Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Samridhii Shukla

2026-05-04T09:02:28Z

ShermanGraham8: added first entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian actress and voice-over artist (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samridhii Shukla
| image = Samridhii Shukla clicked at 9th anniversary celebration of SHOTT Mumbai (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shukla in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|11|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Voice acting |dubbing Artist]]}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| known_for = ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]'' ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
}}

'''Samridhii Shukla''' (born 14 November 2000) is an Indian actress and voice-over artist who primarily works in [[List of Hindi television actresses|Hindi]] television. Known for lending her voice to ''Doraemon'' in ''[[Doraemon]]'', she made her acting debut with her portrayal of Saavi Goyal Dalmiya in ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''. Shukla is best known for portraying [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Main cast|Abhira Sharma Poddar]] in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''. She is a recipient of an [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-samridhi-shuklas-emotional-performance-gets-applauded/articleshow/107931481.cms |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Actress Samridhi Shukla aka Abhira gets applauded for her recent emotional performance in the show |accessdate=25 February 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shukla was born on 14 November 1995 in a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family in [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samridhii Shukla turns a year older today; Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai co-stars Rohit Purohit, Garvita Sadhwani and others extend wishes|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/samridhii-shukla-turns-a-year-older-today-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-co-stars-rohit-purohit-garvita-sadhwani-and-others-extend-wishes-1358328|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|accessdate= 14 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=TimesOfIndia2023>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-samridhii-shukla-turns-28-co-stars-wish-her-a-happy-birthday-take-a-look/articleshow/105240980.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Samridhii Shukla turns 28, co-stars wish her a Happy Birthday; take a look|newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=15 November 2023}}</ref> In an interview, she revealed that her father worked for [[All India Radio]]. Her grandmother and grandfather were freedom fighters, who later became an actor and a surgeon respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Father's Day Special: YRKKH's Samridhii Shukla Credits Her Dad For Her Success |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/father-day-special-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-samriddhi-shukla-credits-her-dad-for-her-success-exclusive-article-111034817 |website=Times Now|accessdate=28 August 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Shukla started her career as a voice over artist in 2005, when she dubbed for a part in the show ''[[Sai Baba (TV series)|Sai Baba]]''. Following this, she dubbed for several other television shows. Her most notable work as a voice-over artist came with the animated series ''[[Doraemon]]'', where she dubbed for the titular role of Doraemon. She also dubbed for the animated series ''[[Little Singham]]'' and ''[[Golmaal Jr.]]''.

Since 2016, Shukla has dubbed for films in several languages. Her most notable voice over in films include dubbing for [[Emma Watson]] in ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'', [[Jessica Henwick]] in ''[[The Matrix Resurrections]]'', [[Taapsee Pannu]] in ''[[Haseen Dillruba]]'', [[Alia Bhatt]] in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'', [[Triptii Dimri]] in ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' and [[Joey King]] in ''[[A Family Affair (2024 film)|A Family Affair]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai actress Samridhii Shukla reveals she dubbed for Alia Bhatt for Brahmastra's OTT version |url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-samridhii-shukla-reveals-she-dubbed-for-alia-bhatt-for-brahmastras-ott-version/articleshow/107479600.cms |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-samridhii-shukla-reveals-she-dubbed-for-tripti-dimri-in-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-fans-share-happiness/articleshow/107550080.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai fame Samridhii Shukla reveals she dubbed for Tripti Dimri in Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal; fans share happiness|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-samridhii-shukla-reveals-dubbing-for-this-popular-actress-in-a-family-affair-1323089|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Samridhii Shukla reveals dubbing for THIS popular actress in A Family Affair|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=1 July 2024}}</ref>

Shukla made her screen debut in 2022 with ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]'', where she portrayed a female autorickshaw driver Saavi Goyal Dalmiya, opposite [[Farman Haider]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colors' show 'Saavi Ki Savaari' traces the heart-warming journey of Saavi, an optimistic young woman who breaks stereotypes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/colors-show-saavi-ki-savaari-traces-the-heart-warming-journey-of-saavi-an-optimistic-young-woman-who-breaks-stereotypes-413479 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Tribune India News Service}}</ref> In the same year, she expanded to films with the [[Kannada]] film, ''Tajmahal 2'', where she played Spandana opposite Devarajkumar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jul/25/tajmahal-2-is-based-on-true-story-2480257.html|title=Tajmahal 2 is based on true story|accessdate=25 July 2022|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Since November 2023, Shukla is seen portraying an advocate [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Main cast|Abhira Sharma Poddar]] in the longest running television show ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', opposite [[Rohit Purohit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-who-is-samridhi-shukla-play-akshara-daughter-abhira-sharma-role-after-leap-new-promo-out-slt|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: कौन हैं समृद्धि शुक्ला, जो लीप के बाद निभाएंगी अक्षरा की बेटी अभिरा शर्मा का रोल|accessdate=27 October 2023|website=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-emotional-leap-samridhii-shukla-aka-abhira-says-it-feels-like-a-new-show/articleshow/121270590.cms|title=Samridhii Shukla aka Abhira on Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's emotional leap; says 'It feels like a new show' |accessdate=20 May 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show proved as a major turning point in her acting career, earning her several nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-tv-top-actress-ratings-this-week-samridhii-shukla-tops-the-list-leaving-behind-rupali-ganguli-rubina-dilak-2961136/amp|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Samridhii Shukla tops TV actors list, leaving behind Rupali Ganguly and Rubina Dilaik|accessdate=15 June 2025 |website=ABP News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''Tajmahal 2''
| Spandana
| [[Kannada]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jul/25/tajmahal-2-is-based-on-true-story-2480257.html |title=Tajmahal 2 starring Devarajkumar and Samridhii Shukla is based on true story |date=25 July 2022 |accessdate=24 December 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
| Saavi Goyal Dalmiya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Samridhii Shukla and Farman Haider to star in lead roles in Colors' upcoming romance drama Saavi Ki Savaari |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/samridhii-shukla-farman-haider-star-lead-roles-colors-upcoming-romance-drama-saavi-ki-savaari/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–present
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Main cast|Advocate Abhira Sharma Poddar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-samridhi-shukla-hope-im-able-to-create-the-magic-the-previous-three-actresses-have-done-on-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai/articleshow/104887862.cms|title=Samridhi Shukla: Hope I'm able to create the magic the previous three actresses have done on 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' |date=1 November 2023 |accessdate=13 November 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
| Saavi Goyal
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| rowspan="4"|Abhira Sharma
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/anupamaa-and-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-integration-anupama-and-abhira-set-for-joyous-reunion-to-celebrate-raksha-bandhan-1338923|title=Anupamaa and Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai integration: Anupama and Abhira set for joyous reunion to celebrate Raksha Bandhan|website=Pinkvilla|accessdate=21 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2024
| ''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]''
|
|-
| ''Yeh Teej Badi Hai Mast Mast''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Yeh Teej Badi Hai Mast Mast: Abhira and Armaan's sweet kiss is breaking the internet and how |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/yeh-teej-badi-hai-mast-mast-abhira-and-armaans-sweet-kiss-is-breaking-the-internet-and-how-8993336.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Haathi Ghoda Paalki,Birthday Kanhaiya Lal Ki''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994739031/-The-actors-of-Star-Pluss-show-will-present-a-special-program-|title=The actors of Star Plus's show will present a special program|website=India Herald|date=24 August 2024|accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Dubbing roles==
===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!Language
|-
|2018
|''[[Little Singham]]''
|Ajay
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|-
|2019
|''[[Golmaal Jr.]]''
|Mili
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Mighty Little Bheem]]''
|Chhota Bheem
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Doraemon]]''
| Doraemon
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!Actor
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" |Dub Language
!Original language
|-
|2005
|''[[Sai Baba (TV series)|Sai Baba]]''
|Unknown
|Child
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|Hindi
|-
|2017
||''[[13 Reasons Why]]''
|[[Katherine Langford]]
|[[Hannah Baker]]
| rowspan="3" |English
|-
|2016–2019
|''[[The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series)|The Powerpuff Girls]]''
|{{NA}}
|Blossom
|-
|2016– 2025
|''[[Stranger Things]]''
|[[Millie Bobby Brown]]
|[[Eleven (Stranger Things)|Eleven / Jane Hopper]] ("El")
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Selection Day (TV series)|Selection Day]]''
|Vipashyana Dubey
|Zoya
|English
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|''[[Another Life (2019 TV series)|Another Life]]''
|[[Chanelle Peloso]]
|Petra Smith
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| rowspan="3" |English
|-
|2020– Present
|''[[Bridgerton]]''
|[[Claudia Jessie]]
|Eloise Bridgerton
|-
|2021
|''[[Sweet Tooth (TV series)|Sweet Tooth]]''
|[[Stefania LaVie Owen]]
|Bear
|-
|2022
|''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''
|[[Shweta Tripathi]]
|Shikha
| rowspan="2" |English
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|2024
|''[[Kota Factory|Kota Factory Season 3]]''
|Revathi Pillai
|Vartika Ratawal
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Actor
!Character
!Dub Language
!Original language
|-
|2016
|''[[Zootopia]]''
|Leah Latham
|Fru Fru
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|English
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''[[Billa (2009 film)|The Return of Rebel 2]]''
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|Priya
|Telugu
|-
|''[[Kong: Skull Island]]''
|[[Jing Tian]]
|San Lin
| rowspan="6" |English
|-
|''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''
|[[Emma Watson]]
|[[Belle (Disney character)|Belle]]
|-
|''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]''
|[[Amy Adams]]
|[[Lois Lane]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|''[[Mortal Engines (film)|Mortal Engines]]''
|[[Hera Hilmar]]
|[[Hester Shaw]]
|-
|''[[Bumblebee (film)|Bumblebee]]''
|[[Hailee Steinfeld]]
|Charlie Watson
|-
|''[[Deadpool 2]]''
|[[Shioli Kutsuna]]
|Yukio
|-
|2019
|''[[Comali]]''
|[[Samyuktha Hegde]]
|Nikitha Krishnamurthy
|Tamil
|-
|rowspan="7"|2020
|''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]
|[[Gunjan Saxena]]
|rowspan="3"|English
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|-
|''[[Bulbbul]]''
|[[Tripti Dimri]]
|Bulbbul
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
|[[Shweta Tripathi]]
|Karuna Singh
|-
|''[[Torbaaz]]''
|[[Nargis Fakhri]]
|Ayesha
| rowspan="8"|Hindi
|-
|''[[V (2020 film)|V]]''
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
|Saheba
|Telugu
|-
|''[[The Kissing Booth 2]]''
|[[Joey King]]
|Elle Evans
|rowspan="2"|English
|-
|''[[Project Power]]''
|[[Dominique Fishback]]
|Robin Reilly
|-
|rowspan="7"|2021
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|[[Ammu Abhirami]]
|Muniya (Mariyamma)
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Naa Alludu|Main Hoon Gambler]]''
|[[Genelia D'Souza]]
|Janhvi (Gangana)
|Telugu
|-
|''[[The Matrix Resurrections]]''
|[[Jessica Henwick]]
|Bugs
|rowspan="2"|English
|-
|''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings|Shang-Chi]]''
|[[Meng'er Zhang]]
|Xu Xialing
|-
|''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''
|[[Nushrratt Bharuccha]]
|Meenal
|rowspan="6"|English
|rowspan="6"|Hindi
|-
|''[[Haseen Dillruba]]''
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|Rani Kashyap
|-
|''[[Pagglait]]''
|[[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]]
|Nazia Zaidi
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''
|[[Amyra Dastur]]
|Kammo
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|Isha Chatterjee
|-
|2023
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|[[Triptii Dimri]]
|Zoya Riaz
|-
|2024
|''[[A Family Affair (2024 film)|A Family Affair]]''
|[[Joey King]]
|Zara Ford
|Hindi
|English
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish TV Actor of the Year – Female
|N/A
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php|title=Complete list of nominees of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards 2024|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-

| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|Best Actress - Popular]]
|rowspan="5"|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-24th-ita-awards-2024/|title=ITA Awards 2024: Complete list of winners|access-date=2 January 2025|website=Indian Television Academy Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2025
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actress|Fan Favorite Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple]] (with [[Rohit Purohit]])
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Jodi|Fan Favorite Jodi]] (with [[Rohit Purohit]])
| {{nom}}
|-
| Editor's Choice: Rising Star
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|13869879}}
* {{Instagram|samridhiishuklaofficial}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Samridhii}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Gorre Puranam

2026-05-02T05:18:04Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding article

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Bobby Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gorre Puranam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bobby Varma
| writer = Bobby Varma
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Praveen Reddy
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
}}
| cinematography = Suresh Sarangam
| editing = Vamsi Krishna Raavi
| music = Pawan Ch
| studio = Focal Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gorre Puranam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language political drama film written and directed by Bobby Varma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=16 September 2024 |title='Gorre Puranam' trailer creates buzz ahead of film release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gorre-puranam-trailer-creates-buzz-ahead-of-film-release-907341 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001215043/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gorre-puranam-trailer-creates-buzz-ahead-of-film-release-907341 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] and [[Raghu Karumanchi]] in important roles.

The film was released on 21 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2024 |title=Suhas' Gorre Puranam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/05/suhas-gorre-puranam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2024}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Ravi
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as judge
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as police officer
* Kamal
* Surendar Reddy
* Yogi
* Silver Suresh
* Karan Vijay
* Madhu Prakash
* Meher
* Vishika Kota
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] in a voice role as the Sheep
}}

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack is composed by Pawan Ch. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Pawan Ch
| title1 = O Raare Raare Sayyare
| length1 = 3:55
| lyrics1 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra1 = Sireesha Bhagavatula, Sarthak Kalyani
| title2 = Bhale Bhale
| length2 = 2:52
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra2 = Sarthak Kalyani
| title3 = Ila Katha Mafiliya
| length3 = 3:32
| lyrics3 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra3 = Suryansh
}}

== Release ==
''Gorre Puranam'' was initially scheduled released on 20 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suhas-starrer Telugu Film Gorre Puranam's Release Date Locked |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suhas-starrer-telugu-film-gorre-puranams-release-date-locked-9046230.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923115035/https://www.news18.com/movies/suhas-starrer-telugu-film-gorre-puranams-release-date-locked-9046230.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but was released a day later, that is, on 21 September 2024.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and premiered on 11 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Actor Suhas's Recent Movie Gorre Puranam To Release Soon On OTT |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/actor-suhass-recent-movie-gorre-puranam-to-release-soon-on-ott-article-113991059 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093147/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/actor-suhass-recent-movie-gorre-puranam-to-release-soon-on-ott-article-113991059 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Film Gorre Puranam Now Streaming On These OTT Platforms |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-gorre-puranam-now-streaming-on-these-ott-platforms-9116740.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112031907/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-gorre-puranam-now-streaming-on-these-ott-platforms-9116740.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Citing it as a "bold attempt", ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a positive review with particular praise for Suhas' performance and the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Gorre Puranam Review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/gorre-puranam-review-1825036 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Praising the performance of Suhas and the screenplay, ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Gorre Puranam Review: A Hilarious Political Satire |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/gorre-puranam-review-a-hilarious-political-satire-review-113551556 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126201255/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/gorre-puranam-review-a-hilarious-political-satire-review-113551556 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|28635681}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]

Rarhi, Bihar

2026-05-01T17:06:39Z

ShermanGraham8: done.

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rarhi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|20|44|N|85|44|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jale
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 28.61
| elevation_m = 57
| population_total = 36569
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 847302
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 06228
| registration_plate = BR-07
}}
'''Rarhi''' is a village in Jale Block, [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located near the northern border of the country, about 27 kilometres northwest of the district capital [[Darbhanga]], and 5 kilometres south of the block capital [[Jale, Bihar]]. In the year 2011, it has a population of 36,569.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Rarhi is located to the north of [[Bagmati River]]. The Jale-Atarwel Path passes through the west of the village. Its total area is 2861 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Rarhi village in Jale tahsil, Darbhanga, Bihar, India |url=https://villagemap.net/bihar/darbhanga/jale/rarhi-01181226751/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=villagemap.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 7,500 households within Rarhi. Among the 36,569 inhabitants, 18,868 are male and 17,701 are female. The total literacy rate is 42.45%, with 9,284 of the male population and 6,238 of the female population being literate. Its census location code is 226751.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]

{{Darbhanga-geo-stub}}

On Air With AIB

2026-04-30T16:25:48Z

ShermanGraham8: adding

{{Short description|Indian web television satire show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = On Air With AIB Poster.jpg
| image_alt = 2015 Show Poster
| caption =
| creator = [[All India Bakchod]]
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|English}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 23
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2015|10|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2018|10|8}}
| genre =[[Satire]]
| company = [[All India Bakchod]]
| director = {{ubl|Ashwin Shetty|Arun Das|Nishant Nayak|Aniket Rao}}
| writer = {{ubl|AIB|Devaiah Bopanna|Siddharth Dudeja|Girish Narayandass|Madhavendra Singh|Karunesh Talwar|Abhishek Upamanyu|Shreyas Manohar|Vignesh Raja|Rohan Desai|Dhruv Deshpande|Adhiraj Singh}}
| theme_music_composer = StunnahSezBeatz
| opentheme = Tragedy Main Comedy by [[Naezy]]
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Kanika Unnikrishnan|Joel Pereira}}
| producer = {{ubl|Achal Gupt|Vikram Singh|Vriti Patil|[[All India Bakchod|AIB]]}}
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| camera = Multi-camera
| editor =
| cinematography = {{ubl|Apurva Sinnarkar|Sudhir Koushik}}
| animator = {{ubl|Plexus|Nishant Jethva|Mihir Lele}}
| image_upright =
| runtime = 22–30 minutes
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Tanmay Bhat]]|Rohan Joshi|Gursimranjeet Singh Khamba|Ashish Shakya}}
| list_episodes =
| channel =
}}

'''''On Air With AIB''''' is an Indian [[News satire|satire]] television program created by [[All India Bakchod]] on [[Star India]]'s digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]. It aired between 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/on-air-with-aib/s-373|title=Watch On Air With AIB Full Episodes Online for Free on hotstar.com|website=Hotstar|language=en|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214175851/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/on-air-with-aib/s-373|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was modeled after ''[[The Daily Show]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live|SNL]]'', and ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|Last Week Tonight]]''. The first season was replayed on [[StarPlus]] and [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]] on the weekends. Seasons two and three were Hotstar digital exclusives, and shorter segments were uploaded on the AIB [[YouTube]] channel. The show was produced by [[Only Much Louder]], a Mumbai-based entertainment company and AIB's former [[Talent manager|management]], and was cancelled in its third season due to two separate [[All India Bakchod#Allegations of sexual misconduct|instances]] of lack of redressal of sexual misconduct complaints by employees against collaborators, by the group's co-founders [[Tanmay Bhat]] and Gursimranjeet Singh Khamba. The opening theme "Tragedy Mein Comedy" (finding comedy in tragedy), is written, and performed, by Mumbai-based MC and producer [[Naezy]]. The track is produced by the production duo StunnahSezBeatz.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tragedy Mein Comedy - Single by Naezy|date=18 July 2016 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tragedy-mein-comedy-single/1135545570|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=On Air with AIB|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5272790/|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> All studio episodes were shot in [[Mumbai]].

== Production ==

=== Pre-show ===
Prior to the show, AIB had established themselves as sketch comedy artists. Between 2012 and 2015, they uploaded numerous sketches—satirical, parody, spoof—and received popularity for [[It's Your Fault (video)|''It's Your Fault'']], a satirical take on Indian patriarchy. After facing public backlash for using insult comedy in their first large-scale production—a comedy central roast copy called [[All India Bakchod Knockout|AIB Knockout]]—the group did not upload anything on YouTube between 16 December 2014, and 11 April 2015.<ref>{{Citation|last=All India Bakchod|title=AIB : Save The Internet|date=2015-04-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfY1NKrzqi0|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> In order to regain goodwill, the first video they uploaded was a [[All India Bakchod#Calls to action|call to action sketch]] that urged viewers to fight for [[net neutrality in India]]. Around this time the group started hiring to begin per-production, and scripting, the show.

=== Announcement and release ===
On 14 September 2015, they uploaded the first ''On Air With AIB'' advertisement.<ref>{{Citation|last=All India Bakchod|title=AIB's New Show - Coming Soon|date=2015-09-14|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Qg6R9swMg|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> In it fictional characters are seen congratulating the group on their [[AIB Knockout|copied roast]], and fantasizing about a second one. It includes a skit of AIB spoofing their own roast. In a press release, the group said the show would "cover themes of national and local interest," and Bhat confirmed that they had been working on the show for the past "3-4 months."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/15/all-india-bakchod-on-air_n_8138898.html|title=AIB's Upcoming News Comedy Show 'On Air' Promises To Pull No Punches|date=2015-09-15|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> The show was taped in studio, in Mumbai. First at Filmalaya Private Limited, Andheri,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insider.in/on-air-with-aib-live-taping/event|title=On Air With AIB: Live Taping|website=insider.in|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> and later at the space above The Habitat, Khar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insider.in/on-air-with-aib-taping-sep22-2018/event|title=On Air With AIB Taping|website=insider.in|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> S01E01 premiered on 29 October 2015. The first season ran for 20 episodes, second season ran 10 episodes, and the third season was cancelled after 3 episodes.

== Cancellation ==
Two separate cases of sexual misconduct allegations were leveled against AIB co-founders Tanmay Bhat, and Gursimranjeet Singh Khamba in the first week of October, 2018.<ref name=":0" /> Bhat was accused of being complicit in a [[Utsav Chakraborty#Allegations|sexual harassment case]] after he ignored complaints against a former employee, [[Utsav Chakraborty]], and continued a professional relationship between him and AIB. Bhat later apologized on Twitter. In the second incident an unnamed woman accused Khamba of violating her consent, and emotional abuse. Khamba has denied these allegations. Hotstar cancelled the show on 8 October 2018.<ref name=":1" />

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
The first season was divided into 10 episode sets of Hindi and English each. Bhat and Khamba anchored the Hindi episodes, while Joshi and Shakya anchored it in English. Critics called it "not particularly funny"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/VJw8HkUww2lR8NlsIMnjsM/Review--On-Air-with-AIB.html|title=Review {{!}} On Air with AIB|last=Sen|first=Rajyasree|date=2015-11-02|website=LiveMint|language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> and an "attempt at a news satire show along the lines of ''[[The Daily Show]]'' and its popular spin-off [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|''Last Week Tonight'']] with [[John Oliver]]."<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailypao.com/on-air-with-aib-shows-a-subtler-side-of-the-crowd-pleasing-comedy-troupe/|title='On Air With AIB' Shows A Subtler Side Of The Crowd-Pleasing Comedy Troupe|last=Gurbaxani|first=Amit|date=2015-11-16|website=The Daily Pao|language=english|access-date=2019-01-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+On Air With AIB: Season 1 - Episode List
!Episode
!English title
!Hindi Title
!Airing date
!Network
!Ref
|-
|1
|Why Be Good?
|Zabaan Sambhal Ke
|29 October 2015
| rowspan="10" |Hotstar
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/on-air-with-aib/s-373/seasons/season-1/ss-2757|title=Watch On Air With AIB Season 1 Full Episodes in HD on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2
| colspan="2" |Aag - The Fire
|5 November 2015
|-
|3
|Cop Blocked
|Dar ke Aage Police Hai
|12 November 2015
|-
|4
|Space, The Final Frontier
|Thoda Adjust Karo
|19 November 2015
|-
|5
|HIV/AIDS - Red Ribbon Red Alert
|Nazar Hatao Jan Gavaon
|26 November 2015
|-
|6
|Monumental Screw Up
|Purana Quila Nayi Vaat
|3 December 2015
|-
|7
|Delhi Smelly
|Kaat Kaleja Delhi
|10 December 2015
|-
|8
|Ignorth East
|Gharwale Baharwale
|17 December 2015
|-
|9
|Get High on Your Own Supply
|Aakhri Nasha
|24 December 2015
|-
|10
|Sex and the CSE
|Phool aur Kante
|31 December 2015
|}

=== Season 2 ===
They changed the format by creating shorter segments, inviting guests, introducing a podcast style segment, and making it multilingual. It was 10 episodes long, and uploaded as shorter segments online. The premier was described by ''[[Film Companion]]'' as "underwhelming at best''.''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/on-air-with-aib-review-2|title=On Air with AIB Review: Less On Air, More AIB|last=Lee|first=Kevin Kenneth|date=2017-03-23|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> Many frequent collaborators such as comedians [[Abish Mathew|Abish Matthew]], [[Kanan Gill]], [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]], Rahul Subramaniam, [[Kenny Sebastian]], Varun Thakur, Neville Shah, [[Kaneez Surka]], [[Sumukhi Suresh]], [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]], [[Anuvab Pal (comedian)|Anuvab Pal]], Azeem Banatwala, [[Mallika Dua|Malika Dua]] and [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] were the guest interviews.

{| class="wikitable"
|+On Air With AIB: Season 2 - Episode List
!Episode
!Title
!Airing date
!Network
!Ref
|-
|1
|Nationalism Vs Anti-Nationalism
|6 March 2017
| rowspan="10" |Hotstar
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/on-air-with-aib/s-373/seasons/season-2/ss-4510|title=Watch On Air With AIB Season 2 Full Episodes in HD on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Purani Jeans Purani Soch
|13 March 2017
|-
|3
|Broad Bandh
|20 March 2017
|-
|4
|Fake News
|27 March 2017
|-
|5
|Domestic Disturbance
|3 April 2017
|-
|6
|Aadhar ya Na-dhaar
|10 April 2017
|-
|7
|Mental Health
|17 April 2017
|-
|8
|Puppy Love
|24 April 2017
|-
|9
|Unhappy Hours
|1 May 2017
|-
|10
|No Coverage Area
|8 May 2017
|}

=== Season 3 ===
The third season largely followed the same format as season two. Guests on this season included [[BuzzFeed|BuzzFeed India]] employee Srishti Dixit, former Buzzfeed India employee Rega Jha, comedian Rahul Subramaniam, and comedian Urooj Ashfaq. Critics said the third season "gets lazy with stale jokes"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/web-culture/on-air-with-aib-season-3-review-tanmay-bhat-rohan-joshi-aib-show-hotstar|title='On Air With AIB 3' Gets Lazy With Stale Jokes, Memes & PJs|website=The Quint|date=6 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> and it was subsequently cancelled by Hotstar<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hotstartweets/status/1049329491766640643?lang=en|title=pic.twitter.com/NNVU3tLcz7|last=Hotstar|date=2018-10-08|website=@hotstartweets|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> after three episodes because of two separate sexual misconduct [[All India Bakchod#Allegations of sexual misconduct|allegations against Bhat's complicity within AIB, and Khamba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2018/10/223-hotstar-cancels-on-air-with-aib/|title=Hotstar cancels 'On Air With AIB' Season 3 citing harassment allegations|date=2018-10-09|website=MediaNama|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+On Air With AIB: Season 3 - Episode List
!Episode
!Title
!Airing date
!Network
!Ref
|-
|1
|Petrolololol
|24 September 2018
| rowspan="3" |Hotstar
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/on-air-with-aib/s-373/seasons/season-3/ss-6020|title=Watch On Air With AIB Season 3 Full Episodes in HD on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Iss Cheez Pe Nai Bolne Ka
|1 October 2018
|-
|3
|Indian Travellers
|8 October 2018
|}

== See also ==

* ''[[The Week That Wasn't]]''
* ''[[Fake or Not]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Political satirical television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:News parodies]]
[[Category:Current affairs shows]]
[[Category:Television news in India]]
[[Category:2010s television news shows]]
[[Category:Entertainment news shows]]

Ryyty

2026-04-26T10:40:09Z

ShermanGraham8: done.

{{Short description|Indian garment accessories company}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox company|
name = Ryyty Apparel Resources|
logo = Ryytylogo-monosig.png|
type = [[Private company|Private]]|
foundation = 1865 '''Z.A. Frankel GmbH''' 1997 '''Butonia India'''|
industry = [[Fashion accessory|Accessories]] for the [[clothing|garment]], [[backpack]] and [[textile]] industries|
num_employees = 15|
key_people = Chairman: [[Ilan Shavit]] Manager: Ravishankar Seshan|
homepage = [http://www.ryyty.com/ www.ryyty.com]|}}

'''Ryyty''' is an [[Asia]]n group of companies trading in garment trimmings and supplying accessories to the [[textile industry]] with a direct family history of 146 years. Ryyty Apparel Resources India is a rebrand of [[Butonia]] (India) Ltd. The Butonia group originated in mid-19th century [[Germany]] and spread throughout Western Europe and Asia in the 20th century. Ryyty offers a range of [[Button (clothing)|button]]s, [[zipper]]s, fastenings, click-locks, [[buckle]]s, [[Cord (sewing)|cord]] ends etc. for the [[clothing|garment]], [[backpack]], [[textile]] and related industries. Ryyty also specialises in providing support to textile companies worldwide, from initial design to final manufacture.

The original company was founded in 1865 by Zadok Alexander Frankel in [[Frankfurt]], Germany under the name Z.A. Frankel GmbH. Zadok Alexander Frankel's widow, Regina Frankel, continued to run the company for over 40 years, after his early demise. The company was then jointly run by Max Frankel, Regina's son, and Salomon Stiebel, her son-in-law, until the 1930s-1940s. Subsequently thereto, the greatly expanded corporate group was managed from [[London]] by Ernest Frankel, Max's son, and Richard Stiebel, Salomon's son, until the late 1980s-1990s.

The company expanded outside Germany under the name Butonia in the early 20th century to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[Netherlands]] and after the [[Second World War]] to [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]] and [[Finland]]. In the 1930s the original German company was expropriated from its German-Jewish owners, the Frankel-Stiebel family, by the [[Nazi]] regime and renamed KHG - Knopf Handelsgesellschaft GmbH, a formal name that the German Butonia company still bears today.

In the 1930s, the Frankel-Stiebel family relocated to London, [[England]] and the British company, Butonia (London) Ltd., became the main group company. In the Netherlands, the Guggenheim family were partners in Butonia BV with the British shareholders prior to the Second World War, became joint shareholders of the entire group in 1994 and bought out the European companies from the Frankel-Stiebel families in 2002.

In 1997 and 2000, respectively, Butonia opened subsidiaries in [[Bangalore]], [[India]] and [[Hong Kong]]. These businesses were taken over by the [http://rubyent.com Ruby Enterprises] group in late 2002, headed by [[Ilan Shavit]], the son of Richard Stiebel, the grandson of Salomon Stiebel and the great-grandson of Zadok Alexander Frankel. Ilan Shavit serves as the current Chairman of Ryyty. Butonia India was rebranded as '''''ryyty''''' in 2011. The source of the name is "[[fashion]]" in [[Sanskrit]] and "[[spice]]" in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. One such spice is [[Saffron]], an important colour in India and [[Hinduism]], known in [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] as Zafran, evocative of the original name of the company, Z.A. Frankel, founded in Germany in 1865. Ryyty thus continued in Asia in the 21st century, a business commenced in Europe in the 19th century, by the same family, four generations earlier.

In 2012, Ryyty opened a [[Corporate sourcing|sourcing]] branch in [[Guangzhou]], [[China]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.ryyty.com Ryyty Website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/ryyty Ryyty in Facebook]
* [http://www.butonia-group.com Butonia Website]
* [http://www.rubyent.com Ruby Enterprises Website]

[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1865]]

Nilay Anjaria

2026-04-23T04:37:20Z

ShermanGraham8: done.

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria
| office2 = 34th Chief Justice of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| image = Nilay Anjaria.jpg
| term_start2 = 25 February 2024
| term_end2 = 29 May 2025
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator2 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor2 = [[P. S. Dinesh Kumar]]
| successor2 = {{ubl|[[Vibhu Bakhru]]|[[V. Kameswar Rao]] {{small|(acting)}}}}
| office3 = Judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start3 = 21 November 2011
| term_end3 = 24 February 2024
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator3 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|3|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| alma_mater = [[L.A. Shah Law College]], H. L. College of Commerce, University School of Law
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 30 May 2025
| term_end =
| education = [[L.L.B]], [[L.L.M]]
}}

'''Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria''' (born 23 March 1965) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2025-05-30 |title=Justice N.V. Anjaria, Justice Vijay Bishnoi and Justice A.S. Chandurkar take oath as Judges of Supreme Court of India |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/05/30/three-new-judges-administered-oath-office-as-supreme-court-judges-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He has served as the 34th chief justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Justice and sitting judges |url=https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in/submenujprofile.php?nid=1}}</ref> He is former judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2024 |title=Gujarat HC Judge Justice NV Anjaria Appointed As Next Chief Justice Of Karnataka High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/karnataka-high-court/justice-nv-anjaria-appointed-next-chief-justice-karnataka-high-court-249665 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Live Law}}</ref> He is also the Visitor of [[Gujarat National Law University]].

== Early life and education ==
Anjaria was born on 23 March 1965 at Ahmedabad. He is native of Mandvi in Kachchh and belongs to family of lawyers as his father was also in judiciary. He graduated from H. L. College of Commerce at Ahmedabad and did L.L.B from Sir L.A. Shah Law College, Ahmedabad in 1988 and in 1990 he obtained master's degree in law (L.L.M) from University School of Law in Ahmedabad.

== Career ==
He started practising law in Gujarat High Court from August 1988 by joining the chamber of Senior Advocate S. N. Shelat. He practiced in matters involving constitutional issues and all categories of civil, labour and service cases.

He has served as a senior panel counsel for CBI, and Senior Standing Counsel for BSNL, UPSC, UGC, AICTE, and NCTE.

He was elevated as additional judge of the Gujarat High Court on 21 November 2011 and was confirmed as permanent judge on 6 September 2013. He was transferred and elevated as chief justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]], taking oath of that office on 25 February 2024.

On 26 May 2025, the Supreme Court collegium led by CJI [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]] recommended his appointment as a judge of Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends three judges to top court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-three-judges-to-top-court/article69621432.ece |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collegium recommends 3 judges to top court |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-elevation-of-three-karnataka-bombay-gauhati-high-court-judges-11748266123966.html}}</ref> Central government cleared this recommendation and he took oath as a Supreme Court Judge on 30 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cente notifies appointment of 3 judges to Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justices-nv-anjaria-vijay-bishnoi-and-atul-s-chandurkar-as-supreme-court-judges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2025-05-29 |title=UOI notifies appointment of three new judges to SC; strength rises to 34 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/29/uoi-notifies-appointment-of-three-new-judges-to-sc-strength-rises-to-34 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=iyer |first=aishwarya |date=2025-05-30 |title=Supreme Court regains full strength as three new judges sworn in {{!}} Supreme Court regains full strength as three new judges sworn in |url=https://lbeatsite.hocalwire.in/top-stories/supreme-court-regains-full-strength-as-three-new-judges-sworn-in-1401999 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=lbeatsite.hocalwire.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anjaria, Nilay Vipinchandra}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis

2026-04-21T20:16:54Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding a post - done

{{short description|Coastal kerala geckoella}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis.jpg
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis
| authority = Agarwal, Umesh, Das, & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2023
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis''''', the '''Chengodumala geckoella''' or '''Coastal Kerala geckoella''', is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[Kerala]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= chengodumalaensis |accessdate=1 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q118583485}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2023]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]

{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Kothapalli–Manoharabad line

2026-04-19T05:28:01Z

ShermanGraham8: created new info v1

{{Short description|Railway line in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Kothapalli-Manoharabad line
| color = red
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi laying the Foundation Stone for Manoharabad-Kothapalli Railway Line, in Telangana.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway foundation stone ceremony
| type =
| system = Single Diesel Railway Line
| status = Partially Operational
| locale = [[Telangana]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Manoharabad}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Kottapalli}}
| stations = 15
| routes = [[Delhi–Chennai line]] [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]] [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli-Nizambad line]]
| yearcommenced = 2016
| open = {{start date and age|2027}} Manoharabad-Siddipet section {{start date and age|3 October 2023}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pm-to-commission-two-new-railway-lines-in-telangana/article67357830.ece/ | title=PM to commission two new railway lines in Telangana | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 September 2023 | last1=Geetanath | first1=V. }}</ref>
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot =
| linelength = {{Convert|151|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| electrification = NA
| racksystem =
| speed_km/h = 100
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
| map = {{switcher
|{{maplink-road|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id=Q116312096|}} Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway line highlighted in red<hr>
|Show interactive map
|{{Kothapalli-Manoharabad Section}}
|Show BSicon diagram map
}}
| map_state =
}}
The '''Kothapalli–Manoharabad line''' is a [[Single-track railway|single-track]] [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] railway line under construction in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/16/age-old-wait-ends-siddipet-sircilla-gajwel-set-for-rail-connectivity-2466192.html#:~:text=The%20Manoharabad%2DKothapalli%20new%20railway,crossing%20stations%20and%20five%20halts) | title=Age-old wait ends; Siddipet, Sircilla & Gajwel set for rail connectivity | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> Its purpose is to reduce the distance from [[Karimnagar]] to [[Hyderabad]] and provide railway connectivity to districts such as [[Siddipet]] and [[Sircilla]]. The line will connect [[Manoharabad]] to [[Kothapally, Karimnagar district|Kothapally]] in the [[South Central Railway zone]].

The line follows [[List of state highways in Telangana|State Highway 17]] from Manoharabad until it reaches [[Gajwel]] where it begins to follow [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)|State Highway 1]] until [[Siddipet]]. It continues north to [[Sircilla]], to allow easy access to the [[Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada]] and following [[National Highway 365B (India)|National Highway 365B]]. The line terminates at Kottapalli, which is near [[National Highway 563 (India)|National Highway 563]].

== History ==
[[File: Siddipet Station.jpg|thumb|[[Siddipet railway station|Siddipet Station]] - opened in 2023]]

The Survey work for the line was reportedly completed sometime in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/siddipet-to-get-rail-connectivity-by-august/article66904219.ece| title=Siddipet to get rail connectivity by August | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 May 2023}}</ref> After the [[Telangana Formation Day|formation of Telangana]], the line was fast-tracked and received [[Government of India|Centre]] approval. The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid on 8 August 2016 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.en.etemaaddaily.com/world/national/modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-manoharabad-kothapalli-railway-line:15656 | title=Modi lays foundation stone for new Manoharabad-Kothapalli Railway line }}</ref>

=== Phase 1 ===
In 2020, track on this line was tested to [[Gajwel]]. On 29 June 2022, the railway line from Manoharabad to Kothapalli received its first freight shipment at Gajwel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=18204&id=0,5,268 | title=South Central Railway }}</ref> In 2023, Rs 185 crores were allocated to the project in the Union Budget. This was estimated to fund the line to Sircilla.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/030223/rs-4418-crore-for-railway-works-in-telangana-says-ashwini-vaishnaw.html|title=TS gets big hike in railway budget Rs 600 crore for MMTS|date=4 February 2023 }}</ref>

The Manoharabad - Siddipet portion of the line was inaugurated on 3 October 2023 with a Secunderabad-Siddipet [[DEMU]] service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pm-to-commission-two-new-railway-lines-in-telangana/article67357830.ece/ | title=PM to commission two new railway lines in Telangana | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 September 2023 | last1=Geetanath | first1=V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-siddipet-secunderabad-train-service-on-october-3 | title=PM Modi to inaugurate Siddipet-Secunderabad train service on October 3 | date=2 October 2023 }}</ref> The remaining work, from Siddipet to Kothapalli, was to be completed by 2026.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pipanews.com/railway-line-completed-between-gajwel-kodakandla-pipa-news/ | title=Railway line completed between Gajwel – Kodakandla. Pipa News | date=28 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Geetanath |first=V. |date=2023-12-25 |title=Two key new railway lines in Telugu States await push from State governments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/two-key-new-railway-lines-in-telugu-states-await-push-from-state-governments/article67671671.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Phase 2 ===
[[File:Kothapalli-Manoharabad Railway Line Construction Work (2025).jpg|thumb|[[railroad tie|Railway sleepers]] installation work on the Siddipet-Sircilla segment of the Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway line (2025)]]
In 2024, 350 crores were allocated to the project in the Union Budget.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/scr-gets-a-record-14232-crore-to-spend-5620-crore-for-new-lines-track-renewals/article67804628.ece/ | title=SCR gets record ₹14,232 crore in budget, to spend ₹5,619 crore for new lines, track renewals | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 February 2024 }}</ref>

In 2024, an infrastructure push by the state government laid the [[foundation stone]] for the Komuravelli railway station to ensure easy access to the [[Komrelly Mallanna Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-16 |title=Kishan Reddy lays foundation stone for constructions of railway station at Komuravelli in Siddipet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-provided-30000-crore-for-railways-development-in-telangana-kishan-reddy/article67850507.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

State official [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar|Bandi Sanjay]] reported that the line would be completed by 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-10 |title=Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway line to be completed by 2027: Bandi Sanjay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kothapalli-manoharabad-railway-line-to-be-completed-by-2027-bandi-sanjay/article69085836.ece |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Sircilla railway station]] construction began in 2025, on the outskirts of [[Thangallapally]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Puli Sharath |date=2025-09-14 |title=Trial Run Of Manoharabad-Kothapalli Railway Line Successful |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/trial-run-of-manoharabad-kothapalli-railway-line-successful-1903683 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2026, the railway bridge spanning the [[Manair River]] at the Mid-Manair backwaters near Sircilla began construction. The bridge is a major part of the final phase of the project, allowing for completion of the line from Sircilla-Kothapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bidhelp |title=View bid details of Ministry of Railways Tenders |url=https://www.bidhelp.co/index.php/bid/details/375079 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Bidhelp |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiwGWB4bBn0 |title=Kottapally manoharabad railway line work track work installation updates {{!}} Indian railways |date=2026-02-07 |last=Vikru Creatives |access-date=2026-02-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Major bridge with double D well foundation on Manair River. – Trenzet Infra Limited |url=https://trenzetinfra.com/construction-of-major-bridge-with-double-d-well-foundation-on-manair-river/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Stations ==
Stations include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Map - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/atlas}}</ref>
*[[Manoharabad railway station|Manoharabad]] (MOB)
*Nacharam (NCRM)
*Appaipally (APMR)
*Iranagaram (IRNGR)
*Gajwel (GJWL)
*Kodakandla (KDKLA)
*Lakhadaram (LKDRM)
*Komuravelli Punyakshetram
*Duddeda (DUDDA)
*[[Siddipet railway station|Siddipet]] (SIPT)
*Gurralagondi (GRLND)
*Chinnalingapur (CHLNG)
*[[Sircilla railway station|Sircilla]] (SRCLA)
*Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla (VMLWD)
*Boinpalli(BNPLI)
*Wedira (WEDRA)
*[[Kottapalli railway station|Kothapalli Jn]] (KPHI)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1625566421487-SCR-Projects-Targeted-Non-Targeted-June-2021%20(1).pdf Manoharabad-Kothapalli Project]

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{South Central Railway zone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothapalli-Manoharabad line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:South Central Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division| ]]
[[Category:Hyderabad railway division| ]]

Talala Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:57Z

ShermanGraham8: added some details first draft

{{short description|Constituency of the Gujarat legislative assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Talala
| mla = Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:235040}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
}}

'''Talala''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Mandorana
# Talala Taluka
# Sutrapada Taluka
# Mendarda Taluka (Part) Village – Lakadveri nes.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
^ (by poll)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| Kanjibhai Kasharabhai Mori
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Kalabhai Ranmalbhai Zala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Arsibhai Punja Zala
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Jethabhai Ranabhai Jora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Govindbhai Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad | Ahir Bhagabhai D. Barad ]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2016^]]
| [[Govindbhai Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad | Ahir Bhagabhai D. Barad]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.abplive.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-talala-constituency-91.html|title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022 Live|website=abplive.com}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Talala Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=64,788|percentage=43.17|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Solanki Devendrabhai Kanjibhai|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=44,733|percentage=29.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dodiya Mansingbhai Jesingbhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,413|percentage=22.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,486|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=13.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:231,873}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Talala<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=By-election, 2016: Talala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Govindbhai Parmar
|votes = 63,899
|percentage = 49.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagvanbhai Barad
|votes = 61,458
|percentage = 47.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bagasbhai Chotiyara
|votes = 706
|percentage = 0.544
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hasambhai Mugasara
|votes = 694
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramjibhai Parmar
|votes = 613
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hanifaben Majgul
|votes = 252
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,390
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,441
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,29,012
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jasubhai Barad|party=Indian National Congress|votes=62,722|percentage=44.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Govind Parmar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=61,244|percentage=43.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,478|percentage=1.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141,184|percentage=77.32|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|21.06|70.53|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Gujarat]]

Qadian Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:23Z

ShermanGraham8: adding

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Qadian
| map_image = 6-Qadian.svg
| mla = [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:181907 }} (in 2022) {{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 6
}}
'''Qadian Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 6), is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency covering [[Qadian]] in [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|access-date= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archive-date= 23 April 2016}}</ref> VVPAT will be used in Qadian in 2017 Assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-polls-afraid-of-leaving-trail-voters-uneasy-about-vvpat-machines/story-aKDd6o6RcGfNCWE3b1I4UL.html|title=Punjab polls: Afraid of leaving trail, voters uneasy about VVPAT machines}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Satnam Singh Bajwa
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|Mohinder Singh
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kalwant Singh
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|[[Tript Rajinder Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Natha Singh Dalam
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Tript Rajinder Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Charanjit Kaur Bajwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Qadian }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=48,679|percentage=36.55|change={{decrease}}11.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Guriqbal Singh Mahal|votes=41,505|percentage=31.16|change={{decrease}}7.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Jagroop Singh Sekhwan <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>|votes=34,916|percentage=26.22|change={{increase}}15.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 777
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,174
|percentage = 5.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 133,183
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:181907}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Qadian<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/11|title= Qadian Assembly election result, 2017|access-date= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]]
|votes = 62,596
|percentage = 47.83
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sewa Singh Sekhwan]]
|votes = 50,859
|percentage = 38.86
|change = {{increase}}3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Kamalpreet Singh Kaki
|votes = 14,657
|percentage = 11.20
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 953
|percentage = 0.73
|change = --
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,737
|percentage = 8.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 131,829
|percentage = 74.77
|change = {{decrease}}1.01
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:176309}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017" />

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Qadian<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/11|title= Qadian Assembly election result, 2012|access-date= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2012/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2012 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Charanjit Kaur Bajwa
|votes = 59,843
|percentage = 48.94
|change = {{increase}}2.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sewa Singh Sekhwan]]
|votes = 43,687
|percentage = 35.73
|change = {{decrease}}12.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sucha Singh Chhotepur
|votes = 15,428
|percentage = 12.62
|change = --
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,156
|percentage = 13.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 122,276
|percentage = 75.78
|change = {{decrease}}1.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Qadian<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/11|title= Qadian Assembly election result, 2007|access-date= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal
|votes = 52,567
|percentage = 48.40
|change = {{increase}}4.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tript Rajinder Singh Bajwa
|votes = 50,828
|percentage = 46.80
|change = {{decrease}}4.75
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,739
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 108,590
|percentage = 77.52
|change = {{increase}}6.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.82|75.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Stone nadaswaram

2026-04-04T20:46:13Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=April 2024}}
{{Confusing|date=April 2024}}
}}
[[File:Kumbeswarar temple7.jpg|thumb|The facade of [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbeswarar Temple]]]]
A '''stone nadaswaram''' is a ''[[nadaswaram]]'' made of stone.

