Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bichu Devi Kharibam

2023-09-27T06:31:34Z

Shi067: Bulleted

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Meitei name|Kharibam|Bichu|Devi}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Bichu Devi Kharibam
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = Goalkeeper
| currentclub = Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 14
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]] | [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|Team]]}}
}}

'''Bichu Devi Kharibam''' (born 3 December 2000) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]].<ref name="Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile">{{Cite web |title=Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/bichu-devi-kharibam-profile-1490 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> She hails from Manipur. She plays for [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] in the domestic hockey tournaments. She is a goalkeeper.

== Early life ==
Bichu Devi started as a football player. But when she did not make it to the local selections, her father persuaded her to go for hockey selections, and she was selected. That is how her switch to hockey happened and she initially continued playing the game with reluctance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Razzaqui |first=Samreen |date=2022-06-27 |title=Hockey World Cup: Bichu Devi, the reluctant goalkeeper who fell in love with the sport |url=https://scroll.in/field/1027022/hockey-bichu-devi-the-reluctant-goalkeeper-who-fell-in-love-with-the-sport |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, after a good performance against Jharkhand, she was spotted by a coach and hockey umpire Napoleon Singh, and upon his suggestion, she moved to the Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy in Gwalior, where she honed her skills under coach Paramjeet Singh.<ref name=":0" />

== Hockey career ==

* 2018: Goalkeeper Bichu Devi Kharibam played well at the 2018 under-18 Hockey5s 3rd Youth Olympics Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where India bagged a silver medal.<ref name="Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile" />
* 2019: She played well and was awarded ‘Goalkeeper of the Tournament’ in the 4 Nations Junior Women Invitational in Dublin, Ireland and helped India win the gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharibam Bichu Devi {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/nations-cup/women/fih-hockey-womens-nations-cup-spain-2022-1438/player/kharibam-bichu-devi-20196 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: She took part in the Test series against France and Belarus, and later in the same year she played well in Australia in the three-nation tournament.
* In 2021, she was part of the Indian team that took part in the FIH 9th Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021, Potchefstroom, South Africa where India finished fourth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=How Bichu Devi Kharibam Has Emerged as an Exciting Goalkeeping Option Alongside Savita Punia! - Latest Hockey News ,Hockey Passion,Hockey Analysis, Hockey Interviews |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/how-bichu-devi-kharibam-has-emerged-as-an-exciting-goalkeeping-option-alongside-savita-punia/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2022, she made her debut for the Senior India team against Germany in the FIH Pro League held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.<ref name=":1" />
* 2022: FIH Women's Nation Cup in Spain.
* 2022: Women's Junior World Cup match against Germany in April 2022; she bagged the 'Player of the Match' award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |date=2022-04-03 |title=Women’s Junior World Cup, India vs Germany as it happened: India through to quarters after 2-1 win |url=https://scroll.in/field/1020981/womens-junior-world-cup-india-vs-germany-live-win-will-confirm-spot-in-quarterfinals |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2023: She is selected as part of the Indian team for Asian Games in Hangzhou.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/bichu-devi-kharibam-profile-1490 Bichu Devi Kharibam] at [[Hockey India]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Female field hockey goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Hockey India

2023-09-20T06:02:51Z

Shi067: Red link Asrita

{{Short description|Official Game of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{moresources|date=September 2020}}
{{Advert|date=October 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Hockey India
|abbrev =
|logo = Hockey India Logo.svg
|sport = [[Field hockey]]
|category = Games
|captain = Harmanpreet Singh
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = India
|founded = {{start date and age|2009|df=yes}}
|aff = [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH)
|affdate = 2011
|region = [[Asian Hockey Federation]] (AHF)
|regionyear = 2011
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|president = [[Dilip Tirkey]]
|chairman =
|chairperson =
|chiefexec = Elena Norman
|vicepresident = Asima Ali<br/>SVS Subramanya Gupta
|director =
|secretary = Bhola Nath Singh
|coach = [[Craig Fulton]]
|womenscoach = [[Janneke Schopman]]
|sponsor =
|year closed =
|url = http://hockeyindia.org/
|countryflag = India
|replaced = [[Indian Hockey Federation]] (1925–2008)
|membership =
}}
'''Hockey India''' plans, directs and conducts all the activities for both men and women hockey in India. It is recognized by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]] as the sole body responsible towards promoting [[field hockey in India|Hockey in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawinsport.com/blogs/indian-sports-law/item/hockey-india-gets-recognition-indian-boxing-federation-suspended-bidding-opens-for-indian-super-league-and-no-f1-race-in-2015|title=Hockey India Gets Recognition|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707045314/https://www.lawinsport.com/blogs/indian-sports-law/item/hockey-india-gets-recognition-indian-boxing-federation-suspended-bidding-opens-for-indian-super-league-and-no-f1-race-in-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was formed after [[Indian Hockey Federation]] was dismissed in 2008 by IOA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2008/indian-hockey-federation-suspended-after-bribery-scandal/|title=Indian Hockey Federation suspended after bribery scandal|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007154901/https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2008/indian-hockey-federation-suspended-after-bribery-scandal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Headquartered in New Delhi, Hockey India was established on 20 May 2009 and is affiliated to the International Hockey Federation (FIH), the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and Asian Hockey Federation (AHF).

Hockey India with the assistance of Sports Authority of India and Department of Sports, Government of India, trains players at sub-junior, junior and senior level. The governing body engages in Coaching the coaches, educates and equips technical officials and umpires.

ia launched its own [[logo]] in a [[ceremony]] on 24 July 2008, in India. It resembles [[Ashok Chakra]] of [[Indian flag]]. It is made up of [[Field hockey stick|hockey sticks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.hockeyindia.org/photos/hockey-india-league-logo-launch|title= Hockey India League Logo Launch|date= 28 September 2012|access-date= 7 October 2021|archive-date= 7 October 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211007160409/https://www.hockeyindia.org/photos/hockey-india-league-logo-launch|url-status= live}}</ref>

Hockey India manages four squads that represent India in [[international field hockey]]: the [[India men's national field hockey team]], the [[India women's national field hockey team]], the [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team]] and the [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team]].

==Hockey India Member Units==
Hockey India's Member Units are divided into four separate categories, namely Permanent Members, Associate Members, Academy Members and Hockey Members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member Units Detail |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/member-units/member-units-detail |website=Hockey India |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211111217/https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/member-units/member-units-detail |url-status=live }}</ref>

===State and UT Hockey Associations===
* Hockey Andaman and Nicobar
* Hockey Arunachal
* Assam Hockey
* Hockey Bengal
* Hockey Bihar
* Chhattisgarh Hockey
* Delhi Hockey
* Goans Hockey
* Hockey Gujarat
* Hockey Haryana
* Hockey Himachal
* Hockey Jammu and Kashmir
* Hockey Jharkhand
* Hockey Karnataka
* Kerala Hockey
* Hockey Madhya Pradesh
* Hockey Maharashtra
* Manipur Hockey
* Hockey Mizoram
* Hockey Nagaland
* Hockey Association of Odisha
* Le Puducherry Hockey
* Hockey Punjab
* Hockey Rajasthan
* Hockey Unit of Tamil Nadu
* Telangana Hockey
* Tripura Hockey
* Uttar Pradesh Hockey
* Hockey Uttarakhand
* Hockey Patna Digha

==Competitions==
===[[Indian Senior National Hockey Championship|Hockey India National Championships]]===
These National Championships are divided into two divisions (A Division & B Division) each for all the competitions to ensure that the participating teams are competing in a fair, equal environment, and against teams with similar level of hockey.

Below is the list of National Championships that Hockey India conducts every season:
*Hockey India Senior Men National Championship
*Hockey India Senior Women National Championship
*Hockey India Junior Men National Championship
*Hockey India Junior Women National Championship
*Hockey India Sub-Junior Men National Championship
*Hockey India Sub-Junior Women National Championship
*Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Women)
*Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Men)
*Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Mixed)

===Leagues===
* [[Hockey India League]]

===All India Hockey Tournaments===
*[[Beighton Cup]]
*[[Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament]]
*[[Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament]]
*All India MCC Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
*All India Obaidullah Khan Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
*Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey Tournament
*All India Scindia Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
*All India Swami Shradhanand Hockey Tournament
*All India Guru Teg Bahadur Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
*Mahant Raja Sarwesjwardas Memorial All India Tournament
*All India Guru Gobind Singh Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
*All India Trades Cup Hockey Tournament
*All India Police Hockey Championship
*Aga Khan Hockey Tournament
*All India K.D Singh Babu Memorial Invitation Prize Money Hockey Tournament
*Lychettira Hockey Cup/Kodava Hockey Festival
*[[Bombay Gold Cup]]
*Liberals All India Hockey Tournament

==Office bearers and Executive Board==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Executive Board===
The following are the members of the executive board of Hockey India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/f7/5c/83/77ff71ab-f227-44e2-87d3-872b616c01fd.pdf|title=Elections of Office Bearers and Members of the Executive Board, 2022|website=Hockey India|date=23 September 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924161220/https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/f7/5c/83/77ff71ab-f227-44e2-87d3-872b616c01fd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/dilip-tirkey-becomes-first-player-president-of-hockey-india/articleshow/94399458.cms|title=Dilip Tirkey becomes first player-president of Hockey India|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924055131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/dilip-tirkey-becomes-first-player-president-of-hockey-india/articleshow/94399458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/dilip-tirkey-elected-new-hockey-india-president/cid/1888370|title=Dilip Tirkey elected new Hockey India president|website=The Telegraph|date=23 September 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923140535/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/dilip-tirkey-elected-new-hockey-india-president/cid/1888370|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!Name
!Position
|-
|[[Dilip Tirkey]]
|President
|-
|Asima Ali
|Vice president
|-
|SVS Subramanya Gupta
|Vice president
|-
|Bhola Nath Singh
|Secretary General
|-
|Sekar J Manoharan
|Treasurer
|-
|Arti SIngh
|Joint Secretary
|-
|Sunil Malik
|Joint Secretary
|-
|Arun Kumar Saraswat
|Executive Board Member
|-
|[[Asrita Lakra]]
|Executive Board Member
|-
|Gurpreet Kaur
|Executive Board Member
|-
|V Sunil Kumar
|Executive Board Member
|-
|Tapan Kumar Das
|Executive Board Member
|}
{{col-2}}

===Officers and Employees===
The following are the officers and employees of Hockey India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers and Employees |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/rti |website=Hockey India |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924164816/https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/rti |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Elena Norman – CEO
*Cdr R.K. Srivastava – Executive Director
*BN Bhushan – Joint Director
*Ranjit Gill – Joint Director
*Kuldeep Singh – Sr. Manager – Protocol
*Vikram Pal – Sr. Manager – Competitions and Development
*Rakesh Kumar – Sr. Manager – Purchase and Administration
*Ahad Azim – Sr. Manager – Coordination
*Mahender Singh Negi – Assistant Manager - Purchase & Administration
*Bhupender Singh – Assistant Manager Coordination
*Ankit Walia – Assistant Manager Coordination
*Priyanka Yadav – P.A. to CEO
*Vaishali Rathore – Senior Officer Coordination
*Bhagyashree Das – Officer Coordination
*Indrashis Chatterjee – Officer Coordination
*Vishal Sengar – Officer Coordination
*Akash Choubey – Officer Coordination
*Wasim – Office Assistant
*Sanjeev – Office Assistant
*Manohar Lal – Office Assistant
*Prem – Office Assistant
*Davender Kumar Sharma – Project Manager - CSR
*Deepak Kumar Mishra – Procurement Manager - CSR
{{col-end}}

==Past office bearers==

===Presidents===
The following is a list of presidents of Indian Hockey Federation<ref>{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher=Macmillan |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |page=83 |date=1959 |access-date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us - History |url=http://indiahockey.org/aboutus_history.php |website=indiahockey.org |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123040837/http://indiahockey.org/aboutus_history.php |archive-date=23 January 2009 }}</ref> and Hockey India:<ref>{{cite web |title=HOCKEY INDIA OFFICER BEARERS SINCE FORMATION |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/executive-board |website=Hockey India |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008200513/https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/executive-board |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Presidents !! Tenure
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Indian Hockey Federation]] (1925–2008)'''
|-
| Col. Bruce Turnbull<ref name="bh">{{cite web |title=How The Indian Hockey Federation Was Formed |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/calendar/calbulletins.asp?year=2020&mon=dec&bkmark=IHF |website=Bharatiya Hockey |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924232055/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/calendar/calbulletins.asp?year=2020&mon=dec&bkmark=IHF |url-status=live }}</ref> || 1925 – 1927
|-
| Major Ian Burn-Murdoch<ref name="bh"/> || 1927 – 1930
|-
| R. E. Powell || 1930 – 1931
|-
| A. M. Hayman || 1931 – 1934
|-
| [[Joseph William Bhore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Hockey Champions 1936 |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/champions/preOlympics/page4.htm |website=Bharatiya Hockey |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412151256/http://bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/champions/preOlympics/page4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> || 1934 – 1935
|-
| Kunwar Jagdish Prasad || 1935 – 1936
|-
| N. N. Sircar || 1936 – 1938
|-
| Mohd. Zaffurullah Khan || 1938 – 1939
|-
| [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] || 1939 – 1944
|-
| Azizul Haque || 1944 – 1946
|-
| [[Naval Tata]] || 1946 – 1958
|-
| Ashwini Kumar<ref>{{cite web |title=A sports lover's century |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |website=The Hindu |last=Bala |first=Vijayan |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928020913/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> || 1958 – 1974
|-
| [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]] || 1974 – 1980
|-
| I. M. Mahajan || 1980 – 1983
|-
| Raja Bhupinder Singh || 1983 – 1985
|-
| [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]] || 1985 – 1987
|-
| R. Prasad || 1987 – 1994
|-
| [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K. P. S. Gill]] || 1994 – 2008
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Hockey India (since 2009)'''
|-
| A. K. Mattoo || 2009 – 2010
|-
| [[Vidya Stokes]] || 2010
|-
| [[Narinder Dhruv Batra]] ''(Interim)'' || 2010
|-
| Mariamma Koshy || 2010 – 2014
|-
| [[Narinder Dhruv Batra]] || 2014 – 2016
|-
| Mariamma Koshy || 2016 – 2018
|-
| Rajinder Singh ''(Interim)'' || 2018
|-
| Mohd Mushtaque Ahmad || 2018 – 2020
|-
| Gyanendro Ningombam || 2020 – 2022
|-
| [[Dilip Tirkey]] || 2022 – present
|}

==Hockey India awards==
Hockey India instituted the "Hockey India Annual Awards" from 2014 for recognition of hockey players for promoting field hockey as a sport on both national and international platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey India Annual Awards |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/hockey-india-annual-awards |website=Hockey India |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904054226/https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/hockey-india-annual-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Major Dhyan Chand Lifetime Achievement Award===
*2014: [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]
*2015: [[Shankar Lakshman]]
*2019: [[Harbinder Singh]]

===Balbir Singh Sr. Award for Player of the Year (Men)===
*2014: [[Birendra Lakra]]
*2015: [[P. R. Sreejesh]]
*2019: [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]

===Balbir Singh Sr. Award for Player of the Year (Women)===
*2014: [[Vandana Katariya]]
*2015: [[Deepika Thakur]]
*2019: [[Rani Rampal]]

===Jugraj Singh Award for Upcoming Player of the Year (Men – Under 21)===
*2014: [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
*2015: [[Harjeet Singh]]
*2019: [[Vivek Sagar Prasad]]

===Asunta Lakra Award for Upcoming Player of the Year (Women – Under 21)===
*2014: [[Namita Toppo]]
*2015: [[Preeti Dubey]]
*2019: [[Lalremsiami]]

===Dhanraj Pillay Award for Forward of the Year===
*2014: [[Akashdeep Singh]]
*2015: [[Rani Rampal]]
*2019: [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]

===Ajit Pal Singh Award for Midfielder of the Year===
*2014: [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
*2015: [[Ritu Rani]]
*2019: [[Neha Goyal]]

===Pargat Singh Award for Defender of the Year===
*2014: [[Deepika Thakur]]
*2015: [[Kothajit Singh]]
*2019: [[Harmanpreet Singh]]

===Baljit Singh Award for Goalkeeper of the Year===
*2014: [[P. R. Sreejesh]]
*2015: [[Savita Punia]]
*2019: [[Krishan Pathak]]

===Jaman Lal Sharma Award for Invaluable Contribution===
*2014: [[Harendra Singh]]
*2015: Baldev Singh
*2019: Sports Authority of India

===Hockey India President's Award for Outstanding Achievement===
*2014: One Thousand Hockey Legs
*2015: Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy
*2019: Department of Sports & Youth Services, Government of Odisha

==See also==
*[[International Hockey Federation]]
*[[Asian Hockey Federation]]
*[[Field hockey in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Field Hockey in India}}
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the International Hockey Federation}}

[[Category:National members of the Asian Hockey Federation|India]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey in India| ]]
[[Category:Field hockey governing bodies in Asia]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2008]]

Indian Weightlifting Federation

2023-09-14T19:52:49Z

Shi067: Added Olympic debut and society registration

{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Indian Weightlifting Federation
|abbrev = IWF
|logo = IWFLOGO.png
|logosize = 135px
|sport = [[Weightlifting]]
}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Indian Weightlifting Federation''' otherwise known as IWLF, is the national [[Sport governing body|governing body]] overseeing the sport of [[Weightlifting in India|weightlifting]] in [[India]]. The headquarters of the Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] Federation is in [[New Delhi]]. The Federation is affiliated to the [[Indian Olympic Association|Indian Olympic Association, New Delhi]] and is a member of [[Asian Weightlifting Federation|Asian Weightlifting Federation, Tehran]] and [[International Weightlifting Federation|International Weightlifting Federation, Budapest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwlf.in/about-us.php|title=IWLF|website=www.iwlf.in|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219065556/http://www.iwlf.in/about-us.php|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The present president of IWLF is [[Sahdev Yadav]] and the General Secretary of Indian Weightlifting Federation is Anande Gowda.

