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Tura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Saleng A. Sangma]]|votes=3,83,919|percentage=56.96|change={{increase}}14.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=National People's Party (India)|candidate=[[Agatha Sangma]]|votes=2,28,678|percentage=33.93|change={{decrease}}18.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]]|votes=48,709|percentage=7.23|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=5,840|percentage=0.87|change={{down}}0.24}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,55,241|percentage=23.03|change={{up}}14.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,74,056|percentage=81.37|change={{decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =National People's Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Tura<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = [[Agatha Sangma]]
|votes = 3,04,455
|percentage = 52.22
|change = {{decrease}}16.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukul Sangma]]
|votes = 2,40,425
|percentage = 41.24
|change = {{increase}}13.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rikman Garrey Momin
|votes = 31,707
|percentage = 5.44
|change = {{increase}}5.44
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,454
| percentage = 1.11
| change = {{decrease}}2.32
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64,030
|percentage = 8.98
|change = {{decrease}}31.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,83,480
|percentage = 81.38
|change = {{increase}}3.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National People's Party (India)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====By-election 2016====
{{Election box begin | title=By-Election 2016 : Tura
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = [[Conrad Sangma|Conrad Kongkal Sangma]]
|votes = 3,29,497
|percentage = 68.16
|change = {{increase}}15.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dikkanchi D. Shira
|votes = 1,37,285
|percentage = 28.40
|change = {{decrease}}15.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 16,597
| percentage = 3.43
| change = {{decrease}}0.76
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,92,212
|percentage = 39.76
|change = {{increase}}31.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,83,379
|percentage = 77.50
|change = {{decrease}}0.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National People's Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Tura<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS152.htm?ac=2|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]
|votes = 2,39,301
|percentage = 52.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Daryl William Cheran Momin
|votes = 1,99,585
|percentage = 43.55
|change = {{increase}}3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 19,185
| percentage = 4.19
| change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,716
|percentage = 8.67
|change ={{increase}}3.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,58,254
|percentage = 78.13
|change = {{increase}}10.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = National People's Party (India)
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Tura<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Agatha Sangma]]
|votes = 1,54,476
|percentage = 45.14
|change = {{increase}}45.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debora C Marak
|votes = 1,36,531
|percentage = 39.90
|change = {{increase}}1.59
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,945
|percentage = 5.24
|change ={{decrease}}18.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,42,187
|percentage = 67.66
|change = {{increase}}5.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
| winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Tura<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]
|votes = 1,91,938
|percentage = 61.69
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukul Sangma|Dr. Mukul Sangma]]
|votes = 1,19,175
|percentage = 38.31
|change = {{increase}}14.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,763
|percentage = 23.38
|change = {{decrease}}15.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,11,113
|percentage = 61.77
|change = {{decrease}}2.71
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
* Purna A. Sangma (INC-Indira) : 82,307 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title = 1980 India General (7th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Grohonsing Marak (AHL) : 13,058

===General election 1977===
* Purna A. Sangma (INC) : 40,288 votes <ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tura-lok-sabha|title = Tura Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
* Mody K. Marak (IND) : 26,254

==See also==
* [[Tura, India|Tura]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ncp.orgfree.com/ Nationalist Congress Party website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx Previous Lok Sabha Members by Constituency] [[Lok Sabha]] website
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/meghalaya/tura/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tura lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{17th LS members from Northeast_states}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.52|90.19|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tura (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]

Second Ishwar Gupta Setu

2025-12-13T01:18:08Z

ShielaPaxton36: Made First Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|Bridge under construction in Kalyani Expressway, West Bengal}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = Second Iswar Gupta Setu
| native_name = দ্বিতীয় ঈশ্বর গুপ্ত সেতু
| native_name_lang =bn
| image = [[File:Second Ishwar Gupta Setu Under Construction.jpg|centre|300px]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The under-construction '''Second Ishwar Gupta Setu'''
| official_name =
| named_for =[[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]]
| other_name =
| carries = [[Kalyani Expressway]], Roadway Only
| crosses = [[Hooghly River]]
| locale = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]], {{flag|India}}
| owner = [[West Bengal Highway Development Corporation|WBHDC]]
| maint =
| id =
| website =
| architect =
| designer = [[COWI]]
| engineering =
| design = [[Extradosed bridge|extadosed]] [[Cable-stayed bridge|cable-stayed]] bridge
| material = Concrete, steel
| length = {{convert|714|m}}
| width = {{convert|35|m}}
| height =
| mainspan = {{convert|120|m}}
| spans = 7
| pierswater =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| life =
| builder = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| fabricator =
| begin = 2018
| complete =
| cost = {{INRConvert|1396|c|year=2018}}
| open =
| inaugurated =
| toll =
| traffic =
| lanes = 6
| preceded =
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.967113|N|88.407653|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| references = <ref name="NFN-Network"/>
| extra =
}}
The '''Second Ishwar Gupta Setu''' is an under-construction [[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] [[Cable-stayed bridge]] spanning the [[Hooghly River]], connecting [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] with [[Bansberia]] in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]. It will be one of the most important Roadway Bridges of the [[Kolkata metropolitan region]], as it will be the fifth '''Roadway bridge''' crossing the [[Hooghly River]] within this Metropolitan area, alongside [[Vidyasagar Setu]], [[Howrah Bridge]], [[Nivedita Setu]] and [[Vivekananda Setu]]. It will facilitate crucial connectivity between the eastern and western parts of the [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]. The bridge is being constructed by [[Larsen & Toubro]], to the design of [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] and is part of the [[Kalyani Expressway]], under the jurisdiction of [[West Bengal Highway Development Corporation]].<ref name="NFN-Network"/>

The concept of building a bridge across the [[Hooghly River]] was conceived in 2016. The original plan was to build a bridge as an alternative to the old [[Ishwar Gupta Setu]], which would connect Delhi Road and [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]] with [[Kalyani Expressway]] and [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="NFN-Network"/> The [[Tower#Transportation_support|Pylon]]s of the bridge will lean outward from the deck, and they will be constructed using [[Concrete]]. The deck of the bridge consists of 7 [[Span (engineering)|Span]]s.

