https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Sherry6361 2026-08-06T11:44:27Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=508301 2026-05-06T19:23:58Z

<p>Sherry6361: new new details v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Kannur &lt;br /&gt;{{Small|KL-2}}<br /> |map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Kannur.map}}<br /> <br /> | map_caption = Kannur Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | incumbent_image = K.sudhakaran.jpg<br /> | mp = [[K. Sudhakaran]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[P. K. Sreemathy]]<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dharmadam (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadam]]&lt;br&gt; [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]<br /> | electors = 12,62,144 (2019)<br /> }}<br /> '''Kannur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern India.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> <br /> Kannur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/02-DELIMITED-HPC.pdf<br /> | title = HPCs - LACs<br /> | access-date = 2014-04-10<br /> | work = Kerala<br /> | publisher = Election Commission of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Name<br /> ! District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br /> |[[T K Govindan Master]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]<br /> |[[Sajeev Joseph]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]<br /> |[[K. V. Sumesh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |[[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]<br /> |[[T. O. Mohanan]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |[[Dharmadam (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadam]]<br /> |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |[[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]<br /> |[[V. K. Sanoj]]<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |[[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]<br /> |[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Adv. Sunny Joseph]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |[[A. K. Gopalan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''As Thalassery''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |M. K. Jinachandran<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |[[S. K. Pottekkatt]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |[[Pattiam Gopalan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[C.K. Chandrappan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''As Cannanore''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[C.K. Chandrappan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |K. Kunhambu<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Mullappally Ramachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[A. P. Abdullakutty]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''As Kannur''}}<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[K. Sudhakaran]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014]]<br /> |[[P. K. Sreemathy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[K. Sudhakaran]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|50.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.07}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.58}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|57.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|50.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|58.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.15}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Percentage change (±) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/tag-result.ManoramaOnline~local@2019@Thiruvananthapuram-Election-News.html|title=Thiruvananthapuram Election News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Kannur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern India.<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Sudhakaran]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,18,524|percentage=48.74|change={{loss}}2.00}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M. V. Jayarajan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,09,542|percentage=38.50|change={{loss}}3.18}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Raghunathan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,19,876|percentage=11.27|change={{gain}}4.71}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,873|percentage=0.83|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,08,982|percentage=10.24|change={{gain}}1.18}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=10,66,171|percentage=78.22|change={{loss}}5.06}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = {{loss}}2.00}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sudhakaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,29,741 |percentage=50.74 |change=6.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. K. Sreemathy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,35,182 |percentage=41.68 |change=-3.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Padmanabhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=68,509 |percentage=6.56 |change=1.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Abdul Jabbar |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=8,142 |percentage=0.78 |change=-1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=94,559 |percentage=9.06 |change=8.36 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,44,124 |percentage=83.28 |change= 1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,66,550 |change =8.23 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 5.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. K. Sreemathy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,27,622 |percentage=45.15 |change=0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sudhakaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,21,056 |percentage=44.46 |change=-5.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Mohanan Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,636 |percentage=5.45 |change=2.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Abdul Jabbar |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=19,170 |percentage=2.02 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=7,026 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sasidharan K V |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,106 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sudhakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,240 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,566 |percentage=0.69 |change=-4.30 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,47,117 |percentage=81.06 |change= 0.18 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,70,266 |change =9.40 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.96 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2009===<br /> <br /> After the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|2008 delimitation]], [[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Taliparamba]] was added while [[Mananthavady Assembly constituency|Mananthavady]] was removed.{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sudhakaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,32,878 |percentage=50.11 |change=9.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K Ragesh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,89,727 |percentage=45.12 |change=-5.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P Karunakaran Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,123 |percentage=3.14 |change=-2.34 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,151 |percentage=5.00 |change=-4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,63,832 |percentage=80.84 |change= 1.68 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,69,725 |change =-1.76 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. P. Abdullakutty]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,35,058 |percentage=50.53 |change=1.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,51,209 |percentage=40.79 |change=-6.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. K. Vasu Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,213 |percentage=5.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Mannakuzhi |party=Independent politician |votes=10,295 |percentage=1.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sreeraman Koyyon |party=Independent politician |votes=4,773 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satheesh Kumar Pamban |party=Independent politician |votes=4,274 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=83,849 |percentage=9.74 |change=8.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,60,998 |percentage=79.19 |change= 0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,88,892 |change =-2.88 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 1.86 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. P. Abdullakutty]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,28,390 |percentage=48.67 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,18,143 |percentage=47.51 |change=3.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Hariharan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=26,069 |percentage=2.96 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,247 |percentage=1.16 |change=0.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,80,180 |percentage=79.05 |change= 5.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,21,192 |change =4.61 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,80,465 |percentage=43.91 |change=-5.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. C. Shanmukha Das |party=Independent politician |votes=3,78,285 |percentage=43.66 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Mohanan Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,760 |percentage=5.22 |change=1.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Hamza Haji |party=Indian National League |votes=10,016 |percentage=1.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mullappali Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=6,548 |percentage=0.80 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,180 |percentage=0.25 |change=-4.93 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,66,525 |percentage=76.90 |change= 2.84 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,71,756 |change =2.44 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.16 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,71,924 |percentage=49.07 |change=-1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramachandran Kadannappalli |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=3,32,622 |percentage=43.89 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Saseeindran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,511 |percentage=4.03 |change=0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kolakkottu Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=12,479 |percentage=1.65 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Mammu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,606 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,302 |percentage=5.19 |change=-0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,57,933 |percentage=74.06 |change= -3.37 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,46,188 |change =8.03 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,76,696 |percentage=50.58 |change=0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Ebranhim Kutty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,35,569 |percentage=45.06 |change=0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Saseendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,720 |percentage=3.45 |change=-0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,127 |percentage=5.52 |change=0.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,44,778 |percentage=77.43 |change= -5.71 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,68,420 |change =3.05 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,91,042 |percentage=50.30 |change=-1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sasi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,48,638 |percentage=44.85 |change=-2.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palliyara Raman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,266 |percentage=4.02 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,404 |percentage=5.45 |change=0.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,77,420 |percentage=83.14 |change= 1.20 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,39,750 |change =35.59 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,88,791 |percentage=51.66 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pattiam Rajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,63,738 |percentage=47.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuntimangalam Azeez |party=Independent politician |votes=2,942 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,053 |percentage=4.48 |change=-11.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,59,056 |percentage=81.94 |change= 11.42 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,93,093 |change =8.64 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= -6.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kunhambu |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,57,812 |percentage=57.70 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ramakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,84,555 |percentage=41.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koothan Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,477 |percentage=1.00 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,257 |percentage=16.39 |change=13.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,46,844 |percentage=70.52 |change= -12.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,37,975 |change =15.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 7.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Chandrappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,25,328 |percentage=50.38 |change=-1.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Bharathan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,12,451 |percentage=47.50 |change=6.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Father Vadakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,509 |percentage=2.13 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,877 |percentage=2.88 |change=-7.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,47,288 |percentage=82.74 |change= 11.63 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,53,360 |change =-1.70 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -1.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. K. Chandrappan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,04,483 |percentage=51.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pattiam Gopalan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,64,659 |percentage=41.40 |change=-20.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Raghavan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=24,365 |percentage=6.13 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Kunhabdulla Haji |party=Independent politician |votes=4,236 |percentage=1.07 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,824 |percentage=10.01 |change=-13.51 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,97,743 |percentage=71.12 |change= -6.39 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,62,923 |change =18.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -10.35 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pattiam Gopalan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,21,374 |percentage=61.76 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Abdulla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,37,062 |percentage=38.24 |change=-2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=84,312 |percentage=23.52 |change=5.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,58,436 |percentage=77.51 |change= 2.69 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,75,141 |change =-5.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. K. Pottekkatt]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,16,836 |percentage=58.81 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukumar Azhikode|K. T. Sukumaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,51,886 |percentage=41.19 |change=4.04 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=64,950 |percentage=17.61 |change=17.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,68,722 |percentage=74.82 |change= 11.58 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,01,672 |change =7.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Kannur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Jinachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,10,114 |percentage=37.15 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. K. Pottekkatt]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,08,732 |percentage=36.68 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padmaprabhaundan |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=77,548 |percentage=26.16 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,382 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,96,394 |percentage=63.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,68,639 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kannur district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> * [[2024 Indian general election in Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153747/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-kannur-lok-sabha-constituency-election-results-candidates-list.html 2019 Kannur Lok Sabha Constituency Election Results and Candidates List]}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|11.87|75.37|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kannur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Kannur district]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Whitelock_Torrens&diff=502622 2026-04-23T19:49:58Z

<p>Sherry6361: new the stub initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> '''Henry Whitelock Torrens''' (20 May 1806 – 16 August 1852), son of Major-General [[Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1779)|Henry Torrens]], was born on 20 May 1806. He received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] (where he was a [[president of the United Debating Society]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hollis |first1=Christopher |title=The Oxford Union |date=1965 |publisher=Evans |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/773996}}&lt;/ref&gt;), and entered the [[Inner Temple]]. After a short service under the [[Foreign Office]], he obtained a [[writership]] from the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] and arrived in India in November 1828 and held various appointments at [[Meerut]]. In 1835 he joined the Secretariat, in which he served in several departments under Sir [[William Hay Macnaghten]]. In 1839 he assisted [[James Hume (magistrate)|James Hume]] in the editing of the ''[[Eastern Star (newspaper)|Eastern Star]]'', a weekly paper, which became a daily paper called the ''[[Calcutta Star]]''. He was secretary (1840–1846) and a Vice-President (1843–1845) to the [[Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] (now the [[Asiatic Society]]). In December 1846, he was appointed Agent to the Governor-General at [[Murshidabad]]. Here in his endeavours to improve the Nizamat administration, his relations with the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab Nizam]] and his officials became greatly strained.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=e_dA0RAwd4oC&amp;pg=PA426 ''Dictionary of Indian Biography''; by C. E. Buckland, p. 426]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was a clever essayist as well as a journalist and scholar, and his scattered papers were deservedly collected and published at [[Calcutta]] in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=XNQoV16G88AC&amp;pg=PA337 The Cambridge History of English Literature, Volume 14 by A. W. Ward, page 337].&lt;/ref&gt; Torrens also began the first English-translation of ''[[The Arabian Nights' Entertainment]]'' from Arabic-language sources, publishing his renditions of the first 50 tales in 1838.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Graham |title=The Edinburgh Companion to British Colonial Periodicals |date=2024 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-3995-0063-0 |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=Caroline |series=Edinburgh companions to literature and the humanities |location=Edinburgh |page=84 |chapter=Mofussil Versus Metropolis, Subalterns Versus Seniors: The Rise and Demise of the Meerut Universal Magazine |editor2-last=Finkelstein |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Torrens died of [[dysentery]] at Calcutta while on a visit to the Governor-General on 16 August 1852 and was buried in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150815071906/http://indian-cemeteries.org/cemetery_details.asp?town=Calcutta&amp;cem=Lower%20Circular%20Road%20Cemetery Lower Circular Road Cemetery].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Torrens, Henry Whitelock}}<br /> [[Category:1806 births]]<br /> [[Category:1852 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the Oxford Union]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:British expatriate academics]]<br /> [[Category:British barristers]]<br /> [[Category:British male essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]<br /> [[Category:Torrens family]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century British male journalists]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hist-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raigaon_Assembly_constituency&diff=528184 2026-04-19T19:33:26Z

<p>Sherry6361: Created the data basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Raigaon<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 62<br /> | map_image = 62-Raigaon.svg<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Satna district|Satna]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[Pratima Bagri]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Kalpana Verma]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Raigaon''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Castes]] and comprises parts of Raghurajnagar tehsil and Nagod tehsil, both in [[Satna district]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2023, it is represented by [[Pratima Bagri]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Election<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Jugul Kishore Bagri<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Usha Choudhary<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> || [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> | Jugal Kishore Bagri<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2021{{efn|bypoll}}&lt;ref name=&quot;election2021&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=Raigaon assembly bypoll Result 2021 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS1262.htm?ac=62 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305115700/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS1262.htm?ac=62 |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Kalpana Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |url-access=limited |access-date=26 January 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Pratima Bagri]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raigaon&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pratima Bagri]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77626}}<br /> |percentage = 49.42<br /> |change = +7.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kalpana Verma]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:41566}}<br /> |percentage = 26.46<br /> |change = -24.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Devraj Ahirwar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:27743}}<br /> |percentage = 17.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Vindhya Janta Party<br /> |candidate = Rani Bagri<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2240}}<br /> |percentage = 1.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Varun Gujar 'Dinkal'<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1938}}<br /> |percentage = 1.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:991}}<br /> |percentage = 0.63<br /> |change = -0.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:36060}}<br /> |percentage = 22.96<br /> |change = +14.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:157076}}<br /> |percentage = 71.4<br /> |change = +2.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 bypoll ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= By-election, 2021: Raigaon&lt;ref name=&quot;election2021&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Kalpana Verma]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 72,989<br /> |percentage = 50.8<br /> |change = +17.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Pratima Bagri]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 60,699<br /> |percentage = 42.25<br /> |change = -2.88<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ram Naresh<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |votes = 1,641<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,436<br /> |percentage = 1.0<br /> |change = +0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 12,290<br /> |percentage = 8.55<br /> |change = -3.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 143,672<br /> |percentage = 69.26<br /> |change = -4.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raigaon&lt;ref name=election2018 name=&quot;election2018-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Jugal Bagri]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:65910}}<br /> |percentage = 45.13<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kalpana Verma]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:48489}}<br /> |percentage = 33.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Usha Chaudhary]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:16677}}<br /> |percentage = 11.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Devraj Ahirwar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2319}}<br /> |percentage = 1.59<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rajendra Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1687}}<br /> |percentage = 1.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Upendra Kumar Dahayat<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1578}}<br /> |percentage = 1.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Savitri Arjun Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1503}}<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Dharbendra Ram Naresh Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1416}}<br /> |percentage = 0.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1084}}<br /> |percentage = 0.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:17421}}<br /> |percentage = 11.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:146058}}<br /> |percentage = 73.5<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|24.66|80.69|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Satna district]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]<br /> <br /> {{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katra_Assembly_constituency&diff=508958 2026-04-19T19:28:46Z

<p>Sherry6361: new initial info first draft...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{for|the constituency in Jammu and Kashmir|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Katra<br /> | constituency_no = 131<br /> | map_image = 131-Katra.svg<br /> | mla = [[Veer Vikram Singh]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2017<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 292,322 (2012)<br /> | type= SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Katra Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the Tilhar [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the &quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary Tilhar and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot; was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 131.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 15 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=15 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from Assembly constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=15 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/katra.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Member list&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=15 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wards / Areas==<br /> Extent of Katra Assembly constituency is KCs Kheda Bajheda, Jalalpur, Katra, Khudaganj NP, Katra NP of Tilhar Tehsil &amp; KC Paraur of Jalalabad Tehsil.<br /> <br /> == Member of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rajesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || 2017 || - || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2012 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Veer Vikram Singh]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 2017 || 2022 || - || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || - || - ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Katra&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Veer Vikram Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77800}}<br /> |percentage = 39.9<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77443}}<br /> |percentage = 39.72<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Munna Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:17504}}<br /> |percentage = 8.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Kashyap<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:15236}}<br /> |percentage = 7.81<br /> |change = {{decrease}}16.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party<br /> |candidate = Rajveer<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2843}}<br /> |percentage = 1.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1091}}<br /> |percentage = 0.56<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:357}}<br /> |percentage = 0.18<br /> |change = {{decrease}}8.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:194967}}<br /> |percentage = 57.55<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Katra&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Veer Vikram Singh Prince<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:76509}}<br /> |percentage = 39.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:59779}}<br /> |percentage = 30.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Adhiwakta Rajeev Kashyap<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:47471}}<br /> |percentage = 24.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1830}}<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:16730}}<br /> |percentage = 8.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:192992}}<br /> |percentage = 61.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]] <br /> {{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Katra}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 51,025<br /> |percentage = 27.51<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajeev Kashyap<br /> |votes = 50,150<br /> |percentage = 27.04<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Virendra Pratap Singh Munna<br /> |votes = 31,400<br /> |percentage = 16.93<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remainder 17 candidates<br /> |votes = 52,874<br /> |percentage = 28.5<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 875<br /> |percentage = 0.47<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 185,449<br /> |percentage = 63.44<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot; 2012 Election Results &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Tilhar Assembly constituency]]<br /> *[[Shahjahanpur district]]<br /> *[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> *[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Vidhan Bhawan]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shahjahanpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadalga_Assembly_constituency&diff=531654 2026-04-15T23:02:09Z

<p>Sherry6361: added new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sadalga<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br /> | division = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]<br /> | constituency_no = 205<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sadalga Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Khot Balaji Govind || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shidagouda Shivagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || A. J. Sripal<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bedage Anna Balaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Nimbalkar Ajitsingh Appasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Kallappa Parisha Magennavar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Patil Veerkumar Appasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Prakash Hukkeri]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |}<br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,039 |percentage = 54.46% |change = {{decrease}}5.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Shankar Jolle |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,737 |percentage = 36.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhir Mahadev Mali |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,240 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{increase}}2.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharat Devgouda Masalapure |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,371 |percentage = 3.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantesh Bheemappa Kambar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 669 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunildatta Malage |party = Independent politician |votes = 651 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,302 |percentage = 18.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 106,601 |percentage = 79.59% |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 106,569}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,934 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,394 |percentage = 59.83% |change = {{increase}}11.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Parisha Magennavar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 37,132 |percentage = 38.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Bhosale |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,163 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,262 |percentage = 21.12% |change = {{increase}}13.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 98,583 |percentage = 76.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 95,927}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,646 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{increase}}0.66 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,477 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.49 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,705 |percentage = 48.18% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Parisa Magennavar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,591 |percentage = 40.15% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajitshinha Appasaheb Nimbalkar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 7,209 |percentage = 8.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chougule Annasaheb Dnyandev |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,381 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shidagouda Shivagouda Patil |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 965 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,114 |percentage = 8.03% |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 90,461 |percentage = 77.19% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 88,635}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,826 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}4.62 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,187 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.26 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.97 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Veerkumar Appasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,358 |percentage = 46.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Parisha Magennavar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,185 |percentage = 43.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Babasaheb Balagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,970 |percentage = 10.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,173 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 81,959 |percentage = 74.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.75 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 76,513}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 5,446 |percentage = 6.64% |change = {{increase}}5.38 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,287 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.11 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Parisha Magennavar |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,813 |percentage = 52.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kore Prabhakar Basaprabhu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,803 |percentage = 47.12% |change = {{decrease}}6.53 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,010 |percentage = 5.76% |change = {{decrease}}4.65 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 70,506 |percentage = 78.06% |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 69,616}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 890 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,319 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nimbalkar Ajitsingh Appasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,114 |percentage = 53.65% |change = {{increase}}41.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Malagouda Annasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,076 |percentage = 43.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaugala Dhanapal Bapu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,083 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phakire Mohanrao Annasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 633 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,038 |percentage = 10.41% |change = {{decrease}}17.82 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 59,261 |percentage = 73.05% |change = {{decrease}}6.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 57,997}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,123 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.32 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}3.84 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bedage Anna Balaji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,598 |percentage = 57.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Raosaheb Payagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,099 |percentage = 29.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirje Shantappa Yeshwantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,293 |percentage = 12.48% |change = {{decrease}}69.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Appasaheb Chandagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 448 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,499 |percentage = 28.23% |change = {{decrease}}38.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 59,846 |percentage = 79.17% |change = {{increase}}12.75 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 58,438}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,408 |percentage = 2.35% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,590 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.94 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. J. Sripal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,857 |percentage = 82.37% |change = {{increase}}22.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. B. Bashetteppa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,842 |percentage = 15.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adagouda Balagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 832 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,015 |percentage = 66.65% |change = {{increase}}41.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 44,848 |percentage = 66.42% |change = {{decrease}}10.44 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 43,531}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,525 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.94 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shidagouda Shivagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,518 |percentage = 60.19% |change = {{decrease}}2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. C. Balapa |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,713 |percentage = 34.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Iarapa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,167 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,805 |percentage = 25.48% |change = {{decrease}}9.32 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 44,763 |percentage = 76.86% |change = {{increase}}2.16 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 42,398}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,241 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shidagouda Shivagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,092 |percentage = 62.31% |change = {{increase}}12.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Balappa Telavekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,195 |percentage = 27.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanker Laxman Benadikar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,773 |percentage = 10.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,897 |percentage = 34.80% |change = {{increase}}34.28 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 39,386 |percentage = 74.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 37,060}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,725 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.15 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}12.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khot Balaji Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,714 |percentage = 50.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjal Padmappa Hiriyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,529 |percentage = 49.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 185 |percentage = 0.52% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 35,243 |percentage = 74.96% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 35,243}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,015 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|16.553771|74.533202|region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Belagavi district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartoons_Against_Corruption&diff=492915 2026-04-13T03:36:41Z

<p>Sherry6361: created entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox organization<br /> | name = <br /> | image = <br /> | type = [[Cartoon]] based [[Corruption in India|Anti-Corruption Campaign]]<br /> | founder = [[Aseem Trivedi]]<br /> | tax_id = <br /> | registration_id = <br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | origins = <br /> | region_served = [[India]]<br /> | endowment = <br /> | num_volunteers = <br /> | num_employees = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | opponents = <br /> | owner = <br /> | former_name = <br /> | website = <br /> | dissolved = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Cartoons Against Corruption''' is a cartoon-based campaign mounted by the political cartoonist [[Aseem Trivedi]] to support the anti-corruption movement in [[India]], which is best known for its sharp, hard-hitting anti-corruption cartoons. Crime Branch, [[Mumbai]] banned the website of Cartoons Against Corruption during the hunger strike of [[Anna Hazare]] in December 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Website-blocked-cartoonist-moves-content-to-another-host/articleshow/11394427.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120110044943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/india/30601289_1_website-cartoons-domain |url-status= live |archive-date= 10 January 2012 |title=Website blocked, cartoonist moves content to another host |first=Kim |last=Arora |date=7 January 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cartoonist Aseem Trivedi was arrested in September 2012 and was sent to judicial custody till 24 September on charges of sedition, which is a non-bailable offence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.firstpost.com/india/cartoonist-sent-to-judicial-custody-on-sedition-charges-449214.html |title=Cartoonist sent to judicial custody on sedition charges|first= |last= |work=firstpost.com |date=9 September 2012 |accessdate=18 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mr Trivedi had said that he would not apply for bail till the sedition charges against him had been dropped. His bail was granted with a personal bond of Rs. 5000 on the basis of an independent petition by a lawyer, who also asked the court to remove the accusations of sedition - the court said it would decide that on September 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19566890 |title=BBC News - India cartoonist Aseem Trivedi freed from jail on bail |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |work=bbc.co.uk |date=12 September 2012 |accessdate=18 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Beginning==<br /> <br /> ===The cartoons attract mass attention===<br /> In December 2011, social activist, [[Anna Hazare]], announced a hunger strike demanding an anti-corruption bill. Trivedi decided to join and display his anti-corruption cartoons at [[MMRDA]] ground, [[Mumbai]]. He reached [[Mumbai]] with large posters of his cartoons from Cartoons Against Corruption. These and other efforts eventually led to the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]].<br /> <br /> ==Website blockage==<br /> On the very first day of the hunger strike, Crime Branch ([[Mumbai]]) ordered BigRock, the host of www.cartoonsagainstcorruption.com, to block the cartoon website, and the website was suspended within 24 hours. Neither Crime Branch nor the website-hosting company had served the cartoonist a prior notice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Website-blocked-cartoonist-moves-content-to-another-host/articleshow/11394427.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110044943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/india/30601289_1_website-cartoons-domain |url-status=live |archive-date=10 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Website blocked, cartoonist moves content to another host |date=7 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mumbai Crime Branch ordered the suspension of the site on the complaint of a Mumbai-based leader of Congress, R. P. Pandy. The complaint stated that “defamatory and derogatory cartoons” were displayed as posters during Mr. Hazare's hunger strike in [[Mumbai]]. Noting that the posters were created by Aseem Trivedi and “are believed to be made at the instance of Shri [[Anna Hazare]],” the complaint requested “strict legal action in the matter.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/04/cartoonist-faces-ban-on-right-to-poke-fun/ |title=Cartoonist Faces Ban on Right to Poke Fun |date=4 January 2012 | work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The domain provider, Big Rock, explained its decision to take down the website, which featured more than 50 anti-corruption cartoons, in a statement that read, &quot;We have received a complaint from Crime Branch – Mumbai against domain name ‘cartoonsagainstcorruption.com’ for displaying objectionable pictures &amp; texts related to flag and emblem of India. Hence we have suspended the domain name and its associated services. You may contact them at mahapolice.gov.in for further assistance.&quot; Just after getting his website banned, the cartoonist created a new blog on [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]], a [[Google]]-based service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5881&amp;mod=1&amp;pg=1&amp;sectionId=21 |title=Why is this cartoonist caged? |date=23 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://art-leaks.org/2012/01/05/anti-corruption-cartoon-website-suspended-in-india/ |title=Anti-corruption cartoon website suspended in India |date=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an interview with the ''Wall Street Journal’s'' &quot;India Real Time,&quot; Trivedi declared that his intention was to “depict the ailing truth of the nation and send across a strong message to the masses.” Trivedi continued: “By suppressing art, you cannot suppress corruption. The aam admi [common man] succumbs at the realms of corruption every second – from struggling to achieve justice for a raped daughter to obtaining old age pension from corrupt government officers.” He also declared that his work was inspired by the Anna Hazare anti-corruption movement.<br /> “Should we not put our foot down?” he asked.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://art-leaks.org/2012/01/05/anti-corruption-cartoon-website-suspended-in-india/ |title=Anti-corruption cartoon website suspended in India |date=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/04/cartoonist-faces-ban-on-right-to-poke-fun/ |title=Cartoonist Faces Ban on Right to Poke Fun |date=4 January 2012 | work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The debate in the Parliament===<br /> These anti-corruption cartoons also provoked an MP, [[Ram Kripal Yadav]], to initiate a discussion in the Rajya Sabha, labeling the cartoons as an “insult to the [[Indian Parliament]].” RJD MP [[Ram Kripal Yadav]] raised the issue in the upper house of the Parliament on the same day, when [[Rajniti Prasad]], another MP of his own party, tore up a copy of the [[Lokpal Bill]] copy in the same house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/04/cartoonist-faces-ban-on-right-to-poke-fun/ |title=Cartoonist Faces Ban on Right to Poke Fun |date=4 January 2012 | work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/I-tore-Lokpal-Bill-because-it-was-bad-says-RJD-member-Rajniti-Prasad-1325233756 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126185837/http://post.jagran.com/I-tore-Lokpal-Bill-because-it-was-bad-says-RJD-member-Rajniti-Prasad-1325233756 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |title=I tore Lokpal Bill because it was bad, says RJD member Rajniti Prasad |date=23 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Protests against the ban===<br /> Supporters of the artist's right to freedom of expressions continued to issue harsh critiques against Mumbai Police and the domain holder, Big Rock, for taking down the website without giving Trivedi any chance to defend himself or contest the ban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://art-leaks.org/2012/01/05/anti-corruption-cartoon-website-suspended-in-india/ |title=Anti-corruption cartoon website suspended in India |date=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many writers, artists, and activists gathered at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], New Delhi to protest against the undemocratic ban on the Cartoons Against Corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mohallalive.com/2012/01/09/protest-against-ban-on-a-cartoonist-website/ |title=उसने संसद पर कार्टून बनाया, उसे बैन कर दिया गया! |date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://art-leaks.org/2012/01/05/anti-corruption-cartoon-website-suspended-in-india/ |title=Anti-corruption cartoon website suspended in India |date=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Save Your Voice====<br /> The experience turned Trivedi into a sort of full-time activist. He subsequently floated a body against censorship. After the ban on Cartoons Against Corruption, Trivedi started “[[Save Your Voice]],” a movement against Internet censorship, along with his journalist friend Alok Dixit, and started protesting against internet censorship in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-world-wild-web |title=The World Wild Web |date=4 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_save-your-voice-a-movement-against-web-censorship_1661820 |title=Save Your Voice — A movement against Web censorship |date=13 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> ===The charges and allegations===<br /> The cartoonist faced the serious allegations of insulting national emblem, Parliament, flag and constitution through Cartoons Against Corruption. In January 2012, a case of treason (section 124 A of the [[Indian Penal Code]]) was filed against him in [[Beed]] District Court, [[Maharashtra]]. Additional charges were brought against him by the Mumbai High Court for insulting India's national symbols, under Indian Penal Code (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act 2005. If found guilty of publishing cartoons in violation of this penal code Trivedi can face up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 5,000 rupees (approx. $100). Banning cartoons and harassing cartoonists, though rare, is not unheard of in India. In 1987, in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the editor of a weekly magazine was arrested and sentenced to three months of rigorous imprisonment for publishing a cartoon mocking politicians, according to a 2003 account in Frontline magazine. The ensuing furor from the media community saw him released within a few days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sampsoniaway.org/blog/2012/03/07/cartoonist-in-india-campaigns-against-corruption-and-censorship/ |title=Cartoonist in India Campaigns Against Corruption and Censorship |date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cpj.org/blog/2012/01/can-an-indian-cartoonist-be-barred-from-mocking-th.php |title=Can an Indian cartoonist be barred from mocking the state? |date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5881&amp;mod=1&amp;pg=1&amp;sectionId=21 |title=Why is this cartoonist caged? |date=23 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonistsrights.org/recent_developments_article.php?id=28 |title=In India the Enemies of Free Speech Find a &quot;Symbolic&quot; Means to Attack Cartoonist Aseem Trivedi |date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922193107/http://cartoonistsrights.org/recent_developments_article.php?id=28 |archivedate=2012-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Trivedi’s imprisonment===<br /> Aseem Trivedi was arrested on 9 September 2012, based on a political activist's complaint that his cartoons insulted the country. The arrest highlighted the government's increased sensitivity to criticism.<br /> <br /> Aseem Trivedi had originally refused to seek bail and wanted the charges dropped, but changed his mind after receiving assurances from authorities that they would be reviewed, Vijay Hiremath said. Aseem Trivedi walked out of Mumbai's [[Arthur Road Jail]] on 12 September 2012 after the local high court said there was no need for him to be held in prison.<br /> <br /> In comments after his release, televised from outside the jailhouse, the satirist vowed to continue his campaign against the country's colonial-era law on sedition. &quot;This fight will continue until 124A is repealed,&quot; he said, holding a microphone. He was referring to section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which was introduced by the British colonial government in 1860. The law prohibits &quot;words either spoken or written, or by signs or visible representation&quot; that attempts to cause &quot;hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection,&quot; toward the government. Trivedi then thanked his supporters for rallying around him after his arrest triggered a debate over free speech in the world's largest democracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/world/asia/india-cartoonist-sedition/ |title=Indian cartoonist facing sedition charges freed on bail |date=4 January 2012 | work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Aseem Trivedi has been selected for the &quot;Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award&quot; of [[Virginia]] based Cartoonists Rights Network International the award for launching the Cartoons Against Corruption website, in an effort to mobilize his fellow citizens against India's pervasive political corruption. He is sharing the award with [[Syria]]n cartoonist [[Ali Ferzat]], who was abducted and badly beaten in August, 2011 amid the Syrian government's crackdown. [[Ali Ferzat]] is in the [[Time (magazine)|Time]] magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/profiles-in-cartooning-courage-how-artists-in-syria-iran-and-india-wield-their-free-speech-pens-against-powerful-forces/2012/05/12/gIQAaMgdJU_blog.html |title=PROFILES IN CARTOONING COURAGE |date=12 May 2012 | newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Michael |last=Cavna}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonistsrights.org/recent_developments_article.php?id=42 |title=CRNI Announces Winners of the 2012 Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award - Syrian Ali Ferzat and Indian Aseem Trivedi |date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922192652/http://cartoonistsrights.org/recent_developments_article.php?id=42 |archivedate=2012-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Aseem Trivedi]]<br /> *[[India Against Corruption]]<br /> *[[Save Your Voice]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://cartoon-against-corruption.blogspot.com/ new site]<br /> *[https://cartoonsagainstcorruption.blogspot.com/ official backup site]<br /> <br /> {{Corruption in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Propaganda cartoons]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Censorship in India]]<br /> [[Category:Internet censorship in India]]<br /> [[Category:Censored comics]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._C._Rosakutty&diff=506848 2026-04-10T03:57:28Z

<p>Sherry6361: new the article needs work...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K C Rosakutty<br /> | image = <br /> | office1 = 5th Chairperson &lt;br&gt;[[Kerala Women's Commission]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2012<br /> | term_end1 = 2017<br /> | predecessor1 = [[D. Sreedevi]]<br /> | successor1 = [[M. C. Josephine]]<br /> | office2 = Vice President&lt;br&gt;[[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2020<br /> | term_end2 = 2021<br /> | office3 = General Secretary&lt;br&gt;[[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br /> | term_start3 = 2000<br /> | term_end3 = 2012<br /> | office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start4 = 1991<br /> | term_end4 = 1996<br /> | predecessor4 = [[K K Ramachandran]]<br /> | successor4 = [[P. V. Varghese Vaidyar]]<br /> | constituency4 = [[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''K C Rosakutty''' is an Indian politician and an attorney who was the 5th Chairperson of [[Kerala Women's Commission|Women's Commission of Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://keralawomenscommission.gov.in/index.php/content/index/former-commissions Kerala Women's Commission ''(cached)'']&lt;/ref&gt; She was Vice President of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]. She was a member of the legislative assembly from [[Sulthan Bathery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 September 2012|title=Tributes paid to Varghese Vaidyar|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/sep/17/tributes-paid-to-varghese-vaidyar-407066.html|access-date=30 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 April 2012|title=Rosakutty takes charge as Women's panel chief|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/apr/05/rosakutty-takes-charge-as-womens-panel-chief-355638.html|access-date=30 January 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She left Indian National Congress on March 22, 2021, and joined [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date= 22 March 2021|title=Another blow to Congress: KPCC vice-president K C Rosakutty resigns ahead of Kerala elections|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/another-blow-to-congress-kpcc-vice-president-k-c-rosakutty-resigns-ahead-of-kerala-elections/articleshow/81632204.cms|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosakutty, K C}}<br /> [[Category:People from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Rangothaman&diff=499472 2026-04-07T12:53:31Z