The Indian Weightlifting Federation was formed in 1935 with Bijoy Chand Mahatab of Bordwan as its first President and NN Bose, as Secretary. It was also affiliated with the Indian Olympic Association and International Weightlifting Federation in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – IWLF |url=https://iwlf.in/about-us/history/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> The federation sent a team to the Berlin Olympics for the first time in 1936. It was formally registered as a society on 21 November 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – IWLF |url=https://iwlf.in/about-us/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== National events ==
* Youth
* Junior
* Senior

== Weightlifting in India ==
{{Main|Weightlifting in India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}

[[Category:Weightlifting in India]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Jharkhand State Haj Committee

2023-09-11T09:51:03Z

Shi067: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Jharkhand State Haj Committee
| native_name = {{lang|hi|झारखण्ड राज्य हज कमेटी}}
| type = statutory body
| formed = 2002
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Audrey House, Kanke Road, [[Ranchi]] , [[Jharkhand]]
| chief1_name = [[Irfan Ansari]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| parent_department = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
}}

'''Jharkhand State Haj Committee''' is a statutory body under the Ministry of Minority Affairs in [[Government of Jharkhand]]. It was constituted under the Haj Committee Act, 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14 member Haj Committee formed in Jharkhand, know who is involved {{!}} झारखंड में 14 सदस्यीय हज समिति का हुआ गठन, जानिए किस-किस को मिली है जिम्मेदारी {{!}} Hindi News, बिहार एवं झारखंड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/14-member-haj-committee-formed-in-jharkhand-know-who-is-involved/701013/amp |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haj panel no to 49 pilgrims |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/haj-panel-no-to-49-pilgrims/cid/380245 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=17 years after formation, no welfare committees for Muslims in Jharkhand |url=https://newsd.in/17-years-after-formation-no-welfare-committees-for-muslims-in-jharkhand/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Newsd.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The committee runs a Haj House named Haj House Ranchi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand: हज कमेटी की बैठक मे यात्रियों के लिए व्यवस्था सुनिश्चित कराने का निर्देश, 27 सौ यात्री होंगे रवाना - Jharkhand News Instructions to ensure arrangements for pilgrims in Haj Committee meeting |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-news-instructions-to-ensure-arrangements-for-pilgrims-in-haj-committee-meeting-23406884.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झारखंड की जनता को ईद का तोहफा, CM रघुवर ने 55 करोड़ की लागत से तैयार हज हाउस का किया उद्घाटन - mobile |url=https://up.punjabkesari.in/jharkhand/news/eid-gift-people-jharkhand-cm-inaugurat-haj-house-prepared-cost-55-crores-1005376 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> The congress leader and member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jamtara Assembly constituency]] [[Irfan Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Team Sharp Bharat |title=jharkhand-haj-committee-झारखंड हज कमेटी के चेयरमैन बने कांग्रेस विधायक डॉ इरफान अंसारी, किया वादा-हाजियों के लिए करेंगे काम |url=https://sharpbharat.com/politics/jharkhand-haj-committee-new-chairman-dr-irfan-ansari/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Sharp Bharat |language=hi-IN}}</ref> is the elected chairman of the committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Irfan accuses Central Govt for Haj Pilgrims problems |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/irfan-accuses-central-govt-for-haj-pilgrims-problems.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haj Yatra 2022: झारखंड से 1432 लोग करेंगे हज यात्रा, अमन चैन के लिए दुआ करें जायरिन- इरफान अंसारी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/jamtara/1432-pilgrims-will-go-haj-from-jharkhand-said-committee-chairman-irfan-ansari/jh20220620203138205205197 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=विधायक इरफान अंसारी हज कमेटी के अध्यक्ष बने, 4 सदस्य थे दावेदार, सर्वसम्मति से बनी सहमति |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/jharkhand/ranchi/news/mla-irfan-ansari-became-chairman-of-haj-committee-4-members-were-contenders-unanimously-agreed-128103741.html |website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>

== Committee ==

=== Chairman ===

* Irfan Ansari

=== Members ===

* Alamgir Alam
* Sarfaraz Alam
* Mushtaque Ahmad
* Gyasuddin Siddique
* Abid Hussain
* Mufti Muhammad Anwar Qasmi
* Maulana Mufti Muhammad Faizullah Misbahi
* Syed Tahzibul Hasan Rizvi
* Sheikh Badruddin
* Mukhtar Shafi
* Muhammad Iqbal Alam
* Muhammad Muneer Alam
* Mufti Abdul

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hajj pilgrimage from India]]

Pushpagiri, Krishnagiri

2023-07-17T13:26:18Z

Shi067: Just published a new article.

{{Short description}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pushpagiri
| official_name =
| native_name = புஷ்பகிரி
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hamlet / Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5822|N|78.2844|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Krishnagiri taluk|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bargur block|Bargur]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Belavarthi
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 93
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635120<ref>https://www.postalindia.in/635120</ref>
| postal2_code_type = [[Post Office]]
| postal2_code = Belavarthi
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4343
| registration_plate = TN 24
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[A. Chellakumar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[D. Mathiazhagan]]
}}

'''Pushpagiri''' is a small village located under the Jurisdiction of Belavarthy Gram Panchayat, Bargur Block, Krishnagiri District in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This located 6 km away from the major village Bargur and 12 km away from its district capital Krishnagiri.<ref>http://www.etamilnadu.org/belavarthy-village-11913.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

Search and rescue

2023-02-20T20:55:12Z

Shi067: Published a well-researched resource.

{{Short description|Search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|S&R|the membership-only retail warehouse club chain|S&R Membership Shopping}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date = August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Canada Search and Rescue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.14|A [[Canadian Forces]] [[AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant]] helicopter hoists a man from a [[Canadian Coast Guard]] ship]]
[[File:SAR.Hermann.Marwede.Helgoland.wmt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.14|A [[Lifeboat (rescue)|SAR cruiser]] of the [[German Maritime Search and Rescue Service]]]]
'''Search and rescue''' ('''SAR''') is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search is conducted over. These include [[mountain rescue]]; ground search and rescue, including the use of [[search and rescue dog]]s (such as [[Police dog|K9 units]]); [[urban search and rescue]] in cities; [[combat search and rescue]] on the battlefield and [[air-sea rescue]] over water.

[[International Search and Rescue Advisory Group]] (INSARAG) is a UN organisation that promotes the exchange of information between national urban search and rescue organisations. The duty to render assistance is covered by Article 98 of the [[UNCLOS]].

==Definitions==
There are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved and country in question.

*[[Canadian Armed Forces]] and [[Canadian Coast Guard]]: "Search and Rescue comprises the search for, and provision of aid to, persons, ships or other craft which are, or are feared to be, in distress or imminent danger."<ref name="CF">{{cite web|url = http://www.casaraontario.ca/~webmaster1/Manuals/NationalSARmanual_full_english.pdf|title = B–GA–209–001/FP–001 DFO 5449 NATIONAL SAR MANUAL|access-date = 12 July 2008|last = [[Canadian Forces]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803015913/http://www.casaraontario.ca/~webmaster1/Manuals/NationalSARmanual_full_english.pdf  |archive-date = 3 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/publications/search-rescue-recherche-sauvetage/sar-canada-res-eng.html|title=Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) in Canada|first=Canadian Coast Guard|last=Government of Canada|website=www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca}}</ref>
*[[United States Coast Guard]]: "The use of available resources to assist persons or property in potential or actual distress."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/international/affairs/Publications/MMSCode/english/Chap9.htm|title=Search and Rescue - Chapter 9|work=uscg.mil|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>
*[[United States Department of Defense]]: A search is "an operation normally coordinated by a Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) or rescue sub-center, using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress" and rescue is "an operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of safety".<ref name="DoD">{{cite web|url =http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/nsarc/DOD%20Support%20to%20Civil%20SAR%203003.pdf|title = U.S. Department of Defense DIRECTIVE NUMBER 3003.01|access-date = 12 July 2008|last = [[U.S. Department of Defense]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|date = November 2010}}
One of the world's earliest well-documented SAR efforts ensued following the 1656 wreck of the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] merchant ship ''[[Vergulde Draeck]]'' off the west coast of [[Australia]]. Survivors sought help, and in response three separate SAR missions were conducted, without success.<ref>Major, R. H. (editor) (1859) ''Early Voyages to Terra Australis, Now Called Australia'', The Hakluyt Society, London (2001 facsimile edition on Google Books)</ref>{{Better source needed}}

On 29 November 1945, a Sikorsky R-5 performed the first civilian helicopter rescue operation in history, with Sikorsky's chief pilot Dmitry "Jimmy" Viner in the cockpit, using an experimental hoist developed jointly by [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]] and [[Breeze-Eastern|Breeze]]. All five crew members of an oil barge, which had run aground on [[Penfield Reef]], were saved before the barge sank.<ref>Chen, C. Peter (editor), [http://ww2db.com/today/11/29/1945 World War II Database] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081334/http://ww2db.com/today/11/29/1945 }}, retrieved 8 July 2015</ref>

In 1983, [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]] with 269 occupants was shot down by a Soviet aircraft near [[Sakhalin Island|Sakhalin]]. The Soviets sent SAR helicopters and boats to Soviet waters, while a search and rescue operation was initiated by U.S., South Korean, and Japanese ships and aircraft in international waters, but no survivors were found.<ref>
Rear Admiral Walter T. Piotti (Photo [7]), Commander of Task Force 71 of U.S. 7th Fleet, stated in his After Action Report (Department of the Navy, Commander, Surface Combat Force Seventh Fleet. CTF75/N32:kpm,4730, Ser 011, 15 November 1983)</ref>

In July 2009, [[Air France Flight 447]] was lost in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. An international SAR effort was launched, to no avail. A third effort nearly two years later discovered the crash site and recovered the [[flight recorder]]s.

In early 2014, [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]] crashed under mysterious circumstances. Many nations contributed to the initial SAR effort, which was fruitless. In June 2014, the [[Australian Transport Safety Bureau]] commissioned the MV ''[[Fugro]] Equator'' to lead a three-month survey of the ocean bed. {{As of|2014}}, the search for Flight 370 had become the largest SAR to date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/03/17/290890377/search-for-flight-mh370-reportedly-largest-in-history:|title=Search For Flight MH370 Reportedly Largest In History|work=NPR.org|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/03/22/Missing-MH370-search-largest-in-history/|title=Missing MH370: Search is one of the biggest in history, says Hisham - Nation | The Star Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322211512/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/03/22/Missing-MH370-search-largest-in-history/|archive-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>

==Types of search and rescue==
[[Image:Gebirgstrage02 Patient Seilsicherung-2.jpg|thumb|right|Rescue rope training]]
[[File:US Navy 050525-N-1577S-060 Search and Rescue (SAR) students give the I am all right signal to let the SAR instructors know that they are ready for further instructions.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Search and Rescue students give the "I am all right" signal to let the SAR instructors know that they are ready for further instructions at the pool on board [[Naval Station San Diego]].]]

===Ground (lowland) search and rescue===
{{Main|Missing person}}

Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. People may go missing for a variety of reasons. Some may disappear voluntarily, due to issues like [[domestic abuse]]. Others disappear for involuntary reasons such as mental illness, getting lost, an accident, death in a location where they cannot be found or, less commonly, due to [[Kidnapping|abduction]]. Ground search and rescue missions that occur in urban areas should not be confused with "urban search and rescue", which in many jurisdictions refers to the location and extraction of people from collapsed buildings or other entrapments.<ref name="FEMAUSR">{{cite web|url = http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/|title = Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)|access-date = 11 January 2010|last = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref>

In some countries, the [[police]] are the primary agency for carrying out searches for a missing person on land. Some places have voluntary search and rescue teams that can be called out to assist these searches.

Search and rescue agencies may contain small specialist teams for executing operations where there are specific environmental risks. Examples include swift water rescue, flood response, technical rope rescue, confined space rescue, over-snow rescue, and thin ice rescue.

===Mountain rescue===
{{Main|Mountain rescue}}

Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain.

===Cave rescue===
{{Main|Cave rescue}}

Cave rescue is a highly specialised form of rescue for rescuing injured, trapped or lost [[cave]] explorers.

===Urban search and rescue===
{{Main|Urban search and rescue}}

Urban search and rescue (US&R or USAR), also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (HUSAR), is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the specialised nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and the dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While [[earthquake]]s have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and extreme weather such as [[tornado]]es and [[hurricane]]s have also resulted in the deployment of these resources.<ref name="FEMAAboutUSR">{{cite web|url = http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/about.shtm|title = About US&R|access-date = 11 January 2010|last = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref>

===Combat search and rescue===
{{Main|Combat search and rescue}}

Combat search and rescue (CSAR) is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones.<ref name="ArmyTech">{{cite web|url = http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/combat-search-and-rescue.html|title = Term: Combat Search and Rescue|access-date = 3 June 2009|year = 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510152002/http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/combat-search-and-rescue.html|archive-date = 10 May 2008}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=domain on BP:BLACKLIST}}

===Maritime search and rescue===
{{See also|Air-sea rescue|Maritime safety}}
[[File:Sailor swims toward a civilian in distress aboard a sailboat during a search and rescue mission near Guam. (48380723691).jpg|thumb|A [[United States Navy|US Navy]] rescue swimmer swims toward a stranded boat near [[Guam]] in 2019]]
Maritime search and rescue is carried out at sea to save sailors and passengers in distress, or the survivors of downed aircraft. The type of agency which carries out maritime search and rescue varies by country; it may variously be the [[coast guard]], [[navy]] or voluntary organisations. When a distressed or missing vessel is located, these organisations deploy helicopters, rescue vessels or any other appropriate vessel to return them to land. In some cases, the agencies may carry out an [[air-sea rescue]] (ASR). This refers to the combined use of aircraft (such as [[flying boat]]s, [[floatplane]]s, [[amphibious helicopter]]s and non-amphibious helicopters equipped with hoists) and surface vessels.<ref name=Algeo>Algeo, John. ''Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991'', pp. 39, 106–107. Cambridge University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-521-44971-5}}</ref> The [[International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue]] (SAR Convention) is the legal framework that applies to international maritime and air-sea rescue.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/487b47f12.pdf |title=Legal Brief on International Law and Rescue at Sea |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

==By nation==

===Australia===
[[File:Ls1 crew.jpg|thumb|right|A rescue air crewman aboard [[Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service]] ''Lifesaver 1'' in action.]]
;National
The Australian search and rescue service is provided by three authorities; the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre (JRCC) at the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the State/Territory Police Jurisdictions. In a very broad sense, the JRCC respond to national and international registered aircraft, off shore marine incidents and beacon activations. The ADF are responsible for Australian and foreign military personnel, vehicles, vessels and aircraft while within the Australian SRR. Police are responsible for coastal marine incidents, lost persons, unregistered aircraft, inland waterways, ports and identified beacons.<ref name="AusSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.amsa.gov.au/Search_and_Rescue/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040406222552/http://www.amsa.gov.au/Search_and_rescue/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 April 2004|title = Search & Rescue|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = Australian Maritime Safety Authority|date = June 2009}}</ref> The JRCC operates a 24-hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in [[Canberra]] and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. The JRCC is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian [[ground segment]] of the [[Cospas-Sarsat]] distress beacon detection system. The JRCC's jurisdiction spans Australia and as well as covering 52.8 million square kilometres of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Southern Ocean]]s<ref name="AusSAR"/> constituting about 11% of the Earth's surface.<ref>Woolner, Derek (June 2008), [https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/strategic-insights-41-policing-our-ocean-domain-establishing-an-australian-coast-guard/SI41_Coastguard.pdf Policing our ocean domain: establishing an Australian coast guard] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054900/https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/strategic-insights-41-policing-our-ocean-domain-establishing-an-australian-coast-guard/SI41_Coastguard.pdf }}, Australian Strategic Policy Institute Limited, retrieved 31 March 2014</ref>

The JRCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, [[merchant marine]], air force, [[civil aviation]] or police service background. The JRCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates the Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP).<ref name="AusSAR"/> In coordinating search and rescue missions, the JRCC will call on assistance from organisations as appropriate,<ref>The first suggestion made to use helicopters in Australian searches for missing people, sea rescues, and general support during bush-fires, floods, etc. was made in a letter to the editor, written from the Brisbane suburb of [[Balmoral, Queensland|Balmoral]], and published in the Brisbane ''Courier-Mail'' at the end of 1953 ([http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51094737 Value of Helicopter, (Letter to the Editor, from "Wake Up, Australia"), ''Courier Mail'', (Thursday, 31 December 1953), p.2.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104193941/http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/51094737 }})</ref> such as the Defence forces, [[Border Protection Command]], trained aviation organisations (Civil SAR Units), emergency medical helicopters, state Police services and trained Air Observers from the [[State Emergency Service]].<ref name="SA-SES_AirObs">{{cite web|url = http://www.ses.sa.gov.au/site/about_us/what_ses_does/air_search_observation.jsp|title = Air Search Observation|access-date = 21 March 2011|archive-date = 27 March 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110327043035/http://www.ses.sa.gov.au/site/about_us/what_ses_does/air_search_observation.jsp|url-status = dead}}</ref> There are also other organisations, such as the non-profit [[Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service]] that is based at a number of sites around Australia and contracted by various authorities to deliver search and rescue services.