== History ==
=== Plans ===
The first bridge across the Hooghly River between [[Bansberia|Banshberia]] and [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] was constructed in 1989, but in the 2010s, structural defects and structural weaknesses were noticed in the bridge. A proposal for a new bridge to replace the old one was first raised in 2014.<ref name="Eisamay1">{{cite news |last1=Manḍala |first1=Rajata |title=বৃহত্তর কলকাতার গতি ফেরাবে বিকল্প পথ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/ring-road-outside-kolkata-to-reduce-traffic-congestion/articleshow/36649717.cms |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> The approval of this bridge project was given by the [[Government of West Bengal]] in 2015.<ref name="The-Times-of-India">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborti |first1=Suman |title=West Bengal plans six-lane bridge over Hooghly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-plans-six-lane-bridge-over-hooghly/articleshow/46362895.cms |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2015 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> The bridge was planned as part of the 21 km long road project connecting Delhi Road and [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref>{{cite web |title=L&T Construction bags orders worth Rs 1,521 cr |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/LT-Construction-bags-orders-worth-Rs-1521-cr |website=www.projectstoday.com |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

A competition was held for preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the bridge, where the engineering merits of the proposals were examined by [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]]. Denmark's [[COWI A/S|COWI]] agency was selected to prepare the Detailed Project Report (DPR). [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[IIT Madras]] and [[IIT Kanpur]] were appointed as consultants for the bridge. Seismic aspects were seriously considered in approving the design.<ref name="Eisamay2">{{cite news |title=মগরায় রাজ্যের দীর্ঘতম সেতু, দায়িত্বে নিগম |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/west-bengal-will-built-longest-bridge-of-the-state-at-magra/articleshow/50287965.cms |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Eisamay |date=23 December 2015 |language=bn |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130190205/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/west-bengal-will-built-longest-bridge-of-the-state-at-magra/articleshow/50287965.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Construction ===
A ceremony to mark the construction works was held in 2018.<ref name="millenniumpost">{{cite web |title=Now, travel to Kalyani-Dankuni in 30 minutes |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/now-travel-to-kalyani-dankuni-in-30-minutes-268853 |publisher=www.millenniumpost.in |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

== Description ==
=== Architectural features ===
The second Ishwar Gupta Bridge is an [[Extradosed bridge|extadosed]] [[Cable-stayed bridge|cable-stayed]] bridge. 6 concrete-built pylons hold the cables. The bridge consists of a steel-framed concrete deck including two carriageways, with a total length of 714 meters (2,343 ft). The total width of the two deck [[Carriageway|carriageways]] is 35 meters (115 ft).<ref name="NFN-Network">{{cite web |title=New Ishwar Gupta Bridge To Add Beauty To 21Km Long Mogra-Barojaguli Flyover |url=https://newsfromnadia.in/new-ishwar-gupta-bridge-to-add-beauty-to-21km-long-mogra-barojaguli-flyover/#google_vignette |publisher=NFN Network |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]

Chandabali

2025-11-29T04:26:22Z

ShielaPaxton36: added references

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandabali
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|47|0|N|86|46|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bhadrak district
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat|NAC]]
| governing_body = Chandabali NAC
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 100,905 up to 2011
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 756133
| registration_plate = OD
| blank1_name_sec1 = Member of Parliament
| blank1_info_sec1 = Avimanyu Sethi, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Bhadrak
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec2 = Byomkesh Ray
| blank1_name_sec2 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
}}
'''Chandabali''' (or '''Chandbali''') is an old town in the [[Bhadrak district]] of [[Odisha]], India on the bank of the [[River Baitarani]].<ref name=Bhadrak/>

==History==
Before the 19th century AD, Chandabali was a small fishing village, and a natural river port. In 1866, trading began from this port to [[Bengal]] and in 1881 it was declared a government port by the British government. This led to growth and development of a market for agricultural produce.

In the 1910s, the [[United States Hydrographic Office]] noted that the opening of the [[Bengal-Nagpur Railway]] had drawn trade away from the port, and that the port was now considered to be simply part of the port of [[Dhamra]]. At the time, the port had between 22 and 30 feet of anchorage, in front of the town, with three landing piers, the water 10 feet deep at their ends. A steamer service ran four times per week between to and from and Calcutta. The town itself had a single police station, a custom house and warehouse, and a travelers' bungalow. The [[1901 Census of India]] recorded the population as 1,826.{{sfn|USHO|1916|pp=188}}

== Climate ==
January and December are the coldest months with temperature at around 18°c.August and July receive most rainfall with precipitation count of 342.52mm.Chandbali weather history chart based on the last 5 years of Chandbali weather history. If you are visiting Chandbali in near future, this Chandbali weather history chart will give you an idea of the expected weather and plan your trip accordingly{{Weather box
| location = Chandabali (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 34.7
| Feb record high C = 39.8
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 44.2
| May record high C = 45.8
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 42.8
| Aug record high C = 37.5
| Sep record high C = 37.7
| Oct record high C = 39.9
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 34.2
| year record high C = 47.2
| Jan high C = 27.4
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 35.2
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 37.6
| Jun high C = 35.3
| Jul high C = 32.8
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 32.9
| Oct high C = 32.0
| Nov high C = 30.1
| Dec high C = 27.7
| year high C = 32.8
| Jan low C = 14.8
| Feb low C = 18.5
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Apr low C = 25.0
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 26.3
| Jul low C = 25.7
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 25.6
| Oct low C = 23.8
| Nov low C = 19.3
| Dec low C = 15.0
| year low C = 22.4
| Jan record low C = 5.1
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 10.6
| Apr record low C = 15.6
| May record low C = 14.1
| Jun record low C = 16.5
| Jul record low C = 20.1
| Aug record low C = 20.0
| Sep record low C = 19.6
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 9.6
| Dec record low C = 7.7
| year record low C = 5.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.3
| Feb rain mm = 19.3
| Mar rain mm = 26.3
| Apr rain mm = 53.0
| May rain mm = 105.3
| Jun rain mm = 217.9
| Jul rain mm = 287.4
| Aug rain mm = 354.7
| Sep rain mm = 264.4
| Oct rain mm = 234.8
| Nov rain mm = 47.2
| Dec rain mm = 6.2
| year rain mm = 1628.7
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 1.7
| Apr rain days = 2.8
| May rain days = 5.1
| Jun rain days = 9.5
| Jul rain days = 14.1
| Aug rain days = 14.9
| Sep rain days = 11.9
| Oct rain days = 7.9
| Nov rain days = 1.9
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 72.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 63
| Apr humidity = 65
| May humidity = 69
| Jun humidity = 76
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 73
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Chandbali Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 177–178
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M162
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Attractions==
[[File:Maa Patana Mangala Temple, Chhatrapada, Ghanteswar Promoted By K.C.Nayak(NALU) son of Kashi Nath Nayak.jpg|130px|thumb| Maa Patana Mangala Temple, Chhatrapada, Ghanteswar Promoted By K.C.Nayak(NALU) son of Kashi Nath Nayak]]
[[File:Maa Patana Mangala Bhadrak-K.C.Nayak(NALU)-.jpg|130px|thumb|right|Maa Patana Mangala's Bada Singhara Besa in Maha Vishuva Sankranti{Promoted By K.C.Nayak(NALU)}]]
The 650 km2 Bhitarkanika National Park is located about 35 km away, accessible via ferry. The park, one of the few marine parks in India, was established to protect [[saltwater crocodile|Saltwater Crocodiles]], with the special status of Crocodile Sanctuary. The [[Odisha]] [[Government of Odisha|Government]] has since established a saltwater crocodile-breeding center in the park.<ref name=IndiaforVisitors/>
Other attractions are the remains of two 9th century monuments and a temple dedicated to the worship of [[Lord Shiva]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}. Another Shakti pitha Maa Patana Mangala Temple(Chhatrapada) lies approximately 25.0 km(30 mins) away from Chandabali. A major famous festival for "Patua Yatra" is held at Chhatrapada from April 14th to 21st annually. Chandabali is also home to the Sri Aurobindo Dibyadham Ashram, its Relics Temple and Integral Education centre.<ref name=MotherOrissa/>
The Baba Akhandalamani shiv temple ([[Aradi, Odisha|Aradi]]) is around 12 km away from Chandbali and is one of the renowned saiva pitha's in Odisha. The Chandabali Market includes two temples, the temple of Goddess Kali at one end, and the temple of Goddess Durga, And Pokhorisahi Big Hanuman Temple And Hanuman Batika, Near Pokhorisahi at other end.