<p>Sherry6361: created post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = G. Rangothaman<br /> | image =<br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|6|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Marungiyur<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Madras Legislative Assembly|Madras]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1977<br /> | term_end1 = 1980<br /> | predecessor1 = A. G. Padmavathi<br /> | successor1 = R. Sundaramurthy<br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | term_start4 = <br /> | term_end4 = <br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = Farmer<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''G. Rangothaman''' (born 20 June 1939) is an [[India]]n [[politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Marungiyur village in the [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram district]]. He studied at the Government Higher Secondary School in [[Vettavalam]]. He is affiliated with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). In the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]] constituency.&lt;ref&gt;Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ”Who's Who” 1977. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. November 1977. p. 311-312.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral Performance==<br /> ===1977=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mugaiyur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mugaiyur-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency|title=Mugaiyur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com|accessdate=Sep 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rangothaman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,531 |percentage=45.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,248 |percentage=26.47% |change=-33.51% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Krishnaswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=12,012 |percentage=17.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Janakiraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,970 |percentage=7.21% |change=-23.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Elumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=834 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pandurangan |party=Independent politician |votes=740 |percentage=1.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Mohamad Usman |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,283 |percentage=19.27% |change=-10.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,933 |percentage=64.87% |change= -7.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,393 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.24% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rangothaman, G.}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]<br /> [[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{AIADMK-politician-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Black_Forest&diff=523043 2026-03-31T06:26:13Z

<p>Sherry6361: Created new pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian government offensive}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Operation Black Forest<br /> | partof = the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]<br /> | image = India Naxal Affected Districts 2024.svg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Locations in India affected by the insurgency (as of 2024)<br /> | date = 21 April – 11 May 2025&lt;ref name=pib/&gt;<br /> | place = Adjoining districts between [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Telangana]], India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | latitude = <br /> | longitude = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_label = <br /> | territory = <br /> | result = Operation successful&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hills&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Animesh |title=Op Black Forest dealt big blow to Naxals in Bastar: Security forces |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/op-black-forest-dealt-big-blow-to-naxals-in-bastar-security-forces/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=15 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Karreguttalu Hills secured and cleared of Naxalite-Maoist presence<br /> *[[Nambala Keshava Rao]] killed <br /> | combatant1 = '''{{flag|India}}'''<br /> | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]<br /> | commander1 =<br /> | commander2 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}}[[Nambala Keshava Rao]]{{KIA}}<br /> | units1 = * {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]<br /> ** [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]]<br /> *[[Chhattisgarh Police]] <br /> **[[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]]<br /> **[[District Reserve Guard]]<br /> | units2 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Guerrilla Army]]<br /> | strength1 = <br /> | strength2 = <br /> | casualties1 = 18 security personnel wounded&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatv&quot;/&gt;<br /> | casualties2 = 38 militants killed&lt;ref name=&quot;ABP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/insurgency-naxal-operations-kareguttalu-hills-chhattisgarh-telangana-border-9995978/ | title=Anti-insurgency ops to 'flush out' Naxal leadership from Karegutta lu hills on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border called off }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22 militants arrested&lt;ref name=anin/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;450 [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]], 2 tonnes of explosives, several rifles and ammunition seized&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatv&quot;/&gt;<br /> | casualties3 = <br /> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Operation Black Forest''' (also '''Operation Kagaar'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/indias-war-against-maoist-rebels-reaches-decisive-point/|title=India’s War Against Maoist Rebels Reaches Decisive Point|website=thediplomat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operation conducted by [[Law enforcement in India|Indian security forces]] against [[Naxalism|Naxalite-Maoist]] insurgents in areas located between the states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Telangana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ABP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=31 Naxals Killed In 21-Day Operation On Telangana-Chhattisgarh Border: Amit Shah |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/union-home-minister-amit-shah-31-maoists-killed-in-21-day-anti-naxal-operations-at-karregutta-hills-telangana-chhattisgarh-border-1772323 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=ABP News |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The operation began on 21 April 2025.<br /> <br /> The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]] announced on 14 May that the offensive had concluded in a major success for the Indian forces, killing 31 Maoists, including top commanders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Security forces claim top Maoist leaders either killed or injured in 'Operation Black Forest' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/security-forces-claim-top-maoist-leaders-either-killed-or-injured-in-operation-black-forest-101747234931173.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though only 4 deaths could be confirmed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/insurgency-naxal-operations-karegutta-hills-chhattisgarh-telangana-border-9995978/ | title=Anti-insurgency ops to 'flush out' Naxal leadership from Karegutta hills on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border called off }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shah further stated that India will soon be &quot;Naxal-free&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABP&quot;/&gt; The operation resulted in Maoist forces transitioning more to remote and explosive based attacks, while they also retained a significant base of support among the local Adivasi population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://acleddata.com/update/qa-what-does-indias-naxal-maoist-insurgency-look-2025|title=Q&amp;A: What does India’s Naxal-Maoist insurgency look like in 2025? &amp;#124; ACLED|date=9 February 2026|website=acleddata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{main|Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}<br /> The Naxalite-Maoist insurgency began in India in 1967, when a faction of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] launched a [[People's war|people's war]] against the [[Indian government]] of then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pratul |title=How India's PMs navigated three main security challenges |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/12/17/how-indian-prime-ministers-navigated-three-main-security-challenges.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=The Week India |ref=25 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The insurgents took inspiration from the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] in their decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;dw&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sobhan |first1=Shakeel |title=India: 60 Years of Maoist insurgency and its human cost |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-60-years-of-maoist-insurgency-and-its-human-cost/a-71614467 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |ref=14 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ensuing confrontation between the recently formed insurgency and the Indian government ended in the fragmentation of the group by the early 1970s into more than 40 small separate groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=P.V. Ramana|title=India's Maoist Insurgency: Evolution, Current Trends, and Responses|editor=Michael Kugelman|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center|year=2011|pages=138–141}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Naxalites saw their peak of insurgency in the 2000s, when they orchestrated prison attacks, freeing prisoners and killing Indian security forces personnel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Operation jailbreak: Naxals run amok in Bihar: 341 inmates flee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-jailbreak-naxals-run-amok-in-bihar-341-inmates-flee/articleshow/1294201.cms |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Naxals also tried to assassinate high-profile Indian politicians, such as [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (then [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]) in October 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian politician survives attack |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3155208.stm |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=1 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2007, the Naxals assassinated [[Sunil Kumar Mahato]] (a member of parliament), and continued with an intensified campaign, killing approximately 700 people between 2005 and 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Datasheet - Maoist Insurgency |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=South Asia Terrorism Portal |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Operation==<br /> On 21 April 2025, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] and the [[District Reserve Guard]] (DRG) launched the largest and most significant mission of its kind against Naxals.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=31 Maoists killed in 21-day anti-Naxal operations at Karregutta hills; Amit Shah hails 'historic breakthrough' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/31-maoists-killed-in-21-day-anti-naxal-operations-at-karregutta-hills-amit-shah-hails-historic-breakthrough-11747231629503.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=Live Mint |ref=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chief of the CRPF [[Gyanendra Pratap Singh]] confirmed that security forces completed the operation in the Karreguttalu Hills between the borders of the states of Chhattisgarh and Telangana, facing severe weather conditions and retrieving 28 bodies of the 31 killed Naxalites.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;/&gt; Home Affairs Minister Shah also confirmed that there were no security personnel casualties.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABP&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> However, later sources linked to local police confirmed that 18 security forces were wounded in the operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatv&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Priyanka |title=Amit Shah visits AIIMS Delhi, meets 5 security men injured in encounter with Naxals {{!}} Video |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/amit-shah-visits-aiims-delhi-meets-5-security-men-injured-in-encounter-with-naxals-karregutta-hills-video-2025-05-15-990452 |access-date=15 May 2025 |agency=India TV News |date=15 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CRPF further commented that the mission had achieved &quot;more than expected&quot; and that the security forces will meet the government's deadline to eliminate the Naxalite insurgency.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;/&gt; Military sources claimed that Naxalite headquarters were targeted in the mountains.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Naidu |first1=Jayprakash S |title=Anti-insurgency ops to 'flush out' Naxal leadership from Karegutta hills on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border called off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/insurgency-naxal-operations-karegutta-hills-chhattisgarh-telangana-border-9995978/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=Indian Express |date=12 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The chief of the [[Chhattisgarh Police]] also stated that the Maoist leadership had been &quot;dislocated&quot; in the operation and that their military formations had either &quot;got divided or sheltered elsewhere.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Security forces later said that the Karreguttalu Hills were being &quot;sanitised&quot; from Naxals to be soon opened for movement of locals.&lt;ref name=&quot;hills&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reactions==<br /> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] commended the operation and said that the killing of 31 Naxalites underscores the commitment of the government and that it is &quot;moving in the right direction to root out [[left-wing extremism]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Govt Committed To Establishing Peace In Naxal-Affected Region: PM Modi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/govt-committed-to-establishing-peace-in-naxal-affected-region-pm-modi-1878921 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] congratulated and hailed the forces involved in the operation, calling on the Naxalites to immediately lay down arms.&lt;ref name=anin&gt;{{cite news |title=Amit Shah congratulates security force, Chhattisgarh Police after 22 Naxals surrendered in Sukma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amit-shah-congratulates-security-force-chhattisgarh-police-after-22-naxals-surrendered-in-sukma20250418223225/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=ANI News |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pib&gt;{{cite news |title=Achieving a historic success in the resolve of a 'Naxal-free India', security forces kill 31 Naxalites in the biggest-ever operation against Naxalism at Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128736 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Mohan Yadav]] also welcomed the military operation calling on the Naxals to &quot;surrender or be eliminated.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CM urges Naxals to surrender, fetes security forces in B'ghat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/cm-urges-naxals-to-surrender-fetes-security-forces-in-bghat/articleshow/121119908.cms |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}<br /> [[Category:April 2025 in India]]<br /> [[Category:May 2025 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]<br /> [[Category:Battles in 2025]]<br /> [[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMIS_Oudh&diff=501755 2026-03-25T03:23:44Z

<p>Sherry6361: new basic info from scratch...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> |image=<br /> |image_caption=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |country=India<br /> |flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}<br /> |name=''Oudh''<br /> |ordered=14 October 1940<br /> |awarded=<br /> |builder=[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders &amp; Engineers]]<br /> |laid_down=7 June 1941<br /> |launched=3 March 1942<br /> |christened=<br /> |acquired=<br /> |commissioned=21 October 1943<br /> |recommissioned=<br /> |decommissioned=<br /> |in_service=<br /> |out_of_service=1948<br /> |renamed=<br /> |reclassified=<br /> |refit=<br /> |captured=<br /> |struck=<br /> |reinstated=<br /> |fate=Transferred to Pakistan<br /> |homeport=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header=title<br /> |country=Pakistan<br /> |flag={{shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}<br /> |name=''Dacca''<br /> |ordered=<br /> |awarded=<br /> |builder=<br /> |laid_down=<br /> |launched=<br /> |christened=<br /> |acquired=1948<br /> |commissioned=<br /> |recommissioned=<br /> |decommissioned=<br /> |in_service=<br /> |out_of_service=<br /> |renamed=<br /> |reclassified=<br /> |refit=<br /> |captured=<br /> |struck=<br /> |reinstated=<br /> |fate=Scrapped 22 January 1959<br /> |homeport=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |header_caption=<br /> |class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}<br /> |displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard<br /> *{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full<br /> |length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]<br /> |beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}<br /> |draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}<br /> |depth=<br /> |hold_depth=<br /> |power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}<br /> *2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s<br /> |propulsion=*2 shafts<br /> *2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]<br /> |speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}<br /> |range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}<br /> |complement=60<br /> |sensors=<br /> |EW=<br /> |armament=*1 × single QF 12-pounder (7.62&amp;nbsp;cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]]<br /> *1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4&amp;nbsp;cm)]] AA gun or<br /> *1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''HMIS ''Oudh'' (J245)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}s built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.<br /> <br /> ==Design and description==<br /> The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Oudh'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.&lt;ref&gt;Lenton, pp. 253–54&lt;/ref&gt; The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].&lt;ref name=c1&gt;Chesneau, p. 64&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.&lt;ref name=l3&gt;Lenton, p. 254&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a QF 12-pounder (7.62&amp;nbsp;cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4&amp;nbsp;cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.&lt;ref name=l3/&gt; For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.&lt;ref name=c1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Construction and career==<br /> HMIS ''Oudh'' was ordered in 1940, and built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders &amp; Engineers]] in [[India]]. She was commissioned in 1943, into the [[Eastern Fleet]]. She escorted a number of convoys until the end of the war.&lt;ref name=nh-1943b&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm|title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943|access-date=23 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nh-1944&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm|title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944|access-date=23 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nh-1945&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm|title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945|access-date=23 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pakistan service==<br /> <br /> {{other ships|PNS Dacca}}<br /> <br /> After the [[independence of India]] and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]], she was among the vessels transferred to Pakistan and renamed PNS ''Dacca''.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}<br /> *{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British &amp; Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}<br /> <br /> {{Bangor class minesweeper}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Oudh (J245)}}<br /> [[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]<br /> [[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Pakistan Navy|Dacca]]<br /> [[Category:1942 ships]]<br /> [[Category:British ships built in India]]<br /> [[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aga_Aga_Sunbai!_Kay_Mhantay_Sasubai%3F_(film)&diff=484778 2026-03-19T15:12:43Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Kedar Shinde}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai?<br /> | image = Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai? film.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Kedar Shinde]]<br /> | writer = Vaishali Naik&lt;br&gt;Omkar Mangesh Datt&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> | producer = Umeshkumar Bansal&lt;br&gt;Bavesh Janavlekar&lt;br&gt;Sana Shinde<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Nirmiti Sawant]]<br /> *[[Prarthana Behere]]<br /> *Rajan Bhise<br /> *Nakul Ghanekar<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Mayur Hardas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2025-11-05 |title=केदार शिंदे घेऊन येतायत सासू-सुनेची जुगलबंदी ! 'मालिकेवर आधारित सिनेमा ?' प्रेक्षकांना पडला प्रश्न |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/kedar-shinde-upcoming-marathi-movie-aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-motion-poster-out-audience-predict-that-story-is-based-popular-serial-which-telecast-on-zee-marathi-few-years-ago-with-same-name-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | editing = Mayur Hardas<br /> | music = Kunal Karan&lt;br&gt;Devdutta Baji&lt;br&gt;Suraj Dhiraj<br /> | studio = [[Zee Studios]]&lt;br&gt;Sunflower Studios&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|16}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai? |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTMxMTIyMDI1MDAxMDM= |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> | gross = ₹10 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;:BO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai? on OTT: Here’s when and where you can watch Kedar Shinde’s Marathi comedy film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhantay-sasubai-on-ott-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-kedar-shindes-marathi-comedy-film/655159a8a3132 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai?''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language drama film directed by [[Kedar Shinde]] and produced by [[Zee Studios]] and Sunflower Studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=सासू-सुनेच्या नात्याची नव्या पिढीची गोष्ट; केदार शिंदेंकडून नव्या सिनेमाची घोषणा, नाव माहितीय? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/kedar-shinde-upcoming-marathi-movie-aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-releasing-16th-january-1397667 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=नात्यांच्या चौकटीपलीकडे स्त्रीच्या भावविश्वाची दखल घेण्याचा प्रयत्न |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-film-director-kedar-shinde-ssb-93-5652830/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Nirmiti Sawant]], [[Prarthana Behere]], Rajan Bhise, and Nakul Ghanekar in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=‘बाईपण भारी देवा’नंतर केदार शिंदेंचा नवा धमाका, लवकरच येतोय ‘अगं अगं सूनबाई! काय म्हणताय सासूबाई?’ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-kedar-shinde-new-movie/953687 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was theatrically released on 16 January 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=सासू-सुनेची गोष्ट! केदार शिंदेंचा नवा सिनेमा 'या' तारखेला प्रदर्शित होणार, पोस्टर आलं समोर, 'त्या' जोडीला ओळखलंत का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhantay-sasubai-kedar-shinde-new-movie-release-date-sana-shinde-first-film-as-producer-sva-00-5487844/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged as commercial success grossed over ₹10 crore worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:BO&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Nirmiti Sawant]] as Smita<br /> *[[Prarthana Behere]] as Manasvi<br /> *Rajan Bhise as Arun Desai<br /> *Nakul Ghanekar as Saurav<br /> *Abhinay Sawant as Amit<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was theatrically released on 16 January 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; It ran for more than 50 days in theatre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2026-03-07 |title=आणखी एका मराठी सिनेमाची कमाल ! ' अगं अगं सूनबाई!..'ने पूर्ण केले गौरवशाली पन्नास दिवस |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-movie-completed-50-days-in-theaters-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is scheduled to be digitally released on 19 March 2026 on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-14 |title=गुढीपाडव्याला पाहा सासू सुनेची धम्माल; 'अगं अगं सूनबाई! काय म्हणताय सासूबाई?' OTTवर रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-family-film-aga-aga-soonbai-kay-mhantay-sasoobai-set-for-digital-premiere-on-zee5-1416199 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and says the music is the heart of the film—the songs add real emotional depth, the visuals feel natural and authentic, and the film succeeds because of its strong emotions, not glamour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review: अगं अगं सूनबाई ! काय म्हणताय सासूबाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhantay-sasubai/moviereview/126557547.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Santosh Bhingarde of ''[[Sakal]]'' says the film beautifully reuses classic Marathi songs, carefully preserving their soul while giving them a new sound, and that the music strongly supports the story and emotions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2026-01-17 |title=Movie Review : अगं अगं सूनबाई, काय म्हणताय सासूबाई- सासू आणि सुनेच्या नात्याची हळवी गुंफण |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhantay-sasubai-movie-review-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Aga Aga Sunbai Kay Mhanata Sasubai<br /> | length1 = 3:30<br /> | extra1 = [[Vaishali Samant]], [[Priyanka Barve]]<br /> | title2 = Divas Tuze He Phulauche<br /> | length2 = 2:24<br /> | extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]<br /> | title3 = Daav Modu Nako<br /> | length3 = 2:16<br /> | extra3 = Vaishali Samant, Konkan Kanya<br /> | title4 = Nakshatranche Dene<br /> | length4 = 3:21<br /> | extra4 = [[Javed Ali]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=39182225}}<br /> [[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about women in India]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manimala_(actress)&diff=515995 2026-03-19T09:27:49Z

<p>Sherry6361: put up initial pg v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Manimala<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = [[Actress]]<br /> | years_active = 1963-1992<br /> | spouse = [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] &lt;br/&gt;(m.1966)<br /> | children = 1<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manimala''' is an Indian actress, who appeared predominantly in Tamil movie industry, in lead and supporting roles. She has acted in movies such as ''[[Anbu Karangal]]'', ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'', ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]'' and ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/08/05224608/1100733/Cinema-History-Moorthy.vpf |title=நடிகை மணிமாலாவை மணந்தார், மூர்த்தி |date=2017-08-05 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=Tamil |access-date=2022-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''<br /> <br /> ===Tamil===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> # ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' (1963)...Thillaiammal<br /> # ''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]'' (1964)...Sivagami<br /> # ''[[Anbu Karangal]]'' (1965)...Anandhi<br /> # ''[[Kaakum Karangal]]'' (1965)<br /> # ''[[Anandhi (film)|Anandhi]]'' (1965)...Sivakami<br /> # ''[[Thazhampoo]]'' (1965)...Pakiyum<br /> # ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' (1965)...Geeta<br /> # ''[[Poojaikku Vandha Malar]]'' (1965)...Mãlã<br /> # ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]'' (1966)<br /> # ''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]'' (1967)...Lakshmi<br /> # ''Paal Manam'' (1967)<br /> # ''[[Karpooram]]'' (1967)<br /> # ''Nilave Nee Satchi'' (1970)<br /> # ''Kalyana Oorvalam'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Patham Pasali]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Justice Viswanathan]]'' (1971)...Kanchana<br /> # ''[[Maalai Sooda Vaa]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Unakkaga Naan]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Kavari Maan]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''Mattravai Neril'' (1980)<br /> # ''Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai'' (1982)<br /> # ''Samayapurathu Satchi'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985)...Sindhu's mother<br /> # ''[[Janani (1985 film)|Janani]]'' (1985) <br /> # ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]'' (1988)...Guru and Raja's mother<br /> # ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'' (1992)...Sridevi's Maid<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu===<br /> # ''[[Eedu Jodu]]'' (1963)<br /> # ''[[Leta Manasulu (1966 film)|Leta Manasulu]]'' (1966)<br /> # ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]'' (1966)...Hema<br /> # ''[[Suguna Sundari Katha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suguna Sundari Katha |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/suguna-sundari-katha/cast/2000129873/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1970)...Panchala Princess, Padma<br /> # ''[[Marina Manishi]]'' (1970)...Janaki<br /> # ''[[Atthalu Kodallu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athalu Kodallu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OGN |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1971)...Radha Kumari<br /> # ''[[Manasu Mangalyam]]'' (1971)...Amrutha<br /> # ''Basti Bulbul'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' (1971) <br /> # ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)...Raani<br /> # ''Rowdy Police'' (1987)<br /> # ''Rocky'' (1988)<br /> #''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]'' (1992)<br /> <br /> ===Kannada===<br /> # ''[[Mr. Rajkumar]]'' (1970)<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam===<br /> # ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'' (1974)<br /> # ''[[Rasaleela (1975 film)|Rasaleela]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Ithaanente Vazhi]]'' (1978)...Seetha<br /> # ''[[Vivahithare Ithile]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Rithubhedam]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Midhya]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' (1991)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1172684}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manimala}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandal_Commission&diff=457069 2026-03-16T04:18:26Z