==Form of ordinary nadaswaram==
The tradition of music of [[Tamils]] has existed many years. From morning till night throughout the life of Tamils, this instrument holds a place. It is a [[wind instrument]] similar to the [[North India]]n ''[[shehnai]]''. It is preserved as a treasure in the temple. While playing the musical sound which comes out from it would attract one and all and it would give an extreme satisfaction to the mind and heart. According to season, Tamils made instruments and played and worshipped the deities. Traditionally the body of the instrument is made out of a tree called {{Transliteration|ta|aacha}} (Tamil ஆச்சா). The body part of the instrument is made of one type of grass which is found on the banks of the [[Kaveri]] River.<ref name=dinamani1>[https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/oct/22/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3024751.html இசை உலகின் கலைப்பொக்கிஷம், தினமணி, 22 அக்டோபர் 2018]</ref>

==Kumbeswarar Temple==
This stone nadaswaram is located in the [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbeswarar Temple]] in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=591 அருள்மிகு கும்பேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில், தினமலர் கோயில்கள்]</ref> This is considered as one of the cultural treasure of this temple.<ref>எஸ்.மகாலிங்கம், செயல் அலுவலர், அருள்மிகு ஆதிகும்பேஸ்வரசுவாமி திருக்கோயில், பெருஞ்சாந்தி விழா காணும் பெருமான், அருள்மிகு ஆதிகும்பேசுவரர் திருக்கோயில், மகா கும்பாபிஷேகம் 1985</ref> It has been located in this temple for many hundreds of years.<ref name="dinamani">கும்பகோணத்தில் கல் நாகசுர இசை நிகழ்ச்சி, தினமணி, 1 அக்டோபர் 2017</ref>

==Tradition==
The stone nadaswaram is six times heavier when compared to ordinary nadaswaram.<ref name="thehindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/when-music-flowed-from-a-stone-nagaswaram/article19782786.ece When music flowed from a stone nagaswaram, The Hindu, 2 October 2017]</ref> With 3 kg. weight it is of 2 feet length.<ref name="dinamani"/> The ulavu part of this stone instrument contains three parts and joined into one. In the ordinary nadaswara seven ragas can be played. But in stone nadaswaram only six ragas are found. Only ragas such as [[Shanmukhapriya]] and [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]. Ragas such as [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Shankarabharanam]], [[Kharaharapriya]] and Thodi cannot be played in stone nadaswara. Only experts may play the stone nadaswara.<ref name=dinamani1/>

==Playing stone nadaswaram==
This stone nadaswaram was played in this temple during the [[Mahamaham]] and Masi festival. 15 years ago musician N. Saminathan played this instrument. Later on 29 September 2017, on the day of Ayudha Pooja, at the request of devotees, for one hour he played [[rāga]]s such as Panturothi, [[Shanmukhapriya]], [[Dharmavati]] and [[Hemavati (raga)|Hemavati]].<ref name="dinamani"/> N. Saminathan has been playing nadaswaram for 46 years. He studied in the Devasthana Music School at [[Sikkal]] in [[Nagapattinam district]] of Tamil Nadu. His guru was Kalaimamani Kottur [[T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai|N.Rajarathinam Pillai]]. As the Vidwan of the temple he has been playing the instrument for the past 27 years.<ref name="thehindu"/> 60 years back Pakkirisamy Pillai and for 30 years Kunjithapatham Pillai, the temple musicians of the temple played this instrument.<ref name=dinamani1/>

==Another stone nadaswaram==
Another stone nadaswaram is found at [[Alwarthirunagari Temple]] in [[Tuticorin district]] of Tamil Nadu. In this temple it is just exhibited. This instrument was donated by King Krishnappa Nayak to the temple 350 years back.<ref name=dinamani1/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.daytamil.com/2014/03/tamil_3487.html கல் நாதஸ்வரம் தமிழனின் அதிசய இசைக் கருவி, 5 மார்ச் 2014]
* [http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=310&id1=4&issue=20101116 கல் நாதஸ்வரம், குங்குமம்]

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]

V. Surendran Pillai

2026-03-24T20:19:17Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Surendran Pillai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Anchal]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Minister for Port & Youth welfare
| term_start1 = 10 September 2010
| term_end1 = 16 May 2011
| constituency1 = Thiruvananthapuram West
| predecessor1 = [[M. Vijayakumar]]
| successor1 = [[K. Babu]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 22 May 1984
| term_end2 = 1987
| constituency2 = [[Punalur (Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]
| predecessor2 = [[M. Sam Oommen]]
| successor2 = [[J. Chitharanjan]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| spouse =
| children =
| nationality = Indian
| religion =
| footnotes =
| date=
| year =
| source =
}}
'''V. Surendran Pillai''' was the former minister for Ports and Youth Affairs in the government of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surendran Pillai sworn in Minister |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/04/stories/2010080458080400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906082831/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/04/stories/2010080458080400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> He is a vice president of [[Loktantrik Janata Dal]] Kerala State Committee.

==Politics==
He entered politics as a member of Kerala Congress. He was the president of Anchal Block Panchayath. He held the post of Kerala Congress district president and general secretary. In 1984, he was elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly from [[Punalur (Assembly constituency)|Punalur constituency]] in a by-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/biodata.php4?no=74&name=V.%20Surendran%20Pillai |title=Biodata of Mr. V. Surendran Pillai (KCT) |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref>

When party split, he stood with [[P.J. Joseph]], and became the Kerala Congress Trade Union Congress (J) state president. In 2006, he was elected from [[Thiruvananthapuram West assembly constituency]]. He defeated Sharath Chandra Prasad from Congress. He was the 183rd minister in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and the sixteenth minister to be sworn in from the Kerala Congress. When [[Kerala Congress (J)]] merged with [[Kerala Congress (M)]], he joined [[Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group)]]. He lost to [[V.S. Sivakumar]] in the [[2011 Kerala State legislative assembly election|2011 State Election]].

Once again the party split when he and [[Skaria Thomas]] formed [[Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)]] group. The party had alliance with [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]. But he was enraged after the LDF dumped him while rejecting his claim for the Thiruvananthapuram Central Assembly seat in 2016 election and allotting it to the [[Kerala Congress (Democratic)]] nominee. Surendran Pillai announced his decision to leave the Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas) party and work together with secular and democratic forces. He also claimed that four general secretaries and six district secretaries of the party had quit along with him. He joined Janata Dal (United) and the party gave the Nemom seat to contest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surendran Pillai to Enter UDF, Johnny Looking at New Turf |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Surendran-Pillai-to-Enter-UDF-Johnny-Looking-at-New-Turf/2016/04/03/article3360220.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405025813/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Surendran-Pillai-to-Enter-UDF-Johnny-Looking-at-New-Turf/2016/04/03/article3360220.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=3 April 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, V. Surendran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Loktantrik Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kollam district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Socialist Janata (Democratic) politicians]]

Chittur Assembly constituency

2026-03-20T14:34:06Z

ShermanGraham8: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chittur
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]]
| constituency_no = 58
| state = Kerala
| map_image = Anikode, Chittur.jpg
| map_caption = [[Chittur-Thathamangalam]] municipal town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,89,203 (2021)
| mla = [[K. Krishnankutty]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Chittur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern India. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala
|access-date = 12 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191012075808/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|archive-date = 12 October 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[K. Krishnankutty|K. Krishnakutty]] of [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Chittur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 12 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Chittur-Thathamangalam]]
| Municipality
| Chittur
|-
| [[Eruthempathy]]
| Grama panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Kozhinjampara (gram panchayat)|Kozhinjampara]]
| Grama Panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Nalleppilly]]
| Grama panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Pattanchery]]
| Grama panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Perumatty (gram panchayat)|Perumatty]]
| Grama panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Vadakarapathy (gram panchayat)|Vadakarapathy]]
| Grama panchayat
| Chittur
|-
| [[Peruvemba]]
| Grama panchayat
| Palakkad
|-
| [[Polpully]]
| Grama panchayat
| Palakkad
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}{{Party index link|Samyukta Socialist Party}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Janata Dal}}{{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
{| class="sortable" width="60%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |1st
|[[P. Balachandra Menon]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| rowspan="2" |1957 – 1960
|-
|K. Eacharan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| rowspan="2" |2nd
|P. Balachandra Menon
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |1960 – 1965
|-
|Narayanan Thandan
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" | K. A. Sivarama Bharathy
| {{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| [[P. Sankar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Krishnankutty|K. Krishankutty]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|K. A. Chandran
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|K. Krishankutty
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="4" |[[K. Achuthan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2" |K. Krishnankutty
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|[[Incumbent|2016-2021]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Socialist Janata Dal|candidate= V. Murukadas|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sumesh Achuthan|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Pranesh Rajendran|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[K. Krishnankutty]]|votes=84,672|percentage=55.38|change={{increase}}10.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sumesh Achuthan|votes=50,794|percentage=33.22|change={{decrease}}6.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. Natesan|votes=14,458|percentage=9.46|change={{increase}}1.33}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,285|percentage=0.84|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=A. Chandran|votes=918|percentage=0.60|change={{decrease}}0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Prameela|votes=552|percentage=0.44|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=N. S. K. Puram Sasikumar|votes=226|percentage=0.15|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=33,878|percentage=22.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,52,905|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,85,995 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=K. Krishnakutty|votes=69,270|percentage=44.90|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. Achuthan|votes=61,985|percentage=40.18|change={{decrease}}11.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sasikumar M.|votes=12,537|percentage=8.13|change={{increase}}4.81}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Mayilswamy|votes=6,212|percentage=4.03|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,260|percentage=0.82|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santha|votes=679|percentage=0.44|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kishnakutty Kunnath|votes=672|percentage=0.44|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. C. Ramachandran|votes=571|percentage=0.37|change={{decrease}}0.09}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Achuthan Thankanivas|votes=495|percentage=0.32|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=A. Rajeena|votes=442|percentage=0.29|change={{decrease}}0.06}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. Krishnakutty Aramuri|votes=157|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,285|percentage=4.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,54,280|percentage=82.95|change={{increase}}1.78}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,67,800 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. Achuthan|votes=69,916|percentage=51.33|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=S. Subhash Chadrabose|votes=57,586|percentage=42.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. K. Omanakuttan|votes=4,518|percentage=3.32|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Kaladharan|votes=1,319|percentage=0.97|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. Muhammed Haneefa|votes=1,192|percentage=0.88|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. Lakshmi|votes=626|percentage=0.46|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Achuthan|votes=570|percentage=0.42|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=A. Rajeena|votes=472|percentage=0.35|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,330|percentage=9.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,199|percentage=81.17|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Malayalam softcore pornography

2026-03-15T07:27:07Z

ShermanGraham8: formatting fix

{{Short description|Genre of softcore pornographic films produced in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox art movement
| name = Malayalam softcore pornography
| image = Indiafilm.svg
| alt =
| caption =
| yearsactive = {{circa|1985}} – {{circa|2005}}
| country = India
| majorfigures = {{br separated entries|[[Abhilasha (actress)]]|[[Silk Smitha]]|[[Shakeela]]|[[Reshma (B-grade actress)]]|[[P. Chandrakumar]]}}
| influences = {{br separated entries|''[[Adipapam]]''|''[[Kinnara Thumbikal]]''}}
| influenced =
}}

'''Malayalam softcore pornography''' was a popular genre of [[softcore pornography]] produced in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] in the [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]]. Popularly known as '''Mallu porn films''' or '''B-grade films''', they are mostly recognised as low-quality films with fairly [[Low-budget film|low budgets]]. They emerged alongside mainstream [[Malayalam cinema]] of Kerala in the 1980s.

''[[Adipapam]]'' (1988) is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with softcore nudity, and it is considered to have started the trend of softcore films in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 1988 |title=Mudhal Paavam |pages=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881209&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite facing a temporary decline in the 1990s, the genre's popularity grew after the successful release of ''[[Kinnara Thumbikal]]'' (2000), which starred [[Shakeela]]. This period was termed the {{Lang|ml|Shakeela tharangam}} (Shakeela wave). There is a general consensus that the films, which critics called vulgar and crude, were the backbone of the Malayalam film industry during its worst period. In 2001, around 64% of the total films produced in Malayalam were of the softporn variety.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mini |first=Darshana Sreedhar |date=2016 |title=The Spectral Duration of Malayalam Soft-porn: Disappearance, Desire, and Haunting |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927616667971 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1177/0974927616667971 |s2cid=193768554 |issn=0974-9276 |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227041329/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927616667971 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In conjunction with the rise of the [[internet in India]], the genre began to decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2020-05-16 |title=Shakeela, Superstardom And A Softporn Wave That Threatened The Survival Of Malayalam Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/shakeela-superstardom-and-a-softporn-wave-that-threatened-the-survival-of-malayalam-cinema |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184232/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/shakeela-superstardom-and-a-softporn-wave-that-threatened-the-survival-of-malayalam-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref>

To evade the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], certain scenes were shot separately and not shown to the board. Many theatre owners and distributors illegally inserted nudity from foreign films or [[hardcore pornography]] into the films.<ref name=":1" />

== Characteristics ==
Although Malayalam softcore pornographic films had sexually suggestive plots, [[Film historian|film historians]] do not consider them overtly explicit or simply [[Pornographic film|pornographic]].<ref name=":9" />

=== Portrayal of women ===
In mainstream Indian movies, the hero (male lead) is normally central to the plot. Malayalam softcore pornographic films presented their heroines at the center. Female leads often portrayed unfaithful wives, women with a busy sex life, or "everyday" women. In Malayalam B-grade films, male roles were functionally supplementary, with the heroine and her sexuality emphasised.<ref name=":5" /> Women in the films are stereotypically at least 25 years old and in desperate need of sexual intimacy. Heroines are often dressed in scanty clothes that exposed [[midriff]]s and [[Cleavage (breasts)|cleavage]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Meena T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iiPSQAACAAJ |title=Women in Malayalam Cinema: Naturalising Gender Hierarchies |date=2010 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3865-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Malayalam and Tamil actress [[Revathi]] criticised the concept of B-grade films, saying: "Why are we so obsessed with women’s bodies anyway? When we talk about [[sexism]], we keep talking about the same things. What we need is gender sensitization of everyone involved with the film industry".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Urbee |date=2018-10-05 |title=[VoxSpace Selects] The Sex Quotient : Women In The South Indian Soft Porn Industry |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2018/10/05/south-indian-soft-porn-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017050342/http://www.voxspace.in/2018/10/05/south-indian-soft-porn-industry/ |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=VoxSpace |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Actors ===
Several actresses launched their career through the Malayalam softcore pornographic films, including [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]], who is considered one of the forerunners of this genre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 9, 2009 |title=Former sleaze queen's smart move |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/former-sleaze-queens-smart-move/articleshow/22198962.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007134015/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/advocates-polls-costly-affair/articleshowajax/22198959.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=22198942&photocount=6&photoexclude=3 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> [[Silk Smitha]], who had gained success with [[Item number|dance numbers]] in the early 1980s, also became an integral part of the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering India's evergreen sex symbol Silk Smitha on her 62nd birth anniversary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remembering-indias-evergreen-sex-symbol-silk-smitha-on-her-62nd-birth-anniversary-2304535-2022-12-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219021906/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remembering-indias-evergreen-sex-symbol-silk-smitha-on-her-62nd-birth-anniversary-2304535-2022-12-02 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=India Today |date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Many actresses and actors who gained success in other genres also acted in several B-grade films that were not explicit compared to the normal softcore genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannanur |first=Sunil |date=2019-11-04 |title=ബി ഗ്രേഡ്‌ സിനിമകളും ചില കാണാക്കാഴ്ചകളും– Part 2 {{!}} PravasiExpress |url=https://www.pravasiexpress.com/behind-b-grade-movies-detailed-study-part-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320091920/https://www.pravasiexpress.com/behind-b-grade-movies-detailed-study-part-2/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> These actors became well known within the genre, and included [[Prameela]], [[Unni Mary]], [[Disco Shanti]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Jyothi Lakshmi|Jyothilakshmi]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]], [[T. G. Ravi]] and [[Ratheesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=തമ്പുരാട്ടിയിലെ ഗ്ലാമര്‍ രംഗം സ്‌ക്രീനില്‍ തെളിഞ്ഞപ്പോള്‍ ഞാന്‍ തലകുനിച്ച് ഇരിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/430345-latest-news-prameela-opens-up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009020701/https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/430345-latest-news-prameela-opens-up.html |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.mangalam.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shakeela]], who was prolific in the early 2000s, is commonly considered the quintessential star of the softcore genre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the archives: Who is Shakeela Khan? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-who-is-shakeela-khan-1753973-2020-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928162914/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-who-is-shakeela-khan-1753973-2020-12-28 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=India Today |date=28 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Reshma (B-grade actress)|Reshma]] and Maria were also prominent. Maria transitioned to the genre after acting in mainstream Malayalam films such as [[Nirnayam (1995 film)|''Nirnayam'']], [[Pallavur Devanarayanan|''Pallavoor Devanarayanan'']], ''[[Megham]]'' and ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikkil]]''. In the early 2000s, the genre also featured actresses such as Sindhu, Rajini, Devika, Roshni, Sharmili and Alphonsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottoor |first=Asim |date=2017-11-16 |title=ഷക്കീല,രേഷ്മ,മറിയ: ഇവര്‍ ഇന്നെവിടെയാണ്? |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922174806/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഉടുതുണി ഇല്ലാതെ അഭിനയിച്ച പൈസ ഈ കുടുംബത്തിന് വേണ്ട എന്ന് ഉമ്മ തറപ്പിച്ചു പറഞ്ഞു : അനുഭവം പങ്കുവെച്ച് നടി ഷർമിലി |url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://filmyglitzmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img_3_1629386902508-1024x655.jpg&tbnid=9sPAKE10XA0mkM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https://filmyglitzmedia.com/sharmilishjcjf/&docid=OaBTiwR7YbwO7M&w=1024&h=655&itg=1&source=sh/x/im/can/1&sfr=vfe |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=WordMalayali |language=ml}}</ref>

==History==
===Roots and early years===
In the 1970s, Malayalam films that explore themes surrounding sexuality started emerging. The 1972 Malayalam film ''[[Punarjanmam]]'' (''Reincarnation'') is considered to be the first [[Erotic thriller|erotic psychic thriller]] in [[Cinema of India|Indian film history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/punarjanmam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130253/http://spicyonion.com/title/punarjanmam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Punarjanmam|accessdate=15 October 2014|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film involves a man who is unable to have sex with his wife because she appears to him as his mother each time they attempt to [[Consummation|consummate]] their relationship. In 1978, ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' was released. ''Avalude Ravugal'', directed by [[I. V. Sasi]], is about an adolescent [[sex worker]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-25 |title=I V Sasi 1948-2017: He picked raw subjects and served up a feast |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/he-picked-raw-subjects-and-served-up-a-feast/articleshow/61213455.cms |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was the first Malayalam film to get an [[Central Board of Film Certification|A certification]], classifying it as fit for adults only. It was highly successful and was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. Though currently regarded as a cult movie with a strong social message, the film was considered and marketed as pornographic, especially to non-malayali audience, when it was released.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Subash |date=2017-10-27 |title=IV Sasi's 'Her Nights' was a bold take on sex work that was unfairly dismissed as porn |url=https://scroll.in/reel/855475/iv-sasis-her-nights-was-a-bold-take-on-sex-work-that-was-unfairly-dismissed-as-porn |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214093124/https://scroll.in/reel/855475/iv-sasis-her-nights-was-a-bold-take-on-sex-work-that-was-unfairly-dismissed-as-porn |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 1978, [[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|''Rathinirvedham'']] was released. The film is about a teenage boy who is sexually attracted to an older woman.Directed by Bharathan, the movie is considered a landmark film in Malayalam cinematic history. Some film analysts said that the influx of Malayalam softcore porn films during the next several years began after the release of ''Rathinirvedham''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-19 |title=Can 'Rathinirvedam' remake recreate waves? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/can-rathinirvedam-remake-recreate-waves-823 |access-date=2023-10-05 |archive-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619004805/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/can-rathinirvedam-remake-recreate-waves-823 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Neelima Menon,Sukanya |date=2023-05-21 |title=Rathinirvedam to Christy: The evolution of teenage-centric themes in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/rathinirvedam-christy-evolution-teenage-centric-themes-malayalam-cinema-177469 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

===Rise and peak===
From the mid-1980s, production of softcore porn gradually increased. An increase in [[Videocassette recorder|VCRs]] and [[Television|TVs]] contributed to the growth of the genre. In 1985, director [[Crossbelt Mani]] made the film ''[[Ottayan]].'' The film, which featured a rape and revenge storyline, was distributed in Kerala's main theatres. In ''Ottayan'', the heroine's blouse is pulled off during a six-minute rape scene and the villain massages her breasts. The film, which cost ₹1 million to make, made ₹1.2 million in two weeks until the censor board banned it.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Dhoomam (1985 film)|Dhoomam]]'' (1985) director Chandrasekharan Thampi originally planned to make the film a black-and-white art film, but it was shelved due to financial difficulties. Later, he inserted additional sex scenes and released the movie through his own firm, distributing it only in isolated towns and villages; the film became popular due to word-of-mouth promotion.<ref name=":1" /> [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan|K.S. Gopalakrishnan]] then made the 1986 films ''[[Pidikittapulli|Pidikitapulli]]'' and ''[[Karinagam]],'' which featured several sex scenes and nudity that were not shown to the censor board. The sex scenes were absent when the censor board confiscated a print of ''Pidikitapulli'', but present when it played in a suburban [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] theatre two weeks later.<ref name=":7" /> At that time, K. V. Gangadharan, president of the Kerala film chamber and producer of the mainstream Malayalam film ''[[Vartha]]'' (1986), said that "super-hit family dramas in the cities are flopping in rural areas because the average male cine-goer in these areas is lured by these soft-porn films with inserted sex scenes."<ref name=":1" /> Following the ban, producers and distributors of soft porn films relocated from cities to the countryside. Students from Trivandrum made daily visits to [[Guruvayur|Guruvayoor]] or [[Attingal]] to see soft-porn films. In 1986, roughly 14 of about 32 films released had sex or nude scenes that were shot separately and were inserted into the film for screening in rural areas only after the rest of it had been shown to the censor board.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Soft-porn boom hits commercial cinema in Kerala like a bolt from the blue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19860515-soft-porn-boom-hits-commercial-cinema-in-kerala-like-a-bolt-from-the-blue-800882-1986-05-14 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=India Today |date=15 May 1986 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005191353/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19860515-soft-porn-boom-hits-commercial-cinema-in-kerala-like-a-bolt-from-the-blue-800882-1986-05-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> These reels were known as ''Thund'' (Bits) and popularising the term ''Bit/Piece padam'' (Bit film).<ref name=":1" />

In 1988, ''[[Adipapam]]'' was released. It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with softcore nudity. It was a big success at the box office, grossing ₹25 million against a budget of ₹750,000. The film's director, [[P. Chandrakumar|Chandrakumar]], went on to direct eight more softcore films. The leading actress, [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]], became the most sought-after B-grade actress of that time. The success of ''Adipapam'' inspired a series of similar productions in the next few years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-20 |title=ഞാന്‍ ഏകനായിരുന്നു |url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420235343/http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}</ref> The 1989 film ''[[Layanam]]'', starring [[Silk Smitha]] in the lead role, was also a big success at box office. Twelve years after its release, it was remade in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] as ''Reshma Ki Jawani''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=2002-11-08 |title=SEX SELLS: Another chottisi prem kahani makes money |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307115127/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=8 |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Film historian Rajakrishnan said, "The boom of softcore pornographic films was fuelled by a lenient Madras Censor Board. When they were barred from censoring Malayalam films, they dried up".<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Sleaze time, folks! |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=m.rediff.com |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113216/https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Temporary decline in the 1990s===
Most of the softcore films that released after ''Layanam'' had a similar storyline with many of them having a weak screenplay. When family-friendly and comedy films became more popular in the Malayalam cinema industry, there was a temporary decline in the softcore industry. This caused a reduction in the rate of production of softcore films. Only a few of them were successful at the box office.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mannanur |first=Sunil |date=2019-10-22 |title=ബി ഗ്രേഡ്‌ സിനിമകളും ചില കാണാക്കാഴ്ചകളും – Part 1 {{!}} PravasiExpress |url=https://www.pravasiexpress.com/behind-b-grade-movies-detailed-study-part-1/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===The Shakeela wave===
With the continued failure of comedy films and early-2000s theater strikes in Kerala, there was a comeback of B-grade films in Malayalam. By 2000, a majority of the Malayalam films were of soft porn genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rti_admin |date=2017-06-30 |title=A Peep into the Soft Porn Film Industry of Keralam |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/a-peep-into-the-soft-porn-film-industry-of-keralam/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Round Table India |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2000, ''[[Kinnara Thumbikal|Kinnarathumbikal]]'', a low budget softcore pornographic film starring [[Shakeela]], was released. It was a major commercial success, grossing ₹40 million at the box office against a budget of ₹1.2 million. The film was dubbed in more than six languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Anannya |date=2020-12-25 |title=Richa Chadha's 'Shakeela' Releases Today; Here Are 7 Facts About The Malayalam Erotic Star |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/facts-about-shakeela-the-erotic-malayalam-star-behind-the-biopic-starring-richa-chadha/18016126 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}</ref> The success of ''Kinnarathumbikal'' triggered a series of similar low-budget softcore pornographic films produced in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakeela, the woman who inspired genres without ever doing porn |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-shakeela-the-woman-who-inspired-genres-without-ever-doing-porn-2112421 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928010000/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-shakeela-the-woman-who-inspired-genres-without-ever-doing-porn-2112421 |url-status=live }}</ref> There was also an increase in Malayalam softcore pornographic films starring Shakeela, leading to the Shakeela wave ({{Lang|ml|Shakeela tharangam}}). Around 57 of the total 89 films released in 2001 belonged to the soft-porn category and Shakeela featured in many of them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pornography is big business in Malayalam film industry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020805-pornography-is-big-business-in-malayalam-film-industry-794685-2002-08-04 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=India Today |date=5 August 2002 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525015506/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020805-pornography-is-big-business-in-malayalam-film-industry-794685-2002-08-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the Shakeela wave, many of her old films were re-released, including [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. At one time, posters with Shakeela's half-naked body, a single name and a large "adults only" emblem were widespread in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam soft porn star Shakeela recounts how a producer turned down her proposal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/malayalam-soft-porn-star-shakeela-recounts-how-a-producer-turned-down-her-proposal-1469285-2019-03-03 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=India Today |date=3 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> According to film scholar Darshana Sreedhar Mini, during the Malayalam film industry crisis of the early 2000s, the success of Shakeela films became critical to the industry's survival because her presence insured revenues and, hence, the survival of film employees.<ref name=":9" /> Shakeela became well known throughout the country as the [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] face of soft-porn. Many of her films were well-known outside of Kerala and were dubbed into other languages. With lower production costs and poorer quality than mainstream films, Malayalam B-grade films dominated a significant portion of the market, with considerable production.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mini |first=Darshana Sreedhar |date=2019-04-01 |title=The Rise of Soft Porn in Malayalam Cinema and the Precarious Stardom of Shakeela |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/fmh/article/5/2/49/109555/The-Rise-of-Soft-Porn-in-Malayalam-Cinema-and-the |journal=Feminist Media Histories |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=49–82 |doi=10.1525/fmh.2019.5.2.49 |s2cid=181897151 |access-date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718220318/https://online.ucpress.edu/fmh/article/5/2/49/109555/The-Rise-of-Soft-Porn-in-Malayalam-Cinema-and-the |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many theatres, which faced shutdown, survived only because of the arrival and acceptance of such B-grade films and the market was flooded with many B-grade films.<ref name=":9" />

Actresses such as [[Reshma (B-grade actress)|Reshma]], Maria, Sindhu and Alphonsa, who arose with or after Shakeela, became an integral part of the industry. Shakeela's 2001 film ''Rakshasarajni'' was considered successful, especially as it competed against ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' and ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]],'' which were larger films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottoor |first=Asim |date=2017-11-16 |title=ഷക്കീല,രേഷ്മ,മറിയ: ഇവര്‍ ഇന്നെവിടെയാണ്? {{!}} Cinema, East Coast Special, General, International, Kerala, Latest News, National, NEWS , maria, reshma, shakkeela |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |language=en-US |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922174806/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Decline and end===
The rise of the internet negatively affected the Malayalam softcore porn industry, as freely-available online images and videos became more popular than video cassettes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=ഷക്കീലയ്ക്കും മറിയയ്ക്കുമൊപ്പം തരംഗം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച രേഷ്മ ഇന്ന് എവിടെ ? സിനിമ ജീവിതം യഥാര്‍ഥ ജീവിതത്തിലേക്കും പകര്‍ത്തിയപ്പോള്‍ സംഭവിച്ചത്... |url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/reshma-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110641/https://www.rashtradeepika.com/reshma-3/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=RashtraDeepika |language=en-US}}</ref> The directors of Malayam softcore pornographic films did not try to bring new actresses into the field, and the production of such films slowly stopped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Sadhu |date=2022-08-15 |title=Reshma:ഒരു കാലത്ത് യുവാക്കളുടെ ഹരമായിരുന്ന മാദകറാണി രേഷ്മയ്ക്ക് സംഭവിച്ചതെന്ത്? രേഷ്മ ഇപ്പോള്‍ എവിടെ? » Breaking Kerala |url=https://breakingkerala.com/what-happened-to-pornstar-reshma-who-was-once-the-charm-of-youth-where-is-reshma-now/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Breaking Kerala |language=en-US}}</ref> The state censor board also took measures to "curb the spread" of erotic films.<ref name=":2" /> Between 2005 and 2007, the release of B-grade was limited.<ref name=":2" /> Some producers attempted to revive the genre between 2007 and 2010, but their films did not perform well.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=With the Advent of High-speed Internet, It's Curtains for Adult Movies in Theatres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/06/with-the-advent-of-high-speed-internet-it%e2%80%99s-curtains-for-adult-movies-in-theatres-690923.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005191357/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/06/With-the-Advent-of-High-speed-Internet-It%E2%80%99s-Curtains-for-Adult-Movies-in-Theatres-690923.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
While the Malayalam film industry no longer produces softcore pornographic films, video clips and images from the older films are still major earners for [[Internet pornography|porn websites]] in India.<ref name=":6" /> ''Mallu aunty'' is a term commonly used on porn websites.<ref name=":3" /> The Malayalam heroine has been referenced in popular [[erotic comics]] that portray married female characters as the targets of [[Sexual fantasy|sexual fantasies]], such as [[Savita Bhabhi]] and Velamma.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Sreedhar Mini |first1=Darshana |last2=Baishya |first2=Anirban K. |date=2020-01-02 |title=Transgressions in Toonland: Savita Bhabhi , Velamma and the Indian adult comic |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23268743.2019.1590228 |url-status=live |journal=Porn Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=115–131 |doi=10.1080/23268743.2019.1590228 |s2cid=197853073 |issn=2326-8743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005191358/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23268743.2019.1590228?cookieSet=1 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=5 October 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In August 2022, Yessma, an [[Over-the-top media service|OTT streaming platform]] for adult content, was launched.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yessma: Malayalam OTT platform for adult content goes live with Lakshmi Dheeptha's Nancy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yessma-malayalam-ott-platform-for-adult-content-goes-live-with-lakshmi-dheepthas-nancy/002ee9e93a902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815004839/https://www.ottplay.com/news/yessma-malayalam-ott-platform-for-adult-content-goes-live-with-lakshmi-dheepthas-nancy/002ee9e93a902 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pornography in India]]
* [[Sex in Indian entertainment]]
* [[Sexuality in India]]
* [[Nudity in film]]
* [[Nudity in India]]
* [[Sex in film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |year=2006 |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6jOEAAAQBAJ&dq=malayalam+soft+porn&pg=PA235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005191352/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V6jOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235&dq=malayalam+soft+porn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv1qHXzN-BAxXfk1YBHZAvCysQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=malayalam%20soft%20porn&f=false |archive-date=5 October 2023 |url-status=live |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-641-1 |oclc=62430899 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2023}}

{{Film genres}}

[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Movements in cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:History of cinema in India]]
[[Category:Film industry in India]]
[[Category:Softcore pornography]]
[[Category:Erotic films by genre]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Sexploitation films]]
[[Category:1980s in film]]
[[Category:1990s in film]]
[[Category:2000s in film]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:1990s in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2000s in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Indian erotic films]]

Raja Bhoj Airport

2026-03-13T10:32:34Z

ShermanGraham8: basic rework details for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Airport serving Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Raja Bhoj Airport
| image = File:Bhopal Airport.jpg
| image-width = 300px
| image_alt =
| image2 =
| image2-width =
| image2_alt =
| caption2 =
| IATA = BHO
| ICAO = VABP
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = Airports Authority of India
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Bhopal]]
| location = Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 1,719
| hub =
| elevation-m = 524
| coordinates = {{coord|23|17|15|N|077|20|15|E|region:IN-MP|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label = '''BHO'''
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 9,022
| r1-length-m = 2,744
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,603,251 ({{increase}} 16.1%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 15,147 ({{increase}} 8.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 2,409 ({{decrease}} 6.9%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
}}

'''Raja Bhoj Airport''' {{Airport codes|BHO|VABP}} is a [[customs airport]]{{efn|name=Customs|Airport with customs checking and clearance facility, and handles predominantly domestic traffic. A very limited number of international flights are allowed to operate from the airport.}} serving [[Bhopal]], the capital of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was notified as a customs airport on 13 March 2024. Named after the 10th-century [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king, [[Raja Bhoj]], it is the second-busiest airport in Madhya Pradesh in terms of passenger and aircraft movements. It is the largest airport in the state by area. It is located in Gandhi Nagar, {{cvt|15|km}} away from [[Bhopal Junction railway station]] in the city centre, and {{cvt|20|km}} away from [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]] in the south of the city.

Since 1 October 2024, the airport has commenced round the clock (24*7) operations, facilitating increased connectivity and flexibility. The airport has a [[Aircraft maintenance|maintenance, repair and overhaul]] (MRO) facility due to its advantageous central location in India.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news |title=Civil aviation min announces new MRO policy; seeks to attract investments |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/civil-aviation-min-announces-new-mro-policy-seeks-to-attract-investments-121090901180_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=12 October 2021 |date=9 September 2021|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

==Development==
===Runway===
The [[Government of India]] considered the airport to be expanded to international standards to handle the rising traffic and demands. In 2010, the runway length was increased to {{convert|2744|m|ft}}, making it possible for larger aircraft to land in the airport.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/direct-haj-flight-from-bhopal/story-iAvNNQH2PGxD7Gm10bAg7H.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140106182955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/direct-haj-flight-from-bhopal/article1-552532.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 January 2014 | title = Direct Haj flight from Bhopal | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 3 June 2010 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}</ref>

On 25 March 2025, the Bhopal Airport demonstrated its capability of handling [[List of aircraft type designators|Code E Aircraft]] when an Air India Boeing 777-300ER landed, taxied, and parked at the airport and took off later.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/in-a-first-for-mp-b-777-300er-aircraft-lands-at-bhopal-airport/articleshow/119494805.cms | title = In a first for MP, B-777 300ER aircraft lands at Bhopal airport | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 26 March 2025 | access-date = 30 March 2025}}</ref>

The runway is equipped with a [[Instrument landing system|Category II ILS]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-airport-enhances-flight-safety-with-cat-ii-ils-system/articleshow/115057585.cms | title = Bhopal Airport Enhances Safety with CAT-II ILS | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 7 November 2024 | access-date = 27 February 2025}}</ref> to facilitate smooth landings during lower visibility and poor weather conditions.

The first direct seasonal international flight from the airport was to [[Jeddah]], a [[Hajj]] charter flown by the [[List of airlines in Saudi Arabia|national carrier]] of [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Saudia]], on 23 October 2010 for Hajj travellers.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-direct-flight-from-Bhopal-to-Jeddah-from-tomorrow/articleshow/6785546.cms | title = First direct flight from Bhopal to Jeddah from tomorrow | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 21 October 2010 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}</ref>

===Renewable energy===
In 2013, the airport became the first airport in the state to use solar power to run its utility grid system. A 100-kilowatt solar power plant was made operational in June 2013, with plans to install a 2-megawatt solar power plant at the airport in the future.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/raja-bhoj-airport-all-set-to-use-solar-energy/story-muzwpRi53ZC3cIDO3K5MwL.html | title = Raja Bhoj airport all set to use solar energy | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 20 June 2013 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The airport has night landing facilities, an Instrument Landing System (ILS) and CAT VII fire services.<ref name="Airports International Indian edition-2011">{{cite web | url = http://www.aai.aero/misc/AAI_Provides_Modern_Terminal_Building.pdf | title = New terminal of Bhopal international airport opened for public | publisher = Airports International Indian edition | date = August 2011 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}</ref>

===Cargo and logistics hub===
A new air cargo hub with 17 acres of land sanctioned near the airport is planned. The old terminal building is being redeveloped into a cargo complex to increase cargo operations from the capital airport. The temporary air cargo complex was inaugurated in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-to-get-air-cargo-services-within-a-month|title=Bhopal to get air cargo services within a month|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

===Maintenance, repair, and overhaul facility===
The airport has been selected as one of the eight new destinations to set up [[Maintenance#Definitions|maintenance, repair, and overhaul]] (MRO) facilities in India. The airport's central location in the country provides ample growth and logistics prospects for the facility. Construction began in 2021 and was expected to be completed by 2024.<ref name="business-standard.com"/>

===Immigration checkposts and international flights===
In September 2019, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) started the process of granting international status to the airport.<ref name="The Times of India-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/immigration-facility-at-raja-bhoj-airport-soon/articleshow/71946236.cms|title=Immigration facility at Raja Bhoj airport soon |date=7 November 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, a joint central team composed of members of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] visited the airport to review the arrangements in starting immigration facilities, and did not find any major hurdles.<ref name="The Times of India-2019" />

As of 23 December 2023, the airport was classified as an authorized immigration checkpost for entry or exit from India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/immigration-checkpost-status-for-bhopal-airport/articleshow/106224440.cms|title=Immigration checkpost status for Bhopal Airport|date=23 December 2023|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> The airport was notified as a customs airport by the CBIC on 13 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/international-tag-for-bhopal-airport-for-customs-purpose/articleshow/108446865.cms|title='International' tag for Bhopal airport for customs purpose|date=13 March 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Bhopal airport, showing multiple aircrafts taxiing .jpg|thumb|View of the apron from one of the four [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]]]

===''Selfie Point - Say Yes To Life''===
In September 2022, the airport established a selfie point to glorify the importance of difficulties in life. The airport supported the campaign ''Say Yes To Life'' run by an eminent psychiatrist based in Bhopal, Dr. Satyakant Trivedi, who is also a member of the suicide prevention task force of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2022|title= Say Yes To Life selfie point inaugurated at Bhopal airport|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/say-yes-to-life-selfie-point-inaugurated-at-bhopal-airport/articleshow/95155799.cms|access-date=29 October 2022|website=TimesOfIndia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2022|title= आत्महत्या रोकथाम रणनीति को लेकर मंत्री सारंग ने बनाई टास्क फोर्स|url=https://livevns.news/state/madhyapradesh/MP-Task-force-formed-for-suicide-prevention-strategyphp/cid8482076.htm|access-date=29 October 2022|website=Livevns|language=hindi}}</ref>

===Separate floor for arrival and departure===
Airport officials confirmed that departures will take place on the first floor, and arrivals will be located on the ground floor. This separation is part of an ongoing renovation to reduce traffic congestion, with the new arrival hall on the lower ground floor already nearing completion and expected to be operational before 2026.<ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/arrival-and-departure-at-raja-bhoj-airport-from-different-floors-136255230.html</ref>

==Integrated terminal==
The integrated terminal building worth {{INRConvert|135|c}} was inaugurated on 28 June 2011 by the then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Vayalar Ravi]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-terminal-of-bhopal-international-airport-opened-for-public-1560104 | title = New terminal of Bhopal international airport opened for public | work = [[Daily News & Analysis]] | date = 28 June 2011 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] had given 400 acres of land for the construction of the international terminal. The terminal building is spread over {{convert|26936|m2}} and has 14 check-in counters, four immigration counters for departures, and six immigration counters for arrivals.

[[File:Bhopal Airpost Inside (3).jpg|thumb|Interior of the airport's terminal]]
[[File:Bhopal Airport Inside (1).jpg|thumb|View of the terminal from the apron]]

It also has 22 customs counters, 11 for arrival and 11 for departure, and six X-ray machines for security.<ref name="Airports International Indian edition-2011"/> The terminal now also has a restaurant and a few retail stores that were developed as part of the [[Airports Authority of India]]'s (AAI) scheme of the master concessionaire. The terminal is connected to four [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]. A new [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower was inaugurated by the airport authorities on 1 March 2024, built at a cost of {{INRConvert|40|c}}. It is now the tallest ATC tower in the state, at a height of {{cvt|32|m}}. At the initial stage, it will operate for only 2-3 hours, as testing will be underway. It will replace the existing ATC tower by shifting all operations to the new tower by April 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ramendra|title=Built for ₹40cr, new ATC at Bhopal airport set to begin ops|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/new-atc-at-bhopal-airport-to-begin-operations-from-march-1/articleshow/108089716.cms|work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2023|access-date=1 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{incomplete list|date=December 2025}}

{{Airport-dest-list

|[[FlyOla]]| [[Rewa Airport|Rewa]]{{cn|date=December 2025}}

|[[IndiGo]]| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dabolim Airport|Goa-Dabolim]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Flights from Raja Bhoj Airport|url=https://www.patrika.com/en/bhopal-news/direct-flights-from-bhopal-to-multiple-cities-starting-october-26th-19965635|website=Patrika News}}</ref>, [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport| Navi Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiGo takes slot for Navi Mumbai| url=https://www.patrika.com/en/bhopal-news/summer-schedule-from-march-29-no-flights-to-mumbai-from-raja-bhoj-airport-20405536|website=Patrika News}}</ref>(begins 29 March 2026), [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Raipur Airport|Raipur]]

|[[SpiceJet]]| '''Seasonal:''' [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/for-hajj-first-flight-from-bhopal-on-21st-may-132987610.html|title=For Hajj... first flight from Bhopal on 21st May | हज 2024: भोपाल से पहली फ्लाइट 21 मई को - Bhopal News}}</ref>
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=BHO}}

== Awards and recognition ==
* The Raja Bhoj Airport has secured the topmost position in [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]'s customer satisfaction survey thrice consecutively; in 2023<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-airport-soars-to-no-1-in-customer-satisfaction-survey/articleshow/102437908.cms|title=Bhopal Airport soars to No. 1 in customer satisfaction survey|website=The Times of India|date=5 August 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>, in 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-airport-tops-customer-survey-again/articleshow/108492080.cms|title=Bhopal airport tops customer survey, again|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> and in 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/reaching-for-the-skies-city-airport-ranks-1st-in-aai-survey-category-iii/articleshow/126195253.cms|title=Reaching for the skies: City airport ranks 1st in AAI survey|website=The Times of India|date=27 December 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 27 March 2021, a trainer aircraft crashed on the outskirts of the airport. Shortly after takeoff from [[Guna Airport|Guna]], the pilot in-command faced some problems in the aircraft and contacted the Bhopal ATC for an emergency landing. The flight could not reach the runway and crashed in an open field {{cvt|8|km}} away from the airport. Only three crew members were in the aircraft, all of whom were injured.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ramendra|title=Bhopal: Trainer aircraft crashes after take-off from Bhopal airport, no casualties reported|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-on-track-for-june-2025-completion/articleshow/97183830.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 March 2021|access-date=1 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Future expansions==
[[Airport Authority of India]] (AAI) has finalized Raja Bhoj Airport masterplan which shall be implemented in three phases. The final phase is likely to be completed by 2047. The first phase will focus on enhancing existing infrastructure, including terminal expansion and upgraded air traffic control systems. The second phase involves significant changes like new taxiways and further terminal expansion. The final phase, to be completed by 2047, includes extending the runway to 4000 meters, allowing for larger aircraft and new routes. The expansion is expected to boost tourism, trade, and regional connectivity while ensuring sustainable development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/raja-bhoj-airport-masterplan-for-development-in-3-phases-by-2047/articleshow/112301153.cms|title=Raja Bhoj airport masterplan final, devpt in 3 phases by 2047|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhopal State]]
* [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]]
* [[Jabalpur Airport]]
* [[Gwalior Airport]]
* [[Tourism in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[List of airports in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Raja Bhoj Airport}}
*[http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bhopal_generalinfo.jsp Official website]

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Transport in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Airports in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Howrah

2026-03-12T09:39:35Z

ShermanGraham8: cleanup content per sources

{{About|the city in West Bengal, India|its namesake district|Howrah district|other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Howrah
| native_name = {{nativename|bn|Haōṛa}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 275
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1= Howrah bridge at night.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Howrah Bridge]]
|image2 =
Howrah Railway Station 02.jpg
|caption2= [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
|caption4= [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|AJCB Indian Botanical Garden]] at [[Shibpur]]
|image4=AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2018-04-01 2353.JPG
|image3=Campus Road - Bengal Engineering and Science University - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-06-08 9317.JPG
|caption3 = Inside [[IIEST Shibpur]] campus
|image5 =BelurMath kolkata.jpg
|caption5 =[[Belur Math]]
|image6 = Sabuj Sathi Krirangan - Howrah Indoor Stadium - Dumurjala - Howrah 2023-05-27 7780.jpg
|caption6 = [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]] at [[Dumurjala Sports City]]
|image7= Unitech - Gateway Cluster 1 - Residential Complex - Santragachi - Howrah 2014-04-06 0611.JPG
|caption7= Apartments in [[Santragachi]]
}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata##Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|48|N|88|19|46|E|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| nickname = [[Sheffield]] of India<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bengal (India) |first1=West |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Calcutta and Howrah |year=1972 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8FFAQAAIAAJ&q=howrah+sheffield+w+of+india |language=en |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010040559/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/West_Bengal_District_Gazetteers_Calcutta/z8FFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=howrah+sheffield+w+of+india&dq=howrah+sheffield+w+of+india&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Shri Ram |title=Sheffield of India dying an untimely death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sheffield-of-india-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2001 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sheffield-of-India-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2024-05-22-city-WBHC" />
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| leader_title1 = Police commissioner
| leader_name1 = C Sudhakar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata, Howrah, Salt Lake get new police commissioners ahead of assembly polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-howrah-salt-lake-get-new-police-commissioners-ahead-of-assembly-polls-101612628287021.html |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208084443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-howrah-salt-lake-get-new-police-commissioners-ahead-of-assembly-polls-101612628287021.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='HC'/><ref>{{cite news |title=HMC |url=https://www.hmcgov.in/hmcweb/pdf/Mission%20and%20Vision.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bally Municipality |url=http://www.ballymunicipality.org/1.php?page_id=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114655/http://www.ballymunicipality.org/1.php?page_id=2 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 63.55
| area_rank =
| area_metro_km2 = 450.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 1077075
| population_metro = 2811344
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Bally 2011 census |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bally |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226125913/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bally |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=Nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=28 August 2019 |page=85 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web |title=Fact and Figures |url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy |website=Wb.gov.in |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711101 to 711114, 711201 to 711204, 711302 and 711409
| area_code = +91 33
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-11]] to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-14]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Howrah Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Uttar]], [[Bally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bally]], [[Howrah Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Madhya]], [[Howrah Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Dakshin]], [[Shibpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shibpur]]
| website = {{URL|www.myhmc.in}}
}}

'''Howrah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aʊ|r|ə}}; {{IPA|bn|ˈɦao̯ɽa|lang}})<ref name="britannica" /> is a city and a municipal corporation in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Howrah is located on the western bank of the [[Hooghly River]], opposite to its twin city of [[Kolkata]].<ref name="2024-05-22-city-WBHC" /> Administratively Howrah lies within [[Howrah district]] and is the headquarters of the [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]]. It is also a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA). Howrah is an important industrial and transportation hub, and is also a gateway to Kolkata via [[Howrah railway station]] and [[Howrah Bridge]].