Chandabali features a major dry fish industry, with fishermen taking advantage of the natural river bank within the town.

Chandabali is now linked to the Kendrapada district through several bridge connections. The main or important bridge named Gamon India bridge as the name of bridge construction company.

There are one N.A.C namely Chandbali N.A.C and six gram panchayats (G.P.) in Chandbali namely Panchpada G.P., Vijaya nagar G.P., Bhatapada G.P., Baligaon G.P., Tentulidiha G.P and Ostia G.P.. Population of Chandbali (six gram panchayats taken together) is nearly 20000, of them 16000 (approx.) are above 18 years of age.

==Schools==
* Digital Organization for Tutorial, Chandbali
* Chandbali Degree College, Chandbali
* Shiva Durga High School, Chandbali
* Dakha High School, Chandbali
* Sri Aurobindo Integral Education centre Dibyadham, Chandbali
* Venkateswar School
* Sophia English Medium School
* Motto High School, Motto
* Chandbali Girls High School, Chandbali
* Adarsha Vidyalaya, Chandabali
* Basudev coaching centre, Chandbali
* Chandbali Arts tutorial
* Ghanteswar College
* Motto College

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Bhadrak>
{{cite web
|url=http://bhadrak.nic.in/chandbali.htm
|title=Chandbali
|publisher=Bhadrak district
|accessdate=2010-11-24
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716211138/http://bhadrak.nic.in/chandbali.htm
|archive-date=16 July 2010
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref>
<ref name=IndiaforVisitors>{{cite web
|url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/discover/attractions/forest-wildlife/bhitarkanika-nature-camps.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824044833/http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/discover/attractions/forest-wildlife/bhitarkanika-nature-camps.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 August 2019
|title=Bhitar Kanika National Park
|work=odishatourism.gov.in
|accessdate=2024-07-18
}}</ref>
<ref name=MotherOrissa>{{cite web
|url=http://www.motherorissa.com/1_Relics_Centers/chandbali.htm
|title=Sri Aurobindo Dibya Dham, Chandabali Bhadrak
|work=MotherOrissa
|accessdate=2010-11-24
}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|ref=CITEREFUSHO1916|title=Bay of Bengal Pilot: Bay of Bengal and the Coasts of India and Siam|url=https://archive.org/details/baybengalpilotb00offigoog|year=1916|author=United States Hydrographic Office|author-link=United States Hydrographic Office|publisher=Government Printing Office|issue=160|series=U.S.H.O. publications|oclc=13679735}}

{{Bhadrak district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandabali}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhadrak district]]

2023 India Open

2025-11-09T06:02:11Z

ShielaPaxton36: Added a stub

{{short description|2023 badminton tournament in New Delhi}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 2023 India Open
|image = India Open 2023.png
|caption =
|dates = 17–22 January
|number_edition =
|level = G2L3
|prize_money = 850000
|other =
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|MS = [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
|country_MS = THA
|WS = [[An Se-young]]
|country_WS = KOR
|MD1 = [[Liang Weikeng]]
|country_MD1 = CHN
|MD2 = [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]
|country_MD2 = CHN
|WD1 = [[Nami Matsuyama]]
|country_WD1 = JPN
|WD2 = [[Chiharu Shida]]
|country_WD2 = JPN
|XD1 = [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Yuta Watanabe]]
|country_XD1 = JPN
|XD2 = [[Arisa Higashino]]
|country_XD2 = JPN
|previous = [[2022 India Open|2022]]
|next = [[2024 India Open|2024]]
}}
{{TOC right}}
The '''2023 India Open''', officially known as the '''Yonex-Sunrise India Open 2023''' for sponsorship reasons, was a badminton tournament that took place at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]] in [[New Delhi]], India, from 17 to 22 January 2023. It had a total prize pool of US$850,000. This was the first India Open to have a Super 750 status.

==Tournament==
The 2023 India Open was the second tournament of the [[2023 BWF World Tour]] and was also part of the [[India Open]] championships, which had been held since 2008. The tournament was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web|title=Prospectus India Open 2023|url=https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/events/4700/docs/YONEX-SUNRISE%20India%20Open%202023%20-%20Prospectus.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref>

===Venue===
This international tournament was held at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]] in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

===Point distribution===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour Super 750]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
|-
| 11,000 || 9,350 || 7,700 || 6,050 || 4,320 || 2,660
|}

=== Prize money===
The total prize money for this tournament was US$850,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance by BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 32'''
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Singles'''
| $59,500 || $28,900 || $11,900 || $4,675 || $2,550 || $850
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Doubles'''
| $62,900 || $29,750 || $11,900 || $5,312.50 || $2762.50 || $850
|}