;State
[[Image:BSAR searchers at Mount Dom Dom P3260158.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bush Search and Rescue Victoria|BSAR]] searchers at [[Mount Dom Dom]].]]
[[State police|State Police]] in many states operate state-based search and rescue squads, such as the [[Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad]], which provides specialist expertise, advice and practical assistance in land search and rescue on most terrain including snow and vertical cliff search and rescue.<ref name="VictoriaSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=174|title= Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad| access-date = 4 November 2009|last = State of Victoria}}</ref> There are also state-based volunteer search and rescue groups such as the [[NSW SES Bush Search and Rescue]] in [[New South Wales]] and [[Bush Search and Rescue Victoria]]<ref name="BSARAus">{{cite web|url = http://www.bsar.org|title = Bush Search and Rescue Victoria|access-date = 4 November 2009|author1=Bush Search |author2=Rescue Victoria }}</ref> in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. These state-based groups draw searchers from bushwalking, mountaineering and specialist rescue clubs within their State. A few groups respond on horseback as [[mounted search and rescue]]. The [[State Emergency Service]] is a collection of volunteer-based emergency organisations established in each state or territory which are responsible for many rescue efforts in urban and rural areas and in any rescue that results from flood or storm activity. In rural areas the SES conducts most bush search, vertical and road traffic rescues. In urban areas they assist the police and fire services with USAR.<ref name="SESabout">{{cite web|url = http://www.ses.nsw.gov.au/about/|title = About the SES|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = State of New South Wales}}</ref>

===Azerbaijan===
Search and rescue operations in Azerbaijan are managed by the [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]] onshore in cooperation with the [[State Civil Aviation Administration (Azerbaijan)|State Civil Aviation Administration]] in air and the [[State Maritime Administration (Azerbaijan)|State Maritime Administration]] offshore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=109991 |title=Azerbaijan State Maritime Administration issues statement on rescuing Russia's cargo ship |publisher=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |author=Rashad Suleymanov |access-date=28 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130730/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=109991 |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Belgium===
Search and rescue duties along the Belgian part of the [[North Sea]] are executed by the [[Belgian Air Component]]. From its [[Koksijde Air Base]] it operates 5 [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk.48]] helicopters.<ref name="MilBE">{{cite web|url = http://www.mil.be/aircomp/units/index.asp?LAN=nl&FILE=&ID=628&MENU=287&PAGE=1|title = Vliegbasis Koksijde (Dutch language)|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = Belgische Defensie|year = 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701161232/http://www.mil.be/nl/luchtcomponent|archive-date =1 July 2016}}</ref>

===Brazil===
Search and rescue duties in [[Brazil]] are the responsibility of the [[Salvarmar Brasil]] (MRCC Brazil), of the [[Brazilian Navy]] and [[Divisão de Busca e Salvamento]] (D-SAR) (English: Search and Rescue Division), of the [[Brazilian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.decea.gov.br/espaco-aereo/busca-e-salvamento/|title = Busca e Salvamento (in Portuguese)|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127090549/http://www.decea.gov.br/espaco-aereo/busca-e-salvamento/|archive-date = 27 November 2012}}</ref>

===Canada===
[[Image:DehavillandCC-115Buffalo12.JPG|right|thumb|[[Canadian Forces]] [[CC-115 Buffalo]] fixed wing SAR aircraft from [[No. 442 Squadron RCAF|442 Transport and Rescue Squadron]].]]
[[File:CH-146 Griffon.jpg|thumb|right|[[CH-146 Griffon]] in SAR markings]]
[[File:BoeingVertolCH-113Labrador11301-03.JPG|right|thumb|[[Boeing-Vertol CH-113 Labrador]] SAR helicopter, the predecessor of the CH-149 Cormorant]]
[[Image:Canadian Forces C130.jpg|right|thumb|C-130 are also used by the Canadian Forces for SAR operations]]
{{See also|Canadian Forces Search and Rescue}}

Air and marine Search and rescue duties in Canada are the responsibility of the [[Canadian Forces]] and [[Canadian Coast Guard]] in conjunction with volunteer organisations. The Department of National Defence (DND) has overall responsibility for the coordinated search and rescue system. SAR operations are organised by [[Joint Rescue Coordination Centres]] (JRCC). The JRCC are staffed 24 hours a day by SAR Co-ordinators from the [[Canadian Coast Guard]] and Canadian Forces. Authority for the provision of maritime SAR is assigned to the [[Minister of Fisheries and Oceans]] by the [[Canada Shipping Act]] and the [[Canada Oceans Act]].<ref name="CF" /> Ground and inland water search and rescue (GSAR) is the responsibility of provinces and territories with the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) and other police forces coordinating operations, often using volunteer GSAR teams operating in specific areas under provincial coordinating bodies.<ref name="RCMPSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/rs-eng.htm|title = RCMP Search and Rescue|access-date = 27 October 2010|last = [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]|date = December 2006|archive-date = 29 October 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161403/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/rs-eng.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Canada Shipping Act, most recently passed in 2001, is the framework document that funds international SAR activities.<ref>[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-10.15/FullText.html justice.gc.ca: "Canada Shipping Act, 2001 - S.C. 2001, c. 26"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420051209/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-10.15/FullText.html }} (s29), retrieved 31 May 2014</ref>

The Canadian Forces have five assigned SAR squadrons:

*[[103 Search and Rescue Squadron]], [[CFB Gander]], [[CH-149 Cormorant]]<ref name="103SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/9w-9e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=502|title = 103 Search and Rescue Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = November 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130517125721/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/9w-9e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=502|archive-date = 17 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[No. 413 Squadron RCAF|413 Transport and Rescue Squadron]], [[CFB Greenwood]], [[CH-149 Cormorant]] & [[CC-130 Hercules]]<ref name="413SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/14w-14e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=428|title = 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = December 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120827123025/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/14w-14e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=428|archive-date = 27 August 2012}}</ref>
*[[No. 424 Squadron RCAF|424 Transport and Rescue Squadron]], [[CFB Trenton]], [[CH-146 Griffon]] & [[CC-130 Hercules]]<ref name="424SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/8w-8e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=664|title = 424 Transport and Rescue Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = August 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113222603/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/8w-8e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=664|archive-date = 13 November 2012}}</ref>
*[[No. 435 Squadron RCAF|435 Transport and Rescue Squadron]], [[CFB Winnipeg]], [[CC-130 Hercules]]<ref name="435SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=412|title = 435 Transport and Rescue Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = December 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327053205/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=412|archive-date = 27 March 2012}}</ref>
*[[No. 442 Squadron RCAF|442 Transport and Rescue Squadron]], [[CFB Comox]], [[CH-149 Cormorant]] & [[CC-115 Buffalo]]<ref name="442SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/19w-19e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=559|title = 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = October 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130517132411/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/19w-19e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=559|archive-date = 17 May 2013}}</ref>

Plus three Combat Support Squadrons with SAR roles:

*[[No. 417 Squadron RCAF|417 Combat Support Squadron]], [[CFB Cold Lake]], [[CH-146 Griffon]]<ref name="417SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/4w-4e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=481|title = 417 Combat Support Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = April 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113222631/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/4w-4e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=481|archive-date = 13 November 2012}}</ref>
*[[No. 439 Squadron RCAF|439 Combat Support Squadron]], [[CFB Bagotville]], [[CH-146 Griffon]]<ref name="439SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/3w-3e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=497|title = 439 Combat Support Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = December 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511153358/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/3w-3e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=497|archive-date = 11 May 2012}}</ref>
*[[No. 444 Squadron RCAF|444 Combat Support Squadron]], [[CFB Goose Bay]], [[CH-146 Griffon]]<ref name="444SQN">{{cite web|url = http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/5w-5e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=585|title = 444 Combat Support Squadron|access-date = 8 April 2012|last = Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence|date = April 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113222613/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/5w-5e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=585|archive-date = 13 November 2012}}</ref>

Some municipalities and provinces have their own SAR units:
* [[Halton Regional Police Service]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Lake Ontario]]
* [[Toronto Police Service]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Lake Ontario]]
* [[Peel Regional Police]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Lake Ontario]] and rivers in Peel Region
* [[Ontario Provincial Police]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Great Lakes]] (excluding Lake Michigan) and [[Georgian Bay]]
* [[Durham Regional Police]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Lake Ontario]] and lakes within Durham Region
* [[York Regional Police]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Lake Simcoe]]
* [[Niagara Regional Police]] Marine Unit - using marine craft on [[Niagara River]] and [[Lake Ontario]]
* [[Vancouver Police Department]] - using marine craft on waterways around the City of Vancouver
* [[Heavy Urban Search and Rescue]] ([[Toronto]]) - using land base equipment
* [[Brockville Police Service]] Marine Patrol Unit - using a boat on the [[St. Lawrence River]]
There are also volunteer non-profit associations that conduct SAR in Canada:
* [[British Columbia]], there are 80 community based volunteer Groups in B.C. providing GSAR services within assigned areas in conjunction with Police, ambulance and other agencies. The GSAR Groups are represented by the British Columbia Search and Rescue Association<ref name="BCSARA">{{cite web|url = http://www.bcsara.com |access-date = 6 January 2019|title = British Columbia Search and Rescue Association |year = 2019}}</ref>
* [[Alberta / BC Cave Rescue]], [[Alberta]]/[[British Columbia]]<ref name="ABCCRS">{{cite web|url = https://www.bcsara.com/groups/bc-cave-rescue/|title = Alberta / BC Cave Rescue|access-date = 30 November 2018|last = Alberta / BC Cave Rescue|year = 2018|archive-date = 1 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051734/https://www.bcsara.com/groups/bc-cave-rescue/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Canada Task Force 2]], [[Alberta]]<ref name="CanTF2">{{cite web|url = http://www.cantf2.com/|title = Canadian Task Force Two|access-date = 24 July 2011|last = Canada Task Force 2|year = 2010}}</ref>
* [[Civil Air Search and Rescue Association]]<ref name="CASARA">{{cite web|url = http://www.casara.ca/|title = Civil Air Search and Rescue Association National Website|access-date = 11 May 2009|last = [[Civil Air Search and Rescue Association]]|year = 2006}}</ref>
* [[ERT Search and Rescue]]<ref name="ERTSAR" />
* [[Grande Prairie Technical Search and Rescue Association]], [[Alberta]]<ref name="TSR">{{cite web|url = http://www.tsrgp.org/|title = Technical Search and Rescue|access-date = 18 January 2010|last = [[Technical Search and Rescue]]|year = 2010}}</ref>
* [[Halifax Regional Search and Rescue]] - [[Nova Scotia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://halifaxsar.ca/|title=Halifax Regional Search & Rescue|work=halifaxsar.ca|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[North Shore Rescue]], [[British Columbia]].<ref name="NSRT">{{cite web|url = http://www.northshorerescue.com/|title = North Shore Rescue|access-date = 21 March 2009|last = [[North Shore Rescue]]|year = 2009}}</ref>
* [[Pincher Creek Search and Rescue]], [[Alberta]]<ref name="PCSAR">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcsar.dyndns.org/ |title=Pincher Creek Search & Rescue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040613074932/http://pcsar.dyndns.org/ |archive-date=13 June 2004 |access-date=28 July 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Québec Secours]], [[Québec]].<ref name="QS">{{cite web|url = http://www.quebecsecours.qc.ca/|title = Québec Secours|access-date = 8 May 2009|last = [[Québec Secours]]|year = 2009}}</ref>
* [[River Valley Ground Search and Rescue]], [[New Brunswick]]<ref name="RiverValleySAR">{{cite web|url=http://emergencyplanning.ca/rvgsar/ |title=River Valley Ground Search and Rescue |access-date=7 April 2009 |last=Nocturne Communications |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207102409/http://www.emergencyplanning.ca/rvgsar/ |archive-date=7 February 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Roberts Bank Lifeboat]] - [[Delta, BC]]<ref name="RBLB">{{cite web|url = http://www.robertsbanklifeboat.ca/|title = Roberts Bank Lifeboat|access-date = 20 January 2010|last = Roberts Bank Lifeboat}}</ref>
* [[Royal Canadian Marine Search and Rescue]] (RCM SAR)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmsar.com/about-us/about-rcm-sar |title=About RCM-SAR |publisher=Rcmsar.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531094620/http://www.rcmsar.com/about-us/about-rcm-sar |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Sauvetage Bénévole Outaouais - Ottawa Volunteer Search and Rescue]] - [[Ottawa, ON]] and [[Gatineau, QC]]<ref name="SBO-OVSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.sbo-ovsar.ca/|title = Sauvetage Bénévole Outaouais - Ottawa Volunteer Search and Rescue (SBO-OVSAR)|access-date = 29 December 2014|last = Sauvetage Bénévole Outaouais - Ottawa Volunteer Search and Rescue}}</ref>
* [[Search and Rescue Manitoba]] (SARMAN), [[Manitoba]]<ref name="SARMAN">{{cite web|url = http://firecomm.gov.mb.ca/sarman.html|title = Search and Rescue Manitoba|access-date = 13 September 2010}}</ref>
* [[Vancouver Urban Search and Rescue]] (Canadian Task Force One), [[British Columbia]]<ref name="CanTF1">{{cite web|url = http://www.can-tf1.org/|title = Canadian Task Force One|access-date = 18 January 2010|last = [[Canadian Task Force One]]|year = 2010}}</ref>
*[[York Sunbury Search & Rescue]] - [[New Brunswick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yssr.nb.ca/Welcome.html|title=York Sunbury Search and Rescue - Home|work=yssr.nb.ca|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326162121/http://www.yssr.nb.ca/Welcome.html|archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>

===Croatia===
[[File:SAR Croatia Trogir.jpg|thumb|right|A boat of the Search and Rescue Service in [[Trogir]], Spring 2014]]
In [[Croatia]] the SAR Service is part of the [[Croatian Navy]] and the [[Croatian Coast Guard]] with their headquarter in [[Rijeka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocean7.at/news,id1902,sar_mehr_einsaetze_kroatien.html |title=OCEAN7 - das österreichische Yachtmagazin | OCEAN7 2013 » News-Archiv: SAR, mehr Einsätze in Kroatien |publisher=Ocean7.at |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
[[Image:CY AF AW139 Helicopter.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Cyprus Air Forces|Cyprus Air Force]] [[AgustaWestland AW139|AW139]] SAR helicopter during a search and rescue demonstration]]
The [[Cyprus|Cyprus Republic]] Search and Rescue (SAR) system is organised by the [[Cyprus Joint Rescue Coordination Center]] (JRCC Larnaca).

The JRCC (Greek: Κέντρο Συντονισμού Έρευνας και Διάσωσης) is an independent agency of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Cyprus that started its operations on a 24h basis on 7 August 1995 as a unit of the [[Cyprus Air Forces|Cyprus Air Force Command]].<ref name="cjrcc06">[http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc06_en/cjrcc06_en?OpenDocument "JRCC Larnaca History"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016234802/http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc06_en/cjrcc06_en?OpenDocument }} Retrieved on 2 July 2013</ref>

On 1 March 2002, the JRCC took full responsibility for investigating, organising, coordinating and executing every SAR incident-operation in the Republic of Cyprus Search & Rescue Region (SRR).<ref name="cjrcc06" /> JRCC Larnaca operated as a military unit until 26 July 2010, when JRCC was transformed to an independent agency under the Ministry of Defence with the Minister being responsible for its operational aspects. Logistic and technical support is the responsibility of the Ministry of Communications & Works.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc02_en/cjrcc02_en?OpenDocument "JRCC Larnaca Subordination-Base"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130146/http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc02_en/cjrcc02_en?OpenDocument }} Retrieved on 2 July 2013</ref> Its primary mission is to organise the Cyprus Republic Search And Rescue system, to co-ordinate, control and direct SAR operations in its area of responsibility (which is identical to the Nicosia [[Flight information region|FIR]]), in order to find and rescue people whose lives are at risk, as a result of an air or naval accident, in the least possible time.<ref>[http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc01_en/cjrcc01_en?OpenDocument "JRCC Larnaca Mission"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134243/http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc01_en/cjrcc01_en?OpenDocument }} Retrieved on 2 July 2013</ref> This is achieved by coordinating all the different agencies involved such as the Cyprus Police Aviation Unit, the [[Cyprus Port and Marine Police|Cyprus Port and Naval Police]], the [[Cyprus National Guard]] [[Cyprus Navy|Naval Command]], the [[Cyprus National Guard]] [[Cyprus Air Forces|Air Force Command]], the [[Cyprus Civil Defence]] and other secondary units.<ref>[http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc07_en/cjrcc07_en?OpenDocument "JRCC Larnaca Secondary Units"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201447/http://www.mod.gov.cy/mod/cjrcc.nsf/cjrcc07_en/cjrcc07_en?OpenDocument }} Retrieved on 2 July 2013</ref>

The JRCC reports directly to the operational control of the Ministry of Defence and it is staffed by qualified personnel of the [[Cyprus National Guard]], mainly from the branches of the [[Cyprus Navy|Navy]] and the [[Cyprus Air Forces|Air Force]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==== Northern Cyprus ====
There are also search and rescue teams in [[Northern Cyprus]]. Search and rescue operators in [[Turkish Republic of North Cyprus]] are primarily:

* SSTB Civil Defence Organisation Presidency (Turkish : ''Sivil Savunma Teşkilat Başkanlığı'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivil Savunma Teşkilatı Başkanlığı|url=http://sivilsavunma.gov.ct.tr/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=sivilsavunma.gov.ct.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ERATEL PTT Telsiz sistemi ile KKTC SSTB ekipleri daha güçlü…|url=https://www.erabilisim.net/referans/eratel-ptt-telsiz-sstb/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=ERAGPS|language=tr}}</ref>
** Emergency Management Committee
* DAK Search and Rescue in Natural Disasters (Turkish : ''Doğal Afetlerde Arama Kurtarma)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Türkiye ve KKTC'den Ortak Arama Kurtarma Tatbikatı|url=https://www.haberler.com/turkiye-ve-kktc-den-ortak-arama-kurtarma-tatbikati-12049308-haberi/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Haberler.com|language=tr}}</ref>
* AKUT [[TRNC]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKTC Arama Kurtarma Teşkilatı (@kktc_akut) • Instagram photos and videos|url=https://www.instagram.com/kktc_akut/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=www.instagram.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=17 üniversite, arama kurtarmada yarışıyor|url=https://www.halkinsesikibris.com/guncel/17-universite-arama-kurtarmada-yarisiyor-h114884.html|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Halkın Sesi|language=tr}}</ref>

Military

* [[TRNC Coast Guard Command]]
* [[TRNC]] Coastal Safety (police)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kıbrıs Türk Kıyı Emniyeti ve Gemi Kurtarma|url=http://www.ktgemikurtarma.org/|access-date=4 November 2020|language=tr-TR}}</ref>
* [[Security Forces Command]] Search and rescue teams.

