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Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh

2026-05-07T16:24:59Z

SherleneGirardi: Created Basic Post V1...

{{short description|Madhya Pradesh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Hemant Khandelwal]]
| general_secretary = Hitanand Sharma {{small|(Organisation)}}
| headquarters = Pandit Deendayal Parisar E-2, Arera Colony, [[Bhopal]] – 462 016 [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|29|29|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|8|11|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|166|230|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|http://mp.bjp.org/}}
| leader = [[Mohan Yadav]] ([[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]])
| eci = National Party
}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh''' ('''BJP Madhya Pradesh''') is the affiliate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The party appointed [[V. D. Sharma]], who took over from [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]], as the President of the party's state unit in Madhya Pradesh on 15 February 2020. On [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis|23 March 2020]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] after the [[Kamal Nath ministry|Kamal Nath-led government]] collapsed due to the defection of [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2020|title=Shivraj Singh Chouhan Takes Oath as MP CM for the Fourth Time, Says First Priority to Fight Coronavirus|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shivraj-singh-chouhan-takes-oath-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-the-fourth-time-2548263.html|access-date=20 January 2022|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Lok Sabha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|{{Composition bar|0|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|{{Composition bar|0|35|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|3|36|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|10|37|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|{{Composition bar|11|37|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|27|38|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 27
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|12|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|27|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 15
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|30|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|{{yes2}}[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|29|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{yes2}}[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|25|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|16|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|27|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 11
|{{yes2}}[[First Modi ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|28|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{yes2}}[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|29|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{yes2}}[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]
|}

=== Legislative Assembly ===
{{See also|Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Vote share (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|{{Composition bar|0|232|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|3.58%
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{Composition bar|10|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}10
|9.90%
|{{increase}}6.32%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|41|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}31
|16.66%
|{{increase}}6.76%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|78|296|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}37
|28.28%
|{{increase}}11.62%
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Composition bar|48|296|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}30
|28.64%
|{{increase}}0.39%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|60|320|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}60
|30.34%
|{{increase}}30.34%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|58|320|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}2
|32.45%
|{{increase}}2.11%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Composition bar|220|320|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}162
|39.14%
|{{increase}}6.69%
|{{yes2}}[[Second Patwa ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Composition bar|117|320|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}103
|38.82%
|{{decrease}}0.32%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|119|320|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|39.28%
|{{increase}}0.46%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Composition bar|173|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}}54
|42.50%
|{{increase}}3.22%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|{{Composition bar|143|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}30
|37.64%
|{{decrease}}4.86%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|{{Composition bar|165|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}22
|44.88%
|{{increase}}7.24%
|{{yes2}}[[Third Chouhan ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|{{Composition bar|109|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}56
|41.02%
|{{decrease}}3.86%
|{{partial|Opposition, later Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|{{Composition bar|163|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}54
|48.62%
|{{increase}}7.6%
|{{yes2}}[[Mohan Yadav ministry|Government]]
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Sundar Lal Patwa.jpg|87x87px]]
|[[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
|[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|5 March 1990
|15 December 1992
|{{Ayd|5 March 1990|15 December 1992}}
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Uma Bharti]]
|[[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]]
|8 December 2003
|23 August 2004
|{{Ayd|8 December 2003|23 August 2004}}
| rowspan="3" |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:Babulal Gaur.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Babulal Gaur]]
|[[Govindpura Assembly constituency|Govindpura]]
|23 August 2004
|29 November 2005
|{{Ayd|23 August 2004|29 November 2005}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="4" |4
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan meeting the Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Ajit Singh, in New Delhi on November 21, 2012 (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]]
|29 November 2005
|12 December 2008
| rowspan="4" |{{Ayd|5 March 2007|13 December 2023}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12 December 2008
|13 December 2013
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|13 December 2013
|17 December 2018
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|23 March 2020
|13 December 2023
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|[[File:Prime Minister Modi meets Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|[[Ujjain South Assembly constituency|Ujjain South]]
|13 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2023|12|13}}
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|}

=== Deputy Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Chief minister
|- style="text-align:center;"

|2
|[[File:DCM Rajendra Sukula.jpeg|91x91px]]
|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|[[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]]
|rowspan="2"|13 December 2023
|rowspan="2"|''Incumbent''
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|13 December 2023}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Yadav]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:DCM Jagdish Dewda.jpeg|91x91px]]
|[[Jagdish Devda]]
|[[Malhargarh Assembly constituency|Malhargarh]]
|}

=== Leader of the Opposition ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Chief Minister
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Sundar Lal Patwa.jpg|87x87px]]
|[[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
|[[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]]
|4 July 1980
|10 March 1985
|{{Ayd|4 July 1980|10 March 1985}}
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] [[Motilal Vora]] [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Kailash Chandra Joshi (cropped).JPG|81x81px]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Joshi]]
|[[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]]
|23 March 1985
|3 March 1990
|{{Ayd|23 March 1985|4 March 1990}}
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:Vikram Verma.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vikram Verma]]
|[[Dhar Assembly constituency|Dhar]]
|24 December 1993
|1 December 1998
|{{Ayd|24 December 1993|1 December 1998}}
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Digvijaya Singh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|
|[[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]]
|[[Sanchi Assembly constituency|Sanchi]]
|2 February 1999
|1 September 2002
|{{Ayd|2 February 1999|1 September 2002}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|[[File:Babulal Gaur.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Babulal Gaur]]
|[[Govindpura Assembly constituency|Govindpura]]
|4 September 2002
|5 December 2003
|{{Ayd|4 September 2002|5 December 2003}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|[[File:Gopal Bhargava.jpg|80x80px]]
|[[Gopal Bhargava]]
|[[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]]
|8 January 2019
|23 March 2020
|{{Ayd|8 January 2019|23 March 2020}}
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|[[Kamal Nath]]
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Period
|-
|1
|[[File:Sundar Lal Patwa.jpg|87x87px]]
|[[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
|1980
|1983
|3 years
|-
|2
|[[File:Kailash Chandra Joshi (cropped).JPG|81x81px]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Joshi]]
|1983
|1985
|2 years
|-
|3
|
|[[Shivprasad Chanpuria]]
|1 April 1985
|11 January 1986
|{{Ayd|1 April 1985|11 January 1986}}
|-
|(1)
|[[File:Sundar Lal Patwa.jpg|87x87px]]
|[[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
|1986
|1990
|4 years
|-
|4
|[[File:Lakhiram-agrawal.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Lakkhiram Agarwal]]
|1990
|1994
|4 years
|-
|5
|
|[[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
|1994
|1997
|3 years
|-
|6
|[[File:Nand Kumar Sai 2018 (cropped).JPG|75x75px]]
|[[Nand Kumar Sai]]
|1997
|2000
|3 years
|-
|7<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |date=14 August 2000 |title=TROUBLED STATES |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20000814-troubled-states-751280-2000-08-14 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Vikram Verma.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vikram Verma]]
|14 August 2000
|26 August 2002
|{{Age in years and days|14 August 2000|26 August 2002}}
|-
|(2)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2002 |title=Kailash Joshi appointed BJP Madhya Pradesh chief |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kailash-joshi-appointed-bjp-madhya-pradesh-chief_55727.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Kailash Chandra Joshi (cropped).JPG|81x81px]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Joshi]]
|26 August 2002
|30 May 2005
|{{Age in years and days|26 August 2002|30 May 2005}}
|-
|8<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=30 May 2005 |title=Shivraj Singh Chauhan appointment as Madhya Pradesh BJP president spells more trouble |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19700101-shivraj-singh-chauhan-appointment-as-madhya-pradesh-bjp-president-spells-more-trouble-787614-2005-05-30 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Shivraj Singh Chauhan (cropped).JPG|93x93px]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|30 May 2005
|17 February 2006
|{{Age in years and days|30 May 2005|17 February 2006}}
|-
|9<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title=Jatia is MP BJP president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jatia-is-mp-bjp-president/story-fR0xypCEuuKuGDtDd2WPrK.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Satyanarayan Jatiya (cropped).jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|17 February 2006
|20 November 2006
|{{Age in years and days|17 February 2006|20 November 2006}}
|-
|10<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=20 November 2006 |title=Tomar elected MP BJP president |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/21/tomar-elected-mp-bjp-president-1164111208.html |access-date= |website=www.oneindia.com |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Shri Narendra Singh Tomar, Union Minister for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water & Sanitation and Urban Development (cropped).jpg|77x77px]]
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
|20 November 2006
|8 May 2010
|{{Age in years and days|20 November 2006|8 May 2010}}
|-
|11<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=8 May 2010 |title=Prabhat Jha is new Madhya Pradesh BJP president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/prabhat-jha-is-new-madhya-pradesh-bjp-president-73719-2010-05-08 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]]
|8 May 2010
|16 December 2012
|{{Age in years and days|8 May 2010|16 December 2012}}
|-
|(10)<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2012 |title=Narendra Tomar elected president of BJP's MP unit |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/narendra-tomar-elected-president-of-bjps-mp-unit_817101.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Shri Narendra Singh Tomar, Union Minister for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water & Sanitation and Urban Development (cropped).jpg|77x77px]]
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
|16 December 2012
|16 August 2014
|{{Age in years and days|16 December 2012|16 August 2014}}
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 August 2014 |title=Nandkumar Singh Chouhan is the new chief of BJP's Madhya Pradesh unit {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/nandkumar-singh-chouhan-is-the-new-chief-of-bjps-madhya-pradesh-unit-120058/ |access-date= |website=www.india.com |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
|16 August 2014
|18 April 2018
|{{Age in years and days|16 August 2014|18 April 2018}}
|-
|13<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=18 April 2018 |title=Rakesh Singh is new Madhya Pradesh BJP chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rakesh-singh-likely-to-be-madhya-pradesh-bjp-chief-1214696-2018-04-18 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Rakesh Singh.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|18 April 2018
|15 February 2020
|{{Age in years and days|18 April 2018|15 February 2020}}
|-
|14<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 February 2020 |title=VD Sharma appointed as BJP MP chief. What it means for state's politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vd-sharma-appointed-bjp-madhya-pradesh-president-chief-1646772-2020-02-15 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Vishnu Datt Sharma.jpg|109x109px]]
|[[V. D. Sharma]]
|15 February 2020
|2 July 2025
|{{Age in years and days|15 February 2020|2 July 2025}}
|-
|15
|[[File:Hemant Khandelwal.JPG|112x112px]]
|[[Hemant Khandelwal]]
|2 July 2025
|''incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|2 July 2025}}
|}
== Bjp in other states ==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Kerala]]
* [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Madhya Pradesh}}
[[Category:Political parties in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Madhya Pradesh]]

Sanjay Singh Tiger

2026-05-07T14:06:03Z

SherleneGirardi:

{{Short description|Indian politician based in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Singh Tiger
| image =
| image_size =
| office = Minister of Labour Resources [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 20 November 2025
| term_end = 15 April 2026
| predecessor = [[Nitish Mishra]]
| successor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| office3 = Minister of Youth, Employment and Skill Development [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 2025
| term_end3 = 15 April 2026
| predecessor3 = position established
| successor3 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]
| successor2 = [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Yadav]]
| constituency2 = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
| term_start1 = 14 November 2025
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Amrendra Pratap Singh]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Ara Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party]]
| other_party =
| birth_date = 1974
| birth_place = Amrai village, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| spouse = unmarried
| relations = Dharampal Singh (brother)
| children =
| father = Madhav Singh
| mother =
| alma_mater = [[Anugrah Narayan College, Patna|AN College]], [[Patna]]
| date =
| year =
| source =
| education =
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Sanjay Singh Tiger''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], [[Bihar]]. Presently he is serving as Minister in the [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry|Nitish Kumar ministry]] since 20 November 2025.

He has served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="Myneta">{{cite web| title=Sanjay Singh Tiger (BJP), Constituency: Sandesh (Bhojpur district) |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1977 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Myneta.info}}</ref> Currently, he is the state spokesperson of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s Bihar unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=आरा बीफ मामले में दोषियों पर कड़ी कार्रवाई होगी : संजय सिंह टाईगर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bjp-spokesperson-sanjay-singh-tiger-says-action-will-be-taken-on-ara-beef-issue-1067587.html |date=3 August 2017 |work=News18 Hindi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/bjp-spokesperson-sanjay-singh-tiger-statement-on-jagdanand-singh-in-patna/bh20211025185532891 |title=जगदानंद के मुंह से तेज प्रताप की तारीफ पर बोली BJP- 'चतुर हैं जगदा बाबू, पानी में रहकर मगर से बैर..' |work=ETV Bharat |date=25 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sanjay Singh was born at Amrai village near [[Bihiya]] in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of Bihar. His father's name is Madhav Singh. Sanjay Singh has studied [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Anugrah Narayan College, Patna|A.N. College]], [[Patna]] in 1993.<ref name="Myneta" />

==Family==
His elder brother Dharampal Singh has served 2 times as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]], Bihar (1990-2000).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/shahpur.html |title=Assembly constituency: Shahpur |work=Election Commission|access-date=1 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=2030 |title=Dharampal Singh, Constituency: Shahpur |work=Myneta.info |access-date=1 October 2022 }}</ref> Sanjay Tiger is unmarried and he does not have children.

== Political career ==
Before 2010, he was a party worker when he was given ticket from the [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency by the [[BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Singh Tiger (BJP) |work=Bhojpur district, Govt of Bihar |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/document/sanjay-singh-tiger/ |access-date=1 October 2022 }}</ref> He became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in 2010 by defeating [[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]] (ex-MLA), [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav]] (sitting MLA) and his younger brother [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]], an Independent candidate by a margin of 6,822 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 2010 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2010-election-results.html/ |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=elections.in}}</ref>

Sanjay Singh Tiger lost the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar]] assembly election to [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]] who was [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) candidate from Sandesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandesh Assembly constituency election result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sandesh-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Result University }}</ref> On 19 October 2015, [[Amit Shah]] had campaigned for Tiger at a public rally in [[Jalpura Tapa]] village, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/bjp-national-president-shri-amit-shah-addressing-public-meeting-tapa-jalpura-sports |title=Shri Amit Shah addressing public meeting at Tapa Jalpura Sports Stadium (Sandesh) |work=Bharatiya Janata Party |date=19 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYHQJDYB7TA |title=Shri Amit Shah speech at Public Meeting in Jalpura, Bihar: 19.10.2015 |work=Bharatiya Janata Party |date=30 October 2022 }}</ref>

On 2 November 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] had come to campaign for him at Majhauwa airfield in [[Arrah]].

== Positions held ==
Sanjay Singh Tiger has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] twice.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! From !! To !! Position
!Constituency!! Party
|-
| 2010
| 2015
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term)
| [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 2025<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Arrah">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04194.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Arrah|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=21 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121115042/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04194.htm|archive-date=21 November 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arrah Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/arrah|title=Arrah Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121115126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/arrah|archive-date=21 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| Present
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term)
| [[Ara Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20 November 2025
|Present
|Minister<ref name="With ministerial berth, Ara MLA may expedite development work">{{cite news |title=With ministerial berth, Ara MLA may expedite development work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/with-ministerial-berth-ara-mla-may-expedite-development-work/articleshow/125468858.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121115126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/with-ministerial-berth-ara-mla-may-expedite-development-work/articleshow/125468858.cms |archive-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Karan Bajaj

2026-05-01T20:50:33Z

SherleneGirardi: stub!

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Karan-Bajaj-portrait.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Portrait of Karan Bajaj
| name = Karan Bajaj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1979 |06|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|Novelist}}
| nationality = [[India]]n
| years_active = 2008–present
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]] [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]
| notableworks = ''Keep Off The Grass'' (2008) ''Johnny Gone Down'' (2010) ''The Seeker'' (2015) ''The Yoga of Max's Discontent'',
| website = {{URL|karanbajaj.com}}
}}

'''Karan Bajaj''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] technology entrepreneur<ref name="quartz">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1938091/how-byjus-owned-whitehat-jr-rose-in-the-indian-ed-tech-sector/|title=WhiteHat Jr's dream run until it became controversy's favourite child |publisher=Quartz India }}</ref><ref name=BS>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/edtech-start-up-whitehat-jr-sold-to-byju-s-on-zoom-for-300-million-120080601851_1.html |title=Edtech start-up Whitehat Jr sold to Byju's on Zoom for $300 million|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=6 August 2020|publisher=Business Standard|last1=Abrar|first1=Peerzada}}</ref> and author.<ref name=ET>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/autobiography-of-a-multimillionaire-yogi-the-incredible-journey-and-contrarian-ideas-of-karan-bajaj/articleshow/77565021.cms?fromsrc=etprime&fbclid=IwAR347ZIrl1XIzSDfsFsaRsAm1M1Tb2G70O_k0eJBlnsWpmE8zNWoq_tgvS0&from=mdr |title=Autobiography of Multimillionaire Yogi|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> He is best known as founder and CEO of [[WhiteHat Jr.]], an [[Edtech]] company specializing in distance learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-26/covid-pandemic-india-could-lead-the-market-for-remote-coding-lessons|title=9 year old coders show How India is pioneering online education |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref name="forbes india">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/whitehat-jr-and-the-curious-case-of-disappearing-dissent/63627/1|title=WhiteHat Jr and the curious case of disappearing dissent |work=Forbes India }}</ref><ref name="ken">{{cite web|url=https://the-ken.com/story/byjus-silencing-of-online-dissent/|title=Rage against the machine: behind Byju's swift silencing of dissent |date=6 October 2020 |publisher=The Ken }}</ref> which was acquired by [[BYJU'S]] in 2020.<ref name=TC>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/05/indias-byjus-acquires-whitehat-jr-for-300-million/ |title=India's Byju's acquires WhiteHat Jr. for $300 million |publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref name = inc42>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/features/untangling-whitehat-jrs-150-mn-arr-is-coding-edtechs-new-holy-grail/|title=Untangling WhiteHat Jr's $150 Mn ARR: Is Coding Edtech's New Holy Grail? |publisher=Inc42}}</ref>

Bajaj is also the author of four novels.<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-prj-karan-majaj-yoga-of-maxs-discontent-20160428-story.html |title=Karan Bajaj on 'The Yoga of Max's Discontent,' finding his own karma |date=2016-04-28|last=Nance|first=Kevin|publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/p3TPPsBFpoMyl9HhgB1w4M/Karan-Bajaj-A-winning-discovery.html |title=Karan Bajaj: A Winning Discovery |publisher=LiveMint }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=karan+bajaj+keep+off+the+grass+outlook&pg=PA53 |title=The Dollar-Rupee Conversion |date=11 February 2008 |publisher=Outlook }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=karan+bajaj+keep+off+the+grass+outlook&pg=PA103 |title= Cutting Edge: Keep of the Grass by Karan Bajaj|date= 7 July 2008|publisher=Outlook }}</ref>

==Early life==
Karan Bajaj was born in India, where he was brought up in a family with military roots.<ref name=LSQuare>{{cite web|url=http://newsletter.iimbaa.org/karan-bajaj-a-yogi-to-a-millionaire-in-a-rendezvous-with-rahul-singh/ |title=Karan Bajaj: A Yogi to a Millionaire in a rendezvous with Rahul Singh|publisher=LSquare}}</ref> He has a master's degree in [[Business Administration]] from [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]] and a B.A diploma in [[Mechanical Engineering]] from [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]].<ref name=ET/>
==Career==
In his early career, Bajaj worked for [[Procter & Gamble]], [[The Boston Consulting Group]]<ref name=Times>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Karans-novel-captures-youth-angst-Ben-Rekhi/articleshow/4815036.cms |title=Karan's novel captures youth angst: Ben Rekhi |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> and [[Kraft Foods]].<ref name=ET/> In 2016, he moved to Mumbai as CEO of [[Discovery Networks]], where he headed Discovery Channel, TLC, Animal Planet and Discovery Kids in South Asia.<ref name=BS/> He left Discovery Networks in 2019.<ref name = mashable>{{cite web | url = https://in.mashable.com/tech/10047/in-conversation-with-former-discovery-ceo-karan-bajaj-need-for-ai-ethics-machine-learning-as-a-skill | publisher = Mashable | title = In Conversation With Former Discovery CEO Karan Bajaj: Need For AI Ethics, Machine Learning As A Skill, And More| date = 2 January 2020 | accessdate = 29 May 2021}}</ref>

===Whitehat Jr===
In 2018, Bajaj started WhiteHat Jr, an online educational company initially aimed at improving children's coding and math skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/whitehat-jr-adds-music-learning-to-platform-to-expand-offering-to-brazil-mexico-soon-1011912.html|title=WhiteHat Jr adds music learning to platform, to expand offering to Brazil, Mexico soon |date=23 July 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="forbes india"/>
In 2020, the firm was acquired for $300 million by [[BYJU'S]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/byjus-acquires-whitehat-jr-for-300-million/articleshow/77378559.cms|title=Byju's acquires WhiteHat Jr for $300 million |work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=BS/> and integrated into their coding teaching division.<ref name="BS" /><ref name="TC" /><ref name="ET" /><ref name = inc42/> After the acquisition, he led Byju's International division, Byju's FutureSchool, launching programs in English, Spanish and Portuguese for the US, Brazil and Mexico students with new courses including music, English, fine arts and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/07/indian-edtech-giant-byjus-to-expand-to-international-markets/|title=Indian edtech giant Byju's to expand to international markets |publisher=TechCrunch }}</ref> Bajaj left the company in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/whitehat-jr-founder-karan-bajaj-quits-a-year-after-acquisition-by-byjus/articleshow/85033048.cms|title=WhiteHat Jr founder Karan Bajaj quits a year after acquisition by Byju's |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/whitehat-jr-founder-karan-bajaj-moves-on-trupti-mukker-new-ceo-121080400468_1.html|title=WhiteHat Jr Founder Karan Bajaj moves on, Trupti Mukker new CEO |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=4 August 2021 |publisher=Business Standard }}</ref> Now Trupti Mukker the head of customer experience and delivery, will take over as CEO of White HatJr.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WhiteHat Jr founder Karan Bajaj quits a year after acquisition by Byju's|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/whitehat-jr-founder-karan-bajaj-quits-a-year-after-acquisition-by-byjus/articleshow/85033048.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref>

===Authorship===
Bajaj is the author of several books.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruby|first=Nary|title=Contemporary authors|year=2017|oclc=1248747362}}</ref> ''Keep Off The Grass'' is Bajaj's debut book first published in 2008, about a psychedelic road trip of a 25-year-old [[Yale]] graduate through the length and breadth of India. The journey is made by a youngster [[protagonist]] named Samrat, born to immigrant parents in the U.S. who decides to go out in search of his roots. Along the way, Samrat is jailed for possession of marijuana, develops a drug addiction, meditates in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], has a one-night stand with a hippie in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] and meets flesh-eating Aghoree saints on the banks of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Nandini|title=The grass green|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/24/stories/2008052452061400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822061449/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/24/stories/2008052452061400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2008|accessdate=23 June 2012|date=2008-05-24|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Bajaj's second novel, ''Johnny Gone Down'', is a thriller published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2010. The novel's narrative is focused on the "bizarre, almost surreal series of events that transform an MIT graduate into first a genocide survivor, then a Buddhist monk, a drug lord, a homeless accountant, a software mogul, and a deadly game fighter over a period of twenty years."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/80546/fast-paced-gripping.html |title=Fast-paced and gripping|date=10 July 2010|publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

''The Seeker'', was a third book published by [[Penguin Random House]] in June 2015. The novel is about an investment banker in New York who embarks on a quest to become a yogi in the Himalayas. The plot was inspired by Bajaj's one-year sabbatical traveling from Europe to India, learning Hath yoga in an ashram in India, and practicing meditation in the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/write-well-before-your-pompous-promotions-82183.html|title=Write well before your pompous promotions |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=The Statesman }}</ref><ref name="Kirkus">{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/karan-bajaj/the-yoga-of-maxs-discontent/ |title= The Yoga of Max's Discontent |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref>

Bajaj's works have been noted and reviewed by various publications and literary critics, including [[Kirkus Reviews]],<ref name="Kirkus"/> [[Publishers Weekly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-59463-411-6|title=The Yoga of Max's Discontent |publisher=Publishers Weekly }}</ref> [[Chicago Tribune]]<ref name="Chicago Tribune"/> and [[Indiaplaza]],<ref name="Indiaplaza">{{cite web|url=http://blog.indiaplaza.com/2010/04/indiaplaza-editorial-review-johnny-gone.html|title=Indiaplaza Editorial Review: Johnny Gone Down by Karan Bajaj |publisher=Indiaplaza }}</ref> among others. His book "Keep off the Grass" reached the semi-finals of the [[Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award]] and was on the shortlist of the [[Indiaplaza Golden Quill Book Awards]] in 2008.<ref name="Indiaplaza"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lithub.com/the-yoga-of-maxs-discontent/|title=The Yoga of Max's Discontent |publisher=Literary Hub}}</ref>

Kevin Nance from the Chicago Tribune wrote on "The Yoga of Max's Discontent": "If being a Wall Street banker doesn't seem conducive to a life of stillness, solitude and meditation — if the concept of selflessness, in all its implications, seems foreign to the ethos of New York City — then the course of "The Yoga of Max's Discontent," by the Indian-American novelist Karan Bajaj, will seem natural, if not inevitable."<ref name="Chicago Tribune"/>
== Publications ==
===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Keep Off the Grass |date=2008 |isbn=978-9-350-29287-7|last1=Bajaj |first1=Karan |publisher=Harper Collins }} by [[HarperCollins]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1FLDQAAQBAJ|title=Keep Off The Grass |date=December 2013 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9789350292877 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=Johnny Gone Down |date=2010 |isbn=978-9-350-29494-9|last1=Bajaj |first1=Karan |publisher=Harper Collins }} by HarperCollins<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6XECxdt0EC|title=Johnny Gone Down |date=13 April 2010 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9789350294949 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=The Seeker |date=2015 |isbn=978-9-352-14037-4|last1=Bajaj |first1=Karan |publisher=Penguin Books Limited }} by [[Penguin Random House]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5mcCQAAQBAJ|title=The Seeker|date=15 June 2015|publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9789352140374}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=The Yoga of Max's Discontent |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-698-19204-1|last1=Bajaj |first1=Karan |publisher=Penguin }} by Penguin Random House<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGVYCgAAQBAJ|title= The Yoga of Max's Discontent |date= 3 May 2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn= 9780698192041 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/yoga-maxs-discontent|title=The Yoga of Max's Discontent: A Novel |work=New York Journal of Books }}</ref>
** Translated into [[Czech language|Czech]] as *''Max a hledání vyšší pravdy''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.knihydobrovsky.cz/kniha/joga-maxovy-nespokojenosti-26525507 |title=Max a hledání vyšší pravdy' |year=2017 |publisher=Edice Knihy Omega |isbn=9788073906368 }}</ref>

===Adaptations===
The copyrights for the'' Keep off the Grass'' screen adaptation were sold to [[Mosaic Media Group]] in 2009 with [[Ben Rekhi]] signed up as director.<ref name="Times" /> In 2017, Ronnie Screwvala and Ashi Dua were signed on as co-producers for the screen adaptation of ''Johnny Gone Down''.<ref name="The Mumbai Mirror">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ronnie-screwala-ashi-dua-to-make-a-film-on-karan-bajajs-book-johnny-gone-down/articleshow/61760925.cms |title=Ronnie Screwala, Ashi Dua to make a film on Karan Bajaj's book|publisher=The Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Karan has two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/travel/article/Indian-origin-novelist-and-his-wife-s-soul-trip-around-the-world-16506195|title=Indian-origin novelist and his wife's soul trip around the world |publisher=Midday }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.karanbajaj.com/ Author's website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092359/http://www.naachgaana.com/2009/02/01/it-is-all-about-quality-content/ Film Interview]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Karan}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Boston Consulting Group people]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:American management consultants]]

Arumandhai

2026-05-01T15:36:59Z

SherleneGirardi: Created New Stub Basic Info...

{{short description|Village in Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{one source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arumandai
| native_name = அருமண்டை
| native_name_lang = ta
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{coord|13.222|80.211|type:city_region:IN|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ponneri taluk]]
| population_total = 1669
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=:0>{{Cite web |title=Arumandai population - Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628758-arumandai-tamil-nadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930001159/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628758-arumandai-tamil-nadu.html |archive-date=2020-09-30 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Population Census |year=2011}}</ref>
}}

'''Arumandai''' ([[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]: {{Lang|ta|அருமண்டை}}), also '''Arumandhai''', is a village in [[Ponneri taluk]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a population of 1669 {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, of which 854 were male and 815 were female. 12% of the population was under the age of 6, and it had a literacy rate of 86.6%, higher than the Tamil Nadu average. It is administered by a [[Sarpanch]].<ref name=:0 />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tiruvallur district}}

{{Tiruvallur-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruvallur district]]

Burari, Delhi

2026-04-30T19:00:17Z

SherleneGirardi: Added stub

{{Redirect|Burari|the Burari Assembly Constituency|Burari Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Burari, براڑی, बुराड़ी
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.75916|N|77.19380|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Central Delhi|Central]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democracy
| governing_body = State legislative assemblies of India
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Burari in North Delhi |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/delhi/north/0740223000__burari/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 146,190
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = Urdu
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110084
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Burari''' is a [[town]] located in [[Central Delhi|Central district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Delhi]], [[India]]. It is located near the bank of Yamuna, Many villages in ancient times were the part of it which combined to form a large constituency now known as Burari. Majority of the Population is Hindu while having significant Minorities of Muslims, Jain, Christians. Official language of This area is Hindi while other official includes English and Urdu.

==History==

Burari is famous for the [[Burari deaths]] that occurred in 2018. It was an event where 11 people of a family committed mass suicide for alleged cultist reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burari deaths: Delhi Police closure report mentions no foul play |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/burari-deaths-police-closure-report-mentions-no-foul-play/articleshow/87169901.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|2001 | 69333
|2011 | 146190
|align = left
}}

{{Bar box
|float = left
|caption = Religions in Burari (2011)
|barwidth=200px
|bars =
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|93.31}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|3.62}}
{{bar percent|Sikhism|darkkhaki|1.45}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|1.38}}
{{bar percent|Jainism|maroon|0.16}}
{{bar percent|Buddhism|yellow|0.04}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.04}}
}}

In 2011, Burari had a population of 146,190, with 78,103 males and 68,086 females. It grew by 110.9% from 2001, when it had a population of 69,333. The average literacy rate of Burari is 88.98%, with male literacy at 94.17 and female literacy at 83.05 percent. The ratio between males and females is 872 females per 1000 males. The Biggest Religion in Burari is Hinduism, with 93.3% of people being Hindu. The second most is Islam, but with only about 4%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burari Population 2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/54-burari.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Central Delhi district]]

B. R. P. Bhaskar

2026-04-30T00:45:05Z

SherleneGirardi: Created The Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1932–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:BRP Bhaskar.jpg|thumb]]
'''Babu Rajendra Prasad Bhaskar''' (12 March 1932 – 4 June 2024) was an Indian journalist and human rights-social activist from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/347608/2010-06-07/kerala |title=ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ് |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022184506/http://mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/347608/2010-06-07/kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://origin-www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/270722-local_news-thiruvananthapuram-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.html |title=ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ് |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911093619/http://origin-www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/270722-local_news-thiruvananthapuram-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Bhaskar served as editor of many of India's leading national newspapers: Co-Editor of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in Chennai (1953–1958); Deputy Editor at ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' in New Delhi (1959–1963); Co-Editor of ''Patriot'' from 1963 to 1965. He also worked in UNI from 1965 to 1983. He was Associate Editor at ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in Bangalore from 1984 to 1991. From 1996 to 1997, he served as director and consultant of ''Andrapradesh Times'' in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/bhaskar-brp |title=ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ് |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203084959/http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/bhaskar-brp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

BRP was a columnist for the ''[[Gulf Today]]'' newspaper, which is published in [[Sharjah]] and he wrote for various newspapers in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]]. He received the 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] for his biography, ''News Room''.<ref name="കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു">{{Cite news |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |language=ml |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2023/06/30/kerala-sahithya-academy-awards-2022-annuonced.html |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

Bhaskar died on 4 June 2024, at the age of 92.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/veteran-journalist-and-activist-brp-bhaskar-passes-away Veteran journalist and activist BRP Bhaskar passes away]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, B. R. P.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Khalji dynasty (Bengal)

2026-04-26T04:00:22Z

SherleneGirardi: details

{{Short description|Muslim rulers in Bengal (1204–1231)}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Khalji dynasty
| common_name = Khalji dynasty of Bengal
| native_name =
| country =
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 1204
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = 1231
| date_end =
| currency = [[History of the taka|Taka]]
| p1 = Sena dynasty
| p2 = Ghurid dynasty
| s1 = Delhi Sultanate
| s2 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of the Khaljis of Bengal.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border = none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|230|5|[[1230 CE|South-Asia 1230 CE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|75|[[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|DELHI SULTANATE (MAMLUKS)]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|250|95|[[Ahom kingdom|AHOM]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|40|[[Lohara dynasty|LOHARAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|55|100|[[Soomra dynasty|'''SOOMRA EMIRATE''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|10|9|[[Mongol Empire|'''MONGOL EMPIRE''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|60|125|[[Chaulukya dynasty|'''GUJARAT''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|105|'''MALWA'''|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|120|[[Kingdom of Bundelkhand|'''BUNDELKHAND''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|180|90|[[Karnats of Mithila|'''KARNATS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|170|[[Kakatiya dynasty|'''KAKATIYAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|144|185|[[Telugu Chodas|'''CHODAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|165|145|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|'''EASTERN GANGAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|150|[[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|YADAVAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|120|230|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|130|200|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|210|[[Hoysala Empire|HOYSALAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|220|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 1175| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 1400| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| map_width = 290px
| image_map_caption = Location of the Khaljis of Bengal and neighbouring South Asian polities, circa 1230 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| capital = [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official) [[Old Bengali|Bengali]] (Vernacular) [[Arabic]] (religious)
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| government_type = [[Oligarchy|Tribal oligarchy]]<ref name="social"/>
| leader1 = [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1204–1206
| leader2 = [[Balka Khalji]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1231
| leader8 =
| leader9 =
| leader10 =
| title_leader =
| legislature =
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]]
}}
The '''Khalji dynasty''' ({{langx|bn|খলজি রাজবংশ}}, {{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خاندان خلجی}}}}) was the first [[Muslim]] dynasty to rule the [[Bengal]] region in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The dynasty, which hailed from the [[Garmsir District|Garmsir]] region of present-day [[Afghanistan]], was founded in 1204 by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a Muslim [[Turko-Afghan]]<ref name="Know Your State West Bengal">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part – Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.}}</ref> general of the [[Ghurid Empire]].<ref name="Know Your State West Bengal"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part – Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal .}}</ref> The Khaljis initially
pledged allegiance to Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor]] until his death in 1206, though their rule in Bengal was mostly independent. Under the rule of [[Iwaz Khalji]], Bengal experienced major developments such as its first naval force, flood defence systems and linkage with the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The dynasty was based in the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in [[north Bengal|northern Bengal]], later expanding eastwards and southwards. [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], the son of [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk sultan]] [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi]] managed to conquer Bengal in 1227; although the Khaljis briefly reasserted their independence, they surrendered to the Mamluks in 1231, who replaced them with a series of regional governors.