==Etymology==
The name came from the word ''[[Haor]]''—[[Bengali language|Bengali]] word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The word itself was rather used in eastern part of [[Bengal]] (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).<ref name="OMC169" />

== History ==

The history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of [[Bhurshut]]. [[Venice|Venetian]] explorer [[Cesare Federici]], who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called ''Buttor'' in his journal circa 1578.<ref name=betor /> As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the [[Hooghly River|Hoogli river]]) and perhaps a commercial port.<ref name=betor/> This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of [[Betor|Bator]].<ref name=betor/> Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry ''Manasamangal'' written by [[Bipradas Pipilai]] in 1495.<ref name="OMC19" />

In 1713, the Bengal Council of the [[British East India Company]], on the accession of the Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]], grandson of [[Aurangzeb]], to the throne of Delhi, sent a deputation to him with a petition for a settlement of five villages on west bank of [[Hooghly river]] along with thirty-three villages on the east bank.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=22}}</ref> The list of villages appeared in the Consultation Book of the Council dated 4 May 1714. The five villages on the west bank on Hooghly river were: 'Salica' (Salkia), 'Harirah' (Howrah), 'Cassundeah' (Kasundia), 'Ramkrishnopoor' (Ramkrishnapur) and 'Battar' (Bator): all identifiable with localities of modern-day Howrah city.<ref name=OMC23 /> The deputation was successful except for these five villages.<ref name=OMC23/> By 1728, most of the present-day Howrah district was part of either of the two [[zamindari]]s: Burdwan or Muhammand Aminpur.<ref name=OMC23/>

On 11 October 1760, as a result of the [[Battle of Plassey]], the East India Company signed a treaty with [[Mir Qasim]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], to take over the control of Howrah district.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=25}}</ref> In 1787 the Hooghly district was formed and in 1819 the whole of the present day Howrah district was added to it.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=26}}</ref> The Howrah district was separated from the Hooghly district in 1843.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=27}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Howrah (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|width=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|15.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Bengal|Jainism]]|pink|0.75}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|1.28}}
}}

Howrah is 2nd most populated city in West Bengal (behind Kolkata).<ref>{{cite web |title=Haora City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/246-haora.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asansol City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/200-asansol.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} Indian census, Howrah had a population of {{#statements:population}} with {{#statements:number of households}} households.<ref name="census2011" /><ref group=note>Census data of Howrah can be difficult to compare as the city is sometimes grouped together with the [[Kolkata]] and other settlements as the [[Kolkata metropolitan area]]. Further care needs to be taken to distinguish Howrah town from Howrah district. It is also worth noting that Bally Municipality was re-incorporated into Howrah in 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bally |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065726/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bally |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live |title=Bally | India City, Shopping Hub, Tourist Spot | Britannica }}</ref>

In the 1896 census of [[British India]], Howrah had a population of {{formatnum:84069}}, which grew to {{formatnum:157594}} in the 1901 census.<ref name=OMC31 /><ref name="census2001" /> This rapid growth was due to abundance of job opportunities, which resulted in a 100% increase in male population during this period, whereas the female population grew only by 60%.<ref name=OMC31/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Howrah town population by year<ref name="census2001" /><ref group=note>Note that Howrah town census area was not stable until 1981</ref>
|-
! Year !! Population !! % increase !! Males !! Females
|-
| 1896 || {{formatnum:84069}} || || ||
|-
| 1901 || {{formatnum:157594}} || || 99,904 || 57,690
|-
| 1911 || {{formatnum:179006}} || 13.59 || 114,566 || 64,440
|-
| 1921 || {{formatnum:195301}} || 9.10 || 128,472 || 66,829
|-
| 1931 || {{formatnum:224873}} || 15.14 || 145,120 || 79,753
|-
| 1941 || {{formatnum:379292}} || 68.67 || 246,959 || 132,333
|-
| 1951 || {{formatnum:433630}} || 14.33 || 268,412 || 165,218
|-
| 1961 || {{formatnum:532692}} || 22.84 || 325,493 || 207,199
|-
| 1971 || {{formatnum:737877}} || 38.52 || 439,457 || 298,420
|-
| 1981 || {{formatnum:744429}} || 0.89 || 421,636 || 322,793
|-
| 1991 || {{formatnum:950435}} || 27.67 || 528,396 || 422,039
|-
| 2001 || {{formatnum:1007532}} || 6.01 || 547,068 || 460,464
|-
| 2011<ref name="census2011" /> || {{formatnum:1077075}} || 6.90 || {{formatnum:561220}} || {{formatnum:515855}}
|}

==Geography==
===Climate===
Howrah has a [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical wet-and-dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature averages 26.3 °C. Precipitation averages 1744 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |title=Howrah climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Howrah weather averages - Climate-Data.org |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114554/https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Howrah has been ranked 40th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location=Howrah, 1981–2010
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|Jan high C=25.8
|Feb high C=29.2
|Mar high C=33.5
|Apr high C=35.3
|May high C=35.3
|Jun high C=33.8
|Jul high C=32.4
|Aug high C=32.2
|Sep high C=32.4
|Oct high C=32.2
|Nov high C=30.1
|Dec high C=27.0
|year high C=31.6
|Jan low C=14.1
|Feb low C=17.8
|Mar low C=22.4
|Apr low C=25.3
|May low C=26.4
|Jun low C=26.8
|Jul low C=26.5
|Aug low C=26.4
|Sep low C=26.0
|Oct low C=24.1
|Nov low C=19.7
|Dec low C=15.2
|year low C=22.6
|Jan precipitation mm=10.4
|Feb precipitation mm=20.9
|Mar precipitation mm=35.2
|Apr precipitation mm=58.9
|May precipitation mm=133.1
|Jun precipitation mm=300.6
|Jul precipitation mm=396.0
|Aug precipitation mm=344.5
|Sep precipitation mm=318.0
|Oct precipitation mm=180.5
|Nov precipitation mm=35.1
|Dec precipitation mm=3.2
|year precipitation mm=
|Jan rain days=1.1
|Feb rain days=1.7
|Mar rain days=2.2
|Apr rain days=3.4
|May rain days=7.0
|Jun rain days=12.8
|Jul rain days=17.7
|Aug rain days=16.9
|Sep rain days=13.9
|Oct rain days=7.4
|Nov rain days=1.3
|Dec rain days=0.5
|source 1=[[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/localwx.php |title=Howrah climate 1981-2010 |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Civic administration==
[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] is responsible for the administration of Howrah. The tenure of the last board of HMC had ended back on 10 December 2018. From then onwards the corporation has been run by unelected board of administrators selected by the West Bengal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Calcutta High Court orders Bengal government to immediately hold Howrah Municipal polls |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/calcutta-high-court-orders-bengal-government-to-immediately-hold-howrah-municipal-polls-1502949334.html |access-date=6 September 2021 |work=The Statesman |date=29 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905215825/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/calcutta-high-court-orders-bengal-government-to-immediately-hold-howrah-municipal-polls-1502949334.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Howrah City Police]] is responsible for law enforcement in the city.
=== Municipal finance ===

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/howrah |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> the Howrah Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹288 crore (US$34 million) and total expenditure of ₹311 crore (US$37 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 17.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹177 crore in grants during the financial year.

===History===
[[File:Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by Francis Frith (1).jpg|thumb|Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by [[Francis Frith]] (1850s-1870s)]]
[[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Howrah Municipality]] was established in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/DIS%5CMUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317203441/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=28}}</ref> During 1882–83, [[Bally Municipality]] was formed separating it out from Howrah.<ref name=OMC31/> [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]] was the first Indian elected chairperson of the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Howrah Municipal corporation]], many subsequent projects were undertaken by him for the development of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The dirtiest since 1889 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-dirtiest-since-1889/cid/247307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218063516/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-dirtiest-since-1889/cid/247307 |archive-date=18 December 2024 |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the ''Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980'', Howrah became a municipal corporation in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |title=Other Municipal Corporation Acts |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810200753/http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |archive-date=10 August 2009}}</ref> The corporation area was divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor.<ref name=hmc /> The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.<ref name=hmc/> In 2015, the Bally Municipality was re-amalgamated into Howrah Municipal Corporation, through Corporation vide notification no. 428/MA/O/C-4/IM-36/2014 dated 26 June 2015, which increased the total number of wards to 66.<ref name='HC'>{{cite web |title=Howrah Corporation |url=https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110150339/https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMC sets up 'Mayor's Cop' to monitor civic amenities |journal=Millennium Post |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |first=Pritesh |last=Basu |date=4 January 2016 |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092225/http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other administrative offices===
Howrah also hosts the temporary administrative office of the state of [[West Bengal]]. The office of the Chief Minister of state had been traditionally posted at the [[Writers' Building]], however owing to renovation of the building, the administration has been occupying the [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]] building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata's iconic Writer's Building gets ready for a facelift |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/2014/london-dreams.html |publisher=The Weekend Leader |date=4 October 2014 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819163201/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/2014/london-dreams.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Development and growth==
Although it is one of the largest cities in the state, Howrah witnessed urbanisation in an unplanned manner.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, heavy population growth, and pollution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization |last=Mukherjee |first=Alok Kumar |year=1992 |publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=9788185089089 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010040539/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city contains a few unlicensed and unregulated residential areas or slums. The name of the novel ''[[City of Joy]]'', which has been often the name the [[Kolkata]] metropolis been called, is actually based on one such Howrah slum.<ref name="cityofjoy">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |access-date=22 September 2019 |title=Review of the book 'City of Joy', authored by Dominique Lapierre |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=5 December 1998 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922110513/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, recently, work has been done on broadening the National Highways and several local roads.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |title=KONA TRUCK TERMINAL IN LIMBO |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164748/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kolkata West International City]] and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}. The West Bengal Government has also planned a major renovation of the city to match the city's urban facilities with its neighbouring city Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |title=Howrah to become a mega city |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907073316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) is the statutory planning and development authority for Howrah, as the city lies within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).

==Economy==
Often termed as ''Sheffield of the East'',<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> In 1823, Bishop [[Reginald Heber]] described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders".<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=165}}</ref> There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station<ref>Mark Holmström, p.137</ref> However these businesses are declining in the 21st century.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> There are many foundries in [[Liluah]] area.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

[[Burn Standard Company]], a major company in heavy engineering industry, has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |title=Group Companies: Burn Standard Co. Ltd. |publisher=Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225160816/http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Ramkrishna Forgings]] one of the largest forging company in India has one of its plant located at [[Liluah]] in Howrah. The Howrah plant of [[Shalimar Paints]] (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |title=Shalimar Paints:About us – Manufacturing Facilities |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152538/http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |archive-date=15 January 2009 }}</ref> The city houses one of the major manufacturing units of [[Tarsons Products]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarsons Products: Diversified portfolio & strong distribution network to facilitate its growth across geographies |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/markets/tarsons-products-diversified-portfolio-strong-distribution-network-to-facilitate-its-growth-across-geographies-151673427995452 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Mintgenie |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
Howrah can be accessed from its many rail links, road links to National Highways, as well as its [[Transport in Kolkata|transport connections to Kolkata]]. Apart from the bridges connecting the cities, there are also ferry services between various jetties.

===Rail===
[[File:Howrah Station.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Howrah Station]]]]
[[Howrah railway station]] (more commonly referred to as Howrah Station) is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It is the busiest rail station in India, along with being the largest railway station in terms of number of platform (24). It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]]. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]], and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], Bardhaman, [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore]] and [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]]. Within Howrah city itself, there are twelve more stations, the most prominents being [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]] and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]].

===Metro rail===
{{see also|Green Line (Kolkata Metro)}}
Howrah is served by the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] with Salt Lake in Kolkata via a tunnel under River Hooghly. The Metro line connects Howrah to Esplanade as well which will act as interchange where commuters can change sides to travel on the North-South line.
On the Howrah side, the 2 Stations will be at [[Howrah metro station|Howrah Station]] and [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]]. These stations are open for public. The Metro currently connects Howrah Maidan Station on one side to Saltlake sector V Station on the other; Howrah, Esplanade & Sealdah stations lying in between. People can also interchange at Esplanade station to reach Airport or other blue line metro station's.

===Roads===
The total road length in Howrah is approximately {{cvt|300|km|mile}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmc.org.in/home/engineering.php |title=Engineering Department |publisher=Official website of the Howrah Municipality |access-date=31 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006123707/http://www.hmc.org.in/home/engineering.php |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> Howrah hosts a branch of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] – this was built, starting 1804, by the Public Works Department of the British administration.<ref name=OMC119 /> The road starts at the [[Indian Botanical Gardens|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/PDF/Newsletter%2015(1).pdf |title=ENVIS Newsletter |access-date=20 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319212040/http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/PDF/Newsletter%2015(1).pdf |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and connects to the main road near [[Chandannagar]].<ref name=OMC119/> Howrah also connects the metropolitan region to the national highways – [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] and [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], which are connected to Vidyasagar Setu via the [[Kona Expressway]].

===Bridges===
[[File:Howrah Bridge-Rabindra Setu.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Howrah Bridge]]]]
Howrah and Kolkata are separated by the [[Hooghly River]]/[[Ganges]] and connected by four bridges across the river. These are the:

*[[Howrah Bridge]], also known as ''Rabindra Setu''
*[[Vidyasagar Setu]], also known as the ''second Hooghly Bridge''
*[[Vivekananda Setu]], also known as ''Bally Bridge''
*[[Nivedita Setu]], also known as ''Second Bally Bridge''

The [[cantilever|cantilever style]] [[Howrah Bridge]] and the [[Cable-stayed bridge|cable-stayed]] [[Vidyasagar Setu]] are counted among the longest bridges in the world within their types.<ref name="NSBA-longbridge">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601114245/http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2002 |title=National Steel Bridge Alliance: World's Longest Bridge Spans |last=Durkee |first=Jackson |publisher=American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc |date=24 May 1999 |access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref>

===Other transport===
There are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which were introduced in the 1970s.<ref name=eiasia>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |title=East-West Kolkata Metro Corridor: EIA and SIA (Chapter 2) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041100/http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Neighbourhoods==
{{see also|:Category:Neighbourhoods in Howrah}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord={{coord|22.6|88.3}} 
| zoom=11 
| width=250 
| height=200
| caption=Neighbourhoods of Howrah
| title=Neighbourhoods of Howrah

| label1=Shibpur
| mark-coord1={{coord|22.5667|88.3000}}
| mark1=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos1=right 
| label-size1=11 
| label-color1=hard grey 
| mark-title1=[[Shibpur]]
| mark-image1=
|mark-description1=

| label2=Santragachi
| mark-coord2={{coord|22.5802|88.2696}}
| mark2=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos2=right 
| label-size2=11 
| label-color2=hard grey 
| mark-title2=[[Santragachi]]
| mark-image2=
|mark-description2=

| label3=Belur
| mark-coord3={{coord|22.6325|88.3564}} 
| mark3=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos3=right 
| label-size3=11 
| label-color3=hard grey 
| mark-title3=[[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]
| mark-image3=
|mark-description3=

| label4=Ramrajatala
| mark-coord4={{coord|22.5883|88.2961}}
| mark4=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos4=right 
| label-size4=11 
| label-color4=hard grey 
| mark-title4=[[Ramrajatala]]
| mark-image4=
|mark-description4=

| label5=Bally
| mark-coord5={{coord|22.65|88.34}}
| mark5=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos5=right 
| label-size5=11 
| label-color5=hard grey 
| mark-title5=[[Bally, Howrah|Bally]]
| mark-image5=
|mark-description5=

| label6=Salkia
| mark-coord6={{coord|22.5972|88.3377}}
| mark6=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos6=right 
| label-size6=11 
| label-color6=hard grey 
| mark-title6=[[Salkia]]
| mark-image6=
|mark-description6=

| label7=Liluah
| mark-coord7={{coord|22.6211|88.3394}}
| mark7=Red pog.svg 
| label-pos7=right 
| label-size7=11 
| label-color7=hard grey 
| mark-title7=[[Liluah]]
| mark-image7=
|mark-description7=
}}

Howrah has many various neighbourhoods, the most notable being [[Shibpur]], [[Santragachi]], [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]], [[Salkia]], [[Ramrajatala]], [[Liluah]], Howrah Maidan and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Shibpur]] hosts the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]], containing [[the Great Banyan]] tree, Avani Riverside Mall is also located here and the [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/index.php/institute/iiest-institute/about |access-date=21 September 2019 |title=IIEST official website}}</ref> Near Howrah Station is the slum of [[Pilkhana, West Bengal|Pilkhana]] which was the basis of the famous book and film ''[[City of Joy]]''.<ref name="cityofjoy" />

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Howrah}}
{{see also|List of high schools in Howrah|:Category:Education in Howrah}}

The [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] is a public engineering and research institution. It is the fourth oldest engineering institution in India, and is an [[institute of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web |title=E-Gazette published by the Ministry of Law and Justice of the Government of India regarding the National Institutes of Technology, science education and research amendment of 2014 |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102230458/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Howrah's schools are either run by the state government or by private institutions. The medium of instruction is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] or [[Hindi]]. Schools are affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE)]], [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE)]], the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]], [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Howrah Zilla School]], established in 1845, is the only Governmental school in Howrah.

Howrah's first vernacular Bengali medium school, established in 1857, was ''Santragachi Minor School'': currently the school is running as [[Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Alok Kumar Mukherjee |title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |page=99 |publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=9788185089089 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010040539/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
The [[Sailen Manna Stadium]], also known as the Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium, is a multi-use stadium that hosts sporting events for [[association football]]. [[Dumurjala Sports City]] is a multi-purpose sports complex at Dumurjala. Howrah Rifle Club is a sports shooting stadium located at Kadamtala.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Howrah}}
{{See also|:Category:People from Howrah}}
[[File:Aerial View of Howrah Bridge.jpg|thumb|Howrah Station]]

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Howrah}}
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">
File:Ramakrishna Belur Math, Howrah.jpg|[[Belur Math]], headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Math and Mission]]
File:Rampuja.jpg|Rampuja at [[Ramrajatala]]
File:Vidyasagar Setu Kolkata West Bengal.jpg|[[Second Hooghly Bridge]] (Vidyasagar Setu)
File:Howrah Bridge-Rabindra Setu.jpg|[[Howrah Bridge]] (Rabindra Setu)
File:Howrah Head Post Office - Howrah 050034.JPG|Howrah Head Post Office- 711101
File:Nabanna - HRBC Building - Vidyasagar Setu Toll Plaza - Howrah 2014-07-11 7378.JPG|[[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna H.R.B.C Building]]
File:Howrah Municipal Corporation - Howrah 050032.JPG|[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] Head Office
File:Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan Area - Howrah 2013-04-28 6587.jpg|[[Sailen Manna Stadium]] (Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium)
File:Nivedita Setu as seen from Bally Bridge.jpg|[[Nivedita Setu]] as seen from [[Bally Bridge]]
File:Indian Railways Museum in Howrah 06.jpg|Howrah Rail Museum
File:Demonical powers of the past, may be fairy-tale demons - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|Howrah Rail Museum
File:Avani Riverside Mall Howrah1.jpg|[[Avani Riverside Mall]], [[Shibpur]]
File:Durga Dalan of Dutta Chowdhury family of Andul, Howrah.jpg|Durga Dalan of Dutta Chowdhury family of Andul, Howrah
File:Andul Raj Nawabi Period.png|Andul Rajbari of the KarRays' & Mitras.
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist
|30em
|refs=
<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield">{{cite news |title=Sheffield of India dying an untimely death - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sheffield-of-India-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |access-date=11 October 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sheffield-of-India-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |archive-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – West Bengal – DDW_PCA1915_2011_MDDS with UI |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA1915_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234045/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA1915_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=12 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Haora - India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Haora |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=12 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220545/https://www.britannica.com/place/Haora |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="OMC169">{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=169}}</ref>
<ref name=betor>Donald Frederick Lach, p.473</ref>
<ref name="OMC19">{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=19}}</ref>
<ref name=OMC23>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=23}}</ref>
<ref name=OMC31>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=31}}</ref>
<ref name="census2001">{{cite web |title=A −4 : Towns and Urban Agglomerations Classified by Population Size Class in 2001 With Variation Since 1901 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |website=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=hmc>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php |title=About us page |publisher=Howrah Municipal Corporation |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193802/http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name=OMC119>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=119}}</ref>
<ref name="2024-05-22-city-WBHC">{{cite web |title=West Bengal Heritage Commission |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/ZWU3YjY0Nzg4ZTZiNGJiNWQ5ZmUzZTgyNmZlYWUwNGMwODQ0YzVjOTc0M2EzZGMzYzRlMzc0NzRiOWY0NzFmZGI4OTg5NGQ0ODAwN2ZiNjJmMzgwOTBhYzBjNmNhZjI3MTU0MjA3NTg2YjI1MmRjYjE4NzIxNjIyNjM1YTYxNzB3dzJneWEySFRjN05wR0hqZFhSVTFmOXZCemNWdmRmbXM1ZEtaa045bzljPQ== |website=wbhc.in |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522113527/https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/ZWU3YjY0Nzg4ZTZiNGJiNWQ5ZmUzZTgyNmZlYWUwNGMwODQ0YzVjOTc0M2EzZGMzYzRlMzc0NzRiOWY0NzFmZGI4OTg5NGQ0ODAwN2ZiNjJmMzgwOTBhYzBjNmNhZjI3MTU0MjA3NTg2YjI1MmRjYjE4NzIxNjIyNjM1YTYxNzB3dzJneWEySFRjN05wR0hqZFhSVTFmOXZCemNWdmRmbXM1ZEtaa045bzljPQ== |archive-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 |year=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gunguly |first1=C. K. |last2=Battarcharya |first2=S. K. |title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu |editor1-last=Dayaratnam |editor1-first=P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 |year=2000 |publisher=Universities Press (India) |pages=113–114 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Y8AAAAIAAJ&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA137 |title=Industry and Inequality: The Social Anthropology of Indian Labour |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-26745-5 |access-date=29 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wz23Oeg4ZdIC&q=betor+howrah&pg=PA473 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-226-46731-7 |access-date=28 December 2008}}
*{{Cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L.S S.|last2=Chakravarti |first2=Monmohan |year=1909 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Howrah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55774 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Samita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0KxZ0mji3QC&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA23 |title=Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Bengal Jute Industry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-45363-1 |access-date=29 December 2008}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|d=y|n=y}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404050105/http://howrah.gov.in/Templates/Howrah%20history.htm History of Howrah from India Government Site]
*[http://www.howrah.gov.in Howrah Municipal Corporation Site]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1 Satellite View of Howrah]
*[https://www.traintimetable.in/delhi-allahabad-varanasi-patna-howrah.html Howrah Train Time Table]

{{Geographic location|Centre=Howrah|North=[[Serampore]] and [[Chandannagar]]|Northeast=[[Barrackpore]] and [[Barasat]]|East=[[Kolkata]]|Southeast=[[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]] and [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]|South=[[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]] and [[Pujali]]|Southwest=[[Uluberia]]|West=[[Ghatal]]|Northwest=[[Arambagh]]}}
{{Howrah}}
{{Howrah District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Howrah topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Howrah| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Howrah district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

2018 FAO Super Cup

2026-03-11T07:28:11Z

ShermanGraham8: put up new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Super Cup
| year = 2018
| other_titles = FAO Super Cup
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| dates = 2–7 October 2018
| num_teams = 8
| defending champions =
| champions = Sunrise Club
| count = 1
| runner-up = [[Rising Student's Club]]
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| matches = 7
| goals = 18
| attendance =
| top goal scorer =
* {{flagicon|IND}} Arbind Lakra ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Gurpreet Singh (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Lakhai Murmu ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Md. Fayaz KF (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sheikh Farid ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]]) (2 goals)

| player =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2022 FAO Super Cup|2022]]
| updated =
}}
The '''2018 FAO Super Cup''' was the inaugural edition of the [[FAO Super Cup]], the main club [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition of [[Odisha]], India. The competition began on 2 October and concluded with the final on 7 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunrise Club emerge FAO Super Cup champions|url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw==|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Orisports|date=7 October 2018}}</ref> The entire tournament took place at [[Barabati Stadium]] in [[Cuttack]].

The competition features teams from the Silver, Gold and Diamond competitions of the [[FAO League]], the premier state level football league in Odisha.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parasar|first1=Swapnaneel|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Odisha|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|access-date=16 August 2019|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=25 June 2018}}</ref> The top four teams from the Diamond League, top three from Silver League, and the winners of the Silver League qualify for the tournament.

==Teams==
A total of 8 teams participated in the competition. Sunrise Club emerged as the champions whereas beating [[Rising Student's Club]] 2–1 in the final.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:; text-align:center;"
| '''Main Competition''' (8 teams)
|- valign="top"
|
;Diamond League
* [[Odisha Police]]
* [[Rising Student's Club]]
* [[Sports Hostel]]
* Sunrise Club

;Gold League
* Rising Star Club
* Rovers Club
* Young Utkal Club

;Silver League
* Sunshine Club

|}

===Dates===
On 9 May 2018, the [[Football Association of Odisha]] announced the schedule and full format of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Final Round of Hero Super Cup to Kick-off on March 31|url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTM3NA==|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Orisports|date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!Dates
|-
|rowspan=3|Main Tournament
|Quarter-finals
|2 – 3 October 2018
|-
|Semi-finals
|5 October 2018
|-
|Final
|7 October 2018
|}

==Quarter-finals==
{{Football box
|date = 2 October 2018
|time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sunrise
|score = 3–0
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = Sunshine
|goals1 = Md. Fayaz KF {{goal|28}} Dinesh Lakra {{goal|51}} Gurpreet Singh {{goal|59}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 2 October 2018
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Rovers
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = [[Odisha Police|Police]]
|goals1 = Arunangas Gupta {{goal|30}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 3 October 2018
|time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sports Hostel]]
|score = w/o
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = Rising Star
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 3 October 2018
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]]
|score = 4–1
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = Young Utkal
|goals1 = Raju Bisar {{goal|9}} Arbind Lakra {{goal|23}} Chandra Sekhar Behera {{goal|75}} Lakhai Murmu {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = Rakesh Sahoo {{goal|6}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{Football box
|id= "Sunrise vs. Sports Hostel"
|date = 5 October 2018
|time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sunrise
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = [[Sports Hostel]]
|goals1 = Mukesh Bhoi
|goals2 = Manjit Kissan
|penaltyscore=4–2
|penalties1=
|penalties2=
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|aet=yes
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|id= "Sunrise vs. Sports Hostel"
|date = 5 October 2018
|time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]]
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = Rovers
|goals1 = Sheikh Farid {{goal|35||41}} Arbind Lakra {{goal|43}}
|goals2 = Sumit Oram {{goal|83}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}

==Final==
The final was played on 7 October 2018 at the [[Barabati Stadium]] and Sunrise won the inaugural Super Cup by defeating [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]] in the final.

{{Football box
|date = 7 October 2018
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sunrise
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTU2Mw== Report]
|team2 = [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]]
|goals1 = Gurpreet Singh {{goal|11}} Md. Fayaz KF {{goal|70}}
|goals2 = Lakhai Murmu {{goal|12}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}

==Goalscorers==
;2 goals
* {{flagicon|IND}} Arbind Lakra ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Gurpreet Singh (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Lakhai Murmu ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Md. Fayaz KF (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sheikh Farid ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])

;1 goal
* {{flagicon|IND}} Arunangas Gupta (Rovers)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Chandra Sekhar Behera ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Raju Bisar ([[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student's]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dinesh Lakra (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Manjit Kissan ([[Sports Hostel]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Mukesh Bhoi (Sunrise)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Sahoo (Young Utkal)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sumit Oram (Rovers)

==See also==
* [[2018 FAO League]]
* [[FAO League]]
* [[FAO Super Cup]]
* [[FAO Women's League]]
* [[Football Association of Odisha]]
* [[Odisha football team]]
* [[Odisha women's football team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

[[Category:2017–18 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2017–18 in Asian domestic association football cups|FAO Super Cup]]

Lalu Alex

2026-03-10T12:49:14Z

ShermanGraham8: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1954)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Alex
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lalu Alex
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|11|30}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Marlon Brando |url=http://lalualex.com/about |title=Biography of Lalu Alex |Lalu Alex Official Website |publisher=Lalualex.com |date=1954-11-30 |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Piravom]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|philanthropist}}
| years_active = 1978–present<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/lalu-alex/2712 |title=Lalu Alex - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos | BookMyShow |publisher=In.bookmyshow.com |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>
| spouse = {{Marriage|Betty Lalu Alex|1986}}
| children = 3
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* V. E. Chandy
* Annamma Chandy
}}
| website = {{URL|lalualex.com}}
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Kerala State Film Awards]] (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/24/stories/2005072403460600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520234427/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/24/stories/2005072403460600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-05-20 |title=Front Page : 'Akale' bags top honours in Kerala State film awards |date=2005-07-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>
| signature =
}}

'''Lalu Alex''' is an Indian film actor who works predominately in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. In a career spanning four decades, he has acted in over 250 films and is known for his comic, antagonistic and character roles.

Lalu started his acting career as a supporting actor in the film ''[[Ee Ganam Marakkumo]]'' in 1978 and associated with notable films in his earlier career including ''[[Idi Muzhakkam]]'', ''[[Nayattu]]'' (directed by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]), ''Meen'', ''[[Thushaaram]]'' and ''[[Thrishna]]''. He has also acted in three Tamil movies.

== Early life and family ==
Lalu Alex was born as the first child among three children to Chandy and Annamma at [[Piravom]], [[Muvattupuzha|Muvattupuzha Taluk]]. Lalu Alex has been married to Betty since 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/267202?page=0,0 |title=പിറവത്തിന്റെ സ്വന്തം ലാലു | mangalam.com |access-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153305/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/267202?page=0,0 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They have four children named Ben Lalu Alex, Molamma Lalu Alex, Sen Lalu Alex and Ciya Lalu Alex. Ben acted in the Malayalam movie ''Orkut Oru Ormakoot''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817034517/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Star-kids-shine-in-Malayalam-cinema/Article1-738441.aspx Star kids shine in Malayalam cinema]. ''Hindustan Times'' (27 August 2011).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJ5xKGB1FZ4 |title=Lalu Alex with Wife Betty, Daughter & Sons |publisher=YouTube |date=2015-02-12 |access-date=2018-07-29}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career in the movie ''Ee Gaanam Marakkumo'' in 1978. He was able to work in [[I. V. Sasi]]'s significant films such as ''Thrishna'', ''Thusharam'', and ''Ahimsa''. His appeared in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Ee Nadu]]'', playing the role of SP Alexander.<ref>{{cite news|author=IANS |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-m-hungry-for-roles-lalu-alex-115041900408_1.html |title=I'm hungry for roles: Lalu Alex | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref> After that he acted in villainous character roles in films like I. V. Sasi's ''[[Kanamarayathu|Kanamarayath]]'', ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye|Alkootathil Thaniye]]'', ''John Jaffer Janardhanan'', ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'', Balachandra Menon's ''[[Karyam Nissaram]]'', and ''Prasnam Gurutharam''. Director [[Joshiy]] gave Lalu Alex roles in films like ''Aa Ratri'', ''[[Bhookambam]]'', ''[[Alakadalinakkare|Alakadalin Akkare]]'', ''Minimol Vathikanil'', ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu|Muhurtham 11.30]]'' and ''[[Nair Saab]]''. He has worked with directors such as [[K. Madhu]] in ''[[Moonnam Mura|Moonam Mura]]'', ''[[Adikkurippu]]'', ''[[Orukkam]]'', ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]''. He also worked with [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] in ''Kalikkalam Oral Mathram'' and [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] in ''Manjupole Oru Penkutty'' and ''[[Niram]]''. In the 1990s, Lalu Alex turned to comic roles.

Alex's use of comedy, dialogue, delivery, and performance skill has rendered him as a notable figure in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/6166/quite-a-personal-easter-for-lalu-alex/E |title=ReadMore -'Quite a personal Easter for Lalu Alex' |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/9789/lalu-alex-on-villaliveeran/E |title=Lalu Alex on 'Villaliveeran' |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref> Lalu Alex and actor [[Kunchako Boban]] often appear in films together.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-malayalam-review-mummy-me/20100524.htm |title=Review: Mummy & Me is loud - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2010-05-24 |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
{{pending films key}}

=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1978 || ''[[Ee Ganam Marakkumo]]'' || Vikraman || Debut film
|-
||''Tharoo Oru Janmam Koodi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1979 || ''Veerabhadran'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mani Koya Kurup]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1980 || ''Air Hostess'' || Gopinath ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
|| ''[[Idi Muzhakkam]]'' || Moosa ||
|-
|| ''Meen'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Naayattu]]'' || Peter ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1981 || ''[[Nidra (1981 film)|Nidra]]'' || Vishwam ||
|-
|| ''[[Thushaaram]]'' || Cap. Alex ||
|-
|| ''[[Ellaam Ninakku Vendi]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Thrishna]]'' || Ramakrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1982 || ''[[Aasha (1982 film)|Aasha]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]'' || Rahim ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Nadu]]'' || A.S.P. Alexander ||
|-
|| ''[[Vidhichathum Kothichathum]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
|| ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' || Prathapan ||
|-
|| ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1983 || ''[[Coolie (1983 Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' || Shaji ||
|-
|| ''Prasnam Gurutharam'' || Mohan ||
|-
|| ''[[Justice Raja]]'' || Shaji ||
|-
|| ''[[Karyam Nissaram]]'' || Sarala's Husband ||
|-
|| ''[[Thimingalam]]'' || Gopan ||
|-
|| ''[[Iniyengilum]]'' || Alex ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhookambam]]'' || Michael ||
|-
|| ''[[Belt Mathai]]'' || Indrapalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aa Raathri]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1984 || ''[[Thirakal]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
|| ''[[Kodathi]]'' || Das ||
|-
|| ''[[Nilaavinte Naattil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[NH 47 (film)|NH 47]]'' || S.I. Johnson ||
|-
|| ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' || Lalu ||
|-
|| ''Jeevitham'' || Rameshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' || Pavunni ||
|-
|| ''[[Unaroo]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' || Chanthu ||
|-
|| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]'' || Balachandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Manasse Ninakku Mangalam]]'' || Soman ||
|-
|| ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Vikrama Kurup ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanamarayathu]]'' || Alex ||
|-
|| ''[[Inakkily]]'' || Raju ||
|-
|| ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' || Charley ||
|-
|| ''[[Alakadalinakkare]]'' || Padmanabhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'' || Padmanabhan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1985 || ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]'' || Tony ||
|-
|| ''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|| ''[[Avidathe Pole Ivideyum]]'' || Neelima's Friend ||
|-
|| ''[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || SI Felix Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Puzhayozhukum Vazhi]]'' || Aravindan ||
|-
|| ''[[Akkacheyude Kunjuvava]]'' || Jayarajan ||
|-
|| ''[[Onningu Vannengil]]'' || Lal ||
|-
|| ''[[Upaharam (1985 film)|Upaharam]]'' || Tony Cheriyan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ambada Njaane!]]'' || Peethambaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Nokku Kanan]]'' || Gopan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Lokam Evide Kure Manushyar]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aa Neram Alppa Dooram]]'' || Dinesh Varma ||
|-
|| ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' || Grasscourt Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1986 || ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' || Gauthaman ||
|-
|| ''[[Nilaavinte Naattil]]'' || Lover of Mary ||
|-
|| ''[[Love Story (1986 film)|Love Story]]'' || Satheeshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' || Inspector Simon ||
|-
|| ''[[Nimishangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Malarum Kiliyum]]'' || Renji ||
|-
|| ''[[Prathyekam Sradhikkukka]]'' || SI Jayadevan ||
|-
|| ''[[Oppam Oppathinoppam]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' || Gowthaman ||
|-
|| ''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || Venu ||
|-
|| ''[[Adukkan Entheluppam]]'' || Nandakumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'' || Kavil Johnie ||
|-
|| ''[[Veendum]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1987 || ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || Minnal Dineshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku]]'' || George Thomas ||
|-
|| ''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham'' || Sethuraman ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalam Mari Katha Mari]]'' || Razzak ||
|-
|| ''[[Kathakku Pinnil]]'' || Priyadarshan ||
|-
|| ''Nirabedhangal'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || Alex ||
|-
|| ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || Sethu ||
|-
|| ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1988 || ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
||''Oozham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi'' || Arjun ||
|-
|| ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]'' || Dasan ||
|-
|| ''Mrithunjayam'' || Nagendran Gounder ||
|-
|| ''[[Charavalayam]]'' || Jagadish ||
|-
|| ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'' || Charles ||
|-
|| ''[[Vicharana]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1989 || ''Miss Pameela'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
|| ''Aattinakkare'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammavanu Pattiya Amali]]'' || Sreenivasan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' || Capt. Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]'' || Dr. Thomas Kurien ||
|-
|| ''[[Adikkurippu]]'' || Captain John Samuel ||
|-
|| ''[[Nair Saab]]'' || James/A. K. K. Nambiar ||
|-
|| ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1990 || ''Sundarimaare Sookshikkuka'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Varthamana Kalam]]'' || George Thomas ||
|-
|| ''Brahmarakshassu'' || Vasudevan Thampi ||
|-
|| ''Sunday 7 PM'' || Dr Sunny ||
|-
|| ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Narayanankutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Nammude Naade]]'' || Nandakumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Sethu ||
|-
|| ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]'' || Adv. Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalikkalam]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
|| ''[[Oliyampukal]]'' || Jameskutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' || Medayil Avaran Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || Joy ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Kankettu]]'' || Jaffer ||
|-
|| ''[[Adayalam]]'' || C.I. Raju Peter ||
|-
|| ''[[Maydinam]]'' || S.I. Haridas ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Apaaratha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Annu Good Friday'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Padheyam'' || Harikumara Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1994 || ''Dollar'' || Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Minnaram]]'' || Dr. Romy ||
|-
|| ''[[Manathe Vellitheru]]'' || Thomas Jacob ||
|-
|| ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|| ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || Commissioner ||
|-
|| ''Vishnu'' || Jailor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Saadaram]]'' || Harichandra Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Chantha]]'' || C.I. Sekher Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Commissioner Javed Khan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1996 || ''[[The Prince (1996 film)|The Prince]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Swarnna Kireedam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kanjirapally Kariyachan'' || Baby Kanjirapally ||
|-
|| ''[[Manthrika Kuthira]]'' || Venugopal ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1997 || ''[[Oru Mutham Manimutham]]'' || Fenadez ||
|-
|| ''Siamese Irattakal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oral Mathram]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
|| ''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1998 || ''British Market'' || Advocate Kurup ||
|-
|| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Sidhartha'' || Commissioner ||
|-
|| ''[[Ormacheppu]]'' || George ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Niram]]'' || Dr.Sunny ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhavillu]]'' || Varkeychan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayiram Meni]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2000 || ''[[Punaradhivasam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Fr. Parel Urumees ||
|-
|| ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''Kannaadikkadavathu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2001 || ''Mazhameghapraavukal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2002 || ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]'' || 'Dhimdhi' Mathai ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnaman]]'' || R.D.O Hari ||
|-
|| ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]'' || Methikkalam Thommichan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || Thampi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]'' || Dr. Alex ||
|-
|| ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' || Balagangadharan/Shekharankutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Raghavendra Sett ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2004 || ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
|| ''[[Sasneham Sumithra]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
|| ''Njaan Salperu Raman Kutty'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]'' || Immanuel ||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' || Father Kacharathara ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''December'' || Stephen ||
|-
|| ''[[Vacation (2005 film)|Vacation]]'' || Martin ||
|-
|| ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' || Habeeb Basheer I.P.S. ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''The Don'' || Father of Anumol ||
|-
|| ''Vrindaavanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2007 || ''[[Rathri Mazha]]'' || Balashankar ||
|-
|| ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Rajan Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[November Rain (2007 film)|November Rain]]'' || CI Krishna Moorthy ||
|-
|| ''Rakshakan'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mission 90 Days]]'' || DIG Rajiv ||
|-
|| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || K. Rajagopal ||
|-
|| ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
|| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Stephan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2008 || ''[[Pachamarathanalil]]'' || Alfie ||
|-
|| ''[[Raudram]]'' || S.P. Thomas Antony ||
|-
|| ''Maya Bazar'' || Dr Koshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || D.I.G. Krishnadas ||
|-
|| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2009 || ''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]'' || Ponnuveetil Mahadevan ||
|-
|| ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || Pattalam Keshavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellathooval]]'' || Jimmy ||
|-
|| ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || Rathnam ||
|-
|| ''[[Hailesa]]'' || Ganapathi Iyer ||
|-
|| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Emman Nair ||
|-
|| ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Varma ||
|-
|| ''[[Angel John]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Ividam Swargamanu]]'' || Aluva Chandy ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2010 || ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || Vinod Abraham ||
|-
||''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || Surya's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' || Prof.Paul Henry ||
|-
|| ''Elgeshwara Mountains'' || Somashekaran I.P.S ||
|-
|| ''[[The Thriller]]'' || IG Thomas Mathew IPS ||
|-
|| ''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]'' || Rajagopal ||
|-
|| ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
|| ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Sathyan ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2011 || ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' || Petter Skariya ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || George Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Payyans]]'' || Kuttappan sir ||
|-
|| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Priyadarshan's Boss ||
|-
|| ''[[Ven Shankhu Pol]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Shankaranum Mohananum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Idikkula's father-in-law ||
|-
|| ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' || Prabhakaran Thampi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Sai's Father ||
|-
|| ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]'' || IG Hameed IPS ||
|-
|| ''[[Orma Mathram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2012 || ''[[Kalikaalam (2012 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || Satheesh Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra: Kottayam Brothers]]'' || John Samuel ||
|-
|| ''[[Cinema Company]]'' || Roshni's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Zachariah ||
|-
|| ''[[Navagatharkku Swagatham]]'' || Principal ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalikaalam (2012 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || Satheesh Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Molly Aunty Rocks!]]'' || Benny ||
|-
|| ''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]'' || K. K. Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' || Venu Mash ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2013 || ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Soda Mathan ||
|-
|| ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || Thommichan ||
|-
|| ''Progress Report'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' || Issac John ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nambidi |first1=Parvathy |title=A frothy expat tale comes home |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Jun/13/a-frothy-expat-tale-comes-home-486355.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=13 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Neram]]'' || Johnykutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2014 || ''My Dear Mummy'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' || Roy ||
|-
|| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || I. G.||
|-
|| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || Jacob||
|-
|| ''[[Vellivelichathil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Villali Veeran]]'' || Narendra Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''Avarude Veedu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithinumappuram]]'' || Dhanapalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammakkoru Tharattu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Monsoon'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' || Thayyalkaran's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Jo and the Boy]]'' || John Lawrence ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2016 || ''Yaadhaarthyam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Muppathu Vellikkaasu'' || ||
|-
|| ''Don't Worry Be Happy'' || ||
|-
|| ''Puzhayum Kannaadiyum'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aakashvani]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''Olive Marangal Pookkumbol'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Shikhamani]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Kamalaasanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2018 || ''Miss Kerala'' || ||
|-
|| ''Sachin Son Of Viswanath'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]'' || SP Jacob Sam ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || G.P.Nair ||
|-
|| ''Aickarakkonathe Bhishaguaranmaa'' || Manjooran ||
|-
|| ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' || Surgeon Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Soothrakkaran]]'' || Madathil Sreedharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]'' || Nandan Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Driving License (film)|Driving License]]'' || Jagannatha Varma ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' || Manuel ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Pidikittapulli'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' || Kurian Maliekkal || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan to play Anna in Mohanlal's 'Bro Daddy' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-play-anna-in-mohanlals-bro-daddy/articleshow/88705442.cms |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' || Public Prosecutor || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Nivin Pauly's time travel movie 'Mahaveeryar' gets an OTT release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-paulys-time-travel-movie-mahaveeryar-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/97681246.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || "Idea" Shaji ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Imbam]]'' || Karunakaran ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-22 |title=Deepak Parambol - Lalu Alex starrer 'Imbam' to release on October |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/deepak-parambol-lalu-alex-starrer-imbam-to-release-on-october/articleshow/103863510.cms |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-19 |title=Mammootty, Jyotika team up for Jeo Baby's 'Kaathal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-jyotika-team-up-for-jeo-babys-kaathal/article66030032.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'' || CI Pradeep||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-02 |title=Biju Menon & Suraj Venjaramoodu's Nadanna Sambhavam gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/02/biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodus-nadanna-sambhavam-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Idiyan Chandhu'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-17 |title=Chandhune Tholpikkan Aavoollada song from Idiyan Chandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/17/chandhune-tholpikkan-aavoollada-song-from-idiyan-chandhu-out |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' ||Jacob ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Hridayapoorvam' review: Mohanlal revives old-school warmth in a fresh family tale|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvam-review-mohanlal-revives-old-school-warmth-in-a-fresh-family-tale-y3jyob3t |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Mathrubhumi News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
|1982||''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]'' || boxer
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' || C.J. Dass
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Bheema (film)|Bheema]]'' || Government officer
|-
||''[[Sandai]]'' || Paalpandi
|}

== Awards ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}

=== [[Kerala State Film Awards]] ===
*2004 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] - ''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]''

=== [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] ===
* 2003 - Second Best Actor - ''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]''

=== [[Asianet Film Awards]] ===
* 2009 - [[Asianet Film Award#Best Actor in a Villain Role|Best Actor in a Villain Role]] – ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]''

=== Amrita Mathrubhumi Film Awards ===
* 2009 - Best Villain — ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=0018203}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alex, Lalu}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Muvattupuzha]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Bhairopatti

2026-03-06T18:37:38Z

ShermanGraham8: put up article

{{Short description|Village in Madhepura, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhairopatti
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.8962987|86.8931051|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Madhepura
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Murliganj
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Bhatkhora Gram Panchayat
| population_total = 3,214
| population_as_of = 2011
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 852114
}}

'''Bhairopatti''' is a village located in the [[Murliganj (community development block)|Murliganj block]] of [[Madhepura district]], Bihar, India. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Bhatkhora [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].

==Geography==
Bhairopatti is situated approximately 12 kilometers east of Murliganj, the nearest town. The village stands at an elevation of 52 meters above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/madhepura/murliganj/bhairopatti.html |title=Bhairopatti Village Map |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Bhairopatti has a total population of 3,214, comprising 1,632 males and 1,582 females. The village has 701 households, with an average household size of about four persons. The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 969 females for every 1,000 males.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/225990-bhairopatti-bihar.html |title=Bhairopatti Population – Census 2011 |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

The literacy rate in Bhairopatti is approximately 41.72%, with male literacy at 50.67% and female literacy at 32.49%. Scheduled Castes make up about 11.6% of the population, totaling 373 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/225990-bhairopatti-bihar.html |title=Bhairopatti Population Details |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Education===
Bhairopatti has a government primary school. For higher education, residents usually attend institutions in '''Jitapur''', which is more than one kilometer away.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/madhepura/murliganj/bhairopatti.html |title=Schools in Bhairopatti |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
Basic healthcare facilities are available in the village, while more advanced services are accessible in Murliganj.