===Denmark===
[[Image:Danish air force U-277.jpg|thumb|right|[[Royal Danish Air Force]] [[SH-3 Sea King|S-61A]] with its rescue swimmer]]
Search and rescue operators in [[Denmark]] are primarily: [[Royal Danish Air Force|Danish air force]] Squadron 722, [[Danish Navy Air Squadron|Danish navy air squadron]], naval home guard and the [[Danish Maritime Safety Administration]], coordinated by the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, operated by the navy and air force in the [[Admiral Danish Fleet|Danish Naval Commands]] facilities near [[Aarhus]]. Internationally the Danish works mainly with [[Germany]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]. With the two latter, the annual exercises ''Baltic SAREX''<ref name="SAREX07">{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/BHM/Nyt+og+Presse/Sarex.htm |title=Bornholms Marinedistrikt: SAREX '07 |access-date=7 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183822/http://forsvaret.dk/BHM/Nyt+og+Presse/Sarex.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |language=da}}</ref> and
''Scan-SAR''<ref name="SCANSAR06">{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Nyhedsarkiv/Pressemeddelelser/2006/f%C3%A6lles+%C3%B8velse.htm |title=Flyvertaktisk kommando: Scan-SAR '06 |access-date=7 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184705/http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Nyhedsarkiv/Pressemeddelelser/2006/f%C3%A6lles+%C3%B8velse.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |language=da}}</ref> are conducted.

SAR services in Denmark started in 1957 with seven [[Sikorsky H-19|Sikorsky S-55s]]. Their [[piston engine]]s produced only {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and they had limited fuel capacity, so their operational range was short. To increase the operational area, [[Percival Pembroke|Pembroke]] twin-engined fixed-wing aircraft were employed for search. These aircraft would localise the distressed person(s) and the S-55s would then rescue them. The SAR service was started for respond to fighter-plane crashes as 79 aircraft crashed, with 62 dead, in the period 1950–1955.,<ref name="DAFHIS">{{cite web|url=http://www.flv.dk/flyvevaabnet/historie_flyvevaabnet.htm |title=Flyvevåbnets historie |access-date=9 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213105/http://www.flv.dk/flyvevaabnet/historie_flyvevaabnet.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |language=da}}</ref> but civilian SAR duties are also conducted.

In 1962, eight ship-based [[Aérospatiale Alouette III]]s were received. These were primarily meant for the ships patrolling the North Atlantic, but also supported the S-55s. In 1964{{ndash}}1965 the seven S-55s were replaced with eight Sikorsky [[SH-3 Sea King|S-61A]] helicopters.<ref name="DAFS61">{{cite web|url = http://forsvaret.dk/NR/rdonlyres/C605235C-4851-457B-BFDA-75C3473573CF/0/HS61ASEAKING.pdf|title = Danish air force S-61A fact sheet|access-date = 9 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803015913/http://forsvaret.dk/NR/rdonlyres/C605235C-4851-457B-BFDA-75C3473573CF/0/HS61ASEAKING.pdf  |archive-date = 3 August 2008|language=da}}</ref>

In 2007, the [[Danish Defence]] held a public display in [[Horsens]], to raise awareness about rescue services and maritime safety. Maritime SAR is important because Denmark has a relative long coast line to its land mass.<ref name="DAPD1">{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/Nyt+og+Presse/2007-07-04.htm |title=Temadag om søredning og badesikkerhed |access-date=9 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184910/http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/Nyt+og+Presse/2007-07-04.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |language=da}}</ref><ref name="DAPD2">{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Billeder+fra+s%C3%B8redningsdagen+2007.htm |title=Pictures from the public display |access-date=9 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184957/http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Billeder+fra+s%C3%B8redningsdagen+2007.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2008, the SAR forces in Denmark were equipped with eight EH-101, one or two Lynx, 34 naval home guard vessels and 21 rescue vessels,<ref name="DAPD3">{{cite web|url = http://www.fomfrv.dk/om_frv/hovedopgaver/kystredning.htm|title = Kystredning i Danmark|access-date = 9 July 2008|language = da|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511163004/http://www.fomfrv.dk/om_frv/hovedopgaver/kystredning.htm|archive-date = 11 May 2008}}</ref> as well as the naval vessels at sea. The EH-101s operate from bases in [[Aalborg Airport|Aalborg]], [[Skrydstrup]] and [[Roskilde Airport|Roskilde]]. When the sea water temperatures are low a helicopter is also deployed to the island of [[Bornholm Airport|Bornholm]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. The Lynx operates from [[Karup Airport|Karup]]. Maritime vessels are spread out through the entire coastline and on islands. The S-61s and EH-101s have a crew of six: two [[Aviator|pilots]], a [[navigator]], a [[flight engineer]], a [[physician]] and a [[Rescue swimmer#Denmark|rescue swimmer]].

===Estonia===
[[File:SAR õppus.jpg|thumb|SAR training by the Estonian Border Guard.]]
The [[Estonian Border Guard]] (Piirivalve) is the Estonian security authority responsible for the border security. It is the main support organisation for search and rescue missions in Estonia, and operates a small fleet of SAR vessels and helicopters.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.pv.ee/laane/index.php?page=316 |title =Piirivalve ajalugu ja sümboolika (In Estonian language) |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070610110136/http://www.pv.ee/laane/index.php?page=316 |archive-date =10 June 2007 }}</ref>

===Finland===
In Finland local rescue services (i.e. fire departments) are responsible for land and inland water SAR, the Border Guard is responsible for maritime areas. These organisations alert and decide on the most suitable response for the location and situation. The country also has several volunteer organisations such as the volunteer fire department (VPK),<ref name="VPK">{{cite web|url = http://www.spek.fi|title = Turvalliseen huomiseen (Finnish language)|access-date = 21 September 2009|last = Suomen Pelastusalan Keskusjärjestö}}</ref> the Finnish Lifeboat Institution (SMPS)<ref name="SMPS">{{cite web|url = http://www.meripelastus.fi/fi/main.html|title = SAR - Search and rescue (Finnish language)|access-date = 21 September 2009|last = Suomen Meripelastusseura Ry|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903233606/http://www.meripelastus.fi/fi/main.html|archive-date = 3 September 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> and the Red Cross Finland (SPR).<ref name="SPR">{{cite web|url = http://www.redcross.fi/en_GB/etusivu/|title = Finnish Red Cross|access-date = 21 September 2009|last = Punainen Risti|year = n.d.|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090519055632/http://www.redcross.fi/en_GB/etusivu/|archive-date = 19 May 2009}}</ref>

===France===
[[Image:Le_canot_tous_temps_de_la_SNSM_Madeleine_Dassault_%281%29.JPG|thumb|right|A French all-weather lifeboat from the [[SNSM]].]]
The [[Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer]] (SNSM) provides sea rescue on the French coast and at seas. In 2016, they helped 7,500 people in 5,200 rescues. The service has 41 all-weather rescue boats, 34 first-class rescue boats and 76 second-class lifeboats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snsm.org/les-canots-tous-temps|title=Les canots tous temps|website=Les Sauveteurs en Mer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snsm.org/la-flotte-de-la-snsm-en-perpetuelle-evolution|title = Les bateaux de sauvetage de la SNSM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snsm.org/les-differents-modeles-de-vedettes|title = Les différents modèles de vedettes}}</ref>

===Germany===
[[Image:050625-Kiel-x42-600.jpg|thumb|right|A cruiser of the [[German Maritime Search and Rescue Service|DGzRS]] and a SeaKing helicopter of the [[German Navy]]]]
Search and Rescue in German waters is conducted by the [[German Maritime Search and Rescue Service]] with air support by the [[German Navy]] and the [[German Army Aviation]]. All incoming requests are coordinated by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in [[Bremen]]. The DGzRS is a non-governmental organisation entirely supported by donations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dgzrs.de/index.php?id=265|title = German Maritime Search and Rescue Service (DGzRS)|access-date = 27 August 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080913090322/http://www.dgzrs.de/index.php?id=265|archive-date = 13 September 2008}}</ref>

Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Army Aviation provides 3 SAR Command Posts on a 24/7 basis with the [[UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1D Huey]] at Holzdorf Air Base and the Airbus H145 LUH SAR (Light Utility Helicopter Search and Rescue) at Nörvenich Air Base and 2 at Niederstetten Army Airfield.
<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rth.info/betreiber/betreiber.php?show=bw|title = Bundeswehr (in German language)|access-date = 22 May 2008|last = rth.info|year = 2002}}</ref>

Further, the [[Technisches Hilfswerk]] is a key component of the German disaster relief framework. It is, among other things, regularly involved in urban search and rescue efforts abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thw.bund.de/cln_036/nn_942466/EN/content/news/international/missions/2005/11/news__001.html|archive-url = https://archive.today/20070504193203/http://www.thw.bund.de/cln_036/nn_942466/EN/content/news/international/missions/2005/11/news__001.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 May 2007|title=Search and rescue | access-date = 21 January 2010}}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
[[File:GFS Super Puma on USS Mobile Bay.jpg|right|thumb|[[Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong GFS]] AS332 L2 Super Puma SAR helicopter]]
[[File:B-HRV.jpg|right|thumb|[[Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)|HK GFS]] [[Eurocopter EC155|EC155]] helicopter]]
[[File:WessexHC2 28Sqn 1983.jpeg|right|thumb|Royal Air Force Westland Wessex HC2 SAR helicopter off Hong Kong]]
[[File:RHKAAF Aerospatiale Dauphin 1982.JPG|right|thumb|[[Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force]] [[Aérospatiale SA 360 Dauphin]] SAR helicopter]]
SAR operations are conducted by the [[Government Flying Service]] (GFS) and before 1993 by the [[Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force]]. The GFS conducts maritime SAR within the {{convert|400|nmi|km|adj=on}} radius of the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR).<ref name="hksar_gfs">{{cite web|title=The Government Flying Service|url=http://www.gfs.gov.hk/eng/aboutgfs.htm|publisher=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government|access-date=15 May 2010}}</ref>

As of 2020, the GFS fleet consists of nine aircraft including:<ref name="hksar_gfs" />
* 2 [[Bombardier Challenger 605]] - for aerial SAR surveillance
* 7 [[Airbus Helicopters H175]] - for inshore and offshore SAR

Other civilian search and rescue units in Hong Kong include:

* [[Civil Aid Service]] - works in conjunction with the Hong Kong Fire Services Dept and the air support from the [[Government Flying Service]], also provides [[mountain rescue]] service<ref name="hksar_cas">{{cite web|title=Civil Aid Service Hong Kong|url=http://www.cas.gov.hk/eng/info/info_trainsafe.html|work=Safety Training|publisher=Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|access-date=15 May 2010|year=2010}}</ref>
* [[Hong Kong Fire Services]]/[[Hong Kong Marine Police]] - various vessels and rescue divers - with air support from the GFS
* [[Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre]] is responsible for coordinating other civil agencies in regards to marine SAR operations in waters around [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Countryside Volunteer Search Team]]

===Iceland===
[[Image:AS-365N Dauphin 2 of The Iceland Coast Guard.JPEG|thumb|[[Irish Coast Guard|Icelandic Coast Guard]] [[Eurocopter Dauphin|Eurocopter AS-365N Dauphin 2]] helicopter]]

The Icelandic Coast Guard is responsible for coordinating all maritime and aviation search and rescue activities in the Icelandic Search and Rescue Region (SRR), that has the sise of 1.9 million square kilometres. The Icelandic Coast Guard operates JRCC ICELAND in combination with the Coast Guard's operation centre, the maritime traffic service and the coastal radio stations. If aircraft crash site is located on land the control of the rescue operations is diverted to the Icelandic Police, which is responsible for SAR operations on land. The Icelandic Coast Guard (JRCC ICELAND) is the Cospas-Sarsat SAR Point of Contact. ISAVIA, which operates the Air Traffic Control in Iceland, is responsible for the aviation alerting services. The [[Icelandic Coast Guard]] operates maritime patrol aircraft, SAR helicopters and patrol vessels.<ref name="ICG1">{{cite web|url = http://www.lhg.is/english|title = The Icelandic Coast Guard|access-date = 7 March 2008|last = Icelandic Coast Guard|year = n.d.}}</ref>

The [[Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue]] (Slysavarnafélagið Landsbjörg) (ICESAR) is a volunteer organisation with about 100 rescue teams located all around the island. ICESAR is a great support to SAR operations both on land and sea. All the rescue teams contain groups of specially trained individuals.<ref name="Slysavarnafélaginu">{{cite web|url = http://www.landsbjorg.is/category.aspx?catID=250|title = ICE-SAR A Tale of Great Achievements |access-date = 7 March 2008|last = Slysavarnafélaginu Landsbjörg|year = n.d.}}</ref>

A specialised INSARAG External Classification certified rubble rescue squad operates under the Icelandic Association of Search and Rescue. It was the first rescue squad to arrive in [[Haiti]] following the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake of 2010]].<ref name="ICESAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.icesar.com/|title = Reports from Haiti|access-date = 23 January 2010|last = Skógarhlíð}}</ref>{{failed verification}}

===Indonesia===
The [[National Search and Rescue Agency|National Search and Rescue Agency of Indonesia]] known in Indonesian as ''Badan Nasional Pencarian dan Pertolongan'' abbreviated "BASARNAS", is a government agency responsible for conducting search and rescue duties nationally in [[Indonesia]]. BASARNAS may also be assisted in conducting SAR in Indonesia by the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|TNI]], [[Mobile Brigade Corps]], and local [[Fire brigade]] units.<ref>"[http://www.basarnas.go.id/ Home]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120618210903/http://www.basarnas.go.id/ Archive]) National Search and Rescue Agency. Retrieved on 10 May 2012. "Jl. Angkasa Blok B.15 KAV 2-3 Kemayoran - Jakarta Pusat Jakarta - Indonesia 10720"</ref>

===Ireland===
[[Image:Irish-Coast-Guard-Helicopter-2012.JPG|right|thumb|Irish Coast Guard [[Sikorsky S-61]]N SAR helicopter]]
[[File:Irish Coastguard Helicopter RNLI Rescue Demonstartion.jpg|thumb|A search and rescue demonstration by an [[Irish Coast Guard]] [[Sikorsky S-61]] helicopter and a [[RNLI]] lifeboat.]]

Maritime SAR services are provided by two civilian bodies - the [[Irish Coast Guard]]<ref name="IRCG1">{{cite web|url = http://www.dttas.ie/maritime/english/irish-coast-guard-ircg |title = Irish Coast Guard IRCG|access-date = 20 February 2015|last = Department of Transport}}</ref> and the [[RNLI]]. The Coast Guard has responsibility for the Irish Search and Rescue Region.<ref name="IRCG2">{{cite web|url =http://www.dttas.ie/maritime/ircg/searchrescue|title = The Irish Search and Rescue Region|access-date = 20 February 2015|last = Department of Transport}}</ref> The [[RNLI|Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] has 43 lifeboat stations including inland stations at Enniskillen and Lough Derg,<ref>{{cite web |title=RNLI Lifeboat Stations in Ireland |url=http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/out_on_a_shout/ireland |publisher=Royal National Lifeboat Institution |access-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722083049/http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/out_on_a_shout/ireland/ |archive-date=22 July 2009 }}</ref> the coastguard inshore rescue boats,<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastguard Teams |url=http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=8648&lang=ENG&loc=2121 |publisher=Irish Coast Guard |access-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721132648/http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=8648&lang=ENG&loc=2121 |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> and community rescue boats at fifteen stations: Ballinskelligs - Co. Kerry, Ballybunion - Co. Kerry, Ballyheigue - Co. Kerry, Banna - Co. Kerry, Bantry - Co. Cork, Bunmahon - Co. Waterford, Cahore - Co. Wexford, Carna - Co. Galway, Corrib/Mask Lakes - Co. Galway, Derrynane - Co. Kerry, Limerick City (River Shannon), Mallow Search and Rescue - Co. Cork, Schull - Co. Cork, Tramore - Co. Waterford, Waterford City River Rescue, Waterford Marine Search & Rescue.<ref name = iws>{{cite web |title=Community Rescue Boats Ireland |url= http://www.iws.ie/rescue-services/community-rescue-boats-ireland-crbi.302.html |publisher=Irish Water Safety |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref> There are some 25 other [[Independent lifeboats in Britain and Ireland|independent]] rescue services.<ref name = iws/>

Mountain Rescue in Ireland is provided by 12 voluntary teams based in different regions of the country.<ref name="IrelandMtn">{{cite web|url = http://www.mountainrescue.ie/TeamInformation|title = Team Information|access-date = 5 January 2010|last = Mountain Rescue Ireland|year = 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091225165927/http://www.mountainrescue.ie/TeamInformation|archive-date = 25 December 2009}}</ref>

The IRCG operate a number of contracted Sikorsky Search and Rescue helicopters from bases in Dublin, Waterford, Shannon and Sligo under the €500 million contract, from 2010, a previous fleet of [[Sikorsky S-61N]] helicopters were replaced with five newer [[Sikorsky S-92]] helicopters.<ref name="itimes">{{cite web|author=Lorna Siggins |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/irish-coast-guard-search-and-rescue-fleet-renewal-extended-1.1430873 |title=Irish Coast Guard search and rescue fleet renewal extended |publisher=The Irish Times |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Irish Search and Rescue Contract Signed |url=http://www.chc.ca/news/2010/09/new-irish-search-and-rescue-contract-signed.aspx |work=20 September 2010 |publisher=CHC Helicopter |access-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140356/http://www.chc.ca/news/2010/09/new-irish-search-and-rescue-contract-signed.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> One of the new S-92 helicopters is located at each of the four IRCG bases, with one spare replacement aircraft being rotated between bases.<ref name="herald">{{cite web|url=http://www.clareherald.com/2013/06/new-search-and-rescue-sar-helicopters.html |title=New Search and Rescue (SAR) helicopters arrive into Shannon |publisher=The Clare Herald |access-date=6 September 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131017143255/http://www.clareherald.com/2013/06/new-search-and-rescue-sar-helicopters.html| archive-date= 17 October 2013}}</ref>

The Irish Coast Guard are launching a tender for a future SAR Aviation Contract,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gov.ie/en/campaigns/ed653-irish-coast-guard-search-and-rescue-sar-aviation-project/ | publisher = DTTAS | title = Irish Coast Guard: Search and Rescue (SAR) Aviation Project | date = 11 August 2020 | access-date = 5 September 2020 }}</ref> which is one of several tenders for similar services.<ref name="Aerossurance">{{cite web|url = http://aerossurance.com/helicopters/european-sar-competitions/ | publisher = Aerossurance | title = European Search and Rescue (SAR) Competition Bonanza: Northern Norway SAR, Netherlands SARHC, Ireland SAR Aviation and UK's UKSAR2G | date = 11 May 2020 | access-date = 5 September 2020 }}</ref>

The [[Irish Air Corps]] provide top cover for search and rescue over land or sea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.ie/aircorps/roles/index.htm|title=Organisation|work=military.ie|access-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126062553/http://military.ie/aircorps/roles/index.htm|archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> and is available for maritime and mountain rescue if needed. The [[Irish Naval Service]] frequently assists the other agencies in search and rescue. Its patrol ships at sea and the communications center at [[Haulbowline]] maintain a 24-hour watch on all distress frequencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.ie/naval/roles/index.htm|title=Organisation - Naval Service - Defence Forces|work=military.ie|access-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015085737/http://www.military.ie/naval/roles/index.htm|archive-date=15 October 2007}}</ref>

===Israel===
[[File:HeIicopter MADAIS.jpg|thumb|Helicopter of [[Magen David Adom]]]]

SAR in Israel is the responsibility of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] [[Home Front Command]] ''Search and Rescue'' (SAR). The unit was established at its current strength in 1984, combining all the specialist units that were involved with SAR until that time.<ref name="IsraelSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.oref.org.il/496-en/PAKAR.aspx|title = Combat SAR battalions Shahar and Kedem|access-date = 18 May 2011|last = The Home Front Command|year = n.d.}}</ref>

The SAR unit is a rapid mobilisation force and has an airborne transport and deployment capability for its personnel and equipment. The unit is composed of reserve personnel, with a regular cadre based at the [[Bahad 16]] Unit training facility. With a focus on urban SAR, the unit operates specialised equipment, including a locally developed device for locating persons trapped under rubble by detecting seismic and acoustic emissions given off by the victims. The SAR unit also uses [[Search and rescue dog]]s specially trained to locate people buried under debris.