==Men's singles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen]] ''(second round)''
#'''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] (champion)'''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade =#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=4
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie]]
| RD1-score2-1=6
| RD1-score2-2=12
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=8
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''27'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]]
| RD1-score4-1=25
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]
| RD2-score1-1=20
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=12
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''22'''
| RD2-score2-2=10
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]
| RD1-score2-1=14
| RD1-score2-2=19
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|INA}} [[Chico Aura Dwi Wardoyo|C A Dwi Wardoyo]]
| RD1-score3-1='''22'''
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3=15
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi|Shi YQ]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=20
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=7
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| RD1-score6-1=14
| RD1-score6-2=15
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kento Momota|K Momota]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=11
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=16
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi|Shi YQ]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=9

| RD2-seed3=7
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=15
| RD2-score3-3=18
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=16
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3='''21'''

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=16
| RD3-score1-2=
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]
| RD3-score2-1=8r
| RD3-score2-2=
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|B Yang]]
| RD1-score2-1=14
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhao Junpeng|Zhao JP]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang|Weng HY]]
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''22'''
| RD1-score5-2=14
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]
| RD1-score6-1=20
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=11

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IRE}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2=17
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=15
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhao Junpeng|Zhao JP]]
| RD2-score2-1=19
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=12

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=17
| RD2-score4-3=10

| RD3-seed1=4
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=13
| RD3-score1-3='''22'''
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]
| RD3-score2-1=15
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=20
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen|A Antonsen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=18
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=19
| RD1-score2-3=13

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Ka Long|Ng K L]]
| RD1-score3-1=13
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus|H-K Vittinghus]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=11
| RD1-score5-2=
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren|Liew D]]
| RD1-score6-1=9r
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka|K Naraoka]]
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2=9
| RD1-score7-3=7
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen|A Antonsen]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=12
| RD2-score1-3=17
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=11
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus|H-K Vittinghus]]
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2=17
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=3
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=3
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2=17
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kantaphon Wangcharoen|K Wangcharoen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''25'''
| RD1-score1-2=11
| RD1-score1-3='''22'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Nishimoto|K Nishimoto]]
| RD1-score2-1=23
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=20

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Guangzu|Lu GZ]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=19
| RD1-score3-3=19
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting|A S Ginting]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ng Tze Yong|Ng T Y]]
| RD1-score5-1=19
| RD1-score5-2=14
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng|Li SF]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|INA}} [[Shesar Hiren Rhustavito|S H Rhustavito]]
| RD1-score7-1='''22'''
| RD1-score7-2=19
| RD1-score7-3=12
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia|Lee Z J]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=20
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Kantaphon Wangcharoen|K Wangcharoen]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2=10
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting|A S Ginting]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng|Li SF]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=14
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia|Lee Z J]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=18

| RD3-seed1=6
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting|A S Ginting]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=17
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng|Li SF]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=18
}}

==Women's singles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]] ''(final)''
#'''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade =#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong]]
| RD1-score2-1=17
| RD1-score2-2=16
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3=16
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=11
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=16
| RD2-score1-3=12
| RD2-seed2=2
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=15
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi|A Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Clara Azurmendi|C Azurmendi]]
| RD1-score2-1=7
| RD1-score2-2=11
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Pai Yu-po|Pai Y-p]]
| RD1-score3-1=10
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=6
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Jin Wei|Goh J W]]
| RD1-score6-1=13
| RD1-score6-2=11
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara|N Okuhara]]
| RD1-score7-1=13
| RD1-score7-2=18
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi|A Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]
| RD2-score2-1=14
| RD2-score2-2=17
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=6
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]
| RD2-score3-1=16
| RD2-score3-2=16
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi|A Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=14
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]
| RD3-score2-1=17
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=9
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''22'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Michelle Li|M Li]]
| RD1-score2-1=19
| RD1-score2-2=20
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mia Blichfeldt|M Blichfeldt]]
| RD1-score3-1=17
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=19
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal|S Nehwal]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| RD1-score5-1=14
| RD1-score5-2=20
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''22'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour|K Gilmour]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|GER}} [[Yvonne Li|Y Li]]
| RD1-score8-1=17
| RD1-score8-2=14
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal|S Nehwal]]
| RD2-score2-1=9
| RD2-score2-2=12
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour|K Gilmour]]
| RD2-score4-1=17
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]
| RD3-score1-1=
| RD3-score1-2=
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]'''
| RD3-score2-1=w
| RD3-score2-2=/
| RD3-score2-3=o
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD1-score2-1=15
| RD1-score2-2=12
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Yiman|Zhang YM]]
| RD1-score3-1=12
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=17
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=19
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ga-eun (badminton)|Kim G-e]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aya Ohori|A Ohori]]
| RD1-score6-1=17
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]
| RD1-score7-1=16
| RD1-score7-2=15
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao|He BJ]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=11
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]
| RD2-score2-1=17
| RD2-score2-2=3r
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ga-eun (badminton)|Kim G-e]]
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2=15
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao|He BJ]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=19
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao|He BJ]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan|B Ongbamrungphan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]
| RD1-score2-1=17
| RD1-score2-2=12
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|SGP}} [[Yeo Jia Min|Yeo J M]]
| RD1-score3-1=15
| RD1-score3-2=8
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung|G M Tunjung]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Christophersen|L Christophersen]]
| RD1-score6-1=17
| RD1-score6-2=19
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Wen-chi|Hsu W-c]]
| RD1-score7-1=17
| RD1-score7-2=9
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan|B Ongbamrungphan]]
| RD2-score1-1=9
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=17
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung|G M Tunjung]]
| RD2-score3-1=16
| RD2-score3-2=18
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]
| RD3-score1-1=14
| RD3-score1-2=14
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Men's doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki]] / [[Yugo Kobayashi]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian]] / [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] / [[Soh Wooi Yik]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan]] / [[Hendra Setiawan]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] / [[Chirag Shetty]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] / [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin]] / [[Teo Ee Yi]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] / [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade =#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang Min-hyuk]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]]
| RD1-score1-1=18
| RD1-score1-2=19
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=3
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=11
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=16

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=14
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=3
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=19
| RD2-score2-3=18
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki|T Hoki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yugo Kobayashi|Y Kobayashi]]
| RD1-score1-1=13
| RD1-score1-2=18
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao|Lu C-y]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''23'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|A Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Adam Hall (badminton)|A Hall]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3=21

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Christopher Grimley|C Grimley]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Matthew Grimley|M Grimley]]
| RD1-score6-1=13
| RD1-score6-2=15
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen|Liu YC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ou Xuanyi|Ou XY]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane|B Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy|S Vendy]]
| RD1-score8-1=19
| RD1-score8-2=13
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao|Lu C-y]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=12
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]
| RD2-score3-1=
| RD2-score3-2=
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen|Liu YC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ou Xuanyi|Ou XY]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=w
| RD2-score4-2=/
| RD2-score4-3=o