==History==

===Origin and establishment===
[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|thumb|left|An early 20th-century depiction of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khilji]]'s conquest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |date=1910 |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=169 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up}}</ref>]]
{{see also|History of Bengal|Ghurid invasion of Bengal}}

The Khalji dynasty was of [[Turko-Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael H. |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |language=en |quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=93|quote=The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices|language=en}}</ref> origin. Its ancestors, the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]], are said to have been initially a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] or a [[Turkification|Turkified]] people<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H43zDwAAQBAJ&dq=kabul+shahi+not+turk&pg=PA63 |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University |year=2020 |isbn=9781108284752 |pages=63}}</ref> of possibly of [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] origin<ref>{{Cite web |title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan}}</ref> who migrated together with their ancestors the [[Huna people|Hunas]] and [[Hephthalites]] from Central Asia,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ḵalaj i. Tribe – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|access-date=2021-01-15|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day [[Afghanistan]] as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist [[Turk Shahis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5|pages=165|language=en|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> According to R.S. Chaurasia, the Khaljis slowly inherited many Afghan habits and customs, and that they were treated as Afghans by the Turkic nobles of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Even to the point where Turkic nobles in the Delhi Sultanate opposed Khalji ascension to the throne of Delhi after the [[Khalji Revolution]].<ref name="Ashirbadi2">{{harvnb|Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|1966|p=98}}: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."</ref><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|page=126}} "The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28}} "The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."</ref>

According to [[The New Cambridge History of Islam]] in the thirteenth century the Khalji were regarded as a separate people distinct from the Turks. The later so-called “[[Khalji Revolution]]” was the transfer of power from a Turkish ruling elite to a non-Turkish one.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANiaBAAAQBAJ&dq=%C2%A0seventh/thirteenth+century+they+were+regarded+as+a+separate+people,+distinct+from+the+Turks&pg=PT185 |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316184363 |edition=Volume 3 |publication-date=2010 |language=English}}</ref>

[[André Wink]] however, states that Khaljis were a [[Turkification|Turkicized]] group and remnants of early [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] nomads such as [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]], [[Hephthalites]], and [[Saka]]s who later merged with the Afghans. Also, stating that "at that time they were not perceived as Turks or [[Mongols]]. Contemporary historians clearly distinguish the Khaljis from the Turks" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%0A%0AC.700-1800+CE+archive+org |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=80 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&dq=khalaj+merged+with+afghana&pg=PA116 |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1991 |edition=Volume 2 |pages=116 |isbn=9004102361 |language=English}}</ref>

The Khalaj are, according to [[Gerhard Doerfer|Doerfer]], perhaps of [[Sogdia]]ns who were Turkicized.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhIeEAAAQBAJ&dq=arghu+sogdian&pg=PA469 |title=Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780191077432 |pages=469}}</ref> These Khalaj were later Afghanized and are believed to be the ancestors of [[Ghilji|Ghilzai/Ghilji]] Pashtuns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minorsky |first=Vladimir |title=The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages |year=1978 |isbn=9780860780281 |pages=53|publisher=Variorum Reprints }}</ref>

Many of them traced their origins to [[Garmsir District|Garmsir]] and under the leadership of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]], they desired to be employed by the provincial Delhi army of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]].<ref name="sarkar">{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II: Muslim Period, 1200-1757 |location=[[Patna]]|publisher=Academica Asiatica|pages=3–8|oclc=924890}}</ref> After being refused rank by Delhi governor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], the Khaljis proceeded eastwards where they commanded different troops and were granted land-estates in places such as [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]].<ref name="sarkar" /><ref name="Siraj-548">{{cite book |author=Minhāju-s Sirāj |year=1881 |title=Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām |series=Bibliotheca Indica #78 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington) |location=Calcutta, India |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=548 |page=548 |translator= [[Henry George Raverty]]}}</ref>

In a short amount of time, the Khaljis became established and Bakhtiyar began to successfully carry out raids towards the east. After subjugating [[Bihar]] in 1200,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=3 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year... 1200 A.D.}}</ref> his forces entered [[Nabadwip]] in [[Bengal]] three years later. Subsequently, Bakhtiyar went on to capture the capital and the principal city, [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=8 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.}}</ref> and conquered much of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amulyachandra |date=1954 |title=Rajagriha and Nalanda |series=Institute of Indology |volume= 4 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society |page=52 |oclc=28533779}}</ref>

===Rule===
Given the considerable overland distance between Delhi and Bengal, the Khaljis had carved an independent territory of their own, establishing their own administrative system. Bakhtiyar became the dynasty's first ruler, and the conquered territory was divided into [[jagir]]s which were granted to other Khalji tribesmen. [[Iwaz Khalji]] was appointed to govern Kangori and [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] in Devkot.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iwaz Khalji|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref>

Bakhtiyar initiated his [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|Tibet campaign]] not long after, and so entrusted the capital, [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]], to [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]. Gathering his army in 1206, Bakhtiyar managed to also gain the support of the tribal chief [[Ali Mech]], though this was not enough to gain victory over the Tibetans. Failing to conquer Tibet, Bakhtiyar returned to Devkot severely ill and with only one hundred men.<ref name="GillYule2010">{{cite book|author1=William John Gill|author2=Henry Yule|title=The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43|date=9 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01953-8|pages=43}}</ref> The ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' by [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]] states that Bakhtiyar died of illness, although it also mentions that some narrators considered [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] to have assassinated bed-ridden Bakhtiyar. Nevertheless, Bakhtiyar's death marked the beginning of an internal feud between his senior officers. Shiran, who was governing the capital, immediately visited Devkot where he paid his respects to his deceased leader and was nominated as Bakhtiyar's rightful successor by the Khalji nobles.<ref name=salim>{{cite book|last=Salim|first=Gulam Hussain|author2=tr. from Persian |author3=Abdus Salam |title=Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal|url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/n68/mode/2up|year=1902|publisher=Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press|pages=69–73|quote=all the Khilji nobles acknowledged him as their chief and paid homage to him.}}</ref>

Shiran's first principal task was marching against Ali Mardan and his supporters who had fled to [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Ghoraghat]], and had Ali Mardan imprisoned by of Baba Isfahani, the local ''[[kotwal]]''. Shiran maintained the former policies and reinstated the titles of the pro-Mardan rebels to maintain peace. This peace was however short-lived as Ali Mardan managed to escape the prison in 1208 and flee to the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi court]] where he requested Sultan [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] to intervene. The Sultan dispatched an army under [[Qaymaz Rumi]], governor of [[Awadh]]; this was the first invasion of Bengal by the Delhi Sultanate. [[Iwaz Khalji]] showed no hostility to the Delhi army as they marched through his ''[[jagir]]'' on the way to confront Shiran, which pleased Rumi. Shiran refused to surrender and a battle took place between the Khaljis and the Delhi forces. Upon the Delhi victory, Shiran fled to [[Dhamoirhat Upazila|Mahisantosh]] where he later died. Iwaz was thereafter appointed to govern Bengal under the vassalage of Delhi.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=History|author=Hussain, Delwar}}</ref><ref name="social"/>

In 1210, Ali Mardan returned to Bengal and the governorship was conceded to him by Iwaz Khalji. After Sultan Aibak's death, Ali Mardan had the ''[[Khutbah#Sovereign's name|khutbah]]'' (Friday sermon) read in his own name like his Khalji predecessors but also assumed the title of ''[[Sultan]] Ala ad-Din'', which the former Khalji rulers had not done. According to the ''Tabaqat'', he also executed a large number of Khalji noblemen. Variously described as a madman and tyrant, the Khalji nobles rejected Ali Mardan's rule and eventually conspired against him. The assassination of Ali Mardan marked the end of the internal feud, referred to as the "''Khalji Civil War''" by [[Jadunath Sarkar]]. The Khalji nobles appointed Iwaz to return as Bengal's governor, though this time as an independent sultan.<ref name="Siraj-548"/>

With the absence of conflict, Iwaz Khalji managed to significantly develop the territory as its ruler. He founded Bengal's first naval force, innovated flood defence systems and linked Lakhnauti with the [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Embankment|author-last1=Islam|author-first1=Muhammad Aminul|author-last2=Bari|author-first2=Muhammad Fazlul}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Turks, The|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Military|author-last1=Khan|author-first1=Saleh Uddin|author-last2=Waheduzzaman|author-first2=Syed}}</ref> He was the first Khalji ruler to officially declare independence as a Sultan, which caused conflict with Sultan [[Iltutmish]] of Delhi on more than one occasion.{{NoteTag|Despite Ali Mardan also claiming the title of ''Sultan'', his rule was considered illegitimate by the Khalji nobles themselves which was the reason for his assassination.<ref name="Siraj-548"/>}} During his reign, invasions were carried out across [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Tirhut]] and [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] and the Khalji territory expanded to its greatest extent.<ref name=fareast/> In 1227, Iwaz was killed in battle by an army led by Iltutmish's son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] who once again established Bengal as a province of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=fareast>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |title=Far East Kingdoms : South Asia |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411125301/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Revival====
[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] died in 1229 and the Khaljis managed to briefly regain control. Historians differ as to whether it was one or two members of the Khalji tribe that ruled before the installation of [[Alauddin Jani]] as Bengal's governor. Different manuscripts of the ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' provide different names of Jani's predecessor(s). The chronicle mentions [[Iltutmish]] travelling to Bengal with the intention of suppressing [[Balka Khalji|Ikhtiyaruddin Balka Khalji]], who had rebelled after Mahmud's death. The 19th-century British historian [[Henry George Raverty]], who first translated the book into English, found the mention of Ikhtiyaruddin Dawlat Shah Balka in two manuscripts, both of which claimed he was Iwaz's son. Other historians provide names like Iran Shah Balka Khalji. The English writer [[Edward Thomas (antiquarian)|Edward Thomas]] discovered coins which bear the name of Dawlat Shah bin (son of) Mawdud in 627 AH (1230 CE).<ref name=salim/> Modern historians such as [[Abu Mohammed Habibullah]] and [[ABM Shamsuddin Ahmed]] are of the opinion that they are indeed two separate individuals. The former found the name Dawlat Shah Khalji among Iltutmish's regional officers, and considered Balka to be a different rebel.<ref>{{cite book|title=The foundation of Muslim rule in India|publisher=Central Book Depot|author=[[Abu Mohammed Habibullah|Habibullah, Abu Mohammed]]|year=1961|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12739/page/n105/mode/2up}}</ref> Similarly, Ahmed wrote that Dawlat Shah bin Mawdud was ousted by fellow tribesman Balka Khalji who was opposed to Delhi overlordship, and was then replaced by Alauddin Jani by the Delhi administration.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Daulat Shah Bin Maudud|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Balka Khalji, Ikhtiyaruddin|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref>

==Cultural influence and legacy==
The Khaljis were the first Muslim dynasty to rule Bengal, and played a role in influencing [[Muslim culture]] in the region. The Persian historian [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]], who was alive during the Khalji rule, credits Bakhtiyar for the construction of a ''[[madrasa]]'' (Islamic school), possibly the first in the Bengal region.<ref name="social">{{cite book|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]|url=https://archive.org/details/SocialHistoryOfTheMuslimsInBengalDownToA.D.1538-AbdulKarim/page/n53/mode/2up|title=Social History of the Muslims in Bengal (Down to A.D. 1538)|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Pakistan]]|year=1959|pages=42}}</ref> The 21st-century British historian [[Muhammad Mojlum Khan]] describes Khalji as a "pioneer of Islamic thought, culture and civilisation".<ref name=mojlum/> [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] has also been credited for building mosques and bridges during his reign.<ref name=siddiq/>

[[Iwaz Khalji]] was the most notable patron of [[Islamic studies|Islamic education]] and culture in Khalji Bengal as he was known for establishing [[mosque]]s, colleges, [[caravanserai]]s and giving pension to the ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic scholars and teachers). He also arranged for the arrival of Muslim preachers from the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]]; for example, Jalaluddin bin Jamaluddin Ghaznavi, who had travelled from the Ghurid capital [[Firozkoh]] to give religious lectures in the Khalji court, was awarded 18,000 [[History of the taka|taka]]s for this service.<ref name=begum>{{cite thesis|title=Bengal's contribution to Islamic studies during the 18th century|publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|year=1994|chapter=Socio-political contact of Muslims with Bengal: Sultan Ghiasuddin Iwaz Khilji|pages=13|first=Shabnam|last=Begum}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]|article=Tabaqat-i-Nasiri}}</ref><ref name="Siraj-548"/>

Iwaz Khalji's son and heir, [[Ali Sher Khalji]], was the governor of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] and northwestern Bengal during his father's reign.<ref name=siddiq>{{cite book|title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494)|pages=64, 92|author=Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf|year=2015|isbn=9781317587460|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> In his governorship, a ''[[khanqah]]'' was endowed by Ibn Muhammad of [[Maragheh]] in 7 [[Jumada al-Thani|Jumada al-Akhir]] 618 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (August 1221) in [[Bolpur Sriniketan|Sian]], [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Suri Sadar]]. This khanqah now holds the [[mazar (mausoleum)]] of Muslim preacher Makhdum Shah.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iranians, The|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]}}</ref> Praising Sultan Iwaz Shah as ''Burhan-i-[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'', the khanqah contains the earliest known stone inscription mentioning a Muslim ruler in Bengal.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Inscriptions|author=Shanawaz, AKM}}</ref> In the 1230s, [[Balka Khalji|Khan Balka Khan]] also commissioned a mosque in the village of Naohata in [[Rajshahi]] during his short-reign.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Sufism, Sheikhs and Khanqahs of Bengal|pages=147–148|title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray|author=Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf|editor1=Alam, Ishrat|editor2=Hussain, Syed Ijaz|year=2011}}</ref>

[[Bengali Muslims]] continue to celebrate the achievements of Bakhtiyar and his dynasty, who first established [[Islam]] as Bengal's state religion. His name is frequently mentioned in the [[Bengali poetry|poetry]] of [[Bangladesh]]. In 1978, [[Mufakharul Islam]] glorified the Khalji conquest in ''Jalali Kabutar'' whilst award-winning poets [[Al Mahmud]] and [[Ruhul Amin Khan]] demonstrated Khalji as a hero in their poems.<ref name=mojlum>{{cite book|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|publisher=Kube Publishing|date=21 October 2013|chapter=Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/244591/horses-of-bakhtiyar|title=Horses of Bakhtiyar|work=Daily Asian Age Online|author1=Ahmed, Riffat|author2=Khan, Khaled|date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Locals have preserved the Pirpal Dargah of [[Gangarampur (community development block)|Narayanpur, Gangarampur]] which contains Bakhtiyar's tomb as well as the tomb of [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]] in [[Dhamoirhat Upazila|Mahisantosh]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Mahisantosh|author=Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad}}</ref>

===Coinage===
The Khalji dynasty of Bengal used an innovative coinage with the warlike imagery of an armed ruler on his horse. The legends were usually bilingual, using the [[Nagari script]] and the [[Arabic script]].<ref name="FBF"/><ref name="SG"/>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. 1204-1206.Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Dated Samvat 1262 (1204 AD).jpg|Coinage of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated [[Samvat]] 1262 (1204 CE). ''Obverse'': Horseman with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend around: ''[[samvat]] 1262 [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|bhadrapada]]'' "August, year 1262". ''Reverse'': Nagari legend: ''srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah'' "The Glorious Emir [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad|Mohammed [ibn] Sam]]".<ref name="FBF">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |pages=115–117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SG">{{cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |last3=Robinson (numismatist.) |first3=Michael |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ |language=en|quote="Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204"|page=146}}</ref>
File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. AH 601-602 AD 1204-1206. AV Fractional Tanka of 20 rati (17mm, 2.30 g, 12h). In the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Sultan of Delhi. Struck AD 1204-1205.jpg|Another type of Bengal coinage of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji as Governor (1204–1206 CE). ''Obverse'': horseman galloping, holding lance with Nagari legend around (''[[Sri|śrīmat]] [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam|mahamada sāmaḥ]]'' "The Glorious Mohammed [ibn] Sam"). ''Reverse'': name and titles of [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam]] in Arabic. Struck AD 1204–1205.<ref name="FBF"/> This is his earliest coinage in Bengal, using both Sanskrit and Arabic legends.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kundra |first1=D. N. |last2=Prakashan |first2=Goyal Brothers |title=I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX |date=1 December 2019 |publisher=Goyal Brothers Prakashan |isbn=978-93-88676-77-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGs8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Rukn al-Din ‘Ali Mardan 1210-1212 CE.jpg|Coinage of [[Ali Mardan Khalji|Rukn al-Din ‘Ali Mardan]] 1210–1212 CE. ''Obverse'': Horseman with mint and date formula around. ''Reverse'': Name and titles of Rukn al-Din ‘Ali Mardan in five lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=256998|website=Classical Numismatic Group Coins|title=Rukn al-Din 'Ali Mardan|access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad. Governor, AH 614-616 AD 1217-1220. Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.jpg|Coin of [[Iwaz Khalji]]. Governor of Bengal, AH 614-616 AD 1217–1220. Struck in the name of [[Shams al-Din Iltutmish]], Sultan of Delhi. Dated AH 614 (AD 1217/8).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Lot.aspx?LOT_ID=25635&BACK_URL=%2fLots.aspx%3fIS_ADVANCED%3d1%26ITEM_IS_SOLD%3d1%26ITEM_DESC%3dGhiyath%2bal-Din%2b%2527Iwad%26SEARCH_IN_CONTAINER_TYPE_ID_1%3d1%26SEARCH_IN_CONTAINER_TYPE_ID_2%3d1%26SEARCH_IN_CONTAINER_TYPE_ID_3%3d1%26SEARCH_IN_CONTAINER_TYPE_ID_4%3d1%26TABS_TYPE%3d3%26CONTAINER_TYPE_ID%3d3%26VIEW_TYPE%3d0%26MAX_COUNT%3d10000%26PAGE%3d1|website=Classical Numismatic Group Coins|title=Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad|access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
</gallery>

==List of rulers==
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=20% | Titular Name(s)
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=4% | Coinage
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% | Reign
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Malik al-Ghāzī Ikhtiyār ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|ملک الغازی اختیار الدین}} {{langx|bn|মালিক আল-গাজী ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī]] {{Nastaliq|محمد بختیار خلجی}} {{langx|bn|মুহম্মদ বখতিয়ার খলজী}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[File:Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu'izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam,_Dated_Samvat_1262_(1204_AD).jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align:center"|1204–1206
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Malik ʿIzz ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|ملک عز الدین}} {{langx|bn|মালিক ইজ্জউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji|Muhammad Sherān Khaljī]] {{Nastaliq|محمد شیران خلجی}} {{langx|bn|মুহম্মদ শিরান খলজী}}
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|1206–1208
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Malik Husām ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|ملک حسام الدین}} {{langx|bn|মালিক হুসামউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Iwaz Khalji|ʿIwaz bin Ḥusayn Khalji]] {{Nastaliq|عوض بن حسین خلجی}} {{langx|bn|ইওজ বিন হোসেন খলজী}}
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|(First term) 1208–1210
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Malik Rukn ad-Dīn'' / ''Sultān ʿAlā ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان علاء الدین}} / {{Nastaliq|ملک ركن الدین}} {{langx|bn|মালিক রোকনউদ্দীন}} / {{lang|bn|সুলতান আলাউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Ali Mardan Khalji|ʿAlī Mardān Khaljī]] {{Nastaliq|علی مردان خلجی}} {{langx|bn|আলী মর্দান খলজী}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Rukn al-Din ‘Ali Mardan 1210-1212 CE.jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align:center"|1210–1212
|- <--!style="background:silver"-->
|style="text-align:center"|''Sultān Ghiyāth ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان غیاث الدین}} {{langx|bn|সুলতান গিয়াসউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Iwaz Khalji|ʿIwaz Shāh]] {{Nastaliq|عوض شاه}} {{langx|bn|ইওজ শাহ}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[File:Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_'Iwad._Governor,_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish,_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align:center"|(Second term) 1212–1227
|-
|colspan=4 style="text-align:middle"| Interregnum by [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] as Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Shāhanshāh ʿAlā ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|شاهنشاه علاء الدین}} {{langx|bn|শাহেনশাহ আলাউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Alauddin Dawlat Shah Khalji|Dawlat Shāh bin Mawdūd]] {{Nastaliq|دولت شاه بن مودود}} {{langx|bn|দৌলত শাহ বিন মওদূদ}}
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|1229–1230
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''Malik Ikhtiyār ad-Dīn'' {{Nastaliq|ملک اختیار الدین}} {{langx|bn|মালিক ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন}}
|style="text-align:center"| [[Balka Khalji|Balkā Khaljī]] {{Nastaliq|بلکا خلجی}} {{langx|bn|বলকা খলজী}}
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|1231
|-
|}

In the following period, [[List of rulers of Bengal#Delhi Sultanate era|various Governors of Bengal]] under the Mamluk dynasty followed (1231–1287), some of them at time claiming independence. From 1287, a [[List of rulers of Bengal#House of Balban|Balban dynasty of Lakhnauti]] declared independence from the Mamluks (1287–1324), until [[List of rulers of Bengal#Governors of Bengal under Tughlaq dynasty (1324–1338)|new Governors of Bengal]] were appointed under the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1324–1338).<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Bengal, Turko-Afghan Period|year=1986|author=Roy, Atul Chandra|publisher=Kalyani Publishers|page=59}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal#Delhi Sultanate period|List of rulers of Bengal (Delhi Sultanate era)]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=575452554 }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Khalji Bengal
| years = 1204–1231
| before = [[Sena dynasty]]
| after = [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Bengal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1230s]]

Jo and Jo

2026-04-24T06:41:33Z

SherleneGirardi:

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film by Arun D Jose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jo & Jo
| image = Jo and jo.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arun D. Jose]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
* [[Arun D. Jose]]
* Raveesh Nath
}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Harris Desom
* Adarsh Narayan
* P. B. Anish
* Anumod Bose
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Nikhila Vimal]]
* [[Naslen]]
* [[Mathew Thomas]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ansar Shah]]
| editing = [[Chaman Chakko]]
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Imagin Cinemas
* Signature Studios
}}
| distributor = Icon Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|05|13|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/jo-jo/movieshow/90572042.cms|work=Times of India|title=Jo and Jo movie release date|date=11 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Jo & Jo |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jo-jo-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda0odq1 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|16}} crores<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jeemon |title=Why small is beautiful in Mollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-small-is-beautiful-in-mollywood-2317355-2023-01-04 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=India Today |date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

''''' Jo & Jo''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Arun D. Jose]] in his directorial debut. The film is co-produced by Imagine Cinemas and Signature Studios. It is co-written by Arun D. Jose and Raveesh Nath. The film stars [[Mathew Thomas]] and [[Nikhila Vimal]]in the [[Title character|title roles]], with [[Naslen]] and [[Melvin G Babu]] in the other lead roles. The music is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-mathew-naslen-and-nikhila-vimal-act-in-jo-and-jo-movie-mm-446961.html |title='ജോ ആൻഡ് ജോയുമായി' മാത്യു, നസ്ലൻ, നിഖില വിമൽ |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> The plot revolves around the lives of a group of youngsters in a village during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].

The film was released on {{Date|May 13, 2022|DMY}} to positive reviews from critics and became a super hit at box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title='Jo and Jo' Twitter review: Netizens give a thumps up to Mathew Thomas - Naslen's comedy entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jo-and-jo-twitter-review-netizens-give-a-thumps-up-to-mathew-thomas-naslens-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/91539943.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Set during the [[COVID-19]] [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] in Kerala, the plot revolves around two siblings, Jomol and Jomon (the titular Jo and Jo). Jomol is the elder child of Baby and Lilly and Jomon is her younger brother. Both are attending their college classes online, due to the [[pandemic]]. Jomol also conducts a [[Tuition centre|tuition class]] for students at home. They are constantly at odds with each other due to Jomol's view that Jomon is lazy and has it easier due to being male and the younger child in the family. Jomon spends most of his free time with his two close friends Manoj Sundaran and Eby Kuruvilla. They spend their time secretly [[smoking]] and [[fishing]] at a local [[canal]]. Sundaran has an unrequited crush on Jomol while Eby has a girlfriend Nimmy in another village. He constantly tries to meet her but find it difficult due to the lockdowns in place.

Jomol with her keen perceptive skills exposes Jomon's every little mischief to their parents. All of these create a rift between the siblings. One day, Jomon finds a love letter addressed to "Jo" in their mailbox. Assuming it was meant for Jomol, he makes it his goal to find out Jomol's secret lover and seeks help from Sundaran and Eby for this. Jomol also sees Jomon with the letter and assumes that the love letter was meant for him and resolves to similarly find who the writer was. She seeks help from her grandmother Annamma who lives with them.

Assuming that the author of the love letter drove a green [[motorcycle]], Jomon and his friends attempt to find a similar vehicle. They eventually find two green motorcycles but realize that they were mistaken both times. They also track Jomol's phone so that they can find more evidence through her online chats. Jomol, similarly, is now keenly focused on Jomon's activities and finds and exposes his smoking to their parents. This results in an escalation of their conflict and Jomon angrily decides to leave home. Eventually it is discovered that the author of the note was one of Jomol's tuition students who wrote it for Jomon, unbeknownst to him. Realizing their mistaken assumptions about each other, the two siblings make up.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nikhila Vimal]] as Jomol Palathara, Jomon's elder sister (Jo)
*[[Mathew Thomas]] as Jomon Palathara, Jomol's young brother (Jo)
*[[Naslen]] as Manoj Sundaran, Jomon's friend and Jomol's one side love interest
*[[Melvin G Babu]] as Eby Kuruvilla, Jomon's friend
*[[Sagar Surya]] as Tuttu (Parishkaari)
*[[Johny Antony]] as Baby Palathara, Jo & Jo's father
*[[Sminu Sijo]] as Lillykutty Palathara, Jo & Jo's mother
*Leena Antony as Annamma Palathara
*Hareesh Pengan as Ajith, Manoj's elder uncle
*Saniya Babu as Nimmy, Eby's girlfriend
*Santhosh Laxman as Kadakkaran
*Sameera Sabu as Indu (Captain Marvel), Jomon's girlfriend in [[WhatsApp]]
*Anjana Ashokan as Jomon's Wedding girl (Ellolam Thari song)
*[[Binu Adimali]] as Member Shibu
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sudheer
*[[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Saji, Indu's father (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in mid-September. Its first look poster was revealed by actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] on 16 October, Mathew's birthday.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]] while the lyrics are co-written by [[Suhail Koya]] and Titto Thankachan.

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres on {{Date|May 13, 2022|DMY}}.

=== Home media ===
The digital rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and started streaming it on {{Date|Jun 10, 2022|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=JO and JO OTT Release : സഹോദരങ്ങളുടെ കഥയുമായി ജോ ആൻഡ് ജോ ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോമിലെത്തി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/jo-and-jo-movie-ott-update-film-starts-streaming-in-ott-platform-amazon-prime-video-94515 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received positive response from critics. Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote "The script is replete with references and incidents during the lockdown that most of the youth as well as parents could connect with. And these evoke plenty of laughter, especially when it comes in the form of banter between three college students, who are stuck home."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Jo and Jo movie review: This entertainer about sibling rivalry is arguably the most fun film set in the lockdown |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jo-and-jo-movie-review-this-entertainer-about-sibling-rivalry-is-arguably-the-most-fun-film-set-in-the-lockdown/310b400acc60 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Film on sibling rivalry had promise, but failed to deliver."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Jo & Jo review: Film on sibling rivalry had promise, but failed to deliver |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jo-jo-review-film-sibling-rivalry-had-promise-failed-deliver-163945 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Deepa Soman of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "All the actors, be it Naslen, Mathew, Nikhila, Johny Antony, Sminu or those doing the supporting characters, have given their all to the wonderfully relatable everyday characters making this movie a safe bet as a weekend watch."<ref>{{cite web |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=2022-05-13 |title=Jo and Jo review: Of sibling squabbles, fun and bonding during lockdown |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/05/13/jo-and-jo-movie-review-mathew-thomas-naslen-nikhila-vimal.html |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The entire movie gets a treatment similar to that of some light-hearted web series, but not all of the attempted jokes land effectively."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-05-14 |title='Jo & Jo' movie review, Mildly funny, and struggles to leave an impact |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jo-jo-movie-review-mildly-funny-and-struggles-to-leave-an-impact/article65413600.ece |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2022-05-17 |title=Movie Review Jo and Jo{{!}} Laidback, stress-busting entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/17/movie-review-jo-and-jo-laidback-stress-busting-entertainment-2454348.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15483596}}
* {{Mojo title|id=15483596}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|jo_and_jo}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]

Rajvinder Kaur Gill

2026-04-23T06:06:01Z

SherleneGirardi: added new entry - done

{{Short description|Canadian banker}}
{{infobox person
| name = Rajvinder Kaur Gill
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1971}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|08|31|1971|09|12}}
| death_place = [[Sheikhupura]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
| other_names =
| known_for = mysterious disappearance
| occupation = [[banker]]
}}

'''Rajvinder Kaur Gill''' was a [[Canadian]] [[banker]] who disappeared on a trip to Pakistan in August 2012.<ref name=AsianJournal2013-01-07>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.asianjournal.ca/jan%204_13/ot_head1.html
|title = Ravinder Kaur Gill was allegedly strangled to death in Pakistan, body has yet to be recovered: Gill was a distant relative of Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal
|publisher = [[Asian Journal (Philippines)|Asian Journal]]
|date = 2013-01-07
|archivedate = 2013-01-10
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110055906/http://www.asianjournal.ca/jan%204_13/ot_head1.html
|url-status=dead
|quote = He quoted Sikander as saying that his daughter had fallen in love with a man on the Internet who had introduced himself as Krishna from Lahore. Bhatti said Singh had told him that his daughter went to Lahore to meet Krishna. It was not clear whether Krishna "was an imposter or not".
}}
</ref><ref name=NationalPost2013-01-02>
{{cite news
|url = https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/rajvinder-kaur-gill-killed-in-pakistan
|title = Missing Canadian businesswoman allegedly drugged, strangled to death in Pakistan over financial dispute: reports
|publisher = [[National Post]]
|date = 2013-01-02
|archive-date = 2013-04-11
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411111436/http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/02/rajvinder-kaur-gill-killed-in-pakistan/
|url-status=live
|quote = Since Ms. Gill’s disappearance more than five months ago, her father Sikander Singh Gill has been lobbying Pakistani officials to widen their investigation in the case. In an emotional Facebook message posted on Dec. 21, Sikander Singh Gill pleaded for the public’s help in finding his daughter.
}}
</ref><ref name=Canoe2013-01-02>
{{cite news
|url = http://cnews.canoe.com/CNEWS/Canada/2013/01/02/pf-20466961.html
|title = Missing Indian-Cdn murdered in Pakistan: Reports
|publisher = [[Canoe.com]]
|author =
|date = 2013-01-02
|quote = Police were ordered to provide court with an update into their investigation after Gill's father, Sikandar Singh Gill, appealed to authorities, reports the Indian Express.
}}{{dead link|date=April 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref><ref name=TheProvince2013-01-02>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/pakistan/crime-b-c-businesswoman-41-murdered-in-pakistan-over-money-dispute-says-lawyer/426919/
|title = CRIME: Missing B.C. banker, 41, murdered in Pakistan over money dispute, says lawyer
|publisher = [[The Province]]
|author = Cheryl Chan
|date = 2013-01-02
|location = [[Vancouver]]
|archivedate = 2013-04-12
|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130412032641/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/pakistan/crime-b-c-businesswoman-41-murdered-in-pakistan-over-money-dispute-says-lawyer/426919/
|url-status=dead
|quote = A desperate five-month search for a missing Canadian woman has ended in tragedy for her family in B.C.
}}
</ref>

==Biography==

Newspapers from Pakistan identify Gill as a member of the [[Sikh religion]].<ref name="AsianJournal2013-01-07" /><ref name="TheNews2013-01-03" /> According to Gill's family, she was an immigrant to Canada.<ref name=AsianJournal2013-01-07/><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-10 |title=Pakistani court acquits man of Indian-Canadian woman's murder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/pakistani-court-acquits-man-of-indian-canadian-womans-murder-4976462/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Gill had worked for the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]] until 2006, when she moved to [[Switzerland]] and worked for [[merchant bank]] firms [[Merrill Lynch]], [[UBS]] and [[EFG Bank]].<ref name="TheProvince2013-01-02" /> Gill was reported to have resigned her job shortly before her final trip.<ref name="AsianJournal2013-01-07" />

==Travel to Pakistan==

Gill applied for a visa to Pakistan from [[Dubai]] on August 12, 2012.<ref name=NDTV2013-01-01>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/woman-of-indian-origin-missing-in-pakistan-lahore-high-court-summons-police-chief-311918
|title = Woman of Indian origin missing in Pakistan; Lahore High Court summons police chief
|publisher = [[NDTV]]
|author = Sindhu Manjesh
|date = 2013-01-01
|location = [[Lahore]]
|archivedate = 2013-01-04
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130104095802/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/woman-of-indian-origin-missing-in-pakistan-lahore-high-court-summons-police-chief-311918
|url-status=dead
|quote = The father of a Canadian woman of Indian origin, who has been missing in Pakistan for nearly five months, appeared before the Lahore High Court on Monday, as he continued his attempts to trace his daughter, Rajvinder Kaur Gill. The court, hearing his plea, has directed the Lahore police chief to appear before it on Wednesday and step up efforts to trace Ms Gill.
}}
</ref> She flew into [[Lahore]] on August 25, 2012.<ref name="EastWestNews2013-01-02">
{{cite news |date=2013-01-02 |title=Canadian woman Rajvindar Kaur Gill, who went missing in Pakistan in August, murdered |url=http://newseastwest.com/has-canadian-woman-rajvindar-kaur-who-went-missing-in-pakistan-been-killed/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106071613/http://newseastwest.com/has-canadian-woman-rajvindar-kaur-who-went-missing-in-pakistan-been-killed/ |archivedate=2013-01-06 |publisher=[[News East West]] |location=[[Lahore]] |quote=Rajvindar Kaur Gill, 41, who was a businesswoman from British Columbia dealing in gems, came to Pakistan on August 25 last year and went missing the same day. }}
</ref>

There are different theories about why Gill had gone to Pakistan, including to settle a long-standing debt,<ref name=TheNews2013-01-03>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-152091-LHC-orders-investigation-into-Sikh-womans-murder
|title = LHC orders investigation into Sikh woman's murder
|publisher = [[The News International]]
|date = 2013-01-03
|location = [[Lahore]]
|archivedate = 2013-01-05
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130105052926/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-152091-LHC-orders-investigation-into-Sikh-womans-murder
|url-status=dead
|quote = He added Ghazanfer was on the run and had reached Germany and police had initiated the process of his arrest through Interpol. The CCPO’s reply said that according to the initial interrogation of accused, Ghazanfar had called the Sikh woman to Pakistan as there was some monetary dispute between both.
}}
</ref> attend a conference,<ref name="HinduStanTimes2012-11-17">
{{cite news |date=2012-11-17 |title=Pak looks for Sukhbir's missing relative in Lahore |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Pak-looks-for-Sukhbir-s-missing-relative-in-Lahore/SP-Article1-960431.aspx |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118175057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Pak-looks-for-Sukhbir-s-missing-relative-in-Lahore/SP-Article1-960431.aspx |archivedate=2012-11-18 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[Lahore]] |quote=Rajvinder Kaur Gill, a Canadian citizen of Indian origin, went missing shortly after she arrived in Lahore last August to attend a conference. Her father, Sikandar Singh, wrote a letter to Badal, seeking the Deputy chief minister's help in finding his daughter. }}
</ref> meet with a romantic interest,<ref name=AsianJournal2013-01-07/> and look for and purchase precious gemstones.<ref name=DailyTimes2013-01-08>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013\01\08\story_8-1-2013_pg13_6
|title = Murder of Canadian woman : LHC orders police to arrest main accused
|publisher = [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]
|date = 2013-01-08
|location = [[Lahore]]
|archivedate = 2013-04-16
|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130416085822/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013%5C01%5C08%5Cstory_8-1-2013_pg13_6
|url-status=dead
|quote = The judge disposed of the petition after DSP Khalid Abu Bakar said that police had lodged the murder case and recovered a laptop of the deceased woman from Shahzad. He said family of the deceased has also identified her laptop and police would scan record in it.
}}
</ref> According to her sister, Gill had been participating on an online dating service, called [[Shaadi.com]], and the real purpose of her trip was to meet one or more of her online romantic interests for the first time.<ref name="EastWestNews2013-01-02" /><ref name="HinduStanTimes2012-11-17" /> The Pakistani newspaper ''[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]'' reported that Gill possessed over $5 million [[United States dollar|USD]] at the time of her disappearance.<ref name=TheNation2013-01-01/>

===Disappearance===

Gill's family reported that they had received text messages from Gill when she arrived in Pakistan and on August 26 and 27. They provided her cell phone records to the authorities demonstrating that the last message she sent was to the Pakistani television personality she had met through an online dating site.<ref name=TheNation2013-01-01>
{{cite news
|url = https://www.nation.com.pk/01-Jan-2013/lhc-orders-ccpo-to-appear-tomorrow
|title = LHC orders CCPO to appear tomorrow
|publisher = [[The Nation (Pakistan)]]
|author = Mian Dawood
|date = 2013-01-01
|location = [[Lahore]]
|archive-date = 2013-01-08
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130108035347/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/01-Jan-2013/lhc-orders-ccpo-to-appear-tomorrow
|url-status=live
|quote = A family member of Rajvindar, who has also reached Pakistan in search of her, says she has 5 million US dollars in her Switzerland’s bank and was keen on collecting diamonds and precious stones as well.
}}
</ref>

However, several reports of the confession of one of the suspects in her murders have him describing picking Gill up at Lahore's airport, and driving her directly to the kill-site on August 25.<ref name=EastWestNews2013-01-02/>

''[[Tribune India]]'' reported she disappeared on August 31, after staying in three separate hotels and after meeting with "some unidentified people".<ref name=TribuneIndia2012-11-29>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121130/punjab.htm#12
|title = Sukhbir's missing relative: Spy agencies' hand suspected
|publisher = [[Tribune India]]
|date = 2012-11-29
|location = [[Lahore]]
|accessdate =
|archivedate = 2013-01-11
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130111095916/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121130/punjab.htm#12
|url-status=dead
|quote = The police recommended to the provincial government that a joint investigation team should be set up for a further probe. However, a police source said the possibility of Rajvinder being in the custody of intelligence agencies could not be ruled out.
}}
</ref>

== Murder investigation ==
Gill's family reported her disappearance to Canadian officials, and they did their best to report her disappearance to Pakistani officials.<ref name="AsianJournal2013-01-07" />
Eventually, her father traveled to Pakistan so that he could make sure a satisfactory inquiry was conducted.
According to the ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Assistant Advocate General [[Arib Yaqoob]] filed a report with magistrates on December 6, 2012, which said that Gill was still not officially considered "missing".<ref name="EastWestNews2013-01-02" /><ref name="ExpressTribune2013-01-01">
{{cite news
|url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/487180/missing-canadian-rajvinder-kaur-contacted-malik-warraich-before-reaching-pakistan/
|title = Missing Canadian: Rajvinder Kaur contacted Malik, Warraich before reaching Pakistan
|publisher = [[Express Tribune]]
|author = Rana Tanveer
|date = 2013-01-01
|location = [[Lahore]]
|accessdate = 2013-02-07
|archivedate = 2013-02-05
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130205011146/http://tribune.com.pk/story/487180/missing-canadian-rajvinder-kaur-contacted-malik-warraich-before-reaching-pakistan/
|url-status=dead
|quote = Justice Sheikh Najamul Hassan issued the order after going through a report filed by the CCPO through Assistant Advocate General Arif Yaqoob. The report stated that on December 6, he was informed about the missing woman. He said the city police had no information about Kaur’s whereabouts and that she was not wanted in any case. The judge said he was shocked that despite the matter being in the notice of the chief minister, there had been no progress on it.
}}
</ref>

On November 17, 2012, the ''[[Tribune India]]'' reported that Pakistan was going to initiate an inquiry after Gill's father Sikandar Singh requested help from [[Indian Punjab]]'s [[Deputy Chief Minister of Indian Punjab|Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]], a distant relative.<ref name="TribuneIndia2012-11-17">
{{cite news
| url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121118/punjab.htm#6
| title = Pakistan looking for Badal family's missing relative
| publisher = [[Tribune India]]
| date = 2012-11-17
| location = [[Lahore]]
| quote = Pakistan has launched an investigation to trace a distant female relative of Sukhbir Singh Badal, the Deputy Chief Minister of Indian Punjab, who has been missing in Lahore for the past two-and-half months.
}}
</ref> On November 29, 2012, ''Tribune India'' quoted a police official to the effect that "the possibility of Rajvinder being in the custody of intelligence agencies could not be ruled out."<ref name="TribuneIndia2012-11-29" />

There were two primary suspects: Hafiz Shahzad Hussain and Shahid Ghazanfar.<ref name="AsianJournal2013-01-07" />

===Hafiz Shahzad Hussain===

Hafiz was apprehended and interrogated by Pakistan's [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]], and was reported to have given an account of her murder. According to the Pakistani officials, in that confession his cousin Shahid owed Gill a large sum of money, and offered to pay him for help killing her. He confessed they lured her on a car trip to view gems, where Shahid first covertly served Gill tea laced with a sedative, so she wouldn't struggle, and then strangled her. He confessed to helping dump her body in a rural canal.<ref name="TheProvince2012-01-03">
{{cite news
|url = https://theprovince.com/news/admits+killing+Canadian/7769214/story.html
|title = Man admits to killing Canadian: Dad of victim 'went into shock' upon hearing of daughter's brutal murder
|publisher = [[The Province]]
|author = Cheryl Chan
|date = 2013-01-03
|archivedate = 2013-02-08
|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6EGjZ0Tua?url=http://www.theprovince.com/news/admits%20killing%20Canadian/7769214/story.html
|url-status=dead
|quote = According to local media, Hafiz Shahzad Hussain had confessed to killing Gill with his cousin Shahid Ghazanfar, a German national. Hussain told police his cousin owed Gill money and that he invited her to Lahore to attend a diamond auction.
}}
</ref> Hafiz had Gill's laptop when he was apprehended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-09 |title=Pakistani authorities seek Interpol's help to nab Canadian Sikh woman's killer |url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/5791-pakistani-authorities-seek-interpols-help-to-nab-canadian-sikh-womans-killer/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Sikh Siyasat News |language=en |quote=A police official told the court that a laptop belonging to Rajvinder Kaur Gill had been recovered from one of the accused involved in the murder.}}</ref>

In 2017, a Pakistani court acquitted Hafiz Shahzad of Gill's murder due to lack of evidence against him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mall |first=Rattan |title=Pakistani court acquits man of murder of Indo-Canadian Rajvinder Kaur Gill {{!}} Indo-Canadian Voice |date=11 December 2017 |url=https://voiceonline.com/pakistani-canadian-rajvinder/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

===Shahid Ghazanfar===
Ghazanfar, the naturalized German citizen, was reported to have escaped to Germany.<ref name="TheNation2013-01-08">
{{cite news
|url = https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Jan-2013/sikh-woman-murder-case-disposed-of
|title = Sikh woman murder case disposed of
|publisher = [[The Nation (Pakistan)]]
|date = 2013-01-08
|location = [[Lahore]]
|archive-date = 2013-01-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022727/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/08-Jan-2013/sikh-woman-murder-case-disposed-of
|url-status=live
|quote = Justice Sardar Tariq Masood disposed of the petition after statement of DSP Khalid Abu Bakar saying that they had registered FIR and arrested nominated accused Hafiz Shehzad Hussain. He said they also had recovered laptop of the deceased from his custody.
}}
</ref>

On January 7, 2013, the [[Lahore High Court]] directed Pakistani police to call upon [[Interpol]] to seek out and arrest Ghazanfar<ref name=TheNews2013-01-03/><ref name=TheNation2013-01-08/> and to request Canada and Switzerland to freeze Gill's bank accounts.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} The police confirmed that one of the suspect's aliases was Karishna Roy.<ref name=TheNation2013-01-08/>

As of March 1, 2013, Ghazanfar is in the custody of German police. On November 6, 2024, a trial against the accused began at the Cologne Regional Court in Germany. The trial is taking place in Cologne because the accused last lived there. The prosecution is alleging murder, which the accused denies having committed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} In 2017, the Toronto Sun had reported that Ghazanfar was facing trial in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man acquitted in murder-for-hire plot that killed Canadian woman |work=torontosun |url=https://torontosun.com/news/world/man-acquitted-in-murder-for-hire-plot-that-killed-canadian-woman}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Rajvinder Kaur}}
[[Category:Canadian bankers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People murdered in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Foreign hostages in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Canada–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]

Double iSmart

2026-04-22T07:18:39Z

SherleneGirardi: Added new data

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double iSmart
| image = Double iSmart.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Puri Jagannadh
* [[Charmy Kaur]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ram Pothineni]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Kavya Thapar]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
* Gianni Giannelli}}
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = [[Puri Jagannadh|Puri Connects]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Primeshow Entertainment
* [[Mythri Movie Makers]] (Telugu)
* Sakthi Film Factory (Tamil Nadu)}}
| released = {{film date|2024|8|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double Ismart |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292400000732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240905032109/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292400000732 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=ecinepramaan.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|90 crore}}<ref name=":1"/>
| gross = {{estimation}}₹19.40 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Double iSmart Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/double-ismart-movie-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=24 September 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Double iSmart''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[science fiction action film]] directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]], who co-produced with [[Charmy Kaur]] under Puri Connects. It is the [[spiritual sequel]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Puri Jagannadh confirms the sequel to 'iSmart Shankar'; Title registered as 'Double iSmart' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/puri-jagannadh-confirms-the-sequel-to-ismart-shankar-title-registered-as-double-ismart/articleshow/70276252.cms |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2019 }}</ref>
to ''[[iSmart Shankar]]''. The film stars [[Ram Pothineni]], alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]] (in his Telugu debut), [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Kavya Thapar]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] and [[Bani J]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-with-action-sequence-2634530.html | title=Puri Jagannadhs Double iSmart Shoot Begins in Mumbai with Action Sequence | website=[[Zee News]] | access-date=2024-01-21 | archive-date=2023-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714005150/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-with-action-sequence-2634530.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Gianni Giannelli & [[Shyam K. Naidu]] and [[Karthika Srinivas]].