'''Israeli SAR resources'''
*[[Israel Defense Forces]]
**[[Medical Corps (Israel)]]
**[[Home Front Command]]
**[[Bahad 16]]
**[[Oketz Unit]]
*[[Israel Police]]
*[[IsraAid]]
*[[Magen David Adom]]
*[[ZAKA]]

===Italy===
[[Image:Guardia Costiera AW139.jpg|thumb|right|Italian [[AgustaWestland AW139]] for sea rescue.]]
[[Image:Trento-I-PATE air ambulance on simulated mission.jpg|thumb|right|Italian [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|AS365 Dauphin]] rescue helicopter]]
Italian SAR operations are carried out by the [[Corps of the Port Captaincies - Coast Guard|Guardia Costiera]],<ref name="Costiera">{{cite web|url = http://www.guardiacostiera.it/en/|title = Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera |access-date = 11 November 2008|last = Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera|year = 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080729220245/http://www.guardiacostiera.it/en/ |archive-date = 29 July 2008}}</ref> backed up by naval aviation and the air force, including Aeronautica Militare Comando 15° Stormo (15th Wing),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/Organizzazione/Reparti/Repartivolo/Pagine/15Stormo.aspx|title=Il portale dell'Aeronautica Militare - 15° Stormo|work=difesa.it|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> the [[Italian Red Cross]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cri.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1|title=Croce Rossa Italiana - Home|author=Croce Rossa Italiana|work=www.cri.it|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150207053344/http://www.cri.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1 |archive-date = 7 February 2015}}</ref> and other organisations.

===Jordan===
Jordan's Civil Defense Urban Search and Rescue team (USAR) has achieved the UN classification as a heavy USAR team. The team's role mainly earthquake rescue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swiss-cooperation.admin.ch/syria/en/Home/News/News_Detail?itemID=221772 |title=SDC Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria - News Detail |publisher=Swiss-cooperation.admin.ch |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>

===Kenya===
The Kenya Maritime Authority and the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority are responsible for Aeronautical SAR within Kenya's waterways and aerospace respectively.<ref name="Kenya Maritime SAR">{{cite web|url = https://kma.go.ke/overview/|title = Overview|access-date = 12 October 2021|last = |year = |website = Kenya Maritime Authority (KMA)}}</ref><ref name="Kenya Air Traffic SAR">{{cite web|url = https://sarcontacts.info/countries/kenya/ |title = Aeronautical Services|access-date = 30 August 2018|last = Civil Aerospace Administration |year = n.d.}}</ref>

===Macau===
Macau's maritime SAR is conducted by two units:

The [[Macau Marine Department]] and responsible for maritime SAR within Macau's waterways. The Macau Search and Rescue Coordination Centre is under the Vessel Traffic Control Centre of Macao of the Maritime Administration of Macau.<ref name="MacauSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.marine.gov.mo/serv/index_e.html|title = Maritime Services|access-date = 11 January 2010|last = Maritime Administration|year = n.d.|archive-date = 19 December 2012|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121219202700/http://www.marine.gov.mo/serv/index_e.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
[[File:M70-02 (8231200851).jpg|thumb|right|[[Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency|MMEA]]'s [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Eurocopter AS365 N3 Dauphin]] used for SAR and surveillance.]]
For land rescue, Malaysia has two primary SAR units: the [[SMART (Malaysia)|Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team]] (SMART), which reports to the [[National Security Council (Malaysia)|National Security Council]], and the [[Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia|Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department]]'s (FRDM) [[STORM (Malaysian rescue squad)|Special Tactical Operation and Rescue Team of Malaysia]] (STORM) unit. They are sometimes aided by the jungle experts, the [[Orang Asli|aboriginal]] police unit named [[Senoi Praaq]], [[Royal Malaysia Police|Royal Malaysian Police]] (RMP) [[VAT 69 Commando]], the [[Malaysian Armed Forces]]' [[Elite Forces of Malaysia|special operations force]], and the [[Malaysia Civil Defence Force|Malaysian Civil Defence Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=10 August 2019 07:23 AM MYT |title=Search team for missing Irish teen boosted by VAT 69 commandos |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/08/10/search-team-for-missing-irish-teen-boosted-by-vat-69-commandos/1779396 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Malay Mail |language=en}}</ref> Both SMART and STORM, as with other FRDM's [[Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia#Special Operations|special operations]], often participate in international SAR missions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/edisi/utara/bomba-sedia-hantar-anggota-storm-ke-nepal-1.386953|title=Bomba sedia hantar anggota Storm ke Nepal|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/wawancara/berjuang-di-bumi-berasap-1.177473|title=Berjuang di bumi berasap|last=Harian|first=Wartawan Sinar|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bharian.com.my/node/86364|title=Bomba Malaysia sedia bantu Indonesia padam kebakaran hutan|work=BH Online|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/MYS/MYSeng99/Malaysia99.htm#_Toc495479697|title=Malaysia Country Report 1999: Forest Fire And Severe Haze|website=www.adrc.asia|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605012454/http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/MYS/MYSeng99/Malaysia99.htm#_Toc495479697|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For maritime SAR, it is the responsibility of [[Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency|Malaysia Coast Guard]] and FRDM, along with support from the RMP's [[Marine Operations Force]] and the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]]'s [[PASKAU]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/mmea-search-and-rescue-for-six-missing-victims-in-capsized-catamaran-contin|title=MMEA: Search and rescue for six missing victims in capsized catamaran continues|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/mmea-to-review-sar-ops-after-rescue-team-missed-survivors-by-minutes|title=MMEA to review SAR ops after rescue team missed survivors by 'minutes'|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref>

===Malta===
[[File:Malta - Sliema (Valletta Ferry harbour) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|The AFM's search and rescue launches ''Melita I'' and ''Melita II'' have been used for search and rescue operations since 1999.]]

The responsibility for SAR at sea in the Malta Search and Rescue Region falls under the [[Armed Forces of Malta]] (AFM). It is carried out by maritime patrol aircraft, helicopters and vessels under the co-ordination, command and control of the Rescue Co-ordination Centre.<ref name="MaltaSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_in_Malta.htm|title = Search and Rescue (SAR) in Malta|access-date = 13 March 2008|last = Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta|year = 2004|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120141203/http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_in_Malta.htm|archive-date = 20 November 2008}}</ref>

The AFM, in close collaboration with the US Coast Guard, also runs a Search and Rescue Training Centre for International Students<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL7oPxdqvbM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/fL7oPxdqvbM| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Search and Rescue training |publisher=YouTube |access-date=8 April 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in Maritime SAR Mission Co-ordination and Planning.<ref name="MaltaSARtrg">{{cite web|url = http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_training_centre_malta.htm|title = Search and Rescue Training Centre - AFM|access-date = 13 March 2008|last = Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta|year = 2004|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120140948/http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_training_centre_malta.htm|archive-date = 20 November 2008}}</ref> To date more than 30 foreign students from 15 countries including Albania, Cameroon, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea and Kenya have attended these courses.<ref name="USEmbassyMalta">{{cite web|url=http://malta.usembassy.gov/saramb.html |title=AFM SAR TC Graduation |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=U.S. Department of State. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225105545/http://malta.usembassy.gov/saramb.html |archive-date=25 December 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Brincat">{{cite web|url = http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=61285|title = Search and rescue training certificates awarded|access-date = 13 March 2008|last = Brincat|first = Erika F.|year = n.d.|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722222837/http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=61285|archive-date = 22 July 2011}}</ref>

Malta is also in talks with [[Libya]] about enhancing SAR cooperation between the two countries.<ref name="MaltaMedia">{{cite web|url = http://www.maltamedia.com/artman2/publish/govt_politics/article_4810.shtml|title = Search & Rescue meeting between Libya and Malta|access-date = 15 March 2008|last = MaltaMedia News.}}</ref>{{Update after|2015|3|2}}

===Netherlands===
SAR responsibility in the Netherlands is held by the [[Netherlands Coastguard]], carried out by vessels and aircraft from various organisations among which mostly the [[Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij|Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution]], the [[Dutch Lifeguard Association]], the [[Ministry of Transport and Water Management]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)]].

===New Zealand===
[[New Zealand]]'s Search and Rescue Region extends from the [[South Pole]] to the southern border of the [[Honolulu]] region, including Norfolk, Tonga, Samoa, and [[Cook Islands]].<ref name="NZAIP">{{cite web|url = http://www.aip.net.nz/|title = AIPA New Zealand GEN 3.6 Search and Rescue|access-date = 24 February 2008|last = Civil Aviation Auithority of New Zealand|year = n.d.}}</ref>

Smaller searches are controlled by the local [[New Zealand Police|police]], who call on LandSAR for land-based operations, such as for lost [[hiking|hikers]] known as [[tramping in New Zealand]], and the [[Royal New Zealand Coastguard]] for coastal maritime incidents. Larger maritime search and rescue events, as well as reports of overdue aircraft, fall under the control of the Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ), based in [[Avalon, New Zealand|Avalon]], which coordinates response from local coastguard, helicopter operators, merchant marine, [[New Zealand Air Force|air force]] and [[New Zealand Navy|naval]] resources.<ref name="NZAIP"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/About-us/RCCNZ-profile.asp|title=About our Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ)| year=n.d.|publisher=Maritime New Zealand|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="NZRCCcontact">{{cite web|url = http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Commercial/Shipping-safety/Search-and-rescue/Contact-RCCNZ.asp|title = Contact RCCNZ|access-date = 30 May 2010|last = Maritime New Zealand|year = n.d.}}</ref>

[[Urban Search and Rescue]] falls primarily within the domain of the [[Fire and Emergency New Zealand]], particularly the three USAR Taskforce groups based in Palmerston North, Christchurch, and Auckland. These teams draw together numerous specialists and organisations to achieve an integrated multi-agency response.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fire.org.nz/About-Us/Our-Organisation/Pages/UrbanSearchandRescue.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702183728/http://www.fire.org.nz/About-Us/Our-Organisation/Pages/UrbanSearchandRescue.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2012 |title=New Zealand Fire Service - Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) |publisher=Fire.org.nz |access-date=8 April 2012 }}</ref>

Among those organisations that act in a support capacity for FENZ are Response Teams (NZRTs). These are regional rescue groups of professional volunteers that train to a minimum industry standard of USAR Category 1R (USAR Responder), which is also standard for FENZ firefighters. Response Teams are registered with the [[Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (New Zealand)|Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management]] (MCDEM), and assist their local MCDEM Groups and communities in emergencies to supplement full-time emergency services. Their additional capabilities, which vary among different teams, include: high angle rope rescue, storm response, swift water response, medics, welfare, and rural fire support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/memwebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/For-the-CDEM-Sector-NZ-Response-Teams-Index |title=The Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management: NZ Response Teams |publisher=Civildefence.govt.nz |access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> Many Response Teams were deployed to assist in the rescue and recovery effort of the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake]].

Other resources:
*[[Westpac Rescue Helicopter (New Zealand)]] - charitable organisation
*[[New Zealand Land SAR Search Dogs]] - the official NZ search dogs group providing land search & rescue services under NZ Land SAR, wilderness and avalanche rescue dogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchdogs.co.nz/|title=Search Dogs New Zealand Official Search & Rescue Dogs NZ Land SAR Search Dogs|work=searchdogs.co.nz|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

===Norway===
[[Image:Biskop Hvoslef.jpg|thumb|The veteran Norwegian rescue ship [[Biskop Hvoslef]]]]

The search and rescue helicopters are operated by the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (RNoAF), who fly 12 [[Westland Sea King]]s. The Norwegian Sea Kings are in the process of being replaced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/kampanjer/helicopters/about-the-project.html?id=495661|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130060725/http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/kampanjer/helicopters/about-the-project.html?id=495661|url-status = dead|title=The NAWSARH Project|archive-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> Between 2020 and 2023 the Sea King fleet will have been phased out by 16 [[AgustaWestland AW101]], named '''Sar Queen''' for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvaret.no/aktuelt-og-presse/presse/pressemeldinger/orland-er-operative-med-sar-queen|title=Ørland er operative med SAR Queen|website=Forsvaret}}</ref> There have been issues with the phasing in of Sar Queen, due to landing sites across the country not being sized for the increased downwash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/nordland/kraftig-ut-mot-aw101-sar-queen-nye-redningshelikopter-1.15241717|title = Redningshelikoptrene kan ikke lande på mange sykehus: – Katastrofalt|date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>

===Philippines===
The agencies responsible for Search and Rescue activities in the [[Philippines]] are:

* [[Philippine Coast Guard]]
* [[Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)|Office of Civil Defense]]
* [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council]]

=== Portugal ===
[[Image:Portuguese Search and Rescue Area.gif|thumb|200px|Portuguese Search and Rescue Area]]

Three different agencies are responsible for providing search and rescue in [[Portugal]]. The [[Portuguese Navy]] is responsible for all sea rescues, the [[Portuguese Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emfa.pt/|title=Força Aérea Portuguesa|work=emfa.pt|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> for all the rescues originating within the airspace, including aircraft crashes and the [[Autoridade Nacional de Protecção Civil]] (ANPC) for all inland rescues. All of the above coordinate closely with each other providing a comprehensive search and rescue service.

The Portuguese area of responsibility comprises the Lisbon and Santa Maria [[Flight information region|Flight Information Region]]s (FIR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal-vacc.org/lppo/index.php|title=Santa Maria Oceanic FIR - Portugal vACC|work=portugal-vacc.org|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

===Poland===
[[Image:W-3 RM Anakonda 01.jpg|thumb|A [[Polish Navy]] [[PZL W-3 Sokół|W-3 Sokół]] SAR helicopter hoists a crew member]]
In Poland most search and rescue operations are undertaken by the airborne units of the [[Polish Armed Forces]]. The Navy currently has the largest SAR fleet of helicopters and also operates a number of small vessels for the purpose of rescuing crewmen of stricken ships. There is also, however a semi-governmental organisation known as the 'Morska Służba Poszukiwania i Ratownictwa' (''Maritime Search and Rescue Service'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sar.gov.pl/|title=Morska Służba Poszukiwania i Ratownictwa|work=sar.gov.pl|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> which provides the vast majority of seaborne services to vessels in distress; the service is currently (as of 2010) in the process of overhauling and replacing a large portion of its fleet of [[lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s.

Other civilian search and rescue units in Poland include:

* [[Górskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe]], GOPR (Mountain Volunteer Search and Rescue)
* [[Tatrzańskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe]], TOPR (Tatra Mountains Volunteer Search and Rescue)
* Wodne Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe, WOPR (Water Volunteer Search and Rescue) - operating on inland and coastal waters

=== South Africa ===
Search and Rescue services are offered by various government departments, non governmental organisations, commercial/private organisations and voluntary organisations in South Africa. There is no single organisation responsible for urban, wilderness, swift water, aviation or maritime/sea rescue.