<p>Sherry6361: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian commission to identify socially and educationally backward ethnic groups}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{tone|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Politics of India}} <br /> The '''Mandal Commission''' or the '''Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission''' (SEBC), was established in [[India]] in 1979 by the [[Janata Party]] government under Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] with a mandate to &quot;identify the socially or educationally backward classes&quot; of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, Amit. {{cite web|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html |title=Who are the OBCs? |access-date=19 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html |archive-date=27 June 2006 |url-status=dead }} ''Times of India'', 8 April 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; It was headed by [[B. P. Mandal]], an Indian member of parliament, to consider the question of reservations for people to address [[caste]] discrimination, and to use eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs (&quot;[[Other backward classes]]&quot;) identified on the basis of caste, social, economic indicators made up 52% of India's population, the commission's report recommended that members of [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under the central government and public sector undertakings and seats in the higher education institutions, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49.5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mandal commission report - salient features and summary|url=http://www.simplydecoded.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Mandal-commission-report.pdf|work=simplydecoded.com|access-date=7 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{ref|percent}}<br /> <br /> Though the report had been completed in 1980, the [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]] government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990, leading to widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/ |title=Sunday Story: Mandal Commission report, 25 years later |work=The Indian Express |date=September 2015 |access-date=18 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Constitution of India, Article 15 (4) states, &quot; Nothing in this Article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any provision for the advancement of any socially or educationally backward classes of citizens or for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes&quot;. The Mandal Commission had therefore created a report using the data of the 1931 census, the last caste-aware census, extrapolated with some sample studies.<br /> <br /> V. P. Singh was accused of using the Mandal Report despite it having previously been ignored by the Congress government. With almost 75% of the Indian population to receive preferential treatment in government employment, up from 25%, caused social unrest. Earlier 25% population of India which is [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]], was covered and now, more than 25% of Other Backward Class came under reservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Mandal commission - original reports (parts 1 and 2) - report of the backward classes commission |date=1 November 1980 |publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes, Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1161 |access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decision of V.P Singh government led to [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|1990 Mandal Commission protests]]. The upper caste youth went for massive protest in large numbers in the nation's campuses, resulting in self immolations by a student.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mandal commission, 25 years later |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indra Sawhney challenged the Mandal Commission and government decision to implement it in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in front of a nine Judge bench. The case was known as [[Indra Sawhney &amp; Others v. Union of India]]. After hearing both sides the bench upheld the decision of government of reserving 27% of jobs under the central government and public sector undertakings with a provision that there will be ceiling of 50 per cent quotas and emphasized the concept of &quot;social backwardness&quot;, and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. Also, the bench held that creamy layer of income will be applicable for the Other Backward Classes quota. Presently the creamy layer limit is Family income of {{currency|8|INR}} [[lakh]]s per year. It was implemented in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sunday Story: Mandal Commission report, 25 years later |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |publisher=The India Express |date=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The second recommendation of Mandal Commission to implement OBC reservations in higher educational institutions was implemented in 2006. The Union Minister of Human Resource Development at that time, [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] promised to reserve 27% seats for [[Other Backward Classes]] in [[AIIMS|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and other central institutions of higher education. The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act 2005 that was introduced by the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]], granted a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in all Central Government institutions.<br /> <br /> This decision of government led to [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]. The protests ended when on 10 April 2008, in the [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]] case, the Supreme Court upheld the [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment]] and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2091/1/A2007-05.pdf|title= The Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=20 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the provision of 27% quota for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes in IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS, IISc and other premier educational institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://breakingnewsonline.net/home/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414231448/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/2008/04/breaking-news-supreme-court-upholds-obc.html|url-status=dead|title=Breaking News Online: Breaking News! Supreme Court upholds OBC Quota in Educational Institutions|archive-date=14 April 2008|website=Breaking News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Historical background of India ==<br /> The primary objective that the Mandal Commission had in India was to Identify the conditions regarding social and educational backward classes to consider the question of reservations of seats and quotas.<br /> <br /> Leading to the formation of the Mandal Commission, Indian society was based largely on the principles of Jaati and Varna, and to that extent a partially closed system. As the result of colonialism, the artisan and similar classes had been impoverished. This created a social stratification that played a dominant role within Indian society, laying the context for the Mandal Commission to be formed. Therefore, during the late 1900s India witnessed caste and class to stand for different patterns of distribution of properties/occupations for individuals. This directly affected [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] that were known collectively as [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC), which were the focal groups that experienced the severities of colonial exploitation and the resultant caste/class stratification within the social organization found within traditional India.<br /> <br /> The extent of how embedded the caste system is in India, coupled with the colonial impoverishment that many groups such as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] experience, paved the path towards the Indian state to recognize/attempt to redress caste discrimination. [[Other Backward Class]]es have historically been excluded from opportunities and duties that lead to socioeconomic advancement in Indian society. The artisans, peasants, farmers, and owners of cottage industries bore the direct brunt of exploitation under the British Raj. Many self sufficient cottage industries were destroyed to serve colonial needs. The rise of industrialisation and globalisation changed the economic structures in rural India and was another factor leading to the impoverishment of the artisan classes. Combined with social mobility - social is hereditary, and marrying outside one's group is rare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chin|first1=Aimee|last2=Prakash|first2=Nishith|date=October 2010|title=The Redistributive Effects of Political Reservation for Minorities: Evidence from India|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w16509|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, two different types of change that were prevalent during the lead up to the Mandal Commission was: Change in the relative positions of the groups in the caste hierarchy and the Change in how the tendency of how hereditary groups were ranked. Respectively, the first did not impair the caste system as a form of &quot;social stratification&quot; and the second type of change lead to the caste system to transform entirely. Educational background in relation to occupation between two generations were found to be directly correlated. Thus, educational facilities played a critical role among [[Other Backward Class]]es, and the opportunities for those who received poor/well education contributed to the overall social stratification of India. Additionally, the overlap between caste and economics became more apparent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Pawan Kumar|last2=Parthi|first2=Komila|date=June 2004|title=Reproductive health services in Punjab: Evidence of access for Scheduled Castes and non-Scheduled Castes|journal=Social Change|volume=34|issue=2|pages=40–65|doi=10.1177/004908570403400204|s2cid=146674412|issn=0049-0857}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Setting up the Mandal Commission==<br /> Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes in India every 10 years, for the purpose of Articles 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth). The First Backward Classes Commission had a broad-based membership, the Second Commission seemed to be shaped on partisan lines, composed of members only from the backward castes. Of its five members, four were from the OBCs; the remaining one, L.R. Naik, was from the Dalit community, and the only member from the scheduled castes in the commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q_A5CbznVcC&amp;q=mandal+commission&amp;pg=PA1|title=The Mandal Commission and Mandalisation: A Critique|last=Maheshwari|first=Shriram|date=1991|publisher=Concept Publishingk Company|isbn=9788170223382|pages=18–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is popularly known as the Mandal Commission for its chairman being Shri. [[B.P. Mandal]].<br /> <br /> == Reservation policy ==<br /> The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to collect the necessary data and evidence. In order to identify who qualified as an &quot;other backward class,&quot; the commission adopted eleven criteria which could be grouped under three major headings: social, educational and economic. 11 criteria were developed to identify OBCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/753490/redesigning-reservations-why-removing-caste-based-quotas-is-not-the-answer|title=Redesigning reservations: Why removing caste-based quotas is not the answer}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Social===<br /> #Castes/classes considered as socially backward by others,<br /> #Castes/classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood,<br /> #Castes/classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below the 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do so in urban areas. <br /> #Castes/classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;sico1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Mandal Commission |url= http://www.simplydecoded.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Mandal-commission-report.pdf |website= simplydecoded.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COcwoYRCYhcC&amp;q=mandal+commission&amp;pg=PA7|title=Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes: At what Cost and How? : Mandal Commission and After|last1=Agrawal|first1=S. P.|last2=Aggarwal|first2=J. C.|date=1991|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223399|pages=59–60|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Educational===<br /> #Castes/classes where the number of children in the age group of 5–15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the state average.<br /> #Castes/classes where the rate of student drop-out in the age group of 5–15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average,<br /> #Castes/classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average,<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;sico1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Economic===<br /> #Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average,<br /> #Castes/classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average,<br /> #Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50 per cent of the households,<br /> #Castes/classes where the number of households having taken consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;sico1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Weighting indicators===<br /> As the above deginal's family says that three groups are not of equal importance for the purpose, separate weightage was given to indicators in each group. All the Social indicators were given a weightage of 3 points each, educational indicators were given a weightage of 2 points each and economic indicators were given a weightage of 1 point each. Economic, in addition to social and educational Indicators, were considered important as they directly flowed from social and educational backwardness. This also helped to highlight the fact that socially and educationally backward classes are economically backward also.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus, the Mandal Commission judged classes on a scale from 0 to 22. These 11 indicators were applied to all the castes covered by the survey for a particular state. As a result of this application, all castes which had a score of 50% (i.e. 11 points) were listed as socially and educationally backward and the rest were treated as 'advanced'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Observations and findings==<br /> The commission estimated that 52% of the total population of India (excluding SCs and STs), belonging to 3,743 different castes and communities, were ‘backward’.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100512/jsp/nation/story_12439699.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516181415/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100512/jsp/nation/story_12439699.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2010|title=BC, DC or EC? What lies ahead of the census- hazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060717-reservation-policy-for-obcs-who-would-benefit-and-the-costs-involved-782759-2006-07-16|title=OBCs: Who are they?-Reservation policy for OBCs: Who would benefit and what are the costs involved|access-date = 17 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Figures of caste-wise population are not available beyond. So the commission used 1931 census data to calculate the number of OBCs. The population of Hindu OBCs was derived by subtracting from the total population of Hindus, the population of SC and ST and that of forward Hindu castes and communities, and it worked out to be 52 per cent.&lt;ref name=Ramaiah&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ramaiah |first=A |date=6 June 1992 |url=http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |title=Identifying Other Backward Classes |pages=1203–1207 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=27 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Assuming that roughly the proportion of OBCs amongst non-Hindus was of the same order as amongst the Hindus, the population of non-Hindu OBCs was considered as 52 per cent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Number of communities identified as OBC by the commission<br /> ! State/UT !! No. of Other Backward Class !! No. of Depressed Backward Class<br /> |-<br /> | Andhra Pradesh || 292 || 155<br /> |-<br /> | Assam || 135 || 96<br /> |-<br /> | Bihar || 168 || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Gujarat || 105 || 61<br /> |-<br /> | Haryana || 76 || 40<br /> |-<br /> | Himachal Pradesh || 57 || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir || 63 || 40<br /> |-<br /> | Karnataka || 333 || 204<br /> |-<br /> | Kerala || 208 || 128<br /> |-<br /> | Madhya Pradesh || 279 || 160<br /> |-<br /> | Maharashtra || 272 || 164<br /> |-<br /> | Manipur || 49 || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Meghalaya || 37 || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nagaland || 0 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | Orissa (now Odisha) || 224 || 181<br /> |-<br /> | Punjab || 83 || 34<br /> |-<br /> | Rajasthan || 140 || 85<br /> |-<br /> | Sikkim || 10 || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Tamil Nadu || 288 || 171{{efn|name=DBC|the 171 figures for Depressed Backward Classes includes both Tamilnadu and Pondicherry}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tripura || 136 || 76<br /> |-<br /> | Uttar Pradesh || 116 || 67<br /> |-<br /> | West Bengal || 177 || 113<br /> |-<br /> | Andaman and Nicobar Islands || 17 || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Arunachal Pradesh || 10 || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Chandigarh || 93 || 54<br /> |-<br /> | Dadra and Nagar Haveli || 10 || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Delhi || 82 || 40<br /> |-<br /> | Goa, Daman And Diu || 18 || 18<br /> |-<br /> | Lakshadweep || 0 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | Mizoram || 5 || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Pondicherry || 260 || –{{efn|name=DBC}}<br /> |- class=&quot;sort bottom&quot;<br /> ! Aggregate Total || 3,743 || 1,937<br /> |- class=&quot;sort bottom&quot;<br /> ! Pct. of India's population || 52% || 20.56%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The commission made various observation, including;<br /> * Assuming that a child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family had the same intelligence at the time of their birth, then owing to vast differences in social, cultural and environmental factors, the former will beat the latter by lengths in any competitive field. Even if an advanced class child's intelligence quotient was much lower compared to the child of backward class, chances are that the former will still beat the latter in any competition where selection is made on the basis of 'merit'.<br /> * In fact, what we call 'merit' in an elitist society is an amalgam of native endowments and environmental privileges. A child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family are not 'equals' in any fair sense of the term and it will be unfair to judge them by the same yard-stick. The conscience of a civilised society and the dictates of social justice demand that 'merit' and 'equality' are not turned into a fetish and the element of privilege is duly recognised and discounted for when 'unequal' are made to run the same race.&lt;ref&gt;Mandal Commission report, Vol I, pp 23&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * To place the amalgams of open caste conflicts in proper historical context, the study done by Tata institute of Social Sciences Bombay observes. &quot;The British rulers produced many structural disturbances in the Hindu caste structure, and these were contradictory in nature and impact .... Thus, the various impacts of the British rule on the Hindu caste system, viz., near monopolisation of jobs, education and professions by the literati castes, the Western concepts of equality and justice undermining the Hindu hierarchical dispensation, the phenomenon of Sanskritization,∅ genteel reform movement from above and militant reform movements from below, emergence of the caste associations with a new role set the stage for the caste conflicts in modern India. Two more ingredients which were very weak in the British period, viz., politicisation of the masses and universal adult franchise, became powerful moving forces after the Independence.&lt;ref&gt;Mandal Commission report, Vol I, pp 31&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The introduction to the Recommendations section in the report presents the following argument:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandal Commission Report, Vol. 1, Recommendations|pages=57–60}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the commission had concluded that 52 per cent of the country's population consisted of OBCs, it initially argued that the percentage of reservations in public services for backward classes should also match that figure. However, as this would have gone against the earlier judgement of the Supreme Court of India which had laid down that reservation of posts must be below 50 per cent, the proposed reservation for OBCs had to be fixed at a figure, which when added to 22.5 per cent for SCs and STs, remains below the cap of 50 per cent. In view of this legal constraint the commission was obliged to recommend a reservation of 27 per cent only for backward castes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The overlap between caste and economic backwardness became even more tenuous as a result being that it extended to include the OBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Disparity and discrimination in labour market outcomes in India : a quantitative analysis of inequalities|last=Borooah, Vani Kant, author.|isbn=978-3-030-16263-4|oclc=1108737729|date = 18 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Implementation==<br /> Prior to the establishment of the Mandal Commission in [[India]], the state of India faced caste discrimination in terms of social, economic, and political context. Living standards, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and OBC households were viewed to be significantly lower than in the mainstream population, comprising Hindu forward castes and other religious groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parchure|first=Rajas|date=2011-12-01|title=Foreword|journal=Artha Vijnana: Journal of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|volume=53|issue=4|doi=10.21648/arthavij/2011/v53/i4/117540|issn=0971-586X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 1980, the Mandal Commission submitted its Report which described the criteria it used to indicate backwardness, and stated its recommendations in light of its observations and findings. By then, the Janata government had fallen. The following Congress governments under Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi were not willing to act on the Report due to its politically contentious nature. After being neglected for 10 years, the Report was accepted by the National Front government led by V.P. Singh. On 7 August 1990, the National Front government declared that it would provide 27 per cent reservations to &quot;socially and educationally backward classes&quot; for jobs in central services and public undertaking. Having released the Government Order on 13 August, V.P. Singh announced its legal implementation in his Independence Day speech two days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/how-vp-singh-stirred-a-hornets-nest-with-the-mandal-commission|title=How VP Singh Stirred a Hornet's Nest With the Mandal Commission|work=The Quint|access-date=4 November 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-c0nGTRxRIC&amp;q=mandal+commission+and+mandalisation&amp;pg=PA257|title=Current Trends in Indian Politics|last=Gehlot|first=N. S.|date=1998|publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications|isbn=9788171007981|pages=264–265}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> That same year in September, a case was brought before the Supreme Court of India which challenged the constitutional validity of the Government Order for the implementation of the Mandal Report recommendations. [[Indra Sawhney &amp; Others v. Union of India|Indra Sawhney]], the petitioner in this case, made three principal arguments against the Order:&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=India After Gandhi: 10th Anniversary Edition|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|publisher=Picador India|year=2017|isbn=9789382616979|location=New Delhi|pages=602–604}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.legalbites.in/case-analysis-indira-sawhney-v-uoi/|title=Case analysis of Indira Sawhney v. UOI|date=15 September 2016|work=Legal Bites - Law And Beyond|access-date=4 November 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The extension of reservation violated the Constitutional guarantee of equality of opportunity.<br /> * Caste was not a reliable indicator of backwardness.<br /> * The efficiency of public institutions was at risk.<br /> The five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court issued a stay on the operation of the Government Order of 13 August until the final disposal of the case. On 16 November 1992, the Supreme Court, in its verdict, upheld the government order, being of the opinion that caste was an acceptable indicator of backwardness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; Thus, the recommendation of reservations for OBCs in central government services was finally implemented in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-years-after-Mandal-less-than-12-OBCs-in-central-govt-jobs/articleshow/50328073.cms|title=20 years after Mandal, less than 12% OBCs in central govt jobs - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Protest ==<br /> A decade after the commission gave its report, [[V.P. Singh]], the Prime Minister at the time, tried to implement its recommendations in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mandal vs Mandir|date=23 March 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mandal-vs-mandir/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The criticism was sharp and colleges across the country held massive protests against it. These protests were known as [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|1990 Mandal Commission protests]]. On 19 September 1990, [[Rajiv Goswami]], a student of [[Deshbandhu College]], [[Delhi]], attempted [[self-immolation]] in protest of the government's actions. His act made him the face of the Anti-Mandal agitation then. This further sparked a series of self-immolations by other upper-caste college students like him, whose own hopes of getting a government job were now at threat, and led to a formidable student movement against job reservations for [[Backward Castes]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040225/asp/frontpage/story_2934985.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529101657/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040225/asp/frontpage/story_2934985.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2004|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=30 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Altogether, nearly 200 students committed self-immolations; of these, 62 students succumbed to their burns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; The first student protester who died due to self-immolation was Surinder Singh Chauhan on 24 September 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/mandal-memories/article3948854.ece|title=Mandal memories|last=Kumar|first=Anu|date=29 September 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Across northern India, normal business was suspended. Shops were kept closed, and schools and colleges were shut down by student agitators. They attacked government buildings, organised rallies and demonstrations and clashed with the police. Incidents of police firing was reported in six states during agitation, claiming more than 50 lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The mountainous region (present day [[Uttarakhand]]) of Uttar Pradesh saw multiple protests after the implementation of OBC reservation in [[Uttar Pradesh ]](covering current [[Uttarakhand]]). The Hills had abysmal educational infrastructure with Govt Job the only option. Although, [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] constituted a major chunk of population in the plains of Uttar Pradesh, the Demography was quite different in the Hills. The population in Hills mainly consisted of [[Scheduled caste|Upper Caste]], [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC and ST]] with hardly any OBC presence. However, the implementation meant 27% seats in Schools/colleges/Govt Jobs would now go on to the people from Plains. The implementation was one of the reason that intensified the [[Uttarakhand movement|statehood movement of Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.himalmag.com/angry-hills-an-uttarakhand-state-of-mind/ |title = Angry Hills: An Uttarakhand state of mind - Himal Southasian| date=November 1994 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, according to Ramchandra Guha, the agitation did not gain as much traction in southern India as it did in the North due to certain reasons. Firstly, people in the South were more agreeable to the implementation of the Mandal report recommendations as [[Affirmative action in India|affirmative action]] programmes had long been in existence there. Furthermore, while in the South the upper castes constituted less than 10 per cent of the population, the figure in the North was in excess of 20 per cent. Lastly, as the region had a thriving industrial sector, the educated youth in the South were not as dependent on government employment as those in the North.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The first recommendation to implement OBC reservation in 27% of jobs under the central government and public sector undertakings was implemented by V.P. Singh. However, the second recommendation to implement OBC reservation in 27% of seats in higher education institutions was implemented in 2006 under [[United Progressive Alliance]] government.<br /> <br /> After the [[State Assembly elections in India, 2006|State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Assam and West Bengal]] in 2006, the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] promised to reserve 27% seats for [[Other Backward Classes]] in [[AIIMS|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and other central institutions of higher education. The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act 2005 that was introduced by the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]], granted a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in all Central Government institutions.<br /> <br /> The [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]] took place in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India to implement reservations for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. <br /> <br /> Finally, the protests ended when the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the reservations in its landmark judgement. On 10 April 2008, in the [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]] case, the Supreme Court upheld the [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment]] and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2091/1/A2007-05.pdf|title= The Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=20 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the provision of 27% quota for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes in IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS, IISc and other premier educational institutions. But it directed the government to exclude the &quot;creamy layer&quot;, families whose annual salary in more than ₹4,50,000, among the OBCs while implementing the law. However, the &quot;creamy layer&quot; exclusion would not be applied to the SC/STs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-allows-27-quota-for-OBCs/articleshow/2942977.cms |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |title=SC allows 27% quota for OBCs |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412004605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/SC_allows_27_quota_for_OBCs/articleshow/2942977.cms |archive-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2942622.cms | work=The Times of India | title=SC okays 27% quota for OBCs in higher studies- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times | date=11 April 2008| access-date= 12 April 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080046498|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411150638/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080046498|url-status=dead|title=NDTV.com: SC upholds 27 per cent OBC quota in educational institutions&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|archive-date=11 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://breakingnewsonline.net/home/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414231448/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/2008/04/breaking-news-supreme-court-upholds-obc.html|url-status=dead|title=Breaking News Online: Breaking News! Supreme Court upholds OBC Quota in Educational Institutions|archive-date=14 April 2008|website=Breaking News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Governments OBC quota in higher educational institutions|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=13 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413234721/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041161220100.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Supreme Court upholds law for 27% OBC quota |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414204404/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041161220100.htm |archive-date=14 April 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.freshnews.in/supreme-court-upholds-government%E2%80%99s-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions-24625 |title=Supreme Court upholds Government's OBC quota in higher educational institutions &amp;#124; Latest News |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526053112/http://www.freshnews.in/supreme-court-upholds-government%E2%80%99s-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions-24625 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Criticisms==<br /> [[Image:PopulationEstimations.jpg|thumb|600px|right|**NFHS Survey estimated only Hindu OBC population. Total OBC population derived by assuming Muslim OBC population in same proportion as Hindu OBC population.]]<br /> <br /> The National Sample Survey puts the figure at 32%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060611/main2.htm|title=Reply to SC daunting task for government|last=Negi|first=S.S.|date=10 June 2006|newspaper=The Tribune|access-date=23 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBC's in India, with census data compromised by partisan politics. It is generally estimated to be sizeable, but lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/060524/43/64i2a.html|title=What is India's population of other backward classes?|last=Anand|first=Arun|date=24 May 2007|publisher=Yahoo! News India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627055815/http://in.news.yahoo.com/060524/43/64i2a.html|archive-date=27 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is also a debate about the estimation logic used by the Mandal Commission for calculating OBC population. [[Yogendra Yadav]], [[psephologist]] turned politician, agrees that there is no empirical basis to the Mandal figure. According to Yadav, &quot;It is a mythical construct based on reducing the number of SC/ST, Muslims and others and then arriving at a number.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/36-population-is-obc-not-52-106050801060_1.html |title=36% population is OBC, not 52% |work=Business Standard News |date=8 May 2006 |access-date=18 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Yadav argues that government jobs were availed to those who by their own means had got higher education, and that reservation for OBC's was only one of the many recommendations of the Mandal Commission, which largely remain unimplemented after 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/let-s-have-an-index-to-measure-how-disadvantaged-an-individual-is-yogendra-yadav-1439668620.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816090352/http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/let-s-have-an-index-to-measure-how-disadvantaged-an-individual-is-yogendra-yadav-1439668620.html |archive-date=16 August 2015 |title=25 years on, Mandal Commission has yet to take off: Yogendra Yadav}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The National Sample Survey's 1999–2000 round estimated around 36 percent of the country's population as belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBC). The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs. A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics (NFHS) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210128/http://www.southasianmedia.net/cnn.cfm?id=292238&amp;category=Social%20Sectors&amp;Country=INDIA 36% population is OBC, not 52%]}}. South Asian Free Media Association (8 May 2006). Retrieved on 27 May 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> L R Naik, the only [[Dalit]] member in the Mandal Commission refused to sign the Mandal recommendations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1486250.cms|title=Mandal's True Inheritors|date=12 December 2006|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naik argued that intermediate backward classes are relatively powerful, while depressed backward classes, or most backward classes (MBCs) remain economically marginalised.<br /> <br /> As the debate on OBC reservations spreads, a few interesting facts which raise pertinent question are already apparent. To begin with, figures on the proportion of OBCs in the Indian population vary widely. According to the Mandal Commission (1980) it is 52 percent. According to 2001 Indian Census, out of India's population of 1,028,737,436 the Scheduled Castes account for 166,635,700 and Scheduled Tribes 84,326,240; that is 16.2% and 8.2% respectively. There is nocoss data on OBCs in the census.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiacensus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/census_online/population.html|title=Population|publisher=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526211911/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/census_online/population.html|archive-date=26 May 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=27 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, according to National Sample Survey's 1999–2000 round around 36 per cent of the country's population is defined as belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBC). The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs. A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics (NFHS) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent.&lt;ref name=&quot;OBCdata1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/cnn.cfm?id=292238&amp;category=Social%20Sectors&amp;Country=INDIA|title=36% population is OBC, not 52%|date=8 May 2006|publisher=South Asian Free Media Association|access-date=27 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210128/http://www.southasianmedia.net/cnn.cfm?id=292238&amp;category=Social%20Sectors&amp;Country=INDIA|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSSO data also shows that already 23.5 per cent of college seats are occupied by OBCs. That's just 8.6 per cent short of their share of population according to the same survey.<br /> <br /> Moreover, as per 2006 [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] report the number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) from 3,743 identified by the Mandal commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/time-to-curb-number-of-backward-castes/article1910694.ece|title=Time to curb number of backward castes|website=[[The Hindu]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-muslim-obcs-and-affirmative-action/233259|title=The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action-SACHAR COMMITTEE REPORT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/secc-2011-headed-mandal-2-quotas-2019-2347952.html|title=SECC 2011: Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019|date=17 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> * [[Backwardism]]<br /> * [[Forward Castes]]<br /> * [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990]]<br /> * [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]<br /> * [[Reservation in India]]<br /> * [[Dalit]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). &quot;Identifying Other Backward Classes&quot; ([http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1992_27/23/Identifying_Other_Backward_Classes.pdf]) pp.&amp;nbsp;1203–1207. Economic and Political Weekly. URL accessed on 5 December 2013.<br /> * [http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1161 Complete Text of the Mandal Commission Report]<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.boloji.com/analysis2/0333.htm Reserving the deserving, genesis of a debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117222746/http://boloji.com/analysis2/0333.htm |date=17 January 2010 }}<br /> * [http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/14guest1.htm The Skimming of the creamy layer]<br /> * [http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-ravat180406.htm Countercurrents]<br /> * [http://www.youthforequality.com/ Youth for Equality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502063651/http://www.youthforequality.com/ |date=2 May 2010 }}<br /> * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040508131657/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/06/24/stories/2003062400731000.htm Diluting Mandal]}} from S.S.Gill, Secretary, Mandal Commission.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929023356/http://www.gruhalaxmi.com/articles/3/1/I-support-reservations-and-respected-premji-is-dead-wrong-in-his-rejection/ Supporting reservations]<br /> * [http://www.amitsrivastava.in/2006/06/rajiv-gandhis-speech-on-reservation.html Late Mr Rajiv Gandhi's Speech on Mandal Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151822/http://www.amitsrivastava.in/2006/06/rajiv-gandhis-speech-on-reservation.html |date=19 July 2011 }}<br /> <br /> {{Indian commissions}}<br /> {{Reservation in India}}<br /> {{Discrimination}} <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]<br /> [[Category:Reservation in India]]<br /> [[Category:1979 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Desai administration]]<br /> [[Category:Discrimination in India]] <br /> [[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]<br /> [[Category:Other Backward Classes]]<br /> [[Category:Political terminology in India]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunjunni_Mash&diff=475569 2026-03-16T01:59:33Z

<p>Sherry6361: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian poet}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kunjunni<br /> | image = Kunhunnimash.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1927|5|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Valapad]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2006|3|26|1927|5|10}}<br /> | death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | education =<br /> | alma_mater =<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Poet|lyricist}}<br /> | title =<br /> | awards = {{ubl|1977&amp;nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]|1987&amp;nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]|2001&amp;nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]}}<br /> | notable_works =<br /> | parents = {{ubl|Neelakantan Moosath (father)| Narayani Amma (mother)}}<br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kunjunni''' (10 May 1927 - 26 March 2006), popularly known as '''Kunjunni Mash''' ({{Translation|Kunjunni, The Teacher}}), was an Indian poet of [[Malayalam literature]]. Known for his short poems with a philosophical overtone, his works were popular among children as well as adults. He received several honors including three [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and career==<br /> Kunjunni was born on 10 May 1927 at [[Valapad]], a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Njayapilly Illathu ''Neelakantan Moosath'' and ''Athiyarathu Narayani Amma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;About Author Kunjunni Mash&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/kunjunni-mash/2/ |title=About Author Kununni Mash |date=2019-03-25 |website=keralabookstore.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunjunni started his career as a teacher at the Chelari school. He joined [[Ramakrishna Mission]] Sevashrama High School in [[Kozhikode]] in 1953. He was an inmate of the Ashrama and taught, looked after, and interacted with the hostel boys there. He retired from teaching in 1982 but continued to live in the Ashrama, which he had found to be most suitable for his unpretentious life and writings are known for their simplicity, till he retired to his district for health reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kunjunni-passes-away/article3170082.ece |title=Kunjunni passes away |date=2006-03-27 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunjunni died in his ancestral house at [[Valapad]] on 26 March 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He was known and admired for living a humble life with minimal needs, and few comforts or luxuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/story.php?id=731&amp;cat_id=503|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128064935/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/story.php?id=731&amp;cat_id=503|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|title=Big Big Kunjunni Mash|publisher=Mathrubhumi|access-date=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/Lifestyle/Poetry10/kunjunni.htm|title=Big Kunjunni Mash|publisher=Manoramaonline|access-date=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> {{quote box|align = right|width=22em|<br /> ''In Cross my Belief, In Purse my Relief.........''<br /> <br /> {{indent|2}}<br /> ''Kaakka Paari Vannu, Paara Melirunnu'' (Flew in a crow, sat on the rocks)<br /> {{indent|2}}<br /> ''Kaakka Paari Poyi, Paara Baakkiyaayi'' (Flew out the crow, stayed back the rocks)<br /> <br /> Excerpts from Kunjunni poems}}<br /> <br /> He was known for writing short poems which appeared to be childlike in form but conveyed a message. Kunjunni handled the column for children in the ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' weekly under the pseudonym &quot;Kuttettan&quot;. He initiated three or four generations of aspiring writers into writing. Kunjunni returned to his native village in 1987 and became involved in social and cultural activities in the Thrissur area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot; /&gt; He appeared in ''[[Bhoomi Geetham]]'', a 1993 film directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot; /&gt; His autobiography, ''Enniloode'', is noted for its candour, humour and simplicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Enniloode&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80906&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Enniloode |last=Kunjunni |date=1987 |publisher=P. K. Brothers |location=Calicut}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Oridathu Oridathu Oru Kunjunni Mash'' is a biography of the poet, written by [[Sippy Pallippuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Of Kunjunni Mash&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://poornna.com/oridathu-oridathu-oru-kunjunni |title=Biography Of Kunjunni Mash |date=2019-03-26 |website=poornna.com |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326131654/http://poornna.com/oridathu-oridathu-oru-kunjunni |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70629&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kunjunniyude kavithakal |last=Kunjunni |date=1969 |publisher=Kunjunni}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=48381&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Ezhuthachantae Mozhimuthukal |date=1995 |publisher=Bodhi |editor-last=Kunjunni |location=Calicut |editor-last2=Karthikeyan |editor-first2=K. G.}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76831&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kunjunni kavithakal |last=Kunjunni |date=1978 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76241&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kavitha |last=Kunjunni |date=1977 |publisher=Kerala Kavitha Grandhavali}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=99742&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Valiya kuttikkavithakal |last=Kunjunni |date=2010 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=9788126428236 |location=kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=98935&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Pazhamozhi pathayam |last=Kunjunni |year=2003 |publisher=D C books |isbn=9788126405954 |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=98534&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kunnolamvalippamulla kunju kathakal |last=Kunjunni |date=2011 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126416110 |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85719&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Katamkathakal |last=Kunjunni |date=2005 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |isbn=9788176900768 |location=Thrissur}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83360&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Theranjedutha pazhanchollukal |last=Kunjunni |date=1992 |publisher=P K Brothers |location=Calicut}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=203339&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Oonuthottu Urakkam vare |last=Kunjunni |date=1971 |publisher=Author |location=Author}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214572&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Amruthakadhakal |last=Kunjunni |publisher=Malayalam Publication, Kozhikode |location=Malayalam Publication, Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=213247&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Namboodiri Phalithangal |last=Kunjunni |date=1984 |publisher=N.B.S |location=Kottayam. Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=206886&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Rashtreeyam |last=Kunjunni |date=1989 |publisher=D.C. Book House |location=D.C. Book House}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=202601&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kunjunnimashum Kuttyolum |last=Kunjunni |date=1986 |publisher=Alhuda Bookstall, Kozhikode |location=Alhuda Bookstall, Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=229559&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kuttettan |last=Kunjunni |date=2007 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=229558&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kilukilukkampetti |last=Kunjunni |date=2007 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=228499&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Adiyum Podiyum |last=Kunjunni |date=2003 |publisher=Currand Books |location=Trichur}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227387&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Nadatham |last=Kunjunni |date=2003 |publisher=Poorna |location=Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227196&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kunjunnikkurippukal |last=Kunjunni |date=2001 |publisher=Oliv |location=Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227033&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kuttettande Kurippukal |last=Kunjunni |date=204 |publisher=Lipi Publications |location=Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=221261&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kinginikavithakal |last=Kunjunni |date=1986 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co.op. Society Ltd., Kottayam |location=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co.op. Society Ltd., Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=216537&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Appooppanthadi |last=Kunjunni |date=1985 |publisher=N.B.S., Kottayam |location=N.B.S., Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=285111&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kuttikavithakalum kathakalum kurippukalum |last=Kunjunni |date=2015 |publisher=Mambazham, DC books |isbn=9788126453696 |location=Kottayam |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327104247/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=285111&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306399&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Valiyavanavan |last=kunjunni |date=1986 |publisher=P.K.Brothers |location=Calicut}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306384&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kuttammanum kottaravum |last=Kunjunni |date=1992 |publisher=P.K.Brothers |location=Calicut}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306379&amp;query_desc=au%253A%2522Kunjunni%2522 |title=Kuttikalute nighandu |last=Kunjunni |date=2006 |publisher=D.C.Books |isbn=9788126409693 |edition=3rd |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=118254&amp;query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kunjunni |title=Nallathupole Padikkanulla Kunhu Sootrangal |last=Kunjunni |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=http://keralabookstore.com/book/kunjunni-ramayanam/1510/ |title=Kunjunni Ramayanam |last=Kunjunni |publisher=Poorna Publications |year=2003 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=http://keralabookstore.com/book/kaiyezhuthum-thalelezhuthum/8/ |title=Kaiyezhuthum Thalelezhuthum |last=Kunjunni |publisher=H and C Books |year=2003 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Cheriya Kuttikkavithakal |last=Kunjunni |publisher=Mambazham: An Imprint of DC Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-8126427154}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18005329 |title=Pulivaalu |last=Kunjunni |publisher=DC Books}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/25090571-kurum-kavithakal |title=Kurum Kavithakal |last=Kunjunni |publisher=H &amp; C Books |year=2001}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/55289412-kunjunni-mashude-lokam |title=Kunjunni Mashude Lokam |last=Kunjunni |publisher=Pulari Books |year=2004}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/pathinanchum-pathinanchum-children-porms-kunjunni?author_id= |title=Pathinanchum Pathinanchum |last=Kunjunni |publisher=National Book Stall |year=2015}}<br /> *''Vithum Muthum''<br /> *''Kutti Pencil''<br /> *''Kuttikal Padunnu''<br /> *''Undanum Undiyum''<br /> *''Kalikoppu''<br /> *''Pathinanchum Pathinanchum''<br /> *''Aksharathettu''<br /> *''Nonsense Kavithakal''<br /> *''Muthumani''<br /> *''Chakkarappava''<br /> *''Kadalippazham''<br /> *''Kalikkalam''<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] selected Kunjunni for their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature|annual award for children's literature]] in 1977 for his work, ''Aksharathettu''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Endowments/Award_Balasahityam.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature |date=2019-03-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the State Institute of Children's Literature Award in 1982,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot; /&gt; followed by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] in 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry |date=2019-03-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626195512/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The academy honoured him again in 2001 with the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|Award for Overall Contributions]] in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/total.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions |date=2019-03-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the lifetime achievement award of the State Institute of Children's Literature in 2002, the same year as he received the Vazhakunnuam Award. A year later, he was awarded the V. A. Kesavan Nair Award (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni passes away&quot; /&gt; He was also a recipient of the Tomyas Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Kovelan chosen for Tomyas award | date = 2 June 2008 | work = The Hindu }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kunjunni Award]] is a literary award instituted by Balasahiti Prakashan, the publication wing of Balagokulam, in memory of Kunjunni Mash. The award carries a cash prize of Rs 25,000, a plaque and a certificate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=കുഞ്ഞുണ്ണി പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |language=ml |newspaper=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=537660&amp;u=award |access-date=19 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Feature and short films==<br /> *2014: '[http://kunjunnikavithakal.com/ Mayilpeeli thundum vala pottukalum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218103928/http://kunjunnikavithakal.com/ |date=18 February 2015 }}': a [[docufiction]], directed by Biju Meya. The character of Kunjunni Mash was portrayed by Krishnan Namboothiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunjunni Mash - Mayil Peeli Thundum Vala Pottukalum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzXQVda8etA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/UzXQVda8etA |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|title=Kunjunni Mash - Mayil Peeli Thundum Vala Pottukalum |last=Sorcerer Leo |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2019-03-26}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Kunhunni mash handwriting-post card to Balachandran Kottody.png|Handwriting of Kunjunni Mash, on a post card<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/12394812 |title=A Short Biographical Sketch and Works of Kunjunni Master |last=Baiju K Nath |website=Academia |access-date=2019-03-26}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfqSn8vJLGQ |title=Kunjunni Mash |last=Kerala Vision World HD |date=2018-02-05 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-25}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XHW3Qf80ZA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/_XHW3Qf80ZA |archive-date=2021-12-18 |title=kunjunni Mash..malayalam poet |last=First Show |date=2015-03-31 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-25}}{{cbignore}}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gib-oFKXFd8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/gib-oFKXFd8 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |title=Ormakalile Irippidangal - Kunjunni Mash - Documentary |last=Kerala Vision Kerala |date=2015-11-15 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-25}}{{cbignore}}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A-kaTbc4X0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/4A-kaTbc4X0 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |title=Poet Kunjunni Mash - Documentary |last=DD Malayalam |date=2018-10-10 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-25}}{{cbignore}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mash, Kunjunni}}<br /> [[Category:1927 births]]<br /> [[Category:2006 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam poets]]<br /> [[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanti_Ranjan_Bhattacharya&diff=534613 2026-03-15T04:32:34Z