===Postal Services===
The village is served by the postal code 852114.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/bihar/madhepura/bhairo-patti-bo |title=Bhairopatti PIN Code |publisher=NDTV |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Bhairopatti is well-connected by public and private bus services. The nearest railway station is Bhairopatti Halt (station code: BHTH), located within the village.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/bhairopatti-halt-bhth |title=Bhairopatti Halt Station |publisher=RailYatri |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==Nearby Villages==
Nearby villages include Ramsingh Tola, Bhatkhora, and Jitapur.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhairopatti}}
[[Category:Villages in Murliganj block]]

Common emerald dove

2026-03-06T12:29:43Z

ShermanGraham8: small update page and fixed typos

{{Short description|Bird species}}
{{Redirect|Emerald dove|other species and the emerald dove genus|Chalcophaps}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common emerald dove
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chalcophaps indica'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22725538A94895385 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Asian Emerald Dove 0A2A7379.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Chalcophaps
| species = indica
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = ''Columba indica'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
}}

The '''emerald dove''' or '''common emerald dove''' ('''''Chalcophaps indica'''''), also called '''Asian emerald dove''' and '''grey-capped emerald dove''', is a widespread resident breeding [[Columbidae|pigeon]] native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The dove is also known by the names of '''green dove''' and '''green-winged pigeon'''. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Pacific emerald dove]] and [[Stephan's emerald dove]] were both considered [[conspecific]].

==Taxonomy==
In 1743, the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included a picture and a description of the common emerald dove in his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "Green Wing'd Dove". His drawing was made from a live bird at the home a merchant in [[Rotherhithe]] near London. Edwards was told that the dove had come from the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | volume=Part I & II | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians | page=14, Plate 14 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240534 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the common emerald dove with all the other pigeons in the [[genus]] ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Columba indica'' and cited Edwards's work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume= 1 | edition=10th | page=164 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727071 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''indica'' is Latin for "Indian" and is used by Linnaeus to denote the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=204 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Chalcophaps]]'' that was introduced by the English ornithologist [[John Gould]] in 1843.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1843 | title=The Birds of Australia | publisher=self published | place=London | volume= 5 | at=Plate 62 and text | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48401179 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Pigeons | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>

Six [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''C. i. indica'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – India to south China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian and west Papuan islands
* ''C. i. robinsoni'' [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Baker, ECS]], 1928 – Sri Lanka
* ''C. i. maxima'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1931 – [[Andaman Islands]]
* ''C. i. augusta'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1855 – [[Nicobar Islands]]
* ''C. i. natalis'' [[Joseph Jackson Lister (naturalist)|Lister]], 1889 – [[Christmas Island]] (Indian Ocean)
* ''C. i. minima'' Hartert, 1931 – [[Numfor]], [[Biak]] and [[Mios Num]] islands (off north New Guinea)

== Description ==
[[File:Common Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|Male emerald dove]]
[[File:Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica indica).jpg|thumb|Emerald dove in Sime Forest, Singapore]]
The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically {{cvt|23-27|cm}} in length.<ref name=hbw>{{cite web | last1=Baptista | first1=L.F. | last2=Trail | first2=P.W. | last3=Horblit | first3=H.M. | last4=Kirwan | first4=G.M. | last5=Garcia | first5=E.F.J. | last6=Boesman | first6=P. | year=2020 | title=Grey-capped Emerald Dove (''Chalcophaps indica'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/54186 | access-date=18 March 2020 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight [[feather]]s and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.
The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.

== Distribution and habitat ==
This is a common species in [[tropical forest]]s and similar dense wet [[woodland]]s, [[farm]]s and [[mangrove]]s.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=rasmussen>{{ cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2012 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume= 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | place=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-96553-87-3 | pages=211–212 }}</ref> It builds a scant stick [[Bird nest|nest]] in a [[tree]] up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured [[bird egg|egg]]s.

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Asian Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|In flight at [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Nepal]].]]
The call of the common emerald dove is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos, starting quietly and rising. It also calls a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during [[courtship display]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown, J. |author-link=Jennifer Brown (author) |title=Husbandry Guidelines For the Emerald Dove ''Chalcophaps indica'' |publisher=[[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]] |date=2010 |edition= |issue=2}}</ref>
It is either single, or occurs in pairs or in small groups.{{cn|date=March 2026}} It searches for fallen [[fruit]] on the ground and spends little time in trees except when roosting. It eats [[seed]]s and fruits of a wide variety of [[plant]]s and is generally tame and approachable.
Its flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the [[wing]]s which are characteristic of pigeons in general. It often flies low between patches of dense forest, but when disturbed, it frequently walks away. It is a particularly good weaver when flying through [[forest]]s.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Grimmett, ''Birds of India'', Inskipp and Inskipp, {{ISBN|0-691-04910-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chalcophaps indica}}
{{Wikispecies|Chalcophaps indica}}
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Chalcophaps-indica Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the common emerald dove]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q795565}}

[[Category:Chalcophaps|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Birds of Indomalaya]]
[[Category:Birds of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common emerald dove]]

Maappillai (1952 film)

2026-03-04T05:02:37Z

ShermanGraham8: page updated

{{short description|1952 film by T. R. Raghunath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maappillai 1952 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| writer = V. N. Sambandam
| starring = [[T. R. Ramachandran]] P. K. Saraswathi [[T. K. Ramachandran]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = S. A. Murugesan
| music = [[T. R. Pappa]] N. S. Balakrishnan
| studio = National Productions
| released = {{film date|1952|11|7|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maappillai''''' ({{translation|Son-in-law}}) is a 1952 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPILLAI (1952) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b74043972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200125052706/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b74043972 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]] and written by V. N. Sambandam. The film stars [[T. R. Ramachandran]], P. K. Saraswathi and T. K. Ramachandran. It revolves around an office boy who becomes wealthy in a [[rags to riches]] manner, and the attempts made by his boss's son to destroy him and usurp his wealth.<ref name="thehindu" /> The film was released on 7 November 1952 and became a success.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2020}}

== Cast ==
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as the office boy<ref name="thehindu" />
* P. K. Saraswathi as Nalini<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as the printing-press head's son<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] as Kumar<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as the doctor<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as the nurse<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]] as the printing-press head<ref name="thehindu" />

== Production ==
''Maappillai'' was directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]], written by V. N. Sambandam and produced by National Productions. Cinematography was handled by P. S. Selvaraj, and editing by S. A. Murugesan. The film was shot and processed at Newton Studios. Its final length was {{Convert|17647|feet|metres}}.<ref name="Anandan" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[T. R. Pappa]] and N. S. Balakrishnan, while the lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]. The song "Dosu Kodukka Venum", picturised on Radhakrishnan and Rajam, satirises "men, mores and morals", and attained popularity.<ref name="thehindu" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Music!! Duration
|-
| "Kadhalil Vinghanam" || A. M. Rajah & P. Leela || rowspan="2" | T. R. Pappa|| 03:04
|-
| "All Right.... Naanoru Ragasiyam" || A. G. Rathnamala || 02:39
|-
| "Dosu Kodukka Venum" || Thiruchi Loganathan & A. G. Rathnamala || rowspan="7" | N. S. Balakrishnan|| 03:21
|-
| "Kannum Karutha Kudumbam" || P. Leela || 03:13
|-
| "Mayangadhe Madhi" || A. P. Komala || 03:43
|-
| "Sirandha Ulaginile" || P. Leela & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 06:24
|-
| "Raja Kudumbatthil" || Thiruchi Loganathan & A. G. Rathnamala || 02:31
|-
| "Inbame Siridhum Ariyaadha" || P. Leela || 01:10
|-
| "Kanneerthaan.... Pennaaga Pirandhaal" || P. Leela || 03:03
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maappillai'' was released on 7 November 1952.<ref name="Anandan" /> The film initially faced a poor commercial performance; in response, the makers bought the rights to a short film advertising a circus and added it to screenings. This attracted more audiences, and the film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: மாப்பிள்ளையை வெற்றி பெற வைத்த சர்க்கஸ் காட்சிகள் |trans-title=Flashback: The circus scenes that made ''Maappillai'' a success |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/132095 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250829123819/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/132095 |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite web |title=1952 – மாப்பிள்ளை – நேஷனல் புரொடக்சன்ஸ் |trans-title=1952 – Maappillai – National Productions |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200125050716/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 May 2013 |title=Maappillai (1952) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maappillai-1952/article4683463.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723140148/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maappillai-1952/article4683463.ece |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1952 drama films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Pappa]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Huccha Venkat (film)

2026-03-04T04:42:23Z

ShermanGraham8: created basic data w/ infobox

{{No plot|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Huccha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Huccha Venkat]]
| producer = Venkatram L
| writer = Huccha Venkat
| starring = Huccha Venkat Kavitha Bisht
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cinematography = M R Chauhan
| editing = M Muniraju
| studio = Huccha Venkatesh Cine Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Huccha Venkat''''' ({{translation|Mad Venkat}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Huccha Venkat]] and starring himself and Kavitha Bisht. The film is known for its fair share of controversies and catapulting Huccha Venkat, a controversial actor, to fame.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Huccha Venkat]] as Venkat
*Kavitha Bisht as Ramya
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Venkat's father
*Shylashri
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*Jayalakshmi
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Keerthiraj]]
*Ramesh Pandit
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]]. The audio launch event took place in Bengaluru with Lahari Velu attending as the chief guest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Audio-launch-of-Huccha-Venkata-held-in-Bangalore/articleshow/35333944.cms| title=Audio launch of Huccha Venkata held in Bangalore |work= The Times of India| date=19 May 2014 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was a box office failure upon release and was rereleased on 18 December 2015 after his appearance on the [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 3|third season]] of ''Bigg Boss Kannada''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/huccha-venkat-to-re-release-his-film/articleshow/50134805.cms|title=Huccha Venkat to re-release his film!|date=11 December 2015|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/huccha-venkat-to-re-release-his-film/huccha-venkat-to-be-re-released-on-december-18/photostory/50134848.cms|title=Huccha Venkat to be re-released on December 18|date=11 December 2015|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Director and actor of this movie [[Huccha Venkat]] claimed he was married to the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] actress [[Ramya]] and gave an expletive-laden rant to a television interviewer, while promoting this movie. [[Ramya]] responded to Venkat's claims by filing a police report and publicly refuting his statements, to which Venkat did not issue any response - although he did stop claiming [[Ramya]] was his wife.<ref name=hv34>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Director-Venkat-in-police-custody/articleshow/30838619.cms | title=Director Venkat in police custody|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 Feb 2014}}</ref><ref name=hv5>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/huccha-venkat-in-trouble-gimmick-to-kidnap-ramya-and-marry-132452.html | title=Huccha Venkat In Trouble For Playing Gimmick With Ramya's Name|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=14 Feb 2014}}</ref><ref name=hv6>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/huchcha-venkat-divya-spandana-mp-ramya-182038-2014-02-21 | title=Director's prank on Ramya lands him in soup|publisher=intoday.in|date=21 Feb 2014}}</ref> To support his statement, he refused to get into physical contact with the heroine Kavitha during his birthday celebration since he was "already" married.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/huchcha-venkat-actress-ramya-mental-illness-marriage-censor-board-birthday-cake-cutting/articleshow/43096498.cms|title=Huchcha Venkat's mad act|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==Home media==
The film was telecast on [[Colors Kannada]] on 27 March 2016 at 1 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/huccha-venkat-television-premiere-on-this-sunday/articleshow/51559543.cms|title=Huccha Venkat television premiere on this Sunday|date=26 March 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{iMDb title|id=5216780}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huccha Venkat}}
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Mar Mitenge

2026-03-03T23:47:17Z

ShermanGraham8: added lead and improved wording

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mar Mitenge
| image = Mar Mitenge.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Javed Siddique
| screenplay =
| producer = Pradeep Sharma
| director = [[Kawal Sharma]]
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Bhanupriya]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = V. Durga Prasad
| editing = Muthar Ahmed
| studio = TUTU Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|10|15}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mar Mitenge''''' ({{translation}} ''Bear The Death'') is a 1988 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], produced by Pradeep Sharma under the TUTU Films banner and directed by Kawal Sharma. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], and [[Bhanupriya]] in the pivotal roles with music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].

==Plot==
The film begins with a demonic mafia forefront Ajith Singh slaughtering Inspector Thakur. Master Shrikant Verma, Thakur's best friend, witnesses the crime. Thus, ferocious Ajith Singh makes the Master & his wife Shanti blind and sets fire to their house. However, their children Ram & Lakshman escape, and they are reared by a good soul with his son Akbar. Years roll by, and Ram & Lakshman grow as justice-seeking gallants and love two charming girls, Radha & Jenny, respectively. At present, unbeknownst to them, they encounter the devilries of Ajith Singh's son Manjit. Once, heinous Manjit tries to molest Radha & Jenny when Akbar sacrifices his life. Being conscious of it, Ram & Lakshman burst out, and then they realize Manjit is Ajith Singh's son. Unfortunately, Lakshman is severely injured in the attack, and his blind parents rescue him. Thereby, Ram recognizes them, which delights their hearts. At last, Ram & Lakshman cease the baddies. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of love birds.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Jeetendra]] as Ram
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Laxman
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Radha
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Jenny
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Ajit Singh
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Manjit Singh
*[[Asrani]] as Jalaluddin Mohammed Akbar
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Police Inspector Thakur
*[[Kader Khan]] as Pasha
*[[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Master Shrikant Verma
*[[Jayshree Gadkar]] as Shanti Shrikant Verma
*[[Chand Usmani]] as Ranjana , Akbar's grandmother
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as The Groom Saxena
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Police Inspector G.B. Parab
*[[Viju Khote]] as Constable P.K. Kale
*[[Manik Irani]] as Manglu Dada
*[[Gurbachan Singh (actor)|Gurbachan Singh]] as Darshan
*[[Bob Christo]] as Bob
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Prakash
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Jaichand, Ajit Singh's Henchman
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Shekhar, Ajit Singh's Henchman
*[[Moolchand]] as Jeweller
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dekho Mera Janaza"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "Badon Ka Hai Farmana"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Shailender Singh]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 3
| "Haye Mere Rabba"
| [[Anupama Deshpande]]
|-
| 4
| "Ram Ne Kahi"
| Mohammed Aziz, Shailender Singh
|-
| 5
| "Mar Mitenge"
| Mohammed Aziz, Shailender Singh, Anuradha Paudwal, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 6
| "Aale Re Aale"
| Shailender Singh, [[Shabbir Kumar]], Kavita Krishnamurthy, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0359657|Mar Mitenge}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kawal Sharma]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

The Jungle Princess (1942 film)

2026-03-03T23:19:55Z

ShermanGraham8: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jungle Princess
| image = Jungle Princess (1942).webm

| caption = ''Jungle Princess''
| director = [[Homi Wadia]]
| producer = [[Homi Wadia]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Fearless Nadia]]|[[John Cawas]]}}
| music = Madhavlal D. Master
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jungle Princess''''' is a [[Bollywood]] film. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |website=gomolo.com |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://gomolo.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Fearless Nadia]]
* [[John Cawas]]
* Radha Rani
* Baby Madhuri
* Shehzadi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|332164}}
* [https://indiancine.ma/DOH/480p1.webm Jungle Princess] on indiancine.ma
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz9JuibkI_U Jungle Princess, part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24g9gd6Liho Jungle Princess, part 2] on YouTube

{{Homi Wadia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jungle Princess (1942 film), The}}
[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Homi Wadia]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Hemal Trivedi

2026-03-02T02:22:07Z

ShermanGraham8: created basic article basic info

{{short description|Indian documentary film director and editor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemal Trivedi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director, editor, producer
| years_active = 2006–present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Hemal Trivedi''' is an Indian [[documentary film]] director, editor and producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womenandhollywood.com/tribeca-2015-women-directors-meet-hemal-trivedi-among-the-believers-81b60d5c0bbe/|title=Tribeca 2015 Women Directors: Meet Hemal Trivedi — 'Among the Believers'|website=womenandhollywood.com|access-date=2020-09-18|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017141848/https://womenandhollywood.com/tribeca-2015-women-directors-meet-hemal-trivedi-among-the-believers-81b60d5c0bbe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/meet-the-mumbai-lady-in-a-pakistani-madrasa/20151209.htm|title=Meet the Mumbai lady in a Pakistani madrasa|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2022-06-13|first=Syed Firdaus|last=Ashraf|date=9 December 2015}}</ref> She is best known for her work on the documentaries ''Shabeena's Quest'', and [[Among_the_Believers_(film)|''Among the Believers'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/11/2012112612156945376.html|title=Shabeena's Quest|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/among-the-believers-review.html|title=Review: In 'Among the Believers,' a Cleric Holds Sway|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Hemal was born and raised in [[Maharashtra]], India. She holds an MBA in Marketing from [[SVKM's NMIMS]] and an MFA from the [[University of Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/meet-the-2015-tribeca-filmmakers-51-books-not-bombs-will-end-pakistani-conflict-in-among-the-believers-62872/|title=Meet the 2015 Tribeca Filmmakers #51: Books, Not Bombs, Will End Pakistani Conflict in 'Among the Believers'|website=indiewire.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>

Hemal Trivedi (India/U.S.) has been editing and directing documentary films for 20 years. Her entire body of work has won one Oscar, three Emmys, one Peabody and seven Emmy nominations, a nomination for MTV Movie Awards, nominations for Independent Spirits Awards and Cinema Eye Award. Netflix, HBO, PBS (Frontline and Independent Lens), YouTube Red, Showtime, BBC, Topic and Channel 4 have broadcast her work. Her films have screened in prestigious festivals like Sundance, TIFF, Tribeca, IDFA, CPH-DOX, Telluride, IFFI Goa, Berlin Film Festival.

She is a member of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Television Academy. She was recently selected as a participant in the “Television Academy’s Peer Circle Program", a small group of 12 Emmy winning filmmakers who meet monthly to grow their skills professionally. She has served as a speaker, mentor, panelist and judge for TEDx, Independent Film Week, the Emmys, Oscars and other prestigious awarding bodies.

In 2015, Hemal co-directed the feature documentary, ''[[Among the Believers]]'', along with [[Mohammed Ali Naqvi]], which premiered at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/among-the-believers-2015|title=AMONG THE BELIEVERS|website=tribecafilm.com|access-date=2020-09-18|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919054004/https://www.tribecafilm.com/films/among-the-believers-2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Censors|Central Board of Film Censors (CFBC)]] banned, ''Among the Believers'', from being screened in Pakistan, giving the reason that it "projects the negative image of Pakistan in the context of ongoing fight against extremism terrorism."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sonyarehman/2016/05/01/documentary-on-extremism-banned-in-pakistan/#6d58ada42479|title=Documentary On Extremism Banned In Pakistan|website=forbes.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref> Both Hemal and co-director Mohammed Ali Naqvi received death threats after the release of the film, forcing them to go into hiding for a period of time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hemal-Trivedi-Received-death-threats-for-Among-The-Believers/articleshow/49960870.cms|title=Hemal Trivedi: Received death threats for 'Among The Believers'|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2022-06-13|agency=PTI|date=28 November 2015}}</ref>
In 2020, Hemal directed, ''Battleground'', about current political divide, as seen through the eyes of two grassroots political leaders in the key pivot county of Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, and aired nationally on [[PBS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podbay.fm/p/artapproved-podcast-by-mynewyorkeye/e/1597544259|title=A chat w/ Filmmaker Hemal Trivedi Political Divide, Black Lives Matter, Indian Americans & Kamala Harris, and more!|website=podbay.fm|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/show/battleground/|title=Battleground|website=pbs.org|access-date=2020-09-18|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017070522/https://www.pbs.org/show/battleground/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She started her filmmaking career at Odyssey Networks where she made short films
focussed on building bridges of understanding in conflict zones around the world. She’s
made films on Haiti, Sudan, Nigeria, covered the Arab Spring coupled with the rise of ISIS
and across America covering topics from race based gentrification to politics of hunger.
Soon she got her first break in long form documentaries when she edited an HBO
documentary Saving Face. The film won an Academy Award and Hemal won her first Emmy
for Outstanding Editing. Hemal directed her first film in Pakistan as well. Her film, Among the
Believers, on a radical mosque - The Red Mosque - and Pakistan’s internal struggle against
religious extremism, premiered at Tribeca and traveled the world. It won 22 prominent
awards and an Emmy, Independent Spirit, Cinema Eye and UNESCO Fellini nomination.
Hemal’s other key credits are: Philly DA, Battleground, Watergate, This is Everything: Gigi
Gorgeous, Among the Believers, Inshallah Democracy, Outlawed in Pakistan, Saving Face,
and When the Drum is Beating.

Hemal was born and raised in an inner-city chawl (the ghetto) of Mumbai, India, Hemal
spent her formative years striving to climb the social ladder. She did odd jobs ranging from
working as a concierge in Mumbai's five-star hotels, to a lab technician in a microbiology
lab. With the help of a state scholarship, Hemal entered one of India's most prestigious
business schools in India (NMIMS) and got her MBA in Marketing. She worked in mutual
funds in India before moving to the U.S. to pursue her passion for non-fiction storytelling.
She has a master’s degree in Journalism and Mass Communications from University of
Florida.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
! Director
! Editor
! Producer
! Note
|-
| 2006
| ''Tell Me a Story''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary short
|-
| 2008
| ''Flying on One Engine''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary
|-
| 2010
| ''Beyond Mumbai: Hope and Healing''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary short
|-
| 2011
| ''When the Drum Is Beating''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary
|-
| 2011
| ''Voices of Sudan''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary short
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Saving Face (2012 film)|Saving Face]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary short
|-
| 2012
| ''Shabeena's Quest''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary short
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Outlawed in Pakistan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary short
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Among the Believers (film)|Among the Believers]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary
|-
| 2017
| ''This Is Everything: Gigi Gorgeous''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary
|-
| 2017
| ''My Big Bollywood Wedding''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| TV show
|-
| 2017
| ''Insha'Allah Democracy''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary
|-
| 2018
| ''Watergate: Or how we learned to control an out of control president''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary series
|-
| 2020
| ''Battleground''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary
|-
| 2021
| ''Philly DA''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Documentary Series
|-
|2022
|''[[In Search of My Sister]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| Documentary
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Result
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Ref.
|-
|2013
|style="background: #ddffdd"| Won
|[[Emmy Award]]
|Outstanding Editing: Documentary and Long Form
|''[[Saving Face (2012 film)|Saving Face]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|style="background: #ffdddd"| Nominated
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|Best Documentary
|rowspan="7"|''[[Among the Believers]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/apsa-nominees-winners/2015/best-documentary-feature-film/among-the-believers|title=AMONG THE BELIEVERS|website=asiapacificscreenawards.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd"| Won
|[[Chagrin Documentary Film Festival]]
|David Ponce Award for Best Film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chagrinfilmfest.org/winners-2015|title=Award Winners 2015|website=chagrinfilmfest.org|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016
|style="background: #ddffdd"| Won
|[[Beloit International Film Festival]]
|Power of Film Award
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beloitfilmfest.org/biff-event/award-winners-2016-beloit-international-film-festival/|title=THE BELOIT INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL 2016 AWARD WINNERS|website=beloitfilmfest.org|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd"| Won
|[[Documentary Edge Festival]]
|Best International Feature Director
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenz.co.nz/doc-edge-names-2016-winners/|title=Doc Edge names 2016 winners|website=screenz.co.nz|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd"| Won
|[[International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights|FIFDH]]
|Grand Prix
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2016/03/14/human-rights-film-festival-shines-a-light-on-human-wrongs|title=Human rights film festival shines a light on human wrongs|website=euronews.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|style="background: #ffdddd"| Nominated
|[[News & Documentary Emmy Award]]
|Outstanding Politics and Government Documentary
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caamedia.org/blog/2017/07/31/caam-news-documentary-emmy-nominations-include-among-the-believers-meet-the-patels/|title=CAAM NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY NOMINATIONS INCLUDE "AMONG THE BELIEVERS" & "MEET THE PATELS"|website=caamedia.org|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #ffdddd"| Nominated
|[[Cinema Eye Honors]]
|Spotlight Award
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinemaeyehonors.com/eligible-films/among-the-believers/|title=Among the Believers|website=cinemaeyehonors.com|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Hemal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Indian women film editors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kannada inscriptions

2026-02-28T06:58:15Z

ShermanGraham8: created new article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Inscription}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|right|200px|thumb|578 CE [[Mangalesha]] Kannada inscription in Cave temple # 3 at [[Badami]]]]
[[File:Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti.jpg|200px|right|thumb|634CE Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti]]
About 35,000 inscriptions found in [[Karnataka]] and nearby states<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174214/take-up-study-unearthed-inscriptions.html|title='Take up study on unearthed inscriptions'|publisher=|access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> belong to historic Kannada rulers, including the [[Kadambas]], the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]], the [[Chalukya]], the [[Hoysala]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Many inscriptions related to [[Jainism]] have been unearthed. The inscriptions found are generally on stone (''Shilashasana'') or copper plates (''Tamarashasana''). These '''Kannada inscriptions''' ([[Old Kannada]], [[Kadamba script]]) are found on historical [[Hero stone|hero stones]], coins, temple walls, pillars, tablets and rock edicts. They have contributed towards Kannada literature and helped to classify the eras of Proto Kannada, Pre Old Kannada, [[Old Kannada]], Middle Kannada and New Kannada. Inscriptions depict the culture, tradition and prosperity of their era. The literature of Ramayana and Mahabharata are transferred through the generations by these inscriptions. The [[Hazara Rama Temple]] and [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]] are the best examples of temples associated with Kannada inscriptions.

==Earliest Kannada inscriptions==
[[File:Halmidi2.jpg|200px|right| thumb|[[Halmidi inscription]] of 450 AD ]]
[[File:Old Kannada inscription Hero Stone from 9th century AD in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe.jpg|200px|right|thumb|9th century AD [[Old Kannada]] inscription on Hero Stone in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe]]
The stone inscription (dated 370 CE) found at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa in the taluk during excavation by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 2013-14 is now said to be the earliest Kannada inscription.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html
|title=Historians study pushes earliest record of Kannada writing back by a century
|publisher=Deccan Herald
|access-date=2017-01-12
}}</ref> Nishadi Inscription of 400 AD of Chandragiri hill ([[Shravanabelagola]]), [[Halmidi inscription]] of 5th century AD<ref name="Sircar 1965 48">{{Harvnb|Sircar|1996|p=48}}</ref><ref name="Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=58">{{Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=58}}</ref> and [[Aihole inscriptions]] are very important in the history of Kannada and Karnataka. [[Extinct Kannada literature#Some early writings and forms|5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga]] and [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent#Stone inscriptions|500 CE Chikkamagaluru inscription]]. The earliest known [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription|Kannada inscription]] in Bengaluru region traced to the reign of [[Sripurusha]] was discovered in 2018 in Hebbal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-tale-through-stone/article24622812.ece|title=Tryst with stone|last=Varma|first=Nikhil|date=2018-08-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are few Kannada words found in the edicts and inscriptions those are prior to the Christian era in places as far as Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/kannada-in-alexandria-909294.html|title=Kannada in Alexandria|date=2020-10-30|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

;Brahmagiri rock inscription of Ashoka

Ashoka rock edict at [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]] in Chitradurga district is the ancient site of ''Ishila''. An inscription there contains this most ancient Kannada word.
The earliest recorded word of Kannada is ''Isila'' occurring in the Brahmagiri rock inscription of 252 BC (similar to many other inscriptions with Kannada words).<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302430500.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805125125/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302430500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-08-05
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Confer classical language status on Kannada: Ananth Kumar
|date=2005-12-23
|access-date=2013-08-05
}}</ref>

;Tagarthi inscription

A Dr. S. Shettar completed a detailed palaeographic study over 10 years, finding five to six inscriptions that are older than Halmidi inscription (in Poorvada Halegannada dialect). The inscription is a mix of Brahmi, Kannada and Nagari scripts. One of those found at Tagarthi
(within the Gangavadi region in Shimoga district) dates to 350 AD, during the Ganga dynasty.
This study pushed the date push back by at least a century.
The historian ''Suryanath Kamath'' also agree with the findings of Dr S. Shettar.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Historians-study-pushes-earliest-record-of-Kannada-writing-back-by-a-century/articleshow/21220551.cms
|title=Historian's study pushes earliest record of Kannada writing back by a century
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-08-05
}}</ref>

;Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription

''M. G. Manjunath'' an epigraphist Mysore based scholar discovered 400 AD ''Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription''
of Jainism one of the 271 inscriptions on Chandragiri hill of Shravanabelagola found near Parshwanatha Basadi, which is 50 years older than Halmidi inscription. It is mentioned in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia Karnataka]]. There are Prakrit, Sanskrit and Purvada Halegannada ([[Old Kannada]] words. The four lined inscription has six words. The inscription is in ''Shatavahana Brahmi and Aadi Ganga script''.
[[M. Chidananda Murthy]] also agree that ''Gunabhushitana Nishadi Shasana'' was a Kannada inscription (in Purvada Halegannada script).<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145102/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-09-22
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription
|date=2008-09-20
|access-date=2013-08-02
}}</ref>

;Halmidi inscription

The 5th century AD<ref name="Sircar 1965 48"/><ref name="Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=58"/> ''[[Halmidi inscription]]'' 16-line earliest Kannada inscription found at [[Halmidi]] in Belur taluk of Hassan district on rectangular sandstone ( 2.5 ft height and 1 ft width) has a Vishnu Chakra on its top. The language of the inscription is in ''Poorvada Halegannada'' ( [[Old Kannada|Proto-Kannada]]). Archaeologist M. H. Krishna found the Brahmi script in the inscription. Shifted the inscription to ''Archaeological Museum, Mysore'' and later to ''Government Museum in Bangalore''. ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia Karnataka]]'' has dedicated a chapter to study of the inscription.
The linguists and writers [[Govinda Pai]], [[M. Chidananda Murthy]], [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]], Ram Sri Mugali, R.S. Panchamukhi, D.L. Narasimhachar, and [[M. M. Kalburgi]] studied the inscription and published papers. Writers including [[G. S. Gai]], T. A. Gopinatha Rao, T. N. Srikantaiah, Shivarama Aithala, S. Nagaraju, [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], M. Mariyappa Bhatta, M. B. Neginahal, K. V. Ramesh, Devarakondareddy and K. M. Hanumantha Rao have discussed the important issues raised by Halmidi inscription in their books.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2003-11-24
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition
|date=2003-11-03
|access-date=2013-08-02
}}</ref>

;Tamatakallu inscriptions
Chitradurga district is home for most ancient inscriptions written in ''archaic Kannada script''.
As per epigraphist Dr. B. Rajashekharappa the inscriptions known as ''Veeragallu'' at Tamatakal village written in Kannada script belongs mostly to end of Fifth Century or beginning of Sixth Century, describes the nature and achievements of ''Gunamadhura'' who ruled ''Masikapura'' (ancient name of Tamatakal), ''he was frivolous, generous and kind person. he was a favourite among women (Despite being of dark complexion), because of his kind nature''. In 1903 by the historian late [[B. L. Rice]] discovered the inscriptions, Dr. Rajashekharappa found new aspects.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/05/stories/2007120553781100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208144303/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/05/stories/2007120553781100.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2007-12-08
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Inscriptions kept in an open field.
|date=2007-12-05
|access-date=2013-08-02
}}</ref>

==Karnataka inscriptions of Kannada dynasties==
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (983 CE) on Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar at Shravanabelagola.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Old Kannada inscription of 983 CE on [[Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar]] at Shravanabelagola]]
The Karnataka inscriptions are categorized as follows:
;[[Kadambas]] inscriptions
* [[Halmidi inscription]] - [[Kadamba Dynasty#Kadamba Coins and the earliest Kannada inscription|Kadamba Coins and the earliest Kannada inscription]]
* [[Talagunda pillar inscription]]
* [[Kadambas of Halasi#Halasi Inscriptions|Halasi Inscriptions]] of [[Kadambas of Halasi]]
* [[Chandravalli#History|Chandravalli]] rock inscription.
* In AD 475-490 Mrigesavarman of [[Kadambas of Halasi]] inscription there is mention about [[Yapaniya]].

;[[Western Ganga Dynasty]] inscriptions
[[File:Old Kannada inscription dated 981 CE in Vindyagiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Old Kannada]] inscription at Vindyagiri [[Shravanabelagola]]]]
* The 981 CE [[Old Kannada]] inscription at Vindyagiri [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription]] at Hebbal, Bangalore<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/874966/a-hunt-for-bengalurus-forgotten-inscription-stones-is-tracing-the-history-of-kannada-and-the-city|title=A hunt for Bengaluru's forgotten inscription stones is tracing the history of Kannada and the city|last=Ranganna|first=Akhila|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/inscription-stone-discovered-in-hebbal-could-be-bengalurus-oldest/articleshow/64708042.cms|title=Inscription stone discovered in Hebbal could be Bengaluru's oldest|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|date=2018-06-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref>
* [[Doddahundi nishidhi inscription]]
* [[Atakur inscription]]
* The 983 CE [[Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar]] at Shravanabelagola
* [[Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena]]
* [[Indian copper plate inscriptions#History|Tumbula inscriptions]] of 444 AD, Sanskrit-Kannada inscription, the Kannada words are used to describe the land boundaries.
* [[Western Ganga literature#Kannada writings|Western Ganga Kannada writings]]

;[[Chalukya]] inscriptions
* The 634CE [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of ''Ravi Kirti'' (minister and poet of Badami Chalukya [[Pulakeshin II]]) available at the Meguti temple, the inscription is a eulogy of [[Pulakeshin II]] and his conquests.[[File:Hebbal Inscription Stone.jpg|thumb|750CE inscription stone found in 2018 at Hebbal referring to the region as Perbolu nadu<ref name=":0" />|263x263px]]
*[[Mahakuta Pillar]]
* [[Kappe Arabhatta]]
* [[Badami#Inscriptions|Badami Inscriptions]]
* [[Gadag-Betageri#Gadag inscription|Gadag inscription of Vikramaditya VI]]
* [[Sudi, India#Inscriptions|Sudi Inscriptions]]
* [[Mangalesha#Desire for the throne|610AD Peddavaduguru inscription of Pulakeshin II]]

;[[Rashtrakuta]] inscriptions
* [[Kavirajamarga]]
* Ninth century Kannada stone inscription of Rashtrakuta period unearthed near Tumbi Kere (tank) at Halekumur village in Byadgi Takuk. The inscription is about Rashtrakuta rulers donating 200 acres to Siddarevar Singh to construct a tank.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1341576.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220157/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1341576.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|title=Rashtrakuta stone inscription found
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-07-22
}}</ref>
* [[Navalinga Temple]] inscriptions Kuknur.
* Northernmost Kannada inscription of the Rashtrakutas of 964 AD is the [[Krishna III#Northern expedition|Jura record]] found near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
* Inscriptions related to [[Dantidurga]]

;[[Hoysala]] inscriptions

;[[Vijayanagara Empire]] inscriptions

* [[Nanjagud Taluk Inscription]]
* [[Jakkur Bengaluru inscriptions]]
;[[Eastern Chalukyas|Vengi Chalukya inscriptions]]

;[[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava inscriptions]]

;[[Kalachuris of Kalyani#Inscriptions and coinage|Kalachuri Inscriptions]]

==Kannada copper plates and manuscripts==
{{Main|Indian copper plate inscriptions|Palm-leaf manuscript}}
* The 8th century AD oldest Kannada copper plate inscription found at [[Belmannu]] in Karkala taluk of Udupi district.
* [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent#Copper plates and manuscripts|Western Ganga Dynasty ''Tumbula inscriptions'' of 444 AD]]
* The 8th century AD Aluvarasa II of [[Alupas]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091221085852/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111951260300.htm copper plate inscription in Kannada].
* The 1430 AD Vijayanagara empire ''Devarajapuram copper plate inscription'' having state-deity [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1725/17250620.htm Virupaksha's signature at the bottom in Kannada script] to certify a grant of land to Brahmins (by King Devaraya II (1425-1446)).

==Coins bearing Kannada inscription==
[[File:Coin of Kadamba king Sri Manarashi.jpg|thumb|right|250px| [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] Coin of Shanthivarma, 5th century Kannada legend ''Sri Manarashi'']]
* The 5th Century copper coin in archaic Kannada script found at [[Banavasi]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526191104/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2007-05-26
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi
|date=2006-02-06
|access-date=2013-07-22
}}</ref> One side has five letter inscription ''Sri Manaragi'' and symbol of ''Ujjain'' on other side.
* [[Kannada language#Coins|Coins bearing Kannada inscription]]
* Pagodas and Fanams with Kannada inscription were the coinage of [[Alupas#Coinage|Alupas]].
* [[Kadamba Dynasty#Coins|Kadamba Coins]]
* [[Lari (fish hook money)]]
* [[Sudi, India#Coinage|Sudi and Lakkundi coins mint (Tankhashaley)]]
* [[Hoysala administration#Administration|Honnu or Gadyana of Hoysala]]
* [[Kalachuris of Kalyani#Inscriptions and coinage|Kalachuri Kannada Coinage]]

==Kannada inscriptions found outside Karnataka==
[[File:Copper plates NMND-9.JPG|right|200px|thumb|10th century AD Copper plates inscription in [[Kannada-Telugu script]]]]
Many Kannada inscriptions are found outside Karnataka, mainly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

===Kannada inscriptions found in Andhra Pradesh===
Andhra Pradesh has numerous Kannada inscriptions.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=83366
|title=Jainism in Andhra Pradesh - Rashtrakuta and Chalukya inscriptions
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-08-01
}}</ref>
* Kannada inscription of [[Gooty#Fort|Gooty]] in Andhra Pradesh.
* At [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple#Epigraphical lore of Tirupati|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati]] there are about ''50 inscriptions'' available in Telugu and Kannada.
* Inscription (in [[Kannada-Telugu script]]) of Vijayanagara empire found at Kadimetla in Yemmiganur mandal of Kurnool district.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/27/stories/2004102708390400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031000129/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/27/stories/2004102708390400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-10-31
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Vijayanagara empire rock inscription found|date=2004-10-27
|access-date=2013-08-01
}}</ref>
* The 10th century AD copper plates of Amma II of [[Eastern Chalukya]] in [[Kannada-Telugu script]] available at National Museum New Delhi.
* A 15th Century inscription written in Kannada found in ''a mango orchard in Krishnampalle'' of T. Kammapalle panchayat (in Pullampet mandal) in Kadapa district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rare-inscription-traces-route-to-tirumala/article2936603.ece|title=Rare inscription traces route to Tirumala|work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> The inscription with the portrait of ''Tallapaka Pedda Tirumalarayudu'' (eldest son of saint lyricist ''Tallapaka Annamacharya'') and ''Sankham, Chakram and Namam'' of Lord Vishnu.

===Kannada inscriptions found in Maharashtra===
* The ''[[Karad|Karhad]] copper plates'' in Kannada from Maharashtra is about after the defeat of Rajaditya in Takkolam the [[Krishna III]]'s distribution of the raid of war; among his people at Melpadi military camp (Tamil Nadu) and also there is mention that Krishna III's invasion of the Chola territory was also to provide livelihood for his people.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tamil-kannada-inscriptions-found-in-vellore-village/article2636819.ece
|title=Tamil, Kannada inscriptions found in Vellore village
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-07-22
}}</ref>
* Majority of the inscriptions found at Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) are in Prakrit, Sanskrit and few are in Kannada. Out of the inscriptions found two belongs to [[Chalukyas]], one to [[Kadambas]], two to [[Rashtrakutas]], eight to [[Shilahara]]s, one to [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/inscriptions.html
|title=A NOTE ON INSCRIPTIONS IN BOMBAY
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-07-22
}}</ref>
* [[Shilahara#Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra .28Kolhapur Branch.29|Shilaharas Kannada inscriptions]], [[Hoysala literature#Overview|Silharas of Kolhapur]] used Kannada in inscriptions.
* Maharashtra is mentioned as ''[[Maharashtra#History|Maharashtraka]]'' (Great districts or provinces) in 580 CE Chalukya inscription.
* Many historical inscriptions mentioned Kolhapur as ''Kollgiri, Kolladigirpattan, Kshullakpur Kollapur and Kollpur'', particularly the word ''Kollpur'' originated from Kannada language.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.mahalaxmikolhapur.com
|title=Mahalaxmi Temple Kolhapur
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-07-22
}}</ref>
* Kannada inscriptions of [[Solapur district]] in Maharashtra
* [[Ellora Caves#Ellora inscriptions|Inscriptions at Ellora]]
* The 11th - 12th Century AD period Kannada Inscription of [[Chalukya]] [[Vikramaditya VI]] found at [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/pics/kanada_lipi.jpg Beed Maharashtra]

===Kannada inscriptions found in Tamil Nadu===
The Kannada inscription of Rashtrakuta king Krishna III period (of Tenth century CE) found at Melpadi village in [[Vellore district]] of Tamil Nadu. It is mentioned as the endowment was made in the presence of [[Krishna III]]'s feudatories ([[Ratta dynasty|Rattas]] and Bitti Raja of Melpadi). Krishna III was praised as ''Akalavarsha Deva, Prithvi Vallabha, Maha Rajathiraja, Parameshvara, Parama Bhattaraka and Chaleka Nallathan'' and it indicats that he was about to accomplish his conquests of Kancheepuram and Thanjavur.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
The Kannada inscriptions found at Kanchipuram, Dharmapuri region, Vazhaithottam in Nilgiri District, Jain Palli at Alathur in Avinasi taluk, Coimbatore District and Karamadai copper plate inscription.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm
|title=Kannada script (10600)
|publisher=
|access-date=2013-07-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301220013/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm
|archive-date=1 March 2017
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Avinashi Temple inscription in Coimbatore, Kanchi inscription of Vikramaditya, Sittannavasal inscription, Melpadi inscription of Rastrakuta Krishna III, Madras Kannada Herostone inscription, Kodumbalur inscription of Irukkuvelir Chiefs and Hero-stone inscriptions in Kondaharahalli are the inscriptions in Kannada.

;Other parts of the world
* The stone scripture found in [[Doleshwor Mahadeva Temple#Research and findings|Doleshwor]] of Nepal written in Kannada.
* [[Pyu city-states#Currency|Pyu sites]] of Myanmar yielded variety of Indian scripts including Kannada inscription.
* The ''Deopara inscription'' describes the [[Sena dynasty#Origins|Senas]] as ''Karnata Kshatriyas and Brahma-Kshatriyas''.

==Research institute of Kannada manuscripts==
* [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]]
* [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]]

==People associated with Kannada inscriptions and manuscripts==
* [[List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions|People associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions]]
* [[Shivakotiacharya]]'s [[Vaddaradhane]]
* [[Nagavarma I]]
* [[Phakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti]]
* [[Aluru Venkata Rao]]

==See also==
* [[Sritattvanidhi]]
* [[Kannada language#Epigraphy]]
* [[Shabdamanidarpana]]
* [[Extinct Kannada literature]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]
* [[Kannada-Telugu script]]
* [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent#History of Kannada]]
* [[List of museums in Karnataka]]
* [[Kalya (Kalyana pura)|Kalya Inscriptions]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |last=Ramesh |first=K. V. |title=Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Sundeep |year=1984b}}
* {{citation |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |author-link=D. C. Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphy |year=1996 |orig-year=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn=978-8-1208-1166-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Kannada inscriptions in Karnataka}}
* [http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-epigraphy/inscriptions/ Kannada inscriptions]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=M3MIAAAAQAAJ Pâli, Sanskṛit and Old Canarese Inscriptions from the Bombay Presidency and ... By John Faithful Fleet, James Burgess]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C&q=Madhusudan+Dhaky The Indian temple forms in Karṇātạ inscriptions and architecture]
* [http://www.kannadauniversity.org/EN/depart_fss_arch.html Department of Ancient History and Archaeology Kannada University Hampi Karnataka]
* [http://www.kud.ac.in/content.aspx?module=dept&page=dept_KRI Kannada Research Institute (KRI) Karnataka University Dharwad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216073130/https://www.kud.ac.in/content.aspx?module=dept&page=dept_KRI |date=16 December 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702191853/http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/ancient-history-and-archaeology-2/ Ancient History and Archaeology Mysore Karnataka]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413181507/http://templesofkarnataka.com/navigation/author.php Temples of Karnataka]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731173845/http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat/BasavaInscriptions.htm Kannada inscriptions that mention Basavanna/Basaveshwara/Basavayya]
* [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/images/pdf/Vithoba.pdf Inscriptions related to Vithoba]

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Kannada inscriptions| ]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada literature| ]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Types of archaeological artefact]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]

Khadim's case

2026-02-12T13:01:04Z

ShermanGraham8: small edit

{{short description|Kidnapping of the Managing Director of Khadim's in Kolkata}}
{{Location map many|India_West_Bengal
| width = 200
| caption =
| float = right
| label = Tiljala
| bg = #FFFF99
| pos = left
| marksize = 8
| coordinates = {{coord|22.530837|88.388834}}
| label2 = Pukhuria
| bg2 = #FFFF99
| pos2 = right
| coordinates2 = {{coord|22.613730|88.760846}}
}}

'''Khadim's case'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Recap of Khadim's case |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/recap-of-khadim-s-case/cid/1394780 |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> refers to the 2001 kidnapping of [[Partha Pratim Roy Burman]], chairman and managing director of [[Khadim's|Khadim's Shoes]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Part of funding for 9/11 came from India, says ex-top cop |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/512389/part-funding-911-came-india.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref> and his subsequent release after the payment of a ransom of {{INRConvert|3.75|c|lk=on|year=2001|mode=historical}}, some of which was reportedly used to fund the [[11 September 2001|9/11 attacks in America]] and the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|13 December 2001 attack on Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Partha Roy Burman abduction case reveals world of organised crime links with jehadis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/20020114-partha-roy-burman-abduction-case-reveals-world-of-organised-crime-links-with-jehadis-796062-2002-01-14 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, Dubai [[Crime boss|don]] Aftab Ansari was found to be the mastermind in the kidnapping and extortion; he and four of his aides were sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com"/> In 2017, an additional eight people, including three Pakistani nationals, were found guilty in the kidnapping and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="guilty"/>

==Kidnap==
On 25 July 2001, Partha Pratim was kidnapped from C. N. Roy road in [[Tiljala]], [[Calcutta]] in the eastern [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. He was shot at when he resisted and then held hostage in a secluded house in a village in [[North 24 Parganas district]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadim boss abduction: Verdict of second phase trial on Nov 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/khadim-boss-abduction-verdict-of-second-phase-trial-on-nov-30/articleshow/61790070.cms |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> on the India-Bangladesh border.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hunt for Qaeda link's moll |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hunt-for-qaeda-link-s-moll/story-2KXtt7iDLJDfkIIF07Y7IJ.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 June 2007 |language=en}}</ref>

==Ransom==
According to [[CID West Bengal|C.I.D]] Inspector General Partha Bhattacharjee, the family of Roy Burman paid the ransom of ₹3 [[crore]] and the payment took place at [[Hyderabad]] of which ₹3.40 [[lakh]] was recovered from two ''[[hawala]]'' operators through whom the ransom money was routed to the Dubai mastermind<ref name=kh>{{cite news |title=Khadim owner's kidnappers from outside WB |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Khadim-owners-kidnappers-from-outside-WB/articleshow/748673628.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Aftab Ansari.<ref>{{cite news |last1=CHAKRAVARTY |first1=SAYANTAN |title=Omar Sheikh and Aftab Ansari: The masterminds of a nexus between the underworld and jehad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020225-omar-sheikh-and-aftab-ansari-the-masterminds-of-a-nexus-between-the-underworld-and-jehad-795990-2002-02-25 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
On 2 August 2001, Partha Pratim is released from a house in Pukhuria in [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]], [[North 24 Parganas district]] of [[West Bengal]] state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadim boss abduction: Verdict of second phase trial on Nov 30|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/khadim-boss-abduction-verdict-of-second-phase-trial-on-nov-30/articleshow/61790070.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Accused==
There were altogether 33 accused in the case, including the four who abducted Roy Burman, two approvers and two others who were killed in police encounters. Three are still at large.<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com">{{cite news |title=Life for Aftab in Khadim's case - Four aides get same sentence; 17 others acquitted |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/life-for-aftab-in-khadim-s-case-four-aides-get-same-sentence-17-others-acquitted/cid/1265238 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

*'''Aftab Ansari''' ({{aka}} Farhan Malik<ref>{{cite news |title=A Canary In The Cage |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-canary-in-the-cage/214666 |work=Outlook India}}</ref> and Shafiq Mohammad Rana)<ref>{{cite news |last=CHAKRAVARTY |first=SAYANTAN |title=Omar Sheikh and Aftab Ansari: The masterminds of a nexus between the underworld and jehad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020225-omar-sheikh-and-aftab-ansari-the-masterminds-of-a-nexus-between-the-underworld-and-jehad-795990-2002-02-25 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>- Gangster and leader of the cell.
*'''Asif Raza Khan''' ({{aka}} Rajan)<ref>{{cite news |title=POLICE BLAME POLITICAL NEXUS |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/police-blame-political-nexus/cid/906465 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> - dubbed the CEO of Aftab Ansari and member of [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], arrested on 29 October 2001 in New Delhi by Delhi Police. Asif was in contact with released [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]] militant [[Omar Sheikh]] and had travelled to Pakistan to meet Omar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi police link Asif Raza with Omar Sheikh |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/nov/16onkar.htm |work=www.rediff.com}}</ref> According to police officer Neeraj Kumar, Asif is reported to have said that “boss Aftab Ansari had shared the ransom money collected in the kidnapping of Partha Pratim Roy Burman... with Omar Sheikh.” Omar Sheikh is reported to have transferred it to 9/11 attacker [[Mohamed Atta]].
* '''Jalaluddin Molla''' ({{aka}} Amanullah Mandal and Babu Bhai), member of HuJIB ([[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh]]) was believed to have played a key role in the crime and was arrested in Lucknow in June 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police hunt for youth wanted in Varanasi blasts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Police-hunt-for-youth-wanted-in-Varanasi-blasts/articleshow/3041527.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Building new bases |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2424/stories/20071221500800700.htm |work=frontline.thehindu.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Sentencings==
20 May 2009 - Additional district sessions judge Biswarup Bandyopadhyay sentences Aftab Ansari, Happy Singh alias Harpreet Singh, Abdur Rahman Kunji, Yakub Ali and Shahabuddin Shaukat to life imprisonment for the kidnapping.<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com"/>

15 November 2014 - The [[Calcutta High Court]] upheld the life sentence awarded to three associates of Dubai don Aftab Ansari for the crime of kidnapping Roy Burman. In a brief order, the division bench of Justice Nisitha Mahtre and Justice Tapas Kumar Mukherjee said the appeal moved by Abdur Rahman Kunji, Shaoukat Hossein and Akib Ali was being rejected and the trial court order sentencing the trio to jail for life upheld.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC upholds life term in Khadim's case |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hc-upholds-life-term-in-khadim-s-case/cid/1212183 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

8 December 2017 - The Additional Sessions Judge of Alipore Court, Arun Kiran Banerjee, found eight accused guilty in the abduction of Parthapratim Roy Burman. The eight accused who were found guilty include Azgar Khan, Dilshad Khan, Akhtar Hossain, Nayeem, Muzammel Sheikh, Noor Rahman alias Alam, Mizanur Rahman and Akhtar alias Palwan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MP |first1=Team |title=8 accused found guilty in shoe tycoon abduction case |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/8-accused-found-guilty-in-shoe-tycoon-abduction-case-274420 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=8 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Out of the eight, Arshad, Dilshad and Nayeem are Pakistani citizens.<ref name=b>{{cite news |title=Eight get life term in Khadim abduction case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/11/eight-get-life-term-in-khadim-abduction-case-1724631.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="guilty">{{cite news |title=3 Pakistanis among 8 declared guilty of abducting shoe baron |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/3-pakistanis-among-8-declared-guilty-of-abducting-shoe-baron-1103417-2017-12-08 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The eight convicted on the charge of abducting for ransom, would undergo rigorous life imprisonment and pay a fine of three lakh rupees each, failing which they would remain in jail for another two years. In connection with the charge of wrongful confinement, they were separately sentenced to one year each in jail. Both the jail terms would continue concurrently.<ref name=b />

==See also==
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[List of solved missing person cases (2000s)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2000s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]

Kalmi

2026-02-11T05:24:34Z

ShermanGraham8: created new stub from scratch...