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen|Liu YC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ou Xuanyi|Ou XY]]
| RD3-score2-1=17
| RD3-score2-2=17
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan|M Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan|H Setiawan]]
| RD1-score1-1=14
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=21
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3='''23'''

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|NED}} [[Ruben Jille|R Jille]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Ties van der Lecq|T van der Lecq]]
| RD1-score3-1=11
| RD1-score3-2='''25'''
| RD1-score3-3=9
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=23
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=15
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|INA}} [[Leo Rolly Carnando|L R Carnando]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Daniel Marthin|D Marthin]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=17
| RD1-score6-3=10

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang|Tan Q]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]
| RD1-score8-1=19
| RD1-score8-2=17
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]
| RD2-score2-1=14
| RD2-score2-2=10
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=16
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''23'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang|Tan Q]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=21

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2=18
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD1-score1-1=27
| RD1-score1-2=14
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supak Jomkoh|S Jomkoh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''29'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akira Koga|A Koga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Taichi Saito|T Saito]]
| RD1-score3-1=15
| RD1-score3-2=15
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin|Ong Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi|Teo E Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Keiichiro Matsui|K Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yoshinori Takeuchi|Y Takeuchi]]
| RD1-score6-1=14
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]
| RD1-score7-1=21
| RD1-score7-2=10
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''23'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Supak Jomkoh|S Jomkoh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]]
| RD2-score1-1=16
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=19
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin|Ong Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi|Teo E Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=13
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=19
| RD2-score3-3=19
| RD2-seed4=3
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=15
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3='''21'''

| RD3-seed1=7
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin|Ong Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi|Teo E Y]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=11
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=3
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Lamsfuß|M Lamsfuß]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ko Sung-hyun|Ko S-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Baek-cheol|Shin B-c]]
| RD1-score2-1=13
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Corvée|L Corvée]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ronan Labar|R Labar]]
| RD1-score3-1=10
| RD1-score3-2=11
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Haodong|Zhou HD]]
| RD1-score5-1=17
| RD1-score5-2=16
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Shohibul Fikri|M S Fikri]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Bagas Maulana|B Maulana]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Sol-gyu|Choi S-g]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]]
| RD1-score7-1=17
| RD1-score7-2=16
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian|F Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto|M R Ardianto]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Lamsfuß|M Lamsfuß]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=16
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=17
| RD2-score2-3=18

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Shohibul Fikri|M S Fikri]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Bagas Maulana|B Maulana]]
| RD2-score3-1=17
| RD2-score3-2=18
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian|F Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto|M R Ardianto]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Lamsfuß|M Lamsfuß]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=13
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian|F Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto|M R Ardianto]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Women's doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen]] / [[Jia Yifan]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Nami Matsuyama]] / [[Chiharu Shida]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim So-yeong]] / [[Kong Hee-yong]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun]] / [[Kim Hye-jeong]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul]] / [[Rawinda Prajongjai]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian]] / [[Zheng Yu]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee]] / [[Shin Seung-chan]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] / [[Thinaah Muralitharan]] ''(semi-finals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade =#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=4
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong]]
| RD1-score2-1=15
| RD1-score2-2=12
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=8
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan]]
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan]]
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=2
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen|Chen QC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan|Jia YF]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=16
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Puttita Supajirakul|P Supajirakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=14
| RD1-score2-3=16

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Linda Efler|L Efler]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Isabel Lohau|I Lohau]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFR
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]
| RD1-score4-1=17
| RD1-score4-2=19
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=6
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian|Zhang SX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Yu|Zheng Y]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil|H Manazhiyil]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy
| RD1-score6-1=4
| RD1-score6-2=2
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Margot Lambert|M Lambert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran|A Tran]]
| RD1-score7-1=20
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=18
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''22'''
| RD1-score8-2=17
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen|Chen QC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan|Jia YF]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|GER}} [[Linda Efler|L Efler]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Isabel Lohau|I Lohau]]
| RD2-score2-1=8
| RD2-score2-2=17
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=6
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian|Zhang SX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Yu|Zheng Y]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]
| RD2-score4-1=9
| RD2-score4-2=16
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen|Chen QC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan|Jia YF]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=14
| RD3-score1-3='''23'''
| RD3-seed2=6
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian|Zhang SX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Yu|Zheng Y]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=21
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Tsz Yau|Ng T Y]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tsang Hiu Yan|Tsang H Y]]
| RD1-score2-1=14
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Wenmei|Li WM]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Xuanxuan|Liu XX]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]
| RD1-score4-1=16
| RD1-score4-2=9
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai|R Prajongjai]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=18
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|NED}} [[Debora Jille|D Jille]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Cheryl Seinen|C Seinen]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=17
| RD1-score6-3=16

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Gabriela Stoeva|G Stoeva]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stefani Stoeva|S Stoeva]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chloe Birch|C Birch]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|L Smith]]
| RD1-score8-1=16
| RD1-score8-2=10
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Wenmei|Li WM]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Xuanxuan|Liu XX]]
| RD2-score2-1=10
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai|R Prajongjai]]
| RD2-score3-1=17
| RD2-score3-2=15
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Gabriela Stoeva|G Stoeva]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stefani Stoeva|S Stoeva]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=4
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|BUL}} [[Gabriela Stoeva|G Stoeva]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stefani Stoeva|S Stoeva]]
| RD3-score2-1=14
| RD3-score2-2=8
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hsin|Lee C-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Teng Chun-hsun|Teng C-h]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pui Lam|Yeung P L]]
| RD1-score2-1=17
| RD1-score2-2=16
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]
| RD1-score3-1=8
| RD1-score3-2=11
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rin Iwanaga|R Iwanaga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kie Nakanishi|K Nakanishi]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ciara Torrance|C Torrance]]
| RD1-score6-1=11
| RD1-score6-2=9
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|USA}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]
| RD1-score7-1=9
| RD1-score7-2=10
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim So-yeong|Kim S-y]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hsin|Lee C-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Teng Chun-hsun|Teng C-h]]
| RD2-score1-1=14
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=6
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rin Iwanaga|R Iwanaga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kie Nakanishi|K Nakanishi]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=3
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim So-yeong|Kim S-y]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]
| RD2-score4-1=18
| RD2-score4-2=19
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rin Iwanaga|R Iwanaga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kie Nakanishi|K Nakanishi]]
| RD3-score2-1=13
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard|B Aimsaard]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard|N Aimsaard]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=16
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Crystal Wong|C Wong]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=17
| RD1-score2-3=14