<p>Sherry6361: added post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Urdu scholar, translator, and literary figure of Bengali origin}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya<br /> | native_name = শান্তিরঞ্জন ভট্টাচার্য<br /> | native_name_lang= bn<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|9|24|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = Masura, Bhojeshwar, [[Faridpur District]], Bengal Presidency (now Bangladesh)<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|9|15|1930|9|24|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br /> | occupation = Scholar, writer, Urdu–Bengali translator<br /> | alma_mater = [[Mahbub College High School]] (Secunderabad)<br /> | notable_works = <br /> *''Bengali Hinduon ki Urdu Khidmaat'' (1963)<br /> *''Tazkirah-e-Tasanif-e-Bangala''<br /> | awards = [[Rabindra Puraskar]] (1966); Honorary [[D.Litt.]] (1967); [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (1991)<br /> }}<br /> '''Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya''' (24 September 1930 – 15 September 1993) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] scholar and writer known for his contributions to [[Urdu]] literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book<br /> |last=Firoze<br /> |first=Mohammad<br /> |title=Obaidi: A Persian Poet of Nineteenth-century Bengal<br /> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVNLAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Shanti+Ranjan+Bhattacharya+Urdu<br /> |publisher=Iran Society<br /> |location=Kolkata<br /> |year=2005<br /> |page=17<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=6 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; He explored the linguistic and literary connections between [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and documented the role of [[Bengali Hindus]] in the development of Urdu. His seminal book ''Bengali Hinduon ki Urdu Khidmaat'' (The Contributions of Bengali Hindus to Urdu) earned him the [[Rabindra Puraskar]] awarded by the [[Government of West Bengal]] in 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |date=January 2019 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=978-81-7955-292-6 |editor-last=Basu|editor-first=Anjali|volume=2 |location=Kolkata |pages=382–383 |language=bn |trans-title=Samsad Bengali Biographical Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and background ==<br /> Bhattacharya was born on 24 September 1930 in Masura village, Bhojeshwar, then located in [[Faridpur District]] of [[East Bengal]] (now in Bangladesh). He hailed from a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family of the [[Vasishtha]] lineage, traditionally associated with priesthood and Sanskrit scholarship. His grandfather, Bhagwan Chandra Bhattacharya, named him &quot;Shanti&quot; to mark a newfound period of peace and prosperity in the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=شانتی رنجن بھٹاچاریہ: حیات و خدمات |trans-title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya: Life and Contributions |last=Aazam |first=Mohammad Farooq |publisher=Al-Balagh Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |language=ur |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shanti-ranjan-bhattacharya-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-farooq-aazam-ebooks?lang=ur#10 |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> [[File:Vivek Vardhini High School Hyderabad Telangana.jpg|thumb|Vivek Vardhini High School Hyderabad, alma mater of Bhattacharya during his early years]]<br /> Bhattacharya's father, Baikuntha Nath Bhattacharya, was employed with the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway|Nizam's State Railway]] in [[Hyderabad]], while his mother, Charubala Devi, was a homemaker. In 1937, at the age of seven, Bhattacharya moved to [[Hyderabad]] with his family, which had migrated there due to his father's employment in the railway service. Coming from a [[Bengali Brahmin]] background, the family settled in the culturally diverse city, where Urdu held official status. He enrolled at Vivek Vardhini High School, completing his early education up to class five. Immersed in an Urdu-speaking environment, he developed a deep affinity for the language while also gaining familiarity with [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=شانتی رنجن بھٹاچاریہ: حیات و خدمات<br /> |trans-title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya: Life and Contributions<br /> |last=Aazam<br /> |first=Mohammad Farooq<br /> |publisher=Al-Balagh Publications<br /> |location=New Delhi<br /> |year=2013<br /> |language=ur-IN<br /> |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shanti-ranjan-bhattacharya-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-farooq-aazam-ebooks?lang=ur#11<br /> |page=10<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; He later joined [[Mahbub College High School]] in [[Secunderabad]], where he studied English and Urdu and resided in the hostel. He passed his secondary examination in 1948–49, but financial limitations after his father's retirement prevented him from pursuing higher education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=شانتی رنجن بھٹاچاریہ: حیات و خدمات<br /> |trans-title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya: Life and Contributions<br /> |last=Aazam<br /> |first=Mohammad Farooq<br /> |publisher=Al-Balagh Publications<br /> |location=New Delhi<br /> |year=2013<br /> |language=ur-IN<br /> |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shanti-ranjan-bhattacharya-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-farooq-aazam-ebooks?lang=ur#12<br /> |page=11<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the age of 20, Bhattacharya joined the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle]], which inspired his first Urdu novel, ''Dharti se Aakash Tak'' (From the Earth to the Sky), serialized in a Mumbai-based Urdu newspaper. By 1953, he was contributing regular columns to Hyderabad’s Urdu press. Following his father's death in 1955, he moved to [[Kolkata]] in search of employment.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In Kolkata, he served as the editor of the Urdu weekly ''Film Weekly'' for nearly two years. In 1965, he was appointed as an Urdu translator and English proofreader in the [[Ministry of Information &amp; Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Department of Information and Public Relations]] under the Government of West Bengal, where he worked until his retirement in 1988. Between 1974 and 1978, he was deputed to the [[Government of India]] and held various roles including Assistant Information Officer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=شانتی رنجن بھٹاچاریہ: حیات و خدمات |trans-title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya: Life and Contributions |last=Aazam |first=Mohammad Farooq |publisher=Al-Balagh Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |language=ur |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shanti-ranjan-bhattacharya-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-farooq-aazam-ebooks?lang=ur#13 |page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary contributions ==<br /> Bhattacharya played a key role in promoting Urdu literature in [[Bengal]]. His first collection of short stories, ''Raah Ka Kaanta'', was published in 1960. Over the years, he authored numerous works that explored the relationship between Urdu and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and highlighted the contribution of Bengali-speaking communities to [[Urdu literature]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His most acclaimed work, ''Bengali Hinduon ki Urdu Khidmaat'' (1963), examined the literary contributions of Bengali Hindus to Urdu and earned him the [[Rabindra Puraskar]]. He also produced instructional materials to teach Urdu to Bengali speakers, engaged in comparative linguistics, and wrote critical essays on [[Ghalib]], [[Tagore]], and [[Nazrul]]. He translated several major Bengali works into Urdu, such as ''[[Arogya Niketan]]'' by [[Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]] (translated as ''Gulshan-e-Sehat''), and ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' (translated as ''Chānd kā Pahāṛ'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hanfi |first=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Hanfi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/wazahati-kitabiyat-1997-volume-020-muzaffar-hanfi-ebooks?lang=ur#417 |title=وضاحتی کتابیات |date= |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] |year=2003 |isbn=81-7587-018-4 |edition=1st |volume=20 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=2003 |page=420 |language=ur-IN |trans-title=Annotated bibliography}}&lt;/ref&gt; by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]. He also translated Urdu literature into Bengali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some of his books became part of the M.A. Urdu syllabus at [[University of Calcutta]], and he also served as an M.Phil. examiner at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. Bhattacharya was appointed News Editor when Urdu news broadcasts were launched on [[Doordarshan]] Kolkata. He also served as President of the West Bengal chapter of [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours and recognition ==<br /> Bhattacharya received numerous accolades throughout his life. He was highly regarded by leading linguists such as [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]]. In 1966, he was conferred the [[Rabindra Puraskar]] by the Government of West Bengal for his original research work ''Bengali Hinduon ki Urdu Khidmaat''. The book was widely praised, and Chatterji informally addressed him as &quot;Doctor&quot; in appreciation of his scholarship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1967, Bhattacharya received an honorary doctorate in literature (''Daktoor-e-Adab'') from Oriental College, Bombay, for his bibliographic work ''Tazkirah-e-Tasanif-e-Bangāla'', which catalogued Urdu publications up to the 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newalpuri|first=Hafeezullah|author-link=Hafizullah Newalpuri|date=1994|editor-last=Vikram|editor-first=Nand Kishor|title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/aalmi-urdu-adab-delhi-volume-010-nand-kishor-vikram-magazines?lang=ur#297|journal=Aalmi Urdu Adab|location=Krishna Nagar, Delhi|volume=10|page=298|lang=ur-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1991, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his Urdu translation of ''[[Arogya Niketan]]'' by Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samsad&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Bhattacharya died of cardiac arrest in [[Kolkata]] on 15 September 1993 at the age of 63.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=شانتی رنجن بھٹاچاریہ: حیات و خدمات<br /> |trans-title=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya: Life and Contributions<br /> |last=Aazam<br /> |first=Mohammad Farooq<br /> |publisher=Al-Balagh Publications<br /> |location=New Delhi<br /> |year=2013<br /> |language=ur-IN<br /> |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shanti-ranjan-bhattacharya-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-farooq-aazam-ebooks?lang=ur#25<br /> |page=24<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Shanti Ranjan}}<br /> [[Category:1930 births]]<br /> [[Category:1993 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Faridpur District]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._J._Chitra&diff=459345 2026-03-13T17:28:29Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description| Indian television actress (1992–2020)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = V. J. Chitra<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_name = Chitra Kamaraj<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1992|05|02|df=yes}}|<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|12|09|1992|05|02|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | death_place = [[Nazarethpettai, Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | education = Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College For Women (2012–2014)<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Television actress|video jockey|anchor}}<br /> | years_active = 2013–2020<br /> | death_cause = [[Suicide by hanging]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chitra Kamaraj''' (2 May 1992 – 9 December 2020), better known as '''V. J. Chitra''', was an Indian television actress and anchor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2018 |title=Velunachi to go off-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/65118289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122090240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/65118289.cms |archive-date=22 November 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She rose to fame with her role in the Tamil soap opera ''[[Pandian Stores]]'', and made her film acting debut in ''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]'' (2021). She is known well for her appearances in shows such as ''Vilayadu Vaagai Soodu'' (2012), ''Sattam Solvathu Enna?'' (2013), ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' (2013–17), ''Nodiku Nodi Athiradi'' (2014), ''Oor Suthalaam Vaanga'' (2014), ''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]'' (2014), ''En Samayal Araiyil'' (2014), ''Ossthi Comedy Kusthi'' (2014), ''Ring O Ring'' (2014), ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' (2014–18), [[Darling Darling (TV series)|''Darling Darling'']] (2016–17), ''[[Dance Jodi Dance]]'' (2016–17), ''[[Velunachi]]'' (2018) and ''Pandian Stores'' (2018–20).<br /> <br /> On 9 December 2020, Chitra was found dead in a hotel room in [[Nazarethpettai]] in an apparent [[suicide by hanging]]. On 15 December 2020, her husband Hemanth Ravi was arrested and charged with helping her commit suicide. Police are still currently investigating the case.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> Chitra Kamaraj was born on 2 May 1992 in Chennai. Before becoming a full-time actress, she was a television host.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Who is VJ Chitra? All you need to know about Tamil TV actress who committed suicide |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/who-is-vj-chitra-all-you-need-to-know-about-tamil-tv-actress-who-committed-suicide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209133350/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/who-is-vj-chitra-all-you-need-to-know-about-tamil-tv-actress-who-committed-suicide |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After seeing Chitra host a television show, [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] reached out with an offer for her to act in ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' (2016) alongside actresses [[Nirosha]] and [[Nalini]]. The success of the series prompted her to sign up for other shows including ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'', ''[[Velunachi]]''. In ''[[Pandian Stores]]'', Chitra portrayed the character Mullai, the role was replaced by [[Kaavya Arivumani]] after her death, and later by Laavanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;act&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=18 September 2019 |title=Chithu to make her film debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chithu-to-make-her-film-debut/articleshow/71167493.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011002535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chithu-to-make-her-film-debut/articleshow/71167493.cms |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chitra signed on to appear in her first film role in mid-2019 through [[Calls (film)|''Calls'']] (2021). The film would feature her as a [[Business process outsourcing to India|business process outsourcing]] professional and was shot in late 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;act&quot; /&gt; It also marked her only film appearance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=VJ Chithu's debut film to release in Jan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-chithus-debut-film-to-release-in-jan/articleshow/79711042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214142652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-chithus-debut-film-to-release-in-jan/articleshow/79711042.cms |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> <br /> Chitra got engaged to Hemanth Ravi, a businessman, in August 2020, and the couple got married in October 2020. Her wedding was scheduled to be in February 2021 before her death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=TV actress Chithu is engaged to a businessman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-chithu-is-engaged-to-a-businessman/articleshow/77762528.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223094738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-chithu-is-engaged-to-a-businessman/articleshow/77762528.cms |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> <br /> On 9 December 2020, Chitra was found dead in a hotel room in [[Nazarethpettai]] at 9:32 am. Reports and autopsy results suggest that Chitra died from [[suicide by hanging]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Popular TV actor and host VJ Chitra found dead in Chennai hotel room |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/popular-tv-actor-and-host-vj-chitra-found-dead-chennai-hotel-room-139252 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209032148/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/popular-tv-actor-and-host-vj-chitra-found-dead-chennai-hotel-room-139252 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chellappan |first=Kumar |date=13 December 2020 |title=Suicide by actresses raises safety concerns in South Indian film industry |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/suicide-by-actresses-raises-safety-concerns-in-south-indian-film-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213005957/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/suicide-by-actresses-raises-safety-concerns-in-south-indian-film-industry.html |archive-date=13 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2020, her husband Hemanth Ravi was later arrested and charged with criminal offenses. However, police officers are still currently investigating the whole case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 December 2020 |title=Chitra's husband Hemanth arrested |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chitra-husband-hemanth-arrested-7105297/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215032620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chitra-husband-hemanth-arrested-7105297/ |archive-date=15 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> === Television performances ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of performances on television<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role(s) !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Channel(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Vilayadu Vaagai Soodu'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anchor || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Makkal TV <br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Sattam Solvathu Enna?'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2013–16 || ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)]]'' || Kalaiyarasi (Vettaiyan's Friend) || [[Star Vijay]] <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2014 || ''Nodiku Nodi Athiradi'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anchor || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Makkal TV <br /> |-<br /> | ''Oor Suthalaam Vaanga''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]''|| Vishali ||[[Jaya TV]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''En Samayal Araiyil'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anchor || Makkal TV <br /> |-<br /> | ''Ossthi Comedy Kusthi'' || Raadan <br /> |-<br /> | ''Ring O Ring'' || Contestant<br /> | [[Vendhar TV]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2014–16 || ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]] Season 3'' || Periya Papa || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015 || ''Saa Boo Thri'' Season 2 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anchor || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vendhar TV <br /> |-<br /> | ''Jill Jung Juk'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2016–17 || [[Darling Darling (TV series)|''Darling Darling'']] || Anitha (Honey) || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Zee Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2016–17 || ''[[Dance Jodi Dance]] Season 1''|| contestant <br /> |-<br /> | 2016–17 || [[Nanbenda (TV series)|''Nanbenda'']] || Participant <br /> |-<br /> | 2016–18 || ''Aaha Maamiyar Oho Marumagal'' || Anchor <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017 || ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]'' || Ghost (Special Appearance)||Star Vijay <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Zee Dance League]]'' || Contestant || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zee Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2017–18 || ''Anjarai Petty'' || Host<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Velunachi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Velunachi fame Chithra has a hidden talent; Watch the video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-fame-chithra-has-a-hidden-talent-watch-the-video/articleshow/65672988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223094823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-fame-chithra-has-a-hidden-talent-watch-the-video/articleshow/65672988.cms |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-actress-chithra-learns-to-climb-trees/articleshow/63876816.cms|title=Velunachi actress Chithra learns to climb trees|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 April 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Velunachi || [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2018–19 || ''Jodi Fun Unlimited'' || Contestant || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Star Vijay <br /> |-<br /> | 2018–20 || ''[[Pandian Stores]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=Pandian Stores crosses 200 episodes milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandian-stores-crosses-200-episodes-milestone/articleshow/70160788.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Mullai <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019 || ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani (Season1)]]'' <br /> | Mullai (special appearance) <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vasool Vettai'' || Anchor <br /> |-<br /> | 2020|| [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]] || Mullai (special appearance) <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Film appearance ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ List of performances in film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role !! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]''<br /> |Nandhini<br /> |Posthumous Release<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Parivarthanai]]''<br /> |Naveen's mother<br /> |Posthumous Release (Photo presence)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+These awards were awarded posthumously. <br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Artist/Work<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Award<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2021<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Chithra<br /> |Behindwoods Gold Icons<br /> |Most Celebrated Actress On Television<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=VJ Chitra Wins Most Celebrated Actress On Television Award 🔥 - Behindwoods Gold Icons 2021 {{!}} Chithu| date=7 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2FuXJyEJc4|language=en|access-date=2021-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Femina Awards<br /> |Super Daughter<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=சற்றுமுன் 2021க்கான சிறந்த மகள் விருது பெற்ற VJ சித்ரா Chithu won award 2021 best daughter| date=22 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPgeREjhkOw|language=en|access-date=2021-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Pandiyan Stores<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Vijay Television Awards]]<br /> |Makkalin Naayagi<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actress<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Marumagal<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Daughter<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best On Screen Pair<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Life Time Achievement<br /> |[[Vijay Television Awards]]<br /> |Makkalin Nayagi (People's Actress)<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chitra, V. J.}}<br /> [[Category:1992 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Female models from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:2020 suicides]]<br /> [[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edakkad_Battalion_06&diff=475881 2026-03-07T05:04:04Z

<p>Sherry6361: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language action film}}<br /> {{No plot|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Edakkad Battalion 06<br /> | image = Edakkad Battalion 06 film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Swapnesh K. Nair<br /> | producer = [[Shrikant Bhasi]] &lt;br&gt;Tomas Joseph Pattathanam&lt;br&gt;Jayant Mammen<br /> | writer = [[P.Balachandran]]<br /> | starring = [[Tovino Thomas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Samyuktha Menon]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joy Mathew]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sudheesh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]<br /> | music = [[Kailas Menon]]<br /> | cinematography = Sinu Sidharth<br /> | editing = Samjith Mohammed<br /> | distributor = Carnival Cinemas<br /> | studio = Carnival Motion Pictures &amp; Ruby Films<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|10|25|}}<br /> | runtime = 122 minutes&lt;ref name=TOI&gt;{{cite news|title=Edakkad Battalion 06 Movie Review: A force-fed lesson in valour|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/edakkad-battalion-06/movie-review/71647777.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031231145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/edakkad-battalion-06/movie-review/71647777.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> '''''Edakkad Battalion 06''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Swapnesh K. Nair, written by [[P.Balachandran]], and produced by [[Shrikant Bhasi]], Tomas Joseph Pattathanam and Jayant Mammen under the banner of Ruby Films. Starring an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Sudheesh]] and [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rekha-play-tovino-s-mom-edakkad-battalion-06-103893|title=Rekhs to play Tovino's mom|work=News Minute Times|date=19 June 2019|access-date=June 29, 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008122205/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rekha-play-tovino-s-mom-edakkad-battalion-06-103893|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the film is inspired by a true story.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-launches-first-look-poster-tovino-s-edakkad-battalion-06-108528|title=Mammootty launches first look poster Tovino's Edakkad Battalion 06|work=News Minute Times|date=7 September 2019|access-date=September 7, 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008123801/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-launches-first-look-poster-tovino-s-edakkad-battalion-06-108528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming began in May 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-edakkad-battalion-06-starts-rolling/articleshow/69465816.cms|title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Edakkad Battalion 06' starts rolling|work=News E Times|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529205651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-edakkad-battalion-06-starts-rolling/articleshow/69465816.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/22/tovino-and-samyuktha-to-star-in-edakkad-battalion-06-1967251.html|title=Tovino and Samyuktha to star in Edakkad Battalion 06|work=News New Indian Express|date=22 April 2019 |access-date=April 22, 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008122616/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/22/tovino-and-samyuktha-to-star-in-edakkad-battalion-06-1967251.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/edakkad-battalion-06-movie-song-nee-himamazhayay-tovino-thomas-samyuktha-menon-1.4117069|title=അരവിന്ദസ്വാമിയെയും മധുബാലയെയും ഓര്‍മ്മിപ്പിച്ച് ടൊവിനോയും സംയുക്തയും, എടക്കാട് ബറ്റാലിയനിലെ ഗാനം|work=News Mathrubhumi|date=13 September 2019|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008124301/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/edakkad-battalion-06-movie-song-nee-himamazhayay-tovino-thomas-samyuktha-menon-1.4117069|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-in-edakkad-battalion-06-first-look-poster-out-1.4100423|title=Tovino in Edakkad Battalion 06; first look poster out|work=News Mathrubhumi|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135401/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-in-edakkad-battalion-06-first-look-poster-out-1.4100423|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/06/22/narrow-escape-for-tovino-thomas-suffers-burns-during-stunt-shoot.html|title=Narrow escape for Tovino Thomas, suffers burns during stunt shoot|work=News The Week|access-date=June 22, 2019|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710115817/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/06/22/narrow-escape-for-tovino-thomas-suffers-burns-during-stunt-shoot.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tovino8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/actor-tovino-thomas-narrowly-escapes-fire-accident-video-goes-viral-800090|title=Tovino Thomas narrowly escapes fire accident; video of dangerous stunt goes viral|work=News IBT|date=22 June 2019|access-date=June 22, 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008124252/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/actor-tovino-thomas-narrowly-escapes-fire-accident-video-goes-viral-800090|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released on 25 October 2019 during [[Diwali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-edakkad-battalion-06-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/71181926.cms|title=Tovino Thomas' Edakkad Battalion '06 gets a release date|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007023748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-edakkad-battalion-06-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/71181926.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> Shafeek's father wanted him to become a chef. He, however, chose to join the Indian Army instead. On his annual leave from work, as a young soldier, he must deal with his family, his bride to be and a gang involved in illegal activities.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Tovino Thomas]] as Captain Shafeeq Muhammad<br /> * [[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]] as Naina Fathima<br /> * Shalu Rahim as Ashokan, Dineshan's Son<br /> * Jitin Puthanchery as Prince<br /> * Karthik Vishnu as Roopesh<br /> * Shankar Induchoodan as Nanku<br /> * [[P. Balachandran|P Balachandran]] as Muhammad Kutti<br /> * [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Surayya Muhammed Kutti (Member)<br /> * [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Ummer, Shafeek's Brother in Law<br /> * [[Divya Pillai]] as Sameera, Shafeek's Sister<br /> * [[Sarasa Balussery]] as Thithummachi, Shafeek's Father's Sister<br /> * [[Joy Mathew]] as Basheer, Naina Fathima Father<br /> * Uma Nair as Seenath Basheer, Naina Fathima Mother<br /> * [[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Shankaran<br /> * [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Shankaran's Sister<br /> * [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Shankaran's Mother<br /> * [[Malavika Menon]] as Shalini, Shankaran's Sister<br /> * [[Salim Kumar]] as Santhosh, School NCC Master<br /> * [[Sudheesh]] as Police Constable Dineshan<br /> * Dheeraj Denny <br /> * Sibi K Thomas<br /> * Jithin Premnath as Padmadalakshan Pillai<br /> * [[Jeo Baby]] as Villager <br /> * [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]<br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]]<br /> * [[Sasi Kalinga]]<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Edakkad Battalion 06<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = Kailas Menon<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 28 September 2019<br /> | recorded = 2019<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = Octaves Studio&lt;br&gt;K7 Studios<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | label = Millennium Audios<br /> | producer = <br /> | misc = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack was composed by Kailas Menon with lyrics written by B K Harinarayanan. For &quot;Shehnai Song&quot;, the lyrics are by [[Manu Manjith]].<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track list<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length =<br /> | title1 = Edakkad Battalion 06<br /> | extra1 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], Nithya Mammen<br /> | length1 = 4:55<br /> | title2 = Nee Himamazhayayi<br /> | extra2 = Nithya Mammen Singer, [[K. S. Harisankar]]<br /> | length2 = 5:18<br /> | title3 = Shehnai Song<br /> | extra3 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Yazin Nizar]]<br /> | length3 = 4:36<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was released on 18 October 2019.&lt;ref name=TOI /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reception===<br /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote, &quot;Edakkad Battalion 06 comes as a widely stretched out tribute to the brave martyrs of the land. The gravity and effect of martyrdom plays out in the last 10 minutes of the movie, which is by far the only part that manages to incite an emotion.&quot;&lt;ref name=TOI/&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' gave 2.5 and wrote, &quot;With an average script, the story meanders along without a definite direction for most parts here. Perhaps the whole effort was to take it to the climax where there is a wafer thin plot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/edakkad-battalion-06-review-an-average-watch-review-malayalam-tkttadihfgjjc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020042100/https://www.sify.com/movies/edakkad-battalion-06-review-an-average-watch-review-malayalam-tkttadihfgjjc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2019|title=Review : Edakkad Battalion 06 review: An average watch! (2019)|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 and wrote, &quot;barring two notably tense moments in the first half—a daring rescue operation (involving fire) and a fight scene (involving water)—Edakkad Battalion fails to make us feel anything in other segments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/19/edakkad-battalion-06-review-tovino-and-samyuktha-starrer-a-bland-underdeveloped-tribute-2049738.html|title='Edakkad Battalion 06' review: Tovino and Samyuktha-starrer a bland, underdeveloped tribute|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029080722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/19/edakkad-battalion-06-review-tovino-and-samyuktha-starrer-a-bland-underdeveloped-tribute-2049738.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=tt10218838}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army in films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Kailas Menon]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gijubhai_Badheka&diff=458298 2026-03-05T17:22:50Z

<p>Sherry6361: refine intro to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian educator (1885–1939)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{refimprove|date= May 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Girijashankar Bhagvanji Badheka<br /> | image = Gijubhai Badheka.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1885|11|15|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1939|06|23|1885|11|15|df=y}}<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_place = Vallabhipur, [[British India]]<br /> | death_place = [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | known_for = Education, Reforms, Children's Education, Dakshinamurti<br /> | alias = Moochhali Maa<br /> | website = {{official website}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Gijubhai Badheka''' (15 November 1885 – 23 June 1939) was an [[Education#Theory|educator]] who helped to introduce [[Montessori education]] methods to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gijubhai Badheka: An inspiring teacher though Montessori |url=http://ngopost.org/story/gijubhai-badheka-inspiring-teacher-though-montessori |work=NGOpost.org |accessdate=30 March 2012 |author=Goli |format=Web page |date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411125406/http://ngopost.org/story/gijubhai-badheka-inspiring-teacher-though-montessori |archivedate=11 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is referred to as &quot;Moochhali Maa&quot; (&quot;mother with whiskers&quot;). Badheka was a [[List of High Courts of India|high court]] lawyer, however, following the birth of his son in 1923, he developed an interest in childhood development and education. In 1920, Badheka founded the &quot;Bal Mandir&quot; [[Kindergarten#India|pre-primary]] school.&lt;ref name=Learning&gt;{{cite web |title=Gijubhai on Education |url=http://www.learningnet-india.org/publications/revive/vol6/v6-2-8.php |work=Learning Network Initiative |publisher=The Learning Network |accessdate=30 March 2012 |author=Mamata Pandya |format=Web page |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215039/http://www.learningnet-india.org/publications/revive/vol6/v6-2-8.php |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Badheka published a number of works in the field of education including ''Divaswapna'' (&quot;Daydreams&quot;).&lt;ref name=Learning /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Gijubhai was born as Girjashankar Bhagwanjibhai Badheka on 15 November 1885 in Vallabhipur ([[Vallabhi]]) or Vala ( In the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of [[western India]]) — once an important port and town of Gujarat, established by the king Siddharaj. Badheka grew up in [[Bhavnagar]], a city in the western Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. In 1907, he moved to East Africa and later, [[Bombay]] for work. Badheka died on 23 June 1939 in Bhavnagar, India.<br /> <br /> == Timeline ==<br /> <br /> * 1885 Birth 15 November, Birth Place : Chittal Saurashtra<br /> * 1897 First Marriage with Late Hariben<br /> * 1906 Second Marriage with Late Jariben<br /> * 1907 Left for East Africa<br /> * 1909 Return to India<br /> * 1910 Law Education in Bombay (Mumbai)<br /> * 1913 High Court Pleader, [[Surendranagar district|Vadhwan Camp]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-27|title=How Montessori Came to India|url=https://millennialmatriarchs.com/2020/08/27/how-montessori-came-to-india/|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Millennial Matriarchs|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1913 Birth of Shri Narendra Bhai (Son)<br /> * 1915 Legal Advisor of Shri Dakshinamurti Bhavan<br /> * 1916 Associated with Dakshinamurti Vidyarthi Bhavan<br /> * 1920 Establishment of Bal Mandir<br /> * 1922 Inauguration of Bal Mandir Bhavan Near Takhteswar Bhavmandir in Bhavnagar by Kasturba Gandhi<br /> <br /> * 1925 First Montessori Conference, Bhavnagar<br /> <br /> * 1925 Establishment of Adhyapan Mandir<br /> * 1928 Second Montessori Conference, Ahmedabad (Chaired)<br /> * 1930 Living in Refugee Camps in Satyagraha Movement, Banar Parishad, Surat, Beginning of Akshargyan Yojna<br /> <br /> * 1936 Discontinued Association with Shri Dakshinamurti Vidyarthi Bhavan<br /> * 1937 - Respectfully awarded prize (Term translated from Gujrati: Samman Thailly Bheint)<br /> * 1938 Work in Gujarat; Established Last Adhyapan Mandir (Primary Teacher's college) in Rajkot<br /> * 1939 Died on 23 June, Bhavnagar&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Once Upon a Time this was a True Story|date=2017-11-20|work=The Canadian Alternative|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|doi=10.14325/mississippi/9781496815118.003.0008|isbn=978-1-4968-1511-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contribution to education==<br /> In 1920, Badheka founded the Bal Mandir kindergarten. Later, [[Nanabhai Bhatt (Lokbharti)|Nanabhai Bhatt]], Harbhai Trivedi and Badheka built the &quot;Shree Dakshinamurti Gijubhai Vinay Mandir&quot; school in Bhavnagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Welcome to Shree Dakshinamurti Vinay Mandir |url=http://www.shreedakshinamurtivinaymandir.org/index.aspx |work=shreedakshinamurtivinaymandir.org |publisher=Shree Dakshinamurti Gijubhai Mandir |accessdate=30 March 2012 |format=Web page |year=2011 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221911/http://www.shreedakshinamurtivinaymandir.org/index.aspx |archivedate=24 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the completion of his schooling, Gijubhai got admission in Shamlal’s College, but for reasons unknown, he was not able complete his studies. In 1907, he was sent to East Africa by his family to earn a living. This is where he met S.P. Stevens, a solicitor who impressed upon Gijubhai the need for self-reliance — the utter refusal to depend on anybody but yourself — and Stevens put this into practice on a daily basis in his life. It was a wonder to Gijubhai to see how Stevens made his life without banking on anyone for anything and that it was possible, in fact exhilarating, to figure things out and work single-handedly. <br /> <br /> On his return to India in 1910, Gijubhai studied law in [[Mumbai]]. He started his legal practice in 1911 as a district pleader and in the following year enrolled himself as a High Court pleader. On the personal front, it is believed, it was his mother’s brother, Hargovind Pandya, who inspired him. Gijubhai married twice. His first wife was Hiraben whom he married in 1902 when he was just seventeen. But Hiraben passed away young and then he married Jariben in 1906. Gijubhai became a father in 1913 when a son was born to him. Soon after his birth, when the young father picked up his little boy, for a few minutes he was sad and anxious. His own childhood flashed before his eyes. After all, like every child from a respectable family, his son too would have to go to school. And school for Gijubhai meant being caned daily for the slightest misdemeanour. As he held his newborn, Gijubhai knew that this little fellow too would have to go to school — a land of small terrors. &quot;Wasn’t there a way out? Couldn’t there be a better way to teach and learn?&quot; Gijubhai started asking questions. The real purpose of education, Gijubhai felt, was to have a teacher that understood the children that he/she was educating. If the child spent five or more hours with one person, five days a week, shouldn’t the child also get to love and genuinely respect the teacher? <br /> <br /> Gijubhai, like all parents, wanted his son to be happy, safe and comfortable all through his life. He also realised that all parents forced their kids to schools and the best schools of the time had teachers who only knew how to teach through fear. Gijubhai felt that if children are treated with respect and there are enough meaningful learning opportunities, no child would abhor coming to school. In fact, they would look forward to being in a place where there were so many children and an adult who helped them explore the world around them. Could that be possible? Gijubhai worried about it. He turned to reading and researching. This is how he stumbled upon [[Maria Montessori]] and all that she had been working on. <br /> <br /> All these readings taught Gijubhai the Montessori education wherein the role of an adult or a teacher is to only help unfold the hidden and inborn developmental powers of the child. The child already possesses everything. The adult is the facilitator. Maria Montessori believed that the child must be guided in the path of reaching adulthood because from the earliest moments of life children are possessed with great constructive energies that guide the formation of their mind and the coordination of their bodies.<br /> <br /> Gijubhai devoured the book on Montessori Method. It was an introduction to another microcosm wherein teaching was done in the ‘play-way’ method. Enthused by all that he was learning, Gijubhai started spending more time with teachers and schools. Convinced that he had to be the change, in 1915 he assisted in the establishment of Dakshinamurti (Bala Bhavan) and then started a hostel at Bhavnagar. In 1916, he gave up his legal practice and joined Dakashinamurti as assistant superintendent.  <br /> <br /> Gijubhai’s contribution was the evolution of a system of child education suitable to Indian environment, training of teachers and creation of a body of literature for children. While liberally borrowing from the educational philosophies of Montessori, Fröbel, Dalton and others, he came up with a mixture of music, dance,  travel, storytelling and outdoor play to fit Indian requirements. Freedom and love were the twin principles around which the system revolved. The school was an instant hit. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who himself had clear thoughts and views on learning, was very fond of Gijubhai Badheka. It was he who called Gijubhai ‘Moochali Ma’, or mother with whiskers, and the name stayed.<br /> <br /> ==Published works==<br /> <br /> Badheka published close to 200 works including storybooks.&lt;ref name=Learning/&gt; His topics include children, education, travel and humour. However, his focus was books for children, parents and educators.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Title<br /> !Year<br /> !Publisher<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Rakhdu Todi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: ગિજુભાઈ બધેકા, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ - Gijubhai Badheka, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|url=https://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Gijubhai-Badheka.html|website=gujaratisahityaparishad.com|access-date=2020-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |Gujarati Translation of Free School OR A Dominie's Five by Alexander Sutherland Neill<br /> |-<br /> |Bhaibandh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Gujarati Translation of Schoolboys by Nikolai Nosov&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bhaibandh (Gujarati Translation of Schoolboys) Gujarati Book|url=https://www.dhoomkharidi.com/bhaibandh-gujarati-translation-of-schoolboys-gujarati-book|website=Default Store View|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Mahatmao Na Chitro<br /> |1923<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kishor Kathao Part 1 - 2 <br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Eosap Na Patro: Gadheda<br /> |1934<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Eosap Katha<br /> |1935<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Africa Ni Safar<br /> |1944<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Dadaji Ni Talwar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Lal Ane Hira<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Chatur Karodio<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Montessori Padhati<br /> |1927<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Aa Te Si Mathafod ? <br /> |1934<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Sikshak Ho To<br /> |1935<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Bad Jivan Ma Dokiu<br /> |1926<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Sikshan Na Vehmo<br /> |1926<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Tofani Badak<br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Davakhani Jay, Chadiyo<br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Aagad Vancho Chopdi Part 1,2,3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kem Sikhavvu<br /> |1935<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Chalo Vachiye<br /> |1935<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Patelad Ni Virangnao<br /> |1931<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Sanj Ni Mojo<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Prasangik Manan<br /> |1932<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Sant Padoma<br /> |1934<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Divaswapna - An Educator’s Reverie<br /> |1939<br /> |National Book Trust<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Harishchandra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Originally in Gujarati then translated in many languages<br /> |-<br /> |Bal Darshan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Mari Gayn<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |In Gujarati meaning My Cow<br /> |-<br /> |Varta<br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |Periodical published in over 5 volumes containing more than 100 stories<br /> |-<br /> |Vaarta nu Shastra&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=कथा कहानी का शास्त्र {{!}} KATHA-KAHANI KA SHASTRA {{!}} गिजुभाई बढेका -GIJUBHAI BADHEKA {{!}} Hindi PDF Download {{!}} Read Online {{!}}|url=https://epustakalay.com/book/98263-kathakahani-ka-shastra-by-arvind-gupta-gijubhai-badheka/|website=ePustakalay|language=hi-IN|access-date=2020-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1925<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> Gijubhai Badheka's innovative teaching methods have inspired various educational works and initiatives. Notably, Children's book author [[Vinitha]] and Dr [[Swati Popat Vats]] co-wrote a book titled {{cite book |title=Once Upon a Story: Divaswapna and the Gijubhai Method |isbn= 978-9-38728-031-1 |language=English}} which explores Gijubhai Badheka's life and teaching methodology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Makes a Good Teacher? An Excerpt From Once Upon A Story|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/swati-popat-vats-book-excerpt/|website=shethepeople.tv|access-date=2019-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Badheka, Gijubhai}}<br /> [[Category:1885 births]]<br /> [[Category:1939 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati people]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from British India]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagyada_Bagilu&diff=445165 2026-03-03T22:27:20Z

<p>Sherry6361: page fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Bhagyada Bagilu<br /> | image = Bhagyada Bagilu.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi)<br /> | producer = B. H. Jayanna<br /> | writer = Dore<br /> | screenplay = Ravi<br /> | starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dwarakish]]&lt;br /&gt;[[K. S. Ashwath]] in Guest Appearance<br /> | music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br /> | cinematography = K. Janakiram<br /> | editing = Bal G. Yadav<br /> | studio = SJK Productions<br /> | distributor = SJK Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|1968|05|16|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhagyada Bagilu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಾಗಿಲು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi) and produced by B. H. Jayanna. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]], [[Dwarakish]], with [[K. S. Ashwath]] in a guest appearance. The film has musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bhagyada-bagilu-1968|title=Bhagyada Bagilu|accessdate=2015-01-13|publisher=chiloka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was Rajkumar's 100th film as an actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=History 50 - Rajkumar's 100th Film in 1968 |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3880-history-50-rajkumar-s-100th-film-in-1968.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921162927/http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3880-history-50-rajkumar-s-100th-film-in-1968.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=The Hindu|title=Swept away by the wave|access-date=11 August 2023|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/21/stories/2006042103230100.htm|date=21 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528080403/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/21/stories/2006042103230100.htm|archive-date=28 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Raju<br /> * [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Gunda<br /> * [[Dwarakish]] as Hanumanta<br /> * [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Shyam Rao in a cameo<br /> * Prasad in a cameo<br /> * B. Vijayalakshmi as Vijayalakshmi<br /> * [[B. V. Radha]] as Kokila<br /> * [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]] as Basvi<br /> * [[M. Jayashree]] as Kamala<br /> * Papamma as Tungabhadra<br /> * [[Thoogudeepa_Srinivas]]<br /> * Srirangamurthy<br /> * Shastry<br /> * Venkatesh<br /> * Narayan<br /> * Raju<br /> * Venkataramaiah<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Bhagyada-Bagilu-K0000922|title=Bhagyada Bagilu Songs|accessdate=2015-01-13|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Naane Rajakumara&quot; || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || ROWSPAN=2|[[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 03:07<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |&quot;Hagalenu Irulenu?&quot;<br /> |[[P. B. Sreenivas|P B Srinivas]] [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S P Balasubrahamanyam]]<br /> | -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|1411830}}<br /> * {{YouTube|id=SJ2UZpNuQNY|title=Bhagyada Bagilu}}<br /> <br /> {{K. S. L. Swamy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1968 films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kai_Kodukkum_Kai&diff=475571 2026-03-03T05:15:16Z