''Double iSmart'' was theatrically released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]]. The film was panned by critics and eventually became Puri Jagannadh's second consecutive [[box-office bomb]] after ''Liger''.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=More trolls than collections: Double iSmart draws a meagre Rs 17 cr after 10 days! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/double-ismart-made-with-rs-90-cr-collected-rs-17-cr-puri-in-mess-1818684 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=31 August 2024 |date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Big Bull, a notorious assassin, wants to achieve immortality and decides to [[Memory transfer|transfer his memories]] to "iSmart" Shankar, who already has another's person's memories transferred to him, thus setting the stage for the intense confrontation between Shankar and Big Bull.

==Cast==
Adapted from the opening credits:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0F6YDAI0VA3SYR1JPPHILVAJB8 |title=Double iSmart |language=te |publisher=Puri Connects |year=2024 |place=India |access-date=5 September 2024 |via=[[Amazon Prime]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Ustaad "iSmart" Shankar alias Double ismart
** Chekiri as young Shankar
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Big Bull
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Boka
* [[Kavya Thapar]] as Jannat Mehrunnisa , Shankar's love interest
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Parmeshwaram
* [[Bani J]] as Bentley
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Dr Thomas
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Pochamma, Shankar's mother
** [[Pragathi]] as Old Pochamma
* Temper Vamsi as Addagutta Akbar
* Jairoop Jeevan as Harshvardhan
* [[Uttej]] as CI K. Ravi Prakash
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Shankar's friend
* Rohini as lady constable
* Ganesh Yadav as police inspector
* Kecha Khamphakdee as Chinese mafia Wong
* Vishal Sharma as security officer
* [[Puri Jagannadh]] as himself in the song "SteppaMaar"
}}

==Production==
''Double iSmart'' was officially announced on 14 May 2023 by [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[Puri Jagannadh]]. [[Sanjay Dutt]] joined the cast as the main antagonist, making his debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sanjay-dutt-slays-as-fearless-big-bull-in-double-ismarts-first-look-8869226/ | title=Sanjay Dutt slays as fearless Big Bull in Double iSmart's first look | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=31 July 2023 | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=31 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731200100/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sanjay-dutt-slays-as-fearless-big-bull-in-double-ismarts-first-look-8869226/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced on 12 July 2023, after a grand launch in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100723/ram-pothineni-puri-join-hands-again.html | title=Ram Pothineni, Puri join hands again | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=10 July 2023 | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=16 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716152033/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100723/ram-pothineni-puri-join-hands-again.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule wrapped on 31 July 2023, featuring an action sequence filmed in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/double-ismart-ram-pothineni-and-puri-jagannadhs-film-wraps-first-schedule-in-mumbai/articleshow/102265027.cms?from=mdr | title=Double iSmart: Ram Pothineni and Puri Jagannadh's film wraps first schedule in Mumbai | newspaper=The Times of India | date=31 July 2023 | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=21 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121062843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/double-ismart-ram-pothineni-and-puri-jagannadhs-film-wraps-first-schedule-in-mumbai/articleshow/102265027.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref> The second schedule commenced in [[Thailand]] in August 2023.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Some sequences of the film were shot in Mumbai in May 2024, following which the production faced delays due to financial constraints though later resolved.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 April 2024 |title=Has Ram Pothineni halted Double Ismart's shoot due to pay issues? We clarify... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/has-ram-pothineni-halted-double-ismarts-shoot-due-to-pay-issues-here-is-the-clarity/692b269fed712 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref> The climax of the film was shot in Mumbai, where a large set worth ₹8 crore was made. The principal photography was wrapped on 5 July.<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=5 July 2024 |title=Ram Pothineni Starrer 'Double Ismart' Wraps Up Shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-starrer-double-ismart-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/111509421.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Double iSmart
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 20 August 2024
| recorded = 2023–24
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:02
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video
| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|z0FMWbD9Cl0|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The [[soundtrack]] album and [[background score]] for the film were composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-sharma-on-board-ram-pothineni-puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart/article67572746.ece | title=Mani Sharma on board Ram Pothineni – Puri Jagannadh's 'Double iSmart' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 November 2023 | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=4 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204160334/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-sharma-on-board-ram-pothineni-puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart/article67572746.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The first single titled "SteppaMaar" was released on 1 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/29/first-single-of-double-ismart-to-be-out-on-this-date | title=First single of Double iSmart to be out on this date | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=29 June 2024 }}</ref> The second single titled "Maar Muntha Chod Chinta" was released on 16 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 July 2024 |title=Second Single Maar Muntha Chod Chinta From Ram Pothineni's Film Double Ismart Is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/second-single-maar-muntha-chod-chinta-from-ram-pothinenis-film-double-ismart-is-out-article-111785165 |website=Times Now|date=16 July 2024 }}</ref> The third single titled "Kya Lafda" was released on 29 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2024 |title='Double Ismart': Ram Pothineni & Kavya Thapar shine with electric chemistry in Kya Lafda |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/music/double-ismart-ram-pothineni-kavya-thapar-shine-with-electric-chemistry-in-kya-lafda-3126763 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Big Bull" was released on 8 August 2024.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The fifth single titled "Mother Song" was released on 17 August 2024.

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = SteppaMaar
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Sahithi]]
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Maar Muntha Chod Chinta
| lyrics2 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Keerthana Sharma, Dhanunjay Seepana
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Kya Lafda
| lyrics3 = Sri Harsha Emani
| extra3 = Dhanunjay Seepana, Sindhuja Srinivasan
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Big Bull
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra4 = Prudhvi Chandra, Sanjana Kalmanje
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Mother Song
| lyrics5 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra5 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length5 = 3:32
| total_length = 20:02
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was initially set to release on 8 March 2024 ([[Maha Shivaratri]]), but was later postponed to 15 August 2024 coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=Puri Jagannadh's 'Double iSmart' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart-gets-a-release-date/article67586022.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213210132/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart-gets-a-release-date/article67586022.ece |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Puri Jagannadh's 'Double iSmart' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puri-jagannadhs-double-ismart-gets-a-release-date/article68292952.ece |language=en-US |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 June 2024 |title=Ram Pothineni, Sanjay Dutt's Double iSmart release date announced; fans wonder about Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-pothineni-sanjay-dutts-double-ismart-release-august-15-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-101718455003321.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=15 June 2024 }}</ref> The film received an A (adults only) certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on the account of violence and strong language.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2024 |title=Puri Jagannadh's 'Double iSmart' gets A-rating from censor board, check run-time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puri-jagannadh-double-ismart-gets-a-rating-from-censor-board-check-run-time-2579006-2024-08-08 |website=India Today|date=8 August 2024 }}</ref>

===Distribution===
The distribution rights of the film were acquired by Primeshow Entertainment and [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 July 2024 |title=Primeshow Entertainment bags theatrical rights for Double iSmart |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/23/primeshow-entertainment-bags-theatrical-rights-for-double-ismart |work=Cinema Express|date=23 July 2024 }}</ref> The distribution rights were acquired to Sakthi Film Factory in [[Tamil Nadu]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}.

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights to the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for {{INR}} 33 crore.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The satellite rights were sold by [[Zee Telugu]] and [[Zee Cinemalu]] respectively. The film was premiered on Amazon Prime Video from 5 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 September 2024 |title=Ram Pothineni's Film Double iSmart Released Silently on OTT Platform |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-pothinenis-film-double-ismart-released-silently-on-ott-platform-article-113078314 |work=Times Now|date=5 September 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "After a flop like ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]'', noted director Puri Jagannadh returns with ''Double iSmart'', but the sci-fi plot he has chosen is not exciting enough."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/double-ismart-sci-fi-sequel-fails-to-deliver-struggles-with-outlandish-plot-1816601|title=Double iSmart: Sci-Fi Sequel Fails to Deliver, Struggles with Outlandish Plot|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=15 August 2024|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Double iSmart is a tedious affair!."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/double-ismart-review-a-tedious-affair-review-112542847|title=Double iSmart Review: A Tedious Affair!|date=15 August 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "Puri fries our brain with double the torture."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/double-ismart-review-puri-fries-our-brain-with-double-the-torture|title=Double iSmart review: Puri fries our brain with double the torture|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|date=15 August 2024|website=The News Minute}}</ref> In a negative review, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Puri Jagannadh focuses so much on making his protagonist likeable that this time around, he forgets to focus on a coherent story."<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 August 2024 |title=Double iSmart review: Ram Pothineni, Puri Jagannadh's film is 'double' annoying |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/double-ismart-review-ram-pothineni-puri-jagannadhs-film-is-double-annoying-101723707338095.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27610677}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Fiction about memory]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]

Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani

2026-04-20T05:06:48Z

SherleneGirardi: New...

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English |date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Mohammed Madni Ashrafi Al-Jilani
| birth_name = Mohammed Madni
| image = Huzur_Shaikhul_Islam_Syed_Mohammed_Madni_Ashraf.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes |1938 |08 |28}}
| birth_place = [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]]
| occupation = [[Islamic scholars|Islamic scholar]]
| title =
| father = Syed Mohammed Ashraf Ashrafi Al Jilani (Mohaddis-e-Azam-e-Hind)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-042502-1299255-NOR.html|title=मुसलमानों की एक आंख बरेली और दूसरी किछौछा है, इन्हें कोई जुदा नहीं कर सकता : हाशमी मियां|date=20 March 2018|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419074724/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-042502-1299255-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/HayatMuhaddisAzamHindByMolanaZakirHussainAshrafi|title=Hayat Muhaddis Azam Hind by Maulana Zakir Hussain Ashrafi (biography)|website=Internet Archive|access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Hashmi Miya]]n (brother),<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-042502-1299255-NOR.html|title=मुसलमानों की एक आंख बरेली और दूसरी किछौछा है, इन्हें कोई जुदा नहीं कर सकता : हाशमी मियां|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419074724/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-042502-1299255-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf]] (maternal uncle, known as Sarkar-e-Kalan)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarkar-e-Kalan Hazrat Mawlana Syed Mukhtar Ashraf (R.A.) |url=https://aalequtub.com/sarkar-e-kalan-hazrat-mawlana-syed-mukhtar-ashraf-r-a/ |website=Aale Qutub |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
| spouse = Syeda Shamima Khatoon
| children =
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography |embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix =
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| main_interests = [[Sufism]]
| notable_ideas = Permissibility of videography in Islam (within Shariah guidelines); Usage of modern media for Da'wah
| title =
| notable_works = ''Tafsir-e-Ashrafi''
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order]] (Ashrafi)
| disciple_of = [[Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf]]
| lineage = [[Sayyid|Syed]]
}}
}}

'''Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf''' (Urdu: سید محمد مدنی اشرف), also known as '''Madni Miyan''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxo1AQAAIAAJ&q=Madni+Miyan |title=Medieval and Modern India |date=2009 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |language=en |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181747/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxo1AQAAIAAJ&q=Madni+Miyan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=scribd77891014>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/77891014/BARAN-E-REHMAT-BY-ALLAMA-MADNI-MIYAN |title=Baran-E-Rehmat-By-Allama-Madni-Miyan |via=Scribd |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181752/https://www.scribd.com/document/77891014/BARAN-E-REHMAT-BY-ALLAMA-MADNI-MIYAN |url-status=live }}</ref> (born on 27 August 1938 CE; 1 Rajab 1357 AH) is an Indian [[spiritual leader]], [[Sufi]] Islamic scholar, and author from [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.iecbolton.co.uk/ |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=IEC Bolton |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181748/https://www.iecbolton.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He claims [[Silsila]] lineage via [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patil |first=Vijaykumar |date=2015-01-13 |title=Seminar on 'Hazrat Sayyad Muhammed Madani Miya Ashrafi al Jilani' inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/seminar-on-hazrat-sayyad-muhammed-madani-miya-ashrafi-al-jilani-inaugurated/article6785213.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181750/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/seminar-on-hazrat-sayyad-muhammed-madani-miya-ashrafi-al-jilani-inaugurated/article6785213.ece |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=2020-07-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the 14th-century Chishti Sufi saint of Kichhauchha Sharif, from whom the Ashrafi Sufi order takes its name.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

He is the founder of the Mohaddis-e-Azam Mission and Shaikhul Islam Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mytankaria.com/news/2018/12/27338 |title=Winter Blanket Distribution by Shaikh-ul-Islam Trust |website=mytankaria.com |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227012729/https://www.mytankaria.com/news/2018/12/27338 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=divyabhaskar4094170>{{cite web |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-ANA-OMC-MAT-free-medical-camp-organized-by-shaikhul-islam-trust-petlad-020143-4094170-NOR.html |title=શૈખુલ ઈસ્લામ ટ્રસ્ટ પેટલાદ દ્વારા મફત મેડિકલ કેમ્પનું આયોજન |website=divyabhaskar.co.in |date=11 March 2019 |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823080958/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-ANA-OMC-MAT-free-medical-camp-organized-by-shaikhul-islam-trust-petlad-020143-4094170-NOR.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=localprayers1074397692>{{cite web |url=https://www.localprayers.com/IN/Ahmedabad/1074397692618376/Mohaddise-Azam-Mission-Worldwide-Movement |title=Mohaddise Azam Mission Worldwide Movement |website=localprayers.com}}</ref>

==Tafsir-e-Ashrafi==
''Tafseer-e-Ashrafi'' is a classical [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] interpretation ([[tafsir]]) of the [[Qur'an]], begun by his father Mohaddis-e-Azam-e-Hind and completed after his father's death by Madni Ashraf in 2008.<ref name="auto1"/>{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} It is a popular exegesis of the Qur'an due to its simple style and conciseness.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
It consists of 10 volumes, originally written in [[Urdu]] and later translated into English.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Books==
* Islam Ka Tassawure Ila Aur Maududi Sahib
* Deen aur Aqamat e Deen
* Al-Arba'in Al-Ashrafi
* Baran e Rahmat
* Masila Hazir O Nazir
* Inam al-Amal bil Niyyat
* Karamat-e-Ghawth-e-Azam
* Islamic Law
* Muslim Personal Law or Islamic Law?
* Islam Ka Nazriya Ibadat Aur Maududi Sahib
* Dawat e Islami Ka Tanqidi Jaiza
* Farizae Dawat O Tabligh
* Video Aur TV Ka Shariayi Istamal<ref name="auto">{{cite web
|url=https://archive.org/details/T.VAurMovieKaSharaiIstemalURDUShaykhAlIslamSyedMadniAshrafiAshrafiJilaniKichhauchhaSharif
|title=T. V Aur Movie Ka Sharai Istemal URDU Shaykh Al Islam Syed Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Jilani Kichhauchha Sharif
|website=archive.org
|access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
* Tafhim al-Hadith Sarrah Mhiskat Shareef
* Islam Ka Nazriya Khatme Nabuwat Aur Tehzirun Nas
* Kanz al-Iman Aur Digar Tarazum-e-Quran Ka Taqably Mutalia
* Asri Takaze
* Kitabatun Niswa
* Karamat-e-Ghawth-e-Azam
* Mohabbate Rasool Ruhe Iman
* Rasool-e-Akram Kai Tashreehi Iktiyarat
* Islam Ka Nazriya Ibadat
* Khutbate Hyderabad
* Khutbate Bartannia
* Muhabbat al-Ahl al-Bayt (In English: ''Love of the Prophet Muhammad's Family'')
* Roohani Namaaz
* Sharhe Hadeese Jibrael
* Tafheem al-Hadees<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bookslibrary.net/lib/book/haqiqat-e-noor-e-muhammadi |title=حقیقتِ نورِ محمدی |website=bookslibrary.net |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916143837/http://bookslibrary.net/lib/book/haqiqat-e-noor-e-muhammadi |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="archive201708A">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TajalliyateSukhanByShaikhulIslamMadaniMiya_201708 |title=Tajalliyate Sukhan By Shaikhul Islam Madani Miya |website=archive.org}}</ref>
<ref name="scribd229021940">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/229021940/Video-Aur-T-v-Ka-Sharai-Istemal-URDU-Shaykh-Al-Islam-Sayyed-Madani-Miya |title=Video Aur T.v. Ka Sharai Istemal URDU-Shaykh Al Islam Sayyed Madani Miya |via=Scribd |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181728/https://www.scribd.com/doc/229021940/Video-Aur-T-v-Ka-Sharai-Istemal-URDU-Shaykh-Al-Islam-Sayyed-Madani-Miya |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/video-aur-tv-ka-sharai-istemal-urdu-shaykh-al-islam-sayyed-madani-miya.html |title=Video Aur T.V. Ka Sharai Istemal Urdu-Shaykh Al Islam Sayyed Madani Miya |website=dokumen.tip |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181729/https://dokumen.tips/documents/video-aur-tv-ka-sharai-istemal-urdu-shaykh-al-islam-sayyed-madani-miya.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="archive201708B">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TajalliyateSukhanByShaikhulIslamMadaniMiya_201708 |title= Tajalliyate Sukhan By Shaikhul Islam Madani Miya |website=archive.org }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/ShaikhulislamShakhsWaAksByBashibaanTrustBelgaum?q=Syed+Madni+Ashrafi+Ashrafi |title=Shaikhulislam Shakhs Wa Aks By Bashibaan Trust Belgaum |website=archive.org }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/MaqalatEShaikhulIslam_201901/page/n11?q=Syed+Madni+Ashrafi+Ashrafi |title=Maqalat E Shaikhul Islam |website=archive.org }}</ref>
* Tafseer e Ashrafi

==Poetry==
Writing under the pen-name "Akhtar", he composed poetic collections including:
* ''Tajalliyat-e-Sukhan'' (two volumes, ~254 pages)<ref name="archive201708A"/>
* ''Paraan-e-Dil'' (Nazms and ghazals)<ref name="scribd77891014"/>
* ''Baran-e-Rahmat'' (also listed among his prose works)<ref name="scribd77891014"/>

==Legacy==
Madni Miyan is viewed as a [[Mujaddid]] (reviver) of the Sufi tradition by his followers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* He bridged traditional Sufi teachings with modern mediums—such as television and videography—while staying within Sharī‘ah guidelines.<ref name="auto"/>
* He actively promoted inter-Sufi unity and stood against sectarian divisions.<ref name="siasat1606764">{{cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title=Muslims at unrest across Globe says Islamic Scholar Madani Miya |url=https://www.siasat.com/muslims-unrest-across-globe-says-islamic-scholar-madani-miya-1607896/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181746/https://www.siasat.com/muslims-unrest-across-globe-says-islamic-scholar-madani-miya-1607896/ |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=19 July 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>
* He established institutions such as the Madni Miyan Arabic College, a hospital in his name, and inspired devotional works like the manqabat "Mera Madni Ashraf aa gaya".<ref name="localprayers1074397692"/>

==See also==
* [[Hashmi Miya]]
* [[Mukhtar Ashraf]]
* [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]
* [[Sufism in India]]
* [[Barelvi movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shaikhulislamtrust.org/ Shaikhul Islam Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717005802/http://www.shaikhulislamtrust.org/ |date=17 July 2020 }}
*[http://mamissionlondon.com/ma-mission/ Mohaddise Azam Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225120716/http://mamissionlondon.com/ma-mission/ |date=25 February 2020 }}

{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jilani, Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi}}
[[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]
[[Category:Indian muftis]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:World Islamic Mission]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]

Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:10Z

SherleneGirardi: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gyalshing-Barnyak
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|district = [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|established = 2008
|electors = 12,406<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
|reservation = None
}}
'''Gyalshing Barnyak Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Gyalshing Barnyak is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/ Sitting and previous MLAs from Gyalshing Barnyak Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Man Bahadur Dahal || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gyalshing–Barnyak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lok Nath Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,612 |percentage=48.10% |change={{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khusandra Prasad Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,649 |percentage=39.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tika Prasad Sharma |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=829 |percentage=7.11% |change={{decrease}}32.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pujan Kharka |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=317 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Kumar Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=155 |percentage=1.33% |change={{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=105 |percentage=0.90% |change={{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=963 |percentage=8.25% |change= {{decrease}}9.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,667 |percentage=85.27% |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,683 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gyalshing–Barnyak<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lok Nath Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,862 |percentage=57.06% |change={{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxuman Sharma |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,048 |percentage=39.40% |change={{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanu Bhakta Dahal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=217 |percentage=2.11% |change={{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=73 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukuhang Subba |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=73 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,814 |percentage=17.66% |change= {{increase}}10.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,273 |percentage=82.81% |change= {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,406 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gyalshing–Barnyak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,529 |percentage=50.86% |change={{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lok Nath Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,890 |percentage=43.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=148 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandhoj Thapa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=135 |percentage=1.52% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Karki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=107 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}20.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chandra Sharma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=96 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=639 |percentage=7.18% |change= {{decrease}}39.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,905 |percentage=85.06% |change= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gyalshing–Barnyak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Dahal |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,967 |percentage=68.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Youa Raj Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,557 |percentage=21.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Pd. Tiwari |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=361 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Dhoj Thapa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=258 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yam Lall Dangal |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=148 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,410 |percentage=46.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,291 |percentage=84.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,647 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Gyalshing]]
* [[Gyalshing district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.250|88.238|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gyalshing-Barnyak Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gyalshing district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mas Subramanian

2026-04-19T18:03:44Z

SherleneGirardi: Entry

{{Short description|Indian chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mas Subramanian
| image = Photo of Mas Subramanian.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Munirpallam A. Subramanian
| other_names = M.A. Subramanian, Mas Subramanian
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_date = 1954
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Chemistry]], [[materials science]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[DuPont]] ([[Wilmington, DE]]) (1984–2006)
* Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux ([[Bordeaux, France]]) (visits, 1993–2006)
* [[Oregon State University]] ([[Corvallis, OR]]) (2006 – present)
* Laboratoire CRISMAT ([[Caen, France]]) (visits, 2007–2009)
}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Madras]] (B.S., M.S., 1972-1977)
* [[IIT Madras]] (Ph.D., 1982)
}}
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| known_for =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Mas Subramanian''', (born 1954<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kupferschmidt |first=Kai |title=BLUE : in search of nature's rarest color. |date=2022 |publisher=The Experiment |isbn=978-1-61519-906-8 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1308396619 |page=14}}</ref>), is a [[Solid-state chemistry|solid-state materials scientist]] at [[Oregon State University]] in [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], Oregon. He is a University Distinguished Professor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/oregon-state-names-three-distinguished-professors-0|title = Oregon State names three distinguished professors|date = 14 March 2019}}</ref> and the Milton Harris Chair of Materials Science in the university's Department of Chemistry. His work in solid-state chemistry on structure-property relationships of inorganic compounds has led to several new functional materials, many of which have found usage in various applications. Subramanian has authored 400+ research publications and holds 84 patents. His publications have received more than 37,000 citations (h-index: 84).

== Early life and education ==

Subramanian was born and raised in [[Chennai, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red/|title=The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color|last=Schonbrun|first=Zach|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> Subramanian received his B.S. in chemistry from the [[University of Madras]], in 1975 and received a M.S. in [[inorganic chemistry]] from the same university in 1977. In his master's thesis Subramanian analyzed various minerals and alloys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/oh150/subramanian/biography.html|title=Biography - Mas Subramanian Oral History Interview - September 30, 2015 - Special Collections & Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries|website=scarc.library.oregonstate.edu|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> In 1982 he completed his Ph.D. in solid state chemistry on [[pyrochlore]] oxides at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], India, under the guidance of G. V. Subba Rao. The introduction to his thesis is a pyrochlore review that remains his most cited work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Aravamudan|first2=G.|last3=Subba Rao|first3=G. V.|date=1983-01-01|title=Oxide pyrochlores — A review|journal=Progress in Solid State Chemistry|volume=15|issue=2|pages=55–143|doi=10.1016/0079-6786(83)90001-8}}</ref> From 1982 to 1984, he was a NSF Post Doctoral Fellow under the guidance of Abraham Clearfield at [[Texas A&M University]], College Station, Texas.

== Scientific career ==

In 1984, Subramanian joined the Central R&D department at the [[DuPont]] Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8050/print/8050chemhighlights1.html|title=C&EN: CHEMISTRY HIGHLIGHTS 2002 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY|website=pubs.acs.org|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> eventually becoming a DuPont Research Fellow in 2002. He has contributed to the fields of [[Ceramic engineering|ceramics]], [[Superconductivity|superconductors]], [[dielectric]]s, [[catalysis]], [[Energy harvesting|thermoelectrics]], [[multiferroics]], [[Fast ion conductor|ionic conductors]], and [[organic synthesis]]. His notable discoveries include: [[zeolite]]s as precursors to electronic ceramics,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Corbin|first2=D. R.|last3=Chowdhry|first3=U.|date=1993-12-01|title=Better ceramic substrates through zeolites|journal=Bulletin of Materials Science|language=en|volume=16|issue=6|pages=665–678|doi=10.1007/BF02757661|issn=0250-4707|doi-access=free}}</ref> new Bi and Tl-containing [[High-temperature superconductivity|superconductors]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Calabrese|first2=J. C.|last3=Torardi|first3=C. C.|last4=Gopalakrishnan|first4=J.|last5=Askew|first5=T. R.|last6=Flippen|first6=R. B.|last7=Morrissey|first7=K. J.|last8=Chowdhry|first8=U.|last9=Sleight|first9=A. W.|date=1988-03-31|title=Crystal structure of the high-temperature superconductor TI2Ba2CaCu2O8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=332|issue=6163|pages=420–422|doi=10.1038/332420a0|bibcode=1988Natur.332..420S|s2cid=4354154}}</ref> catalysts for [[Fischer–Tropsch process|Fischer-Tropsch synthesis]],<ref>{{Citation|last1=Herron|first1=Norman|title=Fischer-Tropsch processes and catalysts using fluorided supports|date=9 Apr 2002|url=http://www.google.ch/patents/US6368997|last2=Manzer|last3=Subramanian|first2=Leo E.|first3=Munirpallam A.|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> and [[Organofluorine chemistry|hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFCs),<ref>{{Citation|last1=Mallikarjuna|first1=Rao V. N.|title=Fluoroolefin manufacturing process|date=29 February 2000|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6031141|last2=Subramanian|first2=Munirpallam A.|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> colossal dielectrics ([[Calcium copper titanate|CCTO]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Li|first2=Dong|last3=Duan|first3=N.|last4=Reisner|first4=B. A.|last5=Sleight|first5=A. W.|date=2000-05-01|title=High Dielectric Constant in ACu3Ti4O12 and ACu3Ti3FeO12 Phases|journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|volume=151|issue=2|pages=323–325|doi=10.1006/jssc.2000.8703|bibcode=2000JSSCh.151..323S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=J.|last2=Subramanian|first2=M. A.|last3=Rosenfeld|first3=H. D.|last4=Jones|first4=C. Y.|last5=Toby|first5=B. H.|last6=Sleight|first6=A. W.|date=2004-12-01|title=Clues to the Giant Dielectric Constant of CaCu3Ti4O12 in the Defect Structure of "SrCu3Ti4O12"|journal=Chemistry of Materials|volume=16|issue=25|pages=5223–5225|doi=10.1021/cm048345u|issn=0897-4756}}</ref> [[colossal magnetoresistance]] (GMR) oxides,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Toby|first2=B. H.|last3=Ramirez|first3=A. P.|last4=Marshall|first4=W. J.|last5=Sleight|first5=A. W.|last6=Kwei|first6=G. H.|date=1996-07-05|title=Colossal Magnetoresistance Without Mn3+/Mn4+ Double Exchange in the Stoichiometric Pyrochlore Tl2Mn2O7|journal=Science|language=en|volume=273|issue=5271|pages=81–84|doi=10.1126/science.273.5271.81|issn=0036-8075|pmid=8688054|bibcode=1996Sci...273...81S|s2cid=22884086|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramirez|first1=A. P.|last2=Subramanian|first2=M. A.|date=1997-07-25|title=Large Enhancement of Magnetoresistance in Tl2Mn2O7: Pyrochlore Versus Perovskite|journal=Science|language=en|volume=277|issue=5325|pages=546–549|doi=10.1126/science.277.5325.546|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> and [[skutterudite]] thermoelectrics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Tao|last2=Chen|first2=Jiazhong|last3=Rosenfeld|first3=H. David|last4=Subramanian|first4=M. A.|date=2006-02-01|title=Thermoelectric Properties of Indium-Filled Skutterudites|journal=Chemistry of Materials|volume=18|issue=3|pages=759–762|doi=10.1021/cm052055b|issn=0897-4756}}</ref> He has worked on the synthesis of fluoroaromatic compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=M. A.|last2=Manzer|first2=L. E.|date=2002-09-06|title=A "Greener" Synthetic Route for Fluoroaromatics via Copper (II) Fluoride|journal=Science|language=en|volume=297|issue=5587|pages=1665|doi=10.1126/science.1076397|issn=0036-8075|pmid=12215637|s2cid=32697750}}</ref>

In 2006, Subramanian joined [[Oregon State University]] as the Milton Harris Chair Professor of Materials Science, where his research is dedicated to the design and synthesis of novel functional materials for emerging applications in energy, environment, and electronics. He and his team, at Oregon State University, work on various topics such as [[List of inorganic pigments|pigments]], [[Thermoelectric materials|thermoelectrics]], [[high-temperature superconductivity]], magnetoresistivity, solid [[fast ion conductor]]s, [[High-κ dielectric|high-K dielectrics]], and [[topological insulator]]s. In 2009, his team discovered a novel durable blue pigment, [[YInMn Blue]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew E.|last2=Mizoguchi|first2=Hiroshi|last3=Delaney|first3=Kris|last4=Spaldin|first4=Nicola A.|author4-link=Nicola Spaldin|last5=Sleight|first5=Arthur W.|last6=Subramanian|first6=M. A.|title=Mn 3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=131|issue=47|pages=17084–17086|doi=10.1021/ja9080666|pmid=19899792|year=2009|bibcode=2009JAChS.13117084S }}</ref> the first discovery of a new blue pigment since [[Cobalt blue|cobalt]] was discovered in 1802.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/chemist-mas-subramanian-on-the-incredible-discovery-of-yinmn-blue-973700|title=How the Accidental Discovery of YInMn Blue Changed One Chemist's Life {{!}} artnet News|date=2017-06-19|work=artnet News|access-date=2018-04-20|language=en-US}}</ref> Subramanian has given numerous public lectures all over the world on YInMn Blue, including [[TED (conference)|TEDxSalem]]<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=A new color comes from out of the blue {{!}} Mas Subramanian {{!}} TEDxSalem|date=2018-04-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LvFAnDAY7o|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> and [[TED (conference)|TEDxUNC]].<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=YInMn Blues: The Discovery that Startled the World! {{!}} Mas Subramanian {{!}} TEDxUNC|date=2018-03-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdNXytuJpxA|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> This discovery has been featured in various international media outlets (such as [[The New York Times]], [[Time (magazine)|TIME]], [[National Geographic]], [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/crayola-debut-crayon-inspired-new-shade-blue-180963205/|title=Crayola to Debut Crayon Inspired by New Shade of Blue|last=Katz|first=Brigit|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en}}</ref> [[Bloomberg Businessweek]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red/|title=The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color|last=Schonbrun|first=Zach|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> and [[WBUR-FM|WBUR]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/05/14/new-blue-pigment-color-chemistry|title=Discovery Of 1st New Blue Pigment In 200 Years Leads To Quest For Elusive Red|website=www.wbur.org|date=14 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>), and has attracted global attention from corporations and museums, like [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Crayola]], and the [[Harvard Art Museums|Harvard Art Museum]]. In June 2021, Subramanian provided YInMn Blue to Sir [[Martyn Poliakoff]] for use in the ''[[Periodic Videos]]'' educational web series.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxbOQ1FhqdQ |title=Yttrium (new) - Periodic Table of Videos |date=May 19, 2022 |language=en |publisher=[[Periodic Videos]] |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Subramanian has served as a member of the editorial board for the [[Journal of Materials Chemistry]] (1995–2001), [[Chemistry of Materials]] (2000–2006), Materials Research Bulletin (2006–present), and the [[Journal of Solid State Chemistry]] (2009–present), and is continues to serve as an editor for two international academic journals, ''Solid State Sciences'', and ''Progress in Solid State Chemistry''.

==Honors and awards==
*C.N.R. Rao Award (International), [[Chemical Research Society of India]], 2026 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crsi-india.org/ |title= CRSI Awards 2026|date = April 2026}}</ref>
*[[American Chemical Society]] National Award in Inorganic Chemistry, 2025 <ref>{{cite web |title=Mas Subramanian wins prestigious national ACS award {{!}} College of Science {{!}} Oregon State University |url=https://science.oregonstate.edu/impact/2024/08/mas-subramanian-wins-prestigious-national-acs-award |website=science.oregonstate.edu |language=en |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
*Elected Fellow, Neutron Scattering Society of America (NSSA), 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neutronscattering.org/prizes/nssa-fellows/ |title=NSSA Fellows|date = 14 April 2024}}</ref>
*University Distinguished Professor, Oregon State University, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.oregonstate.edu/provost/2019-osu-distinguished-professors|title = OSU University Distinguished Professors|date = 8 February 2021}}</ref>
*Perkin Medal (awarded in exceptional circumstances) from the [[Society of Dyers and Colourists]], 2019
*Elected Fellow, The American Association for the Advancement of Science ([[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]), 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-honors-accomplished-scientists-2018-elected-fellows|title=AAAS Honors Accomplished Scientists as 2018 Elected Fellows|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|language=en|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>
*Distinguished Alumnus Award, [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]], 2018
*Oregon Academy of Science Outstanding Oregon Scientist, 2016
*F.A. Gilfillan Memorial Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Science (OSU), 2013
*[[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) Creativity Award, 2012
*Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI) Medal, 2012
*[[Gordon Research Conferences|Gordon Research Conference]] (GRC) Hall of Fame, 2011
*Chair of the [[Gordon Research Conferences|Gordon Research Conference]] on Solid State Chemistry, 2010
*Ralf Busch Materials Science Award, OSU (2007)
*Chair of Excellence, CRISMAT, Caen, France, (2006–2008)
*Signature Faculty Fellow, Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI), 2006–present
*DuPont [[Charles J. Pedersen|Charles Pedersen]] Medal Award for Excellence in Scientific and Technical Achievement, 2004

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/oh150/subramanian/index.html Mas Subramanian Oral History Interview]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Mas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Oregon State University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Regena Cassandrra

2026-04-19T13:09:25Z

SherleneGirardi: added a info - done

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Regena Cassandrra
| image = Regina Cassandra at the teaser launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Regina in 2023
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = Regina Cassandra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|12|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in [[psychology]] from ([[Madras University]])
| alma mater = [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Regena Cassandrra''' (born 13 December 1990) (formerly '''Regina Cassandra''')<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films.<ref name="News18b" /> Cassandrra is a recipient of several accolades including a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] and a [[CineMAA Awards|CineMAA Award]], along with a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] nomination.<ref name="BD">{{cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/regina-cassandra-to-make-bollywood-debut-sonam-kapoor-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-5071314/ |title=Regina Cassandra to make Bollywood debut, bags an important role in Sonam Kapoor's film |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222131011/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/regina-cassandra-to-make-bollywood-debut-sonam-kapoor-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-5071314/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cassandrra made her acting debut in a supporting role with the Tamil film ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005) and had her breakthrough with her Telugu debut ''[[Siva Manasulo Sruthi]]'' (2012), which earned her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]. She then received commercial success with ''[[Routine Love Story]]'' (2012), ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' (2014) and ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' (2014).