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian music producer}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kalmi
| image =
| birth_name = Nikhil Kalimireddy
| origin = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="deccanchronicle_010919">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/010919/taking-the-musical-route.html|title=Taking the musical route|first=Swati|last=Sharma|date=September 1, 2019|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
| genre = [[Electronic Music]] • [[Hip-hop]]
| occupation = [[Music producer]] • [[DJ]] • [[Songwriter]]
| years_active = 2013-present
}}

'''Nikhil Kalimireddy''',<ref name="deccanchronicle_010919"/> known professionally as '''Kalmi''', is an Indian music producer and DJ based in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/tag/kalmi/|title=Kalmi Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/producer-kalmis-new-music-video-is-a-heartwarming-journey-through-pixelated-nostalgia|title=Kalmi's New Music Video Tells the Charming Story Of A South Indian Farmer & His Goat|first=Sobhika|last=Vasanthan|date=January 8, 2024|website=Homegrown}}</ref> He is perhaps best known for his song "[[Big Dawgs]]" with rapper [[Hanumankind]]. It entered the ''Billboard'' [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart at #9<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/|title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=January 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/hanumankind-interview-kerala-origin-bengaluru-rapper-catapults-into-the-big-leagues-with-big-dawgs/article68459336.ece|title=Hanumankind interview: Kerala-origin Bengaluru rapper catapults into the big leagues with 'Big Dawgs'|first=ANURAG|last=TAGAT|newspaper=The Hindu |date=July 30, 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/big-dawgs-hanumankinds-new-music-video-pulls-you-right-into-a-well-of-death|title=Big Dawgs: Hanumankind's New Music Video Pulls You Right Into A Well Of Death|first=Disha|last=Bijolia|date=July 20, 2024|website=Homegrown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesportsgrail.com/big-dawgs-by-hanumankind-song-lyrics-and-meaning-in-english-explained-as-video-goes-viral/|title=Big Dawgs by Hanumankind song lyrics and meaning in English explained as video goes viral|date=July 26, 2024}}</ref> and has peaked on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] at #23, marking an achievement for both artists.

==Early life==
Kalimireddy was born in [[Hyderabad]] and attended an engineering college.<ref name="homegrown_the-reign-of-kalmi">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mikhail |title=The Reign Of Kalmi: The Producer Behind 'Big Dawgs' Is Showing Us How To "Make Good Music" |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/the-reign-of-kalmi-the-man-behind-big-dawgs-is-showing-us-how-to-make-good-music |website=Homegrown |publisher=Homegrown |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

==Early career==
Kalimireddy began taking [[music production]] seriously when he was in college, where he would start to engineer and produce tracks off of his mom's laptop. This, and a succession of his roommates with eclectic [[electronic music]] tastes opened him up to a world of new possibilities. They allowed him to draw on inspiration from pioneering artists like [[Flume (musician)|Flume]] and [[Odesza]].<ref name="homegrown_the-reign-of-kalmi"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Anurag Tagat, Shamani |date=2025-10-27 |title=Behind the Beat: Hip-Hop’s Hidden Architects |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/indian-hip-hop-producers-kalmi-sez-karan-kanchan-hrishi/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Production discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year
! colspan="10" scope="col" |Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Certifications
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[Billboard India Songs|{{abbr|IND|India}}]]
<ref name=":10">{{cite magazine |title=India Songs: Week of August 17, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2024-08-24/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[ARIA Charts|{{abbr|AUS|Australia}}]]
<ref name=":11">{{cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2024-08-19 |access-date=16 August 2024 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[Canadian Hot 100|{{abbr|CAN|Canada}}]]
<ref name=":12">{{cite magazine |title=''Billboard'' Canadian Hot 100: Week of August 24, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2024-08-24/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[GfK Entertainment charts|{{abbr|GER|Germany}}]]
<ref name="GER-singles">{{cite web |title=Hanumankind |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Hanumankind |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924000222/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Hanumankind |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |publisher=Offizielle Deutsche Charts}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Irish Singles Chart|{{abbr|IRE|Ireland}}]]
<ref name="IRE">{{cite web |title=Top 100 Singles, Week Ending 23 August 2024 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20240823/ie7501/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|{{abbr|NZ|New Zealand}}]]
<ref name=":13">{{cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/singles/2024-09-13 |access-date=16 August 2024 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Swiss Hitparade|{{abbr|SWI|Switzerland}}]]
<ref name="SWI">{{Cite web |title=Discography Hanumankind |url=http://swisscharts.com/artist/Hanumankind#charts |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=swisscharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |language=de |format=Switch to the "Charts" tab}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[UK Singles Chart|{{abbr|UK|United Kingdom}}]]
<ref name="UK">{{cite web |title=Hanumankind {{!}} full Official Chart history |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/hanumankind/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[Billboard Hot 100|{{abbr|US|United States}}]]
<ref name=":14">{{cite magazine |title=''Billboard'' Hot 100: Week of August 24, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2024-08-24/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" |[[Billboard Global 200|{{abbr|WW|Worldwide}}]]
<ref name=":15">{{cite magazine |title=''Billboard'' Global 200: Week of August 24, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2024-08-24/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Options"<ref name="apple music" />{{small|(Hanumankind)}}
|2020
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|rowspan="6" {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Genghis"<ref name="apple music" />{{small|(Hanumankind)}}
| rowspan="2" |2021
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"Skyline"<ref name="apple music" />{{small|(Hanumankind)}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"Lola's Chant"<ref name="apple music" />
{{small|(with Hanumankind)}}
|2022
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"Go To Sleep"<ref name="apple music" />{{small|(Hanumankind)}}
|2023
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"Matha Garam"<ref name="apple music" /> {{small|(DG Immortals featuring Raga)}}
| rowspan="2" |2024
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Big Dawgs]]"<ref name="apple music" /> {{small|(with Hanumankind, remixed by [[ASAP Rocky]])}}
|3
|9
|9
|11
|30
|2
|9
|15
|23
|9
|
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Silver<ref name="BPI2">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Hanumankind|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Music Canada|MC]]: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaker |first=Naini |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Big Stepper: How Sooraj Cherukat aka Hanumankind set the world ablaze |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/showstoppers/big-stepper-how-sooraj-cherukat-aka-hanumankind-set-the-world-ablaze/95001/1 |access-date=October 21, 2025 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref>
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|title=Big Dawgs|artist=Hanumankind and Kalmi|type=single|access-date=2024-11-20|id=2024-09-06|source=newchart}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |''[[Monsoon Season]]''
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Run It Up (Hanumankind song)|Run It Up]]"<ref name="apple music" />{{small|(with Hanumankind)}}
| rowspan="4" |2025
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—{{efn|"Run It Up" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 24 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2025-03-14|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=14 March 2025|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>|group=upper-alpha}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Holiday - A COLORS SHOW|Holiday]]"<ref name="apple music" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanumankind continues hot streak with ‘Holiday’ on COLORS |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/hanumankind-holiday |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=LiFTED Asia |language=en-US}}</ref>{{small|(Hanumankind)}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Villainous Freestyle]]"{{small|(Hanumankind)}}<ref name="apple music">{{cite web |title=Kalmi – Singles & EPs |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/kalmi/1290896883 |access-date=10 January 2026|publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=July 11, 2025 |title=Hanumankind Jumps Off a Cliff to Announce ‘Monsoon Season’ Mixtape |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-new-mixtape-monsoon-season-release-date/ |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row" |"Love & Limerance"{{small|(Rudy)}}<ref name="apple music" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rudy Mukta Returns With Kalmi-Produced Single 'Love & Limerance' |url=https://www.thewildcity.com/news/21310-rudy-mukta-returns-with-kalmi-produced-single-love-limerance |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Wild City |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Non-album single}}
|}

=== Production credits ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 19em;" |Title
!Artist(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Featuring artist(s)
! scope="col" |Album
|-
! scope="row" |"Wildshit"<ref name="augustman_best-hanumankind-songs">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Guniya |date=August 13, 2025 |title=The Best HanuMankind Songs To Listen To If You Can’t Get Enough Of The ‘Big Dawgs’ Rapper |url=https://www.augustman.com/in/entertainment/music/best-hanumankind-songs-big-dawgs-rapper/ |access-date=December 7, 2025 |website=[[Augustman]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="12" |Hanumankind
| rowspan="2" |2019
| -
| rowspan="2" |''Kalari<ref name="apple music" />''
|-
! scope="row" |"Bottle of MH"<ref name="augustman_best-hanumankind-songs"/>
|Soorya
|-
! scope="row" |"No Hook"<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2020-10-07 |title=Hanumankind and Kalmi Swim Against the Tide on New Mixtape ‘Surface Level’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-and-kalmi-swim-against-the-tide-on-new-mixtape-surface-level/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |2020
| rowspan="2" | -
| rowspan="4" |''Surface Level<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2020-10-07 |title=Hanumankind and Kalmi Swim Against the Tide on New Mixtape ‘Surface Level’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-and-kalmi-swim-against-the-tide-on-new-mixtape-surface-level/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>''<ref name="apple music" />
|-
! scope="row" |"Cowboy Samurai"
|-
! scope="row" |"Catharsis"
|Rudy
|-
! scope="row" |"Rest In Power"
| -
|-
! scope="row" |"Reckless"
| rowspan="6" |2025
|[[Denzel Curry]]
| rowspan="6" |''[[Monsoon Season]]<ref name="apple music" />''
|-
! scope="row" |"Someone Told Me"
|Roisee
|-
! scope="row" |"Cause"<ref name=":0" />
|Rudy Mukta<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |"26.11.23"
| rowspan="3" | -
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Monsoon Season]]"
|-
! scope="row" |"Sicko"<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|group=upper-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian record producers]]

Murder of Santosh Deshmukh

2026-02-06T10:28:47Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{Short description|2024 torture and killing in India}}
The '''Santosh Deshmukh murder case''' concerns the abduction, torture, and murder of [[Santosh Deshmukh]], the [[sarpanch]] of Massajog village in [[Beed district]], Maharashtra, India, on 9 December 2024. The case, linked to an extortion attempt on the [[Mumbai]]-based wind power company Avaada and involving politically connected individuals, caused controversy in Maharashtra. The Maharashtra [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID) filed a 1,400-page chargesheet against eight suspects, including Walmik Karad, a close aide of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) leader [[Dhananjay Munde]]. Munde subsequently resigned as a cabinet minister due to public pressure.

==Background==
[[Santosh Deshmukh]], aged 45, was the sarpanch of Massajog village in [[Kaij|Kaij taluka]], [[Beed district]], and a member of the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] community. He had opposed alleged extortion attempts targeting Avaada, a [[Mumbai]]-based green energy company with a windmill project in Massajog. While the village has seen economic growth from wind energy projects, the development has also led to crimes such as extortion and kidnapping.<ref name="IndianExpress1">{{cite web |title=Beed Sarpanch's gruesome murder forces Maharashtra Minister Dhananjay Munde to resign; body had 56 injuries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/beed-sarpanch-murder-dhananjay-munde-resign-9270717/ |website=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Dhananjay Munde, Santosh Deshmukh, Walmik Karad: Behind Maharashtra Minister's Ouster, A Sarpanch's Torture And Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dhananjay-munde-santosh-deshmukh-walmik-karad-behind-maharashtra-ministers-ouster-a-sarpanchs-torture-and-murder-5234567 |website=NDTV |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

On 6 December 2024, a clash broke out at Avaada's project site when suspects, including Sudarshan Ghule, allegedly attacked a security guard and the project manager. Deshmukh intervened, leading to a confrontation with the attackers that was filmed and shared online.<ref name="HindustanTimes1">{{cite web |title=What led to the storm over Beed sarpanch's murder? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/what-led-to-the-storm-over-beed-sarpanch-s-murder-101704466258045.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 December 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> This incident reportedly heightened tensions, which culminated in Deshmukh’s murder three days later.

=== Motive ===
The alleged motive for the attack was revenge for the violent ambush of two gang members by 12–15 villagers led by Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite web|title='भावा' म्हणून हाक, प्रतिक घुले रिक्षावर, सुधीर सांगळे कारखान्यावर, तर सुदर्शन घुले चालवायचा हॉट|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/crime/santosh-deshmukh-case-prateek-ghule-and-sudhir-sangle-considered-sudarshan-ghule-as-their-brother-1348092|website=ABP Majha|date=8 March 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|language=mr|first=गोविंद शेळके, एबीपी माझा|last=बीड}}</ref> The attackers claimed that Deshmukh had brought them disrepute by ambushing one of their gang member 'Pratik Ghule' on his birthday and beating him with sticks. Then Santosh Deshmukh, who claimed to be the victim, further circulated videos of the incident, which went viral damaging the gang's image, also as a reason for the killing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Beaten With Rods, Urinated On: Torture Killing That Forced Minister's Exit|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dhananjay-munde-santosh-deshmukh-walmik-karad-behind-maharashtra-ministers-ouster-a-sarpanchs-torture-and-murder-7844287|work=www.ndtv.com|access-date=27 November 2025|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250521014833/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dhananjay-munde-santosh-deshmukh-walmik-karad-behind-maharashtra-ministers-ouster-a-sarpanchs-torture-and-murder-7844287|archive-date=21 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Murder==
On 9 December 2024, Santosh Deshmukh was abducted in broad daylight near the Dongaon toll plaza by six men in a black Scorpio SUV. He was reportedly tortured for nearly three hours before being killed; his body was later found by the roadside near Daithana Shivar. According to the autopsy report, Deshmukh sustained 56 injuries caused by both blunt and sharp objects, including a 41-inch gas cylinder pipe, iron rods, wooden sticks, and knuckle dusters. The cause of death was determined to be [[haemorrhage]] and [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] resulting from multiple injuries.<ref name="IndianExpress2">{{cite web |title=Behind Munde's resignation, a sarpanch's murder and a village that relentlessly pushed for justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/behind-mundes-resignation-sarpanch-murder-village-justice-9270829/ |website=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

The CID recovered 15 videos and eight photographs taken by the suspects during the torture, depicting Deshmukh being beaten, stripped, and humiliated. In one video, a suspect is allegedly seen urinating on Deshmukh while he is bleeding severely. The recordings, ranging from 5 seconds to 2 minutes in length, were captured between 3:46 pm and 5:53 pm on 9 December and are believed to have been intended as a warning to others who might resist extortion.<ref name="IndianExpress3">{{cite web |title=Santosh Deshmukh murder case: 15 videos, 8 photos, chargesheet details sarpanch's torture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-15-videos-8-photos-chargesheet-details-sarpanchs-torture-9271023/ |website=The Indian Express |date=5 March 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The Maharashtra government transferred the case to the CID, which established a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) led by Deputy Inspector General Basavaraj Teli. Three First Information Reports (FIRs) were filed at Kaij police station: one for murder, one for a ₹2 crore extortion attempt against Avaada, and one under the [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]] (MCOCA).<ref name="HindustanTimes2">{{cite web |title=Sarpanch murder linked to extortion, plotted by Munde aide: Charge sheet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sarpanch-murder-linked-to-extortion-plotted-by-munde-aide-charge-sheet-101739939841073.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> On 27 February 2025, the CID filed a 1,400-page chargesheet naming eight suspects: Walmik Karad, Sudarshan Ghule, Vishnu Chate, Jairam Chate, Mahesh Kedar, Siddhartha Sonawane, Sudhir Sangale, and Pratik Ghule.<ref name="HindustanTimes2" />

Walmik Karad, a local strongman and associate of NCP leader [[Dhananjay Munde]], was named as the mastermind. Karad, who had 15 prior criminal cases, allegedly ordered the murder after Deshmukh resisted extortion. Sudarshan Ghule, with 10 prior cases, was a key figure in the attack.<ref name="IndianExpress1" /> Karad surrendered on 31 December 2024, but another suspect, Krushna Andhale, remained on the run as of February 2025.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web |title=Santosh Deshmukh murder case: Villagers stage hunger strike, demand probe against investigating officers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-villagers-stage-hunger-strike-demand-probe-against-investigating-officers/article67887336.ece |website=The Hindu |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

The investigation revealed that the suspects had a history of violent crimes, including attempted murder and extortion. The chargesheet linked the murder to the extortion plot, supported by call records and recovered weapons.<ref name="HindustanTimes2" /> Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] also ordered a judicial probe into the case.<ref name="HindustanTimes1" />

==Political controversy==
The case caused a political uproar in Maharashtra, with the opposition [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] (MVA) accusing the [[Maha Yuti]] government of failing to maintain law and order. Walmik Karad’s ties to Dhananjay Munde, a minister in the Fadnavis cabinet, led to calls for Munde's resignation. The opposition claimed Munde's influence shielded Karad, an allegation Munde denied.<ref name="NDTV" /> Videos and photos of Deshmukh's torture, which circulated online in March 2025, fueled public anger, leading Munde to resign as Minister of Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Protection on 4 March 2025.<ref name="IndianExpress2" />

The case also stirred caste tensions in Beed, as Deshmukh was a Maratha and Karad, along with several suspects, was from the Vanjari community, an Other Backward Class (OBC) group. This exacerbated Maratha–OBC conflicts, which were already heightened by ongoing Maratha reservation protests in the region.<ref name="HindustanTimes1" /> Social activist [[Anjali Damania]] called for the trial to be moved to Mumbai and the suspects to be held in [[Arthur Road Jail]], citing alleged police collusion in [[Beed]].<ref name="HindustanTimes3">{{cite web |title=Conduct Santosh Deshmukh murder trial in Mumbai: Anjali Damania |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/conduct-santosh-deshmukh-murder-trial-in-mumbai-anjali-damania-101706003089873.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 January 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Public response==
The murder sparked protests in Beed, with villagers and Deshmukh's family demanding justice. On 25 February 2025, Massajog residents held a hunger strike to express dissatisfaction with the investigation. They demanded the arrest of Krushna Andhale, a probe into police officers Prashant Mahajan and Rajesh Patil, and the appointment of senior advocate [[Ujjwal Nikam]] as special public prosecutor. The government appointed Nikam to the role on 26 February 2025.<ref name="Hindu1" /> Deshmukh's brother, Dhananjay Deshmukh, opposed bail for the suspects, fearing evidence tampering.<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web |title=Bail should not be granted to accused in Santosh Deshmukh murder case, says brother |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/bail-should-not-be-granted-to-accused-in-santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-says-brother/article67767204.ece |website=The Hindu |date=22 January 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Political leaders across parties condemned the murder. [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] leader [[Aaditya Thackeray]] criticized the government’s delay in acting against Munde, while [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP (SP)]] leader [[Supriya Sule]] called for a thorough probe.<ref name="Hindu1" /> Maratha quota activist [[Manoj Jarange|Manoj Jarange-Patil]] and Congress leaders also supported the call for justice.<ref name="HindustanTimes1" />

==Legal proceedings==
The trial is underway in a special MCOCA court in Beed, with Ujjwal Nikam serving as the special public prosecutor. The chargesheet includes evidence such as weapons, mobile phone videos, and witness statements. The suspects face charges under the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] for murder, kidnapping, and extortion, as well as MCOCA provisions for organized crime.<ref name="HindustanTimes2" /> As of June 2025, the trial continues, with seven of the eight suspects in custody.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Santosh}}
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:2024 scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2020s]]
[[Category:December 2024 in India]]
[[Category:December 2024 crimes in Asia]]

Cincinnatus D'Abreo

2026-02-06T06:22:24Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding a data

{{Short description|Portuguese administrator and politician (1862–1929)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cincinnatus D'Abreo
| image = Cincinnatus_D'Abreo.jpg
| birth_name = Cincinnatus Fabian D'Abreo
| birth_date = {{birth date|1862|9|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|1|25|1862|9|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Administrator|politician}}
| known_for = Founding the [[Karachi Goan Association]] and [[Cincinnatus Town]]<ref>[https://nation.com.pk/25-Oct-2014/karachi-s-forgotten-communities "Karachi's Forgotten Communities"], ''The Nation'', 25 October 2014.</ref>
| notable_works = Contribution to civic life in Karachi, British India
| boards = President of the Karachi Municipality 
Indian Life Assurance Company Karachi Building and Development Company
| spouse = Maggie Gomes
| children = 5
}}

'''Cincinnatus Fabian D'Abreo''' (24 September 1862 – 25 January 1929) was a Portuguese administrator and politician based in [[Karachi]], [[British India]].

==Biography==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
Cincinnatus D'Abreo was born on 24 September 1862. His father, Manuel D’Abreo, had migrated to [[Sindh]] in 1846. He was educated at [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi]] but had to discontinue his studies at the age of 16 and earn a living due to the unfortunate death of his father. He was first employed by the [[Civil and Military Gazette]] Press as a clerk. Two years later he joined the British business, Forbes, Forbes and Campbell, engaged in the import and export trade. In 1889, at the age of 27, he joined the Sind Commissioner's office as a clerk. In 1895, he was promoted to the position of assistant collector of [[Sukkur]] and finally was elected president of the municipality.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1897, he returned to Karachi, where he occupied various posts such as assistant collector of customs, and shipping master. He was appointed acting collector of customs on two occasions. He was a councillor of [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation|Karachi Municipality]] for many years and made contributions to civic life in Karachi.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

D’Abreo was instrumental in starting the [[Karachi Goan Association]]. He also played a part in the launch of the Indian Flour Mills, the Union Press, and the [[Ideal Life Assurance Company|Indian Life Assurance Company]], of which he was secretary for many years. He was one of the directors of the Karachi Building and Development Company.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1917, he retired from service and devoted himself to various social activities. He was held in high esteem by the people of Karachi, who named him among the 12 leading citizens of Sindh. He died on 25 January 1929, aged 66.<ref>{{cite web|title = The pioneer of Karachi|url = http://www.saligaoserenade.com/2008/08/05/the-pioneer-of-karachi/|access-date =19 April 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234721/http://www.saligaoserenade.com/2008/08/05/the-pioneer-of-karachi/|archive-date =15 July 2011|url-status = usurped}}</ref>

He acquired {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} of land outside the cantonment. In 1908, this was developed into Karachi's first planned township named [[Cincinnatus Town]], which today forms part of [[Garden East]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Pakistan Christian Post 13 April 2000|url = http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/viewarticles.php?editorialid=272|access-date = 19 April 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194247/http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/viewarticles.php?editorialid=272|archive-date = 3 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>Pithawalla, Maneck Bejan. An introduction to Karachi : its environs and hinterland. Karachi: Times Press, 1950.</ref>

==Family==
Cincinnatus was married to Mary Josephine (Maggie) Gomes with whom he had five children: Joseph Herman Francis, Margaret, Alfred Rudolph, Gwendolyn and William Emmanuel.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Abreo, Cincinnatus}}
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]

Southern Punjab cricket team (India)

2026-02-06T05:59:47Z

ShermanGraham8: cleanup information for consistency

{{Short description|Domestic cricket team in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Southern Punjab cricket team
| image =
| captain =
| coach =
| founded = 1926
| last_match = 1967
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner =
| first_fc = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| first_fc_year = 1926
| first_fc_venue = [[Lawrence Gardens|Lawrence Gardens, Lahore]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
}}
The '''Southern Punjab cricket team''' was an Indian domestic team representing the southern part of the Indian province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] during the [[British Raj]] and later the southern part of its [[Punjab (India)|Indian successor]], following the [[partition of India]]. It played 74 matches at [[first-class cricket|first-class]] level between 1926–27 and 1967–68.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-Class Matches played by Southern Punjab |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1270/First-Class_Matches.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==History==
The team first played [[first-class cricket]] in November 1926 against a touring [[Marylebone Cricket Club tour of India and Ceylon in 1926–27|Marylebone Cricket Club]] team. Southern Punjab was one of the teams that competed in the inaugural season of the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1934–35, and it continued to contest the Ranji Trophy until 1951–52. It returned in 1959–60 and continued until 1967–68, after which it combined with [[Northern Punjab cricket team|Northern Punjab]] to form [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]. Its final first-class match was a draw against Northern Punjab in December 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern Punjab v Southern Punjab 1967/68 |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1960S/1967-68/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NORTH/N-PNJB_S-PNJB_RJI-N_19-21DEC1967.html |website=Cricinfo |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

Southern Punjab's highest finish in the Ranji Trophy came in 1938–39 when it lost to [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] in the final; the captain, [[Wazir Ali|S. Wazir Ali]], scored 222 [[not out]] in Southern Punjab's first innings of 328.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy, 1938/39, Final |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1938-39/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BENG_S-PNJB_RJI-FINAL_18-21FEB1939.html |website=Cricinfo |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Most of Southern Punjab's home games were played at the [[Baradari Ground]] (now known as Dhruve Pandove Stadium) in [[Patiala]].

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[1938–39 Ranji Trophy|1938–39]]

==Notable players==
{{main article|List of Southern Punjab cricketers}}

==See also==
* [[Patiala cricket team]]
* [[Eastern Punjab cricket team]]
* [[Northern Punjab cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1270/match_lists.html Matches played by Southern Punjab cricket team] at CricketArchive

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Southern Punjab cricket team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1926]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

List of awards and nominations received by Roopa Ganguly

2026-02-06T01:21:55Z

ShermanGraham8: Made new details

{{Short description|List of awards and nominations received by Indian actress and singer Roopa Ganguly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Roopa Ganguly
| image = The actress Roopa Ganguli at a Press Conference at 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2005.jpg
| caption = [[Roopa Ganguly|Ganguly]] at the 36th [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]], 2005
| wins =
| nominations =
|award1='''[[National Film Awards]]'''
|award1W='''1'''
|award1N='''—'''
|award2='''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''
|award2W='''2'''
|award2N='''—'''
|award3='''[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Awards]]'''
|award3W = '''2'''
|award3N='''—'''
|award4='''[[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema|Osian's Cinefan Festival Awards]]'''
|award4W='''1'''
|award4N='''—'''
|award5='''[[Dhaka International Film Festival|Dhaka International Film Festival Awards]]'''
|award5W='''1'''
|award5N='''—'''
|award6='''[[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress|Smita Patil Memorial Award]]'''
|award6W='''1'''
|award6N='''—'''
|award7='''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'''
|award7W='''1'''
|award7N='''2'''
|award8='''[[Anandalok Puraskar]]'''
|award8W='''—'''
|award8N='''1'''
}}

[[Roopa Ganguly]] is an Indian actress, playback singer, and politician known for her work in Hindi and Bengali cinema and television. She has received numerous accolades for her contributions to Indian entertainment, including the [[National Film Award]] for Best Female Playback Singer for ''[[Abosheshey]]'' (2011). She gained widespread recognition for portraying [[Draupadi]] in [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], a role that made her one of Indian television’s most iconic figures.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Award: Roopa Ganguly wins the Best Female Playback Singer |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-09/news-interviews/31139382_1_national-award-music-lessons-tagore
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103183248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-09/news-interviews/31139382_1_national-award-music-lessons-tagore
|url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

==National Film Awards==
{{Main|National Film Awards}}
[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to Ms. Roopa Ganguly for the Best Female Playback Singer, at the 59th National Film Awards function, in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting.jpg|thumb|right|Ganguly receiving [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for rendering her voice in Aditi Roy's Bengali film ''[[Abosheshey]]'' (2012){{efn|The [[National Film Awards]] are awarded by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] division for achievements in the [[Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta |first=Ratnottama |title=Is it time to redesign National Film Awards' two-tier jury? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-it-time-to-redesign-National-Film-Awards-two-tier-jury/articleshow/33041432.cms |access-date=19 December 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407204531/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-it-time-to-redesign-National-Film-Awards-two-tier-jury/articleshow/33041432.cms |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref>}}]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:80%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[59th National Film Awards|2011]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Abosheshey]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="National Award: Roopa Ganguly wins the Best Female Playback Singer">{{cite news |title=National Award: Roopa Ganguly wins the Best Female Playback Singer |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-09/news-interviews/31139382_1_national-award-music-lessons-tagore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103183248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-09/news-interviews/31139382_1_national-award-music-lessons-tagore |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards==
{{Main|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;" | Category
! style="width:25%;" | Film
! style="width:5%;" | Result
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1996
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Best Supporting Actress
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Ujan''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=BFJA Awards 1996: Complete list of Awards and Nominations |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-1996 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2006
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Antarmahal]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=BFJA Awards 2006: Complete list of Awards and Nominations |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-2006 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Osian's Cinefan Festival Award==
{{Main|Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:80%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2005
|''[[Antarmahal]]''
|Special Jury Mention
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Out">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bengali-filmmakers-dominate-cinefan-film-awards/312506 |title=Bengali filmmakers dominate Cinefan film awards |date=24 July 2005 |website=outlookindia.com |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Dhaka International Film Festival Award==

{{Main|Dhaka International Film Festival}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2006
|Best Actress
|''[[Krantikaal]]''
|{{won}}<ref name="DIFF">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/roopa-ganguly-bags-dhaka-award/story-8994PBgG4BvHdP1j3qFSFL.html |title=Roopa Ganguly bags Dhaka award |date=27 January 2006 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Smita Patil Memorial Award==

{{Main|Smita Patil Memorial Award}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Show
!Character
!Result
|-
|1979
|[[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |title=5TH ANNIVERSARY GLOBAL AWARDS |url=http://www.priyadarshniacademy.com/5th-anniversary-global-awards.php |website=priyadarshniacademy.com |publisher=Priyadarshni Academy |accessdate=20 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Indian Television Academy Awards==

{{Main|Indian Television Academy Awards}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Show
!Character
!Result
|-
|2002
|Outstanding contribution in Indian Television
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|-
|2005
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|}

==Indian Telly Awards==

{{main|Indian Telly Awards}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Show
!Character
!Result
|-
| 2005
| Best Actress of the Decade
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=2|Best Supporting Actress
|rowspan=2|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| rowspan=2|Sumitra Singh
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Other Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Year
! Category
! Film
! TV series
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Anandalok Puraskar]]
|2005
|Best Actress
| ''Nagordola''
|
| {{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Kalakar Awards
|1993
|rowspan="3"|Best Actress
|
| ''Mukta Bandha''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Kalakar award winners">{{cite web |title=Kalakar award winners |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |publisher=Kalakar website |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Yugant]]''
|
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Kalakar award winners"/>
|-
| 2002
|
| ''Ingeet''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Kalakar award winners"/>
|-
![[Aajkaal|Aajkaal Television Purashkar]]
|1990
|Special Felicitation
|
|''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Television: আবার অভিনয়ে রূপা! 'ইন্ডাস্ট্রির বদল মানিয়ে নেবে তো?' কৌতূহলী তাঁর শেষ পরিচালক অরিন্দম |url=https://aajkaal.in/news/title/rupa-ganguly-is-returning-in-small-screen-with-surinder-films-production-h6gc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105061422/https://aajkaal.in/news/title/rupa-ganguly-is-returning-in-small-screen-with-surinder-films-production-h6gc |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=aajkaal.in |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
!Uptron Award
|1990
|Best actress
|
|''Mahabharat''
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
![[Filmfare|Filmfare Glamour & Style Awards West Bengal]]
|2025
|The ultimate diva timeless beauty
|
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Ranita |date=18 March 2025 |title=মোস্ট স্টাইলিশ স্টারের পুরস্কার জিৎ-শুভশ্রীর, দেখুন ফিল্মফেয়ার বাংলার তালিকা… |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-glamour-style-awards-west-bengal-2025-31742233026380.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419000751/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-glamour-style-awards-west-bengal-2025-31742233026380.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Roopa}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Roopa Ganguly]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian television actor|Roopa Ganguly]]

Aditya Seal

2026-02-05T01:26:04Z

ShermanGraham8: cleanup content further and corrected details

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditya Seal
| image = Aditya promoting Tum Bin 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Seal in 2016
| birth_date = 22 March 1988
| birth_place =
|parents = Manju Seal<ref name="Aditya Seal: It felt so good to take my mom on her first international trip">{{cite news |title=Aditya Seal: It felt so good to take my mom on her first international trip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-it-felt-so-good-to-take-my-mom-on-her-first-international-trip/articleshow/117792984.cms |access-date=7 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307081206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-it-felt-so-good-to-take-my-mom-on-her-first-international-trip/articleshow/117792984.cms |archive-date=7 March 2025}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anushka Ranjan]]|2021}}
| relatives = [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor]] (sister-in-law)
}}

'''Aditya Seal''' ({{IPA|bn|aditːo ʃil}})<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya Seal on a high |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditya-seal-on-a-high/cid/1690827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416034423/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditya-seal-on-a-high/cid/1690827 |archive-date=2025-04-16 |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] films and series. He made his film debut as a teenager with the erotic film ''[[Ek Chhotisi Love Story]]'' (2002), opposite [[Manisha Koirala]]. As an adult, he starred in the romantic drama film ''[[Tum Bin II]]'' (2016) and had a supporting role in the teen film ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' (2019).<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/soul-curry/Soul-Stir-Aditya-Seal-on-the-moment-that-changed-his-life/articleshow/54845873.cms|title=Soul Stir: Aditya Seal on the moment that changed his life - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Aditya-Seal-seals-his-return-into-films-with-Purani-Jeans/articleshow/32722775.cms|title=Aditya Seal seals his return into films with 'Purani Jeans' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> He has since starred in the streaming series ''[[Fittrat]]'' (2019) and ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]'' (2021), and the film ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' (2024).

==Early and personal life==
Aditya Seal was born in [[Mumbai]] to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] father and a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |date=19 May 2019 |title=Aditya Seal on a high |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditya-seal-on-a-high/cid/1690827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113354/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditya-seal-on-a-high/cid/1690827 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]] |quote=Yes, I am half Bengali and half Punjabi. My dad is a Bengali, so I am predominantly a Bong. But I have been born and brought up in Bombay and have no connections in Calcutta.}}</ref> He attended Chatrabhuj Narsee Memorial School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Movies: 'Manisha's the most beautiful woman on earth' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/25aditya.htm |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Seal is a former taekwondo champion, he is a black belt in [[taekwondo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=Aditya Seal: I hope star system doesn't come to web and make things lopsided again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-seal-i-hope-star-system-doesn-t-come-to-web-and-make-things-lopsided-again-101647172460248.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He also practices gymnastics and martial arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Aditya Seal: We have been training gymnastics and martial arts together |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/aditya-seal-on-tiger-shroff-we-have-been-training-gymnastics-and-martial-arts-together-20753165 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> His father produced and acted in a [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] film, but Seal wanted to be a professional cricketer, before an injury aborted the option, so he followed his father's footsteps.<ref>Rachana Dubey (29 January 2017), [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Seal-I-hoped-to-be-a-cricketer-but-an-injury-killed-my-dream/articleshow/55130210.cms "Aditya Seal: I hoped to be a cricketer but an injury killed my dream"], ''Times of India''. Retrieved 20 April 2019.</ref>

On 21 November 2021, Seal married his longtime girlfriend actress [[Anushka Ranjan]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-21|title=Anushka Ranjan-Aditya Seal's star-studded sangeet|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-ranjan-aditya-seals-sangeet-alia-bhatt-vaani-kapoor-dance-see-photos-and-videos-7633596/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-21|title=Anushka Ranjan, Aditya Seal exchange garlands at wedding after groom arrives with band baaja baraat. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-ranjan-aditya-seal-exchange-garlands-at-wedding-after-groom-arrives-with-band-baaja-baraat-watch-101637504663644.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Seal made his film debut with ''[[Ek Chhotisi Love Story]]'', where he played a teenager voyeur opposite [[Manisha Koirala]].<ref name="auto"/> The story revolved around a teenager who becomes secretly obsessed with his neighbor. He also starred in movie ''We R Friends'' in 2006. In ''[[Purani Jeans]]'', he played the role of Samuel Lawrence. In 2016, Seal was seen in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s ''[[Tum Bin II]]'' as Shekhar opposite [[Neha Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/movie-reviews/tum-bin-2-movie-review-offers-nothing-great-apart-good-music-sweet-aditya-seal/|title='Tum Bin 2' movie review: Offers nothing great apart from good music and sweet Aditya Seal|date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, he played Manav Randhawa in ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-talks-about-his-soty-2-co-stars-tiger-shroff-tara-sutaria-and-ananya-panday/articleshow/68946783.cms|title=Aditya Seal talks about his 'SOTY 2' co-stars Tiger Shroff, Tara Sutaria and Ananya Panday - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> Next, he portrayed Veer Shergill in [[Alt Balaji]]'s web series ''[[Fittrat]]'' opposite [[Krystle D'Souza]], for which he received many accolades.

He was ranked in [[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Men]] at No. 34 in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men: Here are the stars who bagged the place in the coveted list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/times-50-most-desirable-men-here-are-the-stars-who-bagged-the-place-in-the-coveted-list/641041|access-date=2021-08-07|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=22 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and at No. 35 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput - Philosopher, dreamer, charmer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, he played Samar in [[Indoo Ki Jawani]], a dramedy revolving around a girl's adventures with a dating app. The movie was theatrically released on 11 December 2020 amid the 50% occupancy theatrical guideline owing to COVID-19 pandemic in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indoo Ki Jawaani Trailer: Kiara Advani, Aditya Seal's chemistry steals the show: Watch|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/indoo-ki-jawaani-trailer-kiara-advani-aditya-seal-s-chemistry-steals-show-watch-576895|access-date=2020-11-24|website=PINKVILLA|date=23 November 2020|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809165735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/indoo-ki-jawaani-trailer-kiara-advani-aditya-seal-s-chemistry-steals-show-watch-576895|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2002
|''[[Ek Chhotisi Love Story]]''
|Aditya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Ek Chhotisi Love Story {{!}} Movie Star Cast - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 September 2002|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-chotisi-love-story/cast/|access-date=2021-12-08|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''We R Friends''
| Amit
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Aditya Seal Filmography - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/aditya-seal/filmography/|access-date=2021-12-08|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Say Salaam India]]''
|Siddharth
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Say Salaam India movie, story, review and cast - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/say-salaam-india/articleshow/1835404.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Times of India|date=30 March 2007|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Purani Jeans]]''
|Samuel Lawrence
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aditya Seal seals his return into films with 'Purani Jeans' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-seals-his-return-into-films-with-purani-jeans/articleshow/32722775.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Times of India|date=27 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Tum Bin II]]''
|Shekhar Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2016-11-06|title='Tum Bin 2' deals with real romance: Aditya Seal|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tum-bin-2-deals-with-real-romance-aditya-seal-116110600190_1.html|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Namaste England]]''
|Samar "Sam" Singh Sandhu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aditya Seal bags a role in 'Namastey England' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-bags-a-role-in-namastey-england/articleshow/63667339.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Times of India|date=8 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|Manav Randhawa
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='Student of the Year 2' actor Aditya Seal talks about nepotism in Bollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/the-nepotism-debate-heres-what-bollywood-celebs-have-to-say-about-it/student-of-the-year-2-actor-aditya-seal-talks-about-nepotism-in-bollywood/photostory/69262180.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]''
|Samar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-31|title=Aditya Seal on Indoo Ki Jawani: Working with Kiara Advani will be a rewarding experience|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-seal-indoo-ki-jawani-kiara-advani-5866715/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[99 Songs]]''
|Unnamed
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=''99 Songs'' is about one man's struggle against the old and new world: AR Rahman|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/99-songs-is-about-one-mans-struggle-against-the-old-and-new-world-ar-rahman/2051981|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Outlook India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Rocket Gang (film)|Rocket Gang]]''
|Amarbir
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-11-27|title=Aditya Seal-starrer 'Rocket Gang' set to release on May 6, 2022 {{!}} english.lokmat.com|url=https://english.lokmat.com/maharashtra/aditya-seal-starrer-rocket-gang-set-to-release-on-may-6-2022/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
|Samar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar Begins Filming Khel Khel Mein In London: "Can't Help But Smile When The Camera Rolls"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-begins-filming-khel-khel-mein-in-london-cant-help-but-smile-when-the-camera-rolls-4502651/|work=NDTV |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani]]''
| Prem
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani OTT release date: Stream Aditya Seal, Sunny Singh's romantic film on THIS platform|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-ott-release-date-aditya-seal-sunny-singh/debe5fa363368|date=17 September 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''
| Rajveer
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Fittrat]]''
|Veer Shergill
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fittrat: Meet The Star Cast And Characters Of The Upcoming ZEE5 Original Series - Zee5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/fittrat-meet-the-star-cast-and-characters-of-the-upcoming-zee5-original-series|access-date=2021-11-15|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Forbidden Love (2020 web series)|Forbidden Love]]''
| Ishaan
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
| [[Humayun]]
|{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
|}

===Music video appearances===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|"Dancing Doll"
|[[Jyotica Tangri]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Dancing Doll (Full Song) - Dancing Doll - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=2019-02-27|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dancing-doll/QwARX0RabVw|language=en-US|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|"Weekend Vibe"
|Jubël, Desi Crew
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Weekend Vibe (feat. Desi Crew)|date=2021-06-18|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/19OS2KL8UeOHwRUDP92shv|language=en|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>
|-
|"Meri Zindagi Mein"
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-17|title=Anushka Ranjan has teamed up with Aditya Seal for their latest music video 'Meri Zindagi Mein'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-aditya-seal-is-a-simple-person-with-a-homely-upbringing-says-anushka-ranjan-23201279|access-date=2021-11-19|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Mera Yaar"
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhvani Bhanushali: बिलियन स्टार ध्वनि भानुशाली ने आदित्य सील को बनाया 'मेरा यार', आते ही हिट हो गया ये गाना|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/dhvani-bhanushali-and-aditya-seal-new-song-mera-yaar-gets-supehit-fans-like-their-chemistry|access-date=2021-12-01|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Mangta Hai Kya"
|[[Aditya Narayan]], Deeksha Toor
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Palak Tiwari, Aditya Seal's Mangta Hai Kya crosses 5 million views |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/palak-tiwari-aditya-seal-s-mangta-hai-kya-crosses-5-million-views-actress-shares-bts-video-1941063-2022-04-23 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2020
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Popular Actor – Web
|''[[Fittrat]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=ITA Awards 2020 {{!}} List of nominees|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2020-gets-more-than-1-crore-votes-in-popular-category-list-of-nominees-1768308-2021-02-11|access-date=2021-12-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The 21st ITA Awards|url=https://www.theita2021.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 November 2021|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.theita2021.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aditya Seal}}
*{{IMDb name|1249077|Aditya Seal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seal, Aditya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Perumal (deity)

2026-02-01T22:22:21Z

ShermanGraham8: expand lead

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Perumal
| image = Murti of Perumal with Sridevi and Bhudevi.jpg
| caption = [[Murti]] of Perumal (centre) with Sridevi (left) and Bhudevi (right), Tirunelveli
| god_of = God of [[Vaikuntha]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nh2tgAACAAJ | isbn=9781935677208 | title=The Vaikunta Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram | year=2009 | publisher=Prakriti Foundation }}</ref>
| venerated_in = [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Sri Vaishnavism]])
| abode = 108 [[Divya Desam]]s, 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]s and ''Purana Kshethram'' of [[Vishnu]].
| mantra = [[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
| symbol = [[Panchajanya|Shanku]], [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakram]]
| texts = [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham ]]
| consorts = [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhudevi]], and [[Niladevi]] (three aspects of [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]])
| mount = [[Garuda]] and [[Shesha]]
| festivals = [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]
| other_names = Govinda, Srinivasa, Narayana, Gopala, Venkateshvara, Vishnu
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Perumal''' ({{langx|ta|பெருமாள் |translit=Perumāl}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&dq=perumal+god+great+one&pg=PT113 |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |year=2021 |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Tirumal''' ({{langx|ta|திருமால்|translit=Tirumāl}} {{Pronunciation|Ta-திருமால்.ogg}}) is a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tieken |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyNXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA186 |title=Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-48609-6 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> Perumal is worshipped mainly among [[Tamil Hindus]] in [[South India]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], who consider Perumal to be a form of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qplaAAAAcAAJ&dq=perumal+tamil+name++vishnu&pg=PA532 |title=Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour |date=1873 |publisher=[Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press |pages=532 |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal, and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him, are found in ''[[Paripāṭal]]'' – the [[Sangam literature|Sangam era]] poetic anthology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=1–7}}</ref> He is a popular [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity particularly among Tamils in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the Tamil diaspora, and in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temples.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's who in non-classical mythology|last=Sykes, Egerton |others=Kendall, Alan, 1939–|date=2014 |isbn=9781136414442|edition=2nd|location=London|oclc=872991268}}</ref> One of the richest and largest Hindu temples complexes dedicated to Perumal is the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] in [[Tirupati]], Andhra Pradesh. Other significant institutions include Srirangam's [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy]] temple, Kanchipuram's [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja]] Perumal temple, and Thiruvananthapurum's [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy]] Perumal temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael D. Coogan|title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-521997-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog/page/148 148]–149}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Scholars believe that both Perumal and Tirumal ultimately trace their origin to a tribal confederacy known as the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallas]] in ancient India, whose name was [[Proto-Dravidian language|Dravidian]] for "people of the mountains".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=H. Heras |title=The Dravidian Tribes of Northern India |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |date=1947 |pages=83 |jstor=44137107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137107}}</ref> Both of these terms were originally titles conferred by the Mallas upon their great chiefs and kings. This title was eventually employed as an epithet for the deity Vishnu, until its original meaning was widely forgotten over the course of time. However, in some regions of Kerala, ''Perumal'' continued to be employed as its original usage as an honorific for a ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppert |first=Gustav Salomon |title=On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa Or India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajNKCvWtdE4C&dq=perumal+mal&pg=PA30 |date=1893 |publisher=Constable |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Perumal''' is also considered to be formed by two words ''Perum'' and ''al''. ''Perum'' means great and ''al'' means person (used for god here). Therefore ''Perumal'' means the "great god" who showers his divine grace on people. He is considered the supreme god of [[Vaishnavism]]. Another derivation is the syncretic Tamil / Sanskrit 'Perum' - 'mā' - 'l' , literally "Great Measurer".{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

[[File:Aerial view of Sri Rangam temple near Tiruchirapalli 1.jpg|thumb|Srirangam temple complex across the river on left.]]