<p>Sherry6361: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1984 film by J. Mahendran}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Kai Kodukkum Kai.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]<br /> | producer = {{ubl|[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]|R. Vijayachandran}}<br /> | screenplay = Mahendran<br /> | story = Eeswarachandra<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Revathi]]}}<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]<br /> | editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}<br /> | studio = Sri Raghavendraas<br /> | released = {{film date|1984|6|15|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kai Kodukkum Kai''''' ({{translation|Helping Hand}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Revathi]]. It is an extended version of ''Munithayi'' written by Eeswarachandra – the third segment of the 1976 [[Kannada]] [[anthology film]] ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]''. Rajnikanth, who played the antagonist in ''Munithayi'', played the lead role in this film. The film was produced by [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and R. Vijayachandran. It was released on 15 June 1984.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot|date=March 2022}}<br /> Kaalimuthu marries Seetha, the girl he loves after much denial from his elder brother. Seetha is blind and is raped by a [[Pannaiyar]] who has a weakness for women and addiction to sex. The Pannaiyar, even though married, lusts after looking at Seetha and rapes her in the absence of Kaalimuthu, her husband. The climax is an interesting twist as to what happens when Kaalimuthu decides to forgive the Pannaiyar for his crime.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Rajinikanth]] as Kaalimuthu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=111}}<br /> * [[Revathi]] as Seetha<br /> * [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Mangamma<br /> * [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Periyapannai<br /> * [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Kaalimuthu's brother<br /> * [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Kaalimuthu's sister-in-law<br /> * [[Y. G. Mahendran]]<br /> * [[Poornam Viswanathan]]<br /> * [[Thengai Srinivasan]]<br /> * [[Chinni Jayanth]]<br /> * [[Kumarimuthu]]<br /> * [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]<br /> * [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Actor [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] decided to produce a film with [[Rajinikanth]] as the lead actor. Rajinikanth suggested [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] be the director. The film was an extended version of ''Munithayi'', the third segment of the 1975 [[Kannada]] [[anthology film]] ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]''. Rajinikanth, who played the antagonist in ''Munithayi'', played the lead in this film. Mahendran wrote the screenplay with slight changes in the script like having a different ending.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=245-246}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MM1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 November 2007 |title=கன்னடத்தில் இருந்து தமிழுக்கு வந்த கை கொடுக்கும் கை |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/29234855/actor-rajini--act-in-kai-koduk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030123954/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/29234855/actor-rajini--act-in-kai-koduk.html |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; When [[Revathi]] was approached by Mahendran to portray the blind girl Seetha, she accepted after being impressed by the script. In preparation for portraying the character, she walked around her house blindfolded.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=110}} This is the feature film debut of [[Chinni Jayanth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=23 March 2006 |title=Chinne Jayanth: setting new trends in television |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/23/stories/2006032315650200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528231417/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/23/stories/2006032315650200.htm |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Revathi refused to expose her skin for the scene where Seetha is raped; respecting her wishes, Mahendran shot the scene &quot;with care&quot;, prioritising Revathi's comfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Akshaya |date=9 February 2018 |title=Make a scene, women |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/make-a-scene-women/article22701042.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201164610/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/make-a-scene-women/article22701042.ece |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[Business Line]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vijayakumar claimed he was not satisfied with the climax as he felt fans would not accept Seetha getting raped, but Mahendran refused to change the climax that the original film had.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 June 2007 |title=கை கொடுக்கும் கை பட கிளைமாக்ஸ் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/11/25234520/1214842/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092638/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/11/25234520/1214842/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |archive-date=22 August 2019 |access-date=4 March 2014 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahendran, in his autobiography ''Cinemavum Naanum'', countered that the producer and financier insisted to have that scene in the end and was forced to keep it.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=246}} A duet sequence had to be included in the film due to pressure from others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=12 December 2012 |title=He could have missed out on his favourite film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/dec/12/he-could-have-missed-out-on-his-favourite-film-433065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163037/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/dec/12/he-could-have-missed-out-on-his-favourite-film-433065.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack and score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kai Kodukkum Kai (1984) |url=https://mio.to/album/Kai+Kodukkum+Kai+%281984%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092932/https://mio.to/album/Kai+Kodukkum+Kai+%281984%29 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |access-date=22 August 2019 |website=Music India Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Azaghu Sirichathilay&quot; song is not available in the original EP record.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaikodukkum Kai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kaikodukkum-kai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090710/https://mossymart.com/product/kaikodukkum-kai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Thaazham Poove Vaasam<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length1 = 4:13<br /> | title2 = Paattha Padichapulle<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br /> | extra2 = S. Janaki, Saibaba<br /> | length2 = 4:08<br /> | title3 = Kannukkulle Yaaro<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]<br /> | extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> | length3 = 4:20<br /> | title4 = Aaththa Peththaale<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br /> | extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br /> | length4 = 4:28<br /> | title5 = Azaghu Sirichathilay<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Yaar Kannan|Madukkur Kannan]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | length5 = 4:03<br /> | total_length = 21:12<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Kai Kodukkum Kai'' was released on 15 June 1984.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}} ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said the film &quot;teetered between Rajini-ism and Mahendran-ism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 April 2019 |title=Tribute: J Mahendran, Who Began His Directing Career With The Rajinikanth-starring 'Mullum Malarum' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/tribute-j-mahendran-who-began-his-directing-career-with-the-rajinikanth-starring-mullum-malarum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191756/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/tribute-j-mahendran-who-began-his-directing-career-with-the-rajinikanth-starring-mullum-malarum/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar comments were made by ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1 July 1984 |title=கை கொடுக்கும் கை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1984/jul/01-07-1984/p62.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731032939/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1984/jul/01-07-1984/p62.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film ran for over 100 days in theatres became successful venture&lt;ref name=&quot;MM1&quot; /&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20141030123954/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/29234855/actor-rajini--act-in-kai-koduk.html<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> {{J. Mahendran}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1984 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1984 films]]<br /> [[Category:Features based on short films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about blind people in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ullathil_Nalla_Ullam&diff=461567 2026-03-03T05:12:09Z

<p>Sherry6361: minor corrected citations for accuracy and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ullathil Nalla Ullam.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Manivannan]]<br /> | screenplay = Manivannan<br /> | story = Shanmugapriyan<br /> | producer = A. M. Varadarajan&lt;br /&gt;Thiruppur K. Balu<br /> | starring = [[Vijayakanth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Radha Ravi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]<br /> | cinematography = A. Sabapathy<br /> | editing = Gowthaman<br /> | music = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br /> | studio = Ajantaa Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|4|13|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 135 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ullathil Nalla Ullam''''' ({{translation|The good heart}}) is a 1988 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Radha Ravi]] and [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]. It was released on 13 April 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=March 2023}}<br /> The tragedy of the lead character is twofold, he is Don but is unhappy with his past and wants to turn a new leaf but cannot: the essence of the first tragedy is that there are two buts. The second is that despite being a crook by reputation, he is a goodhearted crook.<br /> <br /> He falls in love with a police official. This girl breathes idealistic fire and not only does she vow to have him breathing the musty jail air but worse scorns his love. She heaps insult upon insult but he sticks to his guns. That his love for her is a firm as rock would itself have made her heart like illfrozen ice cream in the sun but he also turns up at the right moment and protects her honour that a gang of rapists was just about the foot.<br /> <br /> The unkindest cut the type of violence that the film indulges in comes when she accuses her benefactor of having engineered the whole incident. When she learns the truth they join forces to settle scores with the villains, the don's associate and corrupt police chief.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Vijayakanth]] as Michael Raj<br /> *[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Sheela<br /> *[[Radha Ravi]] as Peter<br /> *[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]] as Lakshmi<br /> *[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Police inspector<br /> *[[Janagaraj]] as Michael Raj's father<br /> *[[Charle]] as Gnanavel<br /> *[[Senthil]] as Acolyte of Michael Raj<br /> *[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Police commissioner<br /> *[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Father<br /> *[[Kamala Kamesh]]<br /> *[[Disco Shanti]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ullathil Nalla Ullam Tamil LP Record |url=https://www.carousell.com.my/p/ullathil-nalla-ullam-tamil-lp-record-1150893740/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128075246/https://www.carousell.com.my/p/ullathil-nalla-ullam-tamil-lp-record-1150893740/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=Carousell}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ullathil Nalla Ullam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ullathil-nalla-ullam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1183333767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128075916/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ullathil-nalla-ullam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1183333767 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Tholil Vizhum Maalaye<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Pottalum Erale<br /> | extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> | length2 = <br /> | title3 = Naan Enna Pade<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title4 = Vettina Thappu Ille<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Ponnupaakka Vareegala<br /> | extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br /> | length5 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, &quot;One of the faults of the film is that it drags on and on [..] Manivannan's direction has few stylish touches but he makes up for this lapse by a great deal of crudity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 April 1988 |title=Ullathil Nalla Ullam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19880422&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt various actors such as Vijayan, Madhuri, Kamala Kamesh and Janagaraj were wasted, and that Sabapathy's cinematography overshadowed Manivannan's direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=1 May 1988 |title=உள்ளத்தில் நல்ல உள்ளம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1988-05-01/page/n17/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240423043226/https://archive.org/details/kalki1988-05-01/page/n17/mode/2up? |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=10189150}}<br /> <br /> {{Manivannan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1988 action films]]<br /> [[Category:1988 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulasekarapattinam&diff=511005 2026-03-02T19:11:47Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kulasekarapattinam<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = Tamil<br /> | other_name = Kulasekharapatnam, Kulasekarapatnam, Kulasai<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|8|24|0|N|78|3|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 12.5<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 12010<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 628206<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 4639<br /> | registration_plate = TN 92<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thoothukudi]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 1000:1177 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = 85.91%<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Thoothukudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukudi]]&lt;br /&gt; Formerly with [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]]<br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur]]<br /> | blank6_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank6_info_sec1 = Kulasekharapatnam Panchayat Board<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Humid]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|www.kulasaikukieaks.com}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kulasekarapattinam''' (also spelled '''Kulasekharapatnam''' and '''Kulasekarapatnam''') is a town in the [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commencement of the construction of SSLV Launch Complex at Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SSLVLaunchComplexKulasekarapattinam.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, it was an important port on the [[Coromandel Coast]], alongside [[Poombuhar|Kaveripumpattinam]] (Poompuhar) and [[Arikamedu]] (near [[Pondicherry]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shivam |date=2025-09-06 |title=ISRO’s Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport to Be Ready by Dec 2026 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/isros-kulasekarapattinam-spaceport-to-be-ready-by-dec-2026/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; It houses the currently under-construction [[SSLV Launch Complex]], one of the two satellite launch centres in India (the other being [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Kulasekarapattinam launch complex expected to be ready by Dec'26 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dhie/news-and-trends/2025/08/28/kulasekarapattinam-launch-complex-expected-to-be-ready-by-dec26 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=DHIE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the construction work is completed, [[ISRO]] and private [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace companies]] will launch satellites using multistage rockets such as the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]] from Kulasekarapattinam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foundation Stone Laid for Launch Pad at SSLV Launch Complex (SLC), Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Foundation_Stone_Laid_for_Launch_Pad_at_SSLV_Launch_Complex.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From at least the [[1st century|1st century CE]], Kulasekarapatnam functioned as a trading hub for [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Scores of devotees witness Soorasamharam at Kulasekarapattinam near Tiruchendur |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/scores-of-devotees-witness-soorasamharam-at-kulasekarapattinam-near-tiruchendur-807242 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Kollam]] served as a major port on the west coast, Kulasekarapatnam connected the Pandyas to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] and the pearl fisheries of the [[Gulf of Mannar]]. It was part of a network of ancient coastal settlements that included [[Kodungallur]] in [[Kerala]] and Barugachha (Broach) in [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISRO’s second satellite launch pad to come up in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/isro-s-second-satellite-launch-pad-to-come-up-in-tamil-nadu-1135604.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the colonial era, as Tuticorin emerged as a dominant port, the prominence of Kulasekarapatnam declined.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 October 2005 |title=Picnic on the beach |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/15/stories/2005101501360300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029090143/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/15/stories/2005101501360300.htm |archive-date=29 October 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The town's name is derived from the Pandyan ruler [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> Kulasekarapatnam is home to the 300-year-old [[Mutharamman Temple, Kulasekarapatnam|Mutharamman Temple]] and the Dharmasamvardhini Temple, which lies north of the village. The town is particularly known for its [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] celebrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-12 |title=Dasara celebrations at Kulasekarapattinam draw thousands of devotees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dasara-celebrations-at-kulasekarapattinam-draw-thousands-of-devotees/article68746434.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During [[British Raj|British rule]], a [[sugar]] factory operated in the town. The British also introduced the Kulasekarapatnam Light Railway, which, as of 1933, had stations including Kulasekarapatnam Central, Kulasekarapatnam Port, and KPM Sugar Factory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kulasekarapatnam Tissainvillai Light Railway - FIBIwiki |url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Kulasekharapatnam_Tissainvillai_Light_Railway |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=wiki.fibis.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ISRO is developing a [[spaceport]] at Kulasekarapattinam, positioning it as a key location for India's [[Spaceflight#Terminology|space missions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=New launch pad in Tamil Nadu to help Isro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-tn-launch-pad-to-help-isro-save-fuel/articleshow/76668427.cms |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> During the reign of the Pandyas, Kulasekharapatnam was also known as the '''[[Rowther]]s [[Polygar|Palayam]]''', a section of Muslims that had [[Cavalry|military cavalry]], followed traditional customs, and were horse traders. Kulasekharapatnam was an important trade center before the arrival of Islam. The current Muslim population of Kulasekharapatnam is known as the '''[[Marakkar]]''' or '''Marakkayars,''' who engaged in maritime trade. They had come from [[Kerala]], and it is said that '''[[Kunjali Marakkar]]'s''' family members came from Kerala. Typical of most port towns, Kulasekharapatnam has a lighthouse, located near [[Manapad]]. The city has been inhabited by [[Hindus]] since the [[8th century BC|8th century CE]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kulasekarapatinam Perumal Temple.preview.jpg|thumbnail|Kulasekarapatnam Perumal Temple]]<br /> <br /> === Origin of Marakkars ===<br /> [[Marakkar]] are distinctive [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]-speaking [[Muslims|Muslim]] people of the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in India. The name Marakkar is different from Marakkayar (Marikkar &amp; Maricar are other spellings used in history books). According to numerous historians, Moppila or Moplah is Maha Pillai (great son) and Marakkar means (Marakkalam is a wooden boat) 'boatmen'. Thurston, in his work 'Tribes of South India', states the following - The word Marakkar is usually derived from the Tamil ''marakalam'', meaning 'boat'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Results Web results The Marakkar's and their origins|url=https://historicalleys.blogspot.com/2009/04/marakkars-and-their-origins.html|author=Maddy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was also a titular name for maritime traders. Marakkar was a prized title given by the Zamorin of Calicut. Derived from Marakka Rayar, it signifies the captain of a ship ('Rayar' meaning 'king' or, here, 'captain' and 'Marakkalam' meaning 'ship').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; They are also called ''marakala rayars,'' from ''marakalam'' ('wooden boat') and ''rayar'' ('king') in the Tamil language. The captains of the vessels are called ''malimars'', coming from the Tamil words ''malumi'' ('captain') and ''yar'', and crew members are called ''sherangs.'' <br /> <br /> Traditionally, the Marakkars engaged in mercantile [[commerce]]. They are primarily located along the coasts of the southernmost states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Marakala, also known as the Mogela or Mogaveera, community is an influential fishing community in coastal Karnataka. They are traditionally fishermen, and their caste profession is fishing in rivers and the sea. The Barkoor Bennekudru Kulamahasthry temple, Uchila Mahalaxmi temple, and Bagvadi Mahishamardini temples are major Mogaveera ''[[kuladevata]]'' (relating to ancestral tutelary deities) temples in coastal Karnataka.<br /> <br /> == Old Harbour mentioned by Marco Polo ==<br /> [[Marco Polo]] describes the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan]] port city of Kulasekharapatnam which even now we can see in the seashore of Kulasekharapatnam that Some Pillars which were used to give the right direction for ships as it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and Kis and Aden, and all [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], laden with horses and with other things for sale. And this brings a great concourse of people from the country round about, and so there is great business done in this city.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[ISRO]]<br /> * [[Sriharikota]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Kulasekharapatnam}}<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20111015080841/http://indianmuslims.in/kunjali-marakkar/<br /> * [http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/kmaraikayar.html Kudi Maraikayar of eastern Sri Lanka]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Space programme of India]]<br /> [[Category:ISRO]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Thoothukudi district]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surya_Kant_(businessman)&diff=538661 2026-02-28T15:16:48Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{no footnotes|BLP=yes|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Advert|date=January 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Surya Kant<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Delhi College of Engineering]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]<br /> | occupation = Senior Advisor Tata Sons Private Limited. Former Chairman North America [[Tata Consultancy Services]]<br /> | years_active = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Surya &quot;Sury&quot; Kant''' is a Senior Advisor at Tata Sons Private Limited. He was the Chairman of TCS North American operations based in [[New York City]] until March 2022. [[Tata Consultancy Services]] Limited (TCS) is the largest global [[information technology]] consulting and services company located in [[India]]. <br /> <br /> In 1990s, Kant was appointed the head of operations for TCS in the [[United Kingdom]]. Until 2005, he served as the Head of Operations for the India Northern Region of TCS and until 2020 served as the President of the North America, Europe and the UK operations. {{cn|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> Kant is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and academic institutions. Kant served as an advisory board member of the British-American Business, and the past Chairman of the India Business Forum (IBF) of the Confederation of India (CII) in the US.{{cn|date=April 2015}} He was a member of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' (WSJ) CEO Council and a member of the ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' CEO Initiative. He served on the Greater New York [[Red Cross]] Board from February 2020 to March 2022. He joined CECP (Chief Executives for Corporate Purpose) Board in May 2020 and in April 2022 was appointed as the Board Member Emeritus.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527116_1_tcs-uk-tata-consultancy-services-clients Meet the men behind the success of Tata Consultancy Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303174753/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527116_1_tcs-uk-tata-consultancy-services-clients|date=2014-03-03}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020075314/http://www.consultingmag.com/articles/134/1/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work.html TCS Keeps Advisory Work]<br /> *[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1599548,prtpage-1.cms TCS, Infy on hiring spree]<br /> *[http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199200211 Tata And Infosys Set The Bar: 15% Raises This Year In India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110911/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199200211|date=2007-12-09}}<br /> *[http://aparc.stanford.edu/events/4306 Trends in Outsourcing Services: A Vendor's Perspective]<br /> *[https://www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play=1&amp;video=1637170438 CNBC]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Dead url|date=October 2024}}<br /> *[http://www.consultingmag.com/article/ART841627 The 2011 Top 25 Consultants: Surya Kant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607202725/http://www.consultingmag.com/article/ART841627|date=2011-06-07}}<br /> *[http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2019.3_Jul/ROB/LEADERS-Surya-Kant-Tata-Consultancy-Services-TCS.html An Interview with Surya Kant, President – North America, U.K. and Europe, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Tata Group}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Surya}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian business executives]]<br /> [[Category:Tata Consultancy Services people]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sripurusha&diff=537223 2026-02-28T09:34:05Z

<p>Sherry6361: added a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Short description| Western Ganga King from 726 to 788 CE}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Sripurusha <br /> (Muttarasa, Rajakesari, Bhimakopa, Ranabhajana)<br /> | title = Muttarasa, Rajakesari, Bhimakopa, Ranabhajana<br /> | succession = 13th [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga King]]<br /> | reign = {{circa|726|788 CE}} (62 years)<br /> | predecessor = Shivamara I<br /> | successor = [[Shivamara II]]<br /> | religion = [[Jainism]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga dynasty]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Western Ganga kings}}<br /> '''Sripurusha''' (also known by titles such as Muttarasa, Rajakesari, Bhimakopa, and Ranabhajana) was a powerful king of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] king who ruled from 726 – 788 CE. According to the Javali inscription Sripurusha ruled for 62 years. He had marital relations with the [[Badami Chalukyas]]. and An able warrior and a scholar, he authored the Sanskrit work ''Gajasastra''. He is known to have undertaken significant irrigation projects such as the construction of a dam (''Katta'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=shripurusha+katta|title=The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period|last=Adiga|first=Malini|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|year=2006|isbn=9788125029120|location=|pages=43,115,123,191|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and He is also celebrated for both military achievements and Jain patronage.&lt;ref&gt;Nagarajaiah 2006, pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Politics of the South==<br /> The rule of Sripurusha Muttarasa seems to have been filled with conflicts with the [[Pallavas]] of Kanchi, Pandyas, later the [[Rashtrakutas]] who overthrew the [[Vatapi]] [[Chalukyas]]. In 731 CE he defeated Pallava King [[Nandivarman II]] and assumed the title &quot;'''Permanadi'''&quot;His capital was shifted to &quot;Manne&quot; (Manyapura) near [[Nelamangala]], now identified as a Ganga stronghold.&lt;ref&gt;RamuBangalore 2013&lt;/ref&gt; He had good relations with [[Chalukyas]] and had helped them fight the Pallavas during the rule of [[Vikramaditya II]] and later he fought the Pandyas during the rule of Chalukya [[Kirtivarman II]] but suffered reversal at Venbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the Rashtrakutas rose to power, though betrayed by the [[Nolambas]], Sripurusha had many victories against [[Krishna I]] and occupied some Ratta territories. This resistance to Rashtrakutas continued for some time before the Gangas normalised their relationship with martial alliances.<br /> <br /> ==Religion and Patronage==<br /> Sripurusha continued the Ganga legacy of [[Jain]] support. Charters from his reign document land grants for monasteries such as the &quot;Lokatilaka Jinalaya&quot; and &quot;Kongeśvara Jina caityālaya&quot;, and recorded Jain festivals like &quot;Nandisvara&quot; and &quot;Sripanchami&quot; that endured for centuries&lt;ref&gt;JainQQ 8&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Literature and Legacy==<br /> Sripurusha was a scholar-king who authored the Sanskrit treatise &quot;Gajasastra&quot;, focused on elephant management.&lt;ref&gt;Jainology 2009&lt;/ref&gt; His reign cemented a dynastic tradition combining martial power, cultural advancement, and religious pluralism. The Doddahundi nishidhi inscription, raised by his son Satyavakya, immortalizes a [[Jain]] ritual site honoring his dynasty’s religious identity.&lt;ref&gt;DoddahundiInscription 2019&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *⁠ ⁠Nagarajaiah, Hampa. (2006). History of Early Ganga Monarchy and Jainism. Bangalore: Jaina Cultural Trust. pp. 66–67. <br /> * ⁠RamuBangalore. (2013). “Suttha Muttha: The lost capital of the Gangas,” Ramubangalore Blog. <br /> * ⁠JainQQ (2009). Medieval Jainism, Jain Quantum Publication. pp. 39–40. <br /> *⁠ ⁠Shastriyakannada. (2025). “GANGAS OF TALAKADU,” Shastriya Kannada Portal. <br /> * ⁠PSCNotes (2025). “History of Karnataka from Vedic age to Gupta Period,” PSC Exams Notes. <br /> * ⁠DoddahundiInscription, Epigraphia Carnatica Vol. 9. Dasarahalli inscriptions and hero stones.<br /> * Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002)<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka by Dr.Arthikaje]<br /> * [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/gangas.htm History of Ganga Dynasty - Dr. Jyotsna Kamat]<br /> <br /> [[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Western Ganga kings]] <br /> [[Category:Jain monarchs]] <br /> [[Category:Indian Jains]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shalini_Singh&diff=534435 2026-02-24T02:10:54Z

<p>Sherry6361: added biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> '''Shalini Singh''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[journalist]]. She was principal correspondent for ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' newsweekly in [[Delhi]]. She was part of the Delhi bureau writing on a range of news features and social trends with a focus on gender and women's issues, arts, and culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theweek.in/authors.html?author=Shalini-Singh |title=Author: Shalani Singh |work=The Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; On a [[Centre for Science and Environment]] fellowship in 2010, Shalini exposed the illegal mining in [[Goa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/articles/is-indias-sunshine-state-gouging-itself-out/ |title=Is India's Sunshine State Gouging Itself Out? |website=People's Archive of Rural India |first=Shalini |last=Singh |date=10 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the devastation caused from unplanned tourism.<br /> <br /> Singh is a founding member of the CounterMedia Trust and a regular contributor to the [[People's Archive of Rural India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/authors/shalini-singh/|title=All stories by Shalini Singh|website=People's Archive of Rural India|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219015200/https://ruralindiaonline.org/authors/shalini-singh/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is a fellow at the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University for 2017-2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nieman.harvard.edu/alumni/current-fellows/ |title=Current Fellows: Class of 2018 |website=Nieman Foundation |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119172340/http://nieman.harvard.edu/alumni/current-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> For her work on environmental issues Singh received The [[Indian Express]]’ [[Ramnath Goenka]] award in 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/hindustan-times-journalists-win-ramnath-goenka-award/story-K2s50OE1CyRnLPYMfOACWO.html |title=Hindustan Times journalists win Ramnath Goenka award |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first [[Cushrow Irani Prize]] given by ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ie-correspondent-wins-first-prize-for-rural-reporting/847894/ |title=IE correspondent wins first prize for rural reporting |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her citation for the Prem Bhatia award in 2012 commended her for her &quot;vigilance, humane perspective and tenacity to pursue the issues that matter&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.htmedia.in/?page_id=57 |title=Awards |website=HT Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://prembhatiatrust.com/awards/outstanding-environmental-reporting-of-the-year/ |title=Outstanding Environmental Reporting of The Year |website=Prem Bhatia Memorial Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shalini}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_Chatterjee&diff=497601 2026-02-07T18:55:25Z

<p>Sherry6361: created new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian physician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dora Chatterjee<br /> | image = Dora Chatterjee Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania Photograph Collection.png<br /> | other_names = Dora Chatterjee-Rai<br /> | birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]<br /> | education = [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] (MD 1901)<br /> | organization = Denny Hospital for Women and Children, [[Hoshiarpur, India]]<br /> | parents = [[Kali Charan Chatterjee]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Dora Chatterjee''' was the third Indian woman to graduate from the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and the first woman from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to earn a medical degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 April 2014|title=Missing at the Smithsonian exhibition: 3 Indian women who graduated from medical school in the US in the 19th century|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/04/10/missing-smithsonian-exhibition-3-indian-women-graduated-medical-school-us-19th-century/|access-date=16 April 2021|website=The American Bazaar|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=McNeill|first=Leila|title=This 19th Century &quot;Lady Doctor&quot; Helped Usher Indian Women Into Medicine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/19th-century-lady-doctor-ushered-indian-women-medicine-180964613/|access-date=16 April 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McCuskey|first=F. B.|date=16 July 2014|title=Letter from F.B. McCuskey to Dean of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania|url=https://www.saada.org/item/20140716-3629|access-date=18 April 2021|website=South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maskiell|first=Michelle|title=Women Between Cultures: The Lives of Kinnaird College Alumnae in British India|publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University|year=1984|isbn=0915984865}}&lt;/ref&gt; She founded Denny Hospital for Women and Children in [[Hoshiarpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Chatterjee, who has been described as a &quot;Hindu Prince’s Daughter&quot;, was in fact daughter of a prominent Bengali Christian Missionary family born in [[Punjab, India]]. Her father was [[Kali Charan Chatterjee]], a Christian convert and noted Presbyterian missionary;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=James Caruthers Rhea Ewing|url=https://archive.org/details/aprincechurchin00ewingoog/page/n52/mode/2up?q=Dora|title=A Prince of the Church in India: Being a Record of the Life of the Rev. Kali Charan Chatterjee ...|date=1918|publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|others=Harvard University|pages=43–44, 90–91|language=English|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mother Mary Chatterjee and her maternal grandfather the Rev. Golaknath was also active in Christian mission work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Banerji|first=Aparna|date=April 25, 2021|title=Golaknath Memorial Church, Jalandhar: Religious legacy stands tall|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/religious-legacy-stands-tall-243899|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223041701/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/religious-legacy-stands-tall-243899 |archive-date=23 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a child, she traveled with her parents to an international missions meeting in New York in 1887.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1887-09-10|title=Woman's Missionary Gathering|pages=3|work=The Yonkers Gazette|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91011743/womans-missionary-gathering/|access-date=2021-12-23|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Youngest of the five siblings, Dora Chatterjee returned to the US to study medicine at the end of the 19th century. In 1901, she graduated from [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] in Philadelphia, now [[Drexel University College of Medicine]], making her the third Indian woman to graduate from the school and the first woman from Punjab to earn a medical degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The school's first Indian graduate was [[Anandi Gopal Joshi|Anandibai Joshi]], who was also the first Indian woman to attend an American medical school. The second was [[Gurubai Karmarkar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Chatterjee was described as &quot;the chief interest of the graduating class&quot; in newspapers across the US,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1901-09-11|title=M. D. Degree Taken by Hindu Girl|pages=4|work=The Choctaw Advocate|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91028222/m-d-degree-taken-by-hindu-girl/|access-date=2021-12-23|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; sometimes sharing that distinction with a Russian graduate, [[Olga Povitzky]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1901-05-31|title=Fair Graduates in Medicine. Hindoo Princess and Russian Belle Will Get Diplomas|pages=4|work=The Owensboro Messenger|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91009576/fair-graduates-in-medicine-hindoo/|access-date=2021-12-23|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chatterjee returned to India and established the Denny Hospital for Women and Children in [[Hoshiarpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She married Rai Sahib Manghat Rai, a civil servant based in the [[North-West Frontier Province]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; And had two daughters Priobala and Leena Shielarani and two sons [[Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai]] and Charles Rajinder Mangat Rai.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca%3A1732#page/1/mode/1up Newspaper clipping, Dora Chatterjee's graduation from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania Public Relations office records]<br /> * [https://www.saada.org/item/20140716-3629 Letter sent from India to Woman's Medical College reporting Chatterjee's change of address from Legacy Center Archives, Drexel University College of Medicine, Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania Collection via the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Drexel University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_as_an_emerging_superpower&diff=477262 2026-01-31T07:52:33Z

<p>Sherry6361: Made</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Superpower#Potential future superpowers]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aruna_Mohanty&diff=468835 2026-01-29T01:39:56Z

<p>Sherry6361: expanded section and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Odissi dancer}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Resume-like|date=February 2021}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox dancer<br /> | name = Aruna Mohanty<br /> <br /> |image = {{CSS image crop<br /> |Image = Aruna Mohanty.JPG<br /> |bSize = 1000<br /> |cWidth = 220<br /> |cHeight = 220<br /> |oTop = 120<br /> |oLeft = 353<br /> |Location=center}}<br /> <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|4|4|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | residence = <br /> | citizenship = India<br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = 1970-present<br /> | home_town = <br /> | height = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|website}} --&gt;<br /> | current_group = <br /> | former_groups = <br /> | dances = [[Odissi]]<br /> | module = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aruna Mohanty''' (born 4 April 1960) is an Odissi dancer, choreographer and guru. She is currently the Secretary of the Orissa (Odisha) Dance Academy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=819&amp;at=1|title=CUR_TITLE|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has received a number of awards for her work, including the [[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] award.<br /> <br /> == Training ==<br /> Aruna Mohanty started her training in Odissi under Shrinath Rout and Gobinda Pal. In 1972 she started training under [[Gangadhar Pradhan]]. She has also received guidance in the dance form from [[Pankaj Charan Das]], [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]] and [[Sonal Mansingh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She has also received training in Odissi music from Nirmal Mohanty and Shantanu Das.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=819&amp;at=2|title=Aruna Mohanty|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Aruna Mohanty has nearly five decades of experience as a dancer and choreographer.&lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv163.html|title=Interview - Aruna Mohanty: The thinking dancer - Sutapa Patnaik|website=www.narthaki.com|access-date=2018-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Her choreographed works include ''Srushti O Pralay'' depicting the super cyclone that hit Odisha in 1999, ''Sravana Kumar, Kharavela, Jatra Baramasi, Gatha Odissi, Pratinayak, Krishna Sharanam,'' several Ashtapadis from Jayadeva's ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', and'' [[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' based on the novel of the same name by the German novelist [[Hermann Hesse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mystickalinga.com/speaker/aruna-mohanty/|title=ARUNA MOHANTY - Kalinga Literary Festival(KLF) Presents Mystic Kalinga|work=Kalinga Literary Festival(KLF) Presents Mystic Kalinga|access-date=2018-09-11|language=en-US|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901181401/http://mystickalinga.com/speaker/aruna-mohanty/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> She has used her art to examine contemporary and social issues; for example. in ''Naari'', gender stereotypes and the status of women in society are explored through the lives and stories of several women in Indian literature and history, such as [[Sita]], [[Draupadi]], [[Mandodari]] and [[Nirbhaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://eshe.in/2017/09/25/aruna-mohanty-challenging-gender-stereotypes-through-dance/|title=Aruna Mohanty: Challenging Gender Stereotypes Through Dance|date=2017-09-25|work=eShe|access-date=2018-09-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> She has conducted research on dance, focusing on topics such as the representation of the male dancer in classical sculpture and the evolution of Odissi in the post-Independence era.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She has been a visiting scholar at several universities in the United States of America, such as the [[University of California]], [[University of South Carolina]] and [[Cornell University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sruti.com/index.php?route=archives/artist_details&amp;artId=49|title=Aruna Mohanty|website=sruti.com|access-date=2019-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> [[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2010 to Smt. Aruna Mohanty, Bhubaneswar, for her outstanding contribution to Odissi.jpg|thumb|Mohd. Hamid Ansari presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2010 to Smt. Aruna Mohanty, Bhubaneswar, for her outstanding contribution to Odissi]]<br /> *[[Padma Shri|Padmashree]], Government of India, 2016-17&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shipramehrotra.com/gurus-1/|title=Padma Shri Guru Aruna Mohanty|website=Shipra Avantica Mehrotra|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *State Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Government of Odisha, 2014{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> *Central Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Government of India, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Sanjukta Panigrahi Memorial National Award, 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Mahari Award, Guru Pankaj Charan Research Foundation, 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Bharat Bhavan Award, conferred on the recipient by the President of India&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Jagannath Sanskruti Bikash Parishad Award{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Aruna}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Odissi dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Negative_Role&diff=503593 2026-01-12T05:29:58Z