Cassandrra received praise for portraying a traditional girl in ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2015), a dental student in ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]'' (2016), a youngster in ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017), a drug addict in ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'' (2018) and a businesswoman in ''[[Evaru]]'' (2019). She received the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] nomination for ''Jyo Achyutananda''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/never-made-fans-wonder-why-i-was-cast-in-a-film-regina-cassandra |title=Never made fans wonder why I was cast in a film: Regina Cassandra |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=Telangana Today |date=15 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915051833/https://telanganatoday.com/never-made-fans-wonder-why-i-was-cast-in-a-film-regina-cassandra |url-status=live}}</ref> Following her expansion to Hindi films with ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' (2019), she starred in streaming series ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'' (2022) and ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/filmfare-ott-awards-2022-complete-nominations-list/articleshow/96390952.cms |title=Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022: Complete Nominations List |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=Times of India |date=21 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221065811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/filmfare-ott-awards-2022-complete-nominations-list/articleshow/96390952.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to her acting career, she is a celebrity endorser for brands and products.<ref name="ReginaRediff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/regina-cassandra-if-you-havent-acted-with-superstars-your-market-value-doesnt-go-up/20230320.htm |title=Regina Cassandra: If you haven't acted with superstars, your market value doesn't go up |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=Rediff.com |language=en |author=Mayur Sanap |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403123412/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/regina-cassandra-if-you-havent-acted-with-superstars-your-market-value-doesnt-go-up/20230320.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Cassandrra was born on 13 December 1990 in Madras (now [[Chennai]]). Her mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="toib">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-regina-cassandra-5-movies-of-the-actress-that-you-cannot-miss/photostory/72493436.cms |title=Happy Birthday Regina Cassandra: 5 movies of the actress that you cannot miss |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-regina-cassandra-5-movies-of-the-actress-that-you-cannot-miss/photostory/72493436.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="News18b">{{Cite news |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tollywood-actress-regina-cassandra-birthday-today-sb-1539136.html |title=Happy Birthday Regina Cassandra |newspaper=News18 Telugu |date=13 December 2022 |accessdate=16 December 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126082421/https://telugu.news18.com/amp/photogallery/movies/tollywood-actress-regina-cassandra-birthday-today-sb-1539136.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Her father has [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] roots from [[Goa]] and her mother is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-am-a-sucker-for-romance-regina-cassandra/articleshow/36056678.cms|title=I am a sucker for romance : Regina Cassandra|date=15 January 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DOxod_9ElHV/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> She was nine years old when she started anchoring for [[List of children's television channels in South Asia#India|Splash]], a kids' channel.<ref name="shethepeople">{{Cite web |title=Who is Regina Cassandra ? Actor set to make her web-series debut with Rocket Boys |accessdate=14 December 2022 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-regina-cassandra-actor-set-to-make-her-web-series-debut-with-hindi-language-drama-rocket-boys/ |website=She The People |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219131222/https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-regina-cassandra-actor-set-to-make-her-web-series-debut-with-hindi-language-drama-rocket-boys/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She completed her BSc in psychology from the [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcc.edu.in/ |website=wcc.edu.in |title=Women's Christian College Chennai ‹ Lighted to Lighten |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220183749/https://wcc.edu.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and did masters of Science in Counseling Psychology from [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Madras – History and Heritage |url=https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=university/history |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=University of Madras |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025825/https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=university/history |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra to Rashmi Gautam, 6 television anchors who have turned film heroines |work=Times of India |access-date=10 July 2023 |date=21 June 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/regina-cassandra-to-rashmi-gautam-6-television-anchors-who-turned-film-heroines/etphotostory/101166956.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424052024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/regina-cassandra-to-rashmi-gautam-6-television-anchors-who-turned-film-heroines/etphotostory/101166956.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra changed the spelling of her full name to "Regena Cassandrra" in accordance with numerology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-23 |title=Acting is what I do for work; it's not my identity: Regena Cassandrra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/acting-is-what-i-do-for-work-its-not-my-identity-regena-cassandrra/articleshow/122848750.cms |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and early struggle (2005–2014)===
Cassandrra made her film debut with the Tamil film ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' in 2005 with [[Karthik Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Box-Office (Dec 02-04) |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14026094|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021141650/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14026094|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> She next appeared in the 2006 film ''[[Azhagiya Asura]]'' with [[Yogi (actor)|Yogi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/regina-cassandra-waiting-for-lady-luck-to-smile-imagegallery-kollywood-tbeoMljhcddff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105015022/http://www.sify.com/movies/regina-cassandra-waiting-for-lady-luck-to-smile-imagegallery-kollywood-tbeoMljhcddff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2019 |title=Regina Cassandra: Waiting for Lady luck to smile |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2010, Cassandrra played the lead in the Kannada film ''[[Suryakaanti]]'' alongside [[Chetan Kumar]], and as she could not speak Kannada, she was told to act out scenes in English and add Kannada to it.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sharadha Srinidhi |date=12 April 2009 |title=Chetan is a very handsome Kannada hero: Regina |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Chetan-is-a-very-handsome-Kannada-hero-Regina/articleshow/4388862.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-12/news-interviews/28017702_1_suryakanti-chetan-kannada |url-status=live |archive-date=2 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 December 2012}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Regina is more impressive than Chetan. She is really cute and her bubbly expressions suit the role."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-suryakanthi/20100114.htm |title=Rediff Movie Review: Suryakanthi is a mixed bag |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=24 January 2010 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310020648/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-suryakanthi/20100114.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> After this film, she took time out and went on to graduate in psychology and took another year off before taking a final call on joining movies.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/navigation/article2006619.ece |title=Navigation News : Model moves |work=The Hindu |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718142511/http://www.thehindu.com/navigation/article2006619.ece |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750090300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420125435/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750090300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2009 |title=Cinema Plus / Columns : Working vacation |date=17 April 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>

Cassandrra made her Telugu debut with ''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti]]'' opposite [[Sudheer Babu]]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Regina charms the viewers with her looks and her performance." She won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut - Telugu]] for the film. Before that, she was shortlisted in the film [[Life is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life is Beautiful]] but the production team went on for long time in audition in decided to choose this project and opted out from that film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/regina-cassandra-was-supposed-to-debut-with-life-is-beautiful/articleshow/35051816.cms?from=mdr|title=Regina Cassandra was supposed to debut with Life is Beautiful|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 May 2014|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128195414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/regina-cassandra-was-supposed-to-debut-with-life-is-beautiful/articleshow/35051816.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=SMS Review |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Telugu-Movie-Review-SMS/Article1-810718.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214083826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Telugu-Movie-Review-SMS/Article1-810718.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> The same year she appeared opposite [[Sundeep Kishan]] in ''[[Routine Love Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Cassandras-having-a-great-time-in-Tollywood/articleshow/10803988.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-21/news-interviews/30422331_1_tollywood-tamil-film-romantic-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Cassandra's having a great time in Tollywood |date=21 November 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2012}}</ref> which she signed even before her first release in Telugu. In 2013 she had two releases. She first appeared in ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' opposite [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-the-jokes-on-us/article4564375.ece |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga: The joke's on us |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2013 |access-date=4 August 2019 |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804175803/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-the-jokes-on-us/article4564375.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She next played the lead opposite Vikram Anand in ''[[Nirnayam (2013 film)|Nirnayam]]''. The former proved successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kedi-Billa-Killadi-Ranga-completes-100-days/articleshow/20924989.cms |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga completes 100 days! |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203094742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kedi-Billa-Killadi-Ranga-completes-100-days/articleshow/20924989.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cassandrra had four releases in 2014. She first appeared opposite [[Allu Sirish]] in ''[[Kotha Janta]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Sirish-Regina Cassandra film is Kotta Janta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Sirish-Regina-film-is-Kotta-Janta/articleshow/19754055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501020002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-27/news-interviews/38861239_1_ee-rojullo-next-film-maruthi |url-status=live |archive-date=1 May 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Regina-on-a-high-after-Kotha-Janta/articleshow/34674603.cms |title=Regina on a high after Kotha Janta |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506015938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Regina-on-a-high-after-Kotha-Janta/articleshow/34674603.cms |archive-date=6 May 2014 |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "The star of the film is undoubtedly Regina. She looks cute and bubbly and delivers a delightful performance."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140502/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-kotha-janta-it%E2%80%99s-regina-all-way |title=Movie review Kotha Janta: It's Regina all the way! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507001150/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140502/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-kotha-janta-it%E2%80%99s-regina-all-way |archive-date=7 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 May 2014 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Her next releases was ''[[Ra Ra... Krishnayya]]'', opposite Sundeep Kishan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Sundeep-and-Regina-to-pair-up-again/articleshow/21778463.cms |title=Sundeep Kishan and Regina Cassandra to pair up again for Ra Ra... Krishnayya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812203751/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Sundeep-and-Regina-to-pair-up-again/articleshow/21778463.cms |archive-date=12 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> She then played a Bengali girl opposite [[Ravi Teja]], in the commercial success ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140503/entertainment-tollywood/article/telugu-films-are-my-priority-regina-cassandra |title=Telugu films are my priority: Actress Regina Cassandra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630002135/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140503/entertainment-tollywood/article/telugu-films-are-my-priority-regina-cassandra |archive-date=30 June 2018 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=3 May 2014 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Regina looks rather cute in her limited screen presence."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Power/articleshow/42397681.cms |title=Movie review: Power |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213071121/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Power/articleshow/42397681.cms |archive-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her final film of the year was ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitam]]'' opposite [[Sai Dharam Tej]], a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra to romance Sai Dharam Tej |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Regina-to-romance-Sai-Dharam-Tej/etarticleshow/18006528.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430063817/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-13/news-interviews/36310748_1_sai-dharam-tej-routine-love-story-regina-cassandra |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

===Breakthrough and success in South Indian films (2016–2021)===
Cassandrra's first release of 2015 was ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' alongside [[Veera (actor)|Veera]](2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Veera-to-complete-Rajathanthiram/articleshow/20504906.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/news-interviews/39849190_1_second-film-kollywood-debut-sarkunam|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-02-03 |work=The Times of India |title=Veera to complete Rajathanthiram|access-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> Her next film was the commercially successful ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' opposite Sai Dharam Tej. Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "Regina brings freshness to the film with her clean act and is brilliant except when she cries."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/subramanyam-for-sale-movie-review/movie-review/49093174.cms |title=Subramanyam for Sale Movie Review |work=The Times of India |author=Pranita Jonnalagedda |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220183812/https://www.youtube.com/embed/xYx-F5uCGEI?iv_load_policy=3&enablejsapi=1&playsinline=1&mute=1&fs=0&adformat=1_5&origin=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com&widgetid=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her last film of the year was ''[[Soukhyam]]'' opposite [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/regina-cassandra-interview-don-t-think-i-can-leave-southern-filmdom-161275.html |title=Regina Cassandra Interview – Don't think I can leave southern filmdom |work=The Statesman |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515210754/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/regina-cassandra-interview-don-t-think-i-can-leave-southern-filmdom-161275.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra appeared in three films in 2016. She appeared in ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]'' alongside [[Manchu Manoj]] and in ''[[Shankara (2016 film)|Shankara]]'' alongside [[Nara Rohit]]. The commercially successful film ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]'', became a breakthrough for her. She played a dental student opposite [[Naga Shaurya]] and Nara Rohit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naga Shaurya, Regina and Nara Rohit's Jyo Achyutananda confirms release date |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/news/%E2%80%98Jyo-Achyutananda%E2%80%99-confirms-release-date |website=Telugu Cinema |accessdate=26 August 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171205/http://www.telugucinema.com/news/%E2%80%98Jyo-Achyutananda%E2%80%99-confirms-release-date |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Regina looks beautiful and her performance is impressive."<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyo Achyutananda movie review: Good movie with hilarious first half |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100916/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-good-movie-with-hilarious-first-half.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 September 2016 |accessdate=10 September 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002170555/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/100916/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-good-movie-with-hilarious-first-half.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Cassandrra's first film was the successful ''[[Maanagaram]]'' opposite Sundeep Kishan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/entertainment-kollywood/article/sundeep-and-regina-team-third-time |title=Sundeep and Regina team up third time for Maanagaram |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 September 2015 |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172106/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/entertainment-kollywood/article/sundeep-and-regina-team-third-time |url-status=live}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Regina's matter-of-fact portrayal is perfect."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/maanagaram-review-the-plot-travels-on-multiple-tracks-1579557.html |title='Maanagaram' Review: The plot travels on multiple tracks |work=The New Indian Express |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 March 2017 |accessdate=19 March 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172106/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/maanagaram-review-the-plot-travels-on-multiple-tracks-1579557.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She subsequently appeared in ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' opposite [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]'' opposite [[Atharvaa]], ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'' opposite Sundeep Kishan and ''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' opposite Nara Rohit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nakshatram-first-look-regina-pragya-surprise-with-drastically-different-looks-3091914/ |title=Nakshatram first look: Regina, Pragya surprise with drastically different looks |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=30 October 2016 |last=Vamsi |first=Krishna |date=19 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030104242/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nakshatram-first-look-regina-pragya-surprise-with-drastically-different-looks-3091914/ |archivedate=30 October 2016}}</ref> In 2018, Cassandrra first played a waitress and drug addict in the critical acclaimed ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-poster-of-awe-released/articleshow/61798374.cms |title=The first look poster of Kajal, Nithya and Regina starrer Awe released |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2019-12-24 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716094823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-poster-of-awe-released/articleshow/61798374.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Regina Cassandra has an interesting role, and delivers noteworthy performance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/awe-movie-review-prasanth-varmas-genre-bender-pushes-the-envelope-but-doesnt-quite-hit-the-mark-4354319.html |title=Awe! movie review: Prasanth Varma's genre-bender pushes the envelope, but doesn't quite hit the mark |date=2018-02-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=2019-12-24 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716093622/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/awe-movie-review-prasanth-varmas-genre-bender-pushes-the-envelope-but-doesnt-quite-hit-the-mark-4354319.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' alongside [[Gautham Karthik]] and ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' opposite [[Vishnu Vishal]]. The latter was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/silukkuvarpatti-singam-review-emerges-a-clear-winner-review-tamil-smuk3Hegebgcd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220084608/http://www.sify.com/movies/silukkuvarpatti-singam-review-emerges-a-clear-winner-review-tamil-smuk3Hegebgcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2018|title=Silukkuvarpatti Singam: Emerges a clear winner! (2018)|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

Cassandrra's career marked a successful phase in 2019. She first made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' opposite [[Sonam Kapoor]]. She played an unconventional role of a lesbian.<ref name="BD"/> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Regina Cassandra is quite an important part of the film and impresses with her confident act."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga/critic-review/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-movie-review/ |date=1 February 2019 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230021400/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga/critic-review/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She played a negative character for the first time in ''[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|7]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=A |first1=Manimegalai |title=யார் அவன்..? 7 படத்தில் மிரட்டும் ரஹ்மான்..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/super-star-with-simbu-vikram-in-mani-ratnam-s-direction-pkv12l |work=Asianet Tamil |access-date=21 March 2019 |date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112336/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/super-star-with-simbu-vikram-in-mani-ratnam-s-direction-pkv12l |url-status=live}}</ref> Her final film of the year, ''[[Evaru]]'' earned her critical acclaim. She played a rising businesswoman alongside [[Adivi Sesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandra-talks-about-her-journey-in-cinema-ahead-of-her-telugu-thriller-evaru-co-starring-adivi-sesh/article29062539.ece |title=Regina Cassandra talks about her journey in cinema, ahead of her Telugu thriller "Evaru" co-starring Adivi Sesh |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=14 August 2019 |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506045348/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandra-talks-about-her-journey-in-cinema-ahead-of-her-telugu-thriller-evaru-co-starring-adivi-sesh/article29062539.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Regina Cassandra performs extremely well and for a large part of the film, you cannot fathom whether she's guilty or not." While ''[[123telugu]]'' stated, "Regina makes a solid comeback with ''Evaru''. She is amazing in her double-edged role and gives her career best performance."<ref>{{cite news |title=Evaru Movie Review: Adivi Sesh and Regina Cassandra deliver a slick thriller |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/evaru-movie-review-adivi-sesh-and-regina-cassandra-deliver-a-slick-thriller-1581385-2019-08-16 |accessdate=22 September 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816144739/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/evaru-movie-review-adivi-sesh-and-regina-cassandra-deliver-a-slick-thriller-1581385-2019-08-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu Movie Review : Evaru – It has Engaging twists! |work=123telugu |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/adivisesh-evaru-telugu-movie-review.html/amp |accessdate=20 September 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829053121/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/adivisesh-evaru-telugu-movie-review.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cassandrra had five releases in 2021. She first appeared in ''[[Mughizh]]'' opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughizh Movie Review: A touching exploration of grief |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/10/mughizh-movie-review-a-touching-exploration-of-grief-27196.html|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 October 2021 |language=en|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010162745/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/10/mughizh-movie-review-a-touching-exploration-of-grief-27196.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She then played a chess coach and computer hacker in ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Regina Cassandra in a negative role? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020720/regina-cassandra-in-a-negative-role.html |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616052455/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020720/regina-cassandra-in-a-negative-role.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She then played an orphan in ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjam Marappathillai: It's a wrap for Selvaraghavan's horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-its-a-wrap-for-selvaraghavans-horror-film-326829-2016-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152312/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-its-a-wrap-for-selvaraghavans-horror-film-326829-2016-07-01 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=India Today|date=July 2016 }}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Cassandra is incredibly good as Mariam, a role that fits her like a glove."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjam Marappathillai review: SJ Suryah, Regina Cassandra-starrer is a wildly amusing but predictable horror-thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/nenjam-marappathillai-review-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-starrer-is-a-wildly-amusing-but-predictable-horrorthriller-101614931187612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305094818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/nenjam-marappathillai-review-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-starrer-is-a-wildly-amusing-but-predictable-horrorthriller-101614931187612.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Hindustan Times|date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> She then appeared in the anthology film ''[[Kasada Tabara]]'' alongside [[Premgi Amaren]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/25/first-look-of-kasada-thapara-venkat-prabhus-next-productional-venture-directed-by-chimbu-deven-i-11810.html |title=First look of Kasada Thapara, Venkat Prabhu's next production, directed by Chimbu Deven, is out |website=Cinema Express|date=25 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206121753/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/25/first-look-of-kasada-thapara-venkat-prabhus-next-productional-venture-directed-by-chimbu-deven-i-11810.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra did a cameo in the bilingual ''[[Thalaivii]]'' as [[B. Saroja Devi]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/regina-cassandra-the-dependable/71077/1|title=South actor: Regina Cassandra: The dependable|website=www.forbesindia.com}}</ref>

===Critical acclaim and progression (2022–present)===
Cassandrra's first release in 2022 was ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]'' alongside [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=10 December 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati and Regina Cassandra's '1945' to finally release after long delay |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rana-daggubatis-1945-to-finally-release-after-long-delay |website=Telangana Today |date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210094014/https://telanganatoday.com/rana-daggubatis-1945-to-finally-release-after-long-delay |url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra made her web debut with the series ''[[Rocket Boys]]'', where she portrayed [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] opposite [[Ishwak Singh]], and reprised her role in the second season.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |title=Regina Cassandra is Mrinalini Sarabhai in SonyLIV's Rocket Boys |website=The Hindu |accessdate=22 December 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandra-is-mrinalini-sarabhai-in-rocket-boys/article38010352.ece/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222095055/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandra-is-mrinalini-sarabhai-in-rocket-boys/article38010352.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' termed her "terrific", while Roktim Rajpal of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Regina shines despite having limited scope. She channels her character's griefs and insecurities with a fair degree of competence."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rocket Boys Review: India Comes of Age in SonyLIV's Terrific New Series |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/rocket-boys-review-sony-liv-india-web-series-cast-homi-bhabha-vikram-sarabhai-jim-sarbh-2747502 |access-date=9 February 2022 |work=NDTV |author=Saibal Chatterjee |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082946/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/rocket-boys-review-sony-liv-india-web-series-cast-homi-bhabha-vikram-sarabhai-jim-sarbh-2747502 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Roktim Rajpal |title=Rocket Boys Season 2 Review: Watch Jim Sarbh and Ishwak Singh's series for its engaging narrative |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/rocket-boys-season-2-review-jim-sarbh-ishwak-singh-sonyliv-2347374-2023-03-16 |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323135706/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/rocket-boys-season-2-review-jim-sarbh-ishwak-singh-sonyliv-2347374-2023-03-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> She then had a special number in Chiranjeevi's [[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']].<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Regina Cassandra roped in for a celebration number in Chiranjeevi's "Acharya" |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/regina-cassandra-roped-celebration-number-chiranjeevis-acharya-120175 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508134702/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/regina-cassandra-roped-celebration-number-chiranjeevis-acharya-120175 |url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in three more web series, ''[[Fingertip (season 2)|Fingertip]]'', ''[[Anya's Tutorial]]'' and ''[[Shoorveer (TV series)|Shoorveer]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shoorveer-teaser-hotstar-series-brings-together-air-force-navy-army-7973894 |title=Shoorveer teaser: Hotstar series brings together Air Force, Navy and Army |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603050120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shoorveer-teaser-hotstar-series-brings-together-air-force-navy-army-7973894/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her final release of the year was the bilingual ''[[Saakini Daakini]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title='Midnight Runners' Telugu remake titled as 'Shakini Dhakini'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/midnight-runners-telugu-remake-titled-as-shakini-dhakini/articleshow/82372149.cms |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613143743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/midnight-runners-telugu-remake-titled-as-shakini-dhakini/articleshow/82372149.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=2020-09-08 |title=Regina Cassandra and Nivetha Thomas to star in Telugu remake of Korean film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/regina-cassandra-and-nivetha-thomas-star-telugu-remake-korean-film-132624 |website=The News Minute |date=8 September 2020 |language=|archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205623/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/regina-cassandra-and-nivetha-thomas-star-telugu-remake-korean-film-132624 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated, "Regina particularly looks perfect as a young police trainee. She performs her stunts well and gives a brilliant performance."<ref>{{cite web |title=Saakini Daakini review: Regina and Nivetha shine in a film let down by poor writing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saakini-daakini-review-regina-and-nivetha-shine-film-let-down-poor-writing-167956 |website=The News Minute |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916124331/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saakini-daakini-review-regina-and-nivetha-shine-film-let-down-poor-writing-167956 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Cassandrra first appeared in the web series ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]'', as a NIA officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regina Cassandra visits Connaught Place police station with Kiran Bedi to promote Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/photo/regina-cassandra-visits-connaught-place-police-station-with-kiran-bedi-to-promote-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-see-pics-2323693-2023-01-19/4 |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=India Today |date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130025301/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/photo/regina-cassandra-visits-connaught-place-police-station-with-kiran-bedi-to-promote-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-see-pics-2323693-2023-01-19/4 |url-status=live}}</ref> Deepa Gehlot of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Regina Cassandra has an attractive screen presence, but her Kavya is mostly one-dimensional."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Series Review: Earnest |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review/20230126.htm |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=Rediff.com |date=26 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510070048/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review/20230126.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She next appeared in ''[[Farzi]]'' as Vijay Sethupathi's wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regina Cassandra plays Vijay Sethupathi's wife in Raj-DK's Amazon webseries, Vijay reacts |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=30 May 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/regina-cassandra-plays-vijay-sethupathis-wife-raj-dks-amazon-webseries-vijay-reacts/ |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530141803/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/south-cinema/regina-cassandra-plays-vijay-sethupathis-wife-raj-dks-amazon-webseries-vijay-reacts/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=Farzi review: Inimitable Vijay Sethupathi livens up show that is in service to its star Shahid Kapoor, not its plot |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/farzi-review-vijay-sethupathi-livens-up-show-service-to-star-shahid-kapoor-8435729/ |accessdate=10 February 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210060155/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/farzi-review-vijay-sethupathi-livens-up-show-service-to-star-shahid-kapoor-8435729/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her first film of the year was ''[[Karungaapiyam]]''.<ref name="m.cinemaexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Kajal Aggarwal, Regina Cassandra, Janani Iyer and Raiza Wilson team up for Karungaapiyam |website=Cinema Express |date=6 July 2021 |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/16/kajal-regina-janani-and-raiza-team-up-for-karungaapiyam-25517.amp |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716134014/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/16/kajal-regina-janani-and-raiza-team-up-for-karungaapiyam-25517.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> She next played dual roles in ''[[Nene Naa]]'', one of which was an archaeologist.<ref>{{cite news |title='Nene Naa' trailer: A spine-chilling murder mystery is on the way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nene-naa-trailer-a-spine-chilling-murder-mystery-is-on-the-way/articleshow/86222560.cms |access-date=19 August 2023 |work=Times of India |date=15 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819040108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nene-naa-trailer-a-spine-chilling-murder-mystery-is-on-the-way/articleshow/86222560.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She later played a paranormal investigator in ''[[Conjuring Kannappan]]'' opposite [[Sathish]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2023 |title='Conjuring Kannappan' to star Regina Cassandra and Sathish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/conjuring-kannappan-to-star-regina-cassandra-and-sathish/article67320774.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103231842/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/conjuring-kannappan-to-star-regina-cassandra-and-sathish/article67320774.ece |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K found her portrayal to be "decent".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=Dec 8, 2023 |title='Conjuring Kannappan' Review: Sathish's film offers sporadic laughs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/conjuring-kannappan-review-sathishs-film-offers-sporadic-laughs-2473713-2023-12-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125021839/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/conjuring-kannappan-review-sathishs-film-offers-sporadic-laughs-2473713-2023-12-08 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In her only film of 2024, Cassandrra played a lively girl opposite Dilip Prakash in ''[[Utsavam (2024 film)|Utsavam]]''. Nelki Naresh Kumar found her to be "convincing" in Rama's role.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/regina-cassandras-utsavam-wraps-up-shooting-see-pics/articleshow/91746122.cms | title='Utsavam' team wraps up post-production work; gears up for a grand release | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 May 2022 |accessdate=11 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/utsavam-telugu-movie-review-regina-dileep-prakash-romantic-love-drama-movie-plus-and-minus-points-rating-121726242704743.html | title=Utsavam Movie Review: ఉత్స‌వం మూవీ రివ్యూ - రెజీనా లేటెస్ట్ తెలుగు మూవీ హిట్టా? ఫ‌ట్టా? | newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=telugu | accessdate=14 September 2024}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In her first release of 2025, Cassandrra appeared in ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]'', where she played a psychotic gangster opposite [[Arjun Sarja]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Regina Cassandra: Women in Ajith sir's films always have a strong presence |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Feb/06/regina-cassandra-women-in-ajith-sirs-films-always-have-a-strong-presence |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' noted, "Regina gets to have fun with a complex character without overdoing it."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vidaamuyarchi review: Ajith tries to be Kurt Russell and Liam Neeson simultaneously, to mixed results |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/02/06/vidaamuyarchi-review-ajith-tries-to-be-kurt-russell-and-liam-neeson-simultaneously-to-mixed-results.html |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran opined, "Regena bring in a rather zany vibe to the proceedings and sell her roles with a conviction that is consistent through the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vidaamuyarchi movie review: Magizh Thirumeni moulds Ajith into a different kind of star in a different kind of a film |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vidaamuyarchi-review-magizh-thirumeni-moulds-ajith-kumar-into-a-different-kind-of-star-9820277/ |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> It [[Box-office bomb|underperformed]] at the box office<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Seema |date=6 March 2025 |title=Vidaamuyarchi Final Box Office Collections Worldwide: Ajith Kumar starrer to end its box office run below 140 Crore; A big DISAPPOINTMENT |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/vidaamuyarchi-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-ajith-kumar-starrer-to-end-its-box-office-run-below-140-crore-a-big-disappointment-1376078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312124629/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/vidaamuyarchi-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-ajith-kumar-starrer-to-end-its-box-office-run-below-140-crore-a-big-disappointment-1376078 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In her next film ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'', Cassandrra played a ruthless criminal's wife opposite [[Randeep Hooda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Sunny Deol's action-packed 'Jaat' teaser out; fierce showdown with Randeep Hooda to come |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-action-packed-jaat-teaser-out-fierce-showdown-with-randeep-hooda-to-come/articleshow/116044258.cms |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Regina’s Bharathi is a meaty role, and she’s effective from the get-go."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Jaat movie review: Sunny Deol's entertaining actioner is everything Salman Khan's Sikandar would perhaps aspire to be|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaat-movie-review-sunny-deols-entertaining-actioner-is-everything-salman-khans-sikandar-would-perhaps-aspire-to-be-101744273454233.html|date=10 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Following this, she played [[C. Sankaran Nair]]'s wife in ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2025 |title=Karan Johar says 'Kesari 2' is born out of anger due to the overdue apology from the British Empire over the Jallianwala Bagh massacre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-says-kesari-2-is-born-out-of-anger-due-to-the-overdue-apology-from-the-british-empire-over-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre/articleshow/119951039.cms |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] opined that she leave a mark in a small role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Kesari Chapter 2 Movie Review: Akshay Kumar stars in a film of its time, for its time, with dollops of patriotic fervour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kesari-chapter-2-movie-review-akshay-kumar-dollops-of-patriotic-fervour-9951220/lite/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Both the films emerged as moderate commercial successes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025|title=Jaat Is A Success - May Emerge A HIT |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9070 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website= Box Office India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=With 'Jaat', 'Kesari 2', 'Raid 2' - the box office is on a roll with a sum of Rs 300 crore within a month; Sunny Deol, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgn give renewed hope to theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/with-jaat-kesari-2-raid-2-the-box-office-is-on-a-roll-with-a-sum-of-rs-300-crore-within-a-month-sunny-deol-akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-give-renewed-hope-to-theatres-exclusive-analysis/articleshow/121116956.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Regena Cassandrra says she faced derogatory treatment in Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/regena-cassandrra-says-she-faced-derogatory-treatment-in-bollywood-2869506-2026-02-17 |website=India Today |access-date=17 February 2026 |language=en |date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

==Other work and media image==
Cassandra has emerged as one of the most dependable and versatile actresses of South Indian cinema."<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra: The dependable |author=Salil Panchal |work=Forbes India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/regina-cassandra-the-dependable/71077/1 |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015725/https://www.forbesindia.com/amp/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/regina-cassandra-the-dependable/71077/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' termed her filmography a mix of "conventional and unconventional", and wrote, "Regina exudes much self-awareness" while describing her acting choices.<ref>{{cite news |title=I love playing flawed characters: Regina Cassandra |author=Ram Venkat Srikar |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Jun/23/i-love-playing-flawed-characters-kollywoodactress-regina-cassandra-2468559.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703061228/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jun/23/i-love-playing-flawed-characters-kollywoodactress-regina-cassandra-2468559.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[News18]]'' said that the actress is someone who has always "chosen characters that are poles apart from one another".<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra's take on the South vs Hindi film industry debate |author=Zinia Bandyopadhyay |work=News18 India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/regina-cassandra-it-took-baahubali-for-people-to-understand-south-is-at-par-with-world-cinema-exclusive-5559523.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927095125/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/regina-cassandra-it-took-baahubali-for-people-to-understand-south-is-at-par-with-world-cinema-exclusive-5559523.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' termed her Hindi debut "unconventional", and said, "Cassandra has successfully carved a niche for herself with her choices of films."<ref name="ReginaRediff" /> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' noted her for her "versatile roles" and said, "Regina has a unique approach towards every character."<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra on evolution of female artists in cinema; People are taking women seriously |author=Sushmita Dey |work=Times Now News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/exclusive-regina-cassandra-opens-up-on-evolution-of-female-artists-in-cinema-people-are-taking-women-seriously-bollywood-news-article-97332512/amp |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127061611/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/exclusive-regina-cassandra-opens-up-on-evolution-of-female-artists-in-cinema-people-are-taking-women-seriously-bollywood-news-article-97332512/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cassandrra ranked 4th in ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Top Telugu Actresses" list of 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Top Telugu Actresses of 2012 |author=Rediff Movies |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-telugu-actresses-of-2012/20130115.htm |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716122454/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-telugu-actresses-of-2012/20130115.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2023, she ranked 4th in ''[[IMDb]]''{{'}}s "Popular Indian Celebrities" list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandra features in IMDb's Popular Indian Celebrities list |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/regina-cassandra-features-in-imdbs-popular-indian-celebrities-list |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081719/https://telanganatoday.com/regina-cassandra-features-in-imdbs-popular-indian-celebrities-list |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Times of India|Hyderabad Times' Most Desirable Woman]] list, she was placed 14th in 2015, 20th in 2016 and 28th in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-desirable-woman-of-2015-anushka-shetty/articleshow/52063679.cms |title=The Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman of 2015 – Anushka Shetty |work=Times of India |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307152447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Most-Desirable-Woman-of-2015-Anushka-Shetty/articleshow/52063679.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-desirable-woman-2016-kajal-aggarwal/articleshow/56854697.cms |title=Meet Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman of 2016 – Kajal Aggarwal |work=Times of India |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007020958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-desirable-woman-2016-kajal-aggarwal/articleshow/56854697.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gosh-these-divas-are-oh-so-oomph/articleshow/74655536.cms |title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2019: Gosh! these divas are oh so oomph |work=Times of India |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318121617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gosh-these-divas-are-oh-so-oomph/articleshow/74655536.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Times of India|Chennai Times' Most Desirable Woman]] list, she was placed 22nd in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-woman-2016-nayanthara/articleshow/56751459.cms |title=Meet Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2016: Nayanthara |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531144547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-woman-2016-nayanthara/articleshow/56751459.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra is a celebrity endorser for several brands and products such as [[Kalyan Jewellers]], [[Reliance Retail|Trends]], [[Biba]] and [[Meesho]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Katrina Kaif shares behind-the-scenes pictures from jewellery ad shoot with Regina Cassandra, Nidhhi Agerwal, Manju Warrier and Reba Monica John |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaif-shares-behind-the-scenes-pictures-from-jewellery-ad-shoot-with-regina-cassandra-nidhhi-agerwal-manju-warrier-and-reba-john/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502065030/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaif-shares-behind-the-scenes-pictures-from-jewellery-ad-shoot-with-regina-cassandra-nidhhi-agerwal-manju-warrier-and-reba-john/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/meesho-reinforces-its-positioning-as-a-horizontal-e-commerce-platform-with-latest-campaign/97126122 |title=Meesho reinforces its positioning as a horizontal e-commerce platform with latest campaign |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716135134/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/advertising/meesho-reinforces-its-positioning-as-a-horizontal-e-commerce-platform-with-latest-campaign/97126122 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cassandrra has also worked for a number of causes. In 2014, she walked the ramp for "Teach for Change" charity show.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/hyderabad/teach-for-change/articleshow/38266778.cms |title=Teach for Change Charity Event |newspaper=Times of India |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716143006/https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/events/hyderabad/teach-for-change/amp_articleshow/38266778.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She has participated in [[People for Cattle in India]]'s "Water Bowl Challenge", as its campaign ambassador in 2021. She also supports [[organic farming]]. In 2023, Cassandrra became the co-founder of Democratic Sangha, participating in the rural women's leadership program.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/collect-a-free-water-bowl-and-participate-in-this-challenge/article34230555.ece/ |title=Exclusive – Collect a free water bowl and participate in this challenge by PFCI |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405092855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/collect-a-free-water-bowl-and-participate-in-this-challenge/article34230555.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/regina-cassandra-spends-time-farming-at-an-organic-farm-in-karnakata/articleshow/79628245.cms |title=Regina Cassandra spends time farming at an organic farm in Karnakata |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214034402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/regina-cassandra-spends-time-farming-at-an-organic-farm-in-karnakata/articleshow/79628245.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/regina-cassandra-turns-co-founder-democratic-sangha/ |title=Actress Regina Cassandra turns co-founder for Democratic Sangha |date=5 April 2023 |newspaper=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716143006/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/regina-cassandra-turns-co-founder-democratic-sangha/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]''
| Latha
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/22/regina-cassandra-fingertip-2-32260.html |title=Regina Cassandra: I love playing flawed characters |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 June 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720154802/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/22/regina-cassandra-fingertip-2-32260.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Azhagiya Asura]]''
| Mahalakshmi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil movies : A hero, a heroine in teens – yet another refreshing love triangle Azhagiya Asura Movie Gallery azhagiya asura movie gallery tamil actor actress vindiya vindhiya yogi regina thengai srinivasan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-06-03/19-12-06-azhagiya-asura.html |website=www.behindwoods.com |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926120625/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-06-03/19-12-06-azhagiya-asura.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Suryakaanti]]''
| Kanthi
| [[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/suryakaanthi?type=0&id=c1d1d360a7af11e98ec7c1466ab9e35f |title=Suryakaanthi (2010) Movie: Watch Full Movie Online on JioCinema |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815042133/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/suryakaanthi?type=0&id=c1d1d360a7af11e98ec7c1466ab9e35f |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Siva Manasulo Sruthi]]''
| Sruti
| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Routine Love Story]]''
| Tanvi
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/routine-love-story/movie-review/17337828.cms | title=Routine Love Story Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Routine Love Story by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''
| Parvathy (Paapaa)
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-review.html |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga Movie Review Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga, vimal, Siva Karthikeyan |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720154803/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (2013 film)|Nirnayam]]''
| Jeni
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/oct/26/nirnayam-a-gripping-story-that-loses-its-plot-midway-530510.html |title=Nirnayam: A gripping story that loses its plot midway |date=26 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720154802/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/oct/26/Nirnayam-A-gripping-story-that-loses-its-plot-midway-530510.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014
| ''[[Kotha Janta]]''
| Suvarna
| rowspan="4" | Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-of-kotha-janta-5-reasons-to-consider-the-movie-was-a-hit/photostory/75468309.cms |title=6 Years of Kotha Janta: 5 reasons to consider the movie was a hit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225175755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-of-kotha-janta-5-reasons-to-consider-the-movie-was-a-hit/photostory/75468309.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ra Ra... Krishnayya]]''
| Nandeshwari "Nandu"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rarakrishnayya.html |title=Ra Ra Krishnayya review by jeevi – Telugu cinema review – Sundeep Kishan, Regina Cassandra, Jagapati Babu, Tanikella Bharani, Brahmaji, Ravi Babu, Satyam Rajesh, Thagubothu Ramesh, Jai Venu, Chalapati Rao, Kalyani etc |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101002005/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rarakrishnayya.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
| Vaishnavi
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/power/movie-review/42369865.cms | title=Power Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Power by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]''
| Sailaja "Sailu" / Sirisha "Siri"{{efn|Cassandrra played a single character with two or more names.}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pilla-nuvvu-leni-jeevitham/movie-review/45150694.cms | title=Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015
| ''[[Rajathandhiram]]''
| Michelle D'Mello
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rajathandhiram/rajathandhiram-review.html |title=Rajathandhiram (Aka) Rajathanthiram review |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201005646/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rajathandhiram/rajathandhiram-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]''
| Seetha
| rowspan="5" | Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/subramanyam-for-sale/movie-review/49093174.cms | title=Subramanyam for Sale Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Subramanyam for Sale by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Soukhyam]]''
| Sailaja "Sailu"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]''
| Netra
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Shourya/movie-review/51259116.cms | title=Shourya Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Shourya by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
| Dr. Jyothsna Kumari "Jyo"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-nara-rohit-naga-shourya-regina-cassandra-star-rating-3022669/ |title=Jyo Achyutananda movie review: Shourya-Rohit combo will definitely tickle your funny bone |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155855/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-nara-rohit-naga-shourya-regina-cassandra-star-rating-3022669/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shankara (2016 film)|Shankara]]''
| Ananya "Pappu"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.choisirunfilm.fr/film/shankara-156029.htm |title=Shankara (2016) |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225175757/https://www.choisirunfilm.fr/film/shankara-156029.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2017
| ''[[Maanagaram]]''
|Aarthy
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''
| Thenmozhi Selvam
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece |title='Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen' review: Comedy of horrors |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 May 2017 |last1=Anantharam |first1=Chitradeepa |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155854/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
| Lavanya
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gemini-ganeshanum-suruli-raajanum-review-ride-through-playboys-memory-lane-65198 |title='Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum' Review: A ride through a playboy's memory lane |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155854/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gemini-ganeshanum-suruli-raajanum-review-ride-through-playboys-memory-lane-65198 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]''
| Jamuna
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/nakshatram-review-one-star-83541 |title='Nakshatram' Review: One Star |date=4 August 2017 |website=greatandhra.com |first1=Venkat |last1=Arikatla |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101002006/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/nakshatram-review-one-star-83541 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]''
| Aadhya
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balakrishnudu-review-an-outdated-attempt/article20775808.ece |title=Balakrishnudu review: An outdated attempt |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 November 2017 |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155911/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balakrishnudu-review-an-outdated-attempt/article20775808.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]''
| Mira
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''
| Madhu
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/mr-chandramouli/mr-chandramouli-review.html |title=Mr Chandramouli (Aka) Chandramouli review |date=7 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720161457/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/mr-chandramouli/mr-chandramouli-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]''
| Rajeshwari Ramalingam "Raji"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/silukkuvaarupatti-singam/silukkuvaarupatti-singam-review.html |title=Silukkuvaarupatti Singam (Aka) Silukkuvaarpatti Singam review |date=22 December 2018 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155854/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/silukkuvaarupatti-singam/silukkuvaarupatti-singam-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]''
| Kuhu
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-regina-cassandra-5565670/ |title=Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga actor Regina Cassandra: People need to accept that there are different forms of love |date=2 February 2019 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155854/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-regina-cassandra-5565670/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|7]]''
| Saraswathi
| Telugu / Tamil
| Bilingual film
|<ref name="thehindu.kumar.2019.06.05">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/7-seven-review-an-investigative-thriller-that-will-make-you-lol/article27511921.ece |title='7 (Seven)' review: An "investigative thriller" that will make you LOL |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 June 2019 |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155912/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/7-seven-review-an-investigative-thriller-that-will-make-you-lol/article27511921.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Evaru]]''
| Sameera Maha
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/evaru-review-a-volley-of-questions-and-answers/article29099470.ece |title=Evaru review: A volley of questions and answers |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 August 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607192857/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/evaru-review-a-volley-of-questions-and-answers/article29099470.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2021
| ''[[Mughizh]]''
| Radhika
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Mugizh movie review: A simple but charming slice-of-film about grief |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mugizh-movie-review-a-simple-but-charming-slice-of-film-about-grief-10038141.html|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008113722/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mugizh-movie-review-a-simple-but-charming-slice-of-film-about-grief-10038141.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]''
| Leela
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/chakra/chakra-review.html |title=Chakra (Aka) Chakraa review |date=19 February 2021 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305104246/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/chakra/chakra-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''
| Mariam
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nenjam-marappathillai-movie-review/article33995558.ece |title='Nenjam Marappathillai' movie review: Beautifully disjointed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 March 2021 |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160459/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nenjam-marappathillai-movie-review/article33995558.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]''
| Tripura Sundari "Trisha"
| Streaming release
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kasada-thapara-movie-review-chimbudeven-film-is-enjoyable-despite-flaws-7474832/ |title=Kasada Thapara movie review: Chimbudeven film is enjoyable despite flaws |date=28 August 2021 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160445/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kasada-thapara-movie-review-chimbudeven-film-is-enjoyable-despite-flaws-7474832/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalaivii]]''
| [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| Hindi / Tamil
| Bilingual film; cameo
|<ref name="T"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]''
| Anandhi
| Tamil / Telugu
| Bilingual film
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/1945-movie-review-pre-independence-era-story-epic-misfire-987980 |title=1945 Movie Review: This pre-Independence era story is an epic misfire |date=7 January 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408072533/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/1945-movie-review-pre-independence-era-story-epic-misfire-987980 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''
| Mandakini
| rowspan="2"|Telugu
| Special appearance in a song "Saana Kastham"
|<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Saakini Daakini]]''
| Damini
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saakini-daakini-movie-review-make-way-for-the-girls/article65894359.ece |title='Saakini Daakini' movie review: Nivetha Thomas and Regina Cassandra power through a fun, taut adaptation of "Midnight Runners" |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 September 2022 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101002233/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saakini-daakini-movie-review-make-way-for-the-girls/article65894359.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| ''[[Karungaapiyam]]''
| Umayal Karthika
| Tamil
|
|<ref name="m.cinemaexpress.com" />
|-
| ''[[Nene Naa]]''
| Divya / Damayanti{{efn|Cassandrra played dual roles.}}
| Telugu
|Dual role
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nene-naa-telugu-movie-review.html |title=Review : Nene Naa – Silly and outdated |work=123telugu |date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826210152/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nene-naa-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Conjuring Kannappan]]''
| Dark Deves
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2023 |title=Sathish and Regina's next titled Conjuring Kannappan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/18/sathishs-next-titled-conjuring-kannappan-47737.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106194323/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/18/sathishs-next-titled-conjuring-kannappan-47737.html |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Utsavam (2024 film)|Utsavam]]''
| Rama
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title='Utsavam Teaser: Instantantly Catchy |url=https://www.telugu360.com/utsavam-teaser-instantly-catchy |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Telugu 360 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128194601/https://www.telugu360.com/utsavam-teaser-instantly-catchy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
| Deepika Rakshith
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title='Vidaa Muyarchi': Regina Cassandra joins Ajith Kumar-Trisha starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vidaa-muyarchi-regina-cassandra-joins-ajith-kumar-trisha-starrer-2447314-2023-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231011062633/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vidaa-muyarchi-regina-cassandra-joins-ajith-kumar-trisha-starrer-2447314-2023-10-11 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]''
| Bharathi Ranatunga
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Regina Cassandrra joins Gopichand Malineni's SDGM starring Sunny Deol: "To new beginnings and new adventures" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/regina-cassandrra-joins-gopichand-malinenis-sdgm-starring-sunny-deol-new-beginnings-new-adventures/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
| Parvathy Nair
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Juneja |first=Apeksha |title=Kesari Chapter 2: Regena Cassandrra to play 'crucial' role in Akshay Kumar-led historical drama|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kesari-chapter-2-regena-cassandrra-to-play-crucial-role-in-akshay-kumar-led-historical-drama-heres-what-we-know-1379223 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=Pinkvilla|date=26 March 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Flashback''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Tamil
| Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Flashback (2025) New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie In 4K {{!}} Prabhu Deva, Regina Cassandra |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83tVfRLcRHg |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Goldmines Telefilms]] |date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Regina and Prabhudeva's Flashback's first look is out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/regina-and-prabhudevas-flashbacks-first-look-is-out/articleshow/87929814.cms |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101083752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/regina-and-prabhudevas-flashbacks-first-look-is-out/articleshow/87929814.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Mookuthi Amman 2]]''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Tamil
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-04 |title=Nayanthara and Sundar C to Kick-Start 'Mookuthi Amman 2' on March 6 with a pooja ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-and-sundar-c-to-kick-start-mookuthi-amman-2-on-march-6-with-a-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/118716235.cms |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''The Wives''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhur Bhandarkar's The Wives starring Sonali Kulkarni, Mouni Roy and Regina Cassandra goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jul/08/madhur-bhandarkars-the-wives-goes-on-floors
|work=Cinema Express |date=8 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|italic=no|''Section 108''}}
| Shikha Saxena
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Regina Cassandra's Section 108 teaser to unveil on this date; deets inside |work=News18 India |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-regina-cassandras-section-108-teaser-to-unveil-on-this-date-deets-inside-8552481.html |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827142453/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-regina-cassandras-section-108-teaser-to-unveil-on-this-date-deets-inside-8552481.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}