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xia Yuting|Xia YT]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=15
| RD1-score3-3=16
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Seung-chan|Shin S-c]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Clara Azurmendi|C Azurmendi]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Beatriz Corrales|B Corrales]]
| RD1-score5-1=9
| RD1-score5-2=15
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hirota|S Hirota]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Yu-lim|Lee Y-l]]
| RD1-score7-1=16
| RD1-score7-2=17
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama|N Matsuyama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard|B Aimsaard]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard|N Aimsaard]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Seung-chan|Shin S-c]]
| RD2-score2-1=18
| RD2-score2-2=19
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hirota|S Hirota]]
| RD2-score3-1=7
| RD2-score3-2=13
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama|N Matsuyama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard|B Aimsaard]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard|N Aimsaard]]
| RD3-score1-1=16
| RD3-score1-2=13
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama|N Matsuyama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Mixed doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Siwei]] / [[Huang Yaqiong]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]] / [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai]] ''(second round)''
#'''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Yuta Watanabe]] / [[Arisa Higashino]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu]] / [[Huang Dongping]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]] / [[Chae Yoo-jung]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng]] / [[Lai Pei Jing]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man]] / [[Tse Ying Suet]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel]] / [[Delphine Delrue]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade =#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Siwei]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yaqiong]]
| RD1-score1-1=18
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=14
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Yuta Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Higashino]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=12
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun]]
| RD1-score4-1=15
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=19

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Yuta Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Higashino]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=w
| RD2-score1-2=/
| RD2-score1-3=o
| RD2-seed2=4
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping]]
| RD2-score2-1=
| RD2-score2-2=
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Siwei|Zheng SW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yaqiong|Huang YQ]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]
| RD1-score2-1=11
| RD1-score2-2=7
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]]
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=18
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Rehan Naufal Kusharjanto|R N Kusharjanto]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lisa Ayu Kusumawati|L A Kusumawati]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=17
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=15
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Chun Hei|Lee C H]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Tsz Yau|Ng T Y]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=18

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|GER}} [[Jones Ralfy Jansen|J R Jansen]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Linda Efler|L Efler]]
| RD1-score7-1=12
| RD1-score7-2=17
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chang Ko-chi|Chang K-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chih-chen|Lee C-c]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Siwei|Zheng SW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yaqiong|Huang YQ]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Rehan Naufal Kusharjanto|R N Kusharjanto]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lisa Ayu Kusumawati|L A Kusumawati]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=9
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=19
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chang Ko-chi|Chang K-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chih-chen|Lee C-c]]
| RD2-score4-1=19
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=17

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Siwei|Zheng SW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yaqiong|Huang YQ]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=14
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=15
| RD3-score2-3=12
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Higashino|A Higashino]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''23'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jessica Tan (badminton)|J Tan]]
| RD1-score2-1=21
| RD1-score2-2=17
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Kaneko (badminton)|Y Kaneko]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsu Saito|N Saito]]
| RD1-score4-1=17
| RD1-score4-2=7
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chae Yoo-jung|Chae Y-j]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|THA}} [[Supak Jomkoh|S Jomkoh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]
| RD1-score6-1=18
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]
| RD1-score7-1=11
| RD1-score7-2=12
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Tabeling|R Tabeling]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Selena Piek|S Piek]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Higashino|A Higashino]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Kaneko (badminton)|Y Kaneko]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]]
| RD2-score2-1=15
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chae Yoo-jung|Chae Y-j]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Tabeling|R Tabeling]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Selena Piek|S Piek]]
| RD2-score4-1=16
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Higashino|A Higashino]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chae Yoo-jung|Chae Y-j]]
| RD3-score2-1=15
| RD3-score2-2=18
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|INA}} [[Zachariah Josiahno Sumanti|Z J Sumanti]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hediana Julimarbela|H Julimarbela]]
| RD1-score1-1=10
| RD1-score1-2=17
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mikkel Mikkelsen (badminton)|M Mikkelsen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rikke Søby Hansen|R Søby Hansen]]
| RD1-score3-1=11
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man|Tang C M]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse Y S]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2=12
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Hoo Pang Ron|Hoo P R]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]
| RD1-score6-1=17
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=19

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|INA}} [[Rinov Rivaldy|R Rivaldy]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Pitha Haningtyas Mentari|P H Mentari]]
| RD1-score7-1=13
| RD1-score7-2=13
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu|Wang YL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man|Tang C M]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse Y S]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=18
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]
| RD2-score3-1=21
| RD2-score3-2=12
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu|Wang YL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''23'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]
| RD3-score1-1=16
| RD3-score1-2='''22'''
| RD3-score1-3=12
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu|Wang YL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=20
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Lamsfuß|M Lamsfuß]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Isabel Lohau|I Lohau]]
| RD1-score1-1=7
| RD1-score1-2=15
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naru Shinoya|N Shinoya]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah|D Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja|G E Widjaja]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=15
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng|Tan K M]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]
| RD1-score4-1=11
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=19

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Adam Hall (badminton)|A Hall]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]]
| RD1-score5-1=11
| RD1-score5-2=14
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ye Hong-wei|Ye H-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hsin|Lee C-h]]
| RD1-score7-1=12
| RD1-score7-2=24
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai|S Taerattanachai]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''26'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naru Shinoya|N Shinoya]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah|D Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja|G E Widjaja]]
| RD2-score2-1=14
| RD2-score2-2=10
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=14
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai|S Taerattanachai]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=19
| RD2-score4-3=17

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naru Shinoya|N Shinoya]]
| RD3-score1-1=19
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Controversies==
===Food hygiene issues===
Due to unhygienic food provided by the athletes' hotel, Chinese badminton players [[Chen Yufei]] and [[Wang Zhiyi]] got gastroenteritis and were forced to pull out from the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=China Badminton Association responds to Chen Yufei and Wang Zhiyi's withdrawal (中羽协回应陈雨菲王祉怡退赛) |url=https://weibo.com/2020948351/Mpcy6EZsW|via=Sina Weibo |publisher=China Badminton Association |access-date=20 January 2023 |date=20 January 2023 |url-access=registration|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= India Open 2023: 2 Tunggal Putri China Sakit Akibat Makanan di Hotel|author=Nestri Y. |website=Bolasport.com|url=https://sportfeat.bolasport.com/read/443663992/india-open-2023-2-tunggal-putri-china-sakit-akibat-makanan-di-hotel |access-date=22 January 2023 |date=22 January 2023 |language=id}}</ref> Later on, Chinese women's doubles finalist [[Chen Qingchen]] and [[Jia Yifan]] and mixed doubles finalist [[Wang Yilyu]] and [[Huang Dongping]] both withdrew from the finals and must hand the titles to Japanese pairs due to similar issues.<ref>{{cite web |title= India Open: Withdrawals due to Ill-Health|publisher=Badminton World Federation |url=https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/01/22/india-open-withdrawals-due-to-ill-health/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/tournament/9C81DC2E-84E0-4A1A-8C20-EFB1B8CB03F2 Tournament link]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before=[[2023 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2023 Malaysia Open]] | title=[[2023 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2023 BWF season]] | years= | after=[[2023 Indonesia Masters]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{2023 BWF World Tour}}
{{India Open (badminton)}}