<p>Sherry6361: new initial post w/ infobox...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> |name=[[Indian Television Academy Award|ITA Award]] for Best Actress in a Negative Role<br /> |awarded_for=Best Performance by a female actor in a Negative Role on Television<br /> |image=<br /> |image_upright=<br /> |caption=<br /> |presenter=<br /> |country=[[India]]<br /> |year=[[Sudha Chandran]] for ''[[Prratima]]'' (2005)<br /> |holder=[[Shagun Sharma]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]'' (2025)<br /> |website=[http://indiantelevisionacademy.com Indian Television Academy Awards]}}<br /> '''ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role''' is an [[award]] given by [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a negative role, that is in the role of an [[antagonist]].<br /> <br /> ==Superlative==<br /> [[Surekha Sikri]] has won the award three times, highest for anyone and two consecutive awards for years 2008 and 2009. [[Surekha Sikri | Sikri]] is also the oldest winner, winning her third award in this category at the age of 71. [[Helly Shah]] is the youngest winner, she won at the age of 23.<br /> <br /> == Winners ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Actor<br /> !Character<br /> !Show<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |[[Sudha Chandran]]<br /> |Alakalata Roy<br /> |''[[Prratima]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2005|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[Achint Kaur]]<br /> |Pallavi Bhandari <br /> |''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=325|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2006|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |[[Ashwini Kalsekar]]<br /> |Jigyasa Walia<br /> |''[[Kasamh Se]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=326|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2007|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Surekha Sikri]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Kalyani Devi<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2009 |publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |accessdate=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |archivedate=9 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[Meghna Malik]]<br /> |Ammaji<br /> |''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2010 |publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |accessdate=10 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Mona Ambegaonkar]]<br /> |Roshni<br /> |''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2011 |publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |accessdate=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |archivedate=26 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[Hema Singh]]<br /> |Imarti Devi<br /> |''[[Kairee — Rishta Khatta Meetha]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards, 2012 |publisher=The Indian Television Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114031/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[Aashka Goradia]]<br /> |Dheer Bai Bhatiyani<br /> |''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sony Entertainment Television's Bharat Ka Veer Putra… Maharana Pratap dominated the 13th ITA Awards by bagging six awards |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/oct/oct136.php |website=Indian Television |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[Simone Singh]]<br /> |Sakshi Goenka<br /> |''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=Girija |title=14th Indian Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List, Beintehaa, Comedy Nights With Kapil |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/14th-indian-television-awards-2014-complete-winner-list-beintehaa-comedy-nights-kapil-163188.html |website=Filmibeat |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[Anita Hassanandani]]<br /> |Shagun Arora<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ITA Awards 2015: Karan Patel bags Best Romantic Actor trophy; list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ita-awards-2015-karan-patel-anita-hassanandani-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-radhika-madan-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-win-big-261571-2015-09-07 |website=India Today |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |[[Surekha Sikri]]<br /> |Bhagyavanti Devi<br /> |''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Second season of '24' dominates Indian Television Academy Awards 2016|website=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Second-season-of-24-dominates-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2016/articleshow/55427626.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115055012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Second-season-of-24-dominates-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2016/articleshow/55427626.cms|archive-date=15 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[Kamya Panjabi]]<br /> |Preeto Singh<br /> |''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-helly-shah-smriti-irani-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-1080588-2017-11-06|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Helly Shah win big|website=India Today|date=6 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[Shipsy Rana]]<br /> |Rukhsar Sheikh<br /> |''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners|date=2018-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Helly Shah]]<br /> |Kaynat Shah<br /> |''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=A |first1=Nagarathna |title=ITA Awards 2019 Winners Light: Helly Shah, Shivangi Joshi, Ashi-Randeep, Kapil And Others Win Big |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2019/ita-awards-2019-winners-list-helly-shah-shivangi-joshi-ashi-randeep-kapil-sharma-others-win-big-pics/articlecontent-pf303061-291645.html |website=Filmibeat |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |colspan=4 |Not awarded<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Priya Tandon]]<br /> |Amba<br /> |''[[Vidrohi (TV series)|Vidrohi]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 21st ITA Awards 2021 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-21st-ita-awards-2021/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Kishori Shahane]]<br /> |Bhavani Nagesh Chavan<br /> |''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 22nd ITA Awards 2022 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-22nd-ita-awards-2022/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |Gauri Tonk<br /> |Jasleen &quot;Jassi&quot; Kaur Brar<br /> |''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 23rd ITA Awards 2023 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-23rd-ita-awards-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Kamya Punjabi]]<br /> | Didun<br /> |''[[Neerja - Ek Nayi Pehchaan]]''<br /> |- <br /> |2025<br /> |[[Shagun Sharma]]<br /> | Paridhii <br /> |''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> [[Category:Awards for actresses]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_(India)&diff=467896 2026-01-10T06:45:12Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Rank in the Indian Army}}<br /> {{Infobox military rank<br /> | name = General<br /> | image = [[File:Flag of Indian Generals.svg|border|150px]]<br /> | image_size = 150<br /> | caption = Flag of a general<br /> | image2 = General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg<br /> | image_size2 = 70<br /> | caption2 = Rank insignia of a general<br /> | image3 = Vehicle star plate of General (Indian Army).svg<br /> | image_size3 = 100<br /> | caption3 = Vehicle star plate of general<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | service branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | abbreviation = Gen<br /> | rank = [[Four-star rank]]<br /> | NATO rank = <br /> | Non-NATO rank = <br /> | formation = <br /> | abolished = <br /> | higher rank = [[Field marshal (India)|Field marshal]]<br /> | lower rank = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]]<br /> | equivalents = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] ([[Indian Navy]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air chief marshal]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<br /> | history = <br /> }}<br /> '''General''' is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] [[general officer]] rank in the [[Indian Army]]. It is the highest active rank in the Indian Army. General ranks above the [[three-star rank]] of [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and below the [[five-star rank]] of [[Field marshal (India)|field marshal]], which is largely a war-time or ceremonial rank.<br /> <br /> A general may be referred to as a full general or four-star general to distinguish them from lower [[general officer]] ranks like [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and [[major general]]. The equivalent rank in the [[Indian Navy]] is [[Admiral (India)|admiral]] and in the [[Indian Air Force]] is [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|air chief marshal]].<br /> <br /> As of 2024, there are two serving full generals in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], General [[Anil Chauhan]], the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] and [[Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee]], and General [[Upendra Dwivedi|Upendra Dwiwedi]], the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first Indian to hold the rank of full general was [[K. M. Cariappa]]. He was promoted to the acting rank of General when he took over as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army on 15 January 1949. All the chiefs of the Indian Army after him, have been full generals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CARIAPPA TO BE FULL GENERAL |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-01-14_006.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |date=14 January 1949}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Since 1950, it has been a tradition for the [[President of India]] to award the [[Chief of Army Staff (Nepal)|chief of the Nepalese Army]] with the [[honorary rank]] of General of the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President confers honorary rank of 'General of Indian Army' on Nepal Army Chief |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/president-confers-honorary-rank-of-general-of-indian-army-on-nepal-army-chief/764346/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=Printline Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The rank is held by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS), the professional head of the [[Indian Army]], and may also be held by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS). Until 1 January 2020, when the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) was established, the COAS was the only officer to hold the rank of full general. Upon the creation of the post and the appointment of General [[Bipin Rawat]] as the first CDS, there were two serving full generals for the first time in Independent India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title='Quintessential Army man' General Manoj Mukund Naravane takes over as chief |url=https://theprint.in/defence/quintessential-army-man-general-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-as-chief/342892/ |website=ThePrint |date=31 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:General Upendra Dwivedi, PVSM, AVSM (2024).jpg|thumb|240x240px|General [[Upendra Dwivedi]] in uniform]]<br /> <br /> ==Insignia==<br /> The rank insignia of a general are:<br /> * CDS - Gold-wreathed tri-service emblem of the Indian Armed Forces (the Naval anchor, crossed Army swords and Air Force eagle, all surmounted by the [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka emblem]]).<br /> * COAS - Crossed sword and baton with a five-pointed star and [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka emblem]] above.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=LIiNdtO/x4O9toMkmfjaQFWYZzkVm/rTdL4uRicHmRM=&amp;ParentID=wgsBCImdjbR/27+tUKRW13Bb1Fi591IofVN9AKRGCA4=&amp;flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[gorget patches]] of a general are: <br /> * CDS - maroon patches with four golden stars and golden laurel wreath<br /> * COAS - crimson patches with four golden stars and golden laurel wreath<br /> <br /> ==Appointment and term length==<br /> Appointments to the office of CDS and COAS are made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), which is chaired by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The term length of the Chief of Defence Staff is three years or until the age of 65 of the holder, whichever is earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=DelhiDecember 29 |first1=Manjeet Singh Negi New |last2=December 29 |first2=Manjeet Singh Negi New |last3=Ist |first3=Manjeet Singh Negi New |title=Maximum age limit for Chief of Defence Staff put at 65 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-rules-changed-cheif-of-defense-staff-new-age-for-retirement-nuclear-facility-1632415-2019-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chief of the Army Staff reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Government amends rules to allow Chief of Defence Staff to serve up to maximum age of 65 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/maximum-age-limit-for-chief-of-defence-staff-put-at-65/articleshow/73019479.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Order of precedence==<br /> A general ranks at No. 12 on the [[Indian order of precedence]], along with the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|CDS]] and the Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] (the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] and the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|CAS]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;rajyasabha&quot;&gt;{{cite web |work=Office of the President of India |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=2010-08-05 |date=1979-08-26 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf |title=President's Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt; A general is at pay level 18, equivalent to [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] (at No. 11 on the warrant of precedence), with a monthly pay of ₹250,000 (US$3,500).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |title=Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=DelhiJune 29 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |last2=June 29 |first2=India Today Web Desk New |last3=Ist |first3=India Today Web Desk New |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]<br /> * [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]<br /> * [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army]]<br /> * [[Army ranks and insignia of India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Military ranks by country}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Army}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military insignia|India Army]]<br /> [[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]<br /> [[Category:Four-star officers]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahul_Sipligunj&diff=528147 2026-01-08T00:34:51Z

<p>Sherry6361: Created new details basic info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Playback singer and Pop artist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{BLP Sources|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Rahul Sipligunj<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|08|22|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)<br /> | image = Rahul_Sipligunj_at_Super_Singer_06.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|[[Independent musician]]|[[Actor]]}}<br /> | genre = [[Rapping]], [[Hip hop music]], [[Indie music]], [[Ghazal]]<br /> | instrument = Vocals, Saxophone<br /> | years_active = 2009–present<br /> | label = Mango Music&lt;br/&gt;[[Aditya Music]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rahul Sipligunj''' (born 22 August 1989) is an Indian [[playback singer]] and [[songwriter]] working predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He became popular with his independent songs on [[YouTube]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rahul-sipligunj-makes-the-best-of-both-worlds/article23512676.ece Rahul Sipligunj makes the best of both worlds]. ''The Hindu'' (12 April 2018). Retrieved 24 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahul Sipligunj Biography: DOB, Age, Career, Relationship, Marriage, Net Worth, Awards, Album Songs, Movie Songs&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |title=Rahul Sipligunj Biography: DOB, Age, Career, Relationship, Marriage, Net Worth, Awards, Album Songs, Movie Songs |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/rahul-sipligunj-biography-dob-age-career-relationship-marriage-net-worth-awards-album-songs-movie-songs-785583 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720082046/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/rahul-sipligunj-biography-dob-age-career-relationship-marriage-net-worth-awards-album-songs-movie-songs-785583 |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of Telangana]] announced a cash reward of Rs.1 crore to Rahul Sipligunj who got international recognition with the [[Oscar award]] winning song '[[Naatu Naatu]]' in ''[[RRR]]'' on 20 July 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana govt announces ₹1 crore cash award for Rahul Sipligunj&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana govt announces ₹1 crore cash award for Rahul Sipligunj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/government-announces-1-crore-cash-award-for-rahul-sipligunj/article69834291.ece |access-date=22 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722035348/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/government-announces-1-crore-cash-award-for-rahul-sipligunj/article69834291.ece |archive-date=22 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Rahul Sipligunj got engaged to Harinya Reddy on 17 August 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahul Sipligunj Gets Engaged to Harini Reddy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Rahul Sipligunj Gets Engaged to Harini Reddy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rahul-sipligunj-gets-engaged-to-harini-reddy-1898206 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818142709/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rahul-sipligunj-gets-engaged-to-harini-reddy-1898206 |archive-date=18 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahul Sipligunj gets engaged to Harini Reddy in a private ceremony&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Rahul Sipligunj gets engaged to Harini Reddy in a private ceremony |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rahul-sipligunj-gets-engaged-to-harini-reddy-in-a-private-ceremony |access-date=18 August 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818142800/https://telanganatoday.com/rahul-sipligunj-gets-engaged-to-harini-reddy-in-a-private-ceremony |archive-date=18 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ===As independent artist===<br /> He started his career with online music videos on YouTube. He co-produced, wrote and sang songs like &quot;Magajaathi&quot;, &quot;Em Maayaloo&quot;, &quot;Mangamma&quot;, &quot;Makikirikiri&quot;, &quot;Poor boy&quot;, &quot;Daawath&quot;, &quot;Galli Ka Ganesh&quot;, &quot;Doorame&quot;, &quot;Jai Bajrang&quot;, &quot;Hijra&quot;. Most of his music videos were hits but among these videos, &quot;Makikirikiri&quot; &amp; &quot;Galli ka Ganesh&quot; were Huge hits songs.<br /> <br /> ===Tollywood===<br /> His first song was &quot;College bulloda&quot; in the movie ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' at the age of 20 in 2009. He became popular in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] with his songs like &quot;Vaastu Bagunde&quot; in ''[[Dammu]]'', &quot;Singareni Undi&quot; in ''[[Racha (soundtrack)|Racha]]''. He also sang Spanish part in the song &quot;Melikalu&quot; in ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'', &quot;Prema Katha Chitram Title song&quot; in ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]'', &quot;You are My Darlingo&quot; in ''[[Jakkana]]'', &quot;O Alekhya O Alekhya&quot; in ''[[Doosukeltha]]'', &quot;Peddha Puli&quot; in ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''. He sang the most popular song &quot;Ranga Ranga Rangasthalana&quot; from the movie ''[[Rangasthalam]]''. He sang another popular song &quot;Bonalu&quot; from the movie ''[[iSmart Shankar]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br /> <br /> He is best known for his work with [[M.M. Keeravani]] on the [[RRR (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] for the 2022 film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''. Sipligunj and [[Kaala Bhairava]] performed the Oscar-winning song &quot;[[Naatu Naatu]]&quot; at the [[95th Academy Awards]] in March 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Petski |first1=Denise |title=Oscars: &quot;Naatu Naatu&quot; From India’s ‘RRR’ To Be Performed During Ceremony |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/oscars-naatu-naatu-rrr-performed-ceremony-best-original-song-1235274370/ |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Deadline |date=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was nominated for [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song.<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-04|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3: Singer Rahul Sipligunj wins, Chiranjeevi makes special appearance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu-3-singer-rahul-sipligunj-wins-chiranjeevi-makes-special-appearance/story-QIFtrjRiIhalepxetS0U5J.html|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Contestant || Winner<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Alitho Saradaga]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Guest<br /> |Talk Show<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020<br /> |''2020 Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati''<br /> |Reality show<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON]]''<br /> |Reality music show<br /> |-<br /> |2021 <br /> |''BB Utsavam'' <br /> |Guest <br /> |TVshow<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |Super Singer 3 (Telugu)<br /> |Judge<br /> |One of the judge along with [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Mangli]] &amp; [[Anantha Sriram]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Rama Chakkani Seetha]]'' || Gulabi Puvvu Govind ||Cameo appearance<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' || Himself || Also composer for 2 songs&lt;br /&gt;Cameo appearance in the song &quot;America Poyi Nuvaitvra Langa&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Rangamarthanda]]''<br /> |Rahul<br /> |Debut in a Lead role<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> <br /> === Non-film songs ===<br /> <br /> ====Music videos====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Music Video<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013 || &quot;Magajaathi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Enduke&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2015 || &quot;Yenadi&quot; (Tamil)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mangamma&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Em Maayalo&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maisamma&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maikam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2016 || &quot;Poor Boy&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Poinava&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maakikirikiri&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2016 || &quot;Doorame&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Galli Ka Ganesh&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Daawath&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jai Bola Yellama Thalliki&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018 || &quot;Jai Bajrang&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kopam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2019 || &quot;Hey Pilla&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;O Naa Rahulaa&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Hijra&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020 || &quot;Salute to Doctors and Police&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Baby&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021 || &quot;Nuvvevare Ft. Rahul Sipligunj &amp; Ashu Reddy&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Rahul Sipligunj's Chichhaa's ka Ganesh&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2022 || &quot;GANAPATHI ROOPA NAAMA - Rahul Sipligunj&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2023 || &quot;Rahul Sipligunj - NEE AYYA NAA MAMA&quot;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Singles====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Single<br /> !Co-Artist(s)<br /> !Language<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |&quot;Ladi Ladi&quot;<br /> |[[Priya Prakash Varrier]] (co-singer)&lt;br/&gt;[[Sricharan Pakala]] (composer)<br /> |Telugu<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Priya Prakash Varrier का 'लाडी लाडी' सॉन्ग हुआ रिलीज, Video में डांस करती नजर आईं एक्ट्रेस|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/priya-prakash-varrier-ladi-ladi-full-video-song-telugu-songs-2021-youtube-2352281|access-date=2021-01-15|website=NDTVIndia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-03|title=Priya Prakash Varrier Remuneration For Telugu Song Will Leave You All Shock|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/priya-prakash-varrier-remuneration-telugu-song-will-leave-you-all-shock-128434|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Film songs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer(s) !! Language <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2009 || ''Dheera''|| &quot;Neeli Mabbu Medaloni&quot; || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' || &quot;College Bulloda&quot; || [[Sandeep Chowta]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Snehituda]]'' || &quot;Righto Wrongo&quot; || Shiva Ram Shankar <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2012 || ''[[Dammu]]'' || &quot;Vaastu Bagunde&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Dhammu Title Song&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[M. M. Keeravaani]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eega (soundtrack)|Eega]]''&lt;br/&gt;''Makkhi'' || &quot;Eega Eega Eega&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Naam Apun Ka Jani&quot; <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Racha (soundtrack)|Racha]]'' || &quot;Singareni Undhi&quot; || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Mani Sharma]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' || &quot;Melikalu&quot; <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' || &quot;Sai Andri Nanu&quot; <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sudigadu]]'' || &quot;Inki Pinki Ponky&quot; || Sri Vasanth <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' || &quot;Vasthunna Baba&quot; || [[M. M. Keeravaani]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2013 || ''Mahesh'' || &quot;Mahesh Yevvado&quot; || [[Gopi Sunder]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Premantene Chitram'' || &quot;Orugallu Pellilo&quot; || M. G. K. Praveen <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]'' || &quot;Prema Katha Chitramidhi&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Prema Katha Chitram Dance Bit&quot; || J.B. <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2014 || ''Gayakudu'' || &quot;Oh Oh Oh Premapata&quot; || Roshan Saluri <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' || &quot;Kallalloki Kallupettestu&quot; || J.B. <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lovers (2014 film)|Lovers]]'' || &quot;Happy Happy&quot; || J.B. <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]'' || &quot;Naku Shivarathri&quot; || RK <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2015 || ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]'' || &quot;One &amp; Only Lion&quot; || [[Mani Sharma]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' || &quot;Zara Zara Navvaradhe&quot; || [[Anup Rubens]]&lt;br/&gt;[[S. Thaman|Thaman S]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Doosukeltha]]'' || &quot;Modatti Saari&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Soodimande&quot; || [[Mani Sharma]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lava Kusa (2015 film)]]'' || &quot;Mere Dil Aaj Kal&quot; || [[Ram Narayan]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2016 || ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' || &quot;Vasthunna O Nestham&quot; || J.B. <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kotha Kothaga Vunnadi'' || &quot;Okkasariga&quot; || Vamsi <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]] <br /> |&quot;O Manasa&quot;<br /> |K. Vedaa<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jakkanna]]'' || &quot;You are My Darlingo&quot; || Dinesh <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Speedunnodu]]'' || &quot;Yellow Yellow Dirty Fellow&quot; || Sri Vasanth <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2017 || ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]'' || &quot;Bombhaat&quot; || [[Mani Sharma]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nenorakam]]'' || &quot;Naa Cheli Yedhi&quot; || Mahit Narayan <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sankarabharanam (2015 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' || &quot;Banno Rani&quot; || Praveen Tommy <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Seetha Ramuni Kosam'' || &quot;Edho Teliyani Bandham&quot; || Anil Gopi Reddy <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]''<br /> |&quot;Chinnappude&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;20&quot; | 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|Gang]]''|| &quot;Chitike&quot; || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chalo]]''|| &quot;Drunk &amp; Drive&quot; || [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rangasthalam]]''|| &quot;Ranga Ranga Rangasthalaana&quot; || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]''|| &quot;Hey Indu&quot; || [[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''|| &quot;Pedda Puli&quot; || [[Thaman S]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''|| &quot;Iraga Iraga&quot; || [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]''|| &quot;Nippai Ragile&quot; ||[[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Husharu]]''|| &quot;Naatu Naatu&quot; || Radhan <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangari Balaraju''|| &quot;Emi Kalluro Mama&quot; || Chinni Krishna&lt;br /&gt;Chitti Babu Reddy <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shambo Shankara''|| &quot;Amma Ammoru&quot; || [[Sai Kartheek]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Brand Babu]]''|| &quot;Andala Blackberry&quot; || J.B. <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]''|| &quot;Orangeu Orangeu&quot; || [[Thaman S]]|| [[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''|| &quot;1980,81,82&quot; || [[M. M. Keeravaani]]|| Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''|| &quot;Aaha Kalayanam&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Yeh Shaadiyana&quot;<br /> |[[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Prema Janta''|| &quot;Ninna Monna&quot; || Nikhilesh Thogari || Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Silly Fellows]]''|| &quot;Pilla Nee Buggalu&quot; || Sri Vasanth <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Juvva]]''|| &quot;Anukoledhe&quot; || [[M. M. Keeravaani]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''|| &quot;Urike Cheli Chilaka&quot; || [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[F2 - Fun &amp; Frustration|F2]]''|| &quot;Ding Dong&quot; || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | 2019 || ''[[Prema Katha Chitram 2]]''|| &quot;Merupula Merisina&quot; || Jeevan Babu <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''|| &quot;Glassmates&quot; || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanchana 3]]''|| &quot;Snehithudiki Kovela Kattu&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Black And White Raja&quot; || [[Thaman S]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''|| &quot;Paala Pitta&quot; || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[ABCD – American Born Confused Desi]]''|| &quot;Celebrity&quot; || Judah Sandhy <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Falaknuma Das]]''|| &quot;Paye Paye&quot; || [[Vivek Sagar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mallesham]]''|| &quot;Oho Jambiya&quot; || Mark K. Robin <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[iSmart Shankar]]''|| &quot;Bonalu&quot; || [[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]''|| &quot;Raakasi Gadusu Pilla&quot; ||[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seemaraja]]''|| &quot;Paraak Paraak&quot; || [[D. Imman]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rama Chakkani Seetha''|| &quot;Howle Pilla&quot; || [[Kesava Kiran]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Prema Antha Easy Kadu''|| &quot;O Prema Agavey&quot; || M.Jai <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]''|| &quot;Nuvvaitavra Langa&quot; || Rahul Sipligunj <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]''|| &quot;Yinipinchukoru&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Singilu Singilu&quot; || [[Anup Rubens]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]''|| &quot;Thakita Thakita&quot; || [[Thaman S]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]''|| &quot;Prema Rojuke Banthi&quot; || K. Saketh <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2020 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;OMG Daddy&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Thaman S]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''|| &quot;Jaataro Jaatara&quot; || [[Gopi Sunder]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | [[Savaari (2020 film)|''Savaari'']]|| &quot;Nee Kannulu&quot; || [[Shekar Chandra]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|''Pressure Cooker'']]|| &quot;Saami Lingo&quot; || Rahul Sipligunj <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''Tagite Tandana''|| &quot;Boss Maama&quot; || Sai <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[A1 Express]]''|| &quot;Single Kingulam&quot; || [[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Orey Bujjiga]]''|| &quot;Krishnaveni&quot; || [[Anup Rubens]] <br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2021<br /> |''Maro Prema Katha''<br /> |&quot;Nallani Kaatuka&quot;<br /> |Mark Prashanth<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''Lingoccha''<br /> |&quot;Brother Sister Mother Father&quot;<br /> |Because Raj<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kanabadutaledu]]''<br /> |&quot;Premey Ledhu&quot;<br /> |Madhu Ponnas<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''<br /> |&quot;Jai Sulthan&quot;<br /> |[[Vivek–Mervin]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Konda Polam]]''<br /> |&quot;Dham Dham Dham&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Naatu Naatu]]&quot; (Telugu)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Haali Naatu&quot; (Kannada)<br /> |Kannada<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Naatu Koothu&quot; (Tamil)<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Naacho Naacho&quot; (Hindi)<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2022<br /> ||''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''<br /> |&quot;Bhale Bhale Banjara&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal|Kanmani Rambo Khatija]]''<br /> |&quot;Dippam Dappam&quot;<br /> |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[F3 (film)|F3]]''<br /> |&quot;Life Ante Itta Vundaala&quot;<br /> |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''<br /> |&quot;Pori Superoo&quot;<br /> |[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Suryapet Junction]]''<br /> |&quot;Mere Yaaraa&quot; <br /> |Roshan Saluri<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Bubblegum (film)|''Bubblegum'']]<br /> |&quot;Habibi Jilebi&quot;<br /> |[[Sricharan Pakala]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2024 || ''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]'' <br /> |&quot;Kaka&quot;<br /> | [[Vijai Bulganin]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''<br /> |&quot;Mawaa Enthaina&quot; <br /> |S. Thaman<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''<br /> |&quot;Angrezi Beat&quot;<br /> |Pavan<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Roti Kapda Romance]]''<br /> |&quot;Galeez&quot;<br /> |Harshavardhan Rameshwar<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Uruku Patela]]''<br /> |&quot;Patnam Pilla&quot;<br /> |Pravin Lakkaraju<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jithender Reddy]]''<br /> |&quot;A aa E ee U uu&quot;<br /> |[[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu|''Gandhi Tatha Chettu'']]<br /> |&quot;Dhagad Pilla&quot;<br /> |Ree<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]'' <br /> |&quot;Preminchane Pilla&quot;<br /> |[[Sunil Kashyap]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Racharikam]]''<br /> |&quot;Maula Maula&quot;<br /> |Vengi<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1|''Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1'']]<br /> |&quot;Kollagottinadhiro&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Udaa Ke Le Gayi&quot;<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Emmanasa Parichutta&quot;<br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kaddhukondu Hodhalo&quot;<br /> |Kannada<br /> |-<br /> |[[Oka Brundavanam|''Oka Brundavanam'']]<br /> |&quot;Inthinthai Saagene&quot;<br /> |Sunny–Saketh<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Solo Boy]]''<br /> |&quot;Solo Boy Title Song&quot;<br /> |[[Judah Sandhy]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Single (film)|Single]]''<br /> |&quot;Sirrakaindhi Single Bathuku&quot;<br /> |[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''<br /> |&quot;Ayyo Emira Ee Jeevitham&quot;<br /> |Vikas Badisa<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mithra Mandali]]''<br /> |&quot;Kattanduko Janaki&quot;<br /> |RR Dhruvan<br /> |Telugu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|5001475}}<br /> <br /> {{Bigg Boss Telugu}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sipligunj, Rahul}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) winners]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_State_Election_Commission&diff=461498 2025-12-13T13:26:13Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government commission overseeing municipal elections in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | name = State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh<br /> | native_name = राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग उत्तर प्रदेश<br /> | type = Commission<br /> | seal = <br /> | logo = Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission logo.png<br /> | logo_size = 200px<br /> | logo_caption = Logo of the Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission<br /> | formed = {{Start date and age|1994|04|23|df=yes}}<br /> | jurisdiction = Whole of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | headquarters = 32, Station Road, Udaiganj, Lalkuan [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], 226-001, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coordinates|26.836336|80.93382099999997|display = inline, title}}<br /> | employees = <br /> | budget = <br /> | chief1_name = Manoj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | chief1_position = Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner<br /> | chief2_name = Ved Prakash Verma, [[Indian Telecom Service|ITS]]<br /> | chief2_position = Additional State Election Commissioner<br /> | chief3_name = <br /> | chief3_position = <br /> | chief4_name = <br /> | chief4_position = <br /> | chief5_name = <br /> | chief5_position = <br /> | chief6_name = <br /> | chief6_position = <br /> | chief7_name = <br /> | chief7_position = <br /> | chief8_name = <br /> | chief8_position = <br /> | chief9_name = <br /> | chief9_position = <br /> | parent_department = <br /> | website = {{Official website|http://sec.up.nic.in/site/}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh''' ('''SEC UP'''; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Rājya Nirvācana Āyoga Uttara Pradeśa}}), commonly known as the '''Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission''', is an independent constitutional body responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|urban]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)|rural]] local bodies—the constitutionally mandated [[Local self-government in India|third-tier of government]] in India—in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP). The commission is headed by the Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner, at present, Manoj Kumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2018/jan/18/retd-ias-officer-manoj-kumar-takes-over-as-up-sec-1757721.html|title=Retd IAS officer Manoj Kumar takes over as UP SEC|date=18 January 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=243883379}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/manoj-kumar-is-new-sec/articleshow/62564985.cms|title=Manoj Kumar is new SEC|date=19 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=23379369}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Origins ==<br /> The commission was constituted by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in April 1994,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; after the passing of [[Panchayati raj in India|73rd]] and [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th]] [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|amendments of the Constitution of India]], which mandated for a permanent indissoluble local bodies in rural and urban areas with a maximum term of five&amp;nbsp;years,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajan|first=Amitabh|author-link=Amitabh Rajan|date=March 2017|title=Institutional Dynamics of Governance Reform in India (1991–2016)|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|volume=63|issue=1|pages=41–62|doi=10.1177/0019556116689765|issn=0019-5561}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-constitution-of-india-9789387146556/|title=The Constitution of India: A Contextual Analysis|last=Thiruvengadamv|first=Arun K.|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87146-55-6|edition=1st|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=96–97|lccn=2017042042|orig-year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and allowed for the creation of state election commissions in all states to conduct elections to local-self government bodies under the newly-inducted article 243K.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]], [[Government of India]]|page=6|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201062705/http://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> The commission is responsible for conducting elections to ''[[gram panchayat]]s'' (village councils), ''kshetra panchayats'' (regional councils), and ''[[District Councils of India|zila panchayat]]s'' (district councils) under the ''U. P. Panchayati Raj Act, 1947'' and ''U. P. (Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats) Adhiniyam, 1961'' and ''[[Nagar Palika Parishad|nagar palika parishad]]s'' (municipal councils), ''[[nagar panchayat]]s'' (city councils), and [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporation]]s under the ''U. P. Municipalities Act, 1916'' in the state of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sec.up.nic.in/site/introduction.aspx|title=State Election Commission::UP — Introduction|website=State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh|access-date=2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[District collector (India)|District magistrates]]—under the general superintendence of the state election commission—are responsible for the conduct of local body elections in their respective [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The commission is also vested with the power of general supervision of preparation of [[electoral roll]]s for local body election in Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The [[Election Commission of India]]—the constitutional body responsible for conducting [[Presidential election in india|presidential]], vice-presidential, [[General elections in india|parliamentary]] and [[Elections in India|state legislative elections]] in India—can share its electoral rolls with the state election commission, but the latter is otherwise independent from it, whilst being vested with the same powers as the former for local body elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/|title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers|last=Chopra|first=Ritika|date=11 April 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|oclc=70274541}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Organisation ==<br /> The commission is headed by the Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner, who is in turn assisted by an additional commissioner; three joint commissioners; two officers on special duty, one of whom also acts the head of department (HoD); a secretary; and two deputy election commissioners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sec.up.nic.in/site/organizationchart.aspx|title=State Election Commission::UP — Organisation Chart|website=State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh|access-date=2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner ===<br /> <br /> The Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner acts as the head of the state election commission. Usually a retired officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the commissioner is appointed by the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|governor of Uttar Pradesh]] on the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]]'s aid and advise and has the same immunity as a [[List of high courts in India|high court]] judge and therefore, can only be removed from office via [[impeachment]] by both houses of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The commissioner has a tenure of six&amp;nbsp;years or till she/he attains the age of 68, whichever is earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UP-election-commissioners-retirement-age-extended-to-68-years/articleshow/37151127.cms|title=UP election commissioner's retirement age extended to 68 years|date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=23379369}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current{{when|date=March 2019}} state election commissioner is Mr Raj Pratap Singh, a retired UP cadre IAS officer of 1982 batch.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> === Book ===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite book|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-constitution-of-india-9789387146556/|title=The Constitution of India: A Contextual Analysis|last=Thiruvengadamv|first=Arun K.|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87146-55-6|edition=1st|location=[[New Delhi]]|lccn=2017042042|orig-year=2017}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> === Paper ===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=Amitabh |author-link=Amitabh Rajan |date=March 2017 |title=Institutional Dynamics of Governance Reform in India (1991–2016) |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=41–62 |doi=10.1177/0019556116689765 |issn=0019-5561}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|sec.up.nic.in}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State election commissioners of India|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of Uttar Pradesh|Election Commission]]<br /> [[Category:Local elections in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies established in 1994]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aur_Nawanshahr&diff=488339 2025-12-12T03:08:20Z