Aviation and maritime incidents are the responsibility of the South African Search and Rescue Organisation (SASAR). SASAR is a voluntary organisation that functions under the auspices of the Department of Transport. Its main role is to search for, assist and carry out rescue operations for the survivors of aircraft or vessel accidents. Depending on the nature of the accident, the RCCs (Aeronatautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) or Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC)) coordinate the search and rescue missions. These operations are carried out by other government departments, non governmental organisations, commercial/private organisations and voluntary organisations.<ref name="SASAR">{{cite web |url=http://www.sasar.gov.za/ |title=Who are we? |access-date=13 November 2008 |author=SASAR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914012934/http://www.sasar.gov.za/ |archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sasar.gov.za/web/search-and-rescue/structure|title= SASAR Structures|access-date= 13 April 2023|author= SASAR|work= www.sasar.gov.za|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190418062437/http://www.sasar.gov.za/web/search-and-rescue/structure|archive-date= 18 April 2019|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Local resources:
* [[National Sea Rescue Institute]]
* [[Wilderness Search and Rescue]] [[Cape Town]]<ref name="SAWildernessSAR">{{cite web |url=http://wsar.hypermart.net/ |title=Wilderness Search and Rescue, Western Cape |access-date=6 November 2009 |author1=Wilderness Search |author2=Rescue, Western Cape |year=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040127111141/http://wsar.hypermart.net/ |archive-date=27 January 2004 }}</ref>
* [[The Mountain Club of South Africa]] Search and Rescue
* [[Search and Rescue South Africa]]<ref name="SARZA">{{cite web|url = https://www.sarza.co.za/|title = Search and Rescue South Africa|access-date = 20 February 2022|last = Search and Rescue South Africa |year = n.d.}}</ref>
* [[Rescue South Africa]]<ref name="RSA">{{cite web|url = http://www.rescue-sa.co.za/|title = Rescue South Africa|access-date = 26 August 2011|last = Rescue South Africa |year = n.d.}}</ref>
* [[K9 Search and Rescue]]<ref name="K9SARA">{{cite web|url = http://www.k9sara.co.za/|title = K9 Search and Rescue|access-date = 11 September 2014|last = K9 Search and Rescue |year = n.d.}}</ref>
* [[Metro Search and Rescue]]<ref name="MetroSAR">{{cite web|url = https://ecsearchandrescue.co.za/|title = Metro Search and Rescue|access-date = 11 September 2014|last = Search and Rescue |year = n.d.}}</ref>

===Spain===
[[File:CN-235 Salvamento Marítimo.JPG|thumb|[[CASA CN-235]] Maritime Patrol aircraft of the [[Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Maritima]].]]
[[Image:AW-139 SASEMAR.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Maritima]] [[AgustaWestland AW139]] SAR helicopter]]

Search and rescue duties in Spain are the responsibility of the national government, in conjunction with regional and municipal governments. The [[Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima]] is the main organisation, and has overall responsibility for the maritime search and rescue, that also coordinates the SAR efforts with other agencies:<ref name="SpainSAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.salvamentomaritimo.es/index.asp?lan=SP&menu=A1&open=1 |title=Salvamento Marítimo (Spanish) |access-date=18 May 2011 |last=Salvamento Marítimo |year=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330060834/http://www.salvamentomaritimo.es/index.asp?lan=SP&menu=A1&open=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010 }}</ref>

* [[Spanish Navy]]
* [[Spanish Air and Space Force]]
* [[Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera]]
* [[Servicio Marítimo de la Guardia Civil]]

=== Sweden ===
[[File:MS Drottning Silvia framför slottet.JPG|thumb|Swedish rescue vessel ''Drottning Silvia (Queen Silvia)'' in front of the [[Stockholm Palace|Royal Castle]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden]]
The [[Swedish Maritime Administration]] is responsible for maritime SAR in Swedish waters.<ref name="SwedishMA">{{cite web |url = http://www.sjofartsverket.se/en/Our-Activities/Maritime-Search-and-Rescue/ |title = Maritime Search and Rescue |access-date = 29 April 2011 |last = [[Swedish Maritime Administration]] |date = January 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611063539/http://www.sjofartsverket.se/en/Our-Activities/Maritime-Search-and-Rescue/ |archive-date = 11 June 2011 }}</ref> The [[Swedish Sea Rescue Society]] is an organisation aiming at saving lives and recovering property at sea, much the same as the Norwegian [[Norsk Selskab til Skibbrudnes Redning]]. The society operates 68 search and rescue stations and some 185 ships crewed by 2100 volunteers, of those more than 300 are on call at any time, and can respond within 15 minutes. In 2011, the volunteers turned out to an emergency 3274 times. The Swedish Sea Rescue Society is involved 70% of the number SAR missions in Swedish waters.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sjoraddning.se/detta-gor-vi/ | title = Vi räddar liv till sjöss | access-date = 9 March 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120228140809/http://www.sjoraddning.se/detta-gor-vi/ | archive-date = 28 February 2012 }}</ref>

===Switzerland===
[[Image:REGA-Negative0-38-36A(1).jpg|thumb|[[Rega (air rescue)|REGA]] [[Agusta A109|Agusta A109 K2]].]]
[[Rega (air rescue)|REGA]] (Schweizerische '''RE'''ttungsflugwacht / '''G'''arde '''A'''érienne / '''G'''uardia '''A'''erea) is the air rescue service which provides emergency medical assistance in [[Switzerland]], notably in mountains but also in cases of life-threatening emergencies elsewhere. They will also return a citizen to Switzerland from a foreign country if they are in need of urgent medical care. Rega was established on 27 April 1952 by Dr. Rudolf Bucher, who thought that the Swiss rescue organisation needed a specialised air sub-section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rega.ch/en/start_en.aspx|title=Error 404; Seite nicht gefunden|work=rega.ch|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053256/http://www.rega.ch/en/start_en.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Taiwan===
[[National Airborne Service Corps]] ('''NASC'''; {{zh|c=內政部空中勤務總隊|p=Nèizhèngbù Kōngzhōng Qínwù Zǒngduì}}) is the agency of the [[Ministry of the Interior (Republic of China)|Ministry of the Interior]] of the [[Republic of China]] responsible for executing and providing support for search and rescue, disaster relief, emergency medical service, transportation, monitoring, reconnaissance and patrol in [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moi.gov.tw/outline/en/en-10.html |title=AN OUTLINE OF INTERIOR AFFAIRS. REPUBLIC OF CHINA 2013-National Airborne Service |publisher=Moi.gov.tw |access-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170707/http://www.moi.gov.tw/outline/en/en-10.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref>

[[Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)|Coast Guard Administration]] ('''CGA'''; {{zh|c=行政院海岸巡防署|p=Xíngzhèngyuàn Hǎi'àn Xúnfáng Shǔ}}) is charged with maintaining coastal waters and the pelagic zone patrols, smuggling and stowaway crackdowns, maritime rescues, natural resource conservation, and public services. The CGA is considered a civilian law enforcement agency under the administration of the [[Executive Yuan]], though during emergencies it may be incorporated as part of the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cga.gov.tw/GipOpen/wSite/ct?xItem=75936&ctNode=2355&mp=eng|title=Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan-Our Minister-A Word from the Minister|work=cga.gov.tw|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
[[File:AFAD Van kurtarma.JPG|thumb|[[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] (AFAD) teams in search and rescue mission [[2011 Van earthquakes]].]]
Search and Rescue operators in [[Turkey]] are primarily:

Civil governmental and non-governmental organisations

* [[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]]; also known as '''AFAD'''
* [[AKUT Search and Rescue Association|'''AKUT''' Search and Rescue Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.akut.org.tr/eng/historical.asp|title=About AKUT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029171856/http://www.akut.org.tr/eng/historical.asp|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
*National Medical Rescue Team ([[National Medical Rescue Team (UMKE)|UMKE]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haber, Gündem, Acil, Afet, Eğitim, sağlık|url=https://www.umke.org/|access-date=17 November 2019|website=www.umke.org|language=tr}}</ref>
* GEA Search and Rescue Association is a group of search and rescue, ecology and social campaigners, founded in 1994, made up of volunteer members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gea.org.tr/?page_id=3289&lang=en|title=ABOUT GEA {{!}} GEA Arama Kurtarma|language=en-US|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
*AKDF Search and Rescue Associations Federation was established in nineteen different districts.
* AKA<ref>{{Cite web|title=~ AKA Arama Kurtarma Araştırma Derneği ~|url=http://www.devletkurumlari.net/detay-721/aka-arama-kurtarma-arastirma-dernegi.aspx|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.devletkurumlari.net}}</ref>
* Search and Rescue and Emergency Aid Association (AKAY)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.akay.org.tr/|title=Akay – Akay.org.tr|language=tr|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
*AKUT <ref>{{Cite web|title=About AKUT {{!}} AKUT Search and Rescue Association {{!}} Turkish USAR Team|url=https://www.akut.org.tr/en/about-akut|access-date=3 November 2020|website=AKUT - Arama Kurtarma Derneği|language=en}}</ref>
* Middle East Search and Rescue, Mountaineering and Outdoor Sports Association (ORDOS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ordos.org.tr/|title=ORDOS|website=ordos.org.tr|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
* NAK<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nak.org.tr/|title=Bursa Merkezli En Aktif Gönüllü Arama Kurtarma Derneği.|website=www.nak.org.tr|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
* National Emergency Search and Rescue Association (NESAR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nesar.org.tr/12-kasim-afet-egitimi-hazirlik-gunu/|title=NESAR Ulusal Acil Durum Arama ve Kurtarma Derneği|website=NESAR Ulusal Acil Durum Arama ve Kurtarma Derneği|language=tr-TR|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
Military

* [[Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command]] ('''JAK''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Netherl|first1=Royal|last2=Marechaussee|first2=s|title=Turkish Gendarmerie|url=http://www.fiep.org/member-forces/turkish-gendarmerie/|access-date=3 November 2020|website=FIEP {{!}} International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Statues|date=16 May 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Gendarmerie Underwater Search and Rescue Teams ('''SAK''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raillynews.com/2020/09/about-the-gendarmerie-search-and-rescue/|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.raillynews.com|title=About Gendarmerie Search and Rescue}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* [[Diving, Safety, Security, Search and Rescue Team]]
* [[Air Force Search and Rescue]]
*[[Coast Guard Command (Turkey)]] Turkish Coast Guard is also the main Search and Rescue Coordination Authority in Turkish SAR Zone

===Ukraine===
In [[Ukraine]] search and rescue is conducted by the ''State Search and Rescue Aviation Service'' of the [[Ministry of Emergencies (Ukraine)|Ministry of Emergencies of Ukraine]] Ukraviaposhuk.<ref>{{in lang|uk}}[http://www.mns.gov.ua/content/ukraviaposhukvstrukturi.html The page of the Ukrainian Search and Rescue at the Ministry of Emergencies website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102022807/http://www.mns.gov.ua/content/ukraviaposhukvstrukturi.html }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[Image:Sea.king.northdevon.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|[[Royal Air Force]] [[Westland Sea King]]]]
[[Image:Coastguard Helicopter at Portree - geograph.org.uk - 802391.jpg|thumb|right|HM Coastguard [[Sikorsky S-92]] SAR helicopter]]
In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], land-based searches for a [[missing person]] are usually coordinated by the local [[Policing in the United Kingdom|police]]. There is a network of local volunteer agencies that can be called out to assist these searches, which are part of the [[Association of Lowland Search And Rescue]]. Other voluntary agencies exist to provide specialist search and rescue services, such as the [[Cave Rescue Organisation]] and [[Mountain Rescue Committee of Scotland]]. These organisations are usually called out indirectly by the police. For example, the [[British Cave Rescue Council]] advises that if someone goes missing in a cave, callers should contact the local police who will then summon cave rescue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caverescue.org.uk/about-cave-rescue/how-cave-rescue-works/|title=How Cave Rescue Works – British Cave Rescue Council}}</ref> [[Urban search and rescue]] units are run by the [[Fire services in the United Kingdom|fire services]].

[[His Majesty's Coastguard]] are in charge of maritime search and rescue missions. The Coastguard is one of the four emergency services that can be contacted on [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]]. Their role is to initiate and coordinate the searches. [[Lifeboat (rescue)|Lifeboats]] are provided by volunteer agencies, most often by the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]]. Aircraft for an [[air-sea rescue]] were originally provided by the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Air Force]]. Under the programme [[UK-SAR]], they are now operated under contract by [[Bristow Helicopters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/search-and-rescue-helicopters--5/ |title=Search and rescue helicopters| publisher=Department for Transport |access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref> The Maritime & Coastguard Agency are launching a tender for their second generation UK search and rescue aviation programme (UKSAR2G),<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/second-generation-uk-search-and-rescue-aviation-programme-uksar2g | publisher = MCA | title = Second generation UK search and rescue aviation programme (UKSAR2G) | access-date = 5 September 2020 }}</ref> which is one of several tenders for similar services.<ref name="Aerossurance"/>

Examples of local resources include:
*[[Berkshire Lowland Search and Rescue]]<ref name="Sebev">{{cite web|url = http://www.sebev.co.uk|title = SEBEV Search and Rescue|access-date = 18 October 2009|last = SEBEV Search & Rescue}}</ref>
*[[Cardiff and Vale Rescue Association]]
*[[Cave Rescue Organisation]]
*[[Emergency Response Team Search and Rescue]]<ref name="ERTSAR">{{cite web|url = http://www.ert-sar.org.uk|title = ERT Search and Rescue}}</ref>
*[[Mercia Inshore Search and Rescue]]
*[[Scarborough and Ryedale Mountain Rescue Team]]
*[[Surrey Search and Rescue]]<ref name="Sursar">{{cite web|url = http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Volunteers-needed-aid-search-rescue/story-12667451-detail/story.html|title = Volunteers needed to aid search and rescue|access-date = 20 June 2011|last = Surrey Today|date = January 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214625/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Volunteers-needed-aid-search-rescue/story-12667451-detail/story.html|archive-date = 23 July 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref>
*[[Severn Area Rescue Association]]
*[[Upper Wharfedale Fell Rescue Association]]
*[[West Mercia Search and Rescue]]

=== United States ===
{{Main|Search and rescue in the United States}}

[[Image:US Navy 091108-N-5812W-004 The U.S. Coast Guard demonstrates how they conduct a search and rescue during the 2009 Sea and Sky Spectacular.jpg|right|thumb|US Coast Guard [[Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin]] SAR helicopter]]
[[Image:US Coast Guard helicopter rescue demonstration.jpg|right|thumb|US Coast Guard [[Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk]] SAR helicopter]]

In the United States there are many organisations with SAR responsibilities at the national, state and local level. Most day-to-day SAR missions in the US are run by the County Sheriffs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sccssar.org/faq/|title=Santa Clara County Sheriff Search and Rescue}}</ref> except in states like [[Alaska]], where the State Highway Patrol oversees SAR, or in other areas where local [[Fire department|fire]], [[Emergency medical services|EMS]], or a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] department may be the providers of SAR services. They in turn, can request help from state and national resources, if they think they need them. A typical Sheriff's Office has a volunteer SAR team that matches the terrain and population of that county. SAR members are typically trained in the Incident Command System (ICS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mra.org/ics-training/|title=ICS Training – Mountain Rescue Association}}</ref> first aid, and the outdoor skills needed in that terrain and climate. Most of this article is about the federal response to assist large complicated SAR missions.

In January 2008, the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) released the [[National Response Framework]] which serves as the guiding document for a federal response during a national emergency. Search and Rescue is divided into four primary elements, while assigning a federal agency with the lead role for each of the four elements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-annexes-all.pdf,|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072903/http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-annexes-all.pdf|url-status = dead|title=Section ESF #9-1|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
* Structural Collapse-USAR: [[Department of Homeland Security]] [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]]
* Waterborne: [[United States Coast Guard]], [[United States Coast Guard Auxiliary]]
* Inland-wilderness: [[United States Department of Interior]], [[National Park Service]]
* Aeronautical: [[United States Air Force]] via the [[Air Force Rescue Coordination Center]] and USAF rescue wings, groups and squadrons in the [[Air Combat Command]], [[Pacific Air Forces]] (for Alaska and Hawaii), [[Air Education and Training Command]], [[Air Force Reserve Command]] and the [[Air National Guard]]; the [[Civil Air Patrol]] in its role as the USAF Auxiliary; and the [[United States Navy]] and [[United States Marine Corps]], both Active and Reserve (secondary missions for land-based USN maritime patrol and reconnaissance squadrons and land-based and sea-based USN/USMC helicopter squadrons)

SAR standards adopted by agencies having jurisdiction are developed primarily by non-governmental organisations, including [[ASTM International]] and [[National Fire Protection Association]]. These standards are adopted also by training and certification organisations such as [[Mountain Rescue Association]] and [[National Association for Search and Rescue]] to develop training that will meet or exceed those standards.<ref name="ASTM">{{cite web|url = http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/COMMIT/COMMITTEE/F32.htm?L+memberstore+ooef3203+1171348303|title = Committee F32 on Search and Rescue|access-date = 24 February 2008|last = O'Toole|first = Thomas F.|year = n.d.}}</ref> Within ASTM International, standards specific to SAR are developed by Technical Committee F32 on Search and Rescue. Formed in 1988, the committee had 85 current members and jurisdiction of 38 approved standards.<ref name="ASTM"/>

===Vietnam===
Under command of the Central Government:
* National Committee of Search and Rescue is responsible for searching, rescuing and disaster relief.<ref>[http://www.vpa.org.vn/vn/regulations/tailieu/780-TTg.htm CỦA THỦ TƯỚNG CHÍNH PHỦ Số 780/TTg NGÀY 23 THÁNG 10 NĂM 1996 VỀ VIỆC THÀNH LẬP ỦY BAN QUỐC GIA TÌM KIẾM - CỨU NẠN TRÊN KHÔNG VÀ TRÊN BIỂN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032511/http://www.vpa.org.vn/vn/regulations/tailieu/780-TTg.htm }} (Vietnamese language)</ref>
* Central Committee of Prevention of Natural Disasters is responsible for analyzing information and monitoring disaster relief processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=28721|title=Hệ thống thông tin VBQPPL|work=moj.gov.vn|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

Under command of local People's Committee:
* Each province and municipality has a Provincial or City Committee of Prevention of Natural Disaster

Under command of the [[Ministry of Defense (Vietnam)|Ministry of Defense]]:
* [[General Staff of Vietnam People's Army|General Staff]]: Department of Rescue of [[Vietnam People's Army]] is responsible for coordinating all military rescue activities (including ground force rescue activities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vov.vn/chinh-tri/xay-dung-luc-luong-cuu-hocuu-nan-chinh-quy-va-hien-dai-344481.vov|title=Xây dựng lực lượng cứu hộ-cứu nạn chính quy và hiện đại|work=VOV - ĐÀI TIẾNG NÓI VIỆT NAM|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Vietnam People's Navy|Navy]]: Office of Rescue of [[Vietnam People's Navy]] is responsible for coordinating naval rescue activities.
* [[Vietnam People's Air Force|Air Force]]: Office of Rescue of [[Vietnam People's Air Force]] is responsible for coordinating air force rescue activities.
* [[Vietnam Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]: Office of Rescue of [[Vietnam Coast Guard]] is responsible for coordinating coastal rescue activities.
* [[Vietnam Border Defense Force|Border Guard]]: Office of Rescue of [[Vietnam Border Defense Force]] is responsible for coordinating border rescue activities.