[[Category:India Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:2023 BWF World Tour|India Open]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport|India Open]]
[[Category:January 2023 sports events in India|India Open]]

2022 Kanpur violence

2025-10-10T01:35:28Z

ShielaPaxton36: new a stub

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Kanpur violence
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
|date= 4 June 2022
| place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| methods = [[Public demonstration]] and clashes
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =none reported
| injuries = 40+
| arrests = 64 <ref name="Quint">{{cite web | last=Quint | first=The | title=Prophet Row: Bulldozers Demolish Properties of Violence Accused in Kanpur, Saharanpur | website=TheQuint | date=2022-06-11 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kanpur-friday-prayers-violence-nupur-sharma-prophet-row-bulldozers | access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref>
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}

On June 3, hundreds of Muslims demonstrated after [[Friday prayers]] in [[Kanpur]] against the remarks on [[Muhammad]] made by former BJP spokesperson [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]]. Violence broke out after some Muslim demonstrators threw stones at police.<ref name="HT2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Sanjay |date=3 June 2022 |title=Clashes in Kanpur over 'insult' to Prophet Mohammed during TV debate |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/religious-body-demands-places-of-worship-act-be-scrapped-1115010.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Blasphemous remarks: Hindu-Muslim clashes erupt in India|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/963709-hindu-muslim-clashes-erupt-in-india|publisher=[[The News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People |url=https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

The violence broke out in Parade, Nai Sadak and Yateemkhana areas of the city on Friday when some people tried to force shopkeepers to close down the shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/06/kanpur-violence-ninemore-arrested-hoardings-with-pictures-of-suspects-to-be-put-up-2462404.html|title=Kanpur violence: 38 arrested so far, hoardings with pictures of suspects to be put up|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606162933/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/06/kanpur-violence-ninemore-arrested-hoardings-with-pictures-of-suspects-to-be-put-up-2462404.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kanpur-violence-five-more-arrested-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-sit-formed-for-detailed-probe-10762771.html|title=Kanpur violence: Five more arrested, sent to 14-day judicial custody; SIT formed for detailed probe|date=6 June 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606094000/https://www.firstpost.com/india/kanpur-violence-five-more-arrested-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-sit-formed-for-detailed-probe-10762771.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{further|2022 BJP Muhammad remarks controversy}}
On 27 May 2022, Sharma participated in a debate on the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute on the [[Times Now]] television channel, in response to remarks by another speaker she perceived as derogatory to [[Shiva]], she commented upon [[Muhammad]] and the age of one of his wives, [[Aisha]], noting that Aisha was 6-years-old when married, and 9 when the marriage was consummated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma booked over remark on Prophet Mohammed |url=https://www.siasat.com/bjps-nupur-sharma-booked-over-remark-on-prophet-mohammed-2336654/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607071829/https://www.siasat.com/bjps-nupur-sharma-booked-over-remark-on-prophet-mohammed-2336654/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Violence==

The Muslim community had announced the closure of shops after [[Friday prayer]] over the remarks on the Prophet. From Thursday, an appeal was being made to close the shops by putting up posters in the area. Police officers and other officers reached the spot soon after the incident, tried to control the incident by using necessary force.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashish |last2=Sharma |first2=Santosh Kumar |last3=Chawla |first3=Simer |date=4 June 2022 |title=Kanpur violence key accused detained; BJP decries 'pre-planned conspiracy' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanpur-violence-clashes-anti-caa-protestor-pre-planned-conspiracy-hayat-zafar-hashmi-1958287-2022-06-04 |website=India Today}}
</ref>

Hayat Zafar Hashmi, chief of Maulana Mohammed Ali (MMA) Jauhar Fans Association called for a bandh (shutdown) of local shops in protest of comments from Sharma. They also planned to take out a procession and called to shut down shops at parade market during which they confronted with the members of other community as a result of which clashes broke out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022|first=Simer |last=Chawla |title=Stone pelting in Kanpur amid calls to shut shops over BJP leader's remark, 2 injured |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stone-pelting-kanpur-amid-calls-to-shut-shops-over-bjp-leader-nupur-sharma-remark-1957995-2022-06-03 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Riots in Kanpur over blasphemy during TV debate, 18 arrested |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/page1/riots-in-kanpur-over-blasphemy-during-tv-debate--18-arrested.html |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

Other incidents of violence included damages to several vehicles. Unconfirmed reports suggested some protesters threw crude bombs at the law enforcement officials.<ref name="HT2022"/>

The clashes occurred at Nai Sadak, Yateemkana and Parade area of Kanpur.<ref name="Kanpur FIR">{{cite news |title=Kanpur Violence: Police Register 3 FIRs Against 1,000 Unknown Persons; All 55 Named Accused Muslim |url=https://thewire.in/law/kanpur-violence-police-register-3-firs-against-55-people-1000-unknown-person-named-as-accused |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=4 June 2022}}</ref> Protesters pelted stones, fired shots, and lobbed petrol bombs at law enforcement officials who in return used batons to control the mob.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Haidar |last2=Chitre |first2=Manjiri Sachin |date=2022-06-07 |editor-last=Goswami |editor-first=Sohini |title=In Kanpur violence, 12 more held, minor surrenders at police station as posters surface |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanpur-violence-12-more-held-minor-surrenders-at-police-station-101654582267832.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

After the violence, few shops remained open in the Muslim-dominated areas such as Becon Ganj, Yatim Khana and Nai Sarak.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

On 4 June, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] talked with enforcement officials via video conference and directed the officials to take strict action against those responsible for the violence. He also asked for increased deployment of police force in affected areas and regular patrolling in the sensitive areas of the district.<ref name="HT2022">{{cite web | title=Kanpur violence: 36 arrested, 3 FIRs filed, property to be bulldozed, say cops | website=Hindustan Times | date=2022-06-04 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanpur-violence-36-arrested-property-will-be-demolished-says-top-cop-report-101654317134374.html | access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref>