<p>Sherry6361: Added New Post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=April 2025}}<br /> '''Aur''' is a town in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] which is located on the [[Nawanshahr]] to Phillaur National Highway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2025 |title=Aur Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/32343-aur-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aur is connected with a number of cities including [[Phillaur]], Nawanshahr, [[Banga, India|Banga]], and [[Rahon]]. It is located {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar. Aur is a block of 83 villages which is located 101&amp;nbsp;km From Punjab capital [[Chandigarh]].<br /> <br /> Aur is a quaint little town nestled in the interior of Punjab, the road from Phagwara to Aur is full of greenery and scenic landscape, especially in the rainy and winter season. Aur is renowned for its spiritual glory in the neighbouring areas. It is also known as &quot;santan di bhoomi&quot; meaning &quot;Land of saints&quot; as many temples devoted to realized saints are located in Aur. Some of the famous god realized saints from Aur are Baba Nathpuri maharaj, Baba ballbhdas and Baba dharamgeer.<br /> <br /> Baba Nathpuri maharaj<br /> Baba nathpuri maharaj also known as Baba banaspuri maharaj by few was a great bhakta of Lord Shiva who attained Mahasamadhi sometime in the 18th century. An annual &quot;Bhandara&quot; festival is celebrated at the temple dedicated to babaji. The festival is celebrated with much fanfare on the first Monday of January every year and attracts visitors from far-off towns and cities of Punjab. A mahaprasad is served to the devotees. It is a major festival for devotees and over the years has gained popularity among the locals as well as devotees who come from faraway places to seek the blessings of babaji.<br /> <br /> According to local accounts many people from Aur have experienced the divine grace of Babaji, fondly known as swamiji by some devotees. The followers of swamiji are spread across globally mainly viz. western Europe, United States, and pay homage to this venerated saint on their annual visits to the motherland.<br /> <br /> Baba ballbhdas <br /> Baba ballbhdas ji - a renowned saint and spiritual powerhouse known for his kind and compassionate grace lived in Aur in the 18th century and was an ardent follower of Lord Shiva. The story carried down generations suggests that Baba ballabhdas ji and baba nath puri maharaj are real brothers who devoted their lives to the path of Shiv bhakti and are worshipped as Divine souls or saints and as a Kulguru by generations of devotees mainly from Aur.<br /> <br /> Baba dharamgeer <br /> Baba dharamgeer ji - a saint who lived in the 20th century in Aur and was known for his compassion towards all, be it human beings or animals he loved all equally there is a temple in the central part of Aur dedicated to Babaji and the temple complex houses temples of Lord hanuman and Lord shani and other Hindu gods.<br /> <br /> The life story of Baba dharamgeer is a classic tale of devotion and life spent in spiritual inquiry, the tale narrated in local folklore is that of Babaji arriving as a small boy of around 10 years in Aur, he had run away from home to avoid marriage and stayed in hanuman temple, Aur. Babaji was spiritual in nature since his childhood and his stay in temple aided provided him with opportunity to pursue spiritual inquiry and over the period of years he came to be known as a Kind saint who had a soft corner for animals and used to feed cats, dogs from his own plate never discriminating between humans and animals, treating all with the same kindness.<br /> <br /> An old anecdote about Babaji suggests that he would practice a form of yoga that gave him the power of separating his body parts and he would take out his intestines to dry them in the sunlight. (Note: This is old practice known to many accomplished yogis of India) even accounts of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|sai baba of shirdi]] drying his intestines have been reported by some devotees.<br /> <br /> Another story about Babaji's miracles goes like this: In 1947 during the [[partition of India]], Babaji, using his yogic powers, had seen the coming carnage that partition would heap upon the citizens of both the countries and helped many of his devotees escape to safety, warning them of the impending riots and massacre.<br /> <br /> There are many miracles that have been attributed to the three spiritual giants of Aur. Miraculous recoveries from illness to help in life, visions of the future and blessings that have helped many prosper.<br /> <br /> A very famous person from the village of Aur is journalist [[Durga Das]]. He wrote a book called ''India: From Curzon to Nehru and After''. He was born around 1900 AD. He lived during time of freedom struggle and wrote about it from 1900 to 1969. He is a distinguished journalist.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|31.068|76.001|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manduru,_Bapatla_district&diff=515820 2025-11-26T04:44:21Z

<p>Sherry6361: put up some place nd citations - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Manduru<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname =<br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt =<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16.1641|N|80.6376|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder =<br /> | named_for =<br /> | government_type =<br /> | governing_body =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=22 September 2015|page=14,450|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_rank =<br /> | area_total_km2 = 7.22<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2632<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank =<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate =<br /> | website =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manduru''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Tsundur]] [[mandal]] of [[Tenali revenue division]].&lt;ref name=census /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/guntur.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/guntur.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=11|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of villages in Guntur district#T|Villages in Tsundur mandal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Nooruddin&diff=504702 2025-11-17T08:31:15Z

<p>Sherry6361: new some page w/ infobox...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Professor of Foreign Service}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Irfan Nooruddin''' is the [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani|Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani]] Professor of Indian Politics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irfan Nooruddin — Evolving news media landscapes in India and Pakistan: Implications for regional peace and stability {{!}} Center for Contemporary South Asia |url=https://watson.brown.edu/southasia/events/2021/irfan-nooruddin-evolving-news-media-landscapes-india-and-pakistan-implications-regional |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=watson.brown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Asian Studies Program in the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Initiative |first=Georgetown India |title=Irfan Nooruddin |url=https://india.georgetown.edu/people/irfan-nooruddin |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=india.georgetown.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Is right-wing populism seeing a resurgence across the world? {{!}} The Hindu parley podcast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/is-right-wing-populism-seeing-a-resurgence-across-the-world-the-hindu-parley-podcast/article67684030.ece |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Originally hailing from [[Mumbai]] in India, he moved to the US for studies and is a US Citizen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Me |url=https://www.irfannooruddin.org/me.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Irfan Nooruddin |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Previously ==<br /> From 2015 to 2020, he served as the director of the Georgetown University India Initiative and the [[Atlantic Council]] South Asia Center Director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irfan Nooruddin |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/irfan-nooruddin/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also was a fellow of the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Woodrow Wilson International Center]] for Scholars in Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Initiative |first=Georgetown India |title=Irfan Nooruddin |url=https://india.georgetown.edu/people/irfan-nooruddin |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=india.georgetown.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Books Authored ==<br /> ''Elections in Hard Times: Building Stronger Democracies in the 21st Century'' (with T.E. Flores, Cambridge, 2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irfan Nooruddin — Evolving news media landscapes in India and Pakistan: Implications for regional peace and stability {{!}} Center for Contemporary South Asia |url=https://watson.brown.edu/southasia/events/2021/irfan-nooruddin-evolving-news-media-landscapes-india-and-pakistan-implications-regional |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=watson.brown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Coalition Politics and Economic Development: Credibility and the Strength of Weak Governments'' (Cambridge, 2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elections in Hard Times: Building Stronger Democracies in the 21st Century |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/book/elections-hard-times |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nooruddin |first=Irfan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIqIswEACAAJ |title=Coalition Politics and Economic Development: Credibility and the Strength of Weak Governments |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-99167-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> He called the image of Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] a mirage on the world stage backed by statistics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2024-05-08 |title=PM Modi's claim of dramatically enhancing India's global standing a 'mirage', says report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1067590/pm-modis-claim-of-dramatically-enhancing-indias-global-standing-a-mirage-says-report |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-08 |title=New report claims India's rise on world stage under PM Modi is 'a mirage' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/new-report-claims-indias-rise-on-world-stage-under-pm-modi-is-a-mirage/articleshow/109931366.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{improve categories|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nooruddin, Irfan}}<br /> [[Category:Georgetown University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Indian descent]]<br /> <br /> {{US-polisci-bio-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beni_Singh&diff=490486 2025-11-13T21:35:47Z

<p>Sherry6361: Added A Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Thakur of Maihar from 1770 to 1788}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | name = Beni Singh<br /> | title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]<br /> | succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]<br /> | reign = {{circa|1770}} – 4 July 1788<br /> | predecessor = ''Position established''<br /> | successor = [[Rajdhar Singh]]<br /> | death_date = 4 July 1788<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maihar_State.png}} [[Maihar State|Maihar]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Beni Singh''' (sometimes '''Beni Hazuri''''','' '''Beeny Huzzoory''' or '''Benny Huzzcory''') was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1770 until his death in 1788.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Singh was the grandson of Bhim Singh, who served under [[Chhatrasal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=380 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began his career from humble beginnings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Hindupat Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]], appointed him as his [[Dewan|Diwan]] and granted him [[Maihar State|Maihar]] as a [[jagir]] in 1770.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Tikam/LyELAQAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Tikamgarh |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=53–54 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hindupat Singh|Hindupat]] also conferred upon him the title of [[Rais]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India_A_Genealogical/zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston &amp; Company |pages=172 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon the death of [[Hindupat Singh]], he and Khemraj became the guardians of the minor [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]], whom [[Hindupat Singh|Hindupat]] had named as his successor to the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]], bypassing his eldest son, Sarnet Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Oudh (India) |first=United Provinces of Agra and |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Gazetteers_of_the_United_Provin/4b0rAQAAIAAJ |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1909 |pages=174 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Juvenile_History_of_Charkhari/eTSy_conpsQC |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das &amp; Company, Booksellers |pages=108 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, he made [[Maihar State|Maihar]] independent of [[Panna State|Panna]] suzerainty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; When Col. Leslie fell at [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]] in 1778, his successor, Col. Goddard, sought permission from Beni to pass through [[Panna State|Panna]], but Beni refused.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Central_India_State_Gazetteer_Series/W_8bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=174 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goddard later obtained permission from Khemraj.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Both he and Khemraj were ambitious and warlike, and it did not take long for them to fall out.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Each of them wanted sole control over Panna, but Beni held the upper hand in state affairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Ma/p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |pages=164,189–190 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rivalry between them not only caused strife and tension in [[Panna State|Panna]] but also fostered jealousy and distrust among the rulers across [[Bundelkhand]], leading to a series of wars of succession throughout the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bundelkhand_Under_the_Marathas_1720_1818/qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=55,82–87 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each ruler, whether of [[Panna State|Panna]], [[Charkhari State|Charkhari]], [[Jaitpur State|Jaitpur]], or [[Banda (state)|Banda]], aspired to bring about the ruin of the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Khemraj took up arms in support of Sarnet, fought Beni near [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], and defeated him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, when [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh]] died, they set aside their differences and backed [[Dhokal Singh]]’s succession to the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; As he was a minor, they could wield power during his minority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When Sarnet Singh sought the help of Arjun Singh, a renowned warrior and general who was the guardian of Bakht Singh (or Madhukar Shah) of Banda, Arjun readily set out to fight on his behalf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; His forces and those of Arjun Singh confronted each other at Gathewara near [[Chhatarpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; His army comprised 7,000 cavalry, 1,000 infantry, and two battalions with five cannons, while Arjun's force had 7,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and 15 cannons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The battle took place on 4 July 1788 and lasted for nearly six hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; During the fight, he was killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He left behind many monuments of his generosity throughout [[Bundelkhand]] in the form of numerous tanks and buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/xQC2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=426 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His son, [[Rajdhar Singh]], succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:1788 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:People from Maihar State]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nuwakot&diff=469547 2025-11-04T20:49:51Z

<p>Sherry6361: slightly enhanced layout per standard format and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1744 battle}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Battle of Nuwakot<br /> | partof = [[Unification of Nepal]]<br /> | image = File:Battle of Nuwakot.webp<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Battle of Nuwakot<br /> | date = 26 September 1744 – 1 October 1744<br /> | place = [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|54|49|N|85|09|53|E|type:city_region:NP|display=inline}}<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_marksize = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_label = <br /> | territory = [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]] captured by the Gorkhas<br /> | result = Gorkhali victory<br /> | status = <br /> | combatant1 = [[Gorkha Kingdom]]<br /> | combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Kantipur]]<br /> | combatant3 = <br /> | commander1 = [[Prithivi Narayan Shah]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Kalu Pande]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Mahodam Kirti Shah]]<br /> | commander2 = [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Jayant Rana]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Shankha Mani Rana]]{{KIA}}<br /> | commander3 = <br /> | units1 = <br /> | units2 = <br /> | units3 = <br /> | strength1 = More than 1,300 soldiers<br /> | strength2 = Unknown<br /> | strength3 = <br /> | casualties1 = <br /> | casualties2 = <br /> | casualties3 = <br /> | notes = <br /> | campaignbox = <br /> }}<br /> {{Location map many | Nepal<br /> | AlternativeMap = Nepal relief location map.jpg<br /> | width = 300<br /> | caption = Location in present-day Nepal<br /> | float = right<br /> | label2 = Nuwakot<br /> | pos2 = bottom<br /> | mark2size = 8<br /> | lat2_deg = 27.5449<br /> | lon2_deg = 85.0953<br /> | label1 = Gorkha<br /> | pos1 = left<br /> | mark1size = 8<br /> | lat1_deg = 28<br /> | lon1_deg = 84.6333333<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''battle of Nuwakot''' also called '''siege of Nuwakot''' or '''invasion of Nuwakot''' was fought in [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]] in 1744. Nuwakot was controlled by the [[Kingdom of Kantipur]] and it was an important location as it had a trade route to [[Tibet]]. The [[Gorkha Kingdom]] previously attacked twice by [[Nara Bhupal Shah]] and his son [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] respectively. To prepare for the war Prithvi Narayan Shah visited [[Varanasi]] to get war materials, ammunition, acquire weapons, train the soldiers, and [[Pilgrim]]s. He improved his army personnel and included people from any caste including the blacksmiths, cobblers, sweepers, [[Damai]], and anyone who was bodied and physically fit was able to join the crew. <br /> <br /> The [[Gorkha Kingdom]] attacked Nuwakot on 26 September 1744 as astrologer [[Kulananda Dhakal]] said it was the auspicious day for launching the attack. The day before, Shah commanded [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] [[Kalu Pande]] to be ready for a strike. The Gorkhas, got together with their weapons, and the king split the army into three groups. Gorkha won the battle on 1 October 1744.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Nuwakot was controlled by the [[Kingdom of Kantipur|Kantipur]] (known today as [[Kathmandu]]) after king [[Ratna Malla]] annexed it.{{sfn|Singh|2013|p=1}}{{sfn|Shrestha|Singh|Singh|1972|p=31}} Nuwakot was an important location for Kantipur as it had a trade route to Tibet and it was the western gate to the [[Kathmandu Valley|Nepal Valley]].{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=2}} Gorkha was a [[petty kingdom]] in the confederation of [[Chaubisi rajya]] (24 principalities), located in present-day western [[Nepal]] founded by the brother of [[Narahari Shah]] of [[Lamjung]], [[Dravya Shah]], in 1599.{{sfn|Sinha|2018|p=2}} Later [[Ram Shah]] became the king of Gorkha and expanded the borders of the kingdom through marriage and wars.{{sfn|Sinha|2018|p=2}} In 1739, [[Nara Bhupal Shah]] signed a peace treaty with Lamjung which made the east flank safe with plans to capture Nuwakot.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=2}} After the treaty, [[Maheswor Pant]] and Kaji [[Jayant Rana|Jayant Rana Magar]] of Gorkha were commanded to attack Nuwakot, however, they were defeated.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=2}} Upon defeat, the blame was put on [[Jayant Rana |Jayant Rana Magar]] by Nara Bhupal. [[Jayant Rana|Jayant Rana Magar]] was stripped of his titles position and he went to Kantipur to seek shelter.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=2}} [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] of Kantipur appointed him to defend attacks from Gorkha as former [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] of Gorkha [[Jayant Rana|Jayanta Rana Magar]] had inside information on their strengths and weaknesses. {{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=2}}<br /> <br /> Later [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] ascended as the King of Gorkha after the death of his father. Upon being crowned, he started to prepare for a war against Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} Shah made Gorkha Bhardars [[Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha|Biraj Thapa Magar]] the commander. As he did not want to make the same mistake as [[Jayant Rana|Jayant Rana Magar]], so the troops stayed camped at Khimchet.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} Nobles, and Bhardars who supported Maheswor Pant criticised that [[Biraj Thapa Magar]] was a coward for spending a long time to attack.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} They incited Prithvi Narayan Shah by telling him that he could capture Nuwakot by mounting an attack.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} So, he sent another force led by Pant who reached the [[Trishuli River]] and they climbed the steep slope but Kantipur soldiers had planned that to let the forces climb the hill so they could unexpectedly mount an attack against the Gorkhalis.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} When the soldiers climbed the hill, Mallas aggressively attacked them and defeated them.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=3}} Shah realised he needed more military technology and manpower to capture Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=4}}<br /> <br /> == Preparations ==<br /> [[File:Prithvi Narayan Shah 1960 (restoration).png|thumb|[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]|left]]<br /> To prepare for the war, Prithivi Narayan Shah visited [[Varanasi]] to get war materials, ammunition, acquire weapons, train the soldiers, and [[Pilgrim]]s.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=4}} Shah hired some people to drill and practice his soldiers and with the help of craftsman he availed himself to make gunpowder, arrows, shafts, Khundas (sword), and [[Khukuri]]s.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=4}} He increased the military personnel and gave them proper training to make them more efficient.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=6}} The army included people from any caste including the blacksmiths, cobblers, sweepers, [[Damai]], and anyone who was bodied and physically fit was able to join the crew.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=6}}<br /> <br /> Shah began to set up friendly relations with neighbouring kingdoms due to the danger to Gorkha if he attacked Kantipur.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=6}} He also sent messengers to ask for assistance in his attempt to capture Nuwakot, [[Chaubisi Rajya|Chaubisi Rajyas]] and others rejected to provide military aid but [[Kingdom of Lamjung]] established a friendship with Gorkha.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=6}} Shah and king of Lamjung signed an agreement that stated that they would attack when Gorkha moves towards the east of Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=6}} After winning over the Nepal Valley, Gorkhali king would provide Lamjung one lakh twenty thousand [[Nepalese mohar|mohars]].{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=7}} Shah undertook to receive war materials, increasing the manpower, and getting support from the people for the imminent war. {{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=7}}<br /> <br /> == Battle ==<br /> [[File:Prakash Malla.Nepal (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Jaya Prakash Malla]]]]<br /> In September 1744, [[Kulananda Dhakal]], an astrologer was ordered by the king to find the auspicious hour to go to war with Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} Before going to war, Prithivi Narayan Shah, tasked trusted noble Bhardars and commanders to manage the state affairs.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} The same month, the Gorkha Kingdom with advisers, king, and 1,300 soldiers went to invade Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} Shah had desired to invade Nuwakot in the [[wet season]] because the opponent would not except any attack during the season.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} The Gurkha troops disguise themselves as farmers to make the impending battle a secret, and they get to the shores of the Trishuli River.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} Upon getting to Khimchet, the troops faked making a canal from the river to a field, and the opponent did not understand the motive of these farmers.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} The army led by Shah arrived from [[Borlang]], Charange, Tambai, to Khimchet in the fourth day, and they waited at Khimchet for the auspicious day to attack.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}} For the time being, king [[Prithivi Narayan Shah]] wrote a letter to commander [[Jayant Rana|Jayanta Rana Magar]] to join Gorkha, mentioning his ex-relations, however, he declined to join his side, adding &quot;I am yours, but I have already eaten the salt of [[Jaya Prakash Malla|Jaya Prakash]]. Now I would die for him&quot;.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=8}}{{Sfn|Singh|1997|p=112}}<br /> <br /> [[Prithivi Narayan Shah]] assigned a [[Brahmin|Jaisi Brahmin]], Kalu Adhikari, to perform a [[Tantra|Tantric ritual]] which included burying a nail to opponent's soil believing that they could win the battle.{{Sfn|Singh|1997|p=112}}{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} Adhikari arrived at Nuwakot by pretending that he had left Gorkhas and came there to seek asylum, and he was granted a shelter.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} Later, he buried a nail at Mahamandal during the auspicious time, then Adhikari went back to Gorkha, who were impressed by this.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} The enemies became aware of an incoming attack, [[Jayant Rana|Jayanta Rana Magar]], assigned his son Shankha Mani Rana Magar to defend Mahamandal and Nuwakot, and he went to Kantipur to get more soldiers.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} At the same time, Prithivi Narayan Shah was trying to find where to launch an attack, not to repeat the past mistake, by crossing Trishuli River Bridge.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} He found Shubha Ghat to attack from as it was easier to go up to the hill to reach Mahamandal and it couldn't bee seen by much people from Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} Jaluwa Manjhi, concurred with Gorkhas to ferry them across the river.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}}<br /> <br /> Kulananda Dhakal informed Shah that the 26th of September was the auspicious day for launching the attack.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} Day before, Shah commanded [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] [[Kalu Pande]] to be ready for a strike, the Gorkhas, got together with their weapons, and the king split the army into three groups.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} The king told them to mount an attack from three directions.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=9}} There was a chance that Nuwakot defenders would not be aware of an incoming attack if Gorkhas launched from the north and northeast since they believed that west and south were the suitable directions for an attack.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} Prithvi Narayan Shah planned to surprise them by attacking from an unanticipated way, he told the first group to go to Mahamandal through northeast route by using Gorkhu, the second group to attack Mahamandal from Dharampani, and the third group to assault Nuwakot directly from using Tindhare route.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}}<br /> [[File:Kalu Pande.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kalu Pande]]|200px]]<br /> Kalu Pande, [[Government of Nepal|Chautaria]] [[Mahodam Kirti Shah]], and Prithivi Narayan Shah led the first to third groups, respectively.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} Three groups met at Shubha Ghat, Jaluwa Manjhi, transported them across the Trishuli River, the force also included the brother of the king [[Dal Mardan Shah]], royal preceptor, priest and astrologers, who were given weapons.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} Nuwakot was guarded by few soldiers but they were on the alert to fight back the Gorkhali forces and they were on defensive positions.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} They did not have much advanced war materials, only a few guns, and they had the traditional weapons like bow and arrows, Khundas, swords, and spears.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} This was because it was hard to obtain guns and ammo and thus they were used in small quantities.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=10}} [[Indrajatra|Indra Jātrā]], one of the biggest festival, was being celebrated by the people of Kantipur and consequently, Jayant Rana, did not get any troops.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=11}}<br /> <br /> On 26 September 1744, the first group climbed up the hill to reach Mahamandal from the north, when soldiers of Nuwakot were sleeping.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=11}} Kalu Pande launched an unexpected attack so they could not counter-attack, and capture or kill commander of Nuwakot Shankha Mani Rana Magar who commanded deepeners initially.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=11}} When Gorkhali arrived at Mahamandal, they jumped at defenders and yelled [[battle cry]] &quot;Jai [[Kali]]&quot;, &quot;Jai [[Gorakhnath]]&quot;, and &quot;Jai [[Manakamana Temple|Manakamana]]&quot;.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=11}} The defenders started to run away without fighting back as they were unprepared, seeing this, Shankha Mani Rana Magar,{{Sfn|Regmi|1974|p=8}} motivated them to attack but they did not listen.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=11}}{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} Remarkably, wounded <br /> Sankha Mani Rana Magar charged the Gorkhali soldiers with a sword then they surrounded him, and he challenged Dal Mardan Shah.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} Shah chopped his head off and more soldiers fled to [[Belkot]] after witnessing their commander's death. Many defenders and some Gorkhali soldiers also died on the spot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} Many praised Dal Mardan Shah as the victory was decided by the death of a commander.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} The second group led by Mahodam Kirti Shah became victorious as defenders ran away and some dying.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} Prithivi Narayan Shah's group received a message saying that Mahamandal was captured thus the king went to attack the fort, Nuwakot Gadhi.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} The fort defenders could not resist the attack by the Gorkhali in the darkness and rather than fighting they fled to Belkot as well since they already received the news about the death of their commander Sankha Mani Rana Magar.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=12}} On 1 October 1744, Gorkhalis won the battle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdDAAAAYAAJ|title=Regmi Research Series|date=1973|publisher=Regmi Research|pages=22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalu Pande with Ashok Bari, and Mahodam Kirti Shah arrived at the fort, the king went inside of the fort then inside of the palace with advice of astrologers.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=13}} He also gathered his soldiers and they went to Nuwakot Bhairavi to esteem the deity.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=13}} Few days later, in the Battle of Belkot, [[Jayant Rana|Jayanta Rana Magar]] was captured, imprisoned, and was skinned alive with people from Nuwakot, and Gorkha spectating his death.{{Sfn|Singh|1997|p=112}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dangol|first=Sanu Bhai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXtuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Palace in Nepalese Politics: With Special Reference to the Politics of 1951 to 1990|date=1999|publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar|pages=8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Unification of Nepal]]<br /> * [[Battle of Kathmandu]]<br /> * [[Battle of Kirtipur]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Nagendra Kr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC&amp;q=invasion+of+Nuwakot&amp;pg=PA111|title=Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal|date=1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-847-7|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Awadhesh C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfl0DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=battle+Nuwakot&amp;pg=PT32|title=Dawn of Democracy in the Eastern Himalayan Kingdoms: The 20th Century|date=26 October 2018|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-0-429-68568-2|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRdBDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Nuwakot+kingdom&amp;pg=PT30|title=Forever Incomplete: The Story of Nepal|date=30 June 2013|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1805-3|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Regmi|first=Mahesh C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2dDAAAAYAAJ|title=Regmi Research Series|date=1 January 1974|publisher=Regmi Research|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Shrestha|first1=D. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQQzAAAAMAAJ|title=The History of Ancient and Medieval Nepal in a Nutshell: With Some Comparative Traces of Foreign History|last2=Singh|first2=C. E.|last3=Singh|first3=C. B.|date=1972|publisher=HMG Press|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Hamal|first=Lakshman B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3RuAAAAMAAJ|title=Military History of Nepal|date=1995|publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir|language=en}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wars involving Nepal|Nuwakot]]<br /> [[Category:Gurkhas]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1744|Nuwakot]]<br /> [[Category:Battles of the Unification of Nepal|Nuwakot]]<br /> [[Category:1744 in Nepal]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hur-ul-Nisa_Begum&diff=503306 2025-10-29T02:20:53Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal princess (1613–1616)}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Hur al-Nisa Begum<br /> | title = [[Princess|Shahzadi]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1613|3|30|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Agra|Akbarabad]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1616|6|5|1613|3|30|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> | burial_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> | father = [[Shah Jahan]]<br /> | mother = [[Mumtaz Mahal]]<br /> | religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hur-ul-Nisa''' (30 March 1613 – 5 June 1616) was a [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] princess, the first daughter of Mughal Emperor, [[Shah Jahan]] and his chief consort, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<br /> <br /> == Life ==<br /> Born on 30 March 1613 at Akbarabad, she was named Hur al-Nisa Begum by her paternal grandfather, [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]] who adopted her as his own daughter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kham|first=Inayat|title=The ShahJahannama|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|pages=6|translator-last=Fuller|translator-first=A. R.}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the first of the fourteen children born to [[Shah Jahan|Prince Khurram]] and his wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]]. Her maternal grandfather was [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan IV]], the [[Grand vizier]] during the reign of her father.<br /> <br /> She was deeply loved by Emperor Jahangir and his household.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> On 21 May 1616, Hur fell ill with smallpox and on 5 June, &quot;''the bird of her spirit took wing from this eternal cage and flew to the gardens of Paradise.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Emperor|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Washington D. C; New York|pages=194|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir, who was deeply attached to her, was so very much grieved at the death of this grandchild that he could not bring himself to note down her death and had requested [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]] to do so. Jahangir did not receive servants on the first two days after her death and ordered her room to be walled up. On the third day, unable to bear the grief anymore, he went to the house of Prince Khurram and stayed there for several days. While on his way to the Prince's house, the Emperor broke down several times at the thought of the &quot;''heavenly child''&quot;. He then went to the house of Asaf Khan IV, the departed child's maternal grandfather, to keep himself occupied. Yet, for as long as he stayed in [[Ajmer]], he broke down at every familiar thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Emperor|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Washington D. C; New York|pages=195|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the child died on a Wednesday, Jahangir ordered the day to be called &quot;''Gumshamba&quot;'' or ''&quot;day of loss&quot;.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She was buried near the grave of [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]] at Ajmer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Kobita|title=Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth|publisher=K.P. Bagchi &amp; Company|year=2007|location=Agra, India|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ancestry ==<br /> {{ahnentafel<br /> |collapsed=yes |align=center<br /> |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;<br /> |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;<br /> |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;<br /> |1= 1. '''Hur-ul-Nisa Begum'''<br /> |2= 2. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarker2007p187&quot;&gt;Kobita Sarker, ''Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth:&amp;nbsp;the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals'' (2007), p. 187&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3= 3. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarker2007p187&quot; /&gt;<br /> |4= 4. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehta1986p418&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |year=1986 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |page=418 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |5= 5. [[Jagat Gosain]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehta1986p418&quot; /&gt;<br /> |6= 6. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thackeray2012p254&quot;&gt;Frank W. Thackeray, John E. Findling, ''Events That Formed the Modern World'' (2012), p. 254&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |7= 7. Diwanji Begum&lt;ref name=&quot;Thackeray2012p254&quot; /&gt;<br /> |8= 8. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehta1986p374&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Mehta|1986|p=374}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |9= 9. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehta1986p374&quot; /&gt;<br /> |10= 10. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee2001p128&quot;&gt;Soma Mukherjee, ''Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions'' (2001), p. 128&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |11= 11. Manrang Devi of [[Gwalior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee2001p128&quot; /&gt;<br /> |12= 12. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]&lt;ref&gt;Subhash Parihar, ''Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture'' (1999), p. 149&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |13= 13. [[Asmat Begam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shujauddin|first1=Mohammad|last2=Shujauddin|first2=Razia|title=The Life and Times of Noor Jahan|date=1967|publisher=Caravan Book House|page=1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |14=14. Ghias ud-din 'Ali Asaf Khan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Moin-ud-din|title=The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans|date=1924|publisher=R. G. Bansal|page=101|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |15= }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1613 births]]<br /> [[Category:1616 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Mughal princesses]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:Daughters of emperors]]<br /> [[Category:Royalty who died as children]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_Bihar&diff=449011 2025-09-21T13:43:44Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Seal of Bihar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox coat of arms<br /> |name = Emblem of Bihar<br /> |image = Seal of Bihar.svg<br /> |image_width = 200<br /> |middle = <br /> |middle_width = <br /> |middle_caption = <br /> |lesser = <br /> |lesser_width = <br /> |lesser_caption = <br /> |armiger = The [[Government of Bihar]]<br /> |year_adopted = Between 1930-1935<br /> |crest = <br /> |torse = <br /> |shield = [[Bodhi Tree]] with [[Prayer beads]]<br /> |supporters = [[Swastika]]s<br /> |compartment = ([[Urdu]] for &quot;Bihar&quot;) inscribed on a [[brick]] at the bottom&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Bihar digging into history to discover roots of its emblem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-digging-into-history-to-discover-roots-of-its-emblem/story-6cjRG9Ba4pI9W79TlG5yII.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-06-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |motto = <br /> |orders = <br /> |other_elements =<br /> |earlier_versions = <br /> |use = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Emblem of Bihar''' is the official seal of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gov.bih.nic.in/ |title=Bihar Govt. Web Site |access-date=7 December 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was officially adopted by the [[Government of Bihar]] during [[British Raj|British rule]] between 1930 and 1935.<br /> <br /> ==Design ==<br /> The state symbol of Bihar features two [[Swastika|swastikas]] in front of a picture of a [[Bodhi tree]] with prayer beads. And the foundation base is brick where the [[Urdu]] word for ''Bihar'' ({{Lang|ur|بہار}}) is carved.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=All The State Emblems and Their Meaning |url=https://www.nlcbharat.org/emblems/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |publisher=National Legislators Conference |language=en-IN }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical emblems==<br /> Following the 1935 passage of the State Reorganisation Act, a recommendation to that effect was forwarded to the Royal Society, leading to the adoption of the Bo tree symbol in the emblem. <br /> <br /> The Bodhi Tree is represented by the Bo tree. It comes from the Sinhala word ''bo'', which means the Bodhi tree.<br /> <br /> This was the enormous, old sacred fig tree (''Ficus religiosa - Moraceae'') under which Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism and its spiritual teacher, is said to have attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya is located about 100 kilometres south of Patna.<br /> <br /> The balance of opposites, universal harmony, and Dharma are symbolised by the two Swastikas. The word derives from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', which is made up of the suffix ''-ka'', the words ''su'' (which means &quot;good&quot;) and ''asti'' (which means &quot;to be&quot;). Therefore, the logo represents Bihar as the land of nice people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-22 |title=Bihar digging into history to discover roots of its emblem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-digging-into-history-to-discover-roots-of-its-emblem/story-6cjRG9Ba4pI9W79TlG5yII.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government banner==<br /> The Government of Bihar can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/bihar-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-bihar-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-image127909900|title = Bihar State of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving on the Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of background, clouds: 127909900}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> &amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;<br /> File:Bihar Government Banner.png|Banner of Bihar<br /> &amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[National Emblem of India]]<br /> * [[List of Indian state emblems]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://gov.bih.nic.in/ Government of Bihar]<br /> <br /> {{Indian state emblems}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian state seals|Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Coats of arms with trees|Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Symbols of Bihar]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Bihar-stub}}<br /> {{Heraldry-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal_Housing_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&diff=454447 2025-09-10T04:17:32Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Housing Corporation in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation<br /> | logo = WBHIDCO logo.svg<br /> | image = HIDCO Bhaban - Rajarhat 2011-09-09 4905.JPG<br /> | image_caption = Headquarters at HIDCO Bhawan<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = <br /> | traded_as = <br /> | genre = <br /> | fate = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | founded = {{start date and age|10 June 1999}}<br /> | founder = <br /> | defunct = <br /> | location_city = HIDCO Bhawan, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|archive-date=8 June 2019|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[West Bengal]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | locations = <br /> | area_served = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | key_people = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]] ([[Chairman]])<br /> | industry = [[Infrastructure]]<br /> | products = <br /> | production = <br /> | services = {{unbulleted list|Infrastructure development|Housing development}}<br /> | revenue = <br /> | operating_income = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | assets = <br /> | equity = <br /> | owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]<br /> | num_employees = <br /> | parent = [[Government of West Bengal]]<br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|www.wbhidcoltd.com}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation''' (abbreviated as '''HIDCO''') is a [[Government of West Bengal]] owned [[Government-owned corporation|public sector undertaking]] headquartered in Narkelbagan, Action Area- I of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It plans and executes infrastructure and housing development projects in [[West Bengal]] which includes buildings, parks, museum, subways, overbridges, drains, sewerage line, water supply lines, beautification works and others.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=New Town to get three subways, an overbridge|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/New-Town-to-get-three-subways-an-overbridge/articleshow/30301719.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=13 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:RabindraTirtha 2013.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Rabindra Tirtha]], a project governed by the HIDCO]]<br /> [[File:Roses blooming in the rose garden during winter.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Roses blooming in the rose garden during winter in the [[New Town Eco Park]] in [[New Town, Kolkata]], a project developed by the HIDCO]]<br /> <br /> ==Notable works==<br /> {{Main article|List of projects by HIDCO}}<br /> Many well known constructions such as the [[KMOMA]], [[New Town Eco Park]], [[Kolkata Gate|Biswa Bangla Gate]], International Finance Hub of Kolkata, [[Rabindra Tirtha]], [[Nazrul Tirtha]], Vocational Training Institute, N-S Corridor, Convention Center etc. are some of the projects developed by HIDCO. [[Monorail]] from [[Ultadanga]] to [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] via [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] was also proposed by HIDCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ei Samay&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Ei Samay|title=উল্টোডাঙা-নিউটাউনে মনোরেল|url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/monorail-will-be-from-Ultadanga-to-New-Town/articleshow/46819781.cms|website=eisamay.indiatimes.com|access-date=13 May 2015|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata]]<br /> * [[KMOMA]]<br /> * [[Rabindra Tirtha]]<br /> * [[New Town Eco Park]]<br /> * [[Government of West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.wbhidcoltd.com/index.php Official homepage]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahanandi&diff=514754 2025-08-15T14:48:05Z