Under command of the [[Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)|Ministry of Public Security]]:
* Vietnam Fire and Rescue Police Department is responsible for fire fighting activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pccc.canhsat.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222:t-chc-b-may-lc-lng-cnh-sat-phong-chay-va-cha-chay-&catid=90:t-chc-lc-lng&Itemid=297|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030141614/http://pccc.canhsat.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222:t-chc-b-may-lc-lng-cnh-sat-phong-chay-va-cha-chay-&catid=90:t-chc-lc-lng&Itemid=297|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2012|title=Tรกยปย• chรกยปยฉc bรกยปย mรยกy lรกยปยฑc lรยฐรกยปยฃng Cรกยบยฃnh sรยกt phรยฒng chรยกy vร chรกยปยฏa chรยกy|author=Administrator|work=canhsat.vn|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

Under command of the [[Ministry of Transport (Vietnam)|Ministry of Transport]]:
* Department of Maritime Administration: Vietnam Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination Center (VMRCC) is responsible for maritime rescue activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/Index.aspx?page%3Dabout%26tab%3Dsn |title=Cục Hàng hải Việt Nam |access-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014074848/http://vinamarine.gov.vn/Index.aspx?page=about&tab=sn |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> VMRCC is divided into 4 Rescue Regions:
** Vietnam Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Region I: operate in Tonkin Gulf
** Vietnam Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Region II: operate in North Central sea
** Vietnam Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Region III: operate in Gulf of Thailand and Southern sea
** Vietnam Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Region IV: operate in South Central sea
* Corporation of Air Traffic Management: Vietnam Aviation Search and Rescue Coordination Center (VARCC) is responsible for air rescue activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatm.vn/S%E1%BA%A3nph%E1%BA%A9mD%E1%BB%8Bchv%E1%BB%A5/T%C3%ACmki%E1%BA%BFmc%E1%BB%A9un%E1%BA%A1nSAR/tabid/225/aid/99/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx|title=Tìm kiếm cứu nạn (SAR)|work=vatm.vn|access-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226160439/http://www.vatm.vn/S%E1%BA%A3nph%E1%BA%A9mD%E1%BB%8Bchv%E1%BB%A5/T%C3%ACmki%E1%BA%BFmc%E1%BB%A9un%E1%BA%A1nSAR/tabid/225/aid/99/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx|archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> VARCC is divided into 3 Rescue Regions:
** Vietnam Aviation Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Northern Vietnam: operate in Northern region
** Vietnam Aviation Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Central Vietnam: operate in Central region
** Vietnam Aviation Search and Rescue Coordination Center of Southern Vietnam: operate in Southern region
** Vietnam Railway Rescue and Natural Calamity Response Center of Northern Vietnam: operates in Northern region
** Vietnam Railway Rescue and Natural Calamity Response Center of Central Vietnam: operates in Central region
** Vietnam Railway Rescue and Natural Calamity Response Center of Southern Vietnam: operates in Southern region

==Aircraft==
[[File:Aerospatiale SA 330J Puma (3737048031).jpg|alt=Spanish Air Force Aérospatiale SA330J Puma of 801 Squadron flying in an airshow. It is lifting a stretcher with a hoist. On the side of the helicopter is lettering reading "SAR", in yellow against the military grey color scheme.|thumb|260x260px|[[Spanish Air Force]] [[Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma|Aérospatiale SA330J Puma]] of the 801 Squadron of the Air Force. Note the lettering reading "SAR".]]
Rotary and fixed wing aircraft are used for air and sea rescue. A list of common aircraft used:

* [[Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma|Aérospatiale SA330 Puma]]
* [[Aérospatiale SA 360 Dauphin|Aérospatiale SA360 Dauphin]]
*[[Airbus Helicopters H175]]
* [[AgustaWestland AW109]]
* [[AgustaWestland AW139]]
* [[AgustaWestland AW101]]
**[[AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant]]
* [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois]]
**[[Bell CH-146 Griffon]]
* [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight]]
** [[Boeing Vertol CH-113 Labrador|CH-113 Labrador and 113A Voyageur]]
* [[Eurocopter Dauphin]] - variant of [[Aérospatiale SA 360 Dauphin]]
**[[HH-65 Dolphin|Eurocopter Dolphin HH-65]]
**[[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin 2]]
* [[Eurocopter Super Puma|Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma]]
**[[Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma]]
**[[Eurocopter AS532 Cougar]]
* [[Lockheed HC-130 Hercules]]
* [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]]
* [[Sikorsky S-61]]
* [[Sikorsky S-70|Sikorsky S-70 Blackhawk]]
**[[Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk]]
**[[Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk]]
**[[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk]]
* [[Sikorsky S-76]]
* [[Sikorsky S-92]]
** [[Sikorsky S-92|Sikorsky H-92 Superhawk]]
** [[Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone]]
* [[Westland Sea King]]
* [[Westland Wessex|Westland Wessex HC2]]

== See also ==
*[[Air-sea rescue]]
*[[Bayesian search theory]]
*[[Cave rescue]]
*[[Coast guard]]
*[[Combat search and rescue]]
*[[Crash boats of World War 2]]
*[[Emergency locator beacon]]
*[[Emergency management]]
*[[Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station]] (EPIRS)
*[[Ground Air Emergency Code]]
*[[International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual]]
*[[International Cospas-Sarsat Programme]]
*[[International Search and Rescue Competition]]
*[[Maritime search and rescue]]
*[[Mountain rescue]]
*[[Pars robot]], an Iranian drone designed for sea rescue
*[[Personal locator beacon]]
*[[Rescue robot]]
*[[Search and Rescue Optimal Planning System (SAROPS)]]
*[[Self rescue (climbing)]]
*[[Ski patrol]]
*[[Urban search and rescue]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{curlie|Health/Public_Health_and_Safety/Emergency_Services/Search_and_Rescue}}

{{Emergency medical services}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Search And Rescue}}
[[Category:Rescue]]
[[Category:Search and rescue]]

Khudai Khidmatgar

2022-02-17T08:39:23Z

Shi067: Finished writing a new contribution.

{{Short description|Pashtun non-violent movement against the British Empire}}
{{More footnotes}}

{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox political party
| name = Khudai Khitmatgar خداۍ خدمتګار
| logo = Gandhi at Peshawar meeting.jpg
| logo_size = 300px
| caption = [[Bacha Khan]] & [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] meeting Khudai Khitmatgar activists
| founder = [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]
| founded = 1930
| ideology = [[Anti-imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]
}}

'''Khudai Khidmatgar''' ({{lang-ps|خداۍ خدمتګار}}; literally "servants of God") was a predominantly [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[nonviolent resistance]] movement known for its activism against the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]]; it was based in the country's [[North-West Frontier Province]] (now in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oxford |first=Anthropological Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J6AAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Anthropological Society |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref>

Also called ''Surkh Posh'' or "Red Shirts" or "red-dressed", this was originally a social reform organisation focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephan |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaa_AAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA112&dq=khudai+khidmatgar&hl=en |title=Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10175-3 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref> it was known as the ''Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afghania'' (society for the reformation of Afghans/Pashtoons). The movement was led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], known locally as Bacha Khan, Badshah Khan, or Sarhadi Gandhi.<ref name= "Britannica">"Red Shirt Movement".(2008) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 14 September 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/494519/Red-Shirt-Movement]</ref>

It gradually became more political as its members were being targeted by the British Raj. By 1929 its leadership was exiled from the province and large numbers were arrested. Seeking allies, leaders approached the [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Indian National Congress]]; after being rebuffed by the former in 1929, the movement formally joined the Congress Party and played an important role in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Stephan2009">{{cite book |last1=Stephan |first1=M. |title=Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10175-3 |page=109 |language=en |quote=It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.}}</ref> Due to pressure across India, the British colonial government finally released Bacha Khan and lifted restrictions on the movement. As part of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], a limited male franchise was for the first time introduced in the North-West Frontier Province. In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 elections]], the Khudai Khidmatgars won in alliance with the Congress Party. Bacha Khan's brother [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (Dr.Khan Sahib) was elected as the Chief Minister of the NWFP.

The Khudai Khidmatgar movement faced another crackdown for its role in the [[Quit India Movement]] after 1940; in that period it started facing increasing opposition from the Muslim League in the province. The Khudai Khidmatgars also won the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] in alliance with the Congress Party, and Dr Khan Sahib was re-elected as the Chief Minister.

The Khudai Khidmatgars strongly [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the proposal for the partition of India]], siding with the Indian National Congress and [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan| title = Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 24 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="iloveindia.com -Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url = http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html| title = Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher = I Love India|access-date = 24 September 2008}}</ref> When the [[Indian National Congress]] declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, Bacha Khan, the leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."<ref name="icdc.com">[http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/pakistan/pashtunistan.htm#pashtunistanpoliticsPakistan: Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives]</ref>

In June 1947, the Khudai Khidmatgars declared the [[Bannu Resolution]], demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of [[Pashtunistan]], composing all Pashtun territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali Shah |first=Sayyid Vaqar |title=Afghanistan and the Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Emjay Books International |page=256 |editor1-first=Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan |editor1-last=Marwat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=H Johnson |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Howard Johnson |last2=Zellen |first2=Barry |title=Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=154 |isbn= 9780804789219}}</ref> In response, the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|1947 NWFP referendum]] about the province joining Pakistan or India, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming [[Pashtunistan|independent]] or joining Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken |isbn=9780786724819 |access-date=10 July 2013|last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/|title=Was Jinnah democratic? — II|website=Daily Times|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

After the partition of India, the Khudai Khidmatgars faced a backlash from the new Pakistani government. The government of the Khudai Khidmatgars was dismissed and their movement banned, with many members of the organisation being targeted in the [[Babrra massacre]] that occurred on 12 August 1948. In Delhi, the Khudai Khidmatgar was revived by Faisal Khan in 2011 with a focus on promoting [[Hindu-Muslim unity|communal amity]] and aiding in disaster relief; it has a membership of around 5,000 persons.<ref name="Lal2015"/><ref name="Pisharoty2012"/>

==Origins==
{{see also|Pacifism in Islam}}
Formed out of the Society for the Reformation of Pashtuns (Anjuman-e-Islah-e-Afghan), it is initially targeted social reformation and launched campaigns against prostitution. Bacha Khan as its founder seemed to be influenced by the realisation that whenever Indians launched a rebellion against British colonial rule via military force they were always unsuccessful. The same could not be said when using non-violence against the British.{{fact}}

The movement started prior to the [[Qissa Khwani massacre]], when a demonstration of hundreds of non-violent supporters were fired upon by a detachment of the [[British Indian Army]] in [[Peshawar]]. Its low point and eventual dissipation was after Pakistan's independence in 1947 when the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] Chief Minister [[Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]] banned the movement and launched a brutal crackdown on its members, which culminated in the [[Babra massacre]]. At its peak, the KK movement consisted of almost 100,000 members.{{fact}}

==Genesis==
{{Main|Khilafat Movement}}
Initially, the movement focussed on social reform as a means of improving the status of Pashtuns in British India. Ghaffar Khan founded several reform movements prior to the formation of the Khudai Khidmatgar, the Anjuman-e Islah ul-Afghan in 1921, the farmers' organisation Anjuman-e Zamidaran in 1927 and the youth movement Pashtun Jirga in 1927. Trying to further spread awareness on Pashtun issues Abdul Ghaffar Khan founded the magazine Pakhtun in May 1928. Finally in March 1930, almost on the eve of the Qissa Khwani Massacre the Khudai Khidmatgar were formed.<ref name= "Britannica"/>

== "The Red Shirts" ==
Khan drew his first recruits from the young men who had graduated from his schools. Trained and uniformed, they served behind their officers and filed out into various villages to seek recruits. They began by wearing a simple white overshirt, but the white was soon dirtied. A couple of men had their shirts dyed at the local tannery, and the brick-red colour proved a breakthrough, it was this distinctive colour that earned the Khudai khidmatgar movement activists the name "''the Red shirts''" or ''surkh posh''.
Other reason for the choice of red color was a symbolic adherence of the anti-colonial movements to the revolutionary and socialist discourse.

===Structure===
Volunteers who took the oath formed platoons with commanding officers and learned basic army discipline. The volunteers had their own flags: red in the beginning, later tri-colour and bands: bagpipe and drums. The men wore red uniforms and the women black. They had drills, badges, a flag, the entire military hierarchy of rank and even a bagpipe corps.

Khan set up a network of committees called [[jirga]]s, named and modelled after the traditional tribal councils. Villages were grouped into larger groups, responsible to district-wide committees. The Provincial Jirgah was the ultimate authority.

Officers in the ranks were not elected, since Khan wanted to avoid infighting. He appointed a salar-e-azam or commander-in-chief, who in turn appointed officers to serve under him. Other ranks included Jarnails (Generals). The army was completely voluntary; even the officers gave their services free. Women were recruited too and played an important role in the struggles to come.

Volunteers went to the villages and opened schools, helped on work projects, and maintained order at public gatherings. From time to time they drilled in work camps and took long military-style marches into the hills.

===Ideology===
[[Image:Nv-army-gray BG.jpg|300px|thumb|right| Khudai Khidmatgar]]
Under the influence of Abdul Ghaffar Khan the movement advocated non-violent protests and justified their actions through an [[Islamic]] context. Khan did not find Islam and non-violence as incompatible. Despite that the movement was intrinsically non-sectarian, including Muslims, as well as some Hindu members.<ref name="Bondurant1965">{{cite book |last1=Bondurant |first1=Joan Valérie |title=Conquest of Violence |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestofviolen00bond |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/conquestofviolen00bond/page/135 135] |language=en}}</ref> In more than one occasion when Hindus and Sikhs were attacked in Peshawar, Khidmatgar members helped protect their lives and property. To this end, the Khuda Khidmatgar espoused [[Hindu-Muslim unity]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephan |first1=M. |title=Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230101753 |page=109 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bondurant1965"/>

''"The Holy Prophet Mohammed came into this world and taught us 'That man is a Muslim who never hurts anyone by word or deed, but who works for the benefit and happiness of God's creatures.' Belief in God is to love one's, fellow men".''
– Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

''"There is nothing surprising in a Muslim or a Pathan like me subscribing to the creed of nonviolence. It is not a new creed. It was followed fourteen hundred years ago by the Prophet all the time he was in Mecca".''
– Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

=== Pledge of the Khudai Khidmatgar ===
; Example 1<ref name="Banerjee">Banerjee, Mukulika.(2000)'' The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North-West Frontier.'' Oxford University Press</ref>
* In the name of God who is Present and Evident, I am a Khudai Khitmatgar.
* I will serve the nation without any self-interest.
* I will not take revenge (badla) and my actions will not be a burden for anyone.
* My actions will be non-violent.
* I will make every sacrifice required of me to stay on this path.
* I will serve people without regard to their religion or faith.
* I shall use nation-made goods.
* I shall not be tempted by any office.

; Example 2<ref>As published in "free translation" by Gandhi in Harijan, 15 October 1938. Quoted in Khan 1997:269-70.</ref>

In the presence of God, I solemnly affirm that:
# I hereby honestly and sincerely offer myself for enrollment as a Khudai Khitmatgar.
# I shall be ever ready to sacrifice personal comfort, property, and even life itself to serve the nation and for the attainment of my country's freedom.
# I shall not participate in factions, nor pick up a quarrel with or bear enmity towards anybody. I shall always protect the oppressed against the tyranny of the oppressor.
# I shall not become a member of any other organization, and shall not furnish security or tender apology in the course of a non-violent fight.
# I shall always obey every legitimate order of my superior officers.
# I shall always live up to the principles of non-violence.
# I shall serve all humanity equally. The chief objects of my life shall be the attainment of complete independence and religious freedom.
# I shall always observe truth and parity in all my actions.
# I shall expect no remuneration for my service.
# All my services shall be dedicated to God, they shall not be for attaining rank or for show.

=== The Oath of the Khudai Khidmatgar ===

* I am a Servant of God, and as God needs no service, serving His creation is serving Him,
* I promise to serve humanity in the name of God.
* I promise to refrain from violence and from taking revenge.
* I promise to forgive those who oppress me or treat me with cruelty.
* I promise to refrain from taking part in feuds and quarrels and from creating enmity.
* I promise to treat every Pasthun as my brother and friend.
* I promise to refrain from antisocial customs and practices.
* I promise to live a simple life, to practice virtue, and to refrain from evil.
* I promise to practice good manners and good behavior and not to lead a life of idleness.
* I promise to devote at least two hours a day to social work.
* I put forth my name in honesty and truthfulness to become a true Servant of God.
* I will sacrifice my wealth, life, and comfort for the liberty of my nation and people.
* I will never be a party to factions, hatred, or jealousies with my people; and will side with the oppressed against the oppressor.
* I will not become a member of any other rival organization, nor will I stand in an army.
* I will faithfully obey all legitimate orders of all my officers all the time.
* I will live in accordance with the principles of nonviolence.
* I will serve all God's creatures alike; and my object shall be the attainment of the freedom of my country and my religion.
* I will always see to it that I do what is right and good.
* I will never desire any reward whatever for my service.
* All my efforts shall be to please God, and not for any show or gain.

=== Anthem of Khudai Khidmatgar ===

<poem>
We are the army of God
By death or wealth unmoved,
We march, our leader and we,
Ready to die!

In the name of God, we march
And in his name, We die
We serve in the name of God
God's servant are we!

God is our king,
And great is he,
We serve our Lord,
His slaves are we!

Our country's cause
We serve with our breath,
For such an end,
Glorious is death

We serve and we love
Our people and our cause
Freedom is our aim,
And our lives are its price.