===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
| [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
| Hindi
| [[SonyLIV]]
| 2 seasons
|<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| ''[[Fingertip (Season 2)|Fingertip]]''
| Priya
| Tamil
| [[ZEE5]]
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Archana |date=2022-06-12 |title=Fingertip Season 2 OTT Release Date, Star Cast, Trailer, Makers & More Updates |url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entetainment/fingertip-season-2-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=JanBharat Times |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325114011/https://en.janbharattimes.com/entetainment/fingertip-season-2-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anya's Tutorial]]''
| Madhumitha
| Telugu / Tamil
| [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| Bilingual series
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Anya's Tutorial Review: అన్యాస్ ట్యుటోరియల్ (వెబ్ సీరిస్) |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/anyas-tutorial-web-series-review-189575.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226082914/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/anyas-tutorial-web-series-review-189575.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shoorveer (TV series)|Shoorveer]]''
| [[Flight lieutenant|Flt Lt]]. Avantika Rao
| rowspan="3"|Hindi
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-releases-military-drama-series-shoorveer-trailer-watch-it-here/cid/1872178 |title=Disney+ Hotstar releases military-drama series 'Shoorveer' trailer; watch it here |work=The Telegraph |access-date=10 October 2022 |date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812030508/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-releases-military-drama-series-shoorveer-trailer-watch-it-here/cid/1872178 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Farzi]]''
| Rekha Rao
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Kapoor's OTT Debut Farzi: First look out, also stars Vijay Sethupathi, Kay Kay Menon, Regina Cassandra and Raashi Khanna |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-look-from-ott-debut-farzi-revealed-series-to-star-vijay-sethupathi-kay-kay-menon-others-5073217.html |accessdate=28 April 2022 |work=News 18 |date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428153946/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-look-from-ott-debut-farzi-revealed-series-to-star-vijay-sethupathi-kay-kay-menon-others-5073217.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]''
| NIA SP Kavya Iyer
| ZEE5
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Regina Cassandra's next is ZEE5's original series 'Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandras-next-is-zee5s-original-series-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/article66336951.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108161809/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandras-next-is-zee5s-original-series-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/article66336951.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Nadu Center]]'' || Herself / Fara || Tamil || [[JioHotstar]] || Special appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/15/tamilnews2025nov14nadu-center-gets-november-premiere-date-trailer-for-the-sasikumar-starrer-released|title=Nadu Center gets November premiere date; trailer for the Sasikumar-starrer released|first=Cinema Express|last=Desk|date=15 November 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Siva Manasulo Sruthi]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siima-in-sharjah-postponed-to-september-1.1191905 |title=South Indian International Movie Awards in Sharjah postponed to September |date=3 June 2013 |publisher=Gulf News |access-date=2013-06-05 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910094239/http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siima-in-sharjah-postponed-to-september-1.1191905 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[CineMAA Awards]]
| Best Female Debut
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nitya-nag-bag-awards-on-starstudded-night/article4818019.ece |title=Nitya, Nag bag awards on star-studded night |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 June 2013 |access-date=16 August 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111122516/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nitya-nag-bag-awards-on-starstudded-night/article4818019.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Promising Face of the Year
|{{won}}
|-
| [[The Times of India|Hyderabad Times Film Awards]]
| Promising Newcomer – Female
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2012 nominees list |work=Times of India |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hyderabad-times-film-awards-nominations-2012/articleshow/20944075.cms |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221114100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hyderabad-times-film-awards-nominations-2012/articleshow/20944075.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| rowspan="3"|[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
| Rising Star of the Year
| ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Check out the complete list of Winners of Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2016 |work=Idlebrain |accessdate=23 November 2017 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/celebrities-apsaraswards2016/index.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724195845/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/celebrities-apsaraswards2016/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Youth Icon of the Year
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
| rowspan="2"|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead |website=Indian Express |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705012559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
| ''[[Evaru]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |website=The News Minute |date=28 August 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
| [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress – Drama Series
| ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |title=Nominations announced for Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |newspaper=Filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220120543/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress - Drama (OTT)
| ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to 'Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212105008/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Tamil film actresses]]
* [[List of Telugu film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram|regenacassandrra}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassandra, Regina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

Rongali

2026-04-18T11:36:34Z

SherleneGirardi: added new bio

{{Short description|Cultural festival in Guwahati, India}}
'''Rongali Utsav''' is a festival organised in [[Guwahati]] every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/why-rongali-festival-stands-out-as-a-platform-for-peace-and-diversity/1547308/|title=Why Rongali festival stands out as a platform for peace and diversity|date=2019-04-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/15/c_137977204.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921145526/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/15/c_137977204.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 21, 2019|title=Rongali Bihu festival celebrated in Guwahati, India|last=李夏|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0717/city051|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> The festival showcases tribal [[culture of Assam]] to the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/festival-showcases-tribal-culture-food/articleshow/56994446.cms|title=Festival showcases tribal culture, food |date=February 6, 2017|first=Abdul |last=Gani |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/rongali-in-assam-brings-forth-the-true-ethnicity-of-the-northeast-region20190413140048/|title='Rongali' in Assam brings forth the true ethnicity of the northeast region|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rongali-set-to-rock-guwahati/cid/1439514|title=Rongali set to rock Guwahati|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/festival-review-rongali-festival-guwahati-assam/|title=Festival Review: Rongali Festival, Guwahati, Assam -|date=2017-02-20|website=My Site|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|40em}}

[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]

Samana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:10Z

SherleneGirardi: Started

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Samana
| map_image = 116-Samana.svg
| mla = [[Chetan Singh Jormajra]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:193141}}{{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 116
}}
'''Samana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Patiala district|Patiala]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Jagtar Singh Rajla
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Surjit Singh Rakhra]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan=2|[[Brahm Mohindra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rajinder singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chetan Singh Jormajra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Samana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Chetan Singh Jormajra]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 74,375
|percentage = 50.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Rakhra]]
|votes = 34,662
|percentage = 23.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajinder Singh<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 23,576
|percentage = 15.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Surinder Singh Kherki
|votes = 5,084
|percentage = 3.43
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Hardeep Singh
|votes = 3,833
|percentage = 2.58
|change = {{increase}}1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,107
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,713
|percentage = 26.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,335
|percentage = 76.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193141}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Samana<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajinder Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62551
|percentage = 41.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surjit Singh Rakhra
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 52702
|percentage = 35.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajinder Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = 1,854
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{increase}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1056
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,849
|percentage = 6.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,174
|percentage = 83.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:178554}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }} {{Election box end}}

==Previous results==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Winner Candidate||Party||Votes||Runner Up Candidate||Party||Votes
|-
|1957||110||ST reserved ||Harchand Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||31274||Surinder Nath||IND||16470
|-
|1957||110||ST reserved ||Bhupinder Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||29707||Pritam Singh||IND||12883
|-
|1962||143||SC Reserved ||Harchand Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||23316||Pritam Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|AD]]||21078
|-
|1967||82||SC reserved||Bhajan Lal||IND||14549||Hardial Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||12228
|-
|1968||98||GEN||Gurdev Singh Bakshiwala||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||
|-
|1969||82||SC reserved||Pritam Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||23520||Harchand Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||18282
|-
|1972||98||GEN||Gurdev Singh Bakshiwala||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||18744||Gopal Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||16710
|-
|1977||75||GEN ||Gurdev Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||24580||Brij Lal||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||18500
|-
|1980||75||GEN||Sant Ram||[[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]||31933||Kirpal Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||25248
|-
|1985||75||GEN||Hardial Singh Rajla||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||34626||Sohan Lal Jalota||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||29973
|-
|1992||75||GEN||Amarinder Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||Uncontested||--||--||--
|-
|1997||75||GEN||Jagtar Singh Rajla||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||65154||Brij Lal||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||24858
|-
|2002||75||GEN||Surjit Singh Rakhra||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||46681||Brahm Mohindra||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||35909
|-
|2007||74||GEN||Brahm Mahindra||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||78122||Surjeet Singh Rakhra||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||75546
|-
|2012||116||GEN||Surjit Singh Rakhra||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||64769||Raninder Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||57839
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patiala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.16|76.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Ananda in the Himalayas

2026-03-29T19:26:28Z

SherleneGirardi: Created Some Article Initial Version...

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Ananda in the Himalayas
| image = Viceregal Palace, Ananda - In the Himalayas, Narendra Nagar, Uttarakhand.jpg
| caption = Viceregal Palace
| location = [[Narendranagar|Narendra Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| opening_date = 2000
| closing_date =
| developer =
| architect =
| operator =
| owner = IHHR Hospitality Pvt. Ltd.
| number_of_restaurants =
| number_of_rooms =
| number_of_suites =
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| parking =
| website = http://www.anandaspa.com
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ananda in the Himalayas''' is a luxury [[destination spa]] in [[Narendranagar|Narendra Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], set in the Indian [[Himalayas]].

It is located in a {{convert|100|acre|adj=on}} estate surrounded by [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forests, near the river [[Ganges]], close to the towns of [[Rishikesh]] and [[Muni Ki Reti]], it was established in 2000, and was India's first destination spa.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/1922797/The-Himalayas-Over-the-hills-and-far-away.html The Himalayas: Over the hills and far away] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 6 May 2008.</ref> Ananda focusses on [[Yoga]] and [[Ayurveda]] practices,<ref>''Yoga Escapes: A Yoga Journal Guide to the Best Places to Relax, Reflect, and Renew'', by Jeanne Ricci. Published by Celestial Arts, 2003. {{ISBN|1-58761-187-2}}. ''Page 131''.</ref> combined with international spa therapies.<ref>[http://www.travelandleisure.com/hotels/ananda-narendra-nagar Ananda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122063611/http://www.travelandleisure.com/hotels/ananda-narendra-nagar |date=22 November 2008 }} ''[[Travel + Leisure]]''.</ref> The property includes the royal palace of [[Narendranagar|Narendra Nagar]], of the Maharaja of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri Garhwal]] <ref>{{cite news|last1=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Himalayan Spa for Sybarites|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/30/travel/himalayan-spa-for-sybarites.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 July 2000|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>, the restored Viceregal Palace was built in 1910–11 by the Maharaja for an expected visit of the [[Viceroy of India]]. Though the visit never materialized, the edifice remains,<ref name=asia/> and went to accommodate the likes of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], a later [[Viceroy of India]].<ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2006/01/01/Travel/Dream_trip__downsized.shtml India's only destination spa, Ananda mixes...] ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', 1 January 2006.</ref><ref name=tr>[http://www.anandatthesatluj.com/activities.html Ananda-in-the-Himalayas]</ref><ref name="age">{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/?client=firefox-b&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&biw=1366&bih=635&sns=1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&client=tw-ob#hi/en/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6|title=Google Translate|website=Translate.google.com|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>

In 2003 and 2007 it was considered one of the best spas in the world by ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/sunandsea/728693/Ten-of-the-best-spas.html Ten of the best spas - Suzanne Duckett selects her top spas around the world] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 12 September 2003.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/mauritius/740792/Winner-by-a-head.html Winner by a head] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 9 April 2007.</ref> and rated No. 1 [[destination spa]] in the world by ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' magazine in 2008.<ref name=dis/>

==Etymology==
[[File:The lounge at Ananda - In the Himalayas spa, Narendra Nagar.jpg|right|thumb|The lounge at Ananda in the Himalayas.]]
The word ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ananda]]'' means happiness in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=age/>

==History==
[[File:Fountain, Ananda spa, Narendra Nagar.jpg|left|thumb|An old fountain, Ananda spa, Narendra Nagar]]
Some years ago, given the impetus on health and rejuvenation in the world and after an exhaustive search located a site for a destination spa, Ashok Khanna,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/ET-Travel/Hospitality-sector-needs-infrastructural-support/rssarticleshow/4316915.cms hospitality sector needs infrastructural support-Ashok Khanna] ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 26 March 2009.</ref> discovered the Palace of the Maharaja at Narendra Nagar, Tehri-Garwhal. It was decided that the property was to be called "Ananda in the Himalayas", a name that embodies the spirit and ethos of what Khanna wanted to offer to his guests.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/229342.cms Bliss Himalayas] ''[[Times of India]]'', 12 October 2003.</ref>

Soon the former [[Viceregal]] Palace close to the Royal palace of the Shah family, of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri Garhwal]] originally built in 1910–11,<ref name=asia>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GVmAfRMHw1wC&dq=Ananda+in+the+Himalayas&pg=PA74 Ananda - In the Himalayas] ''Asia's Legendary Hotels: The Romance of Travel'', by William Warren, Jill Gocher. Published by Tuttle Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7946-0174-X}}. ''Page 74''.</ref> was restored. [[Narendranagar|Narendra Nagar]] was the summer capital and the Palace, where the present viceregal suite of Ananda in the Himalayas is situated, is the official residence.

[[File:Himalayan view from Ananda spa, Narendra Nagar.jpg|right|thumb|Himalayan view, from Ananda, with the meandering [[Ganges]]]]
Traditional Indian practices of [[yoga]], meditation, [[ayurveda]] and [[vedanta]] are offered at the spa. Treatments include Ayurvedic spa treatments, Tibetan treatments and international therapies such as massage, body wraps and facials.<ref>[http://www.luxist.com/2005/10/18/ananda-spa/print/ Ananda Spa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104456/http://www.luxist.com/2005/10/18/ananda-spa/print/ |date=21 July 2011 }}, Luxist.com. 18 October 2005.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/722812/India-The-Ananda-Spa.html India: The Ananda Spa - Jo Foley reports on the Ananda Spa in the Himalayas] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 19 July 2001.</ref>

==Visitors==
Ananda has been frequented by many famous guests, including [[Chris Froome]] and his wife Michelle Cound,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccalphagroup.co.uk/tour-de-france-winner-christopher-froome-visits-ananda-in-the-himalayas/ |title=Tour de France Winner Christopher Froome visits Ananda in the Himalayas | C&C Alpha Group |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814151033/http://www.ccalphagroup.co.uk/tour-de-france-winner-christopher-froome-visits-ananda-in-the-himalayas/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Jerry Hall]], [[Bill Gates]] and [[Melinda Gates]], [[Kate Winslet]], [[Frederick Forsyth]], [[Deepak Chopra]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Jeremy Piven]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Macklemore]], Bharat Kavitha Golecha, [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]].<ref name=dis>[http://dhd.discovery.com/fansites/piven/slideshow/slideshow_02.html Jeremy landed at Ananda in the Himalayas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211131244/http://dhd.discovery.com/fansites/piven/slideshow/slideshow_02.html |date=11 December 2008 }} [[Discovery Channel]].</ref>

==Ratings==
[[File:Lawns surrounding the Ananda spa.jpg|right|thumb|Lawns surrounding the 21,000 sq.ft. Ananda spa.]]
In 2005, ''[[Condé Nast Traveler]]'' rated this spa as the 'Best Overseas Spa Retreat' with a score rating of 99.62 and the Readers choice world's Number 1 destination spa (2005, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2019,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/readers-choice-winners-2019 | title=Readers' Choice Awards 2019: All the winners | date=7 October 2019 }}</ref> 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice-awards/world/top-destination-spa-resorts-in-the-world-readers-choice-awards | title=Top 30 Destination Spa Resorts in the World: Readers' Choice Awards 2021 | date=5 October 2021 }}</ref>) It is also the only spa in India to be awarded the 5 wave certificate by BISA (British International Spa Association). Highly recommended by many other travel journals such as ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name=tr/> Travel and Leisure,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/ten-top-meditation-retreats|title=Nine Great Meditation Retreats to Find Your Inner Zen|website=Travelandleisure.com|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://events.nytimes.com/2007/03/04/travel/04journeys.1.html | title=For Luxury Travelers, India's Past Isn't Past | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> While its judged as 'Top Spa in India' by Spa Finder, Inc.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/ET_Travel/Travelog/rssarticleshow/2618153.cms | title=Travelog | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=13 December 2007}}</ref> According to a reviewer of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', Ananda "..mixes the healing principles of the East with the pampering needs of the West.".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/alternativemedicine/3321626/Healing-meets-pampering.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111095548/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/alternativemedicine/3321626/Healing-meets-pampering.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 November 2012 | title=Healing meets pampering | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date=1 August 2005}}</ref>

==Business==
Ananda is owned and managed by IHHR Hospitality Pvt. Ltd.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET-Travel/Hospitality-sector-needs-infrastructural-support/articleshow/4316915.cms IHHR Hospitality ..] ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 26 March 2009.</ref><ref>[http://ihhrhospitality.com IHHR Hospitality Pvt. ltd.] Official website.</ref>

Ashok Khanna, the managing director of the company, is the grandson of legendary hotelier Rai Bahadur [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]]. Khanna is a graduate from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and has over three decades of experience in hospitality.
IHHR hospitality also founded a chain of luxury business hotels known as Ista Hotels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/2008/09/23003219/Ista-Hotels-to-expand-business.html |title=Ista Hotel to expand India operations |accessdate=2008-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212102716/http://profit.ndtv.com/2008/09/23003219/Ista-Hotels-to-expand-business.html |archivedate=2008-12-12 }}</ref> These hotels located in Hyderabad, Bangalore, Amritsar and Pune are now managed under the brand name "Hyatt".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/news/ista-hyderabad-named-among-worlds-top-1248.html |title=Top New Hotels Annual List by Conde Nast Traveler - Ista Hyderabad Named Among World's Top New Hotels by Conde Nast |accessdate=2008-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014703/http://www.india-server.com/news/ista-hyderabad-named-among-worlds-top-1248.html |archivedate=2008-11-20 }}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:Back of the palace, Ananda spa.jpg|thumb|left|Back of the palace]]
The Ananda spa institute, located adjacent to the Ista hotel in [[Hyderabad]], admitted its pilot group of students in the summer of 2008. This educational institution is the only one of its kind in the world that provides yoga, Ayurveda and international therapies under one roof. Realizing the importance of international certification, the institute has got the [[International Therapy Examination Council]] (ITEC), Confederation of International Beauty Therapy and Cosmetology (CIBTEC) to prescribe the curriculum for the courses on international treatments and give the required certification. The curriculum for the Yoga and Ayurveda courses will be framed and certified by the institute itself. The institute plans to lead spa education in South East Asia and maintain high standards throughout the region with international cooperation. Josephine Wackett has been appointed Principal. She was earlier with the world-famous Steiner School in London, where she was principal of the Steiner Beauty School for the last 30 years. Josephine is also the CIDESCO International Board member for Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandaspainstitute.com/Spa%20Travel%20News%20-%20Ananda%20Spa%20Institute.pdf |title=IHHR plans spa institute for 2008 |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707140125/http://www.anandaspainstitute.com/Spa%20Travel%20News%20-%20Ananda%20Spa%20Institute.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-07 }}</ref>

==Sources==
* "India: Mandarin group, Indian Hotels part ways on Himalayan resort," ''Businessline.'' Chennai: 27 December 2001. page 1.
* "Ayurveda Meets Five-Star Splendor at New 'Ananda,'" by Lisa Tsering. ''India - West.'' 18 May 2001, Vol.XXVI, Isse 29; page C32.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ananda spa}}
* [http://www.anandaspa.com Ananda in the Himalayas official website]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/735530/Indias-middle-classes-relax.html Photo feature] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''.

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananda in the Himalayas}}
[[Category:Resorts in India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1911]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2000]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Palaces in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Destination spas]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sadashiva

2026-03-29T18:25:55Z

SherleneGirardi: Entry

{{Short description|Aspect of Hindu god Shiva as the Supreme Being}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Sadashiva.jpg
| caption = Sadasiva from West Bengal. 11th c. CE
| Devanagari =
| Sanskrit_transliteration =
| Tamil_transliteration =
| mantra = [[Om Namah Shivaya|Panchakshari mantra]]
| deity_of = [[Para Brahman]], the Supreme Being Primordial - [[Ultimate Reality]] God of Grace, Obscuration, [[Brahma|Creation]], [[Thirumal|Preservation]], [[Rudra|Destruction]], [[Kāla|Time]]
| affiliation = [[Parameshvara (epithet)|Parameshvara]], [[Shiva]], [[Rudra]], [[Mahakala]], [[Pashupati]], [[Batara Guru]]
| weapon = [[Trishula]] (Trident)
| symbols = [[Mukhalinga]]
| consort = [[Adi Parashakti]] (according to [[Shaivism]])
| children =
| abode = [[Tattva (Hinduism)|Sadakya Tattva]], [[Mount Kailash]]
| festivals =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Sadashiva''' ({{langx|sa|सदाशिव}}, {{IAST|Sadāśiva}}), is the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]] in the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. Sadasiva is the omnipotent, subtle, luminous absolute, the highest manifestation of [[Shiva]]. Sadasiva is believed to bestow ''anugraha'' and ''vilaya'', or grace and obscuration of [[Anava|pasha]], which are the fourth and fifth of the ''Panchakritya'', or the "five holy acts" of Shiva. Sadasiva is usually depicted having five faces and ten hands, and is considered one of the [[Panchavimshatimurti|''25 forms'']] of Shiva. [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Texts|Shiva Agamas]] conclude that the [[lingam]], especially the [[mukhalinga]]m, is another form of Sadasiva.{{sfnp|Srinivasan|1997|p=272}}

== Representation ==
The concept and form of Sadashiva initially emerged from South India, although many ancient sculptures of Sadashiva were obtained from various parts of India and South East Asia.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}} It is believed that the cult of Sadashiva was widespread in the region of [[Bengal]] during the period of [[Sena dynasty]] who traced their origin in [[South India]].{{sfnp|Mazumdar|2008|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Sadashiva is usually represented in the form of a [[Mukhalinga]] with the number of faces varying from one to five. The first ever sculpture of Sadashiva as a lingam with five faces was found in Bhita, near [[Prayagraj]], and dates to the 2nd century CE.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}} His five faces, ''Ishana, Tatpurusha, Vamadeva, Aghora'' and ''Satyojata'' are known as ''[[Panchabrahma]]s'' (five creators), the emanations towards the four directions and upwards from the ''nishkala'' (formless) [[Parashiva]]. Kamiga Agama, the first Agama of 28 [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Texts|Sivagamas]] depicts Sadasiva as having five faces and ten arms. His five right hands hold [[Trishula]], [[Axe]], [[Katvanga]], [[Vajra]] and [[Abhayamudra|Abhaya]] while his five left hands hold [[Snake]], [[Citron|Matulunga fruit]], [[Nymphaea nouchali|Nilotpala]], [[Damaru]], [[Rudraksha]] rosary and [[Varadamudra|Varadam]].{{sfnp|Sivacharya|2012}} The consort of Sadasiva is goddess [[Parvati|Mahagayatri]], a form of Parvati often known as ''Manonmani'' in Agamic texts.{{sfnp|Stutley|2006|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}{{sfnp|Hāṇḍā|1992|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} She is sometimes depicted having two arms and residing in the lap of Sadasiva.

{{gallery
|mode = nolines
|File:Trimurti_Wat_Phu_0519.jpg|Sadasiva standing midst [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]]. 10th c. CE sculpture at [[Vat Phou]], [[Laos]]
|File:Sadashiva (พระสทาศิวะ Phra Satha Siva).png|Sadashiva murti, Bangkok National Museum
|File:Sadashiva.JPG|A painting of Sadasiva murti, South India
}}

== Panchabrahma ==
{{main|Pañcānana}}
According to Shaivite texts,{{which|date=August 2021}} the supreme being [[Parameshwara (god)|Parashivam]] manifests as pentads, rather than the [[Trimurti|trinity]] of other Hindu sects - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. His five deeds, known "Panchakrityas" (five holy acts), are assigned to ''Panchamurti'', his five aspects, viz., [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Rudra]], [[Mahesvara]] and Sadasiva (Mahesvara and Sadashiva are forms of Shiva, Rudra is also refers as Shiva ). Creation, Preservation, Destruction, Obscuration and Grace are done by these five manifestations respectively. The five faces of Parashiva which emanate these five aspects are praised as "Panchabrahmas", the five creators or the five realities). The Panchamurtis of Shaivism are absorbed within Shaktism and named as "Panchapreta" (five bodies).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

=== Five faces ===
The five faces of Sadashiva are sometimes identified with Mahadeva, [[Parvati]], [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], [[Bhairava]] and Sadasiva himself.{{sfnp|Rao|1988|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} The ten arms of Sadasiva represent the ten directions.{{sfnp|Hāṇḍā|1992|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Another variation of Sadasiva later evolved into another form of Shiva known as Mahasadasiva, in which Shiva is depicted with twenty-five heads with {{citation needed span|seventy-five eyes|date=August 2021}} and fifty arms. Given accounts relating to Sadasiva are collected from Kamika Agamam{{sfnp|Sivacharya|2012}} and Vishnudharmottara Purana.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |year=1992 |first=Omacanda |last=Hāṇḍā |title=Śiva in art: a study of Śaiva iconography and miniatures |publisher=Indus Pub. House}}
*{{cite book |year=2008 |first=Bijay Chandra |last=Mazumdar |isbn=978-1443767507 |title=The History of the Bengali Language |publisher=Read Books}}
*{{cite book|first=C. V. Ramachandra |last=Rao |title=Siva-Mahesa (Sadasiva) Murti of Bhairavakona: an iconographical study |year=1988 |publisher=Manasa Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwRFAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=Iconography of Sadasiva |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1976 |first=B.N. |last=Sharma |isbn=978-8170170372}}
* {{cite web |first=S.P. Sabharathanam |last=Sivacharya |title=Kamika Agama Uttara Pada |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-uttara-pada-part-2 |website=Hmalayan Academy |year=2012 |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616172501/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-uttara-pada-part-2 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Dorin |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |year=1997| publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004107588}}
*{{cite book |first=Margaret |last=Stutley |title=Hindu Deities: A Mythological Dictionary with Illustrations |year=2006 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-8121511643}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Sadashiva}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

Moushumi Chatterjee

2026-03-26T14:21:01Z

SherleneGirardi: cleaned up article per standard format

{{short description|Indian actress and politician (born 1954)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Moushumi Chatterjee in 2017.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Moushumi Chatterjee in 2017
| name = Moushumi Chatterjee
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_name = Indira Chattopadhyay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|4|26}}<ref name="JeenaIsi">{{cite web|title=EP-Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai - Indian Hindi TV Show - Zee Tv|via=YouTube|date=11 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQTXCZjM8ro&si=l5Hg0ygKQk-DZ3bb|time=3:38 - 5:42|accessdate=28 August 2025}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}
| years_active = 1967–present
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019–present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (before 2019)
| parents =
| spouse = Jayant Mukherjee
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] professionally known as [[Hemant Kumar]] (father-in-law)
}}
'''Moushumi Chatterjee''' (born '''Indira Chattopadhyay'''; 26 April 1954) is an Indian actress and politician known for her work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. She was one of the highest-paid actresses in Hindi films during the [[1970s in film|1970s]]. She joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2019; she was previously a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Early and personal life==
Chatterjee was born in [[Calcutta]] to a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family that hailed from [[Munshiganj District|Bikrampur]] in Bangladesh. Her father, Prantosh Chattopadhyaya, was in the [[Indian Army]], and her grandfather was a judge. Her real name is Indira, and Moushumi is her screen name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=Moushumi Chatterjee: God is not kind to me, he is partial to me - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Moushumi-Chatterjee-God-is-not-kind-to-me-he-is-partial-to-me/articleshow/47249555.cms |access-date=2 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Indira Chattopadhyaya was married to Jayanta Mukherjee at a young age.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} The couple has two daughters. Jayanta Mukherjee is the son of film producer, music composer, and singer Hemanta Mukhopadhyay, popularly known as [[Hemant Kumar]] in Hindi film industry. Jayanta is also an exponent of Rabindra Sangeet. She always prioritised her family above her film roles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-actress-moushumi-chatterjee-moves-bombay-hc-wants-to-meet-comatose-daughter/articleshow/66761345.cms |title=Veteran actress Moushumi Chatterjee moves Bombay HC, wants to meet comatose daughter |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=23 November 2018}}</ref> Her daughter Payal, who had type 1 diabetes, had been in a coma since 2018 and died on 13 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/moushumi-chatterjee-s-daughter-payal-dies-at-45-1628048-2019-12-13 |title=Moushumi Chatterjee's daughter Payal dies at 45 |date=13 December 2019 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
===1967–1984: Debut and breakthrough===
Chatterjee made her film debut as a child heroine in the Bengali hit [[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|''Balika Badhu'']] (1967), directed by [[Tarun Majumdar]]<ref name="infoonmaoushmi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/apr/26-news-how-moushumi-chatterjee-stunned-shakti-samanta-in-anuraag-041410.asp |title=How Moushumi Chatterjee stunned Shakti Samanta in ANURAAG |website=glamsham.com |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> when she was a preteen. In an interview, Moushumi Chatterjee quoted: "After Balika Badhu, I was flooded with Bengali movies but I wished to complete my studies. However, movies were in my fate hence when I was studying in class X, a close aunt of mine was on her death-bed and her last wish was to see me married. Hence, to satisfy her wish I got married."<ref name="infoonmaoushmi"/> She was called as Indira at home. She got engaged to guardian and neighbour [[Hemant Kumar]]'s son, Jayant Mukherjee (Babu). "I fell in love with Babu. He was the first man I came in touch with outside my family."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/candid-chat-with-moushumi-chatterjee-27878-2.html |title=Bollywood News, Filmfare Awards, Movie Reviews, Celebrity Photos & Updates|work=filmfare.com }}</ref> She was then seen in Bengali films like Parineeta, Anindita.

She made her debut as the leading lady in the Hindi film ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' (1972) directed by [[Shakti Samanta]]. Moushumi played the role of a blind girl and earned her first and only nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]; ''Anuraag'' won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]. The film proved to be a major success. About her Hindi film debut, she said in an interview: "As my father-in-law was a renowned film celebrity, many film personalities used to throng our house. One among them was filmmaker Shakti Samanta, who insisted upon me to act in movies. I declined, but both my father-in-law and my husband encouraged me, thus I got ''Anuraag''."<ref name="infoonmaoushmi"/> When asked about her first role in Hindi films she said that "[w]hen Shaktida told me that I have to play a blind lady I was taken aback. I honestly told Shaktida that I may not do justice to the role as I have never studied a blind person, but Shaktida assured me that he will take me to a blind school and train me ... he insisted to do a small Mahurat shot before. [...] When I reached the studio I was excited to see Bollywood luminaries like [[Nutan]]ji, Dadamoni ([[Ashok Kumar]] fondly called), Rajesh Khanna, S. D. Burman and others. The moment Shaktida called action I did my Mahurat shot confidently and was applauded. After the shot, Shaktida told me that I had given the shot so skillfully that there was no need to visit a blind school!"<ref name="infoonmaoushmi"/>

In 1973, she acted in ''Naina'' opposite Shashi Kapoor, ''Kachhe Dhaage'' with [[Vinod Khanna]] and ''Us Paar'' with [[Vinod Mehra]]. In 1974, she acted with the then-struggling [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the thriller ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'' and opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the drama ''[[Humshakal (1974 film)|Humshakal]]''. Her most successful film came at the end of 1974, where she played a rape survivor, in Manoj Kumar's ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]''.<ref>http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=180 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> She received her first and only nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. She went on to become a part of several successful films like ''Swarag Narak, Maang Bharo Sajna, Pyaasa Sawan, Jyoti Bane Jwala'' with Jeetendra, Swayamvar with Shashi Kapoor and ''Anand Ashram'' with Rakesh Roshan. She acted with Rishi Kapoor in four films none of which were successful.