<p>Sherry6361: put up some entry w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Mahanandi Temple<br /> | native_name = Mahanandi <br /> | image =Mahanandi Temple View.jpg<br /> | alt =View of the entire temple complex.<br /> | caption =<br /> | map_type = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | map_caption =Location in Andhra Pradesh<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15|28|14|N|78|37|34|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country =India<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Nandyal district]]<br /> | location = [[Nandyal]]<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | deity = [[Shiva]]<br /> | festivals= [[Maha Shivaratiri]], [[Kartik Purnima]]<br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity=<br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | date_built = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Navanandiroutemap.jpg|thumb|250px|Navanandi Schematic route map from Nandyal]]<br /> '''Mahanandi''' is a village located east of the [[Nallamala Hills]] of [[Nandyal district|Nandyal District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is surrounded by forests. Within 15&amp;nbsp;km of Mahanandi, there are nine [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi shrines]] known as ''Nava nandulu''. Mahanandi is one of the Nava Nandis. The Mahanandiswara Swamy Temple, an important [[shrine]], is located here. This ancient temple dates back over 1,500 years. The inscriptions of 10th century tablets speak of the temple being repaired and rebuilt several times.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.trawell.in/andhra/mahanandi|title = Mahanandi Tourism &amp;#124; Tourist Places to Visit &amp; Travel Guide to Mahanandi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These nine temples are Mahanandi, Sivanandi, Vinayakanandi, Somanandi, Prathamanandi, Garudanandi, Suryanandi, Krishnanandi (also called Vishnunandi) and Naganandi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Mahanandi-Kurnool-Sightseeing-666-15121.html |title=Mahanandi {{!}} Mahanandi Photos {{!}} Kurnool Tourist Places |website=holidayiq.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114022801/http://www.holidayiq.com/Mahanandi-Kurnool-Sightseeing-666-15121.html |archive-date=2012-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A festival is held here annually during February and March to celebrate [[Maha Shivaratri]], the Great Night of [[Shiva]].<br /> <br /> Mahanandi is about 21&amp;nbsp;km from [[Nandyal]]. The nearest international airport is at [[Hyderabad]], which is about 215&amp;nbsp;km&amp;nbsp; and the nearest railway station is at Nandyal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/kurnool.html |title=::.Ap Tourism.:: |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210055227/http://aptdc.gov.in/kurnool.html |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are two routes to reach Mahanandi from Nandyal town. One route via Thimmapuram is the shortest, around 17&amp;nbsp;km from bus stand. The other route via giddalur road is the longer option, around 24&amp;nbsp;km from Nandyal.<br /> <br /> ==Temple Architecture==<br /> The temple is famous for its fresh water pools, called ''[[Kalyani (well)|Kalyani]]'' or ''Pushkarni''. The architecture of the temple shows the strong presence of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya Kings]] in this region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c08qf7d2TZQC&amp;dq=panyam+temples&amp;pg=PA70 | title=Temples of South India| isbn=9788121210225| last1=Subba Reddy| first1=V. V.| year=2009| publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pools of temple shows the skill of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarmas]].<br /> <br /> The initial structure was built by Badami Chalukyas in 7th century, while several additions were done in the 10th and 15th centuries. The gopuram over central sanctum was built in Badami Chalukyan style of architecture and other structures in the temple are in Vijayanagara style. According to the legend, the local kings known as Nandas ruled here in 10th century CE and built a number of temples and worshiped their ancestral deity the [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]], hence the name Mahanandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The main temple is surrounded by three pools: two small pools at the entrance and one big pool inside the temple itself. This holy tank is {{convert|60|sqft|m2}} with an outdoor pavilion called a [[mandapa]] in the centre. The inlets and outlets of the tank are arranged so that the depth of the water is constantly kept at five feet, thus enabling pilgrims to bathe in the holy waters. Bathing in the inside big pool is prohibited after 5PM every day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAHANANDI |url=https://tirupaticentralexcise.gov.in/docs/mahanandi.pdf |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=www.tirupaticentralexcise.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A peculiarity of the water source is that it has a constant flow irrespective of the change of seasons. The water source originates at the Garbhagruha (inner shrine) just below [[Swayambhu]] Linga. One can touch the water near the Shiva [[Linga]] (symbol of Shiva). The devotees can offer prayers and touch the Shiva Linga. This is unusual because traditionally at temples, the main deity is kept away from the touch of the devotees.<br /> <br /> The water is famous for its crystalline and healing qualities and is also tepid. The outgoing water irrigates {{convert|2000|acre|km2}} of fertile land surrounding the village. The surrounding areas are under production with rice fields, fruit, vegetable and flower gardens. The temple is well known for the Koneru. The water during the winter season will be very hot and vice versa during the summer. During the early mornings, the water is tepid and it gets cooled gradually with the rise in temperature.<br /> <br /> ==Photos==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Mahanandi Temple Gopuram 01.jpg|Mahanandi Temple Gopuram<br /> Mahanandi-pushkarini4.JPG|Mahanandi pushkarini view<br /> Worldsbiggestnandi2.JPG|Worlds biggest Nandi statue at Mahanandi<br /> Mahanandi Temple Gopuram 03.jpg|Mahanandi Temple Gopuram<br /> Mahanandi Temple Gopuram 02.jpg|Mahanandi Temple Gopuram view<br /> Mahanandi-pushkarini1.JPG|Pushkarini at Mahanandi<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_mining_in_Tamil_Nadu&diff=532464 2025-07-19T03:59:36Z

<p>Sherry6361: added a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> [[File:Sand Mining impact in Kachirapalayam Komuki Rivar.jpg|thumb|A mined river bed in Kachirapalayam]]<br /> '''Sand mining''', especially [[sand theft|illegal sand mining]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state is done on river beds, basins and beaches, It has been on an increase, since the beginning of the 1990s following a boom in the construction industry. [[Palar River]] basin, [[Vaigai River]] basin, [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]] basin (including its tributaries) and [[Thamirabarani River]] basin are some of the most affected regions. Illegal quarrying is happening in these areas in broad daylight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Illegal sand mining rampant in Palar basin |newspaper= The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/illegal-sand-mining-rampant-in-palar-basin/article5218406.ece |date=10 October 2013| accessdate = 2014-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though as per [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department]], 5,500-6,000 truck loads of 200 cubic ft. of sand is mined each day, in reality this figure is estimated to be around 55,000 truckloads of 400 cubic ft. of sand per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;money&quot; /&gt; In 2013, illegal sand mining in the state was estimated to be worth {{INR Convert|15000|c}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Illegal sand mining in Tamil Nadu worth Rs 15,000 crore?| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Illegal-sand-mining-in-Tamil-Nadu-worth-Rs-15000-crore/articleshow/21948643.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140204030245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-21/india/41432879_1_sand-mining-sand-lorry-owners-river-sand | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 February 2014 |date=21 August 2013| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 2014-02-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This resulted in the state exchequer losing over {{INR Convert|19800|C}} in revenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;money&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Illegal sand mining: Tough battle for Tamil Nadu|publisher= Moneycontrol| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/illegal-sand-mining-tough-battle-for-tamil-nadu_1029727.html |date=22 January 2014|accessdate = 2014-02-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> River sand mining began in the state as a small scale unorganised activity in the 1980s. It quickly began to boom in late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s owing to a boom in real estate and construction. During the late 1980s the industry was mostly under the control of small local politicians,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Cauvery, a river under stress: Effluents to sand mining, examining the impact of human activities - Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/cauvery-a-river-under-stress-effluents-to-sand-mining-examining-the-impact-of-human-activities-6559641.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510195649/https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/cauvery-a-river-under-stress-effluents-to-sand-mining-examining-the-impact-of-human-activities-6559641.html |archive-date=10 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; but political parties soon found sand mining to be a very lucrative source of revenue, hence by the beginning of the 1990s district level politicians soon emerged as major decision makers in the industry and permits were given on partisan lines and became very contentious. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government during the 1990s amended the rules to allow granting of mining leases without any auction, this continued even after it was voted out and replaced by a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] government. This practice led to political parties giving leases to a small group of miners affiliated to them, and allowed the party high command to bypass local leadership. This practice was ended by the [[Madras High Court]] in 2001 when it cancelled all such leases granted without an auction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2003, the then [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] under the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] brought all river sand mining under the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department (PWD)]], in practice however the PWD did not have the necessary capacity to meet the demand for river sand, this led to it subcontracting the mining, loading and unloading to private contractors after an auction. The PWD also failed to carry out the necessary inspections, and many of the contracts continued to be given to the previous group of private sand miners who had formed cartels, this in effect led to very little change on the ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Politicians aren't only messing with Tamil Nadu's water – they're making Rs 20,000 crore from sand |url=https://scroll.in/article/815138/tamil-nadus-political-parties-are-making-money-from-sand-worth-a-whopping-rs-20000-crore-a-year |access-date=2022-07-18 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145111/https://scroll.in/article/815138/tamil-nadus-political-parties-are-making-money-from-sand-worth-a-whopping-rs-20000-crore-a-year |archive-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Beach sand and mineral mining ==<br /> The coasts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala have [[Heavy mineral sands ore deposits|beach sand deposits]] of various minerals such as [[Ilmenite|illmenite]], [[zircon]], [[rutile]], [[garnet]], [[sillimanite]], [[leucoxene]], and [[monazite]]. From 1993 onwards, private firms were granted permission to mine beach sand and were allowed to mine the minerals- sillimanite and garnet. By 2007 this had expanded to include all the minerals including monazite from which radioactive elements such as [[thorium]] and small quantities of uranium can be extracted. Due to the presence of these radioactive elements in these minerals, their extraction poses occupational and environmental risk. Illegal sand mining without clearances was widespread in the districts of [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], and [[Thoothukudi district|Tuticorin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Green tribunal bans sand mining in Kerala, Tamil Nadu sea coast |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/green-tribunal-bans-sand-mining-in-kerala-tamil-nadu-sea-coast-41938 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717201457/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/green-tribunal-bans-sand-mining-in-kerala-tamil-nadu-sea-coast-41938 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Illegal mining ===<br /> Between 2000-2008 a group of companies including V.V Minerals, Transworld Garnet India, Beach Minerals Company, etc mined over 34 lakh (3.4 million) metric tonnes of raw sand, 9 lakh (900 thousand) metric tonnes of garnet, 8 lakh (800 thousand) metric tonnes of ilmenite, 3,500 metric tonnes of zircon, and 1,350 metric tonnes of rutile, which were mined and stored at quantities far above the legal amount allowed to be mined. The miners also tried to hide illegalities by showing waste sand as raw sand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=In Tamil Nadu, Sixteen Years Of Sand Mining Loot Officially Termed 'Illegal' |url=https://thewire.in/business/tamil-nadu-sand-mining |access-date=2022-07-17 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023073314/https://thewire.in/business/tamil-nadu-sand-mining |archive-date=23 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April–May 2017 the Sahoo Committee found that 37,000 metric tonnes of monazite, was sitting in [[godowns]] belonging to private beach sand miners. With 777 metric tonnes of it being ready for export. This was despite the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] prohibiting the processing and export of monazite. This monazite was stored either mixed in with raw beach sand, or as semi-processed and processed minerals in their godowns, in spite of [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board|Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)]] requiring it to be stored in AERB approved sites, for regular inspection. It was calculated that over 4.6 crore (46 million) metric tonnes of raw sand was required to extract the 23,608 metric tonnes of monazite found in a yard belonging to V.V Minerals alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vast Amounts of Illegally Mined Atomic Mineral Found in Tamil Nadu |url=https://thewire.in/business/illegal-sand-mining-monazite-tamil-nadu |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the Tamil Nadu government began conducting a reassessment of stocks of beach sand minerals in sealed godowns based on police reports of illegal transportation of the minerals from the sealed premises. The 2018 Sahoo Committee report had assessed the stocks of beach sand minerals in the godowns to be 1.5 crore (15 million) tonnes, however during the reassessment only 1.33 crore (13.3 million) tonnes of stock was found to remain in the sealed facilities, with a calculated shortfall of 16.04 lakh (1.604 million) tonnes of minerals, while 6.62 lakh (662,000) tonnes of additional stock was found to remain in possession of private miners, including 6,448 tonnes of monazite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2023-12-11 |title=Beach sand mining {{!}} 16.04 lakh tonnes have been transported illegally between 2018 and 2022, Tamil Nadu Govt. tells Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/beach-sand-mining-1604-lakh-tonnes-have-been-transported-illegally-between-2018-and-2022-tamil-nadu-govt-tells-madras-high-court/article67626418.ece |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Private Monopolization ===<br /> The private beach sand [[mining industry]] was dominated by S. Vaikundarajan and his family. His companies- V.V Minerals and Transworld Garnet India, alone accounted for 80% of the market share in the beach sand mining industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ravishankar |first=Sandhya |date=2017-07-09 |title=Illegal beach sand mining in Tamil Nadu could overtake 2G or coal scams |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/beached-by-illegal-sand-mining/article19246822.ece |access-date=2022-07-18 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; His family members own the companies- Beach Minerals Company and Industrial Mineral Company, both of which are also involved in similar activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ban on private mining ===<br /> In 2016 the [[Government of India|Central Government]] banned private mining of beach sand with [[monazite]] concentrations above 0.75%. On 20 February 2019 the Central Government issued a notification prohibiting the grant of atomic mineral rights to anyone other than the government or government agencies, effectively banning private beach sand mining. The [[Department of Atomic Energy]] issued a notification on 27 July 2019 stating that exploration rights of atomic minerals too solely rested with the government and its agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=DAE notifies ban on private mining of sand with atomic minerals {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dae-notifies-ban-on-pvt-mining-of-sand-with-atomic-minerals/articleshow/70424451.cms |access-date=2022-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111232702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dae-notifies-ban-on-pvt-mining-of-sand-with-atomic-minerals/articleshow/70424451.cms |archive-date=11 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Public sector monopolization ===<br /> Since the cancelling of private leases in 2019, only government run agencies or corporations are allowed to conduct beach sand mining. This has made the public sector IREL (India) Limited the only legal beach sand mineral miner in the state. On June 11, 2021 the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] reserved an area of 1,144 hectares in [[Kanyakumari district]] for beach sand mineral mining and extraction by the corporation. This was the first such order in nearly 20 years as the company had been out-competed by private players who had colluded with government officials and politicians to prevent the company from getting any new leases and operating its manufacturing unit at full capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=Centre gives nod for IREL to mine beach sand for heavy minerals in Kanniyakumari after 21 years- The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/22/centre-gives-nod-for-irel-to-mine-beach-sand-for-heavy-minerals-in-kanniyakumari-after-21-years-2456532.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820080452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/22/centre-gives-nod-for-irel-to-mine-beach-sand-for-heavy-minerals-in-kanniyakumari-after-21-years-2456532.html |archive-date=20 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Impact==<br /> <br /> === Environmental Impact ===<br /> Since river sand is a natural [[aquifer]], its depletion also means recharging of [[groundwater]], especially wells, fall. In January 2014, the then [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry]] [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan|E M Sudarsana Natchiappan]], stated that due to sand mining in river beds, groundwater level or [[water table]] has dropped at an alarming rate, as a result some 18 lakh (1.8 million) wells in the southern region have gone dry and water for agriculture purposes has become scarce. In [[Madurai]], as per S Rethinavelu, senior president of CII, &quot;Water table, which was at 50&amp;nbsp;ft or so, fell to 600&amp;nbsp;ft.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Promote manufactured sand to save rivers: Natchiappan | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Promote-manufactured-sand-to-save-rivers-Natchiappan/articleshow/29148371.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140204041314/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-21/madurai/46410678_1_sand-mining-manufactured-sand-river-sand | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 February 2014 | date=21 January 2014| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |access-date = 2014-02-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sand mining also destroys the habitat of aquatic organisms and many birds, with [[dredging]] destroying the habitat of bottom dwelling organisms, the churned up sand blocks sunlight and suffocates aquatic organisms. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] noted that this alarming rate of sand mining is destroying [[riparian ecosystems]] and has had fatal consequences for aquatic organisms and birds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=2017-02-27 |title=Sand mining: the global environmental crisis you've never heard of |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/27/sand-mining-global-environmental-crisis-never-heard |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Impact on Infrastructure ===<br /> Sand mining has been named as one of the causes of the failure of the [[Upper Anaicut|Mukkombu Upper Anaicut regulator dam]] in 2018, due to loss of sand in the riverbed, percolation of water becomes less, which makes the river more prone to overflowing, which can damage infrastructure such as dams and barrages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Lack of periodic maintenance, sand mining lead to collapse: Experts {{!}} Trichy News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/lack-of-periodic-maintenance-sand-mining-lead-to-collapse-experts/articleshow/65522506.cms |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717181835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/lack-of-periodic-maintenance-sand-mining-lead-to-collapse-experts/articleshow/65522506.cms |archive-date=17 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Political Impact ===<br /> River sand mining emerged as a major source of funds for political parties in Tamil Nadu, and has played a role in the increasing amount of money used during electoral campaigning in the state. The larger [[Dravidian parties]] are able to get large sums of money through this enterprise, due to which they are able to spend a far more per voter than smaller parties. Due to the industry being so lucrative, even smaller parties started to depend on miners for their funding. Even in parties opposed to the activity, such as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], the local party members continued to receive money from the sand miners. This has contributed to a culture of politics turning into a means of personal profit and money-making.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Sand mining in Tamil Nadu is incredibly destructive – but it's also unstoppable |url=https://scroll.in/article/815140/why-sand-mining-in-tamil-nadu-is-unstoppable-even-though-its-destructive |access-date=2022-07-18 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718152545/https://scroll.in/article/815140/why-sand-mining-in-tamil-nadu-is-unstoppable-even-though-its-destructive |archive-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Local people and economy ===<br /> Sand mining has been estimated to have provided over 2 lakh (200 thousand) jobs directly across Tamil Nadu. In villages on the banks of [[Cauvery]], in the districts of [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchi]] and [[Karur district|Karur]], almost 40% of jobs are reliant on sand mining. This has led to many villagers collaborating with the sand miners, who have effectively taken over the local economy. Meanwhile agriculture and traditional sources of livelihood are being disrupted due to the environmental impact of sand mining, which has further increased the reliance of locals on sand mining.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=The mother of all loot - Frontline |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-mother-of-all-loot/article23592721.ece |access-date=2022-07-19 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309185654/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-mother-of-all-loot/article23592721.ece |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Suppression of dissent ==<br /> <br /> === Violence and Murder ===<br /> Like elsewhere in India, individuals working against the interests of sand miners in Tamil Nadu routinely face the threat of violence and multiple cases of murders related to sand mining are reported every year. Officials actively working against illegal sand mining face threats of violence, and are transferred out of the district such as with the case of U Sagayam, a revenue officer who had his vehicle attacked in retaliation against his efforts to prevent sand mining in the [[Palar River|Palar]] riverbed, and was transferred a few months after the incident. Some individuals working against sand mining have been murdered in &quot;accidents&quot; involving sand [[lorries]], while some activists and protestors are hacked to death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Despite restrictions, illegal sand mining thrives in Tamil Nadu - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-dark-depths-of-sand-mining/article23867892.ece |access-date=2022-07-19 |website= [[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718164745/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-dark-depths-of-sand-mining/article23867892.ece |archive-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Devanathan Veerappan|date=Jun 3, 2019 |title=Man who opposed 'illegal sand mining' found dead in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-opposed-illegal-sand-mining-found-dead-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/69635324.cms |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |date=2019-10-09 |title=How rivers, lands and lives are lost for in-demand sand in Tamil Nadu |url=https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-rivers-lands-and-lives-are-lost-for-in-demand-sand-in-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; These incidents have led to illegal sand miners and their nexus of supportive officials and local leaders, to be labelled as &quot;sand mafia&quot; in popular culture.<br /> <br /> According to SANDRP between December 2020 to March 2022, in Tamil Nadu 19 people lost their lives and 10 suffered injuries owing to sand mining related violence and accidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sandrp |date=2022-04-24 |title=India Sand Mining: Violence &amp; Accidents Killed 418 People in 16 Months |url=https://sandrp.in/2022/04/24/india-sand-mining-violence-accidents-killed-418-people-in-16-months/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=SANDRP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Suppression of Journalists ===<br /> Journalists reporting on sand mining are silenced using defamation lawsuits, intimidation, and threats of violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; For instance, Sandhya Ravishankar, a Chennai-based journalist, had to face a targeted harassment and hate campaign for writing a 4 part series of articles published in [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] on illegal beach sand mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-17 |title=This Journalist Is Going Through Hell For Exposing Illegal Beach Sand Mining In Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/17/this-journalist-is-going-through-hell-for-exposing-illegal-beach_a_21898816/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pacification of locals ===<br /> In response to local protests and opposition in many villages affected by their activities, sand miners began to employ a combination of rewards and threats. They provided funding to local temples, and for local festivals. They provided money to [[Gram panchayat|village panchayats]] and those running for it, paying [[Sarpanch]]es Rs 40 lakhs (4 million), ex-Sarpanches Rs 20 lakhs (2 million), and the local leaders of parties Rs 1-2 lakhs (100 thousand to 200 thousand) each. Later on they began distributing cash to villagers on a per [[Ration card (India)|ration card]] basis, with the exact amount varying by the region, The Hindu had reported a figure of Rs 5000 per Ration card for two villages in [[Vellore district]], while [[Scroll.in]] had reported a figure of Rs 4700 for villages in [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram district]]. This along with the domination of sand mining in the local economy, has led to some villagers turning hostile towards any attempts to stop sand mining in their village.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legal battle ==<br /> There have been numerous petitions against illegal sand mining in the courts and the [[National Green Tribunal (India)|National Green Tribunal]]. In 2001, the [[Madras High Court]] in response to a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation (PIL)]] cancelled all mining leases granted without an auction. In 2010, the Madras High Court issued an order halting sand mining on [[Ponnaiyar River|Thenpennaiyar river]], however this order was only implemented for a month by the administration&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rajshekhar |first=M. |title=Despite the state : why India lets its people down and how they cope |date=2020 |isbn=978-81-948790-1-5 |location=Chennai |pages= |oclc=1238021410}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 the National Green Tribunal banned illegal sand and mineral mining in beaches of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] without environmental clearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=NGT bans illegal beach sand mining in Tamil Nadu, Kerala - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ngt-bans-illegal-beach-sand-mining-in-tamil-nadu-kerala/articleshow/21826907.cms |access-date=2022-07-17 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717185038/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ngt-bans-illegal-beach-sand-mining-in-tamil-nadu-kerala/articleshow/21826907.cms |archive-date=17 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, this order too was not implemented on the ground. In November 2017, the Madras High Court ordered all sand mining and quarrying to be banned in the state within 6 months and halted the issuance of any new leases, and ordered the state government to enact regulations on import of sand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Madras High Court directs TN govt to stop sand mining in six months |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madras-high-court-directs-tn-govt-to-stop-sand-mining-in-six-months-4960592/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717191405/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madras-high-court-directs-tn-govt-to-stop-sand-mining-in-six-months-4960592/ |archive-date=17 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Madras High court refused to stay the order in response to an appeal by the Tamil Nadu government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Sand mining: Madras High court refuses to lift ban {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sand-mining-madras-hc-refuses-to-lift-ban/articleshow/62575001.cms |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717194339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sand-mining-madras-hc-refuses-to-lift-ban/articleshow/62575001.cms |archive-date=17 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] stayed this order in the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court stays order banning Tamil Nadu sand mining |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/06/supreme-court-stays-order-banning-tamil-nadu-sand-mining-1769001.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2022, the National Green Tribunal directed the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Tamil Nadu to form a permanent panel to monitor illegal sand mining in Chennai, in response to illegal sand mining on the [[Cooum River|Cooum river]]. It also directed the police to patrol areas prone to illegal sand mining, confiscate any heavy vehicles involved, and install CCTV cameras to monitor such places.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Form permanent panel to check illegal sand mining, says NGT - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/form-permanent-panel-to-check-illegal-sand-mining-says-ngt/article65309096.ece |access-date=2022-07-17 |website= [[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419054409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/form-permanent-panel-to-check-illegal-sand-mining-says-ngt/article65309096.ece |archive-date=19 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government Response==<br /> To curtail the rampant mining, in November 2013, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] banned mining in 71 of the 90 sand quarries.&lt;ref name=money/&gt; Then in January 2014, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Union Ministry of Environment and Forests]] issued guidelines, according to which quarries with lease area of five to 25 hectares can only allow manual mining, but there was ambiguity on whether the rules were applicable to existing quarries too, the state [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|PWD]] believed existing quarries were exempt and could continue using heavy machinery. However illegal sand mining is rampant according to newspaper reports and observation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Sand mining regulations offer a ray of hope |newspaper=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sand-mining-regulations-offer-a-ray-of-hope/article5627755.ece |date=January 29, 2014| accessdate = 2014-02-04 | first = S. | last = Ganesan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Ministry of Mines]] in an affidavit to the Madras High Court stated that responsibility for prevention of illegal mining lay with the state government and only the state government can take direct action against illegal mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Onus on preventing illegal beach sand mining lies with TN: Centre tells HC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/apr/03/onus-on-preventing-illegal-beach-sand-mining-lies-with-tn-centre-tells-hc-2437447.html |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Illegal mining in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Corruption in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Illegal mining in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sand mining|Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovilampoondi_Gram_Panchayat&diff=510694 2025-05-08T12:54:36Z

<p>Sherry6361: new initial stub first draft...</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Orphan|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kovilampoondi<br /> | native_name = Kovilam poondi<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village Panchayat<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11.421948|N|79.713235|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2310<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kovilampoondi Village Panchayat''' (''Kovilampoondi Gram Panchayat'') is located in the Portonova circle in [[Cuddalore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Village Panchayats in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/tn_village_details.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512033639/http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/tn_village_details.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12 |website=www.tnrd.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Taluk Information |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&amp;blk_name=Agastiswaram&amp;dcodenew=28&amp;drdblknew=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623122005/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&amp;blk_name=Agastiswaram&amp;dcodenew=28&amp;drdblknew=1 |archive-date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=tnmaps.tn.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; This panchayat falls under the Chidambaram Assembly Constituency and Chidambaram Lok Sabha Constituency. It has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies, with 7 Panchayat Council members elected from these constituencies.&lt;ref name=&quot;panchayat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Panchayat |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf |website=www.tamilvu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2011 India census, the total population is 2,310, comprising 1,182 females and 1,128 males.<br /> <br /> == Basic facilities ==<br /> The following information is compiled from the 2015 data of the Tamil Nadu Rural Development and Panchayat Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;panchayat&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Basic Facilities<br /> ! Total No.<br /> |-<br /> | Water Connections<br /> | 85<br /> |-<br /> | Bore Motor Pump<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Hand Pump<br /> | 48<br /> |-<br /> | Upper Level Reservoir Tanks<br /> | 4<br /> |-<br /> | Bottom Level Reservoir Tanks<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Local Government Buildings<br /> | 9<br /> |-<br /> | Government School Buildings<br /> | 2<br /> |-<br /> | Ponds or Wells<br /> | 17<br /> |-<br /> | Playground<br /> | 1<br /> |-<br /> | Market<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Panchayat Union Roads<br /> | 66<br /> |-<br /> | Panchayat Roads<br /> | 23<br /> |-<br /> | Bus Stand<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Graveyard or Cremation Grounds<br /> | 2<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Small villages ==<br /> List of villages in this panchayat:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Habitation in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912134237/http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-12 |website=www.tnrd.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Kovilampoondi<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Cuddalore district]]<br /> {{Cuddalore district}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikkaiah_Government_Arts_and_Science_College&diff=494124 2025-03-30T02:02:01Z

<p>Sherry6361: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox university |<br /> | name = Chikkaiah Government Arts and Science College<br /> | image_name =<br /> | established = 1954<br /> | principal =<br /> | city = [[Erode]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | campus = Urban<br /> | colors =<br /> | affiliations = [[Bharathiar University]]<br /> | website = [https://www.cncollege.net/ cncollege.net]<br /> |logo =<br /> }}<br /> '''Chikkaiah Government Arts and Science College''' (the erstwhile '''Chikkaiah Naicker College''') is a state government run general degree college in [[Veerappanchatram]], [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The college is affiliated with [[Bharathiar University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.b-u.ac.in/Home/AffCollegeList|title=Affiliated College of Bharathiar University}}&lt;/ref&gt; This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The college was founded as Mahajana college on 12 July 1954 under the able guidance of social reformer and philanthropist [[Periyar|E. V. Ramasamy]] along with many other philanthropists who generously donated, and appropriately named initially as &quot;Mahajana College&quot; affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]. And later it was then renamed as Chikkaiah Naicker College (as a Government aided college) in memory of the founder M. Chikkaiah Naicker. Later due to management issues, it was directly administered by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] from 1998 till Feb 2025 through the Regional Joint Director of Collegiate Education, Coimbatore Region, as per the sec 30 of Tamil Nadu Private Colleges Regulation (TNPCR) Act, 1976. <br /> <br /> And from 11th March, 2025, an act came into force after the approval of The President of India, for the transfer and vesting of the institution by the government of Tamilnadu. Since then, it has been renamed as Chikkaiah Government College of Arts and Science and functioning as a complete Government institution.<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> Started humbly and exclusively for boys with a strength of 150 students then, it has grown in these sixty years into a co-educational institution, with a strength of 1200 students, offering undergraduates and postgraduate programmes, along with diploma and research programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Chikkaiah Naicker College |url=https://www.cncollege.net/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Accreditation==<br /> The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and accredited by NACC with an A Grade &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cncollege.net/annual-quality-assurance-report-aqar|title=Annual Quality Assurance Report (AQAR) &amp;#124; Chikkaiah Naicker College}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.cncollege.net/ Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]<br /> [[Category:1954 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bharathiar University]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Erode]]<br /> [[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_Technical_University&diff=478440 2025-02-03T12:50:02Z

<p>Sherry6361: New</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow]]<br /> {{R from move}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Highway_4_(Madhya_Pradesh)&diff=537563 2024-08-25T19:55:59Z

<p>Sherry6361: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Road in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=January 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | state = Madhya Pradesh<br /> | type = SH<br /> | route = 4<br /> | maint = <br /> | length_km = <br /> | direction_a = North<br /> | terminus_a = Lakwasa<br /> | junction = Isagarh, Piprod<br /> | direction_b = South<br /> | terminus_b = Chanderi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madhya Pradesh State Highway 4''' (MP SH 4) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Map of Road |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/map.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |publisher=MPRDC |access-date=28 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a state highway running from Lakwasa till Chanderi via Isagarh and Piprod.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of roads declared and classified as State Highway |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/2017-09-15-498.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |access-date=29 January 2022 |date=15 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The highway connects towns in Northern Madhya Pradesh. Chanderi is an important town for textile industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sirothia |first1=Ankur |title=Textile circuit in Madhya Pradesh to push tourism, empower weavers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/textile-circuit-in-madhya-pradesh-to-push-tourism-empower-weavers/articleshow/77385246.cms |access-date=29 January 2022 |agency=TNN |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=6 August 2020 |location=Bhopal |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shiraz |first1=Zarafshan |title=Gauahar Khan looks breathtaking in ₹43k chanderi kalidaar kurta, sharara |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/gauahar-khan-looks-breathtaking-in-rs-43k-chanderi-kalidaar-kurta-sharara-101627899904292.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=2 August 2021 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:State highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-road-stub}}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Challengers_Bangalore_in_2009&diff=464352 2024-05-24T07:29:05Z

<p>Sherry6361: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khudiram_Bose_Pusa_Station&diff=509824 2024-02-27T13:49:30Z

<p>Sherry6361: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Khudiram Bose Pusa railway station]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|1=<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> {{R from other capitalisation}}<br /> }}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_of_Manipur&diff=498693 2024-02-24T21:04:19Z

<p>Sherry6361: new redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Manipur#Demographics]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with history}}<br /> {{R with possibilites}}<br /> }}</div>

Sherry6361 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himayatnagar&diff=502765 2024-02-18T22:42:41Z

<p>Sherry6361: new basic article basic info...</p> <hr /> <div>'''Himayatnagar''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> * [[Himayatnagar, Ranga Reddy district]]: A village of Rangareddy District in Telangana, India<br /> * [[Himayatnagar, Maharashtra]]: A tehsil of Nanded District in Maharashtra, India<br /> * [[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad]]: A suburb of the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Himayathnagar (disambiguation)]]<br /> <br /> {{geodis}}</div>

Sherry6361