[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] condemned the violence and prompted for peace.<ref name="HT2022"/>

On 5 June, flag marches were held in the affected areas of the city, and companies of the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) were deployed.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

Lucknow police were holding peace meetings with Muslim groups in Kanpur.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

BJP leader [[Mohsin Raza]] said the violence was pre-planned to coincide with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to the region.<ref name=":0" />

[[Editors Guild of India]] blamed some news channels for intentionally "creating circumstances that target vulnerable communities by spewing hatred towards them and their beliefs".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/08/pause-take-a-critical-look-at-what-you-have-done-egi-to-news-channels-on-kanpur-violence-2463255.html | title='Pause, take a critical look at what you have done': EGI to news channels on Kanpur violence | date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>

==Investigation==

Initially, the Uttar Pradesh Police Saturday booked 500 people over the charges of rioting and arrested 18.<ref name="Kanpur FIR"/><ref name="HindustanTimes"/>

The city police commissioner constituted a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] for detailed investigation in connection with rioting and violence in Kanpur's Parade area. FIRs was lodged in the case in which 40 people have been charged with rioting and 1,000 others have been mentioned as unidentified.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kanpur-violence-over-800-booked-24-held-cops-looking-into-possible-pfi-link/article65493570.ece|title=Kanpur violence | Main accused arrested, PFI links to be probed|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 June 2022|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606135218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kanpur-violence-over-800-booked-24-held-cops-looking-into-possible-pfi-link/article65493570.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Police on June 4 arrested the main accused Hayat Zafar Hashmi and three others were also arrested from the Hazaratganj police station area of Lucknow. The police have also found documents of four organizations like [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]], [[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]], [[Campus Front of India|CFI]] and RIF have been found with Hashmi.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Faiz Rahman |date=5 June 2022 |title=Kanpur violence: SIT formed for detailed investigation; documents related to PFI found from main accused Hayat Zafar Hashmi | Kanpur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/kanpur-violence-sit-formed-for-detailed-investigation-documents-related-to-pfi-found-from-main-accused-hayat-zafar-hashmi/articleshow/92017891.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605104018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/kanpur-violence-sit-formed-for-detailed-investigation-documents-related-to-pfi-found-from-main-accused-hayat-zafar-hashmi/articleshow/92017891.cms |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The Kanpur Police has identified local Muslim leader Hayat Zafar Hashmi, national president of the Maulana Muhammad Jauhar Ali Fans Association, as the main conspirator behind the violence that erupted in the city, he was arrested from [[Lucknow]].<ref name="HT2022"/> It is alleged that Hashmi incited the people, which led to stone pelting and clashes between two groups. In the past, Hashmi was also allegedly involved in violent demonstrations against the proposed [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]] and the [[National Register of Citizens|NRC]] in Kanpur.<ref name=":0" />Police were also investigating the links between protestors and the Islamic outfit [[Popular Front of India]] (PFI).<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Salaria |first=Shikha |date=2022-06-05 |title=Kanpur violence: 24 arrested so far, Sufi outfit alleges links with Islamic group PFI |url=https://theprint.in/india/kanpur-violence-24-arrested-so-far-sufi-outfit-alleges-links-with-islamic-group-pfi/984236/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> Evidence of foreign funding through transactions in bank accounts of the accused have been also discovered.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Vishal Pratap |date=8 June 2022 |title=कानपुर हिंसा में विदेशी फंडिंग का इस्तेमाल? इस खुलासे ने उड़ाए पुलिस के होश |url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-violence-ignited-by-foreign-funding-transactions-worth-crores-were-done-in-bank-accounts-2022-06-08-856205}}</ref>

On 4 June, Kanpur police commissioner Vijay Singh Meena said that the gangster act will be imposed on the accused.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

On 5 June, a curfew has been imposed in [[Bareilly]] till 3 July after a Muslim cleric Tauqir Raza announced large protests for 10 June.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kanpur-violence-curfew-imposed-in-bareilly-till-3-july-cleric-tauqir-raza-calls-for-protest-on-10-june-10760571.html | title=Kanpur violence: Curfew imposed in Bareilly till 3 July; cleric Tauqir Raza calls for protest on 10 June | date=5 June 2022 }}</ref>

As of 7 June, about 50 were arrested.<ref name="ABPlive">{{cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=कानपुर हिंसा मामले में अबतक 50 आरोपी गिरफ्तार, प्रिंटिंग प्रेस के मालिक को हिरासत में लिया गया |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/kanpur-violence-50-accused-arrested-so-far-in-kanpur-violence-case-2140806 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

The FIR has been registered against three individuals who operated Twitter handles such as 'Duggalsahab15', 'shivaisrael' and 'AkhandBharat', and two Facebook account holders Abu Zaid and Kaushal Patel.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/06/08/days-after-kanpur-violence-bjp-leader-arrested-for-prophet-comments.html | title=Days after Kanpur violence, BJP leader arrested for Prophet comments | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref>

A petrol pump situated nearby the Deputy Padav was sealed crossing on 7 June after a CCTV footage showed people taking fuel in bottles prior to violence.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanpur violence, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 riots]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:June 2022 in India]]
[[Category:June 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2022]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:General strikes in India]]
[[Category:2022 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]

Outram Ghat

2025-08-25T19:59:35Z

ShielaPaxton36:

{{short description|Ghat of Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Outram Ghat
| coordinates = {{coord|22|33|51.809|N|88|20|16.769|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
}}

'''Outram Ghat''' is a [[ghat]] built during [[British Raj]], in [[Kolkata]] along the river bank of [[Hooghly river|Hooghly]], a [[distributary]] of the [[Ganges River]].

It was built in late nineteenth century by British authorities in memory of [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indfy.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tourist-places-to-visit/outram-ghat.html |title=Outram Ghat Kolkata |access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229100217/http://www.indfy.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tourist-places-to-visit/outram-ghat.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During colonial era it used to be a key [[port]] and the main mooring for ships to [[East Bengal]] and [[Burma]].<ref name=z>[http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/09-05/riverfront-trip-watch-natives-outram-ghat-calcutta.html A Riverfront Trip to Watch the Natives – Outram Ghat, Calcutta]</ref><ref name=x>{{cite web |url=http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/ghats.html |title=Ghats in Kolkata - Kolkata Ghats - Information about Kolkata Ghats - Kolkata |accessdate=2012-08-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164312/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/ghats.html |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}</ref> Outram Ghat is located in the southern direction busy and bustling [[Babughat]] of Kolkata.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ghats in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]

{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}