She was paired with Vinod Mehra in 10 films,<ref name="businessofcinema.com article on moushumi">{{Cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/bengali-beauty-moushumi-chatterjee-ruling-bollywood-lady/143018 |title=Bengali Beauty Moushumi Chatterjee - Ruling Bollywood Lady |website=businessofcinema.com |date=26 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> including ''Anuraag'', ''Us-Paar'', ''Raftaar'', ''Umar Qaid'', ''Mazaaq'', ''Zindagi'' and ''Do Jhoot''. She only acted in 2 films with Amitabh Bachchan, ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'' and Basu Chatterjee's ''[[Manzil (1979 film)|Manzil]]'' (1979). Her Bengali film with Uttam Kumar, ''[[Ogo Bodhu Shundori|Ogu Bodhu Sundari]]'', released in 1981 and became successful. In 1982, she did the Marathi film (cameo in song Tumhi Adkitta Mi Ho Supari) ''Bhannat Bhanu''. Her films with [[Rajesh Khanna]] include ''[[Bhola Bhala]]'', ''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]'' and ''[[Ghar Parivar]]''. She worked with Sanjeev Kumar in many movies including Angoor, Daasi and Itni Si Baat. In 1985, she acted in the Bengali film ''Pratigna''.

After 1985, she graduated to supporting roles and acted in movies like ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]'', ''[[Aag Hi Aag]],'' ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' and many more.

===1985–present: Transition period===
From 1985 to 1991, Chatterjee got more offers as a character actress and she made the transition to roles of mother and bhabhi (sister-in-law), often pairing with Dharmendra or Sunil Dutt. She played Sunny Deol's sister-in-law in ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''. Occasionally, she got lead roles in films in the 1990s such as ''[[Ghar Parivaar]]'' and ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'', both opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]], then ''Santaan, Prateeksha'' (1993) and ''Udhaar Ki Zindagi'' with [[Jeetendra]] and ''Keemat: They Are Back'' (1998). She acted in the Indo-Canadian production ''Bollywood/Hollywood'' in 2003<ref name="businessofcinema.com article on moushumi" /> and ''Na Tum Jaano Na Hum, Hum Kaun Hai?'' in 2004. Moushumi Chatterjee made a comeback to cinema, with Tanuja Chandra's ''Zindaggi Rocks'' in 2006.

Apart from ''Balika Badhu'' (1967) her Bengali films as lead heroine include ''Parineeta'' (1969), ''Anindita'' (1972), ''Anand Ashram'' (1977), ''[[Ogo Bodhu Shundori|Ogu Bodhu Sundari]]'' (1981), ''Prarthana'' (1984), ''Shatarupa'' (1989), ''Kari Diye Kinlam'' (1989), ''Bidhilipi'' (1991) and later as supporting actress; ''Nater Guru'' (2003), ''Bhalobasar Anek Naam'' (2005), ''The Japanese Wife'' (2010) and ''Goynar Baksho'' (2013). She sang a song Tomar Duare in ''Mallick Bari'' (2009). In 2014, she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the Bengali film ''Goynar Baksho'' and received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015.

==Political career==
Chatterjee contested in [[2004 Lok Sabha election]] as a candidate for [[Indian National Congress]] for the [[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East constituency]], but lost to CPM's [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indira Mukherjee (Moushumi Chatterjee) |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=5171 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Moushumi Chatterjee Joins BJP Just Months Ahead of Lok Sabha Polls |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/actress-moushumi-chatterjee-joins-bjp-just-months-ahead-of-ls-polls-1989693.html |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=News18 |date=2 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="KT">{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Veteran Indian actor joins BJP, praises Modi |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/entertainment/veteran-indian-actor-joins-bjp-praises-modi |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=19 February 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
[[File:Moushumi 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chatterjee in 2025]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!class="unsortable" | Notes and {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1967
|''[[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]]''
|Rajani
|Bengali
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Parineeta (1969 film)|Parineeta]]''
|Lolita
|Bengali
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]''
|Shivani
|Hindi
|Debut as heroine. Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|-
| rowspan="3" |1973
|''[[Naina (1973 film)|Naina]]''
|Naina
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Kuchhe Dhaage]]''
|Sona
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ghulam Begam Badshah]]''
|Laxmi
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1974
|''[[Zehreela Insaan]]''
|Arati
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Us Paar''
|Kamla
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]''
|Tulsi
|Hindi
|Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
|''[[Humshakal (1974 film)|Humshakal]]''
|Sita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]''
|Sheela
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Badla''
|Kalpana
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1975
|''[[Umar Qaid]]''
|Dr. Bharti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Raftaar (1975 film)|Raftaar]]''
|Rani/Rita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Natak''
|Sunita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Mazaaq]]''
|Moushumi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Do Jhoot]]''
|Lajwanti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Anari (1975 film)|Anari]]''
|Rashmi
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1976
|''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]''
|Sunita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Bajrangbali (1976 film)|Jai Bajrang Bali]]''
|Devi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]''
|Seema
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1977
|''[[Anand Ashram]]''
|Kiran
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Hatyara (1977 film)|Hatyara]]''
|Gauri
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ab Kya Hoga]]''
|
|Hindi
|Cameo
|-
| rowspan="7" |1978
|''[[Tumhari Kasam]]''
|Vidya
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Swarg Narak]]''
|Shobha
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (film)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]''
|Shanti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Phandebaaz]]''
|Shanti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Dil Aur Deewar]]''
|Saroja
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Bhola Bhala]]''
|Renu
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]''
|Reena
|Hindi
|Cameo
|-
| rowspan="6" |1979
|''[[Do Ladke Dono Kadke]]''
|Rani
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]''
|Meena
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Gautam Govinda]]''
|Sandhya
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Manzil (1979 film)|Manzil]]''
|Aruna
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Love in Canada]]''
|Seema
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ghar Ki Laaj]]''
|Janki
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1980
|''[[Swayamvar]]''
|Roopa
|Hindi
|
|- Saiyaara
|''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]''
|Sita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]''
|Anu
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Chambal Ki Kasam]]''
|Tannibai
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Badla aur Balidaan''
|Jyoti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Do Premee (1980 film)|Do Premee]]''
|Payal/Parvati
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Be-Reham''
|Hameeda Banu
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" |1981
|''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]''
|Shanti
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Krodhi]]''
|Aarti
|Hindi
|Cameo
|-
|''Itni Si Baat''
|Asha
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Daasi (1981 film)|Daasi]]''
|Mangala
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Kahani Ek Chor Ki]]''
|Seeta
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Shundori|Ogo Bodhu Shundari]]''
|Sabitri
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''[[Raksha (1982 film)|Raksha]]''
|Asha
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''
|Sudha
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Justice Chaudhury]]''
|Janaki
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|''Pet Pyaar aur Paap''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jawaani]]''
|Prema Mohan
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (1984 film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
|Laxmi bhabhi
|Hindi
|
|-
|Aan aur Shaan
|Radha
|Hindi
|Delayed release
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|Rusvaai
|
|Hindi
|Last film with late Sanjeev Kumar
|-
|Dekha Pyar Tumhara
|Mrs. Mullick
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|Urbashi
|Urbashi
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1987
|''[[Sindoor]]''
|Cameo
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Aag Hi Aag]]''
|Ganga Singh
|Hindi
|
|-
|Mahananda
|Mahananda
|Hindi
|With Farooq Sheikh
|-
|''[[Mera Karam Mera Dharam]]''
|Mala
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''
|Laxmi Prakash
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Param Dharam]]''
|Savitri Singh
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1988
|''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]''
|Greta
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]''
|Justice Sharda
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''
|Rita
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]''
|Shobha
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1989
|Aakhri Ghulam
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]''
|Parvati Kumar
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jung Baaz]]''
|Mrs. Saxena
|Hindi
|
|-
|Sikka
|Laxmi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Shehzaade]]''
|Padmini Singh
|Hindi
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''
|Indu Mehra
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Ghar Parivaar]]''
|Parvati Devi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]''
|Chief Justice Saraswati
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|''[[Zulm Ki Hukumat]]''
|Mrs. Pitambar
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Khule-Aam]]''
|Roopadevi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Nishchaiy]]''
|Renuka Singh
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Prateeksha]]''
|Laxmi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Santaan]]''
|Laxmi
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]''
|Janki
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''
|Kaushalya Devi
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[Kartavya (1995 film)|Kartavya]]''
|Sharda Varma
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jallaad]]''
|Tara Devi
|Hindi
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Muqadar|Muqaddar]]''
|Bharati Devi
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Kareeb]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|Chandrika
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Keemat – They Are Back]]''
|Sulakshana
|Hindi
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''
|Rama Khanna
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]''
|Mrs. Malhotra
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Bollywood/Hollywood]]''
|Mummyji
|Hindi
|Canadian comedy
|-
|2003
|Nater Guru
|Manisha's mother
|Bengali
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Hum Kaun Hai?]]''
|Martha Pinto
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''
|Indrani
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Bhalobasar Onek Naam]]''
|Bini
|Bengali
|
|-
|2010
|''[[The Japanese Wife]]''
|Maashi
|Bengali
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Goynar Baksho]]''
|Pishi
|Bengali
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Piku]]''
|Chhobi Maashi
|Hindi
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Sesh Sangbad]]''
|Elina
|Bengali
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Aarii]]''
|Joya Sen
|Bengali
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/wheels-1/the-trailer-of-aarii-points-to-a-sweet-mother-son-relationship%25C2%25A0/1398930 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Talaash (Indian TV series)|Talaash]]'' || Urmila / Sadhika || Season 1, 26 Episodes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Albeli (1974 film)|Albeli]]'' || Albeli || Season 1
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]'' || Guest || Season 1
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Super Dancer]]'' || Guest || Season 4
|-
| 2023 || ''[[India's Best Dancer]]'' || Guest || Season 3
|-
| 2023 || ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' || Guest || Season 5
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !!Work !! Result
|-
| 1968
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association]]
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|''[[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1972
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association]]
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Genie Awards]]
| [[Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Bollywood/Hollywood]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress – Bengali
|''[[Goynar Baksho]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2015
| [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2016
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = India
}}
*{{IMDb name|0154139}}

{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Moushumi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Sun Salutation

2026-03-24T09:43:19Z

SherleneGirardi: Done

{{short description|Series of yoga positions performed in a particular order}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Yoga Teacher Training in India (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The stages of one form of Surya Namaskar, Salute to the Sun, demonstrated by a class of [[yoga teacher training|yoga teachers in training]] in Goa, India ]]
'''Sun Salutation''', also called '''Surya Namaskar''' or '''Salute to the Sun'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Surya Namaskara Salute to the Sun |url=https://www.yogaindailylife.org/system/en/level-3/surya-namaskara |website=Yoga in Daily Life |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> ({{Langx|sa|सूर्यनमस्कार}}, {{IAST3|Sūryanamaskāra}}),<ref name="Sun Salutation">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kritika |title=Sun Salutation: Full step by step explanation |url=https://www.suryanamaskar.org/ |publisher=Surya Namaskar Organization |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221054827/https://www.suryanamaskar.org/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> is a practice in [[yoga as exercise]] incorporating a flow sequence of some twelve linked [[asana]]s.<ref name="Mitchell 2003">{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Carol |title=Yoga on the Ball |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8Xgqsbp_6oC&pg=PA48 |year=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-999-7 |page=48}}</ref><ref name=macmullen68>{{cite journal |last=MacMullen |first=Jane |title=Ashtanga Yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 |volume=September/October |year=1988 |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |pages=68–70}}</ref> The asana sequence was first recorded as yoga in the early 20th century, though similar exercises were in use in India before that, for example [[Indian wrestling|among wrestlers]]. The basic sequence involves moving from a standing position into [[Downward dog|Downward]] and [[Upward Dog]] poses and then back to the standing position, but many variations are possible. The set of 12 asanas is dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] solar deity, [[Surya]]. In some Indian traditions, the positions are each associated with a different [[mantra]], and with seed sounds or [[bīja]].

The precise origins of the Sun Salutation are uncertain, but the sequence was made popular in the early 20th century by [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]], the Rajah of [[Aundh State|Aundh]], and adopted into yoga by [[Krishnamacharya]] in the [[Mysore Palace]], where the Sun Salutation classes, not then considered to be yoga, were held next door to his yogasala. Pioneering yoga teachers taught by Krishnamacharya, including [[Pattabhi Jois]] and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], taught [[Vinyāsa|transitions between asanas]] derived from the Sun Salutation to their pupils worldwide.

==Etymology and origins==

[[File:Pant_Pratinidhi_1928_Surya_Namaskar_Sequence.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.75|[[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]] provided this double-page guide to the Sun Salutation at the back of his 1928 book ''The Ten-Point Way to Health: Surya Namaskars'' as well as in the body of the text, stating that it could be removed for use without damaging the text of the book.<ref name=PP/>{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=180–181, 205–206}}]]

The name Surya Namaskar is from the [[Sanskrit]] सूर्य ''Sūrya'', "Sun" and नमस्कार ''Namaskāra'', "Greeting" or "Salute".{{sfn|Mehta|Mehta|Mehta|1990|pp=146–147}} [[Surya]] is the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god of the sun.<ref name="Dalal 2010">{{cite book |author=Dalal, Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA343 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=343}}</ref> This identifies the Sun as the [[soul]] and source of all life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suman |first=Krishan Kumar |title=Yoga for Health and Relaxation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijWWEl5ktccC&pg=PA83 |year=2006 |publisher=Lotus |isbn=978-81-8382-049-3 |pages=83–84}}</ref> Chandra Namaskara is similarly from Sanskrit चन्द्र ''Chandra'', "Moon".<ref name="Sinha1996">{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=S. C. |title=Dictionary of Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18 |date=1 June 1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-293-9 |page=18}}</ref>

The origins of the Sun Salutation are vague; Indian tradition connects the 17th century saint [[Samarth Ramdas]] with Surya Namaskara exercises, without defining what movements were involved.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Vishva |year=1980 |volume=15 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fR41AAAAIAAJ |quote=Sri [[Samarth Ramdas|Samarath Ramdas]] Swami took Surya Namaskar exercises with the [[Mantra]]s as part of his [[Sadhana]].}}</ref> In the 1920s, [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]], the Rajah of [[Aundh State|Aundh]], popularized and named the practice, describing it in his 1928 book ''The Ten-Point Way to Health: Surya Namaskars''.<ref name=PP>{{cite book |last=Pratinidhi |first=Pant |author-link=Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi |title=The Ten-Point Way to Health {{!}} Surya Namaskars |year=1928 |publisher=[[J. M. Dent and Sons]] |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/surya-namaskara-1928-the-ten-point-way-to-health-by-shrimant-balasahib-rajah-of-aundh.html |pages=113–115 and whole book |quote=The ten positions of a Namaskar are repeated here and may be detached without damaging the book. The pages are perforated for easy removal. |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123075747/https://pdfslide.net/documents/surya-namaskara-1928-the-ten-point-way-to-health-by-shrimant-balasahib-rajah-of-aundh.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=180–181, 205–206}}<ref>S. P. Sen, ''Dictionary of National Biography''; Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta 1972 Vols. 1–4; Institute of Historical Studies, Vol 3, page 307</ref>{{sfn|Alter|2000|p=99}} It has been asserted that Pant Pratinidhi invented it,{{sfn|Alter|2004|p=163}} but Pant stated that it was already a commonplace [[Marathi people|Marathi]] tradition.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=124}} Sunila Kale and Christian Novetzke argue that Pant Pratinidhi saw Surya Namaskar as a form not of [[haṭha yoga]], but of the wider psychophysical yoga tradition.{{sfn|Kale|Novetzke|2025|pp=132–138}}

Ancient but simpler Sun salutations such as [[Aditya Hridayam]], described in the "Yuddha Kaanda" Canto 107 of the ''[[Ramayana]]'',<ref name="Puranic Origins">{{cite web|author=Murugan, Chillayah |website=The Milli Gazette-Indian Muslim Newspaper |title=Surya Namaskara — Puranic origins of Valmiki Ramayana in the Mumbai Court order on Surya Namaskar for Interfaith discrimination and curtailment of fundamental rights |date=13 October 2016 |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14834-mumbai-order-on-surya-namaskar-interfaith-discrimination-and-curtailment-of-fundamental-rights |access-date=13 Oct 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://sanskrit.safire.com/pdf/ADITYA_TRANS.PDF sanskrit.safire.com, Aditya Hrudayam with English translation]</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/ry502.htm Translation of Ramayana by Griffith]</ref> are not related to the modern sequence.{{sfn|Mujumdar|1950}} The anthropologist [[Joseph Alter]] states that the Sun Salutation was not recorded in any [[Hatha yoga|Haṭha yoga]] text before the 19th century.{{sfn|Alter|2004|p=23}} At that time, the Sun Salutation was not considered to be yoga, and its postures were not considered asanas; the pioneer of [[yoga as exercise]], [[Yogendra]], wrote criticising the "indiscriminate" mixing of sun salutation with yoga as the "ill-informed" were doing.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=180–181, 205–206}}

[[File:Vishnu-devananda's_Soorya_Namaskar_positions_5_to_8.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Elliott Goldberg]] called [[Vishnudevananda]]'s 1960 sequence (positions 5 to 8 shown) in his ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'' a "new utilitarian conception of Surya Namaskara", in which he rejected his guru [[Sivananda]]'s view of it as a health cure.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=329–331}}]]

The yoga [[Scholar practitioner|scholar-practitioner]] [[Norman Sjoman]] suggested that [[Krishnamacharya]], "the father of modern yoga",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=A. G. |author1-link=A. G. Mohan |last2=Mohan |first2=Ganesh |title=Memories of a Master |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=29 November 2009 |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2590}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Diane |title=The YJ Interview: Partners in Peace |website=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=9 August 2010 |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2605}}</ref> used the traditional and "very old"{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=54}} [[Indian wrestling|Indian wrestlers]]' exercises called ''dandas'' (Sanskrit: दण्ड ''daṇḍa'', a staff), described in the 1896 ''Vyayama Dipika'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=S. |title=Vyayama Dipika {{!}} Elements of Gymnastic Exercises, Indian System |date=1896 |publisher=Caxton Press |location=Bangalore |pages=Chapter 2}}</ref> as the basis for the sequence and for his transitioning [[vinyasa]]s.{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=54}} Different ''dandas'' closely resemble the Sun Salutation asanas [[Tadasana]], [[Padahastasana]], [[Caturanga Dandasana]], and [[Bhujangasana]].{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=54}} Krishnamacharya was aware of the Sun Salutation, since regular classes were held in the hall adjacent to his Yogasala in the Rajah of Mysore's palace.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=175-210}} The yoga scholar [[Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)|Mark Singleton]] states that "Krishnamacharya was to make the flowing movements of ''sūryanamaskār'' the basis of his [[Mysore style|Mysore yoga style]]".{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=180}} Krishnamacharya's students, [[K. Pattabhi Jois]],<ref name="Donahaye 2010">{{cite book |last=Donahaye |first=Guy |title=Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K Pattabhi Jois Through The Eyes of His Students |year=2010 |publisher=D&M Publishers | location=USA |isbn=978-0-86547-749-0 }}</ref> who created [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga]],{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|pp=213-219}} and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], who created [[Iyengar Yoga]], both learned Sun Salutation and flowing [[vinyasa]] movements between asanas from Krishnamacharya and used them in their styles of yoga.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=175-210}}

The historian of modern yoga [[Elliott Goldberg]] writes that [[Vishnudevananda]]'s 1960 book ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'' "proclaimed in print" a "new utilitarian conception of Surya Namaskara"{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=329–331}}{{sfn|Vishnudevananda|1988}} which his guru [[Sivananda]] had originally promoted as a health cure through sunlight. Goldberg notes that Vishnudevananda modelled the positions of the Sun Salutation for photographs in the book, and that he recognised the sequence "for what it mainly is: not [[Yoga for therapeutic purposes|treatment for a host of diseases]] but fitness exercise."{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=329–331}}

== Description ==

[[File:Surya Namaskar.jpg|thumb|Sun Salutation at a public yoga event in [[Katni]], India]]

=== Iyengar yoga ===

The Sun Salutation is a sequence of around twelve [[yoga as exercise|yoga]] asanas connected by jumping or stretching movements, varying somewhat between schools. In Iyengar Yoga, the basic sequence is [[Tadasana]], [[Urdhva Hastasana]], [[Uttanasana]], Uttanasana with head up, [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]] (Downward Dog), [[Urdhva Mukha Svanasana]] (Upward Dog), [[Chaturanga Dandasana]], and then reversing the sequence to return to Tadasana; other poses can be inserted into the sequence.{{sfn|Mehta|Mehta|Mehta|1990|pp=146–147}}

=== Sivananda yoga ===

In [[Sivananda yoga]], the Sun Salutation sequence differs slightly from the Iyengar sequence (poses marked in italics): Tadasana, Urdhva Hastasana, Uttanasana, ''Anjaneyasana'' (low lunge), ''Phalakasana'' (high plank), Chaturanga Dandasana, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, and then reversing the sequence to return to Tadasana.{{sfn|Lidell|1983|pp=34–35}}

=== Ashtanga yoga ===

The founder of [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], [[K. Pattabhi Jois]], stated that "There is no Ashtanga yoga without Surya Namaskara, which is the ultimate salutation to the Sun god."<ref>{{cite web |title=Surya Namaskar in the words of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois |url=https://empowerpeace.typepad.com/empowerpeace/2010/07/surya-namaskar-in-the-words-of-sri-k-pattabhi-jois.html |website=Discover the Purpose |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> The school has two traditional Sun Salutation sequences, types A and B.<ref name="Hughes A vs B"/>

* The type A sequence of asanas is Pranamasana, [[Urdhva Hastasana]], Uttanasana, [[Phalakasana]] (high plank), Chaturanga Dandasana, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, Uttanasana and back to Pranamasana.<ref name="Hughes A vs B">{{cite web |last=Hughes |first=Aimee |title=Sun Salutation A Versus Sun Salutation B: The Difference You Should Know |url=https://www.yogapedia.com/sun-salutation-a-versus-sun-salutation-b-the-difference-you-should-know/2/11269 |website=Yogapedia}}</ref>
* The type B sequence of asanas (differences marked in italics) is Pranamasana, ''[[Utkatasana]]'', Uttanasana, ''[[Ardha Uttanasana]]'', Phalakasana, Chaturanga Dandasana, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, ''[[Virabhadrasana]] I'', repeat from Phalakasana onwards with Virabhadrasana I on the other side, then repeat Phalakasana through to Adho Mukha Svanasana (a third time), Ardha Uttanasana, Uttanasana, Utkatasana, and back to Pranamasana.<ref name="Hughes A vs B"/>

A newer variant, type C, incorporates Ashtanga Namaskara with a mix of the other two types.<ref>{{cite web |last=McBroom |first=Tory |title=How to Do Sun Salutation C Sequence in Yoga (Surya Namaskara C) |url=https://yogaanswered.com/how-to-do-sun-salutation-c-sequence-in-yoga |website=Yoga Answered |date=23 May 2022 |quote=Traditional Ashtanga practice recognizes two forms of Sun Salutations – Surya Namaskara A and Surya Namaskara B. However, as the Sun Salutation sequence grew more popular within other styles of yoga, it evolved to have more variations. Surya Namaskara C incorporates some of the elements of Sun Salutations A and B while bringing new poses into the mix.}}</ref>

=== A sequence with Ashtanga Namaskara ===

{{further|Ashtanga Namaskara}}

[[File:Surya Namaskar sculpture at IGIA T3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sculpture of the 12 [[asana]]s of the form of the Sun Salutation incorporating [[Ashtanga Namaskara]] in place of [[Caturanga Dandasana]] in [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi Airport, Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news |work=Indian Express |date=4 September 2010 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/destination-delhi/677151 |title=Destination Delhi}}</ref> (figures sculpted by Nikhil Bhandari)]]

In some traditions, including Pratinidhi's,{{sfn|Pratinidhi|1938|p=51}} Ashtanga Namaskara (Knees, Chest, Chin pose) is substituted for Chaturanga Dandasana. A Sun Salutation cycle incorporating this pose is:

{|
|-
|  || [[File:1Pranamasana.JPG|75px]] 1: [[Pranamasana]] || [[File:2Urdva Hastasana.JPG|75px]] 2: [[Hasta Uttanasana]] || [[File:3Uttanasana.JPG|85px]] 3. [[Uttanasana]] || 
|-
| [[File:1Pranamasana.JPG|75px]] 12: Back to 1 ||  ||  ||  || [[File:4godhapitham (l‘iguane).JPG|100px]] 4. [[Anjaneyasana]]
|-
| [[File:2Urdva Hastasana.JPG|75px]] 11. Hasta Uttanasana ||  || ||  || [[File:5adho mukha shvanasana.JPG|100px]] 5. [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]]
|-
| [[File:3Uttanasana.JPG|75px]] 10. Uttanasana ||  ||  ||  || [[File:6Ashtanga Namaskara.JPG|100px]] 6. [[Ashtanga Namaskara]]
|-
|  || [[File:4godhapitham (l‘iguane).JPG|100px]] 9. Anjaneyasana, opposite foot || [[File:5adho mukha shvanasana.JPG|100px]] 8. Adho Mukha Svanasana || [[File:7urdhva mukha shvanasana.JPG|100px]] 7.[[Urdhva Mukha Shvanasana|Urdhva Mukha Shvanasana]] || 
|}

== Mantras ==

In some yoga traditions, each step of the sequence is associated with a [[mantra]]. In traditions including [[Sivananda Yoga]], the steps are linked with twelve names of the deity Surya, the Sun:<ref name="DLS 2011">{{cite web |title=Surya Namaskara |url=http://sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=1233 |website=[[Divine Life Society]] |access-date=19 July 2019 |date=2011}}</ref>

[[File:ACM-Surya-Pala dynasty-03670.jpg|thumb|upright|Some yoga traditions use a [[mantra]] with a name of the Sun god [[Surya]] for each step of Surya Namaskar.<ref name="DLS 2011"/> 12th century [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] sculpture of Surya pictured.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Step ([[Asana]]) !! [[Mantra]] (name of [[Surya]])<ref name="DLS 2011"/> !! Translation: [[Om]], greetings to the one who ...<ref name="DLS 2011"/>
|-
| [[Tadasana]] || ॐ मित्राय नमः Oṃ Mitrāya Namaḥ || is affectionate to all
|-
| [[Urdhva Hastasana]] || ॐ रवये नमः Oṃ Ravaye Namaḥ || is the cause of all changes
|-
| [[Uttanasana]] || ॐ सूर्याय नमः Oṃ Sūryāya Namaḥ || induces all activity
|-
| [[Anjaneyasana]] || ॐ भानवे नमः Oṃ Bhānave Namaḥ || diffuses light
|-
| [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]] || ॐ खगाय नमः Oṃ Khagāya Namaḥ || moves in the sky
|-
| [[Ashtanga Namaskara]] || ॐ पूष्णे नमः Oṃ Pūṣṇe Namaḥ || nourishes all
|-
| [[Bhujangasana]] || ॐ हिरण्यगर्भाय नमः Oṃ Hiraṇya Garbhāya Namaḥ || contains the golden rays
|-
| [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]] || ॐ मरीचये नमः Oṃ Marīcaye Namaḥ || possesses raga
|-
| [[Anjaneyasana]] || ॐ आदित्याय नमः Oṃ Ādityāya Namaḥ || is son of [[Aditi]]
|-
| [[Uttanasana]] || ॐ सवित्रे नमः Oṃ Savitre Namaḥ|| produces everything
|-
| [[Urdhva Hastasana]] || ॐ अर्काय नमः Oṃ Arkāya Namaḥ || is fit to be worshipped
|-
| [[Tadasana]] || ॐ भास्कराय नमः Oṃ Bhāskarāya Namaḥ || is the cause of lustre
|}

Indian tradition associates the steps with six [[Bīja]] ("seed" sound) mantras and with five [[chakra]]s (focal points of the [[subtle body]]).<ref name="Omar 2016"/><ref name="Hardowar 2018">{{cite web |last1=Hardowar |first1=Radha |title=Surya Namaskar |url=http://shrisuryanarayanmandir.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/SURYA-NAMASKAR.pdf |publisher=Shri Surya Narayan Mandir |date=June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:5 Chakras map named.svg|thumb|An Indian tradition links the steps with five [[chakra]]s,<ref name="Omar 2016"/> pictured. ]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Step ([[Asana]]) !! [[Bīja]] mantra<ref name="Hardowar 2018"/><ref name="Omar 2016">{{cite web |last1=Omar |first1=Shazia |title=Sonic salutations to the sun |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/kundalini-rising/sonic-salutations-the-sun-1335877 |publisher=Daily Star |date=27 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|The Bījā mantras are sounds, not translatable words.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodroffe |first1=Sir John |author-link1=John Woodroffe |title=ŚAKTI AND ŚĀKTA ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES ON THE ŚĀKTA TANTRAŚĀSTRA |date=2009 |orig-year=1919 |publisher=Celephaïs Press |page=456 |edition=3rd |url=https://epdf.pub/sakti-and-sakta.html |quote=ŚAKTI AS MANTRA intoned in the proper way, according to both sound (Varṇ a) and rhythm (Svara). For these reasons, a Mantra when translated ceases to be such, and becomes a mere word or sentence. By Mantra, the sought-for (Sādhya) Devatb appears, and by Siddhi therein it had vision of the three worlds. As the Mantra is in fact Devatā, by practice thereof this is known. Not merely do the rhythmical vibrations of its sounds regulate the unsteady vibrations of the sheaths of the worshipper, but therefrom the image of the Devatā, appears. As the Bṛ had-Gandharva Tantra says (Ch. V):— Śrinu devi pravakṣ yāmi bījānām deva-rūpatām Mantroccāranamātrena deva-rūpam prajāyate.}}</ref>}} !! [[Chakra]]<ref name="Hardowar 2018"/> !! Breathing
|-
| [[Tadasana]] || ॐ ह्रां Oṃ Hrāṁ || [[Anahata]] || [[Exhalation|exhale]]
|-
| [[Urdhva Hastasana]] || ॐ ह्रीं Oṃ Hrīṁ || [[Vishuddhi]] || [[Inhalation|inhale]]
|-
| [[Uttanasana]] || ॐ ह्रूं Oṃ Hrūṁ || [[Swadhisthana|Svadhisthana]] || exhale
|-
| [[Ashwa Sanchalanasana]] || ॐ ह्रैं Oṃ Hraiṁ || [[Ajna]] || inhale
|-
| [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]] || ॐ ह्रौं Om Hrauṁ || [[Vishuddhi]] || exhale
|-
| [[Ashtanga Namaskara]] || ॐ ह्रः Oṃ Hraḥ || [[Manipura]] || suspend
|-
| [[Bhujangasana]] || ॐ ह्रां Oṃ Hrāṁ || [[Swadhisthana|Svadhisthana]] || inhale
|-
| [[Adho Mukha Svanasana]] || ॐ ह्रीं Oṃ Hrīṁ || [[Vishuddhi]] || exhale
|-
| [[Ashwa Sanchalanasana]] || ॐ ह्रूं Oṃ Hrūṁ || [[Ajna]] || inhale
|-
| [[Uttanasana]] || ॐ ह्रैं Oṃ Hraiṁ || [[Swadhisthana|Svadhisthana]] || exhale
|-
| [[Urdhva Hastasana]] || ॐ ह्रौं Oṃ Hrauṁ|| [[Vishuddhi]] || inhale
|-
| [[Tadasana]] || ॐ ह्रः Oṃ Hraḥ || [[Anahata]] || exhale
|}

== Variations ==

=== Inserting other asanas ===

{{see also|Vinyasa}}

Many variations are possible. For example, in Iyengar Yoga the sequence may intentionally be varied to run Tadasana, Urdhva Hastasana, Uttanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, [[Lolasana]], [[Janusirsasana]] (one side, then the other), and reversing the sequence from Adho Mukha Svanasana to return to Tadasana. Other asanas that may be inserted into the sequence include [[Navasana]] (or Ardha Navasana), [[Paschimottanasana]] and its variations, and [[Marichyasana|Marichyasana I]].{{sfn|Mehta|Mehta|Mehta|1990|pp=146–147}}

=== Chandra Namaskar ===

Variant sequences named Chandra Namaskar, the Moon Salutation, are sometimes practised; these were created late in the 20th century.<ref name="Ferretti YJ 2012">{{cite web |last1=Ferretti |first1=Andrea |last2=Rea |first2=Shiva |author2-link=Shiva Rea |title=Soothing Moon Shine: Chandra Namaskar |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/moon-shine |website=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=1 March 2012}}</ref> One such sequence consists of the asanas Tadasana, Urdhva Hastasana, [[Anjaneyasana]] (sometimes called Half Moon Pose), a kneeling lunge, Adho Mukha Svanasana, [[Bitilasana]], [[Balasana]], kneeling with thighs, body, and arms pointing straight up, Balasana with elbows on ground, hands together in [[Anjali Mudra]] behind the head, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, Uttanasana, Urdhva Hastasana, Pranamasana, and Tadasana.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mirsky |first=Karina |title=A Meditative Moon Salutation |url=https://yogainternational.com/article/view/a-meditative-moon-salutation |website=Yoga International |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> Other Moon Salutations with different asanas have been published.<ref name="Ferretti YJ 2012"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Supriya |title=Moon Salutations |url=https://www.yogauonline.com/yoga-practice-tips-and-inspiration/moon-salutations-cultivating-lunar-nectar-and-tapping-your-softer |publisher=Yoga U |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tomlinson |first=Kirsty |title=Moon Salutation sequence |url=https://www.ekhartyoga.com/articles/practice/moon-salutation-sequence |website=Ekhart Yoga |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Effects ==

[[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 627074 - Surya Namaskar.jpeg|thumb|right|Commemorative sheet of [[India Post]] stamps, 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रधानमंत्री मोदी ने 'सूर्य नमस्कार' पर स्मारक डाक टिकटों को किया जारी |trans-title=PM Modi releases commemorative postage stamps on 'Surya Namaskar'|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/news/pm-modi-releases-commemorative-postage-stamps-on-surya-namaskar/videoshow/52832861.cms |access-date=6 November 2025 |agency=Navbharat Times |date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi releases postage stamps on 'Surya Namaskar' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/pm-narendra-modi-releases-postage-stamps-on--surya-namaskar--17354174 |access-date=6 November 2025 |agency=Mid Day |date=20 June 2016}}</ref>]]

=== Energy cost ===

The energy cost of exercise is measured in units of [[metabolic equivalent of task]] (MET). Less than 3 METs counts as light exercise; 3 to 6 METs is moderate exercise; 6 or over is vigorous exercise. [[American College of Sports Medicine]] and [[American Heart Association]] guidelines count periods of at least 10 minutes of moderate MET level activity towards their recommended daily amounts of exercise.<ref name="Larson-Meyer 2016">{{cite journal |last=Larson-Meyer |first=D. Enette |title=A Systematic Review of the Energy Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Yoga |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |volume=48 |issue=8 |year=2016 |pages=1558–1569 |issn=0195-9131 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0000000000000922 |pmid=27433961 }} The review examined 17 studies, of which 10 measured the energy cost of yoga sessions.</ref><ref name="Haskell 2007">{{cite journal |last=Haskell |first=William L. |title=Physical Activity and Public Health |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=9 |year=2007 |pages=1081–1093 |issn=0009-7322 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649 |pmid=17671237 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> For healthy adults aged 18 to 65, the guidelines recommend moderate exercise for 30 minutes five days a week, or vigorous [[aerobic exercise]] for 20 minutes three days a week.<ref name="Haskell 2007"/>

The Sun Salutation's energy cost ranges widely according to how energetically it is practised, from a light 2.9 to a vigorous 7.4 METs. The higher end of the range requires transition jumps between the poses.{{efn|Haskell, curious about the wide range of METs in Sun Salutation, repeated the study (Mody) which gave the highest value; using "[[Vinyāsa|transition jumps]], and full [[Push-up|pushups]]", he obtained "agreement" with 6.4 METs.<ref name="Haskell 2007"/>}}<ref name="Larson-Meyer 2016"/> Practitioners accustomed to this can find performing the sequence an "exhilarating process".<ref name="Mitchell 2003"/>

=== Muscle usage ===

A 2014 study indicated that the muscle groups activated by specific asanas varied with the skill of the practitioners, from beginner to instructor. The eleven asanas in the Sun Salutation sequences A and B of [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]] were performed by beginners, advanced practitioners and instructors. The activation of 14 groups of muscles was measured with electrodes on the skin over the muscles. Among the findings, beginners used [[pectoral muscle]]s more than instructors, whereas instructors used [[deltoid muscle]]s more than other practitioners, as well as the [[vastus medialis]] (which stabilises the knee). The yoga instructor Grace Bullock writes that such patterns of activation suggest that asana practice increases awareness of the body and the patterns in which muscles are engaged, making exercise more beneficial and safer.<ref name="NiMooney2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ni |first1=Meng |last2=Mooney |first2=Kiersten |last3=Balachandran |first3=Anoop |last4=Richards |first4=Luca |last5=Harriell |first5=Kysha |last6=Signorile |first6=Joseph F. |title=Muscle utilization patterns vary by skill levels of the practitioners across specific yoga poses (asanas) |journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2014 |pages=662–669 |issn=0965-2299 |doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2014.06.006|pmid=25146071 }}</ref><ref name="Bullock 2016">{{cite web |last1=Bullock |first1=B. Grace |title=Which Muscles Are You Using in Your Yoga Practice? A New Study Provides the Answers |url=https://www.yogauonline.com/yoga-anatomy/which-muscles-are-you-using-your-yoga-practice-new-study-provides-answers |website=Yoga U |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Burpee (exercise)]]
* [[Hindu push-up]]
* [[Solar deity#Hinduism|Sun worship in Hinduism]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |author-link=Joseph S. Alter |title=Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-812-23556-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Alter |title=Yoga in modern India : the body between science and philosophy |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-11874-1 |oclc=53483558 |author-mask={{long dash}}|title-link=Yoga in Modern India }}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg |title=The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice |publisher=Inner Traditions |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |oclc=926062252 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kale |first1=Sunila S. |last2=Novetzke |first2=Christian Lee |title=The Yoga of power: Yoga as political thought and practice in India |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=2025 |isbn=978-0-231-54946-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Lidell |first=Lucy; The Sivananda Yoga Centre |title=The Book of Yoga: the complete step-by-step guide |publisher=Ebury |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85223-297-2 |oclc=12457963 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofyoga0000lide }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Silva |last2=Mehta |first2=Mira |author2-link=Mira Mehta |last3=Mehta |first3=Shyam |date=1990 |title=[[Yoga: The Iyengar Way]] |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-86318-420-8 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Mujumdar |editor-first=Dattatraya Chintaman |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture: A Comprehensive Survey of the Physical Education in India, Profusely Illustrating Various Activities of Physical Culture, Games, Exercises, Etc., as Handed Over to Us from Our Fore-fathers and Practised in India |publisher=Good Companions |year=1950 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pratinidhi |first=Pant |author1-link=Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi |title=The Ten-Point Way to Health=Surya Namaskars... Edited with an introduction by Louise Morgan |date=1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.3650thetenpointwaytohealth |orig-year=1929 |publisher=[[J. M. Dent]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ramaswami |first1=Srivatsa |author-link=Srivatsa Ramaswami |title=The Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-56924-402-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofvi00rama }}
* {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |title-link=Yoga Body |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974598-2 |pages=180–181, 205–206 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=Norman E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1996 |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |title-link=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace }}
* {{cite book |author=Vishnudevananda |author-link=Swami Vishnudevananda |title=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga |publisher=Three Rivers Press/Random House |location=New York |year=1988 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=0-517-88431-3 |oclc=32442598 |title-link=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga }}

== External links ==

{{commons category|Surya Namaskar}}

* [http://postagestamps.gov.in/NewsPage.aspx?uid=107 Dep't of Posts, Gov't of India releases stamps on Surya Namaskara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203003/http://postagestamps.gov.in/NewsPage.aspx?uid=107 |date=25 December 2017 }} on [[International Yoga Day]] 2016.