[[File:Thiruvellarai (13).jpg|thumb|The temple tank in front of the main gateway|alt=temple tank in front of the gateway tower of [[Pundarikakshan PerumalTemple]] ]]

== Veneration ==
The deity Perumal is identified with Mayon, sometimes translated as "the dark-complexioned one", or more literally, "He whose power is Maya" (i.e. the [[Saguna brahman|Saguna Brahman]]) who is first referenced in the texts [[Purananuru]] and [[Pattupattu]]. Regarded to be the Tamil equivalent of [[Krishna]], poetry from this period compares his dark skin to the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Srilata |chapter=Reflections on the King of Ascetics (''Yatirāja''): Rāmānuja in the Devotional Poetry of Vedānta Deśika |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvrz.16 |jstor-access=free |editor=Dominic Goodall |editor2=Shaman Hatley |editor3=Harunaga Isaacson |editor4=Srilata Raman |title=Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson |year=2020 |page=201|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432666 }}</ref> Originally a [[Dravidian folk religion|folk deity]], he was syncretised with Krishna and Vishnu, gaining popularity in the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+perumal&pg=PT797 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=797 |language=en}}</ref> His consort is [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune, beauty, and prosperity, appearing in even the earliest strata of Tamil poetry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ&q=Tirum%C4%81l |title=Temple Art, Icons and Culture of India and South-East Asia |date=2006 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-88934-31-7 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

Mayon is indicated to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape) in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]].<ref name="Hardy 156">{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156 |title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion |date=2015 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3816-1 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Clothey 34">{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=Fred W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-080410-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of ''Paramporul'' (achieving oneness with [[Paramatman|Paramatma]]) during the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]]. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in [[Sangam literature]].<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27">{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=mayon+sangam&pg=PA27 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> A reference to ''"Mukkol Pakavars"'' in Sangam literature indicates that only [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] saints were holding ''Tridanda'' and were prominent during the period. Tirumal was glorified as "the supreme deity", whose divine lotus feet could burn all evil and grant [[moksha]]. During the post-Sangam period, his worship was further glorified by the poet-saints called the [[Alvars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAdJAQAAIAAJ&q=perumal+paramporul |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |date=1997 |publisher=T.T. Devasthanams |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uec1E8DpiH8C&dq=Perum%C4%81l+Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: A Continuing Series |last2=Mishra |first2=A. P. |date=2005 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-072-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===

[[File:Perumal in athur.j.jpg|thumb|Moolavar of Vishnu in athur during Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]

In the contemporary period, a major feature of the temple [[Utsava|festivals]] of Perumal is the temple car procession. During this generally multiple-day event, an image of the processional deity (''[[Utsava murti|utsavar]]'') and his consorts are adorned with lavish jewellery and garments. The image is accompanied by royal paraphernalia, such as elaborate umbrellas (''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]]'') and fly-whisks (''[[Fly-whisk|chamara]]'') flanking the deity on either side. The images are carried to and fro from the temple on a [[Ratha|chariot]] along the streets in great pomp, halting at places to receive the obeisance of devotees. Adherents bearing sacred banners march at the head of the procession, followed by drummers and trumpeters to announce the presence of the deity. The car ([[vahana]]m) is accompanied by Vaishnava [[Pujari|temple priests]], beating cymbals and singing the praises of the deity. The vehicle is often in the form of [[Garuda]], [[Hanuman]], lions, swans, and horses on varying days of the festival. At the tail of the procession is a group of singers, reciting verses from sacred texts such as the [[Vedas]] and the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myK8ZYEIu4YC&dq=car+festival+vahana&pg=PA103 |title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-026-6 |pages=101–104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&dq=perumal+tirumal&pg=PA293 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon |date=2004 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-874-6 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Waghorne |first=Joanne Punzo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHo8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Perumal+garuda+vahana&pg=PA71 |title=Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World |date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515663-8 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>{{Vaishnavism}}

== Hymns ==
Among the most renowned verses that hail Perumal is the ''[[Tirupallantu]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=a+history+of+tamil+literature+kamil |title=Tamil Literature |date=1974 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-01582-0 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> composed by [[Periyalvar]], one of the twelve Alvars of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition:{{Blockquote|text=Reverence, reverence be unto thee, O thou mighty One, who didst overcome the wrestlers, thou like to the sapphire in glory! Infinitely blest be the beauty of thy holy feet for many many years, for thousands of years, for crores of years, for ever! All hail! Oh may no rift come 'twixt thy slaves and thee! All hail to Sri, who dwells, thy lustre, on thy right! All hail, the glorious discus in thy fair right hand! All hail to Panchajanyam sounding in the fight!}}{{Hinduism}}

'''Legend of Narasimha according to Paripāṭal'''
<poem>
O Lord with faultless red eyes! With
burning hatred in his heart and drying up the
sandal paste on his chest, [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyan]] the evil king
tortured his son [[Prahlada|Prahalathan]] for singing your
praises, inflicting on him great sorrow. The young
man was not disrespectful to his father who deserved
disrespect. You embraced Prahalathan’s fine chest
because of your love for him. You attacked and ruined
[[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyan]] with great strength, leaping upon his
mountain-like chest as drums roared like thunder.
You tore him apart with your split claws and scattered
his flesh, along with broken pieces of pillar which you
split and came out, in your [[Narasimha]]n form.

''Paripāṭal, poem 4, Verses 10–21''<ref name="ReferenceF">{{cite web | url=https://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/ettuthokai-paripadal/ | title=Ettuthokai – Paripādal | date=19 May 2022 }}</ref>
</poem>

==Mention of Vishnu in Sangam literature==
{{Main article|Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
Vishnu or Perumal is considered the most mentioned god in the Sangam literature.<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27"/> Further examples can be seen as resources and references of the Sangam literature dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]].

===Tolkāppiyam===
Perumal is considered to be another name of [[Vishnu]], and was traditionally the deity associated with the forests. Mayon is indicated to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape) in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]].<ref name="Hardy 156"/><ref name="Clothey 34"/>

===Paripāṭal===
{{See also|Paripāṭal}}
Tamil [[Sangam literature]] (200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions ''Mayon'' or the "dark one," as the supreme deity who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the mountains of [[Tamilakam]]. The verses of [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] describe the glory of Perumal in the most poetic of terms. Many Poems of the [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] consider Perumal as the Supreme god of [[Tamils]].

{{Verse translation|{{lang|ta|தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ;
பூவினுள் நாற்றம் நீ;
கல்லினுள் மணியும் நீ;
சொல்லினுள் வாய்மை நீ;
அறத்தினுள் அன்பு நீ;
மறத்தினுள் மைந்து நீ;
வேதத்து மறை நீ;
பூதத்து முதலும் நீ;
வெஞ் சுடர் ஒளியும் நீ;
திங்களுள் அளியும் நீ;
அனைத்தும் நீ;
அனைத்தின் உட்பொருளும் நீ;}}|In fire, you are the heat;
in blossoms, the fragrance;
among the stones, you are the diamond;
in speech, truth;
among virtues, you are love;
in valour—strength;
in the Veda, you are the secret;
among elements, the primordial;
in the burning sun, the light;
in moonshine, its sweetness;
you are all,
and you are the substance and meaning of all.|italicsoff=y|attr1=''Paripadal, iii: 63–68''|attr2=F Gros, K Zvelebil<ref name=kz49>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA48 |year=1974| publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|page=49}}</ref>}}

===Akanaṉūṟu===
{{See also|Akanaṉūṟu}}
Number of poems echo the Hindu puranic legends about [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and others in the Akanaṉūṟu.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Raoul McLaughlin|title=Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84725-235-7|pages=48–50}}</ref> According to Alf Hiltebeitel – an Indian Religions and Sanskrit Epics scholar, the ''Akanaṉūṟu'' has the earliest known mentions of some stories such as "Krishna stealing sarees of Gopis" which is found later in north Indian literature, making it probable that some of the ideas from Tamil Hindu scholars inspired the Sanskrit scholars in the north and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', or vice versa.<ref name="Hiltebeitel1991p188">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies from Gingee to Kurukserta |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC|year= 1988|publisher= University of Chicago Press (Motilal Banarsidass 1991 Reprint)|isbn= 978-81-208-1000-6|pages= 188–190}}</ref> However the text [[Harivamsa]] which is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE, consists the parts of Krishna playing with Gopis and stealing sarees.

The Akanāṉūṟu has a reference to the [[Ramayana]] in poem 70. The poem places a triumphant [[Rama]] at [[Dhanushkodi]], sitting under a [[Banyan tree]], involved in some secret discussions, when the birds are chirping away.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dakshinamurthy |first1=A |title=Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70 |url=https://adakshinamurthy.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/akananuru-neythal-poem-70/ |website=Akananuru |access-date=22 July 2019|date=July 2015 }}</ref> This seems to indicate that the story of the Ramayana was familiar in the Tamil lands before the [[Ramavataram|Kamba Ramayanam]] of the 12th century.

===Manimekalai===
{{See also|Manimekalai}}

Vishnu is described to be a major deity in the epic [[Manimekalai]], such as the Canto XIII:<ref>{{Cite book |last=சாத்தனார் |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wl7T45yhh1sC |title=Manimekhalai: The Dancer with the Magic Bowl |date=1989 |publisher=New Directions Publishing |isbn=978-0-8112-1098-0 |pages=52–55 |language=en}}</ref>

Aputra then meets and accuses the Brahmins of twisting the meaning of the Veda verses taught by [[Brahma]] born from the navel of [[Maha Vishnu]] who holds a golden disc as his weapon. Aputra reminds the Brahmins that the greatest Vedic teachers such as Vasishtha and Agastya were born of low birth.

===Cilappatikaram===
{{See also|Cilappatikaram}}

{{Quote box
| quote = ஆயிரம் விரித்தெழு தலையுடை அருந்திறற்
பாயற் பள்ளிப் பலர்தொழு தேத்த
விரிதிரைக் காவிரி வியன்பெருந் துருத்தித்
திருவமர் மார்பன் கிடந்த வண்ணமும்

''āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ''
''pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta''
''viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit''
''tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum''

On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out,
worshipped and praised by many,
in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with billowing waves,
is the lying posture of the one who has Lakshmi sitting in his chest
| align = right
| source = ''Cilappatikaram'' (book 11, lines 35–40)
| width = 25%
}}

The 17th canto of the epic extols the beauty and greatness of Vishnu. The epic states that "Vain are the ears which do not hear the glory of [[Rama]] who is Vishnu, vain are the eyes which do not see the dark-hued Lord, the great God, the Mayavan Vishnu, vain is the tongue that will not praise him who triumphed over the deceit of the foolish schemer Kamsa ([[Krishna]]), vain is the tongue which does not say ‘[[Narayana]]’". The epic also praises the various incarnations of [[Vishnu]] namely Rama, Krishna, Balarama, [[Lakshmana]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], and others. It also mentions prominent [[Sri Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temples like the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], [[Koodal Azhagar temple]], [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], and [[Kallalagar Temple]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n251/mode/2up | title=The Silappadikaram | date=1939 }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = '''Canto XVII of ''Cilappatikaram''''', '''Praise of Narayana''' 
O wearer of the luxurious [[Tulasi]] garland When the host of the Devas praised you reverentially as the One Supreme Being, you, who could never know hunger, ate up the whole universe. Your mouth which swallowed thus the whole universe, ate by stealth the butter from the pot in the uri. Is it your maya? Deceptive indeed is your work. Vain is the tongue that will not praise Him who triumphed over the deceit of the foolish schemer Kamsa and who went as the messenger of the five [[Pandavas]] to the Hundred [[Kauravas]], praised by the Devas in all four directions, to the accompaniment of Vedic chanting, Vain is the tongue which does not say ‘[[Narayana]]’
| width = 40%
| source = —[[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n251/mode/2up | title=The Silappadikaram | date=1939 }}</ref>
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}

According to D. Dennis Hudson – a World Religions and Tamil literature scholar, the ''Cilappatikaram'' is the earliest and first complete Tamil reference to Pillai (Nila, Nappinnai, Radha), who is described in the epic as the cowherd lover of Krishna.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a"/> The epic includes abundant stories and allusions to Krishna and his stories, which are also found in ancient Sanskrit Puranas. In the canto where Kannaki is waiting for Kovalan to return after selling her anklet to a Madurai merchant, she is in a village with cowgirls.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a"/> These cowherd girls enact a dance, where one plays Mayavan (Krishna), another girl plays Tammunon (Balarama), while a third plays Pinnai (Radha). The dance begins with a song listing Krishna's heroic deeds and his fondness for Radha, then they dance where sage Narada plays music. Such scenes where cowgirls imitate Krishna's life story are also found in Sanskrit poems of ''[[Harivamsa]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', both generally dated to be older than ''Cilappatikaram''.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a"/> The Tamil epic calls portions of it as ''vāla caritai nāṭaṅkaḷ'', which mirrors the phrase ''balacarita nataka'' – dramas about the story of the child [[Krishna]]" – in the more ancient Sanskrit ''kavyas''.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a">{{cite book|author=Dennis Hudson|editor=John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff|title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&pg=PA238 |year=1982|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-102-8 |pages=238–242}}</ref>
===Kural===
{{See also|Thiruvalluvar|Kural}}

[[Kural]] is a classic [[Tamil language]] text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or [[Kural (poetic form)|kural]]s, of seven words each. In the introductory chapters of the Kural, [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]] cites [[Indra]], the king of heaven, to exemplify the virtue of conquest over one's senses. According to Tamil Hindu scholars such as Parimelalakar, other concepts and teachings found in Valluvar's text and also found in Hindu texts include Vedas,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=A.K. |last=Ananthanathan |year=1994 |title=Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural |journal=East and West |volume=44 |jstor=29757156 |number=2/4 |page=321}}</ref> {{citation needed span |text=gods (''Trimurti''), sattva, [[guṇa]], munis and sadhus (renouncers), rebirth, affirmation of a primordial God, among others. |date=August 2023}} According to Purnalingam Pillai, who is known for his critique of Brahminism, a rational analysis of the Valluvar's work suggests that he was a Hindu, and not a Jain.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Similarly, [[Yurij Yakovlevitch Glazov|J. J. Glazov]], a Tamil literature scholar and the translator of the Kural text into the [[Russian language]], sees "Thiruvalluvar as a Hindu by faith", according to a review by [[Kamil Zvelebil]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |year=1984 |title=Tirukural, translated from Tamil into Russian by J. Glazov |journal=Archiv Orientální |volume=32 |pages=681–682}}</ref>

{{citation needed span |text=Valluvar's mentioning of God [[Maha Vishnu]] in couplets 610 and 1103 and [[Goddess Lakshmi]] in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints at the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] beliefs of Valluvar.|date=August 2023}}

'''Example:-'''

'''குறள் 610:'''
மடியிலா மன்னவன் எய்தும் அடியளந்தான்
தாஅய தெல்லாம் ஒருங்கு.

'''Couplet Explanation:'''
The king who never gives way to idleness will obtain entire possession of (the whole earth) passed over by Vishnu who measured (the worlds) with His foot. [https://www.ytamizh.com/thirukural/kural-610/ (Kural Number 610)]

There are many more references which shows the Rama, Krishna, Parashurama, Vamana, Varaha and Narasimha in [[Cilappatikaram]], [[Purananuru]], [[Naṟṟiṇai]] and many other books.

==Temples==
{{See also|Divya Desam}}{{See also|Abhimana Kshethram}}Of the 108 [[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]s that are revered according to the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints, 106 are stated to exist on earth. Prominent among these Divya Desams are:[[File:Varadharaja Perumal Temple 8.jpg|thumb|[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]]]
* Sri Navamukundan Temple in Thirunavaya, Kerala, India
* Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, India
* Sri [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
* Sri [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
* Sri [[Uppiliappan temple|Oppiliappan Perumal Temple]] near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
* Sri Narashima Perumal Temple in Ahobilam, India
* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Srirangam, India
* Thirumaliruncholai ([[Kallazhagar Temple]]) in Madurai, India
* Thiruvengadam ([[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple]]), in Tirupathi, India
* Aadhi Thiruvellarai (Pundarikatchan) in Thiruvellarai, India.

===Prominent Perumal Temples in India===
* Sri Sathya-Narayana Perumal Temple in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
* Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple (TTD), in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
* Sri Vinavaraya Perumal Temple, in Ambattur, Chennai, India
*Sri Santhana Srinivasa Perumal Kovil, in Mogappair, Chennai, India
*Udumalai Tirupathi, Dhali Road, Udumalpet, India

===Sri Lanka===
* Sri Venkateswara Temple, [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
* Vishnu Devalaya, [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka
* [[Tenavaram temple|Devinuwara Devalaya]], [[Dondra]], Sri Lanka
* Vallipuram Alwar Temple, [[Vallipuram]], Sri Lanka

===Malaysia===
* [[Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple]] Klang, Malaysia
* Sri Alarmelamanga Samedha Shri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
* Sri Renganathar Temple, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
* Sri Varatharajah Perumal Temple, Persiaran Kewajipan, SS13, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
* Sri Perumal Temple, Simpang Morib, Selangor, Malaysia
* Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple Devastanam, Pusat Bandar Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia
* Hari Krishna Perumal Temple, Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
* Sri Krishna Temple, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Shree Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, Jalan Kasipillay, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

===United States===
* Sri Venkateswara Perumal temple in the USA
* Sri Ranganatha temple in the USA

===Singapore===
*[[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple]], Singapore

==See also==
*[[Vishnu]]
*[[Ranganatha]]
*[[Venkateswara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perumal}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]

List of cities and towns in Rajasthan

2026-01-25T03:09:42Z

ShermanGraham8: expanded content

{{Short description|Largest state in India, Rajasthan}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Rajasthan''' is the largest state in terms of area and the seventh most populous state in [[India]] through having a low population density. [[Jaipur]] is the largest and most populated metropolitan area in Rajasthan. [[Jodhpur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Bikaner]] being in order. [[Bhiwadi]], [[Alwar]] and [[Udaipur]] are the cities with the most growth in recent years in both terms of population and area. The population projections are calculated using geometric increase, excluding Bhiwadi. By 2031, the state may have five cities with populations above one million, three cities over two million and one with over five million people. Bharatpur is considered as the eastern gateway of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District and Sessions Court, Bharatpur {{!}} India |url=https://bharatpur.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" text-align:left; margin:0 0 0 1em;"
|-
! No.
! Category.
! 2031.
! 2021
! Note.
|- valign="top"
| 1
| Population above 100,000.
| 35
| 35
| Nagar Palika
|-
| 2
| Population above 500,000.
| 09
| 07
| Mahanagar Palika
|-
| 3
| Population above 1 Million.
| 05
| 03
| Metropolitan City
|-
| 4
| Population above 1.5 Million.
| 04
| 02
| Metropolitan City
|-
| 5
| Population above 2 Million.
| 02
| 02
| Metro City
|-
| 6
| Population above 3 Million.
| 02
| 01
| Metro City
|-
| 7
| Population above 5 Million.
| 01
| 00
| Mega City
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width=5%| S.No.
! style="width:10%;"| City
! style="width:10%;"| Population (2031) Projected
! style="width:10%;"| Population (2021)
! style="width:10%;"| Population (2011)
! style="width:10%;"| Population (2001)
! style="width:10%;"| Population (1991)
! style="width:10%;"| Area (2019) (km2)

|-
| 01.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Jaipur]]
|5,335,568
|4,067,826
|3,046,163
|2,322,575
|1,518,235
|465.09
|-
| 02.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Jodhpur, Rajasthan|Jodhpur]]<ref>{{cite web|series=Jodhpur Region 3rd Master Plan Execution |url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/jda--kota/en/master-plan/master-plan-2031.html|title= Execution of kota Master Plan 2021 | language=hi|date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jodhpur-paving-the-way-for-development-jda-approves-third-master-plan-rjsr-3472550.html|title = जोधपुर के विकास का रास्ता साफ, Jda की तीसरे मास्टर प्लान को मंजूरी, बढ़ेगी शहर की सीमा, बनेंगी 4 स्पेशल सिटी|date = 18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Master Development Plan Jodhpur Region 2013-2031 | language=hi | url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jodhpur/pdf/Jodhpur%20MDP%20Report%202031.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072727/https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jodhpur/pdf/Jodhpur%20MDP%20Report%202031.pdf | archive-date=2021-04-18}}</ref>
|3,100,000
|2,330,000
|1,138,300
|860,818
|666,279
|221.63
|-
| 03.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]<ref name="Major Agglomerations of World">{{Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title= World Population 2021}}</ref>
|1,983,781
|1,420,000
|1,001,694
|712,000
|542,000
|233.47
|-
| 04.
! style="width:10%;" | [[Bikaner]]
|1,121,675
|1,000,994
|644,406
|529,690
|416,289
|150.68
|-
| 05.
! style="width:10%;" | [[Bhiwadi]]<ref name="greterbhiwadi">{{Cite web|url=http://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/udh%20department/pdf/Master%20plans/Greater_Bhiwadi_MP_2009_2031.pdf/|title= Greater Bhiwadi}}</ref>
|902,221
|632,429
|293,563
|151,844
|88,881
|250.00
|-
| 06.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Udaipur]]
|720,810
|591,315
|474,531
|389,438
|308,571
|109.37
|-
| 07.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Ajmer]]
|710,353
|632,349
|551,101
|490,520
|402,700
|83.33
|-
| 08.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Bhilwara]]
|598,022
|465,809
|359,483
|280,128
|183,965
|49.04
|-
| 09.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Alwar]]
|567,146
|442,190
|341,422
|266,203
|210,146
|68.16
|-
| 10.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Sikar]]
|428,066
|325,405
|244,497
|185,925
|148,272
|39.66
|-
| 11.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|387,475
|314,457
|252,838
|205,235
|156,880
|38.34
|-
| 12.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
|368,237
|300,311
|230,075
|187,641
|136,842
|43.16
|-
| 13.
! style="width:10%;"| [[Sri Ganganagar]]
|316,465
|282,271
|249,914
|222,858
|161,482
|43.35
|-
| 14.
! style="width:10%"| [[Beawar]]
|317,896
| 206,342
| 154,886
| 116,222
| 81,948
| n/a
|-
| 15.
! style="width:10%"| [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]]
| 265,585
| 177,022
| 117,992
| 78,665
| 57,719
| n/a
|-
| 16.
! style="width:10%"| [[Dhaulpur]]
| 246,489
| 181,112
| 133,075
| 97,795
| 68,533
| n/a
|-
| 17.
! style="width:10%"| [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]
| 245,137
| 201,295
| 165,294
| 135,689
| 100,079
| n/a
|-
| 18.
! style="width:10%"| [[Kishangarh]]
| 217,662
| 181,384
| 151,152
| 125,981
| 106,721
| n/a
|-
| 19.
! style="width:10%"| [[Hanumangarh]]
| 204,928
| 175,885
| 150,958
| 129,556
| 82,733
| n/a
|-
| 20.
! style="width:10%"| [[Banswara]]
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 21.
! style="width:10%"| [[Dungarpur]]
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 22.
! style="width:10%"| [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Lists of cities in India by state or union territory|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajasthan]]

Pancholi

2026-01-23T06:33:50Z

ShermanGraham8: fixed issues

{{Short description|Clan of Ahir caste of Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Unreferenced|date=November 2025}}

The '''Ahir''' '''Pancholi''' are clan of the [[Ahir]] caste found in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is believed that they migrated{{When|date=September 2025}} from [[Gokul]] Brindaban to [[Dwarka]] along with [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and in course of time from Dwaraka, they migrated and settled in various parts of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahir clans |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Ahir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]

Paeonia lactiflora

2026-01-19T22:08:51Z

ShermanGraham8: reworked page and improved wording

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Lactiflora1b.UME.jpg
|image_caption = ''Paeonia lactiflora''
|genus = Paeonia
|species = lactiflora
|authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pall.]]
|synonyms = ''Paeonia edulis'' [[Salisb.]] ''Paeonia albiflora'' [[Pall.]]
}}

'''''Paeonia lactiflora''''' ('''Chinese peony''', '''Chinese herbaceous peony''', or '''common garden peony''') is a [[species]] of [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Paeoniaceae, [[native plant|native]] to central and [[East Asia|eastern Asia]] from eastern [[Tibet]] across northern [[China]] to eastern [[Siberia]].

==Description==
It is {{convert|50|-|70|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall and broad, with 9-lobed leaves {{convert|20|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.

The flower buds appear in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere). They are large and round, opening into fragrant, cup- or bowl-shaped [[flower]]s {{convert|8|-|16|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with 5–10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow [[stamen]]s.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> The plant attracts butterflies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt' - Plant Finder|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=q400|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> Its habitats include dry open stony slopes, riverbanks and sparse woodland edges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paeonia lactiflora Chinese Peony, Peony PFAF Plant Database|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+lactiflora|access-date=2021-12-16|website=pfaf.org}}</ref>

== Background ==
''Paeonia lactiflora'' was known as the white peony (''P. albiflora'') when first introduced into [[Europe]].<ref name="Halda">{{cite book|last1=Halda|first1=Josef J.|last2=Waddick |first2=James W.|title=The Genus Paeonia|publisher=Timber Press|year=2004|pages=196–205|isbn=978-0-88192-612-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDLASKInbjgC&q=Peony+common+garden&pg=PA196}}</ref> It was brought to [[England]] in the mid-18th century, and is the parent of most modern varieties. It has been grown as an ornamental in China since the 7th century.<ref name=":0" />

The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''lactiflora'' means "with milk white flowers".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>

In China, ''P. lactiflora'' is likened to "the Minister of Flowers" (花相), while [[Paeonia × suffruticosa|''Paeonia'' × ''suffruticosa'']] is known as "the King of Flowers" (花王).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%8A%B1%E7%9B%B8|title="花相"字的解释 {{!}} 汉典|website=www.zdic.net|language=zh-cn|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>

==Cultivars==
[[File:Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt.jpg|thumb|cv. 'Sarah Bernhardt']]
There are several hundred selected [[cultivar]]s in a range of colours, sizes and forms; many have [[double flowers]], with the stamens modified into additional petals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Loewer|first=H. Peter|title=Fragrant Gardens|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Gardening|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fragrantgardensh00loew/page/48 48]|isbn=978-0-395-88492-8|url=https://archive.org/details/fragrantgardensh00loew|url-access=registration|quote=Peony common garden.}}</ref> There are many colors now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red, along with single to fully double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.<ref name=Halda />

The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 71
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*'Bowl of Beauty'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Bowl of Beauty'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91110/Paeonia-lactiflora-Bowl-of-Beauty/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double, pink and cream)
*'Coral Charm'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78856/Paeonia-Coral-Charm/Details | title = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Coral Charm' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref> (salmon pink)
*'Duchesse de Nemours'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Duchesse de Nemours'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96414/Paeonia-lactiflora-Duchesse-de-Nemours/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double white)
*'Felix Crousse'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95323/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Felix-Crousse/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Felix Crousse' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double deep pink)
*'Festiva maxima'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98117/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Festiva-Maxima/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Festiva maxima' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double white)
*'Laura Dessert'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Laura Dessert'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/70684/Paeonia-lactiflora-Laura-Dessert/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double white)
*'Miss America'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/52193/Paeonia-lactiflora-Miss-America/Details | title = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Miss America' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*'Monsieur Jules Elie'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77576/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Monsieur-Jules-Elie/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Monsieur Jules Elie' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double pink)
*'[[Sarah Bernhardt]]'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Sarah Bernhardt'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91077/Paeonia-lactiflora-Sarah-Bernhardt/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double pink)
*'Whitleyi Major'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Whitleyi Major'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73214/Paeonia-lactiflora-Whitleyi-Major/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (single white, prominent stamens)
{{div col end}}

[[File:Paeonia lactiflora cv. Gold Rush Top.jpg|thumb|'Gold Rush']]

== Chemistry ==
The leaves of many cultivars are high in [[Oleanolic acid|oleanolic]] and [[ursolic acid]].<ref>Zhou C, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, Zhao D, Lv S, Hu Y, Tao J.,"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) as an Alternative Source of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids." Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(1):655-67</ref>

=== Phenolic compounds ===
[[Cis-epsilon-viniferin]], [[trans-resveratrol]], [[trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside]], [[trans-epsilon-viniferin]], [[gnetin H]], and [[suffruticosol A]], [[suffruticosol B|B]]<ref name=Kim>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kim | first1 = H. J.
| last2 = Chang | first2 = E. J.
| last3 = Cho | first3 = S. H.
| last4 = Chung | first4 = S. K.
| last5 = Park | first5 = H. D.
| last6 = Choi | first6 = S. W.
| title = Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora
| journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
| volume = 66
| issue = 9
| pages = 1990–1993
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12400706
| doi = 10.1271/bbb.66.1990
| s2cid = 24367582
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> and [[paeoniflorin]] esters<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yan | first1 = D. | last2 = Saito | first2 = K. | last3 = Ohmi | first3 = Y. | last4 = Fujie | first4 = N. | last5 = Ohtsuka | first5 = K. | title = Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein–inducing compound | doi = 10.1379/CSC-51R.1 | journal = Cell Stress & Chaperones | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–89 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15633296| pmc = 1065277}}</ref> can be found in ''P. lactiflora''.

Petals color is dependent on a [[UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase]] expressing anthocyanins such as [[peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[peonidin-3-O-glucoside]], [[cyanidin-3-O-glucoside]], [[peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside]], [[cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside]] and [[pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside]].<ref>Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Da Qiu Zhao, Chen Xia Han, Jin Tao Ge and Jun Tao, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15 November 2012, Volume 15, Number 6, {{doi|10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7}}</ref>

==In art and culture==
[[File:Renoir - peonies.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|thumb|''Peonies'' 1880 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]
''Paeonia lactiflora'' became a popular [[still life]] subject for [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] artists in the late 19th century.

*[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] featured Peonies in multiple paintings from the 1870s through the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/3121| title='Peonies' Pierre-Auguste Renoir| publisher=clarkart.edu| access-date=2018-04-17| archive-date=2018-04-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161150/http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/3121| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Independent]] wrote of his fondness for the flower that: "They had been introduced into the horticultural world of Paris in the 1860s, so there was still something of the exotic about them, and Renoir paints them rather solemnly and majestically."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-onions-1881-by-pierre-auguste-renoir-8771148.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-onions-1881-by-pierre-auguste-renoir-8771148.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title=Great works: Onions (1881) by Pierre Auguste-Renoir| author=Michael Glover| publisher=The Independent| date=2013-08-16| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Vincent van Gogh]] painted "Vase with Peonies", "Bowl with Peonies and Roses"<ref>{{cite web| url=https://krollermuller.nl/en/vincent-van-gogh-roses-and-peonies| title=Roses and Peonies, June 1886| publisher=krollermuller.nl| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> and "Vase with cornflowers and poppies, peonies and chrysanthemums", all in 1886.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/679/Vase-with-Peonies.html| title=Vase with Peonies by Vincent van Gogh| publisher=vangoghgallery.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Claude Monet]] painted "Vase of Peonies" in 1882.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.wikiart.org/en/claude-monet/vase-of-peonies| title=Vase of Peonies, 1992 - Claude Monet| publisher=wikiart.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Édouard Manet]] cultivated peonies in his garden and painted them frequently. The Impressionist artist [[Frédéric Bazille]] painted "Young Woman with Peonies" in 1870 as a tribute to his friend Manet, knowing his fondness for the flower.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/manet-and-his-influence.html#slide_8| title=Manet and His Influence| publisher=National Gallery of Art| page=8| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Paeonia lactiflora}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.paeoniarockii.com Chinese Tree and Herbaceous Peony]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q163076}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Peonies|lactiflora]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]

Cuisine of Odisha

2025-12-29T00:42:41Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
[[File:Traditional Odial Lunch Thali.jpg|thumb|Traditional Odia lunch thali]]
The '''cuisine of Odisha''' is the cuisine of the [[Indian state]] of [[Odisha]]. Compared to other regional [[Indian cuisine]]s, Odia cuisine uses less [[Cooking oil|oil]] and is less [[spicy]], while nonetheless remaining flavorful.<ref name=coastaledge>{{cite news|title=The coastal edge|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110327/jsp/graphiti/story_13764825.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405074440/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110327/jsp/graphiti/story_13764825.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2011|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=27 March 2010}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the [[staple food]] of this region. [[Mustard oil]] is used in some dishes as the cooking medium, but [[ghee]] (made of cow's milk) is preferred in temples. Odia foods are traditionally served either on brass or bronze metal plates, banana leaves, or disposable plates made of [[Shorea robusta|sal]] leaves.<ref name=stereo>{{cite news|title=Not a stereotyped holiday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/03/10/stories/2002031000640800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020922091831/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/03/10/stories/2002031000640800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2002|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2002}}</ref>

Odia cooks, particularly from the Puri region, were much sought after due to their ability to cook food in accordance with the Hindu scriptures.<ref name="Brien2013">{{cite book|author=Charmaine O' Brien|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|access-date=9 December 2014|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-575-8|page=188|chapter=Orissa}}</ref><ref name="Ray2014">{{cite book|author=Utsa Ray|title=Culinary Culture in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|date=30 November 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04281-0|pages=126}}</ref>

Yoghurt is used in many Odia dishes. Many sweets of the region are based on {{Transliteration|or|chhena}} (cheese).<ref name="SinghSharma2014">{{cite book|author1=Rocky Singh|author2=Mayur Sharma|title=Highway on my Plate-II: the Indian guide to roadside eating|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy3_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT370|date=25 July 2014|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-642-1|pages=370}}</ref>

[[File:Odisha pakhala.jpg|thumb|''[[Pakhala]]'' served with wads of [[lemon]], [[yoghurt]], slices of [[cucumber]], pieces of [[Chili pepper|chili]] and a slice of [[tomato]]]]

==Ingredients and seasoning==
Rice is a major crop of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=77 |title=Agriculture & Irrigation - Odisha - States and Union Territories - Know India: National Portal of India |access-date=2019-12-02 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222093854/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=77 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lentils such as pigeon peas and moong beans are other major ingredients.

Indigenous vegetables used in Odia cuisine are [[pumpkin]], [[gourd]], [[Cooking plantain|plantain]]s, [[jackfruit]], and [[papaya]]. Vegetables such as potatoes, cauliflowers, and cabbages are also used alongside local vegetables.

''[[Panch phoron|Pancha phutana]]'' is a blend of five spices that is widely used in Odia cuisine. It contains [[Mustard seed|mustard]], [[cumin]], [[fenugreek]], [[aniseed]] and [[Nigella sativa|kalonji]] (onion seeds). [[Curry Leaves]], [[Garlic]], [[onion]], [[ginger]], [[turmeric]], [[tamarind]] and [[coconut]] are other commonly used ingredients in most of the dishes.<ref name=landofjag/>

==Local variation==
The food in the region around [[Puri]] and [[Cuttack]] is greatly influenced by the Jagannath Temple. On the other hand, [[Nigella sativa|kalonji]] and [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] paste are used mostly in every part of the state. In the regions closer to Andhra Pradesh, like [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]], due to the influence of [[South Indian cuisine]], [[curry tree|curry]] leaves and [[tamarind]] are used more.<ref name=cookery>{{cite news|title=New cookery show on TV soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/new-cookery-show-on-tv-soon/article971224.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

==Temple food==
[[File:Abadha Kudua.jpg|thumb|200px|''Abadha'', the afternoon meal of the [[Jagannath Temple]] served on a [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] leaf.]]

Temples in the region make offerings to the presiding deities. The ''[[prasada]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple]] is specifically called ''[[Abadha Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]]'' meaning greatest of all prasadas. It consists of 60 recipes/dishes, so it is called {{Transliteration|or|Sathie Pauti}}.

Another misconception that people refer is that the Mahaprasad consists of 56 dishes (called {{Transliteration|or|Chhapana Bhoga}}). It is however false, as this concept prevails in the present day Vrindavan/Braj region, which is based on the legend that [[Krishna]] missed his eight meals for seven days, while trying to save a village from a storm holding up the [[Govardhan hill]], as a shelter.

While in Odia Tradition, the Bhoga is referred to as ସାଠିଏ ପଊଟି ({{Transliteration|or|Sathie Pauti}}), as The Principal Prasad prepared for Jagannath consists of 60 dishes (called Abadha Mahaprasad). The names of the dishes prepared are unknown as it is considered a sacred secret only known to Mahasuar (chief cook). It is believed that the mother is preparing dishes for her children, hence she does not share what she is preparing and how much quantity she prepares.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Fish and seafood==
Fish and other [[seafood]] are eaten mainly in coastal areas. Several curries are prepared from [[Crab meat|crab]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawn]] and [[Lobster meat|lobster]] with spices.<ref name=landofjag>{{cite news|title=From the land of Jagannath|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/28/stories/2004072800630400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911125720/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/28/stories/2004072800630400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 July 2004|ref=landofjag}}</ref><ref name=chigudi>{{cite news|title=Inside Delhi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/inside-delhi/article1079468.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2011|quote=While savouring Chingudi malai curry (prawns with rich Oriya spices) and kukuda jhola (chicken cooked with spices and egg), the friend soaked in the atmosphere and was transported back to the sight and smell of his native place.|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027000852/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Inside-delhi/article15514770.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Freshwater fish]] is available from rivers and [[irrigation canal]]s.<ref name="Brien2013"/>

==List of dishes==

===Rice dishes and rotis===
{{See also|Roti}}

[[File:RJ... 1.jpg|thumb|Pakhala Platter]]

* ''[[Pakhala]]'' is a rice dish made by adding water with curd to cooked rice. It may then be allowed to ferment overnight. This is called ''basi pakhala'' and dahi pakhala. The unfermented version of this is called ''saja pakhala''. It is served with [[green chillies]], [[onion]]s, [[yoghurt]], badi etc. It is primarily eaten in summer.<ref name=PakhalaMenu>{{cite news|title=Pakhala, a hot favourite in Odisha's summer menu|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/gourmet/recipe/pakhala-a-hot-favourite-in-orissa-s-summer-menu_937.htm|access-date=9 December 2014|work=[[Zee News]]|date=11 April 2010|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026173107/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/gourmet/recipe/pakhala-a-hot-favourite-in-orissa-s-summer-menu_937.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=syllabus/>
* ''[[Khichdi|Khechudi]]'' is a rice dish cooked with [[lentil]]s.<ref name=yummy/><ref name=contest>{{cite news|title=Women vie for kitchen queen title — Contestants cook up mouth-watering dishes at cookery contest|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100809/jsp/orissa/story_12787256.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231084411/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100809/jsp/orissa/story_12787256.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2010|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=9 August 2010|quote=Oriya dishes like khiri, khichdi, kasha mansa were also prepared by the contestants.}}</ref> It is the Odia version of ''[[khichdi]]''.<ref name=Khechidi>{{cite web|title=Khechidi|url=http://www.odiakitchen.com/khechidi/|website=Oriya Kitchen|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026172235/http://www.odiakitchen.com/khechidi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Pilaf|Palau]]'' is a rice dish made from meat, vegetables and [[raisin]]s. It is the Odia version of ''[[pilaf]]''.<ref name=Potpouri>{{cite news|title=Potpouri|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110629/jsp/entertainment/story_14172776.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025174942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110629/jsp/entertainment/story_14172776.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|issue=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=29 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Palau>{{cite web|title=Palau (pulao)|url=http://www.odiakitchen.com/palau-pulao/|website=Oriya Kitchen|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026212741/http://www.odiakitchen.com/palau-pulao/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Kanika (food)|Kanika]]'' is a sweet dish made with rice, and garnished with raisins and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s.<ref name=syllabus>{{cite news|title=Oriya cuisine spices up syllabus|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110223/jsp/orissa/story_13620680.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424124224/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110223/jsp/orissa/story_13620680.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=Kanika>{{cite web|title=Kanika|url=http://www.destinationodisha.com/kanika.php|website=Destination Orissa|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023214539/http://www.destinationodisha.com/kanika.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Ghee rice'' is prepared by frying rice with [[ghee]] and [[cinnamon]].
* [[Upma]], served with [[ghugni]] is a breakfast recipe made with semolina.

===Dal===
[[File:Dalama Odia Cuisine.jpg|thumb|200px|''Dalma'']]

* '''''Dalma''''': A dish made from [[dal]] and vegetables.<ref name=dalma>{{cite news|title=Rahul savours 'dalma' and 'khir'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rahul-savours-dalma-and-khir/article1257935.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 May 2008|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027000902/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Rahul-savours-lsquodalmarsquo-and-lsquokhirrsquo/article15222239.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It is generally made from [[toor dal]] and contains chopped vegetables like green papaya, plantain, eggplant, pumpkin, gourd, etc. It is garnished with turmeric, mustard seeds, and [[panch phutana]]. There are several variations of this dish.<ref name="Brien2013"/>
* '''''Dali''''': A dish made from one of the Dals like [[Tur dal|tur]], [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|horse gram]], [[Chana dal|chana]], [[Masur dal|masur]], [[Mung dal|mung]] or a combination of these.

===Curries===

* ''[[Santula]]'': A dish made up of finely chopped vegetables which are sauteed together with garlic, green chilies, mustard and spices. It has several variations.<ref name="Brien2013" /><ref name="syllabus" />
* ''[[Ghugni|Ghuguni]]'': A popular dish made from overnight-soaked dried peas, potato with some amount of horse gram powder to thicken the curry. It's a popular street food mostly eaten with [[Vada (food)|bara]] in undivided districts of [[Puri]] and [[Cuttack]].
* ''Chhatu rai'': A dish made from [[mushroom]]s and [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] paste.<ref name="dalma" />
* ''Alu potala rasa'': Curry made from [[potato]] and [[Trichosanthes dioica|pointed gourds]].<ref name="yummy">{{cite news|title=Yummy fare at Odia food fest|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/yummy-fare-at-odia-food-fest/article718304.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 February 2010|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028142631/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Yummy-fare-at-Odia-food-fest/article15992647.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Kadali manja rai'': A curry made from banana plant stem and mustard seeds. ''Manja'' refers to the banana plant stem which is also used in ''dalma''.<ref name="syllabus" /><ref name="HotaPattanaik2007">{{cite book|author1=Bijoylaxmi Hota|author2=Kabita Pattanaik|title=Healthy Oriya Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ftlDwffJUC&pg=PT29|year=2007|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1118-0|pages=29}}</ref><ref name="KadaliManja">{{cite web|title=Kadali Manja Rai|url=http://eodisha.org/kadali-manja-rai-typical-odia-dish/|website=eOdisha|date=25 September 2013|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026051325/https://eodisha.org/kadali-manja-rai-typical-odia-dish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Mohura: A curry made up of bodi, tamarind, jaggery, along with vegatables.''
* ''Besara'': Assorted vegetables in mustard paste tempered with [[Panch phoron|pancha phutan]].