We love our country
And respect our country
Zealously we protect it
For the glory of God

By cannon or gun undismayed
Soldiers and horsemen,
None can come between,
Our work and our duty.<ref>Rashid, Haroonur (2005) ''History of the Pathans''. Volume 2 p 573</ref>
</poem>

==British tactics against the Khudai Khidmatgar==
{{further|Qissa Khwani massacre}}

The British employed a wide variety of tactics against KK activists.

<blockquote>

"The British used to torture us, throw us into ponds in wintertime, shave our beards, but even then Badshah Khan told his followers not to lose patience. He said 'there is an answer to violence, which is more violence. But nothing can conquer nonviolence. You cannot kill it. It keeps standing up.' The British sent their horses and cars to run over us, but I took my shawl in my mouth to keep from screaming. We were human beings, but we should not cry or express in any way that we were injured or weak." – KK activist, Musharraf Din.

</blockquote>

Another tactic employed against non-violent protesters who were blocking roads was to charge them with cars and horses.<ref name="Zartman">{{cite book |last=Zartman |first=I. William |author-link=I. William Zartman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyUV8NnlXhEC&pg=PA284/ |title=Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques |year=2007 |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=978-1929223664 |page=284 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref>

In 1930, soldiers of the [[Garhwal Rifles]] refused to fire on non-violent protests led by Khudai Khidmatgars in Peshawar. By disobeying direct orders, the regiment sent a clear message to the colonial government that loyalty of India's armed forces could not be taken for granted when enacting repressive measures. However, by 1931, 5,000 members of the Khudai Khidmatgar and 2,000 members of the Congress Party were arrested.<ref>Sarwar, Kazi (20 April 2002) ''Qissa Khwani’s tale of tear and blood'' [http://www.statesman.com.pk The Statesman]</ref> This was followed by the shooting of unarmed protestors in Utmanzai and the [[Takkar Massacre]] followed by the [[Hathikhel massacre]].{{fact}}

In 1932, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement changed its tactics and involved women in the movement. This unnerved many Indian officers working in the region as in those days of conservative India it was considered a grave insult to attack women, more so in a conservative Pashtun society. However, the severity of the repressions increased and in one case five police officers in Benares had to be suspended due to "horrific reports about violence used against young female volunteers".{{fact}}

Another tactic employed against Khudai Khadmatgar activists included lacing their morning [[tea]] with [[croton oil]], a powerful [[laxative]]. When the Khudai Khidmatgar staged a rally in 1942, this tactic was used. During the rally, Khudai Khidmatgar activists "were seen breaking ranks and running helter skelter to relieve themselves on the banks of the [Peshawar] canal... to a proud Pathan, known for cleanliness, it [was] the ultimate disgrace. This spectacle, watched by large crowds of Peshawar citizens, was the peak of humiliation" for the Khudai Khidmatgar.<ref>{{cite web|first=R. K.|last=Kaushik|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040611/edit.htm#6|title=Taming of Pathans|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

After the anti-war resignation of Dr Khan's Ministry in 1939 because of the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], British tactics towards the movement changed to a large-scale distribution of pro-colonial [[propaganda]].{{fact}}

==Relationship with the Congress Party==
[[Image:Badshah Khan.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Ghaffar Khan & Gandhi]]
The movement was facing intense pressure by 1930 and the leadership under Ghaffar Khan was actively seeking political allies in India to help reduce the pressure being placed on it by the British colonial authorities. Previously in December 1928, [[Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi]] invited Bacha Khan to attend a [[Khilafat]] conference. The session ended badly with [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] nearly being attacked by one member from Punjab.

Despite the initial closeness between Ghaffar Khan and Ali, the harshness of their critique of Gandhi contrasted poorly with the patience shown by Gandhi in Ghaffar Khan's eyes. Another attempt was made by senior KK leaders to approach Sir Fazli Hussain a senior Punjabi leader of the Unionist party pleading for assistance against the crackdown which was dismissed.

The Congress subsequently offered all possible help to the Pathans in exchange on their part to join the Congress party for the independence struggle. This offer was put forth in the Frontier province and was accepted by the Khudai Kidmatgars in August 1931. The move shocked the British colonial authorities who were forced to ease pressure on the KK.

== From mass movement to political party ==
{{main|Quit India Movement}}
More, with the introduction of provincial autonomy under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the first limited election were held in NWFP in 1936. Ghaffar Khan was banned from the province. His brother, Dr Khan Sahib, led the party to a narrow victory and became Chief Minister. Ghaffar Khan returned to Peshawar in triumph on 29 August 1937 on what the Peshawar daily Khyber Mail called the happiest day of his life. During the two-year stint of the Congress party under Dr Khan Sahib as Chief minister, major reforms were introduced including land reforms, promotion of the teaching of Pashto and the release of political prisoners.

On Congress directive, the ministries in eight out of eleven provinces resigned in protest against Britain's not promising India independence after the War. The decision to resign proved a pivotal moment in Indian history, in the Frontier, it was instrumental in giving those groups that opposed the Khudai Khidmatgar movement the opportunity to broaden their constituency.

=== Subhash Chandra Bose ===
The KK's activists role in helping [[Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s escape in 1943 has largely been ignored until recently. In 1941, Amir Khan Khattak along with four other people received Subhash Chandra Bose at Nowshera Railway Station. He had come to make his escape to [[Nazi Germany]] via Afghanistan. Disguised as a Muslim, Subhash was taken to Khattak's village Dak Ismailkhel on the request of Mian Akbar Shah from Faqir Chand's house in Peshawar. He stayed with him for two days before leaving in a Pashtun attire for the German Embassy in Kabul leading to his journey to Germany and finally Japan. Agha Haider Ali of the Afghan National bank, helped Bose get in touch with the Kabul authorities and with his travel plans.<ref name="Khan">Khan, Behroz (11 July 2004) Journey in history. ''The NEWS''. Jang group.</ref>

== Conservative backlash ==
The increasingly liberal movement faced an increasing backlash from conservatives because of its support for the Congress party amidst growing support for the [[Pakistan movement]]. The decision of [[Dr. Khan Sahib]] to support his daughter's marriage to a Sikh soldier led to some senior associates of Bacha Khan to leave.<ref>Jalal, Ayesha (1985) ''The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'' Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name="Daud">Arbab Daud. (14 March 2010). A life uncommon. ''THE NEWS'' Available: http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-14-03-2010/pol1.htm#4. Last accessed 22 March 2010.</ref>

Similarly, his son [[Ghani Khan]]'s criticism of feudal landlords angered many conservative "Khans" and Nawabs, some formerly sympathetic to the movement.<ref name="Adeel">Adeel Khan (Feb 2003) Pakhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separation to Integration
''Asian Ethnicity'', Volume 4, Number 1. Carfax Publishing: Taylor & Francis Group
[http://www.khyber.org/publications/001-005/pakhtunethnicnationalism.shtml] Retrieved 2 April 2008</ref>

This coincided with a determined effort by the [[British Raj|colonial government]] to discredit the movement with the assistance of pro-British mullahs and ulema.<ref>Selected works Jawaharlal Nehru M. Chalapathi Rau, H. Y. Sharada Prasad, and B. R. Nanda. Volume 2</ref> The British Governor, Cunningham, instructed the big khans to meet each mullah on an individual basis and tell him to serve the cause of Islam' for which he would be duly paid. The Mullahs were told that in case of good progress they would also be considered for a government pension. A Cunningham policy note of 23 September 1942 reads: 'Continuously preach the danger to Muslims of connivance with the revolutionary Hindu body. Most tribesmen seem to respond to this', while in another paper he says about the period 1939–43: 'Our propaganda since the beginning of the war had been most successful. It had played throughout on the Islamic theme.<ref name="Adeel"/>

==Post-partition Downfall==
{{further|Pashtunistan}}
Pakistan's Independence in August 1947 marked the beginning of the end of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. While the Congress government remained in power briefly it was eventually dismissed by the Governor under the orders of Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. [[Dr. Khan Sahib]] was replaced by former Congressite Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri. He successfully stopped an attempted rapprochement between Ghaffar Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah by stopping a planned meeting between the two citing security threats.<ref name="M.S. Korejo">M.S. Korejo (1993). ''The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History''. Karachi: Oxford University Press.</ref> With that, Jinnah gave Qayyum Khan Kashmiri a free hand in dealing with the Congress and the Khudai Khidmatgars.

Despite the provocation and its obvious ambivalence over Pakistan's creation, the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders reconvened at Sardaryab on 3 and 4 September 1947 and passed a resolution<ref>[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2006/TheProblemofPukhtunistan.shtml The problem of Pakhtunistan by Sherzaman Taizi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624042900/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2006/TheProblemofPukhtunistan.shtml }}</ref> that stated, "The Khudai Khidmagars regard Pakistan as their own country and pledge that they shall do their utmost to strengthen and safeguard its interest and make every sacrifice for the cause; The dismissal of Dr. Khan Sahib’s ministry and the setting up of Abdul Qaiyum’s ministry is undemocratic, but as our country is passing through a critical stage, the Khudai Khidmatgars shall take no step which might create difficulties in the way of either the Provincial or Central Government; After the division of the country the Khudai Khidmatgars sever their connection with the All-India Congress organization and, therefore, instead of the Tricolor, adopt the Red Flag as the symbol of their party."

{{Quote|You have thrown us (Khudai Khidmatgar) to the wolves.|Bacha Khan addressing the Mahatma after Partition of India.}}

However, Qayyum Khan Kashmiri and the central government had already decided that there would be no accord with the movement. On 12 August 1948, while Bacha Khan and the deposed chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib were both under arrest, over 600 Khudai Khidmatgar supporters who were protesting for their release were killed by the government of Pakistan in [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]] during the [[Babrra massacre]].<ref name="Babra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/70-years-after-babrra-massacre-victims-families-demand-justice-as-deaths-of-600-khudai-khidmatgars-remain-buried-in-history-4947251.html|title=70 years after Babrra massacre, victims' families demand justice, as deaths of 600 Khudai Khidmatgars remain buried in history|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> The Khudai Khidmatgar organisation was declared unlawful in mid-September 1948, mass arrests followed and the centre at [[Sardaryab]] (Markaz-e-Khudai Khidmatgaran), built-in 1942, was destroyed by the Provincial Government.<ref name="Afzal">Afzal, M.Rafique (1 April 2002) ''Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971''.p38 OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}</ref>

The movement was also hit by defections as party members switched sides out of fear or for benefit. Those members that wished to survive politically rallied behind a former ally, turned opponent of Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, the [[Pir of Manki Sharif]]. The Pir created a breakaway Muslim League, however, it proved no match for Qayyum who engineered his re-election in 1951.<ref name="Afzal"/>
[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Bacha Khan]] when took an oath of allegiance to Pakistan in 1948 in legislation assembly and during his speech he was asked by PM [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] about Pashtunistan to which he replied that it's just a name to the [[Pashtun province]] in [[Pakistan]] same like [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Bengal, Pakistan|Bengal]], [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchishtan]] are the names of [[provinces of Pakistan]] as ethno-linguistic names,<ref name="Bukhari 1991 226">{{Cite book|last=Bukhari|first=Farigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I43pAAAAMAAJ|title=Taḥrīk-i āzādī aur Bācā K̲h̲ān|publisher=Fiction House|year=1991|pages=226}}</ref> contrary to what he believed and strived for Pashtunistan an independent state. During the 1950s to the late 1960s, Pashtuns were promoted to higher positions within the Pakistani government and military, thereby integrating Pashtuns into the Pakistani state and severely weakening secessionist sentiments to the point that by the mid-1960s, popular support for an independent Pashtunistan had all but disappeared.{{Blockquote|An important development in Pakistan during the Ayub period (1958–1969) was the gradual integration into Pakistani society and the military-bureaucratic establishment. It was a period of Pakistan's political history which saw a large number of ethnic Pashtuns holding high positions in the military and the bureaucracy. Ayub himself was a non-Pashto speaking ethnic Pashtun belonging to the [[Tareen|Tarin sub-tribe]] of the Hazara District in the Frontier. The growing participation of Pashtuns in the Pakistani Government resulted in the erosion of the support for the Pashtunistan movement in the Province by the end of the 1960s.<ref name="Rizwan">Rizwan Hussain. ''Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan''. 2005. p. 74.</ref>|Rizwan Hussain|2005}}

The movement lingered on till 1955, when it was again banned by the central government because of Ghaffar Khan's opposition to the [[One Unit]]. An aborted attempt was made to bring Ghaffar Khan into the government as a minister as well as turning the KK movement into a national organization, but Ghaffar Khan turned down the offer.<ref>Zaidi, Syed (28 September 2005)[http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/28/letted.htm#5 An Old episode recalled] DAWN. DAWN media group</ref>

Although the ban on the movement was lifted in 1972, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement had been broken.

On 20 January 2011, young Gandhian activist Faisal Khan revived the Khudai Khidmatgar at a function in the [[India]]n city of [[Delhi]], with a focus on promoting [[Hindu-Muslim unity|communal amity]] and ameliorating poverty.<ref name="Lal2015"/><ref name="Pisharoty2012"/> The Khudai Khidmatgar has volunteers in 14 states and according to Faisal, they number about 10,000.<ref name="Pisharoty2012">{{cite web |last1=Pisharoty |first1=Sangeeta Barooah |title=Of ideals, idols and satyagraha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Of-ideals-idols-and-satyagraha/article13372361.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 June 2020 |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Lal2015">{{cite web |last1=Lal |first1=Amrith |title=Khudai Khidmatgars, Frontier Gandhi's non-violent army, gets a new life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/khudai-khidmatgars-frontier-gandhis-non-violent-army-gets-a-new-life/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 June 2020 |language=en }}</ref> Though the present organisation is predominantly Muslim, 10 of 40 seats in its national executive committee are reserved for Hindu members.<ref name="Pisharoty2012"/>

== Criticisms ==

The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was a success in the terms of its opposition to British colonial rule. However, the social effects of the movement have not survived. While the Ghaffar Khan family maintains a hold over the political philosophy of the movement, its history has largely been wiped out from official memory in Pakistan. The movement has also been criticized for its opposition to partition and by that virtue the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Adeel"/>

As a result, it has been seen as a secessionist movement in Pakistan, and in the 1950s and 1960s, it was also perceived as pro-communist, an argument that was used by conservative elements to discredit it as anti-Islam. The movement's claim to total non-violence seems flawed as well; some critics argue that while the movement proved successful against the British, it like other non-violent movements would not have proved a success against the Pakistani state. This is supposedly proved by its failure to pose a challenge to the Pakistani government.<ref name="Banerjee"/> Others have also suggested that the Khudai Khidmatgar movement was not in fact as non-violent as its supporters would argue. Writers like Schofield and Bannerjee have documented cases of attacks on British colonial officials by Khudai Khidmatgar members.<ref name="Schofield">Schofield, Victoria (22 August 2003), ''Afghan Frontier Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia'' p 220. New York: I. B. Tauris</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]
*[[All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind]]
*[[Composite nationalism]]
*[[Faqir of Ipi]]
*[[Frontier Crimes Regulation]]
*[[Khilafat Movement]]
*[[List of peace activists]]
*[[Khan Roshan Khan]]
*[[National Awami Party]]
*''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam]]'' (book)
*[[Qazi Ataullah Khan]]
*[[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]] (not to be confused with Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==

* Baldauf, Scott The Khudai Khidmatgar Christian Science Monitor [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626094512/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/khudaikhidmatgar.shtml]
* Banerjee, Mukulika (2000). Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North-West Frontier. School of American Research Press. {{ISBN|0-933452-68-3}}
* [[Eknath Easwaran]] (1999). ''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Ghaffar Khan: a man to match his mountains]]'' (see [[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|article]]). Nilgiri Press, Tomales, CA. {{ISBN|1-888314-00-1}}
*Khan, Behroz (July 2004) Journey in history. The NEWS. Jang group. Available online at [http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2004-weekly/nos-11-07-2004/dia.htm#2]{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Rashid, Haroonur (2005) History of the Pathans. Volume 2 p 573
* Taizi, Sher Zaman. (2002) Bacha Khan in Afghanistan: A Memoir. Asian Reflection.
* Babar, Aneela, (29 May 2006) On Doing Pakhtunwali. The Post.
* Khan, Abdul K. 1997. "The Khudai Kidmatgar (Servants of God)/Red Shirt Movement in the Northwest Frontier Province of British India, 1927–47." PhD. Diss., History. The University of Hawaii.
* [http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/models.htm Michel, Thomas S.J. (June 2004) Can’t We Be Like Abdul Ghaffar Khan? The significance of Abdul Ghaffar Khan in the recent history of peace activism is his institution of the importance of discipline in peacemakers.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503181957/http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/models.htm }}
* Talbot, Ian(1 March 1989)Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of the Muslim League in North-West and North-East India 1937–47

== External links ==
*[http://www.khudaikhidmatgar.org Official website of Khudai Khidmatgar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060626094512/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/khudaikhidmatgar.shtml The Khudai Khidmatgar]
*[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011203fa_FACT1 The Pashtun Code]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207083453/http://www.afghanan.net/poets/ghani.htm Ghani Khan (Poet and son of Ghaffar Khan)]}}; [http://www.harappa.com/sounds/ghani0.html Interview, film, and sound recordings]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003055/http://www.kavitachhibber.com/badshah_khan.html Interview] with Ghaffar Khan
*Pervez Khan: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040229063624/http://www.geocities.com/khyber007/pervezkhan.html Remembering Baacha Khan: the memory of his courage to stay for ever]
*Rajmohan Gandhi: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101005237/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-sp/gandhi.pdf Mohandas Gandhi, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and the Middle-East today]
*Rajmohan Gandhi: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531103706/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004071100170200.htm&date=2004%2F07%2F11%2F&prd=mag& Badshah Khan and our times]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009170429/http://www.in-the-light.org/gandhikhan/khans_triumph_of_will.html Khan's triumph of will]
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Pashtun nationalism}}

[[Category:Pacifism in India]]
[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pashtun nationalism]]