{{good article}}
{{Asana}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Yoga}}

[[Category:Surya Namaskar| ]]
[[Category:Yoga series]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Gestures of respect]]
[[Category:Yoga as exercise]]

Kadappakada

2026-03-19T02:26:43Z

SherleneGirardi: slightly expanded information based on references additionally

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadappakada
| other_name = Kadappakkada
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Kadappakada Junction.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kadappakkada Junction, [[Kollam]]
| pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kollam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.892283|N|76.603591|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691008
| registration_plate = KL-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|34|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|22|°C|°F}}
| website = http://www.kollam.nic.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kadappakada''' or '''Kadappakkada''' is a neighbourhood and important junction in the [[Kollam|city of Kollam]], in the [[Kerala|state of Kerala]], [[India]]. [[National Highway 208 (India)|NH 744 (Earlier NH 208)]], that connects [[Kollam]] with [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]] meets the [[Asramam Link Road]] at Kadappakada junction. Usually the authorities divert the traffic in National Highways through the Link road, if required.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Its-traffic-nightmare-in-Kollam-as-underpass-work-resumes/articleshow/35133911.cms] It's traffic nightmare in Kollam as underpass work resumes</ref>

== Proposals for facilities improvement ==

* As it is a major part of the city, the National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) has conducted a feasibility study on constructing a flyover or underpass at the Kadappakada junction in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/natpac-to-hold-feasibility-study/article3597005.ece |title=Natpac to hold feasibility study |location=Kollam |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
* The Government of Kerala conducted an investment conference, ''Partner Kerala'' in [[Kochi]] in February 2014 where the Kollam Development Authority (KDA) submitted a proposal for Kadappakada junction improvement.<ref>[http://www.partnerkerala.com/projects/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183124/http://www.partnerkerala.com/projects/|date=6 November 2018}} Partner Kerala Meet</ref>
* As part of [[Government of India|central government]]'s "Urban 2020 project", approval has been given for the construction of a {{convert|14|m}} wide two-lane flyover at a cost of Rs. 100 crore at Kadappakada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/approval-for-kadappakada-flyover/article6927565.ece |title=Approval for Kadappakada flyover - The Hindu |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

== Public/Private institutions near Kadappakada ==
* [[State Bank of Travancore|SBT]] Zonal Office
* Hotel Sea Pearl
* Nandilath G-mart, Kollam
* [[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot]] Mini Theatres DHANYA & REMYA
* Sankar's Institute of Medical Science(SIMS)
* Malayala Manorama
* Sports Club
* Janayugom Press
* The Central Park Hotel
* Nair's Hospital

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Volkswagen Service Centre, Kollam.jpg|Volkswagen Service Centre near Kadappakada
File:British Residency in Kollam.jpg|An old snap of [[British Residency]] in [[Kollam]]
File:View of Asramam Maidan, Kollam.jpg|[[Asramam Maidan]] near Kadappakada
File:British Residency in Asramam, Kollam.jpg|[[British Residency]]
File:Kadappakada Junction, Kollam.jpg|Kadappakada Junction
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Kollam]]
* [[Kollam Junction railway station]]
* [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station]]
* [[Kollam district]]
* [[Kollam Port]]
* [[Kollam Beach]]
* [[Kollam pooram|Kollam Pooram]]
* [[Chinnakada]]
* [[Asramam Maidan]]

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kollam]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay

2026-03-14T20:34:00Z

SherleneGirardi: stub!

{{Short description|Indian theatre actor (1941–2025)}}
{{tone|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|04|03}}
| birth_place = [[Balurghat]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|03|17|1941|04|03}}
| death_place =
| height =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|theatre director|organiser|professor}}
| yearsactive =
| website =
| spouse =
| children = 3
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2007) [[Padma Shri]] (2026; posthumous)
}}
'''Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay''' (3 April 1941 – 17 March 2025)<ref name="eis">{{Cite web | title = Prayat bishishta natyabyaktitva Harimadhab Mukhopadhyay | url = https://eisamay.com/entertainment/famous-play-writer-hari-madhab-mukherjee-from-balurghat-passed-away-in-kolkata-hospital/200356702.cms | access-date = 18 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="ubs">{{Cite web | title = Prayat holen Uttar Banger swatantra natyabhashar dharak o bahak Harimadhab Mukhopadhyay | url = https://uttarbangasambad.com/harimadhav-mukherjee-the-bearer-and-bearer-of-north-bengals-independent-theatrical-language-passes-away/ | access-date = 18 March 2025}}</ref> was a distinguished theatre personality from [[Balurghat]], [[West Bengal]], India. He was an actor, playwright, theatre director, organiser, and by profession a professor. He was the founder of the Balurghat-based theatre group ''Tritirtha''.<ref name="Jiyobangla">{{Cite web | title = Jiboner Alekhya | url = https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/harimadhab-mukherjee | access-date = 5 April 2024}}</ref>

In addition to receiving the Best Actor and Best Producer awards from the [[Paschimbanga Natya Akademi|West Bengal Natya Akademi]], he was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2007 for his work as a theatre director.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web | title = Harimadhab Mukhopadhyay | url = https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Hari_Madhab_Mukhopadhyay.pdf | access-date = 6 April 2024}}</ref> In 2026, he was posthumously honoured with the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Balurghat]], in present-day [[South Dinajpur district]] of [[West Bengal]], then part of [[British India]]. His father was Nilkantha Mukhopadhyay. From an early age, he developed a deep attraction towards theatre. In 1956, he formed a theatre group named ''Taruntirtha'' in Balurghat.

After completing school, he moved to Kolkata for college education and regularly attended theatre performances across the city during his student years. He received training in theatre under directors Jagmohan Majumdar and [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]], among others.<ref name="SNA"/> He remained associated with the Howrah-based theatre group 'Natnatyam' for three years.<ref name="Jiyobangla"/>

During this period, he earned a postgraduate degree in commerce from the [[University of Calcutta]]. Drawn back by his commitment to theatre, he returned to Balurghat and joined [[Balurghat College]] as a professor in 1967.

==Theatrical career==
Due to his deep love for theatre, he remained actively involved in both professional and amateur theatre alongside his academic career. In 1969, he founded the theatre group ''Tritirtha'' in Balurghat. Up to 2008, a total of 58 plays were staged under his production and direction, including ''Tin Bigyani'', ''Jal'', ''Galileo'' and ''Debangshi''.

As a fully dedicated theatre practitioner, he worked not only as an actor and director, but also took on responsibilities such as narrator, composer, lighting designer, costume designer, and set designer. He is regarded as the guiding force behind the “theatre movement” of Balurghat.<ref name="Jiyobangla"/>

Altogether, he wrote nearly sixty plays, including short plays, one-act plays, and full-length productions. His last acting performance was in 2017 in the [[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi-language]] production of ''Raktakarabi''. His final directorial work was ''Banduk'' in 2018. Although his thoughts on theatre remained vibrant, declining health prevented further active involvement. He spent his retirement maintaining close contact with his colleagues from ''Tritirtha''.<ref name="bp">{{Cite web | title = Mon bhalo nei, natok likhchhen na Harimadhab | url = https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=359346&nPID=20220401 | access-date = 5 April 2024 | archive-date = 22 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241222042502/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=359346&nPID=20220401 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Plays written===
Among several others, these are the plays he wrote.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
!Notes
|-
| ''Dosh Putul''
|one of his first two plays; based on a story by [[Agatha Christie]]
|-
|Bahvarambha
|one of his first two plays; based on a story by [[Anton Chekhov]]
|-
| ''Shishupal''
|
|-
| ''Aniket''
|
|-
| ''Bichhan''
|
|-
| ''Kharij''
|
|-
| ''Matritantrik''
|
|-
| ''Nikat Ganga''
|
|-
| ''Debangshi''
|1983
|-
| ''Khīrer Putul''
|
|-
| ''Chouryagatha''
|
|}

===Plays directed and performed===
Among several others, these are the plays directed and performed by him.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Notes
|-
| ''Pap o Papi'' ||
|-
| ''Akkel Selami'' ||
|-
| ''Bondi Bir'' ||
|-
| ''Chhera Kagojer Jhuri'' ||
|-
| ''Pakhir Basa'' ||
|-
| ''Natyakarer Sandhane Chhoti Charitra'' ||
|-
| ''Rajanigandha'' ||
|-
| ''Char Prahar'' ||
|-
| ''Chhayanayika'' ||
|-
| ''Putul Khela'' ||
|-
| ''Brishti Brishti'' ||
|-
| ''Bishay June'' ||
|-
| ''Chhutir Khela'' ||
|-
| ''Tin Bigyani'' ||
|-
| ''Jal'' || 1980
|-
| ''Bichhan'' || 1985 (Hindi play)
|-
| ''Chirakumar Sabha'' ||
|-
| ''Debigirjan'' ||
|-
| ''Mantrashakti'' ||
|}

==Awards and honours==
* In 1977, he received the ''Dishari'' Award for producing and directing ''Debigirjan'' by [[Bijon Bhattacharya]];
* The Government of West Bengal's Department of Information and Cultural Affairs awarded his play ''Debangshi'' as Best Production;
* In 2007, he was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for theatre direction by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]];
* In 2019, [[Raiganj University]] conferred upon him an honorary D.Litt. degree;
* In 2026, he was posthumously honoured with the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|language=bn|title=Moronottor Padmashrite sommanito natyo byaktitva Harimadhab Mukhopadhyay, abege bhashchhe Balurghat|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/actor-hari-madhav-mukherjee-awarded-in-padmashree-posthumous-balurghat-overjoiyed/pid/1120947/|access-date=26 January 2026|website=sangbadpratidin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards – Awardees|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PadmaAwards/padmaawardees|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250722125213/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PadmaAwards/padmaawardees|archive-date=22 July 2025|access-date=26 January 2026|website=Padma Awards}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Balurghat]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Kanaka Raju

2026-03-14T17:19:34Z

SherleneGirardi: created!

{{Short description|Indian Gussadi dancer (1940/1941–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanaka Raju
| image = Gussadi Kanakaraju.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Kanaka Raju wearing traditional clothing and a turban, looking directly at camera
| caption = Raju in 2021
| birth_date = 1940/1941
| birth_place = Marlavai, [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|10|25|83}}
| death_place = Marlavai, [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]], Telangana, India
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = [[Gussadi]] dancer
| employer =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], 2021
}}

'''Kanaka Raju''' (1940/1941 – 25 October 2024) was an Indian [[Gussadi dance]]r. In 2021, he received the [[Padma Shri]] award from the Indian government for his contribution to the arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |first=Ch Sushil |last=Rao|title=Kanakaraju: Telangana: Padma Shri winner Kanaka Raju is now chief dance master for tribal folk art school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-padma-shri-winner-kanaka-raju-is-now-chief-dance-master-for-tribal-folk-art-school/articleshow/90663668.cms |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Telangana's Padma Shri awardee can barely eke out a living as a cook |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganas-padma-shri-awardee-can-barely-eke-out-a-living-as-a-cook-101611650182113.html |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Background==
Raju was from Marlavai village, [[Jainoor]], in Komaram Bheem Asifabad district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2021 |title=Meet Padma Shri winner Kanaka Raju who preserves the Gusadi dance tradition |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-padma-shri-winner-kanaka-raju-who-preserves-gusadi-dance-tradition-143850 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> He died on 25 October 2024, at the age of 83.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/gussadi-maestro-kanaka-raju-passes-away-at-83-1833125 Gussadi maestro Kanaka Raju passes away at 83]</ref>

==Career==
Raju has been teaching [[Gussadi dance]] for more than forty years. In 1981, he performed in the Republic Day parade.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shrifor Telangana artiste Kanaka Raju – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/telangana/2021/jan/26/padma-shrifor-telangana-artiste-kanaka-raju-2255045.html |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> He was chief dance master of Kanaka Raju School of Gusadi dance.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Raju died due to age-related issues on 25 October 2024, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gussadi dance maestro Kanaka Raju passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/gussadi-dance-maestro-kanaka-raju-passes-away/article68797717.ece |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Gussadi dance exponent Kanaka Raju passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tribute-to-gussadi-dance-legend-kanaka-raju-a-cultural-icon-passes-away/articleshow/114596702.cms |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=25 October 2024}}</ref> He is survived by his wife, eight daughters, and four sons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Funeral of Padma Shri awardee Kanaka Raju held with State honors in Asifabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/funeral-of-padma-shri-awardee-kanaka-raju-held-with-state-honors-in-asifabad |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=Kanaka Raju, a true ambassador of Ghusadi dance form |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kanaka-raju-a-true-ambassador-of-gussadi-dance-form |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Kanaka}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Ban Ki-moon

2026-03-10T14:25:58Z

SherleneGirardi: minor edit

{{Short description|UN Secretary-General from 2007 to 2016}}
{{family name hatnote|Ban||lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ban Ki-moon
| image = File:Ban Ki-moon February 2016.jpg
| caption = Ban in 2016
| office = 8th [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| deputy = {{ubl | [[Asha-Rose Migiro]] | [[Jan Eliasson]] }}
| term_start = 1 January 2007
| term_end = 31 December 2016
| predecessor = [[Kofi Annan]]
| successor = [[António Guterres]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
| president1 = [[Roh Moo-hyun]]
| term_start1 = 17 January 2004
| term_end1 = 1 December 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Yoon Young-kwan]]
| successor1 = [[Song Min-soon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Eumseong County|Insei]], [[Chūseihoku Province]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Yoo Soon-taek|1971}}
| children = 3
| signature = Ban Ki Moon Signature.svg
| education = {{ubl | [[Seoul National University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Public Administration|MPA]]) }}
| module = {{Listen voice|filename=Ban Ki-moon voice.ogg|description=Ban addressing the [[Universal Postal Union]] Recorded 13 April 2015}}
[[File:Ban Ki Moon UN Correspondents Gala 2006.wav|thumb|Ban Ki Moon commenting at a December gala for UN correspondents]]
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|child=yes
|hangul = %반기문
|hanja = 潘基文
|ipa = {{IPA|ko|pan.ɡi.mun|}}
}}
}}
'''Ban Ki-moon''' ({{Korean|hangul=반기문}}; born June 13, 1944) is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general of the United Nations]] between 2007 and 2016. Prior to his appointment as secretary-general, Ban was the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|South Korean minister of foreign affairs and trade]] between 2004 and 2006. Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office of Secretary-General of the United Nations; he began to campaign for the office in February 2006. As the foreign minister of South Korea, he was able to travel to all the countries on the [[United Nations Security Council]], a manoeuvre that subsequently turned him into the campaign's front-runner.

On 13 October 2006, Ban was elected as the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations#List of Secretaries-General|eighth secretary-general]] by the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. On 1 January 2007, he succeeded [[Kofi Annan]]. As secretary-general, he was responsible for several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices around the world. Diplomatically, Ban has taken particularly strong views on [[global warming]], pressing the issue repeatedly with U.S. president [[George W. Bush]], and on the [[Darfur conflict]], where he helped persuade Sudanese president [[Omar al-Bashir]] to allow peacekeeping troops to enter [[Sudan]].<ref name="Guardian1-27">{{Cite news|date = 27 January 2011|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jan/27/ban-ki-moon-un-climate-change-talks|title = Ban Ki-moon ends hands-on involvement in climate change talks|work = [[The Guardian]]|author=[[Suzanne Goldenberg|Goldenberg, Suzanne]]|access-date = 11 December 2016|archive-date = 17 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210917051030/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jan/27/ban-ki-moon-un-climate-change-talks|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="WPost4-17">{{Cite news|date = 17 April 2007|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/16/AR2007041601508.html|title = Sudan To Allow U.N. Force in Darfur|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|author = Lynch, Colum|access-date = 24 August 2017|archive-date = 14 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014071937/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/16/AR2007041601508.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Ban was named the world's 32nd most powerful person by the [[Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People|''Forbes'' list of The World's Most Powerful People]] in 2013, the highest among South Koreans.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Forbes]]|title=Ban Ki-moon|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/lmh45kjle/no-32-ban-ki-moon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102003305/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/lmh45kjle/no-32-ban-ki-moon/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> In 2014, he was named the third most powerful South Korean after [[Lee Kun-hee]] and [[Lee Jae-yong (businessman)|Lee Jae-yong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/#tab:overall|title=The World's Most Powerful People|work=Forbes|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225092237/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/#tab:overall|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' named Ban one of the Top 100 Global Thinkers for his achievement of helping the [[Paris Agreement]] to be ratified and enforced less than a year after it was adopted.<ref name="fpgt2016">{{cite web |title=FP Global Thinkers 2016 |url=https://gt.foreignpolicy.com/2016/profile/ban-ki-moon |work=Foreign Policy |date=12 December 2016 |access-date=9 January 2017 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311000742/https://2016globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/2016/profile/ban-ki-moon?3fa4cfa909= |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[António Guterres]] was [[2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection|appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016]] to be the successor of Ban Ki-moon as he exited on 31 December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55285|title=António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary-General by acclamation|work=UN News Centre|date=13 October 2016|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013151348/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55285|url-status=live}}</ref> He was widely considered to be a potential candidate for the [[2017 South Korean presidential election]],<ref name="Foreign Policy 2016">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/28/with-an-eye-on-south-koreas-presidency-ban-ki-moon-seeks-to-burnish-his-u-n-legacy/|title=With an Eye on South Korea's Presidency, Ban Ki-moon Seeks to Burnish his U.N. Legacy|website=Foreign Policy|date=28 December 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917092808/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/28/with-an-eye-on-south-koreas-presidency-ban-ki-moon-seeks-to-burnish-his-u-n-legacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> before announcing, on 1 February, that he would not be running.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/former-u-n-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-drops-out-of-south-korean-presidential-race-1485931698|title=Ban Ki-moon Drops Out of South Korean Presidential Race|last=Cheng|first=Jonathan|date=1 February 2017|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125014920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/former-u-n-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-drops-out-of-south-korean-presidential-race-1485931698|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 September 2017, Ban was elected chair of the [[International Olympic Committee]]'s Ethics Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-elects-former-united-nations-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-to-head-its-ethics-commission|title = IOC elects former United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to head its Ethics Commission|date = 29 April 2021|access-date = 12 October 2017|archive-date = 5 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305044957/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-elects-former-united-nations-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-to-head-its-ethics-commission|url-status = live}}</ref> Also in 2017, Ban co-founded the nonprofit Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens. He also currently serves as the Distinguished Chair Professor at [[Yonsei University]]'s Institute for Global Engagement and Empowerment.<ref name="BKM Yonsei">{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3034398|title=Ban Ki-Moon to begin his tenure at Yonsei|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=8 June 2017|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806201450/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3034398|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2018, Ban was unanimously elected as the president of the Assembly and chair of the council by all members of the Assembly and council, respectively, the two governance organs of the [[Global Green Growth Institute]] (GGGI), a treaty-based international, inter-governmental organization dedicated to supporting and promoting environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies. Since Ban's election as the president and chair, GGGI's list of member states has expanded from 27 to 48 member countries and regional integration organizations. On 16 October 2018, the Global Commission on Adaptation was launched with Ban as co-chair, together with [[Bill Gates]] and [[Kristalina Georgieva]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The U.N.'s Climate Report Shows How Badly Wrong Leaders Like Trump Have Got Climate Change|url=https://time.com/5416793/climate-change-ban-ki-moon-trump/|access-date=18 August 2021|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818113807/https://time.com/5416793/climate-change-ban-ki-moon-trump/|url-status=live}}</ref> The commission's mandate to accelerate adaptation by elevating the political visibility of adaptation and focusing on concrete solutions came to an end following its Year of Action in 2020, with its work showcased at the Climate Adaptation Summit hosted by the Netherlands on 25 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hub|first=IISD's SDG Knowledge|title=Climate Adaptation Summit Launches Adaptation Action Agenda 2030 {{!}} News {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|url=https://sdg.iisd.org/news/climate-adaptation-summit-launches-adaptation-action-agenda-2030/|access-date=18 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818113807/https://sdg.iisd.org/news/climate-adaptation-summit-launches-adaptation-action-agenda-2030/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ban served as co-chair of the [[Global Centre of Excellence on Climate Adaptation|Global Center on Adaptation]] from 2018 to 2026, which has taken forward the work of the Global Commission on Adaptation through its programmes. In March 2026, the organization announced the conclusion of his tenure as founding chair and that he would assume the role of GCA Chair Emeritus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New GCA Chair President Ameenah Gurib-Fakim to Advance Global Adaptation Agenda|url=https://gca.org/news/new-gca-chair-president-ameenah-gurib-fakim-to-advance-global-adaptation-agenda/|access-date=2026-03-09|website=Global Center on Adaptation|date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Global Commission on Adaptation|url=https://gca.org/about-us/the-global-commission-on-adaptation/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Global Center on Adaptation|language=en-US|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217054943/https://gca.org/about-us/the-global-commission-on-adaptation/|url-status=live}}</ref> He became the first major international diplomat to throw his weight behind the [[Green New Deal]], a nascent effort by the progressive wing of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States to zero out planet-warming emissions and end poverty over the next decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ban-ki-moon-green-new-deal_us_5c4a32bae4b0287e5b893145|title=Former UN Leader Ban Ki-moon Just Endorsed Democrats' Fight for a Green New Deal|website=Huffingtonpost|date=25 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318081850/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ban-ki-moon-green-new-deal_us_5c4a32bae4b0287e5b893145|url-status=live}}</ref>{{TOC limit|4}}

==Early life and education==
Ban was born on 13 June 1944 in the small farming village of Haengchi, Wonnam Township (''-myeon''), in [[Eumseong County|Insei]], [[Chūseihoku Province]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]<ref>p. 493, "Local Administration, Chapter XXIV: Korea (Chōsen)," The Japan-Manchukuo Year Book 1938, Japan-Manchukuo Year Book Co., Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo</ref> (now [[North Chungcheong Province]], South Korea).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eumseong.go.kr/english/contents.do?key=933 |title = Welcomto Eumseong |access-date = 14 May 2016 |archive-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200332/http://eumseong.go.kr/english/contents.do?key=933 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Times12-09">{{Cite news|date = 9 December 2006|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/world/asia/09ban.html|title = For New U.N. Chief, a Past Misstep Leads to Opportunity|work = [[The New York Times]]|author = [[Warren Hoge]]|access-date = 21 February 2017|archive-date = 22 July 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160722032444/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/world/asia/09ban.html|url-status = live}}</ref> He is of the Gwangju Ban clan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=지현 |date=16 January 2017 |script-title=ko:반기문은 15대 할아버지처럼 할 수 있을까 |url=https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002279622 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[OhmyNews]] |language=ko}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See unreliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=November 2024}} His family then moved to the nearby town of [[Chungju]], where he grew up.<ref name="NYT 12-22"/> During Ban's childhood, his father had a warehouse business, but the warehouse went bankrupt and the family lost its middle-class standard of living. When Ban was six, his family fled to a remote mountainside for much of the [[Korean War]].<ref name="Times12-09"/> After the war ended, his family returned to [[Chungju]]. Ban has said that, during this time, he met American soldiers.<ref name="LAT10-09"/>

During his secondary school education at [[Chungju High School]], Ban was part of the local [[Scouting|Scout movement]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Mr. Ban Ki Moon - Message to WSPU | date=8 December 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETM7fPITu3g |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> while he also became a star student, particularly in his studies of the [[English language]]. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and earned a trip to the [[United States]] where he lived in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] with a host family for several months.<ref name="FT10-10"/> As part of the trip, Ban met U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref name="Times12-09"/> When a journalist at the meeting asked Ban what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said, "I want to become a diplomat."<ref name="LAT10-09"/>

Ban graduated from [[Seoul National University]] in 1970 with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[international relations]]. He subsequently went on to complete a [[Master of Public Administration]] degree at the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]] in 1985.<ref name="LAT10-09">{{Cite news|title = Aspiring U.N. Chief Is a Harmonizer, Not a Rock Star; South Korean career diplomat Ban Ki-moon may lack charisma, but he has many fans|work = [[Los Angeles Times]]|author = Maggie Farley and Bruce Wallace|date = 9 October 2006}}</ref> At Harvard, he studied under [[Joseph Nye]], who remarked that Ban had "a rare combination of analytic clarity, humility and perseverance".<ref name="FT10-10"/>

In addition to his native [[Korean language|Korean]], Ban speaks [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. According to a retired UN official, "one of Ban's biggest handicaps was his lack of fluency in English, which made it difficult for him to win over audiences in the US and elsewhere."<ref>{{cite news |title=Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man' |date=22 July 2010 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005214903/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un |url-status=live }}</ref> There have also been questions, however, regarding the extent of his knowledge of French, one of the two [[working language]]s of the [[United Nations Secretariat]].<ref name=Phoney/>

==Career==

===Diplomatic career===
{{multiple image| direction = vertical| width = 250| align = right| image1 = Ban Ki-moon and Condoleezza Rice.jpg| caption1 = Ban, left, with [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] in January 2006| image2 = Ban Ki-moon, Mrs Ban, Peter Krämer and Jaka Bizilj.jpg| caption2 = Left to right: Peter Krämer, Yoo Soon-taek, [[Jaka Bizilj]], and Ban at [[Sports for Peace]] in July 2010}}
After graduating from university, Ban received the top score on Korea's foreign service exam. He joined the [[Foreign relations of South Korea|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] in May 1970 and worked his way up the career ladder during the years of the [[Yusin Constitution]].<ref name="FT10-10"/>

Ban's first overseas posting was to [[New Delhi]], India, where he served as vice consul and impressed many of his superiors in the foreign ministry with his competence. Ban reportedly accepted a posting to India rather than the United States, because in India he would be able to save more money to send to his family.<ref name=BBCprofile/><ref name=KH/> In 1974 he received his first posting to the United Nations, as First Secretary of the South Permanent Observer Mission (South Korea became a full UN member-state on 17 September 1991).<ref name="NYT10-03">{{Cite news|title = Council Backs South Korean for U.N. Secretary General|work = [[The New York Times]]|author = [[Warren Hoge]]|date = 3 October 2006}}</ref> After [[Park Chung Hee]]'s 1979 assassination, Ban assumed the post of director of the United Nations Division.

In 1980, Ban became director of the United Nations' International Organizations and Treaties Bureau, headquartered in [[Seoul]].<ref name=KH/> He has been posted twice to the South Korean embassy in [[Washington, D. C.]] Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990–92. In 1992, he became Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the [[Korean Peninsula]].<ref name=BBCprofile/> From 1993 to 1994 Ban was Korea's deputy ambassador to the United States. He was promoted to the position of deputy minister for policy planning and international organizations in 1995 and then appointed national security advisor to the president in 1996.<ref name=KH/> Ban's lengthy career overseas has been credited with helping him avoid South Korea's unforgiving political environment.<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine|url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1543932,00.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061104180556/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1543932%2C00.html|url-status =dead|archive-date =4 November 2006|title = Can This Guy Run the U.N.?|date = 16 October 2006|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

Ban was appointed [[ambassador]] to [[Austria]] and [[Slovenia]] in 1998, and a year later he was also elected as chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] (CTBTO PrepCom). During the negotiations, in what Ban considers the biggest blunder of his career, he included in a public letter a positive statement about the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] in 2001, not long after the United States had decided to abandon the treaty. To avoid anger from the United States, Ban was fired by President [[Kim Dae-jung]], who also issued a public apology for Ban's statement.<ref name="Times12-09"/>

Ban was unemployed for the only time in his career and was expecting to receive an assignment to work in a remote and unimportant embassy.<ref name="Times12-09"/> In 2001, during the 56th Session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], South Korea held the rotating presidency, and to Ban's surprise, he was selected to be the chief of staff to general assembly president [[Han Seung-soo]].<ref name="Times10-14">{{Cite news|work = The New York Times|date = 14 October 2006|title = South Korean Is Appointed Secretary General of the U.N.|author = Warren Hoge}}</ref> In 2003, incoming president [[Roh Moo-hyun]] selected Ban as one of his foreign policy advisors.<ref name=KH/>

====Foreign minister of South Korea====
In 2004, Ban replaced the resigning [[Yoon Young-kwan]] as foreign minister of South Korea under president [[Roh Moo-hyun]].<ref name="LAT10-09"/> At the beginning of his term, Ban was faced with two major crises: in June 2004 [[Kim Sun-il]], a South Korean working as an Arabic translator, was kidnapped and killed in Iraq by [[Islamism|Islamic extremists]]; and in December 2004 dozens of Koreans died in the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]]. Ban survived scrutiny from lawmakers and saw an upturn in his popularity when talks began with North Korea.<ref name=KH>{{Cite news|title = Ban surges toward next career step|author = Lee Joo-hee|work = [[The Korea Herald]]|date = 15 February 2006}}</ref> Ban became actively involved in issues relating to North-South Korean relationships.<ref name=BBCprofile>{{cite news|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5401856.stm|title = Profile: Ban Ki-moon|work = [[BBC News]]|date = 13 October 2006|access-date =4 August 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070911051025/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5401856.stm| archive-date= 11 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> In September 2005, as [[foreign minister]], he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the fourth round of the [[Six-party talks]] held in [[Beijing]].<ref name="Official Bio"/><ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite news|url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/45039|title = A Baptism by Fire; Even before taking office, the newly elected secretary-general of the United Nations is confronted with a global crisis|date = 23 October 2006|author = [[Lally Weymouth]]|work = [[Newsweek]]|access-date = 24 February 2008|archive-date = 19 October 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032336/http://newsweek.com/id/45039|url-status = live}}</ref>

As foreign minister, Ban oversaw the trade and aid policies of South Korea. This work put Ban in the position of signing trade deals and delivering foreign assistance to diplomats who would later be influential in his candidacy for secretary-general. For example, Ban became the first senior South Korean minister to travel to the [[Republic of the Congo]] since its independence in 1960.<ref name=WashPost0929>{{Cite news|title = S. Korean Contender for U.N. Post Has an Edge; Ban Ki Moon's Rivals Complain About His Role in Foreign Aid and Trade Policy|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|author = Colum Lynch|date = 29 September 2006}}</ref>

===United Nations career===

====Campaign for secretary-general: 2007====
{{See also|2006 United Nations Secretary-General selection}}
{| class="floatright" style="white-space:nowrap; clear:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; font-size:90%; width:auto; border-spacing:0px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa;"
|+2007 Secretary-General candidates<ref name="NYT09-29">{{Cite news|title = South Korean Favored to Win Top Job at U.N.|author = [[Warren Hoge]]|work = [[The New York Times]]|date = 29 September 2006}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;" | {{sronly|Nationality}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black; text-align:left;" | Name
! scope="col" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black; text-align:left;" | Position
|-
|{{Flagicon|South Korea}}
|'''Ban Ki-moon'''
|South Korean [[foreign minister]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|India}}
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]
| [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]] for public information; from India
|-
|{{Flagicon|Latvia}}
|[[Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga]]
| President of Latvia
|-
|{{Flagicon|Afghanistan|2004}}
|[[Ashraf Ghani]]
|Chancellor of [[Kabul University]], Afghanistan
|-
|{{Flagicon|Thailand}}
|[[Surakiart Sathirathai]]
| Deputy prime minister of Thailand
|-
|{{Flagicon|Jordan}}
|[[Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad]]
| Jordan's ambassador to the United Nations
|-
|{{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Jayantha Dhanapala]]
| Former Under-Secretary-General for disarmament; from Sri Lanka
|}
In February 2006, Ban declared his candidacy to replace [[Kofi Annan]] as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006, becoming the first South Korean to run for the office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200602/kt2006021416334111990.htm|title=Minister Ban to Run for Top UN Job|author=Park Song-wu|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=28 September 2006|date=14 February 2006}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Though Ban was the first to announce a candidacy, he was not originally considered a serious contender.<ref name="FT10-10">{{Cite news|title = Relentless pursuit brings a challenge close to home; Profile Ban Ki-moon|work = [[Financial Times]]|author = Anna Fifield|date = 10 October 2006}}</ref>

Over the next eight months, Ban made ministerial visits to each of the 15 countries with a seat on the Security Council.<ref name="LAT10-09"/> Of the seven candidates, he topped each of the four [[straw poll]]s conducted by the [[United Nations Security Council]]: on 24 July,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/115|title=Ban takes 1st Straw Poll|work=UNSG.org]|date=24 July 2006|access-date=28 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808050637/http://unsg.org/wordpress/archives/115 |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref> 14 September,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/138|title=Ban firms up lead in second Straw Poll|work=UNSG.org]|date=14 September 2006|access-date=28 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612093608/http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/138 |archive-date=12 June 2009}}</ref> 28 September,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/164|title=Ban slips but holds, Vīķe-Freiberga pushes into third|work=UNSG.org]|date=28 September 2006|access-date=28 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612093630/http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/164 |archive-date=12 June 2009}}</ref> and 2 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/170|title=Ban Ki-moon wins|work=UNSG.org]|date=2 October 2006|access-date=2 October 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061104211923/http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/archives/170|archive-date=4 November 2006|url-status= dead}}</ref>

During the period in which these polls took place, Ban made major speeches to the [[Asia Society]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/kimoon.cfm|publisher = Asiasource.org|title = Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon interview|date = 26 September 2006|access-date = 2 August 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070804044245/http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/kimoon.cfm|archive-date = 4 August 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/06ny_ban.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001150102/http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/06ny_ban.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 October 2006|date = 25 September 2006|access-date = 2 August 2007|work = Ban Ki-moon address to Asia Society (transcript)|title = The Quest for Peace and Prosperity in the Asia-Pacific and Beyond}}</ref> To be confirmed, Ban needed not only to win the support of the diplomatic community, but also to be able to avoid a veto from any of the five permanent members of the council: [[People's Republic of China]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. Ban was popular in Washington for having pushed to send South Korean troops to Iraq, and had the support of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] as he pursued the position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gamage |first=Daya |date=30 April 2010 |title=UN's Lynn Pascoe cannot avoid being influenced by US State Department agenda on Sri Lanka |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/30/un%E2%80%99s-lynn-pascoe-cannot-avoid-being-influenced-us-state-department-agenda-sri-lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523212922/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/30/un%E2%80%99s-lynn-pascoe-cannot-avoid-being-influenced-us-state-department-agenda-sri-lanka |archive-date=23 May 2012 |access-date=7 June 2011 |website=Asian Tribune}}</ref> But Ban also opposed several U.S. positions: he expressed his support for the [[International Criminal Court]] and favoured an entirely non-confrontational approach to dealing with North Korea.<ref name="LAT10-09"/> Ban said during his campaign that he would like to visit North Korea in person to meet with [[Kim Jong Il]] directly.<ref name="Newsweek"/> Ban was viewed as a stark contrast from Kofi Annan, who was considered charismatic, but perceived as a weak manager because of problems surrounding the UN's oil-for-food program in [[Iraq]].<ref name="Economist10-07">{{Cite news|url = http://www.unsgselection.org/files/Economist_EnterMrBan_7Oct06.pdf|title = Enter Mr Ban; The UN's new secretary-general|newspaper = [[The Economist]]|date = 7 October 2006|access-date = 24 February 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226215119/http://www.unsgselection.org/files/Economist_EnterMrBan_7Oct06.pdf|archive-date = 26 February 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Ban struggled to win the approval of France. His official biography states that he speaks both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], the two working languages of the UN Secretariat. However, he has repeatedly struggled to answer questions in French from journalists.<ref name=Phoney>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/herland/20061214.html|title=Is Ban Ki-moon a franco-phoney?|work = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]]|date = 14 December 2006|access-date =2 August 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070711132843/http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/herland/20061214.html| archive-date= 11 July 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Ban has repeatedly acknowledged his limitations at French, but assured French diplomats that he was devoted to continuing his study. At a press conference on 11 January 2007, Ban remarked, "My French perhaps could be improved, and I am continuing to work. I have taken French lessons over the last few months. I think that, even if my French isn't perfect, I will continue to study it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2407 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |title=Secretary-General's press conference |date=11 January 2007 |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912151443/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2407 |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As the secretary-general election drew closer, there was rising criticism of the South Korean campaign on Ban's behalf. Specifically, his alleged practice of systematically visiting all member states of the Security Council in his role as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade to secure votes in his support by signing trade deals with European countries and pledging [[aid]] to [[developing country|developing countries]] was the focus of many news articles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25689-2380336,00.html|title=Millions of dollars and a piano may put Korean in UN's top job|work=[[The Times]]|date=26 September 2006|access-date=2 August 2007|location=London|first1=Richard|last1=Beeston|first2=James|last2=Bone|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003154718/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "rivals have privately grumbled that Republic of Korea, which has the world's 11th-largest economy, has wielded its economic might to generate support for his candidacy". Ban reportedly said that these insinuations were "groundless". In an interview on 17 September 2006 he stated: "As front-runner, I know that I can become a target of this very scrutinizing process", and that he was "a man of integrity".<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/28/AR2006092801765.html|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 28 September 2006|access-date = 2 August 2007|title = S. Korean Contender for U.N. Post Has an Edge|first = Colum|last = Lynch|archive-date = 9 November 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109002505/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/28/AR2006092801765.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

In the final informal poll on 2 October, Ban received fourteen favourable votes and one abstention ("no opinion") from the fifteen members of the Security Council. The one abstention came from the Japanese delegation, who [[Japan–Korea disputes|vehemently opposed]] the idea of a Korean taking the role of secretary-general. Due to the overwhelming support of Ban by the rest of the Security Council, Japan later voted in favor of Ban to avoid controversy. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto; each of the other candidates received at least one "no" vote from among the five permanent members. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/shashi-tharoor-pulls-out-of-un-race/7904|title=Shashi Tharoor pulls out of UN race|work=NDTV.com|date=3 October 2006|access-date=2 October 2006|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005101/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/shashi-tharoor-pulls-out-of-un-race/7904|url-status=live}}</ref> and China's [[Permanent Representative]] to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webcast.un.org/ramgen/sc/so061002pm3.rm |title=United Nations Webcast of announcement |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807235855/http://webcast.un.org/ramgen/sc/so061002pm3.rm |archive-date= 7 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 9 October, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. In the public vote, he was supported by all 15 members of the council.<ref name="NYT10-10">{{Cite news|title = Security Council Approves South Korean as U.N. Chief|author = Warren Hoge and Choe Sang-Hun|work = The New York Times|date = 10 October 2006}}</ref> On 13 October, the 192-member [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] [[acclamation|acclaimed]] Ban as secretary-general.<ref name="Times10-14"/>