===Khattas and chutneys===
[[File:Dhania patra catuni.JPG|thumb|200px|''Dhania-Patra Chutney'']]
[[File:Dahi baigana Odia recipe.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Dahi baigana|Dahi Baigana]]'']]

''Khatta'' refers to a type of sweet-and-sour [[side dish]] or [[chutney]] usually served with Odia [[thali]]s.<ref name=khatta>{{cite news|title=Tasty treat of tangy khatta & spicy tadka|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100812/jsp/orissa/story_12799567.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209094456/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100812/jsp/orissa/story_12799567.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=12 August 2010|quote=The Odia thali consists of tangy khatta and proceeds further with traditional dishes such as the green and healthy spinach item saga badi.}}</ref>
* ''[[Dahi baigana]]'': A sour dish made from [[yoghurt]] and [[eggplant]]s.<ref name=syllabus/><ref name=Potpouri/>
* ''Dahi bhendi'': A sour dish made from [[yoghurt]] and [[Okra|ladies' fingers]].
* ''Khajuri khata'': A sweet-and-sour dish made from [[tomato]]es and [[Date (fruit)|dates]].<ref name=syllabus/><ref name=AmbaKhatta>{{cite web|title=कच्‍चे आम की रसीली चटनी: अंबा खट्टा|url=http://hindi.boldsky.com/recipes/veg/amba-khatta-003315.html|website=Boldshy|date=15 June 2013|access-date=9 December 2014|language=hi|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026044843/https://hindi.boldsky.com/recipes/veg/amba-khatta-003315.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=KhajuriKhatta>{{cite news|title=Recipe: Tomato-khajuri khatta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Tomato-khajuri-khatta/articleshow/11510066.cms|access-date=9 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 October 2012|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806002050/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/tomato-khajuri-khatta/rs55832445.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Amba khatta'': A sweet-and-sour dish made from raw [[mango]]es.<ref name=pamper/>
* ''[[Ou khatta]]'': [[Elephant apple]] ''sweet-and-sour dish.''<ref name="Brien2013"/>
* ''Tomato khata'': A sweet-and-sour dish made from tomatoes and [[jaggery]].
* ''Dhania-patra chutney'': A [[chutney]] made from [[coriander]] leaves.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coriander Chutney|url=http://recipe.fullodisha.com/odia-recipe/coriander-chutney/|website=FullOdisha|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308120742/http://recipe.fullodisha.com/odia-recipe/coriander-chutney/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sāgå (salad greens)===
{{See also|Saag}}
A list of the plants that are used as Sāgå (ଶାଗ) is as below. They are prepared by adding pānchå phuṭåṇå (ପାଞ୍ଚ ଫୁଟଣ), with or without onion/garlic, and are best enjoyed with påkhāḷå (ପଖାଳ).
*Kåḷåmå sāgå (କଳମ ଶାଗ) [[Ipomoea aquatica]] (Water Spinach)
*Kosålā/Khåḍā sāgå (କୋଶଳା ଶାଗ/ଖଡା ଶାଗ): prepared from [[amaranth]] leaves.
*Båjji sāgå (ବଜ୍ଜୀ ଶାଗ): Prepared from [[Amaranthus dubius]] leaves.
*Leuṭiā sāgå (ଲେଉଟିଆ ଶାଗ)[[Amaranthus viridis]] leaves and tender stems.
*Pāḷångå sāgå (ପାଳଙ୍ଗ ଶାଗ) [[spinach]]
*Poi sāgå (ପୋଈ ଶାଗ): prepared from [[Basella alba|basella]] leaves and tender stems.
*Bāråmāsi/Såjånā sāga (ବାରମାସି/ସଜନା ଶାଗ): prepared from leaves of the [[drumstick tree]]. Cooked with lentils or as is with fried onions.
*Sunusuniā sāgå (ସୁନୁସୁନିଆ ଶାଗ) [[Marsilea]] polycarpa leaves.
*Pitāgamā sāgå (ପିତାଗମା ଶାଗ)
*Piḍångå sāgå (ପିଡଙ୍ଗ ଶାଗ)
*Kakhāru sāgå (କଖାରୁ ଶାଗ): Prepared from leaves of the [[pumpkin]] plant.
*Madarangā sāgå (ମଦରଙ୍ଗା ଶାଗ): prepared from leaves of [[Alternanthera sessilis]].
*Soriså sāgå (ଶୋରିସ ଶାଗ): [[Mustard greens]]
*[[Methi]] sāgå (ମେଥୀ ଶାଗ): prepared from [[methi]] or [[Fenugreek]] leaves and [[Mustard (condiment)|besara (mustard paste)]] cooked with vegetable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/2464-Methi-Saga.aspx|title=Recipes Methi Saga Recipes|author=Lokesh Dash|work=OrissaSpider.com|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915052851/http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/2464-Methi-Saga.aspx|archive-date=15 September 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
*Måṭårå sāgå (ମଟର ଶାଗ): The inner coating of peas is removed and then chopped to make the saga.
*Nāliyā/Lāliyā kosåḷā sāgå (ନାଲିଆ/ଲାଲିଆ କୋଶଳା ଶାଗ) is made from green leaves with red stems. Other {{Transliteration|or|saagas}} that are eaten are {{Transliteration|or|pita gahama}}, {{Transliteration|or|khada}}, {{Transliteration|or|poi}}, {{Transliteration|or|kosala}}, and {{Transliteration|or|sajana}}. Some items are as follows:
* Sāgå Bhåjā<ref name=syllabus/> (ଶାଗ ଭଜା)
* Sāgå Mugå (ଶାଗ ମୁଗ)
* Sāgå Båḍi<ref name=khatta/> (ଶାଗ ବଡି)
* Sāgå Rāi (ଶାଗ ରାଇ)
* Sāru påtrå tiyåṇå/tuṇå/tåråkāri (ସାରୁ ପତ୍ର ତିଅଣ/ତୁଣ/ତରକାରି)

===Pithas (sweet cakes)===
[[File:ATTA KAKARA.jpg|thumb|200px|''Kakara Pitha'']]

[[Pitha]]s and sweets are types of traditional Odia dishes.<ref name=poda>{{cite news|title=Poda pithas take the cake|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110616/jsp/orissa/story_14117503.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209094854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110616/jsp/orissa/story_14117503.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=16 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=pitha>{{cite news|title=Traditional 'pitha' undergoes a sea change|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/traditional-pitha-undergoes-a-sea-change/article1238534.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2008|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222744/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Traditional-lsquopitharsquo-undergoes-a-sea-change/article15202873.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Poda pitha]]- Traditional Odia cake, a special delicacy in Makar Sankrati & Raja festival, is made up of by layering rice and urad dal batter, stuffed with jaggery and coconut filling.
* [[Chhena Poda pitha]]- A softer & more spongy variant of Poda pitha is made with chhena(cottage cheese) as base ingredient.
* [[Enduri Pitha]]- This stuffed steamed rice cake, wrapped in turmeric leaves is a Prathamashtami special dish.
* [[Arisa Pitha]]- A popular fried pitha made up of rice & jaggery, topped with sesame seeds. This has longer shelf-life & is relished as a snack.
* [[Manda Pitha]]- Similar to Ukdiche Modak, these are round steamed pithas, made up of rice and stuffed with coconut & jaggery filling. Specially made during Raja, Kumara Purnima and last Thursday of Margashira month festivals.
* [[Kakara Pitha]]- This is a fried version of Manda Pitha.
* [[Chakuli Pitha]]- Commonly made in every household on a regular basis, these are round thin pancakes served with bhajaa(vegetable fry), santula, dalma, milk or jaggery.
* [[Budha Chakuli pitha]]- A thick pancake usually made from leftover rice batter by mixing banana, sweeteners & seasonings.
* [[Gainthaa pitha]]- Bite sized steamed rice pitha, usually made along Manda Pitha and specially on Boula Amavasya.
* [[Chhunchi Patra pitha]]- Renowned for its thinness, this pitha is a wrap made by brushing rice batter on a pan with a cloth & stuffed with coconut & jaggery filling.
* [[Muaaan pitha]]- A bigger version of Manda Pitha made by layering batter & cocunt filling, on a cotton/muslin cloth tied over a steamer.
* [[Taala pitha]]- A rare pancake made by flavouring the chakuli pitha batter with grounded ice apple.
* [[Chitau pitha]]- A pan-baked unturned pitha, made from rice batter & topped with coconut shavings. This is specially made on Chitau Amavasya & first Thursday of Margashira month.
* [[Itli pitha]]- Similar to idli, this pitha is made from urad dal and rice batter, topped with coconut shavings. Commonly relished with ghughuni/bhughuni or Dalma.
* [[Gajaa pitha]]- Another variant of Manda Pitha, stuffed with sweetened moong sprouts filling. The structure, unlike the normal manda are a little peaked from top. This is specially made for Lord Dhabaleshwar on the occasion of Bada Osha.
* [[Dudura Pitha]]- A fried puffed sweet pithas, mostly prepared in Sambalpur district of Odisha and offered to Maa Samalei.

===Egg, chicken and mutton===
* [[Anda tarkari]]: An egg curry prepared with onion and tomato paste
* [[Chicken tarkari]]: A chicken curry
* [[Chicken kasa]]
* [[Saru Patra Poda Chicken]]
* [[Mangsaw tarkari]]
* [[Mangsaw kasa]]
* [[Mangsaw besara]]
* [[Baunsaw Poda Mangsaw]]: Mutton or Chicken roasted inside bamboo stems.
* [[Patra Poda Mangsaw]]: Mutton or Chicken wrapped in leaves and roasted .
* [[Mati Handi Mangsaw]]: Mutton or Chicken cooked in earthen pots.

===Fish and other sea food===
[[File:Ilishi maachha.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Ilish]]i maachha tarkari''|alt=Hilsa Fish Curry]]

* ''machha besara'': A fish curry prepared with mustard paste.<ref name=Besara>{{cite web|title=Machha Besara (A spicy dish of Rohu fish)|url=http://www.fivetastes.com/regional-recipes/orissa/machha-besara.html|website=Five Tastes|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221085623/http://www.fivetastes.com/regional-recipes/orissa/machha-besara.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* ''Machha Mahura'': A fish curry prepared with small fish and vegetables.<ref name=Mahura>{{cite web|title=Machha Mahura (Fish with Mixed Vegetable Curry)|url=http://food.sify.com/nonvegrecipes/category/Machha_Mahura_Fish_with_Mixed_Vegetable_Curry_-136396|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154333/http://food.sify.com/nonvegrecipes/category/Machha_Mahura_Fish_with_Mixed_Vegetable_Curry_-136396|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-11-22|website=Bewarchi}}</ref>
* [[Machha Jhola]]
* [[Chhencheda|Machha chhencheda]]: Fish mashed with a vegetable curry prepared in a ghee rich gravy.
* [[Chunna Machha Jhola]]: A fish curry, similar to [[Machher Jhol|Machha Jhola]], but prepared with small [[Smelt (fish)|smelt fish]].
* [[Chunna Machha Tarkari]]: Small fried [[Smelt (fish)|smelt fishes]]<ref name=yummy/>
* [[Chingudi Malai Tarkari]]: A [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawn]] curry<ref name=yummy/>
* [[Kankada Jhola]]: Crab curry<ref name=yummy/>
* [[Chingudi chadchadi]]
* {{Transliteration|or|italic=no|[[Kokali sukhua rai]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=76|title=Traditional Odia Recipe - Kokali Sukhua|website=odiarecipes.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108135558/https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=76|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mullet curry (ଖଅଙ୍ଗା ମାଛ ତରକାରୀ)
* Milkfish Curry (ସେବା ଖଙ୍ଗା ମାଛ ତରକାରୀ)
* smoked oil sardine (dry fish) with garlic- କୋକଲି ଶୁଖୁଆ ସେକା /ପୋଡା
Smoked Dry sardinea are cleaned and grinded coarsely together with garlic, green chilly, salt using mortar and pestle or grinder. Dry White bait fish (ଚାଉଳି ଶୁଖୁଆ), dry shrimp (ଚିଙ୍ଗୁଡ଼ି ଶୁଖୁଆ, ତାଂପେଡା) etc. also prepared in similar way, likely flakes/powder.
* seer fish (କଣି ମାଛ)/ mackerel (କାନାଗୁର୍ତ୍ଆ, ମରୁଆ) curry, chilly
* Bitter dry fish fry (ପିତା ଶୁଖୁଆ ଭଜା)- small freshwater nutrient dense fish dried in sun hygienically and eaten fried or smoked.
* ପୋହଳା ମାଛ ତରକାରୀ (minor /small carp fish curry). Fried small carp in onion or mustard based gravy.
* Mola fry/ chips/ boiled grind. ମହୁରାଳୀ ମାଛ ଭଜା / ଛଣା / ଚକଟା. Very nutritious. After cleaning, boil in little water, salt and turmeric powder and then mixed with mustard oil, green chilly, garlic, onion and grinded into a coarse paste.

===Fritters and fries===

* {{Transliteration|or|italic=no|[[Alloo piaji]]}}:<ref name=goodresponse>{{cite news|title=Good response to Odiya food festival|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/good-response-to-odiya-food-festival/article3271965.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 April 2012|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231041/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/good-response-to-odiya-food-festival/article3271965.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A savory snack, similar to [[pakora]] or [[fritter]]s, made with potatoes and onions, long-sliced, mixed and dipped in a batter of gram-flour, and then deep-fried.
* [[Bhendi baigana bhaja]]:<ref name=yummy/> [[okra]] (ladies' fingers) and [[eggplant]], sliced and deep-fried
* Badi chura:<ref name=BadiChura>{{cite web|title=Badi chura|url=https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=78/|website=Odia Recipes|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108135553/https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=78/|url-status=live}}</ref> A coarsely crushed mixture of sun-dried lentil dumplings (''badi''), onion, garlic, green chillies and mustard oil
* Pampad: flat savory snack like deep-friend or roasted appetizer, which looks very similar to a roti, usually eaten during lunch time
* Phula badi: bigger and inflated versions of the normal ''Badi -'' a sun-dried lentil dumpling
* Sajana chhuin bhaja: [[Moringa oleifera|drumsticks]] sliced into pieces and deep/shallow fried in oil
* Desi kankada bhaja (ଦେଶୀ କାଙ୍କଡ଼ ଭଜା) - a vegetable found in hilly areas and fried with oil, onion, dried chilli flakes, cumin powder made into a curry, fry, chips.

===Snacks===
[[File:Dahibara-aludam.jpg|thumb|[[Dahibara Aludam]]]]
* ''[[Ghugni]]'': A spicy dish made from peas, can be served with ''[[poori]]s''.<ref name=goodresponse/><ref name=Ghugni>{{cite web|title=Matar Ghugni aur Murmure|url=http://www.mamtaskitchen.com/recipe_display.php?id=13653|website=Mamta's Kitchen|access-date=9 December 2014|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209121914/http://www.mamtaskitchen.com/recipe_display.php?id=13653|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Panipuri|Gupchup]]<ref name=golgappa>{{cite news|title=Youths from Bihar and UP rule the 'golgappa' market|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/youths-from-bihar-and-up-rule-the-golgappa-market/article138590.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2009}}</ref>
* [[Chaat]]
* [[Dahibara Aludam]]
* [[Chanachura]] or [[Baramaza]]
* [[Pakora|Piaji]]
* [[Vada (food)|Bara]]
* [[Gulgula (doughnut)|Gulgula]]
* [[Poha (rice)|Chuda (Poha)]] Bhaja
* Chuda (Poha) Dahi as breakfast
* [[Puffed rice|Mudhi (Mur mura)]] as breakfast or evening snacks
* Khai
* Chaula bhaja
* Checha Piaji
* [[Kachori|Kachodi chaat]]
* Suji Bara
* Pakudi
* [[Aloo chop]]
* Baigani
* [[Murukku|Dantikili]](mudki/murki)
* Singada ([[samosa]])

===Desserts and sweets===
[[File:Chennapoda.jpg|thumb|200px|''Chenna Poda'']]
[[File:Rassgulla.jpg|thumb|[[Rasgulla|Rasagola]]]]
* [[Kheeri]]: Kheeri is the Odia word for [[kheer]], predominantly made up of rice.<ref name=contest/><ref name=cookoff>{{cite news|title=A cook-off in the lord's name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130719/jsp/saltlake/story_17131524.jsp#.VBG6glctErg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722144526/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130719/jsp/saltlake/story_17131524.jsp#.VBG6glctErg|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2013|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=19 July 2013}}</ref>
* [[Chhena Poda]]: A sweet made from [[Cottage cheese|soft cheese]] dipped in sugar syrup and baked. It may contain dry fruits.<ref name=landofjag/>
* [[Chhena Gaja]]<ref name=pamper>{{cite news|title=It's time to pamper your tastebuds|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110616/jsp/orissa/story_14117652.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209094701/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110616/jsp/orissa/story_14117652.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=16 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Malpua]]<ref name=goodresponse/>
* Kora<ref name="Brien2013"/>
* [[Khira sagara]]<ref name=goodresponse/>
* Khirsapani
* [[Chhena kheeri]]
* [[Suji kheeri]]
* [[Chhena Jhili]]<ref name=yummy/><ref name=khatta/>
* [[Rasagolla|Rasagola]]
* [[Rasabali]]<ref name=yummy/><ref name=khatta/>
* [[Rasmalai]]<ref name=goodreasons>{{cite news|title=Several good reasons to loiter|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/several-good-reasons-to-loiter/article4335623.ece|access-date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|quote=Mouth-watering malpua, rasagulla, rasamalei, gulab jamun and other Oriya sweetmeats are served here.|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026161014/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/several-good-reasons-to-loiter/article4335623.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/get-a-bite-of-sarsatia-odishas-rare-dessert-before-it-goes-extinct/as72111215.cms Sarsatia]
* Aadasi
* Attakali<ref name=Attakali>{{cite web|title=Attakali|url=https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=70/|website=Odia Recipes|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108135559/https://odiarecipes.com/details.php?htid=70/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Khaja
* Magaj Ladu
* Gajja: a light savory snack
* Rabidi: a sweet curd like dish
* Mudki: A famous savory snack which resembles a jalebi but the only difference is that jalebi are on the sweet palette where as mudki are light and more savoury.
* Chenna Mudki
* Mathapuli: a dessert made out of [[Urad (bean)|urad dal]] and [[sugar syrup]]. Found in [[Khurda District]], particularly in places such as [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]], [[Chandapur]], [[Banapur]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Drinks===
[[File:Bela pana.jpg|thumb|Bela Pana]]
There are many traditional alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks which are unique to Odisha. Some are made during specific festivals or as an offering to Hindu gods, and others are made all around the year. The drinks which have a thick consistency are usually called ''paṇaa'' and the ones with have a watery consistency are usually known as ''[[Sharbat (beverage)|sarbat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/lost-recipes-of-odisha/pana-pani-katha-tales-of-summer-sherbets-497634a00c6a|title=Pana Pani Katha : Tales of Summer Drink|date=14 April 2018|website=Medium|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029054304/https://medium.com/lost-recipes-of-odisha/pana-pani-katha-tales-of-summer-sherbets-497634a00c6a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="odishasuntimes.com">{{Cite web|url = https://odishasuntimes.com/beat-the-heat-in-odisha-with-these-traditional-summer-drinks/|title = Beat the heat in Odisha with these traditional summer drinks | Sambad English|date = 6 February 2018|access-date = 15 October 2019|archive-date = 29 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029093904/https://sambadenglish.com/beat-the-heat-in-odisha-with-these-traditional-summer-drinks/|url-status = usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.bestofodisha.com/10-most-popular-drink-and-beverage-in-odisha/|title=10 most popular Drink and Beverage in odisha|date=4 September 2019|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224948/http://blog.bestofodisha.com/10-most-popular-drink-and-beverage-in-odisha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many of the ethnic tribes<ref>List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha
</ref> of [[Odisha]] have their own indigenous drinks made from forest produce. Any drink that contains alcohol is usually called ''madya''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316782136 |title = Indigenous Alcoholic Beverages Of Rayagada District, Odisha, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-1/mv1i4/intoxicating-beverages-of-the-bonda-highlanders|title=Intoxicating Beverages of The Bonda Highlanders|website=www.etribaltribune.com|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171220/https://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-1/mv1i4/intoxicating-beverages-of-the-bonda-highlanders|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Alcoholic====
* ''Aamba mada'' - [[mango]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Aakhu mada'' - [[sugarcane]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Amrutabhanda mada'' - [[papaya]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Anlaa mada'' - [[Indian gooseberry]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Dimiri tadi'' - juice of [[Ficus racemosa|Indian fig]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Dimiri mada'' - pulp of [[Ficus racemosa|Indian fig]]-based alcoholic beverage
* [[Handia (drink)|''Handia'']] - traditional rice beer popular among the tribes of Odisha
* ''Kadali mada'' - [[banana]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Guda mada'' - [[jaggery]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Pijuli mada'' - [[guava]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Jamukoli mada'' - [[Malabar plum]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Jana mada'' - [[maize]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Tala mada'' - [[Caryota urens|palm]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Kumuda mada'' - [[Cucurbita maxima|squash]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Landa'' - [[rice]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Mahulu mada'' or ''mahuli'' - [[Madhuca longifolia#Mahua flowers|mahua flower]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Panasa mada'' - [[jackfruit]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Pendum'' - [[rice]]-based alcoholic beverage consumed by the [[Bonda people|Bonda]] tribe
* ''Rasi'' - a type of rice beer related to [[Handia (drink)|handia]]; popular among the tribes of Odisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-popular-adivasi-food-and-drink-47374|title=The popular adivasi food and drink|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015202507/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-popular-adivasi-food-and-drink-47374|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Sagur'' - alcoholic beverage made from different fruit nuts, mahua flowers or fruits using the process of distillation known as ''sagur'' by the [[Bonda people|Bonda]] tribe
* ''Salapi'' - [[Caryota urens|palm]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Sapung'' - [[sago palm]]-based alcoholic beverage consumed by the [[Bonda people|Bonda]] tribe
* ''Sindi mada'' - [[date palm]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Tamati mada'' - [[tomato]]-based alcoholic beverage
* ''Tetel mada'' - [[tamarind]]-based alcoholic beverage

====Cannabis-based====
* ''Bhangaw sarbat'' or {{Transliteration|or|bhangaw pawṇaa}} - beverage containing a paste of {{Transliteration|or|[[bhang|cannabis leaves]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/raise-a-toast-to-beer-the-heat-demand-soars-as-tipplers-get-high-on-alcoholic-drink/cid/414499|title=Raise a toast to beer the heat - Demand soars as tipplers get high on alcoholic drink|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416142440/https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/raise-a-toast-to-beer-the-heat-demand-soars-as-tipplers-get-high-on-alcoholic-drink/cid/414499|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/society-news-drinks-of-odisha-a-sneak-peek-into-the-taste-of-delight/331703|title=Beating The Heat: A Sneak Peek Into Exotic Drinks Of Odisha|work=outlookindia.com|date=14 February 2022|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015220018/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/society-news-drinks-of-odisha-a-sneak-peek-into-the-taste-of-delight/331703|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Non-alcoholic====
* ''Adhara paṇa'' - a [[milk]] and [[chhena]]-based drink offered to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri#Deities|trinity]] at the end of ''[[Ratha Yatra]] festival''
* ''[[Aam panna|Amba paṇa]]'' - a mango-based summer drink
* ''Bela paṇa'' - a drink made from [[Aegle marmelos|wood or stone apple]] during ''[[Pana Sankranti]]'' festival
* ''Dahi pudina sarbat'' - a summer drink made using [[curd]] and [[mint leaves]]
* ''Ghola dahi'' - buttermilk with spices
* ''Landa bagula dahi sarbat'' - a drink made from [[curd]] and [[Basil#Seeds|sweet basil seeds]]
* ''[[Lemonade]]'' - summer drink made from water, lemon, sugar and salt
* ''Khajuri misri'' - summer drinks made from [[date palm]] ''[[misri]]'', [[lemon]] and [[Basil seeds|sweet basil seeds]]
* ''Mandia peja'' - a millet-based summer drink<ref name="odishasuntimes.com"/>
* J''hara Paṇa'' - a summer drink made from [[arrowroot]] and [[jaggery]] in southern Odisha<ref name="odishasuntimes.com"/><ref name="outlookindia.com"/>
* ''[[Tanka toraṇi]]'' - a fermented rice-water based drink prepared in [[Jagannatha Temple (Puri)|Jagannath Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Bijoylaxmi Hota|author2=Kabita Pattanaik|title=Healthy Oriya Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ftlDwffJUC|year=2007|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1118-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sujata Patnaik|author2=Ranjita Patnaik|title=Classic Cooking of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj_qBSIfgdIC|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-584-4|year=2010}}
*{{cite book|author=Laxmi Parida|title=Purba: Feasts from the East: Oriya Cuisine from Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMHEngEACAAJ|date=1 April 2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-26749-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cuisine of Odisha}}
* [https://odiarecipes.com/ Traditional recipes]
* [https://cookingweb.in/ Traditional recipes in Hindi]

{{Odisha}}
{{Cuisines}}

[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory|Odisha]]

Bombay potato

2025-12-26T19:41:24Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding new post

{{Short description|Indian potato dish}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| image = Anjum's Indian Vegetarian Feast - Bombay Potatoes.jpg
| country = India
| alternate_name = Bombay aloo, Aloo or Alu Bombay
| main_ingredient= Potato, cumin, curry, garlic, garam masala, turmeric, mustard seeds, chili powder, salt and pepper
| course = Main or side dish
}}

'''Bombay potato''' (sometimes called '''Bombay potatoes''', '''Bombay aloo''' or ''aloo'' (''alu'') ''Bombay''<ref name="McGovern 2012 p. 57"/>) is an [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] dish prepared using potatoes that are cubed, [[parboil]]ed and then fried and seasoned with various spices such as cumin, curry, garlic, [[garam masala]], turmeric, mustard seeds, chili powder, salt and pepper.<ref name="Malhi"/><ref name="Ahmed 2016 p. 177"/><ref name="Dale 2000 p. 53"/><ref name="Hunt 2015"/><ref name="McCosker Bermingham 2012 p. 84"/> Onion, tomatoes and tomato sauce are sometimes used as ingredients.<ref name="Dale 2000 p. 53"/><ref name="Hunt 2015"/><ref name="McCosker Bermingham 2012 p. 84"/> Bombay potato can also be served as a [[side dish]],<ref name="Malhi"/> rather than as a main course.
[[File:Chicken jalfrezi, Bombay potato and naan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jalfrezi|Chicken Jalfrezi]], with side of Bombay potato and [[naan]]]]

==See also==
* [[Jeera aloo]]
* [[Aloo gobi]]
* [[List of potato dishes]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Malhi">{{cite web | last=Malhi | first=Manju | title=Bombay potatoes | website=[[BBC Food]] | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/bombaypotatoes_1406 | accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Ahmed 2016 p. 177">{{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Z. J. | title=Easy Indian Super Meals for babies, toddlers and the family: new and updated edition | publisher=Ebury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4735-2940-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw6PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | accessdate=November 5, 2016 | page=177}}</ref>
<ref name="Dale 2000 p. 53">{{cite book | last=Dale | first=R. | title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Culinary & Menu Terms | publisher=Wordsworth | series=Reference Library | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-84022-300-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUEMh06i2J4C&pg=PA53 | accessdate=November 5, 2016 | page=53}}</ref>
<ref name="Hunt 2015">{{cite web | last=Hunt | first=Tom | title=One batch of steamed potatoes makes four different recipes | website=The Guardian | date=November 28, 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/potato-recipes-batch-cooking-get-ahead-tom-hunt | accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="McGovern 2012 p. 57">{{cite book | last=McGovern | first=K. | title=More Takeaway Secrets: How to Cook More of your Favourite Fast Food at Home | publisher=Little, Brown Book Group | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7160-2301-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83_ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 | accessdate=November 5, 2016 | page=57}}</ref>
<ref name="McCosker Bermingham 2012 p. 84">{{cite book | last=McCosker | first=K. | last2=Bermingham | first2=R. | title=4 Ingredients Gluten-Free | publisher=Atria Books | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4516-3571-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq2M0d4bRCIC&pg=PA84 | accessdate=November 5, 2016 | page=84}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Potato dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]

India Africa Trade Council

2025-12-08T18:21:06Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=November 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = India Africa Trade Council
| full_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| logo_alt =
| abbreviation = IATC
| founder =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] [[trade association]]
| purpose = [[Policy advocacy]]
| formation =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =
| key_people =
| services = Business promotion, networking, policy reforms
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| website = {{URL|http://www.indafrica.in}}
}}

'''India Africa Trade Council (IATC)''' is an Indian [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] trade association that provides a platform to enhance business activities between India and Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Opening of India Africa Trade Council in India|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/chennai/1543237/opening-of-india-africa-trade-council-in-india/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=NYOOOZ|language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
IATC is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]], trade association, that provides Indian Businessmen a platform to do trade with African countries. The IATC secretariat consist of different sub committees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=India, Africa launch business council to further trade ties|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/India-Africa-launch-business-council-to-further-trade-ties/article20409887.ece|access-date=2022-01-11|website=@businessline|date=17 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref> It was established in Chennai for establishing business relations between India and African countries. IATC was inaugurated by Nagma Mallick, Additional Secretary (Africa) Ambassador and Dr Tizita Mulugeta Yimam, the Ambassador of Ethiopia in India.<ref name=":0" /> IATC has trade offices in different cities of India to that include [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], Pune, Ahmedabad, Indore, Ranchi, [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]], Hyderabad, Chennai, [[Kochi]], Bangalore and Hyderabad. IATC offices in Africa are in Accra, Tunis, Rabat, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, [[Namibia]], Botswana, South Africa, Mauritius, Kenya and [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opening of India Africa Trade Council in India|url=https://vaaju.com/ethiopia/opening-of-india-africa-trade-council-in-india/|access-date=2022-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Ambassador, Indian Offiicals India-Africa trade council office|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-ambassador-indian-offiicals-india-africa-trade-council-office/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C|date=22 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-22|title=Business delegation from south India to tour Africa|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/business-team-from-south-india-to-tour-africa/article33630521.ece|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
In August 2021, Dr James Rajamani, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Kingdom Exim Group, was sworn into the office of the representative of the IATC West Africa Region. Jeremiah Quayson has been appointed director of corporate affairs for West Africa at India Africa trade council and honored lifetime honorary membership of the council.<ref name="ghanabusinessnews.com">{{Cite web|title=India-Africa Trade Council gets new Chief Chancellor|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2021/07/18/india-africa-trade-council-gets-new-chief-chancellor/|work=GBN|date=2021-07-18|access-date=2022-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Sambou">{{Cite web|last=Sambou|first=Raissa|date=2021-07-29|title=Africa: India Africa Trade Council Appoints Chief Executive Officer|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202107290494.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2021, Jeremiah Quayson, IATC's corporate affairs director met with Albert Nyakotey, MP for Yilo Krobo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ankiilu|first=Masahudu|date=2021-05-14|title=Ghana: India Africa Trade Council, MP Discuss Investment Opportunities|url=https://africaneyereport.com/ghana-india-africa-trade-council-mp-discuss-investment-opportunities/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=African Eye Report|language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2021, The AfCFTA committee was launched at the Ghana Embassy in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=India-African continental free trade area launched on the India-Africa trade Council Platform|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/india-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-on-the-india-africa-trade-council-platform/680216/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2021, Rashid Sesay, the Ambassador of [[Sierra Leone]] was welcomed by Dr. Asif Iqbal, President of IETO and various trade initiatives were discussed including the visit of Multisectoral Indian Delegation to [[Sierra Leone]].

Dr. Shrenik Nahar is appointed the Trade Commissioner of India Africa Trade Council at the Tanzania Desk in order to promote bilateral relations for trade and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=J Shrenik Nahar is the new trade commissioner of Tanzania - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/j-shrenik-nahar-is-the-new-trade-commissioner-of-tanzania/articleshow/86781795.cms|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Chennai entrepreneur is new Trade Commissioner of Tanzania|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Business/2021/10/06095047/1321824/J-Shrenik-Nahar-a-secondgeneration-entrepreneur-based-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006080825/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Business/2021/10/06095047/1321824/J-Shrenik-Nahar-a-secondgeneration-entrepreneur-based-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=2022-02-07|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Business Delegation to Tanzania announced at the India Ghana Summit 2021|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/indian-business-delegation-to-tanzania-announced-at-the-india-ghana-summit-2021-121092700358_1.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=J Shrenik Nahar is the new trade commissioner of Tanzania|url=https://flipboard.com/article/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Fj-shrenik-nahar-is-the-new-trade-commissioner-of-tanzania%2F2173236|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Flipboard|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, IATC President Asif Iqbal, participated in the [[2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM2022]] meeting in [[Kigali|Kigali Rwanda]] and met various heads of state to discuss trade relations, these included the president of Guyana [[Irfaan Ali|Irfan Ali]], Prime Minister of Bahamas [[Philip Davis (Bahamian politician)|Philip Davis]], Prime Minister of SAMOA Ms. [[Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa]], CEO of [[Rwanda Development Board]] [[Clare Akamanzi]], Foreign Minister of [[Gabon]] Michael Moussa Adamo, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dr. [[AK Abdul Momen|A. K. Abdul Momen]], CEO of Trade Malta [[Anton Buttigieg|Anton Buttigeig]], CEO of the Botswana Investment and Trade Centre Keletsositse Olebile, Ambassador of Samoa in Belgium Francella Strickland, Chairman of EDO state Government in Nigeria Greg Obgeifun and representative of IMF in Rwanda, Gabor Pula.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-06-29 |title=IETO Delegation congratulates Togo and Gabon for being admitted to CHOGM |url=https://thetimesnews.co.in/ieto-delegation-congratulates-togo-and-gabon-for-being-admitted-to-chogm/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=The Times News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The India Africa Trade Council organised the IATC 2023 Awards for Excellence in the continental relationships. The recipients this year were the Vice President of Zimbabwe, Trade Minister of Malawi and Gabon, Housing Minister from Republic of Chad, Ministers from Congo and high commissioner from Eswatini and Namibia along with other Indian companies like Jindal Steel, ITC Agro, Afro Asian Rural Development Organization among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VP Chiwenga gets India-Africa Achievers award |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/vp-chiwenga-gets-india-africa-achievers-award/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Between 2022 and 2023, the [[Chief operating officer|Chief Operating Officer]] of the India Africa Trade Council was [[Bency George]]. He also was [[Director (business)|Director]] of Global Markets & Missions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Business News {{!}} Share Market News {{!}} Finance News {{!}} Economy News |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/preview/story/vTKAK73iBMLzY8A5o_xMev5_OWWQVzclTRnWedWqE05voOCjEJqJMFIaH8P1rklX |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

'''Tunisia'''

In Feb 2021, India Africa Trade Council established the India [[Tunisia]] Business Council.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India Tunisia Business Council launched with collaboration of Ministry, Trade and Academia|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/india-tunisia-business-council-launched-with-collaboration-of-ministry-trade-and-academia-121020900535_1.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Tunisia Business Council launched with collaboration of Ministry, Trade and Academia|url=http://businessworld.in/article/India-Tunisia-Business-Council-launched-with-collaboration-of-Ministry-Trade-and-Academia/09-02-2021-375414|access-date=2022-01-10|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref>

'''Tanzania'''

In April 2025, the India Africa Trade Council (IATC) announced the appointment of Vinayak S. Menon as the Honorary Trade Commissioner of Tanzania to India. The appointment was formally conferred by Her Excellency Anisa Kapufi Mbega, High Commissioner of the United Republic of Tanzania to India, during an official ceremony attended by IETO President Dr. Asif Iqbal. The designation reflects ongoing efforts to enhance bilateral trade and investment cooperation, with Menon tasked with facilitating business engagement between Indian enterprises and Tanzanian governmental and private-sector institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Tanzania and India: Building Trade Bridges through Vinayak Menon’s Appointment |url=https://globaldiplomacy.in/2025/04/24/tanzania-and-india-building-trade-bridges-through-vinayak-menons-appointment/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=globaldiplomacy.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Namibia'''

Namibia Trade office was opened in Chennai under the India Namibia Trade Forum with support from the IATC. The office was inaugurated byeconomic diplomacy, Gabriel Sinimbo the high commissioner of Namibia in India and the president of the IATC Dr. Asif Iqbal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia mulls direct export of diamonds and semi-precious stones to India|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/namibia-mulls-direct-export-of-diamonds-and-semi-precious-stones-to-india/article35707126.ece|access-date=2022-01-10|website=@businessline|date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-04|title=T.N. delegation to visit Namibia soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-delegation-to-visit-namibia-soon/article35711912.ece|access-date=2022-01-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The trade Delegation from Telangana for Pharma and Diamond sectors was announced to Namibia by the high commissioner of Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Delegation from Telangana announced for Namibia for diamonds and pharma sectors |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/delegation-from-telangana-announced-for-namibia-for-diamonds-and-pharma-sectors/873111/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegation from Telangana announced for Namibia for diamonds and pharma sectors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/delegation-from-telangana-announced-for-namibia-for-diamonds-and-pharma-sectors-122031401050_1.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> In September 2022, IETO Delegation visited Namibia for the Mining Expo and participated in the India Namibia Conference which also saw the appointment of Kamaldeep Gill as Agriculture Commissioner of the India Africa Trade Council.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dlamini |first=Matthew |date=2022-09-20 |title=Namibia: India Has 'Tremendous' Interest in Namibia |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202209200539.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Namibian |first=The |title=India has 'tremendous' interest in Namibia |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=6223661 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref>

'''Ghana'''

In March 2021, Ghana Trade center was inaugurated by high commissioner of Ghana in Bengaluru, Sebastian Beliwine. The delegation also offered to set up a food processing unit and IT institute in Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana opens trade desk in South India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ghana-opens-trade-desk-in-south-india-121030300945_1.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> In August 2021, Dr James Rajamani, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Kingdom Exim Group, has been sworn into the office of the representative of the IATC West Africa Region. Jeremiah Quayson has been appointed director of corporate affairs for West Africa at India Africa trade council and honored lifetime honorary membership of the council.<ref name="ghanabusinessnews.com"/><ref name="Sambou"/> In October 2022, The Indian delegation visited Ghana to inaugurate the office of the Central and Western Africa as Headquarter of IATC Central and West Africa, along with The [[Gã Mantse]], Nii Tackie Teiko Tsuru II, and the Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry, [[Michael Okyere Baafi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-22 |title=We're happy you chose Ghana as headquarters for India Africa Trade Council - Ga Mantse |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/We-re-happy-you-chose-Ghana-as-headquarters-for-India-Africa-Trade-Council-Ga-Mantse-1647764 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=You have our support for selecting Ghana as headquarters for the India AfricaTrade Council (Central/West Africa) - Deputy Minister Declares |url=https://africanentertainment.com/you-have-our-support-for-selecting-ghana-as-headquarters-for-the-india-africatrade-council-central-west-africa-deputy-minister-declares/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=African Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Libya'''

In June 2021, a cooperation agreement was signed between IETO and the [[Libya]] African Business Council in Tunis. The agreement focuses on cooperation in the field of IT, Healthcare and academic institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Cooperation agreement signed between Libyan African Business Council and Indian Economic Trade Organisation|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/cooperation-agreement-signed-between-libyan-african-business-council-and-indian-economic-trade-organisation/688806/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cooperation agreement signed between Libyan African Business Council and Indian Economic Trade Organisation|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/cooperation-agreement-signed-between-libyan-african-business-council-and-indian-economic-trade-organisation-121070201092_1.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

'''Lesotho'''

In June 2022, MOU was signed between [[Indian Economic Trade Organization]] and the High Commission of [[Lesotho]] in New Delhi represented by the foreign minister of Lesotho [['Matšepo Ramakoae|Matsepo Ramakoe]] and the high commissioner to India Lineo Irene Molise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Lesotho Business Council launched |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/india-lesotho-business-council-launched20220627171953/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

'''Gabon'''

In August 2022, The India Gabon Business Council was launched on the National Day of Gabon. MOU was signed between the [[Indian Economic Trade Organization]] and the Embassy of Gabon represented by the Charge D'Affaires Josephine Patricia Ntyam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India GABON Business Council launched on the National Day of Gabon |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/india-gabon-business-council-launched-on-the-national-day-of-gabon20220824124545/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

'''Zimbabwe'''

In 2021, An Indian Trade Organisation delegation visited [[Zimbabwe]]. The delegation was welcomed by [[Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce|Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC)]] and Zimbabwe India Trade Council. Vishal Nagesh is appointed as the vice chairman of the Zimbabwe India Trade Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vishal Nagesh appointed vice chairman of Zimbabwe India Trade Council for South India|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Vishal-Nagesh-appointed-vice-chairman-of-Zimbabwe-India-Trade-Council-for-South-India/22-01-2021-368701|access-date=2022-01-10|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-29|title=Zimbabwe: Indian Business Delegation Seeks Opportunities|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202104290395.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zim, India business relations go a gear up|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-india-business-relations-go-a-gear-up/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Herald|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=India, Zimbabwe agree to strengthen existing areas of cooperation|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-zimbabwe-agree-to-strengthen-existing-areas-of-cooperation-118110400630_1.html|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INDIAN DELEGATION IN ZIM|url=http://www.mafaro.co.uk/2021/05/indian-delegation-in-zim.html|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=ZMF Meets Zimbabwe Indian Trade Council Delegation|url=https://zimminersfed.org/zmf-meets-zimbabwe-indian-trade-council-delegation/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF)|language=en-GB}}</ref> In May 2022, First Lady of Zimbabwe Dr. [[Auxillia Mnangagwa]], visited India along with 23 member delegation on behalf of the Angel of Hope Foundation, she was received by IETO president Asif Iqbal, Amararam Gurjar, Director (East and South Africa Division) Ministry of External Affairs, Govt of India and the Ambassador of Zimbabwe to India Dr. Majoni Godfrey Chipare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=The |title=First Lady's love shines across oceans |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/first-ladys-love-shines-across-oceans/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=The Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-05-10 |title=ZIMBABWE FIRST LADY HE AUXILLIA MNANGAGWA VISITS INDIA 5th May, 2022 |url=https://thetimesnews.co.in/zimbabwe-first-lady-he-auxillia-mnangagwa-visits-india-5th-may-2022/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=The Times News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Clementina Butler

2025-11-12T00:58:12Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding a pg

{{Short description|American evangelist and author}}
{{distinguish|text = her mother, [[Clementina Rowe Butler]] (1820-1913), Irish-born American missionary}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Clementina Butler
| honorific_suffix =
| image = CLEMENTINA BUTLER.jpg
| caption = Photo in ''[[A Woman of the Century]]''
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = January 7, 1862
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[British India]]
| death_date = December 5, 1949 (aged 87)
| death_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| resting_place = Newton Cemetery, [[Newton, Massachusetts]]
| citizenship = American
| occupation = evangelist, author
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = biography
| subject =
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents = {{hlist|[[William Butler (missionary)|William Butler]]|[[Clementina Rowe Butler]]}}
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
}}
'''Clementina Butler''' (January 7, 1862 – December 5, 1949) was an American evangelist and author. She was a founder of the [[Pandita Ramabai|Ramabai]] Association, an organization that established the first school in India for widowed women.<ref name="BostonGlobe-8dec1949" /><ref name="BostonGlobe-10oct1933" /> She was also the founder and chair of the "Committee on Christian Literature for Women and Children in Mission Fields, Inc.<ref name="OklahomaCityStar-30dec1949">{{cite news |last1=Fowler |first1=Mary |title=Women in the Church |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/oklahoma-city-star-women-in-the-church/184789932/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=Oklahoma City Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=30 December 1949 |page=3 |format=Public domain}} {{open access}}</ref>{{sfn|The Missionary Review|1936|p=187}} In addition to other writings, she was the author of three biographies: her father's (''William Butler : the founder of two missions'', 1902), her mother's (''[[Clementina Rowe Butler|Mrs. William Butler]]: Two Empires and the Kingdom'', 1929), as well as ''[[Pandita Ramabai|Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati]] : pioneer in the movement for the education of the child-widow of India'' (1922).

==Early life==
Clementina Butler was born in [[Bareilly]], [[British India]], January 7, 1862. Her father, Rev. Dr. [[William Butler (missionary)|William Butler]], was commissioned in 1856 to open mission work for the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]].{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=142}} Her mother, [[Clementina Rowe Butler]], was a co-founder of the [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]. Her brother, [[John Wesley Butler]], was an author and served as a Methodist missionary to Mexico for more than four decades.{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=104}}

After passing through great perils during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy rebellion of 1857]], Bareilly was settled as headquarters. The family moved their home seventeen times during the next eight years according to the needs of the work. Returning to the United States, after a few years' rest, Dr. Butler was requested to organize mission work in Mexico. There the linguistic ability of the daughter was of great service.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=143}}

==Career==
In 1884, Butler went with her parents to revisit India, and her observations during an extended tour in that country served as the theme of many of her addresses and articles. On account of the infirmities of age and the heavy responsibilities they bore for so long, Dr. and Mrs. Butler settled quietly in [[Newton Centre, Massachusetts]], and from their home, the daughter went out to inspire others with her own belief in the possibilities for women everywhere, when aided by Christianity. Butler was interested in missionary work of all kinds, medical missions for the women of the East being her favorite subject. As a [[International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons|King's Daughter]], she worked in the slums of [[Boston]], besides pleading in the churches and on public platforms for the needy in other countries. A short residence in [[Alaska]] gave her an insight into the condition of the people there, and she was a champion of their rights in regard to suitable educational grants and the enforcement of the laws prohibiting the sale of liquor in that Territory.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=143}}
[[File:Clementina Butler was obliged to adopt this Mexican dress in order to get out of Puebla.png|thumb|Butler was obliged to adopt this Mexican dress in order to get out of Puebla, Mexico.]]
In January 1914, she left for Mexico with her brother, John, the missionary, where she was to relieve the principal of the school at [[Puebla]].{{sfn|Woman's Foreign Missionary Society|1913|p=52}} In April, the [[United States occupation of Veracruz]] seriously affected the missionary school and Butler was forced to flee Mexico and return to the U.S.{{sfn|Lutheran Publication Society|1914|pp=406-10}}

Butler was her father's assistant in his literary work. She also wrote for missionary publications.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=143}} She established magazines for children in Burma, China, India, Japan, Korea, and Latin America;<ref name="BostonGlobe-10oct1933" /> and was the author of books for women in India.<ref name="BostonGlobe-9dec1949">{{cite news |title=Clementina Butler 'Greatest Methodist Woman in 50 Years:' Bp. Hartman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/433407162/?terms=Clementina%20Butler&match=1 |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Boston Globe |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=9 December 1949 |page=40 |format=Public domain}} {{open access}}</ref> Butler was the author of her parents' biographies, ''William Butler: The Founder of Two Missions'' (1902) and ''Mrs. William Butler: Two Empires and the Kingdom'' (1929).{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=104}}

A member of the [[Tremont Street Methodist Episcopal Church]], Butler founded a missionary museum within it and fundraised for windows.<ref name="BostonGlobe-8dec1949" />

==Later life and death==
In 1933, Butler retired as an executive of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church after being active in its service for five decades. At some point, she removed from Newton Centre to live in [[Barrington, Rhode Island]] with her sister, Mrs. William H. Thurber.<ref name="BostonGlobe-10oct1933">{{cite news |title=Retired Missionary Executive is Honored. Methodist Social Union Hears Tributes to Miss Cementina Butler and Her Family. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/431661412/?terms=Clementina%20Butler&match=1 |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Boston Globe |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=10 October 1933 |page=6 |format=Public domain}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="BostonGlobe-13sep1913">{{cite news |title="Mother of Missions". Mrs William Butler, Aged 93, Passes Away at Newton. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/430902794/?terms=Clementina%20Rowe%20Butler&match=1 |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The Boston Globe |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=13 September 1913 |page=16 |format=Public domain}} {{open access}}</ref>

Butler's death at Hotel Brunswick in Boston, December 5, 1949, was sudden. Interment was at the Newton Cemetery.<ref name="BostonGlobe-8dec1949">{{cite news |title=Clementina Butler |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/433406989/?terms=Clementina%20Butler&match=1 |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Boston Globe |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=8 December 1949 |page=45 |format=Public domain}} {{open access}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''William Butler : the founder of two missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. By this daughter. With an Introduction by Bishop C. C. McCabe'' (1902) ([https://archive.org/details/williambutlerfou00butl Text])
* ''Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati : pioneer in the movement for the education of the child-widow of India'' (1922) ([https://archive.org/details/panditaramabaisa00butl_0 Text])
* ''Ownership : God is the owner, I am His steward. By Clementina Butler, Author of "Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati"'' (1927) ([https://archive.org/details/ownershipgodisow0000butl Text])
* ''Mrs. William Butler: Two Empires and the Kingdom. By the same author, "William Butler"'' (1929) ([https://archive.org/details/mrswilliambutler0000butl Text])
* ''Newest thing in "A.B.C.'s"'' (19--) ([https://archive.org/details/newestthinginabc00butl Text])

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Attribution===
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|author=Lutheran Publication Society|title=Lutheran Woman's Work|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2czAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA406|edition=Public domain|volume=8|year=1914|publisher=Lutheran Publication Society|chapter=A Lone American Woman in Puebla, by Miss Clementina Butler}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last1=Willard|first1=Frances Elizabeth|author1-link=Frances Willard|last2=Livermore|first2=Mary Ashton Rice|author2-link=Mary Livermore|title=A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life|chapter=Clementina Butler |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Century/Clementina_Butler|edition=Public domain|year=1893|publisher=[[Charles Wells Moulton]]}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|author=Woman's Foreign Missionary Society|title=Woman's Missionary Friend|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XanNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA456|edition=45-46|year=1913|publisher=Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.|chapter=Personal Mention}} }}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gerald H.|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA104|year=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4680-8}}
* {{cite book|author=The Missionary Review|title=The Missionary Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xpXAAAAYAAJ|volume=59|year=1936|publisher=Princeton Press}}

==External links==
* {{wikisource-inline|Woman of the Century/Clementina Butler}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Clementina Butler}}

{{Portal|Biography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Clementina}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:American evangelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American biographers]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American women biographers]]
[[Category:School founders]]
[[Category:American magazine founders]]
[[Category:American women founders]]
[[Category:American founders]]
[[Category:20th-century American women]]
[[Category:International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons]]

Circus (Indian TV series)

2025-11-05T07:58:55Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the Indian drama series|the American documentary series|The Circus: Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = {{ubl|[[Aziz Mirza]]|[[Kundan Shah]]<ref>{{cite web |last=N |first=Patcy |date=7 October 2017 |title='Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa worked because of Shah Rukh Khan' |url=https://rediff.com/movies/report/kabhi-haan-kabhi-naa-worked-because-of-shah-rukh-khan/20151102.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Aziz Mirza]]|}}
| writer = [[V K Sharma]]
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] Sunil Shende Rekha Sahay [[Renuka Shahane]] Sameer Khakhar [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| producer =
| opentheme =
| composer = Kuldeep Singh
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 19
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 25 minutes
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1989||}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1990||}}
}}
'''''Circus''''' is a 1989 [[India]]n television series directed by [[Aziz Mirza]] and [[Kundan Shah]], set in a [[circus]] troupe, starring [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Makarand Deshpande]], [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Neeraj Vora]], and Hyder Ali.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=28 March 2020 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 1989 TV show 'Circus' to air on Doordarshan from Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khans-1989-tv-show-circus-to-air-on-doordarshan-from-sunday/article31190294.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 February 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Shekharan Rai
* [[Sunil Shendey]] as Sahdevan Rai a.k.a. Babuji, Shekharan' Father
* [[Sameer Khakhar]] as Chintamani
* Rekha Sahay as Valsamma
* Naeem Shah as Sultan
* Amrut Patel as Professor Bowkar
* [[Renuka Shahane]] as Maria
* Satish Kaul as Aditya
* Anita Sarin as Prabha
* Dimple Hirji as Minaz
* Naresh Suri as John Jonathan/Joe, Maria's Father
* [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]] as Subroto, Ringmaster
* Somesh Agarwal as Gupta
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Rasik
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] as Vicky
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Kanti
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as Changu
* Sharad Bhagtani as Mangu
* Sidharth Basu as Circus Staff
* Sunil Advani as Swami
* [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-07 |title=Tiatr artiste Anil Kumar loses battle with diabetes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-artiste-anil-kumar-loses-battle-with-diabetes/articleshow/46150067.cms |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Guest cast===
* [[Rama Vij]] as Shyamli
* Puja Bhatkal as Bulbul

==Episodes==
Animal seller, visits Apollo Circus and requests Babuji, who is the owner of the Circus, to purchase a Bear as it would be of great benefit for his Circus but Babuji refuses citing an ongoing financial crisis. Rao, the owner of Atlas Circus meets Babuji and offers to buy his Circus which infuriates Babuji as he has no intention of selling his Circus which he has been running for close to 25 years. In the evening Jonathan has a heated argument with Kanti and Vicky, fellow artists of the Circus, and Sultan has to interfere to cool things down. Kanti and Vicky are fed of Jonathan's regular habit of getting drunk and picking up fights with everyone and wonder why Babuji doesn't throw him out of the Circus, to which Sultan replies that Babuji would never do that because Jonathan has always been loyal to Apollo Circus and did not bother to join a new Circus despite being the best Trapeze artist of the country. Many years ago, Jonathan was one of the star artists of Apollo Circus but due to an accident he lost his leg and had to take an early retirement. Later in the day, Babuji receives a call from his son Shekharan who informs him that he will soon be returning to India. Out of sheer happiness Babuji decides to buy a new Bear from Singh for his Circus.
{{Episode table |background= |season= |title= |aux1 = |director= |writer= |aux2= |seasonT = Episode |aux1T= Featured Character(s) |aux2T = Cinematographer |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Episode 1
| Aux1 = Apollo Circus
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = V.K.Sharma
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Episode 2
| Aux1 = Shekharan
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Makhan Singh
| Aux2 = Binod Pradhan
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Episode 3
| Aux1 = Shekharan & Babuji
| DirectedBy = Kundan Shah
| WrittenBy = V.K.Sharma
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Episode 4
| Aux1 = Shekharan & Babuji
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Inayat Akhtar
| Aux2 = Binod Pradhan
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Episode 5
| Aux1 = Shekharan
| DirectedBy = Kundan Shah
| WrittenBy = Mohafiz Haider
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Episode 6
| Aux1 = Aditya, Shyamli & Subroto
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Pramod Sharma
| Aux2 = Binod Pradhan
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Episode 7
| Aux1 = Aditya, Shyamli, Subroto & Bulbul
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Inayat Akhtar
| Aux2 = Binod Pradhan
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Episode 8
| Aux1 = Changu, Mangu & Bowkar
| DirectedBy = Kundan Shah
| WrittenBy = Bharat Karia
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Episode 9
| Aux1 = Prabha
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Hriday Lani
| Aux2 = Virendra Saini
| ShortSummary = Prabha's contract with Apollo Circus has come to an end and she's going back to her village to get married, but her departure gets delayed as her Uncle doesn't visit to take her on the day he had promised he would. A day later when Prabha finally goes away from the Circus with her Uncle, Valsamma narrates her story to Aditya and talks about how she too had returned home once from the Circus but had to come back after realizing that nothing much had changed in her house and the reasons that had forced her to join the Circus were still there. A week later, Prabha returns to Apollo Circus informing that her brother has lost his job and has joined a two year course after which he would get a new job, so for the time being she would like to re-join the Circus to manage her house.
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Episode 10
| Aux1 = Minaz, Kanti & Rasik
| DirectedBy = Pushkar Singh
| WrittenBy = Mohafiz Haider
| Aux2 = Ajay Tandon
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Episode 11
| Aux1 = Joe & Maria
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Makhan Singh
| Aux2 = Virendra Saini
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Episode 12
| Aux1 = Maria & Shekharan
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Makhan Singh
| Aux2 = Virendra Saini
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Episode 13
| Aux1 =
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Bharat Karia
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Episode 14
| Aux1 = Kanti, Rasik & Minaz
| DirectedBy = Manoj Lalwani
| WrittenBy = Sushil Doshi
| Aux2 = Ajay Tandon
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Episode 15
| Aux1 = Vicky
| DirectedBy = Kundan Shah
| WrittenBy = Pramod Sharma
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Episode 16
| Aux1 = Kalandar
| DirectedBy = Pushkar Singh & Manoj Lalwani
| WrittenBy = Pramod Sharma
| Aux2 = Ajay Tandon
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Episode 17
| Aux1 = Shyamli, Subroto & Bulbul
| DirectedBy = Kundan Shah
| WrittenBy = Inayat Akhtar
| Aux2 = Ajay Tandon
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Episode 18
| Aux1 = Shekharan & Babuji
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = Mukesh Sharma
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Episode 19
| Aux1 = Shekharan
| DirectedBy = Aziz Mirza
| WrittenBy = V.K.Sharma
| Aux2 = Rajesh Joshi
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor =
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0370114}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:1989 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in circuses]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Basel Mission Press

2025-10-28T22:20:09Z

ShermanGraham8: put up a article

{{Short description|First printing press in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Basel Mission Press
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = BASEL MSSION PRESS
| trading_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Printing press]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1841}} in [[Balmatta, Mangalore]], India
| founder = [[Gottfried Weigle|Gottfried Hartmann Weigle]]
| products = {{plainlist|
* [[Newspaper]]
* [[Dictionary]]
*[[Religious text|Religious Books]]
}}
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| ratio = 
| rating = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
| slogan = 
| logo_padding =
| coordinates =
}}'''Basel Mission Press''' is the first [[printing press]] of [[Karavali|coastal Karnataka]] and was established in 1841 at [[Balmatta, Mangalore]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-12-05|title=175 glorious years for Basel Mission Press|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/175-glorious-years-for-Basel-Mission-Press/article16762961.ece|access-date=2021-09-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This printing press was gifted to [[Gottfried Weigle]] by [[Basel Mission]] of Switzerland who had been to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to get a booklet printed. Tulu Kirthanegalu by the [[Lithography|lithographic]] process was the first book printed in the Manguluru Branch in 1841.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Monteiro|first=John B|date=2016-12-05|title=Pioneer Basel Mission Press in coastal Karnataka touches 175 years|work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=426310|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref> In 1841, Gottfried Weigle obtained a printing press from Bombay and brought it back to Mangalore in 1842 with two Marathi printing assistants. In 1842, they published a Kannada pamphlet by Moegling and made 1500 copies. The next item was Christian Greiner's Tulu translation of St. Matthew's Gospel. In July 1841, the press began the first Kannada newspaper called "Mangalur-samachar" edited by Hermann Moegling.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Brian|last1=Stanley|first2=Kevin|last2=Ward|title=The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999|publisher=Curzon Press Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=0700712089|location=United States of America|pages=49}}</ref> Two issues a month were produced until February 1844, after which it was printed in Bellary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Graham|date=1977-01-01|title=Printing at Mangalore and Tellicherry by the Basel Mission|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libr.1977.27.1.154/html|journal=Libri|language=en|volume=27|issue=Jahresband|pages=154–164|doi=10.1515/libr.1977.27.1.154|s2cid=144746947|issn=1865-8423|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Basel Mission Press celebrated its 175th anniversary celebrations in 2016. Basel Mission Press is now renamed as Balmatta Institute of Printing Technology and Book Craft offers courses in [[Printmaking|printing technology]] and [[Bookbinding|book binding]]. The press is being maintained by Karnataka Christian Education Society (KACES) since 1972<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2016|title=Basel mission press to celebrate its 175th anniversary from today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/basel-mission-press-to-celebrate-its-175th-anniversary-from-today/articleshow/55778260.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life of Gottfried Weigle ==
[[File:Weigle, Gottfried (1816-1855).jpg|thumb|Gottfried Weigle, (1816-1855)]][[Gottfried Weigle|Gottfried Hartmann Weigle]] was born on 1 July 1816 in the house of a chairman in the village of Zell, a beautiful place on the banks of the [[Neckar]] River in [[Württemberg]]. After graduating in 1834 he joined the theological training in [[Tübingen]]. When he joined the apprenticeship, he specialized not only in teaching but also in various training. He came to India in 1840 after serving as a lecturer in [[Basel]] after being baptized at St. George's Church in 1836., who started the printing industry in 1841 in [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karl Friedrich|first=Ledderhose|title=Allgemeine deutsche Biographie|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|year=1875|location=[[Leipzig]]|pages=161}}</ref>

==Printing in Kannada==
The East India Company used their powers to bring Roman scripts to the country's languages, but the British authorities, who first pulled the literary treasure of Hosanagadda (new [[Kannada]]), with the use of nails started the printing of Kannada from 1817 with the help of missionaries and natives. The British India company's government, to facilitate their administration funded specialist from missionaries to print Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages. [[William Reeve (missionary)|William Reeve]] of the London Mission produced an English to Kannada dictionary in 1824, and a Kannada to English dictionary in 1832, at the behest of the government of Madras. Krishnamacharya's Kannada grammar was printed in 1830. It was easy to assemble English nails when these prints were done.{{cn|date=January 2023}} For the Kannada letters to be inserted, the Kannada letters were hand-inscribed and printed in the order of drawing images on a piece of wood. There are records of college presses using the same type of presses for Telugu and Kannada. Therefore, there are many works that have been printed in Kannada books using the letter prints that look like Telugu letters. For example, William Carey's first Kannada grammar, printed in Calcutta, 1817 and the New Testament, part of the 1824 Truth Book. Later in the Bellary Mission Press, many parts of Kannada truth published by John Honds were printed.Later in the Bellary Mission Press, many parts of Kannada truth published by John Honds were printed.Later in the Bellary Mission Press, many parts of Kannada satyaveda published by John Honds were printed in the similar way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernandes|first=Denis|title=Towards the Formation of an Independent Indian Church: The Role of "Satyavratha" A Protestant Christian Journal in Mangalore|date=2008|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147244|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=69|pages=824–832|jstor=44147244|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The printing of "[[Mangaluru Samachara|Mangaluru Samachar]]" [[newspaper]] is considered as the milestone in the history of printing technology in India. [[Malayalam]] - English dictionary of [[Hermann Gundert]], a German missionary, scholar and linguistic was also printed as Basel Mission Press.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hockings|first=Paul|title=Sex and Disease in a Mountain Community|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd|year=1980|isbn=9780706908312|location=New Delhi|pages=61}}</ref>

== Gravel printing ==
There was another type of printing before the use of Kannada printing presses. Printing work was regularly broadcast around the world, with Roman, English, and other scripts being produced. But during the interval, the printing press came into existence when the Kannada script was not available. The rock was discovered in 1796 by Prague resident Eloyd Seinfeld. For this purpose, calcium carbonate-containing stone and grease-like liquids were used. This is called printing or lithography. The people knew how to carve inscriptions on stone but did not know how to get more copies. This tactic, brought from Europe in India, was not straightforward. The letters were engraved on a piece of soft wood and then printed on a soft stone. Stone printing was done using greasy oil, paper and pens. Next a human-powered machine was invented and it became a lithography print. The stone resembling a smooth Kadappa stone and then writing the letters in reverse order looking at the letters in the mirror and writing them on the paper was how the gravel printing as done. Tulu-English Dictionary was printed at Basel Mission Press in 1888. "Mangalura Samachara" was lithographed in 1843 at the Basel Mission Printing Press using stone slabs. The stone slabs are still preserved at the printing press in Balmatta, Mangaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-26|title=How a German missionary fell in love with Kannada and started its first newspaper|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-german-missionary-fell-love-kannada-and-started-its-first-newspaper-73754|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Botanical prints ==
The printer [[Johann Jakob Hunziker]] worked at the Basel Mission Press from 1857 to 1862 and set upon working on a series of botanical prints in which he used actual plant leaves which were inked onto lithographic plates. His work distributed in a limited set of copies included more than a 100 species of local plants.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Näf, Barbara Frey |author2=Badenberg, Nana |year=2013 |title=Die Pflanzenwelt Südindiens – Johann Jakob Hunzikers Naturselbstdrucke aus dem Jahr 1862 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bauhinia_24_0001-0014.pdf |journal=Bauhinia |volume=24 |pages=1-14 |lang=de}}</ref>

== Printing of Tulu script ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
When the Mission entered Kannada in 1826, they worked on developing Kannada typography with the aim of printing Kannada and Tulu works.<ref name=MT>[https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Better-technological-interface-for-Tulu-script-needed.html Mangalore Today website, article dated Apr 04 2018]</ref> Their first printing press was in use by 1841 and their first Tulu translation of the Bible was printed in 1847, as well as educational books and secular novels;<ref>[https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_12A6BA81B2D9.P001/REF.pdf Université de Lausanne website, article by Philippe Bornet, page 104]</ref> this had a lasting impact on culture of Karnataka’s culture with Kittel’s dictionary providing a standardization of the written language. However, it has also been suggested that Tulu works being printed in Kannada fonts may have helped lead to the gradual disuse of Tulu script.<ref name=MT />

Religious books and text books in Kannada language were printed in Mumbai and Madras. Malayalam books were printed and brought from Kallikote. The first Biblical book in Malayalam for the Basel Mission was printed at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and the first book of the Basel Mission Songs was printed in Mumbai, both in the year 1840.

The Lord’s Prayer was lithographed in Kannada and Tulu in 1842,<ref name=DW /> while a newspaper (the Mangalur Samachar) was also launched in 1844.

When Weigle came to India, he wandered around the city of Mumbai, American Marathi printers and many other places not only to learn the vernacular language, but also to get the full information on gravel printing before establishing the printing press in Mangalore. He not only collected the information but also brought the below items required for Mangalore Christian meeting from Bombay for which many of his Christian friends assisted him.

* One lithography (Gravel printing machine)
* 50 Gravel printed copies of Kannada songs books
* 2 trained printing Marathi skill workers
* 4 Germany's finest stones.

The 50 copies which was printed in Mumbai is given the title name as"Geetegalu" (songs). In this book 16 songs are written by Moegling, 10 songs written by Weigle, 2 songs written by Layyar. The front cover of the book is gravel printed and is mentioned that it was printed in 1840 in the town of Mumbai by the writings of Pandit Anandarayas. The first Tulu prayer book was printed after the printing press was brought from Mumbai. In 1842, another gravel stone was brought from Madras. In this Gravel Printing press, a Tulu language work, the "Mattaaye Bareti Suvartamana" Gospel, was published Kannada translation of Graner, a part of the Bible. The missionaries went on to publish folklore as only religious and elementary texts could not reach the masses. Large texts, text books, and maps for school use were printed. This press was then known as the German Mission Press.The Madras government chose the Basel Mission Press to print the Kannada manuscripts in their newspaper, while the Mumbai government printed text books for their schools. Not only did the Kannada script in Tulu language was used in this printing press, the press also published books in Badaga, Kodava and Konkani languages. The praise must therefore be credited to the German missionaries who took the precaution of not being blown away by the united Karnataka province.

== Printing from mold nails ==
The preparations for the establishment of the Letter Press. New seal machines with mold nails were brought from abroad. From 1852, press began printing with the use of lettering. Panduranga Shet, a native of Mangalore, was hired to carve the first letters. Tommy Luklin trained in printing by Plebst joined the press. He served the Basel Mission press until 1865. In the new printing system, the 13th year report of the Basel Mission was first printed in English using English spines brought from Germany. The Kannada printing using mold nails started from 1853 and printed the Kannada [[Panchangam|Panchanga]] (calendar). A separate binding division was arranged in the press under the leadership of Plebst. Lukas Joshua from Ucchila was sent to Bellary, Madras for training and appointed as its chief of binding. Gradually, Joshua was promoted and under his leadership opened a separate binding division and continued operation. It was called the "Joshua Binding Walkers" and the department was operating in the building that currently houses Athena Hospital. All of the books printed at the Basel Mission Press were bound here. From 1858, the press began to develop and make new seams. There were 28 workers (12 workers to assemble nails, 6 workers to print. 5 workers to hoard nails, two workers to carve nail letters). Even though work outside the 1860s was reduced, there was no shortage of work, as the writings of Kittel and Moggling were printed here. [[Tulu Nadu]] was divided into Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada districts. Then the government started two press in Mangalore and Sirsi. Basel Mission Press had to provide mold nails, printing equipment and trained workers to these two presses. Since 1861, a separate book shop has been opened for booksellers. Press at Tallachery was closed, the Malayalam printing was continued in Mangalore.

In 1868 under the leadership of Flyderer, a separate branch was started to sell book and named it as Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository in the Bandar region of Mangalore. It then moved to Hampankatta and continued to operate until 1965. It includes not only published books but also geographical, maps, etc., at Basel Mission Press, imported from abroad writing materials. Laboratory equipment used for school and science related materials were also sold. In the late 19th century, it was one of the biggest press in Karnataka which published thousands of books in Kannada, English, Tulu and Tamil, Malayalam, Sanskrit, German, French, Kodava, Badaga, Konkani languages. Basel Mission Press includes not only printing but also making mold nails, making photo blocks, printing equipment for other presses, making wood blocks, making machine cylinders. In 1929, the press had 6 workers to make correction, 30 workers to print, 42 workers to assemble nail, 5 woodworkers, 6 worker for casting, 2 workers for Engine Section, 14 Mercenary, 2 Packers, 2 Warehouse, 2 Housekeeping, 3 security persons and were over 150 workers.

The Madras Government, in its 1875 Administration Manual noted that the printing of the Basel Mission Press was then unequal compared to any other Indian press. In 1870 a part of the Hindu Power Press in Mangalore, Basel Mission Press was the only printing press in the district The printing presses which were later established in the district are from those workers who had worked here. Basel Mission Press wrote that "This shop, which is a small class with stone masonry, now employs hundreds of people and is a strong, beautiful home in the Kannada district. Through this chapel, many people in our district were trained in the molding jobs and were able to set up freelancers independently. Many workers had to make a living. "in an article in the commemorative issue of the 13th Karnataka Literary Conference held in Mangalore in 1927.
[[File:BaselPress.jpg|thumb|Basel Mission Press Logo]]
In 1870, the Basel Mission Press logo had a picture of a coconut tree on the four sides of the four languages known as Kannada Tulu Malayalam and English. When the Basel Mission arrived in Mangalore in 1834, it was in the same area as the pre-existing Christian worship and primary school, that the printing press was established in 1841 and then moved to the YMCA building on Phalnir Road in 1942. It is in this environment that the Basel Evangelical Theological Seminary was established in 1847 and moved to its present location in 1863 and is now operating as the [[Karnataka Theological College]]. The Press operated in the same location until 1913. In 1913 the press was moved to the new building in site opposite the present Peace Temple. Due to the effects of the 1914 World War, the Press was run by a local organization, which until 1927 was known as the Canaries Evangelical Mission Press. Around 1928, a small room was built on the opposite side of the Press Building, which was an office room. The cool air that blows the room is called the Saviolo, and there is an iron ladder system to enter the press while the rest of the missionaries are at work. In this case, the lower board was replaced by an iron-on board. The building currently houses the Habic Technical Training Institute established by the Basel Missionaries.

The growth of the Basel Mission Press growth has been hampered by various factors, such as other printing presses established in the district since the 1960s, and a new type of printing press. The Press's record book shows a decrease in the number of workers, with 114 employees in 1939, 87 in 1942 and 16 in 1967. The Basel Mission opened the Hebeck Technical Training School in 1964 in the Press building and opened the Technical Training School in the district. In 1965 the book shop in Hampankatta was closed. Then again, the publishing house was shut down in the 1970s. The Karnataka Christian Educational Society came into being as an autonomous body with the intention of establishing other educational institutions under the leadership of Jattan. In the 1970s, the Commonwealth group was closed and KCES acquired a {{cvt|3.5|acre|adj=on}} site with a factory. Built in 1907, the Basel Mission Neighborhood factory was built in 1907 during the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1914, when the Basel Mission Allied Factory and the Weave factory were under the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth had also expanded the building to support the factory in Neyyi. Rev was the secretary of the Causes organization, which has held several programs to preserve the closed Basel Mission Press and its contributing legacy under the leadership of the Dr. C.D. Jattin, a factory was opened in this part of the building. Until 1982, works for the loom and new invention were carried out and re-established the Basel Mission Press as a Balmatha Master Press. Mr. K A Kuruvil, who served as manager at Wesleyan Mission Press in Mysore was hired and brought all the machinery required for the Basel Mission to keep the press going. It was started in 1972 with the nickname 'Balmatha Master Ppress' with the cooperation of many former employees who hired Maman Phillippe, a veteran in the printing industry from 1976 to 1980. K. A. Kuruvilla and Manman Philippe and are responsible for the growing number of presses restored until the 1980s. Press name was changed to the Balmatha Institute of Printing Technology to provide binding and printing training to implement the training that Basel Mission Press had previously undertaken. This led to the launch of a high-quality printing system of the Basel Mission Press. The present building was built in 1907 for a factory in Basel Mission. In line with this, after 1914, the Commonwealth-run weave was expanded for factory purposes, and after 1970, the Coase Company continued the division of the weave in the same building.The museum is intended to preserve the Basel Mission Press's old printers and collections in the present building.

Also, Basel Mission Book Shop, which was located in Vijaya Penn Mart in Hampankatta at around 1965, was closed and sold to Chandana Brothers. Mr. Vincent Pramodan (75), Mr. George Bangera (82) and Mr. Bhawani Shankar (84), who served in the former Basel Mission Press, still recall that there were buses, bonuses, once-a-year boat trips and canteen arrangements.

Most of the works printed in Basel Mission Press are in the Basel Patriarchy of Switzerland, in the form of microfilms and many Kannada, Tulu and Malayalam works and Researchers are still using it. The journalist also undertakes the work of searching for and recording works that are not available. Dictionaries, grammar, geometry, music book etc. ptinted at Basel Mission Press are being reprinted by various organizations. The press is still reprinting books for the hand meeting, Kannada Tulu Music Book, Forty Days of Shramavara, Prayer Book, Kannada Tulu Songs, Elim Khoras etc. All right to reprint, research etc. (@) is in favor of Mission 21 (O issio T21), Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore.

== Awards ==

* Message Special Awards For services to Kannada and Tulu language literature and culture through the Basel Missionaries Printing Service to KCES in 2003
* 2013 Alva's Nudisiri Award to Moegling's for his contribution and his role in the development of Kannada language was awarded to KCES in 2013

The Press, which has been under the administration of the Cosses for the past 43 years, has seen a number of developments. The large cylinder printing at the Basel Mission Press, the Automatic Printing, Victoria Printing Hand Feeding, as well as the 2 smaller printing machines are still in the works. Previously there were folding, book rounding, book corner, 2 cutting machines for binding. There is also screen printing, a good binding system. The mold and high-end binding of mold nails is still well known.

==21st century==

In 2016, the Press celebrated its 175 anniversary.<ref name="DW">[https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=426310]
Daiji World website, article by John B Monteiro dated December 5, 2016</ref> At the time of the anniversary, the Press was named the Balmatta Institute of Printing Technology and Book Craft and was run by KACES (Karnataka Christian Educational Society); it had 15 employees and ran courses in printing technology and book binding through Balmatta Institute of Printingg Technology and Book Craft.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55778260.cms Times of India website, article dated Dec 4, 2016]</ref>

==External links==
[http://www.erinmclaughlin.com/hindirinny/2011/02/scenes-from-the-basel-mission-press/ Erin McLaughlin website] Photographs of press workers in Mangalore, Karnataka

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1841]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1841]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mangalore]]

Cadila Pharmaceuticals

2025-10-13T20:53:31Z

ShermanGraham8: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited
| logo = Cadila Pharmaceuticals.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_alt = Cadila_Pharmaceuticals_Logo
| image = Cadilla Pharmaceuticals HQ.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Ahmedabad]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = 1951
| founder = [[Indravadan Modi]]
| location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| num_employees = 8,000
| subsid = IRM Ltd
| location_country = India
| key_people = Rajiv Modi (Chairman and Managing Director)
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = [[Active ingredient|API]]s, [[generic drug]]s
| services = {{ubl|[[Contract research organization|Contract research]]|[[Contract manufacturing]]}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|3675|c}} (FY23)<ref name="FY23"/>
| net_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|-10|c}} (FY23)<ref name="FY23">{{cite web |title=Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited |url=https://www.crediwatch.com/party/55675e4e6d6f6f263ac91704/financials |publisher=Crediwatch |access-date=18 December 2023|url-access=registration}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.cadilapharma.com/}}
}}

'''Cadila Pharmaceuticals''' is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational]] pharmaceutical company based in [[Ahmedabad]]. The company's operations focus on manufacturing products ranging from [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical intermediates]], [[Pharmaceutical formulation|finished formulations]], food supplements, [[biotechnology]] products and pharmaceutical machinery.<ref name="Bureau 2023 v619">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-22 |title=Cadila Pharma to expand and upgrade its existing facilities in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cadila-pharma-to-expand-and-upgrade-its-existing-facilities-in-gujarat/article66649134.ece |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=BusinessLine}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1951 Indravadan A Modi had quit his job as a chemist in a Mumbai firm to start Cadila Laboratories with childhood friend Ramanbhai Patel. The company started in a rented bungalow with a capital of Rs 25,000 and achieved a turnover of around Rs 1.25 lakh in its first year of operation.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/carrying-the-legacy-forward-rajiv-modi-114012801184_1.html|title=Carrying the legacy forward: Rajiv Modi|first=Sohini|last=Das|date=28 January 2014|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

The Modi and Patel families decided to split the business in 1995, and two entities were formed: '''Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd''' (owned and controlled by Indravadan Modi and his son Rajiv Modi) and [[Cadila Healthcare]] (owned by Ramanbhai Patel and his son Pankaj Patel family).<ref name="auto"/>

In 2019, Cadila Pharmaceuticals formed a partnership with Norwegian start-up, Serca Pharmaceuticals to develop new treatment for heart patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cadila-pharma-inks-pact-with-norwegian-start-up-to-develop-new-treatment-for-heart-patients/article25960391.ece|title=Cadila Pharma inks pact with Norwegian start-up to develop new treatment for heart patients|website=@businessline|date=10 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

In November 2023, the company opened an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) plant in [[Dahej]], in Gujarat's [[Bharuch district]]. The facility was built with an investment of ₹200 crore, and is equipped with distributed control system (DCS) automation technology. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Business today |date=27 November 2023 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/cadila-pharmaceuticals-inaugurates-rs-200-crore-api-plant-in-dahej-aims-to-expand-to-new-markets-407301-2023-11-27}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Cadila Pharmaceuticals has its formulation manufacturing facilities at Dholka, Gujarat (India); Samba, Jammu (India) and at Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and 2 API manufacturing facilities are located at Ankleshwar, Gujarat. The manufacturing facility at Dholka and the API unit at Ankleshwar in Gujarat are USFDA-certified; the overseas manufacturing facility at Ethiopia is the WHO - cGMP compliant facility.<ref>[http://pharma.financialexpress.com/sections/management/1698-caring-cadila Financial Express 28 January 2013]</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Company ===
In 2014, a cautionary notice appeared on the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) website, highlighting substantial manufacturing practice discrepancies discovered by inspectors in March at Cadila Pharmaceuticals' [[Ankleshwar]] facility in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |last2=Das |first2=Sohini |date=13 November 2014 |title=US FDA scolds Cadila Pharma over manufacturing practice in Gujrat plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/us-fda-scolds-cadila-pharma-over-manufacturing-practice-in-gujrat-plant-114111201228_1.html |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> This incident marked one among several Indian pharmaceutical companies receiving regulatory warnings from the FDA, indicating increased scrutiny on generic drugmakers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=FDA warns Cadila Pharma over drug production processes |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cadila-pharmaceuticals-india-usa/fda-warns-cadila-pharma-over-drug-production-processes-idINKCN0IW0EH20141112/ |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A similar kind of notices were again issued in 2016<ref>{{Cite news |last=RAJAGOPAL |first=DIVYA |date=2016-01-01 |title=Cadila gets US FDA warning for violating standards at Moraiya and Ahmedabad plants |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/cadila-gets-us-fda-warning-for-violating-standards-at-moraiya-and-ahmedabad-plants/articleshow/50390452.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Center for Drug Evaluation and |date=2022-11-28 |title=Cadila Healthcare Limited - 584856 - 10/29/2019 |url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/cadila-healthcare-limited-584856-10292019 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research |language=en}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Management ===
In 2018, the chairman of the company, Rajiv Modi, went through a widely publicized and contentious divorce with his wife, Monica, who comes from a prominent Mumbai-based business family of Garware. At that time, Modi transferred {{INRConvert|200|c|lk=off|year=2023}} to Monica, who relinquished her rights, while custody of their son was awarded to Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-31 |title=Gujarat: Cadila Pharma owner pays wife Rs 200 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cadila-pharma-owner-pays-wife-rs-200-crore/articleshow/66436382.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cadila Pharmaceuticals boss Rajiv Modi swallows a Rs 200-cr divorce pill |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-cadila-pharmaceuticals-boss-rajiv-modi-swallows-a-rs-200-cr-divorce-pill-2681136 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://cadilapharma.com/}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India| ]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Vellum Thiramai

2025-08-28T07:58:12Z

ShermanGraham8: added new entry initial version...

{{short description|2022 Indian talent television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|வெல்லும் திறமை}}
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Reality
* [[Talent show]]
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* VJ Andrews
* Syamantha Kiran
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Nikki Galrani]]
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]]
* [[Shihan Hussaini]]}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.42-45 minutes per episode
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|10|30}}
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = [[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]
}}

'''''Vellum Thiramai''''' (வெல்லும் திறமை) is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language talent television show aired on [[Colors Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/colors-tamil-to-launch-talent-show-vellum-thiramai/Entertainment/news/2748303.html|title=Colors Tamil launch new show Vellum Thiramai|website=www.uniindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/colors-tamil-launches-brand-new-reality-show-vellum-thiramai-auditions-open-5326237.html|title=Colors Tamil Launches Brand New Reality Show Vellum Thiramai; Auditions Open|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediabrief.com/colors-tamil-talent-show-vellum-thiramai/|title=Colors Tamil launches non-fiction talent show 'Vellum Thiramai'|website=mediabrief.com|date=3 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The judges were [[Nikki Galrani]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/colors-tamil-channel-s-new-show-vellum-thiramai-to-be-telecast-every-saturdays-096350.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் புதிய நிகழ்ச்சி வெல்லும் திறமையில் நிக்கி கல்ராணி.. அழகான நடுவர் ரெடி!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=7 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] and [[Shihan Hussaini]], and the hosts were VJ Andrews<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-andrews-to-host-talent-show-vellum-thiramai/articleshow/91935939.cms|title=VJ Andrews to host talent show 'Vellum Thiramai'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Syamantha Kiran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/syamantha-kiran-to-host-vellum-thiramai/articleshow/92410437.cms|title=Syamantha Kiran to host 'Vellum Thiramai'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The first season, which contained twenty episodes, premiered on 4 June<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/colors-tamil-to-air-new-non-fiction-talent-show-vellum-thiramai-from-4th-june/|title=Colors Tamil to air new non-fiction talent show 'Vellum Thiramai' from 4th June|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=3 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and ended on 30 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vellum-thiramai-grand-finale/|title=Vellum Thiramai Grand Finale Telecast on Colors Tamil – Sunday, 30th October at 8:00 PM|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=30 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It was made available for streaming in selected markets on [[Voot]].

The first season was won by Drona Academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/11/drona-academy-gets-golden-trophy-of-vellum-thiramai-at-the-grand-finale|title=Drona Academy gets golden trophy of Vellum Thiramai at the grand finale|website=bestmediainfo.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/drona-academy-is-winner-of-colors-tamil-s-vellum-thiramai-124545.html|title=Drona Academy is winner of Colors Tamil's Vellum Thiramai|website=www.adgully.com|language=en}}</ref> The show itself was based on [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[Colors TV]]'s show [[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=வெல்லும் திறமை : தமிழுக்கு வரும் ஹிந்தி ரியாலிட்டி ஷோ... |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=104892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608182211/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=104892 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan's Tamil version 'Vellum Thiramai' set to be launched soon; Parineeti Chopra unveils title and logo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/hunarbaaz-desh-ki-shaans-tamil-version-vellum-thiramai-set-to-be-launched-soon-parineeti-chopra-unveils-title-and-logo/articleshow/91312499.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Runner up
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#4da6ff"|
|align="center"| '''[[Vellum Thiramai#Season 1|1]]'''
|align="center"| 20
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|4}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2022|10|30}}
|style="background:yellow;" |Drona Academy
|{{Runner-up| JDC}}
|-
|}

==Judges and Hosts==
===Judges===
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white" colspan="2" |season
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| Judges
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| Notes
|-
| style="background: #4da6ff"|
|rowspan="3" |1
|[[Nikki Galrani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-vellum-thiramai-show-on-every-saturday-tmn-755351.html|title=திறமைக்கு களம் அமைக்கும் கலர்ஸ் தமிழ்.. நிக்கி கல்ராணி நடுவர்!!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=6 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
|Indian actress known for her works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films.
|-
| style="background: #4da6ff"|
|[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]]
|Indian [[choreographer]] who has worked in across India's several regional film industries.
|-
| style="background: #4da6ff"|
|[[Shihan Hussaini]]
|Indian karate expert, who has also worked as an actor in Tamil language films and Television shows.
|}

===Hosts===
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white" colspan="2" |season
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| Judges
|-
| style="background: #4da6ff"|
|rowspan="2" |1
|VJ Andrews
|-
| style="background: #4da6ff"|
|Syamantha Kiran
|}

== Winners ==
The first season was won by Drona Academy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/drona-academy-lift-the-trophy-of-colors-tamils-vellum-thiramai/|title=Drona Academy lift the trophy of Colors Tamil's Vellum Thiramai|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/drona-academywinner-vellum-thiramai/|title=Drona Academy Lift the Prestigious Trophy of Vellum Thiramai at the Grand Finale|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=31 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> with a cash prize of Rs 2.5 lakh, 1st Runner-up was won by JDC a cash prize of Rs 1.24 lakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/108994/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Vellum-Thiramai-winner.htm|title=வெல்லும் திறமை வென்றவர்கள் |website=[[Dinamalar]]|date=2 November 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vellum-thiramai-colors-tamil-finals-telecasting-time-vellum-thiramai-reality-show-title-winner-826932.html|title='வெல்லும் திறமை' பிரம்மாண்ட இறுதி போட்டி! ஜெயிக்க போவது யார்? |website=tamil.news18.com|date=29 October 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vellum-thirami-grand-finale-when-and-where-to-watch-6268213.html|title=Vellum Thirami Grand Finale: When and Where to Watch|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-vellum-thiramai-finals-title-winner-of-vellum-thiramai-reality-show-1st-runner-up-with-cash-prize-829172.html|title=வெல்லும் திறமை ஃபைனல்ஸ்.. வெற்றி வாகை சூடியது யார் தெரியுமா?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=2 November 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white" colspan="2" |season
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| Team
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| Winner
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF0000 ;color:white"| prize
|-
|style="background: #4da6ff"|
|rowspan="3" |1
|Drona Academy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://contentmediasolution.com/business/drona-academy-lift-the-prestigious-trophy-of-vellum-thiramai-at-the-grand-finale/|title=Drona Academy lift the prestigious trophy of Vellum Thiramai at the grand final|website=contentmediasolution.com|date=31 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|Winner
|₹ 2,500,00
|-
|style="background: #4da6ff"|
|JDC
|1st Runner-up(s)
|₹ 1,240,00
|-
|style="background: #4da6ff"|
|Yova Yoga Academy
|2nd Runner-up(s)
|₹ 75,000
|}

==Airing history==
The show premiered on [[Colors Tamil]] on 4 June 2022, and for the first fifteen episodes, aired Saturday at 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. Starting on 11 September, the final five episodes were shifted to air every Sunday at 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:45%;"
! Aired !! Time !! Episode
|-
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|4}} - {{end date|df=yes|2022|9|3}} || Saturday 19:00 || 1–15
|-
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|11}} - {{end date|df=yes|2022|10|30}} || Sunday 20:00 || 16–20
|}

==Production==
===Promotion===
The show shoot began in April 2022 and the first promo was released on 1 May 2022 by revealing of the show title name by [[Bollywood]] film actress [[Parineeti Chopra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/hunarbaaz-desh-ki-shaans-tamil-version-vellum-thiramai-set-to-be-launched-soon-parineeti-chopra-unveils-title-and-logo-ghta-skv-741925.html|title=திறமையாளர்களை தேடும் 'கலர்ஸ் தமிழ்'... விரைவில் ஒளிபரப்பாகிறது புதிய ரியாலிட்டி ஷோ!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=7 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.voot.com/shows/vellum-thiramai/253681|Vellum Thiramai}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Al Malfooz

2025-08-18T17:04:46Z

ShermanGraham8: improve lead to improve readability and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri#Works]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Chhau, Udaipurwati

2025-08-10T00:34:31Z

ShermanGraham8: Adding new pg

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Coord|27.9483|N|75.4633|E|display=title}}

'''Chhau''' is a village in [[Udaipurwati]] tehsil in [[Jhunjhunu district]] in the Indian state of Rajasthan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chhau Village Population - Udaipurwati - Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/71678-chhau-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=CHHAU Pin Code - 333305, Nawalgarh All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search JHUJHUNU Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jhujhunu/chhau-pincode-333305.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, the total population of village is 2470 of which 1229 are males while 1241 are females.<ref name=":0" />

== Literacy ==
As of 2011, the literacy rate was 74.91 % compared to 66.11 % of Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

{{Jhunjhunu district}}

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Tooth Pari: When Love Bites

2025-07-14T10:29:20Z

ShermanGraham8: added the entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian horror comedy series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Supernatural horror]] [[Fantasy]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| writer = {{ubl|Pratim D. Gupta|Sejal Pachisia}}
| director = Pratim D. Gupta
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shantanu Maheshwari]]|[[Tanya Maniktala]]|[[Tillotama Shome]]|[[Sikandar Kher]]|[[Saswata Chatterjee]]|[[Revathi]]|[[Adil Hussain]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Pratim D. Gupta|Mrinalini Khanna|Vishal Mehra|[[Harish Shah]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|Rishi Negi|Gaurav Gokhale|Mitul Mody|Abhishek Rege}}
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editor = Antara Lahiri
| composer = Neel Adhikari
| runtime = 40–48 minutes
| company = [[Endemol|Endemol Shine India]]
| channel = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|04|20|df=y}}
| opentheme =
}}
'''''Tooth Pari: When Love Bites''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[Supernatural horror film|supernatural horror]] television series created, written and directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]], with Sejal Pachisia as the screenwriter on two of the eight episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tooth-pari-when-love-bites-teaser-shantanu-maheshwari-tanya-maniktalas-show-has-bloody-twist-article-98819664|title=Tooth Pari - When Love Bites teaser: Shantanu Maheshwari-Tanya Maniktala's show has BLOODY twist|date=23 March 2023}}</ref> Produced by [[Endemol|Endemol Shine India]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Netflix announces new series 'Tooth Pari: When Love Bites', to premiere next month|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-announces-new-series-tooth-pari-when-love-bites-to-premiere-next-month/article66641170.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> it stars [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and [[Tanya Maniktala]], alongside [[Revathi]], [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Sikandar Kher]] and [[Adil Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=What happens when it's 'love at first bite' between a vampire and a human? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/netflix-unveils-promo-for-vampire-human-love-story-tooth-pari-starring-tanya-maniktala-and-shantanu-maheshwari/cid/1924301 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Netflix]] on 20 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2023 |title=Tooth Pari: When Love Bites: Shantanu Maheshwari and Tanya Maniktala come together for a unique romantic fantasy thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tooth-pari-when-love-bites-shantanu-maheshwari-and-tanya-maniktala-come-together-for-a-unique-romantic-fantasy-thriller/dde3ea1c5a216 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=OTT Play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2023 |title=New series 'Tooth Pari: When Love Bites' to premiere on Netflix next month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/new-series-tooth-pari-when-love-bites-to-premiere-on-netflix-next-month/articleshow/98802742.cms |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2023 |title=Shantanu Maheshwari On Working With Tanya Maniktala In 'Tooth Pari: When Love Bites' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shantanu-maheshwari-on-working-with-tanya-maniktala-in-tooth-pari-when-love-bites--news-272888 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Rumi, a defiant vampire, lives with Ora's clan. Because of a deal they made with a man named Adi Deb, also known as AD, whose family has been protecting the clan for years, the clan is not allowed to enter the human world. AD provides them with entertainment as well as blood from a nearby hospital, allowing these vampires to live underground without killing the humans above. Living outside of the human world has also kept them safe from the Cutmundus, a coven led by a witch named Luna Luka who has been their arch-enemy for years.

== Cast ==
* [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] as Dr. Bikram Roy
* [[Tanya Maniktala]] as Rumi
* Anish Railkar as Ora
* [[Revathi]] as Luna Luka
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as Meera
* [[Sikandar Kher]] as Kartik Pal
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as David
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Adi Deb/A.D.
* [[Avijit Dutt]] as Ian Zachariah
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Sreela
* [[Anjan Dutt]] as Biren Pal
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Chowdhury
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Dr. Roy
* [[Swaroopa Ghosh]] as Mrs. Roy
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Mamata Deb
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Haru
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Kundu
* [[Soham Maitra]]
* Chitrak Bandyopadhyay as Badshah
* Keith Anthony Sequeira as Amar


== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals]]
* [[List of Netflix original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=27191658}}

{{Netflix original current series}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratim D. Gupta]]

Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)

2025-07-04T17:34:00Z

ShermanGraham8: put up page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|the Indian politician born in 1975|Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Aminul Islam''' (Born 13 July 1972) is an [[All India United Democratic Front]] politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] election in 2011 and 2016 from [[Dhing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhing constituency]].<ref>[http://assamassembly.gov.in/aminul-islam.html MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (M.L.A.), ASSAM]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/dhing.html Dhing (Assam) Election Results 2016]</ref>

On 6 February 2017, Islam was suspended for 3 days for live telecasting his speech on Facebook in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-mla-suspended-for-telecasting-speech-on-facebook-live-4510250/|title = Assam MLA suspended for telecasting speech on Facebook Live|date = 6 February 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Aminul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

P. Bharathan Nair

2025-06-26T09:40:16Z

ShermanGraham8:

{{short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox volleyball player
| name = P. Bharathan Nair
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| hometown = Changanassery
| college =
| height =
| weight =
| spike = 
| block = 
| position =
| currentnumber =
| currentclub =
| years =
| clubs =
| nationalyears =
| nationalteam = [[India men's national volleyball team|India]]
| updated =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1958 Asian Games]]|[[Volleyball at the 1958 Asian Games|Team]]}}
| medaltemplates-expand = no
}}
'''P. Bharathan Nair''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[volleyball]] player and captain of the [[India men's national volleyball team|India national volleyball team]]. He was part of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the 1958 [[Asian Games]]. As of 2021, He is the only Indian volleyball player to have participated in the World Championship and the Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news |title=അഭിമാനങ്ങളുടെ പേരുണ്ട്, എന്നാൽ പേരില്ലാതെ ഈ റോഡുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2021/09/03/kottayam-changanassery-road.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2021-09-16 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121072905/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2021/09/03/kottayam-changanassery-road.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born in Puzhavathu, [[Changanassery]] in [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Times of India" /> His son Praveen says he was a long jumper and swimmer when he was young.<ref name="News Minute" /> He joined the Indian Railways and was posted to Mumbai.<ref name="Sportstar">{{cite news |last1=Rayan |first1=Stan |title=Roads named after Anju Bobby George, P. Bharathan Nair in Changanassery |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/anju-bobby-george-p-bharatan-nair-road-changanassery-kerala/article32525024.ece |work=Sportstar |language=en |access-date=2021-09-16 |archive-date=2021-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915111150/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/anju-bobby-george-p-bharatan-nair-road-changanassery-kerala/article32525024.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He died in 2007, at the age of 81.<ref name="News Minute" />

==Career as a volleyball player==
Bharathan Nair made his senior national debut in 1955.<ref name="News Minute">{{cite news |title=Kerala roads named after Anju Bobby George, volleyball player Bharathan Nair |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-roads-named-after-anju-bobby-george-volleyball-player-bharathan-nair-132498 |work=The News Minute |date=7 September 2020 |language=en |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915144539/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-roads-named-after-anju-bobby-george-volleyball-player-bharathan-nair-132498 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was part of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the 1958 Asian Games and he also played in the 1956 World Volleyball Championship in Paris. <ref name="News Minute" /> He captained the Indian volleyball team at the 1963 Pre-Olympic qualifiers in New Delhi.<ref name="News Minute" /> Bharathan captained the Services team when it won the national title in [[Allahabad]] in 1956.<ref name="News Minute" />

==Honours==
In 2020, the Changanassery Municipal Council passed a resolution to name a road in Bharathan Nair's birthplace after him.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |last1=Sep 5 |first1=PTI / |title=Roads named after Olympian Anju Bobby George, volleyball player Bharathan Nair in Kerala {{!}} Off the field News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/roads-named-after-olympian-anju-bobby-george-volleyball-player-bharathan-nair-in-kerala/articleshow/77952024.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2021-09-16 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121072821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/roads-named-after-olympian-anju-bobby-george-volleyball-player-bharathan-nair-in-kerala/articleshow/77952024.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, P. Bharathan}}
[[Category:Indian men's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Volleyball players at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games volleyball players for India]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in volleyball]]