Ban joked about his nomination at a December gala for UN correspondents. He invoked the film [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]], which was in theaters at time, stating "The name is Ban. Not [[James Bond|James Ban]]. But I am coming in '07." as well as hesitatingly singing a modified rendition of [[Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town|Santa Claus Is Coming To Town]]; "I'm making a list, I'm checking it twice, I'm going to find out who's naughty or nice. Ban Ki-moon is coming to town!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-01 |title=Ban Ki-Moon: Diplomat with a difference |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/people/profiles/ban-kimoon-diplomat-with-a-difference-430456.html |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

====First term as secretary-general====
[[File:Vladimir Putin 9 April 2008-1.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon with the [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] in [[Moscow]] in April 2008]] [[File:Ban Ki-moon - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2008 numb2.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon at Davos, Switzerland in the World Economic Forum.|223x223px]]
When Ban became secretary-general, ''[[The Economist]]'' listed the major challenges facing him in 2007: "rising nuclear demons in [[Iran]] and North Korea, a hemorrhaging wound in [[Darfur]], unending violence in the Middle East, looming environmental disaster, escalating international terrorism, the proliferation of [[weapons of mass destruction]], the spread of [[HIV/AIDS]]. And then the more parochial concerns, such as the largely unfinished business of the most sweeping attempt at reform in the UN's history".<ref name="Econ01-06"/> Before starting, Kofi Annan shared the story that when the first Secretary-General [[Trygve Lie]] left office, he told his successor, [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth".<ref name="Times10-14"/>

On 23 January 2007, Ban took office as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ban's term as Secretary-General opened with a flap. At his first encounter with the press as Secretary-General on 2 January 2007, he refused to condemn the [[death penalty]] imposed on [[Saddam Hussein]] by the Iraqi High Tribunal, remarking, "The issue of capital punishment is for each and every member State to decide".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=964 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |title=Secretary-General's encounter with the UN press corps (transcript) |date=2 January 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929072706/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=964 |archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> Ban's statements contradicted long-standing United Nations opposition to the death penalty as a human-rights concern.<ref name="NYT01-03">{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/world/middleeast/03nations.html|title = New U.N. Chief Invites Controversy by Declining to Oppose Hussein Execution|date = 3 January 2007|author = Julia Preston|work = The New York Times|access-date = 21 February 2017|archive-date = 24 June 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170624164851/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/world/middleeast/03nations.html|url-status = live}}</ref> He quickly clarified his stance in the case of [[Barzan al-Tikriti]] and [[Awad al-Bandar]], two top officials who were convicted of the deaths of 148 [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] in the Iraqi village of [[Dujail]] in the 1980s. In a statement through his spokesperson on 6 January, he "strongly urged the Government of Iraq to grant a stay of execution to those whose death sentences may be carried out in the near future".<ref name="FT02-01"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2395 |title=Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the death sentences in Iraq |publisher=United Nations |date=6 January 2007 |access-date=2 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613201152/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2395 |archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref> On the broader issue, he told a Washington, D.C. audience on 16 January 2007 that he recognized and encouraged the "growing trend in international society, international law and domestic policies and practices to phase out eventually the death penalty".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2410 |title=Address at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and Q&A (transcript) |publisher=United Nations |date=16 January 2007 |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711105522/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2410 |archive-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>



On the tenth anniversary of [[Khmer Rouge]] leader [[Pol Pot]]'s death, 15 April 2008, Ban Ki-moon appealed for the senior leaders of the regime to be brought to justice. The [[Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia]]-tribunal, which was established by both the United Nations and [[Cambodia]] and which became operational in 2006{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}, is responsible for prosecuting the aforementioned senior leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/15/un.pol.pot/index.html|title = U.N. chief calls for justice in Cambodia|publisher = [[CNN]]|date = 15 April 2008|access-date =15 April 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080420092415/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/15/un.pol.pot/index.html| archive-date= 20 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Ban has received strong criticism from the [[United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services|UN Office of Internal Oversight Services]] (OIOS), which stated that the secretariat under Ban's leadership was "drifting into irrelevance".<ref name=OIOS>{{Cite news|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/files/fp_uploaded_documents/100719_0_ahleniussummary.pdf|title = Arrhenius End of Assignment Report|date = 14 June 2010|access-date = 16 January 2012|work = [[Foreign Policy]]|archive-date = 1 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111201052628/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/files/fp_uploaded_documents/100719_0_ahleniussummary.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>

=====Cabinet=====
In early January, Ban appointed the key members of his cabinet. As his [[United Nations Deputy Secretary-General|Deputy Secretary-General]], he selected [[Tanzania]]n foreign minister and professor [[Asha-Rose Migiro]], a move that pleased African diplomats who had concerns about losing power without Annan in office.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/06/world/06nations.html|title = Tanzanian Woman Is Chosen for U.N.'s 2nd Highest Post|work = [[The New York Times]]|date = 6 January 2007|author = Julia Preston|access-date = 21 February 2017|archive-date = 24 June 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170624154049/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/06/world/06nations.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

The top position devoted exclusively to management, Under-Secretary-General for Management, was filled by [[Alicia Bárcena Ibarra]] of Mexico. Bárcena was considered a UN insider, having previously served as Annan's chief of staff. Her appointment was seen by critics as an indication that Ban would not make dramatic changes to UN bureaucracy.<ref name="NYT01-04">{{Cite news|title = Mexican U.N. Insider Gets Manager's Post|date = 4 January 2007|author = Julia Preston}}</ref> Ban appointed [[John Holmes (British diplomat)|Sir John Holmes]], the British Ambassador to France, as [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator|Under-Secretary-General for humanitarian affairs and coordinator of emergency relief]].<ref name="NYT01-04"/>

Ban initially said that he would delay making other appointments until his first round of reforms were approved, yet later abandoned this idea after receiving criticism.<ref name="FT02-01"/><ref name="NYT02-06"/> In February he continued with appointments, selecting [[B. Lynn Pascoe]], the U.S. ambassador to Indonesia, to become Under-Secretary-General for political affairs. [[Jean-Marie Guéhenno]], a French diplomat, who had served as Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping operations under Annan, remained in office. Ban selected [[Vijay K. Nambiar]] as his chief of staff.<ref name="NYT02-10">{{Cite news|title = U.N. Chief Gives Key Post to American|author = [[Warren Hoge]]|date = 10 February 2007|work = The New York Times}}</ref> Nambiar later stepped down in 2012<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2012 |title=Indian diplomat Vijay Nambiar quitting as Ban's Chief of Staff to become special adviser |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-diplomat-vijay-nambiar-quitting-as-bans-chief-of-staff-to-become-special-adviser/articleshow/11640793.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 February 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221200402/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-diplomat-vijay-nambiar-quitting-as-bans-chief-of-staff-to-become-special-adviser/articleshow/11640793.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> and was replaced by Susana Malcorra of Argentina who served as chief of staff from April 2012 to November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=20 May 2016 |title=Susana Malcorra of Argentina Becomes Candidate for U.N. Secretary General |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/21/world/americas/susana-malcorra-secretary-general.html |access-date=21 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615182413/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/21/world/americas/susana-malcorra-secretary-general.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Susana Malcorra {{!}} UNSSC {{!}} United Nations System Staff College |url=https://www.unssc.org/about-unssc/speakers-and-collaborators/susana-malcorra |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=www.unssc.org |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221200406/https://www.unssc.org/about-unssc/speakers-and-collaborators/susana-malcorra |url-status=live }}</ref>

The appointment of many women to top jobs was seen as fulfilling a campaign promise Ban had made to increase the role of women in the United Nations. During Ban's first year as secretary-general, more top jobs were being handled by women than ever before. Though not appointed by Ban, the president of the General Assembly, [[Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa]], is only the third woman to hold this position in United Nations history.<ref name="CT04-11">{{Cite news|title = Leaders making world of difference\ Higher profile at UN brings new emphasis on issues affecting women|author = Stevenson Swanson|work = [[Chicago Tribune]]|date = 11 April 2007}}</ref>

=====Reform agenda=====
During his first month in office, Ban proposed two major reforms: to split the UN peacekeeping operation into two departments and to combine the political affairs and disarmament department. His proposals were met with stiff resistance from members of the UN General Assembly who bristled at Ban's request for rapid approval. The proposed merger of the disarmament and political affairs offices was criticized by many in the developing world, partially because of rumours that Ban hoped to place American B. Lynn Pascoe in charge of the new office. [[Alejandro D. Wolff]], then acting American ambassador, said the United States backed his proposals.<ref name="FT02-01">{{Cite news|title = Ban's month of muddle: how the new UN chief is struggling to win over the doubters|author = Mark Turner|date = 1 February 2007|work = [[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT02-06">{{Cite news|title = U.N. Chief Returns to Headquarters, Where Battles Await Him|date = 6 February 2007|work = [[The New York Times]]|author = [[Warren Hoge]]}}</ref>

[[File:Ban Ki-moon and Bill Gates World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon with [[Bill Gates]], World Economic Forum, 24 January 2013]]
After the early bout of reproach, Ban began extensive consultation with UN ambassadors, agreeing to have his peacekeeping proposal extensively vetted. After the consultations, Ban dropped his proposal to combine political affairs and disarmament.<ref name="NYT02-19">{{Cite news|title = U.N. Chief Is Assuaging Doubts About Leadership|author = Warren Hoge|date = 19 February 2007|work = The New York Times}}</ref> Ban nevertheless pressed ahead with reforms on job requirements at the UN requiring that all positions be considered five-year appointments, all receive strict annual performance reviews, and all financial disclosures be made public. Though unpopular in the New York office, the move was popular in other UN offices around the world and lauded by UN observers.<ref name="NYT02-28">{{Cite news|title = New United Nations Chief Tackles the Agency's Tradition of Patronage Jobs|work = The New York Times|date = 28 February 2007|author = Warren Hoge}}</ref> Ban's proposal to split the peacekeeping operation into one group handling operations and another handling arms was finally adopted in mid-March 2007.<ref name=IrishTimes>{{Cite news|title = Ban Ki-moon learns the hard way|newspaper = [[The Irish Times]]|author = Maggie Farley|date = 11 April 2007}}</ref>

=====Key issues=====
The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although unsuccessful in some areas, Ban's predecessor Annan had been successful in increasing the UN peacekeeping presence and in popularizing the [[Millennium Development Goals]]. UN observers were eager to see on which issues Ban intended to focus, in addition to his declared interest in reforming the United Nations bureaucracy.<ref name="Econ01-06"/>

On several prominent issues, such as proliferation in Iran and North Korea, Ban has deferred to the Security Council.<ref name=IrishTimes/> In 2007, the [[Republic of Nauru]] raised the issue of allowing the Republic of China (Taiwan) to sign the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]]. Ban referenced the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]], and refused the motion. On 19 July 2007, Taiwanese President [[Chen Shui-bian]] wrote to request admission into the UN by the name Taiwan. Ban rejected the request, stating that Resolution 2758 defined Taiwan as part of China.<ref name=Taipei>{{Cite news|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/07/30/2003371907|title = MOFA spokesman slams Ban Ki-moon for rejecting UN bid|date = 30 July 2007|access-date = 30 August 2007|work = [[Taipei Times]]|archive-date = 7 August 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070807213355/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/07/30/2003371907|url-status = live}}</ref>

======Global warming======
[[File:Ban Ki-moon Bush.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] talks with [[United Nations Secretary-General]] Ban Ki-moon of South Korea in October 2006. In their early meetings, Ban stressed the importance of confronting global warming.]]
Ban early on identified [[global warming]] as one of the key issues of his administration. In a [[White House]] meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush in January, Ban urged Bush to take steps to curb [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. On 1 March 2007 in a speech before the UN General Assembly, Ban emphasized his concerns about global warming. Ban stated, "For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of [[nuclear winter]] seemed the leading [[existential threat]] on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity—and to our planet—is at least matched by [[climate change]]"<ref name="Wash03-02">{{Cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030101484.html|title = U.N. Secretary General Calls Global Warming a Priority|author = Colum Lynch|date = 2 March 2007|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|access-date = 24 August 2017|archive-date = 14 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014071942/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030101484.html|url-status = live}}</ref> (referring to [[Global warming|Global Warming]], see [[P:GW]] portal). On 3 September 2009 he further emphasized his concerns at the World Climate Conference in Geneva, when he stated, "Our foot is stuck on the accelerator and we are heading towards an abyss".<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31926&Cr=climate+change&Cr1= Ban urges rapid progress in negotiations on new climate change pact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629164711/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31926&Cr=climate+change&Cr1= |date=29 June 2017 }}. UN News Centre, 3 September 2009.</ref> In September 2014, Ban joined demonstrators in the [[People's Climate March (2014)|People's Climate March]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Foderaro|first1=Lisa|title=Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/nyregion/new-york-city-climate-change-march.html|work=The New York Times|date=21 September 2014|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=21 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921174331/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/nyregion/new-york-city-climate-change-march.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also called together world leaders for the UN Climate Summit,<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Climate Summit|url=https://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/ |publisher=The United Nations|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624200106/http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/|url-status=live}}</ref> in preparation for the [[United Nations Climate Change Conference]] to be held in Paris in late 2015.

======Middle East======
On Thursday, 22 March 2007, while Ban was taking part in the first stop of a tour of the Middle East, a mortar attack hit just {{convert|80|m|sp=us}} from where the Secretary-General was standing, interrupting a press conference in [[Baghdad]]'s [[Green Zone]], and visibly shaking Ban and others. No one was hurt in the incident.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090110141608/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/23/content_5884102.htm Rocket blast shakes UN chief in Baghdad]. Xinhua, 23 March 2007.</ref> The United Nations had already limited its role in Iraq after its Baghdad headquarters was bombed in August 2003, killing 22 people. Ban said, however, that he still hoped to find a way for the United Nations to "do more for Iraqi social and political development".<ref name="NYT03-24">{{Cite news|title = U.N. Chief Isn't Discouraged by His Close Call in Iraq |first=Warren |last=Hoge |author-link=Warren Hoge|date = 24 March 2007|work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

On his trip, Ban visited [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], where Ban attended a conference with leaders of the [[Arab League]] and met for several hours with [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir]], the Sudanese president who had resisted UN peacekeepers in Darfur.<ref name=IrishTimes/> While Ban met with [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the Palestinian president, he declined to meet with [[Ismail Haniyeh]] of [[Hamas]].<ref name="NYT04-03">{{Cite news|title = On Mideast Trip, U.N. Chief Sought to Expand New Role|date = 3 April 2007 |first=Warren |last=Hoge |author-link=Warren Hoge |work = The New York Times}}</ref>

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-49.jpg|thumb|Ban with German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] and Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] at the [[34th G8 Summit]], July 2008]]
Ban Ki-moon criticized Israel on 10 March 2008 for planning to build housing units in a [[West Bank settlement]], saying the decision conflicts with "Israel's obligation under the road map" for Middle East peace.<ref>{{Cite news|title =U.N. blasts Israel for West Bank housing expansion plan| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/10/israel.palestinian.settlement/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2008|access-date=10 March 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080314233551/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/10/israel.palestinian.settlement/index.html| archive-date= 14 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>
[[File:UN Secretary-General Ban ki-Moon visits Gaza in 2009.jpg|thumb|Ban ki-Moon visiting Gaza in 2009]]
During a meeting of the [[UN Security Council]] on Wednesday, 7 January 2009, Ban called for an immediate end to fighting in the [[Gaza Strip]]. He criticized both sides, Israel for bombarding [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and Hamas for firing rockets into Israel.

Although the [[2009 Iranian presidential election]] was widely disputed, Ban Ki-moon sent a traditional congratulation message<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2009 |title=UN toasts Ahmadinejad win, as 69 said killed in Iran protests |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106757.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917013916/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106757.html |archive-date=17 September 2009 |access-date=6 May 2011 |website=Haaretz}}</ref> to the Iranian president upon his inauguration. He kept silent over the request of [[Shirin Ebadi]] to visit<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE57A0HY20090811|title=Nobel laureate calls on U.N. chief to visit Iran|date=11 August 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113170737/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE57A0HY20090811|url-status=live}}</ref> Iran after the crackdown on peaceful post-election protests by the Iranian police, which was perceived as a [[crime against humanity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/08/iran.detainee.trials/|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 April 2010|title=British, French embassy workers on trial over Iran protests|date=9 August 2009|archive-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095108/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/08/iran.detainee.trials/|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 4,000 people were arrested and nearly 70 were killed, some while being held in prison.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8195586.stm|work=BBC News|title=Iran admits 4,000 June detentions|date=11 August 2009|access-date=7 April 2010|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814153034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8195586.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In another incident, several prominent intellectuals, including [[Akbar Ganji]], [[Hamid Dabashi]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], went on a three-day [[hunger strike]] in front of the UN. The incident was followed by an official request by more than 200 intellectuals, human rights activists and reformist politicians in Iran for the [[UN]] reaction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/aug/12/iran-ban-ki-moon-protest|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Dear Mr Ban, heed the Iranian people|date=12 August 2009|access-date=7 April 2010|first=Akbar|last=Ganji|archive-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907021325/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/aug/12/iran-ban-ki-moon-protest|url-status=live}}</ref> Ban Ki-moon however did not take any action to stop the violence in Iran.

[[File:Secretary Clinton Meets With UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon (5598624395).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] with Ban Ki-Moon, 7 April 2011]]
The [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]] began in 2011, the last year of Ban's first term, and dominated his attention and public statements that year. Throughout the conflict, he lobbied for peaceful solutions to the crisis. He frequently spoke out against military action in Libya, believing that a diplomatic solution would be possible and preferable. However, he conceded that if then-leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] refused to abide by a cease fire agreement, the international coalition of military forces would have no choice but to intervene to protect the human rights of Libyans.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Christian Science Monitor |title=Ban Ki-Moon: I am willing to take any measures for human rights |date=23 March 2011}}</ref> The Gaddafi government was eventually overthrown and Gaddafi killed in the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980|title=Muammar Gaddafi: How he died|work=BBC News|date=22 October 2011|access-date=22 October 2011|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324201718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980|url-status=live}}</ref>

======Darfur======
Ban took the first foreign trip of his term to attend the [[African Union]] summit in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, in January 2007 as part of an effort to reach out to the [[Group of 77]].<ref name="Econ01-06">{{Cite news|title = Mission impossible?—The United Nations|date = 6 January 2007|newspaper = [[The Economist]]}}</ref> He repeatedly identified Darfur as the top humanitarian priority of his administration.<ref name=IrishTimes/> Ban played a large role, with several face-to-face meetings with [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir]], in convincing Sudan to allow UN peacekeepers to enter the Darfur region. On 31 July 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved sending 26,000 UN peacekeepers into the region to join 7,000 troops from the African Union. The resolution was heralded as a major breakthrough in confronting the [[War in Darfur|Darfur conflict]] (although the United States labelled the conflict a "[[genocide]]", the United Nations has declined to do so). The first phase of the peacekeeping mission began in October 2007.<ref name="NPR08-02">{{Cite news|title = United Nations Deploys Peacekeeping Troops to Darfur|author = Cheryl Corley|date = 2 August 2007|work = [[Tell Me More]] on [[National Public Radio|NPR]]}}</ref>

======Myanmar======
Ban Ki-moon flew to Myanmar on 25 May 2008 to guide a conference with international agencies aimed at boosting donations for the nation, which was struck by [[Cyclone Nargis]] on 2 May 2008. The conference was initiated after Ban had met with [[Than Shwe]], the leading figure of Myanmar's government 23 May 2008. Ban toured the devastation—especially in the hard-hit [[Irrawaddy Delta]]—23 May 2008 and 24 May 2008. Myanmar officials agreed to allow the [[Yangon International Airport]] to be used as a logistical hub for aid distribution.<ref name="cnn-05-25-08">{{Cite news|title = Cyclone aid conference opens in Myanmar|publisher = CNN|date = 25 May 2008}}</ref>

====Campaign for second term as secretary-general: 2011====
On 6 June 2011, Ban Ki-moon formally announced his candidacy for a second consecutive term as Secretary-General of the United Nations.<ref name=unAppointSecond>{{cite web | publisher=UN News Service | title=General Assembly appoints Ban Ki-moon to second term as UN Secretary-General | url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38797&Cr=secretary-general&Cr1= | date=21 June 2011 | access-date=21 June 2011 | archive-date=25 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625111402/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38797&Cr=secretary-general&Cr1= | url-status=live }}</ref> He announced his candidacy at a press conference, following a meeting with the Asian group of countries at the United Nations. Ban Ki-moon's first mandate as the Secretary-General was set to end on 31 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-06/06/c_13913806.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616060738/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-06/06/c_13913806.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 16 June 2011 | title = Ban Ki-moon launches official re-election campaign|agency = Xinhua News Agency|date = 6 June 2011|access-date =22 June 2011}}</ref> The five permanent Security Council members supported his candidacy. There was no declared rival for the post.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=ban-ki-moon-reelection-campaign-gathers-pace-2011-06-05|title = Ban Ki-moon reelection campaign gathers pace|agency = Agence France-Presse|work = Hürriyet Daily News|date = 5 June 2011|access-date = 22 June 2011|archive-date = 8 June 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608215007/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=ban-ki-moon-reelection-campaign-gathers-pace-2011-06-05|url-status = live}}</ref>

====Second term as secretary-general====
[[File:Secretary Kerry laughs with U.N. Secretary-General Ban before meeting on the sidelines of Vibrant Gujarat Summit.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] and Ban Ki-moon, 11 January 2015]]
[[File:Возложение венка к Могиле Неизвестного Солдата - 07.jpg|thumb|Ban with leaders of Russia, China, India, South Africa, Vietnam and Egypt during the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]], 9 May 2015]]

[[File:Ban Ki-moon, Xi Jinping and Barack Obama in Hangzhou (2016-09-03).jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon, Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], and U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in Hangzhou, China, 3 September 2016]]
On 17 June 2011, he received the recommendation of the Security Council by a unanimous vote,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617|title = U.N. council recommends 2nd term for Ban Ki-moon|author = Patrick Worsnip|work = Reuters|date = 17 June 2011|access-date = 22 June 2011|archive-date = 1 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801044557/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617|url-status = live}}</ref> and, on 21 June, his nomination was confirmed by a unanimous<ref name=secondAppointUnan>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75K5XZ20110621 | title=U.N. assembly approves second term for U.N. chief Ban | author=Louis Charbonneau | date=21 June 2011 | access-date=22 June 2011 | work=Reuters | archive-date=12 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112075933/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75K5XZ20110621 | url-status=live }}</ref> acclamation vote at the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/ga11102.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Appoints Secretary-General Ban Ki–moon to Second Term of Office |work=UN Press Office |date=21 June 2011 |access-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625132621/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/ga11102.doc.htm |archive-date=25 June 2011 }}</ref> His new five-year term as Secretary-General commenced on 1 January 2012<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617|title = Ban Ki-moon unanimously elected for second term as UN chief|author = PTI|work = The Times of India|date = 22 June 2011|access-date = 22 June 2011|archive-date = 1 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801044557/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617|url-status = live}}</ref> and ended on 31 December 2016.<ref name=unAppointSecond />

=====Cabinet=====
Ban appointed Swedish diplomat [[Jan Eliasson]] as his new deputy secretary-general on 2 March 2012. His chief of staff is [[Edmond Mulet]] of Guatemala. The appointments were part of Ban's commitment to replace top positions in his group for his second term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://passblue.com/2012/03/04/jan-eliasson-named-deputy-secretary-general/ |title=Jan Eliasson Named Deputy Secretary-General |last=Crossette |first=Barbara |work=PassBlue |date=4 March 2012 |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224002/http://passblue.com/2012/03/04/jan-eliasson-named-deputy-secretary-general/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Key issues=====
After beginning his second term in January 2012, Ban focused his public statements and speeches on peace and equality in the Middle East and on equality issues.

======Middle East======
The aftermath of the Libyan Civil War and other events of the [[Arab Spring]] continued to command Ban's attention with the start of his second term. He focused in 2012 on what he termed "intolerance" in the Arab world. After travelling to [[Vienna]] to participate in the opening of the [[KAICIID Dialogue Centre]] to foster interreligious dialogue, Ban commented, "Many countries in the Arab world including Saudi Arabia are changing. Since the Arab Spring, the leaders have begun to listen to the voice of their people." He was however criticised in the Austrian press for associating himself with a project of Saudi [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]], Saudi Arabia being a location of perceived religious intolerance.<ref name="Die Presse">{{cite news |title=UN chief interviewed on religious tolerance, Gaza, Palestinian status |author=Christian Ultsch |date=27 November 2012 |work=Die Presse}}</ref>

Throughout 2012, Ban expressed his concern about the continuing [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], in particular the condition of the Palestinian [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|hunger strikers]] in Israeli prisons<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41959&Cr=palestin&Cr1= |title=Concerned at plight of Palestinian hunger strikers, Ban urges solution without delay |publisher=United Nations |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522073110/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41959&Cr=palestin&Cr1= |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the movement restrictions imposed on Gaza Strip residents.<ref name="Die Presse"/> On 30 August 2012 Ban criticized the Iranian leadership due to their statements regarding Israel's destruction and denying the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/world/middleeast/ban-ki-moon-broaches-delicate-topics-with-iranian-officials.html |title=Criticizing Iranian leadership statements regarding Israel and the Holocaust |work=The New York Times |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830184902/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/world/middleeast/ban-ki-moon-broaches-delicate-topics-with-iranian-officials.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 August 2013, Ban Ki-moon admitted that the UN was biased against Israel, stating in a meeting with Israeli students that there was a biased attitude towards the Israeli people and Israeli government at the UN. He described this as "an unfortunate situation."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4418776,00.html |title=UN chief admits bias against Israel |author=Omri Efraim |date=16 August 2013 |work=Ynet News |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917042436/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4418776,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days later, he backtracked on the utterance.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israel-disturbed-by-Bans-recanting-comment-on-bias-323732 ''Israel 'disturbed' by Ban's recanting comment on bias''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909193038/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israel-disturbed-by-Bans-recanting-comment-on-bias-323732 |date=9 September 2015 }}. Jerusalem Post, 20 August 2013</ref> During an interview on 16 December 2016, Ban said that the UN has issued a "disproportionate volume of resolutions, reports and conferences criticizing Israel."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Ban-Ki-Moon-says-UN-has-disproportionate-focus-on-Israel-475622|title=Ban Ki-Moon says UN has 'disproportionate' focus on Israel|date=16 December 2016|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217075309/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Ban-Ki-Moon-says-UN-has-disproportionate-focus-on-Israel-475622|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 January 2016, Ban made a statement in relation to the attacks by Palestinians against Israelis. Ban Ki-moon said that "as oppressed peoples have demonstrated throughout the ages, it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism".<ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite web|title = Benjamin Netanyahu accuses Ban Ki-moon of justifying terrorism|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/12124107/Benjamin-Netanyahu-accuses-Ban-Ki-moon-of-justifying-terrorism.html|website = Telegraph.co.uk| date=27 January 2016 |access-date = 30 January 2016|archive-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165723/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/12124107/Benjamin-Netanyahu-accuses-Ban-Ki-moon-of-justifying-terrorism.html|url-status = live}}</ref> In rebuking Ban's statement, the Israeli PM [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] stated that "there is no justification for terror".<ref name="Telegraph" />

Ban has criticized [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]],<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-children-ban-ki-moon.html United Nations Chief Exposes Limits to His Authority by Citing Saudi Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619021608/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-children-ban-ki-moon.html |date=19 June 2017 }}". ''[[The New York Times]].'' 9 June 2016.</ref> saying: "Grave violations against children increased dramatically as a result of the escalating conflict".<ref>"[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/06/un-shameful-pandering-to-saudi-arabia-over-children-killed-in-yemen-conflict/ UN: Shameful pandering to Saudi Arabia over children killed in Yemen conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807040749/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/06/un-shameful-pandering-to-saudi-arabia-over-children-killed-in-yemen-conflict/ |date=7 August 2016 }}". [[Amnesty International]]. 7 June 2016.</ref> In June 2016, Ban Ki-moon removed a Saudi-led coalition from a list of [[children's rights]] violators.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-children-ban-ki-moon.html |title=United Nations Chief Exposes Limits to His Authority by Citing Saudi Threat |work=The New York Times |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619021608/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-children-ban-ki-moon.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He later admitted that [[Saudi Arabia]] threatened to cut Palestinian aid and funds to other UN programs if coalition was not removed from blacklist for killing children in Yemen. According to one source, there was also a threat of "clerics in Riyadh meeting to issue a [[fatwa]] against the UN, declaring it anti-Muslim, which would mean no contacts of [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] members, no relations, contributions, support, to any UN projects, programs".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/08/saudi-arabia-united-nations-blacklist-yemen-ban-ki-moon |title=Saudi Arabian allies pressured UN chief to issue blacklist reversal, sources say |work=The Guardian |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710171109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/08/saudi-arabia-united-nations-blacklist-yemen-ban-ki-moon |url-status=live }}</ref>

====== Ukraine ======
On 26 June 2016, during a speech in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, Ban said Russia "has a critical role to play" in addressing global issues "from ending the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, to safeguarding human rights and controlling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction". His comments were condemned by [[Ukraine]]'s UN envoy [[Volodymyr Yelchenko]], saying that he does not understand how the UN chief "can say such things which sort of praise the role of Russia in settling the conflict in Ukraine when the Russian Federation is the main player in aggressing Ukraine and in keeping this conflict boiling". He also noted that Russia is being accused of human rights abuses in [[Crimea]] and is "building up the nuclear potential" on the peninsula.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-un--oputrage-ki-moon-comments-russia/27803380.html|title=Ukraine's UN Envoy 'Outraged' By Ban's Comments on Russia|date=16 June 2016|newspaper=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618131133/http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-un--oputrage-ki-moon-comments-russia/27803380.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

======LGBT rights======
On 7 March 2012, Ban delivered a speech titled "The Time Has Come" to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] urging the council to place greater emphasis on combating [[homophobia]] and promoting [[LGBT rights]] around the world.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Ki-moon|last1=Ban|title=Message to Human Rights Council meeting on Violence and Discrimination based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeeches/statments_full.asp?statID=1475|website=United Nations|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321010348/http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeeches/statments_full.asp?statID=1475|url-status=live}}</ref> The speech was met by a protest by a group of delegates, who organized a walk-out protest during the speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/blogs/alloutorg_video_ban_ki_moon_the_time_has_come.html |title=AllOut.org Video: Ban Ki-moon: "The Time Has Come" |publisher=glbtq |date=3 March 2012 |access-date=25 May 2015 |author=Summers, Claude J. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525154749/http://www.glbtq.com/blogs/alloutorg_video_ban_ki_moon_the_time_has_come.html |archive-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

During a speech at the UN headquarters commemorating Human Rights Day, Ban condemned countries with anti-gay laws, mentioning 76 countries that criminalize homosexuality. He said:
:"It is an outrage that in our modern world, so many countries continue to criminalize people simply for loving another human being of the same sex."

Ban has told senior managers that homophobia will not be tolerated. He pointed to countries such as Ukraine which has proposed criminalizing public discussion about homosexuality as threatening basic human rights. He further stated that governments have a duty to defend vulnerable minorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=6504 |title=Secretary-General's remarks to special event on "Leadership in the Fight against Homophobia" |publisher=United Nations |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=25 May 2015 |author=Ban Ki-moon |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121070703/http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=6504 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2013, he described LGBT rights as one of the great neglected human rights of our time. He also said that religion, culture or tradition can never justify denial of basic rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/STATEMENTS/index.asp?nid=6736 |title=Secretary-General's video message to the Oslo Conference on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity |publisher=United Nations |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=25 May 2015 |author=Ban Ki-moon |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112075932/http://www.un.org/sg/STATEMENTS/index.asp?nid=6736 |url-status=live }}</ref>

======Syrian conflict======
{{Main|Syrian civil war}}

{{See also|Geneva II Conference on Syria}}

Ban has been organizing and moderating the [[Geneva II Conference on Syria]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25836827 | title=Syria Geneva II peace talks witness bitter exchanges | work=BBC News | date=22 January 2014 | access-date=22 January 2014 | archive-date=22 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122125221/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25836827 | url-status=live }}</ref>

======Humanitarian action======
{{See also|World Humanitarian Summit}}
On 25 January 2012, Ban announced that he would convene the world's first summit on [[humanitarian aid]] in order to "share knowledge and establish common best practices."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/sg/STATEMENTS/index.asp?nid=5825 | title=Secretary-General's remarks to the General Assembly on his Five-Year Action Agenda: "The Future We Want" | date=25 January 2012 | access-date=15 April 2016 | archive-date=30 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630183202/http://www.un.org/sg/STATEMENTS/index.asp?nid=5825 | url-status=live }}</ref> Known as the [[World Humanitarian Summit]], the event took place in the 23–24 May 2016 in [[Istanbul]], Turkey. In preparation for the summit, Ban released a report on 9 February 2016 titled 'One Humanity, Shared Responsibility' in which he laid out an "Agenda for Humanity" based on consultations with more than 23,000 people in 153 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/09/ban-ki-moon-world-un-humanitarian-summit-conflict-leadership | title=Ban Ki-moon: 'Close the gap between the world that is and the world that should be' | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=9 February 2016 | access-date=15 April 2016 | archive-date=2 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155024/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/09/ban-ki-moon-world-un-humanitarian-summit-conflict-leadership | url-status=live }}</ref> The Agenda for Humanity outlines what is needed to reform humanitarian action, including political leadership to prevent and end conflict, new forms of financing, and a shift from providing aid to ending need. The summit is scheduled to include 5,000 participants, including representatives from governments, NGOs, civil society organizations, and the private sector, as well as individuals affected by humanitarian crises.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.trust.org//item/20160111070315-hkcum | title=INTERVIEW-Refugees, warmongers and bloodshed targeted in first global aid summit | date=11 January 2016 | access-date=15 April 2016 | archive-date=26 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126025000/http://news.trust.org//item/20160111070315-hkcum/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Criticism as UN secretary-general====
According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "some UN employees and delegates" expressed resentment at Ban's perceived [[Cronyism|favouritism]] in the appointment of South Korean nationals in key posts. Previous UN chiefs such as [[Kurt Waldheim]] (Austria), [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] (Peru), and [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] (Egypt) brought small teams of trusted aides or clerical workers from their country's Foreign Ministry, and South Korean nationals have been historically underrepresented at the United Nations.<ref name=fav/> Nonetheless, according to "some officials" in the ''Post'' story, Ban had allegedly gone further, boosting South Korea's presence in UN ranks by more than 20 percent during his first year in office. In response, Ban and his aides stated that the allegations of favouritism are wrong and that some of the harshest criticisms against him have undercurrents of [[racism]].<ref name=fav/> He said that the South Korean nationals he had appointed—including [[Choi Young-jin]], who had already served as a high-ranking official in the United Nations' peacekeeping department—are highly qualified for their positions. Others such as [[Donald P. Gregg]], a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea, said that the complaints were driven by [[envy]]: "I think being from South Korea, and people have growing respect for South Korea, that's a great enhancement for the secretary general. If he brings along talented people who he knows very well, I think that's also a plus." UN records show that South Korea, the organization's eleventh-largest financial contributor, had only 54 South Korean nationals assigned to its mission six months before Ban took over the top UN post. By contrast, the [[Philippines]], a significantly poorer country, had 759 nationals in its mission.<ref name=fav>{{Cite news|title = Under U.N. Chief, Koreans in Key Posts: Ban Ki-moon Denies Playing Favorites|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/20/AR2007102001008.html|author = Colum Lynch|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|date = 21 October 2007|access-date = 23 October 2007|archive-date = 4 November 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104004106/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/20/AR2007102001008.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

Former UN Under Secretary General for Oversight Services [[Inga-Britt Ahlenius]] denounced Ban Ki-moon after resigning her post in 2010, calling him "reprehensible".<ref name=fav/> Ahlenius claimed that the Secretary-General made efforts to undermine the [[Office of Internal Oversight Services]] (OIOS) mandate and challenge its operational independence.<ref>[[Inga-Britt Ahlenius]], {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100821155047/http://ipsterraviva.net/uploads/UN/UN/report.Pdf End of Assignment Report]}}, 14 July 2010, p. 22. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> In particular, the two disputed Ahlenius's plans to hire a former prosecutor, Robert Appleton, who had carried out investigations into corruption in UN peacekeeping missions from 2006 to 2009.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/19/AR2010071904734.html "Departing U.N. official calls Ban's leadership 'deplorable' in 50-page memo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014072001/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/19/AR2010071904734.html |date=14 October 2017 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 20 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> Ban's staff explained that Appleton's appointment was rejected because Ahlenius had not properly considered female candidates for the appointment, and said that the final selection should have been made by Ban, not Ahlenius.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> Ahlenius claimed in her End of Assignment memo that "for the Secretary-General to control appointments in OIOS is an infringement of the operational independence of OIOS".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100821155047/http://ipsterraviva.net/uploads/UN/UN/report.Pdf End of Assignment Report]}}, pp. 32, 48 [[Inga-Britt Ahlenius]], 14 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> Ban's chief of staff Vijay Nambiar described Ahlenius's complaints as "a deeply unbalanced account", and also stated that "many pertinent facts were overlooked or misrepresented" in Ahlenius's memo. Nambiar further noted that Ban "fully recognizes the operational independence of OIOS, [but that] does not excuse [Ahlenius] from applying the standard rules of recruitment".<ref name=fav/>

American diplomat [[James Wasserstrom]] claimed that Ban attempted to limit the jurisdiction of the [[United Nations Dispute Tribunal|UN dispute tribunal]] following Wasserstrom's dismissal from his Kosovo post and lengthy appeals process.<ref>Borger, Julian (2012) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/27/un-tribunal-whistleblower-james-wasserstrom "UN tribunal finds ethics office failed to protect whistleblower"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142856/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/27/un-tribunal-whistleblower-james-wasserstrom |date=21 December 2016 }}. ''The Guardian''</ref> Ban had refused to hand over confidential documents relating to the case to the UN personnel tribunal, despite repeated orders by the court to do so. In relation to another case, Ban was admonished by Judge Michael Adams for "willful disobedience" for again refusing to hand over key documents in an internal promotions dispute.<ref>Lynch, Colum (13 May 2010), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204868.html "U.N. Head Ban Ki-Moon Refusing Orders from Internal Personnel Court"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014072003/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204868.html |date=14 October 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</ref>

In 2013, Ban was accused of undermining the collective bargaining rights of The Staff Coordinating Council, the union representing United Nations staff. Ban unilaterally eliminated the role of the union to negotiate on behalf of the employees and terminated talks when the union protested.<ref>Chen, M. (17 September 2013), "Ban Ki Moon Accused of Union Busting at UN", ''Huffington Post''.</ref>

Ban was named in a lawsuit challenging UN legal immunity on behalf of Haitians with cholera in the U.S. District Court of Manhattan. UN peacekeepers from Nepal are said to be the source of the [[2010–13 Haiti cholera outbreak]]. Ban declared that the legal immunity of the United Nations before national courts should be upheld, but that this does not reduce the UN's moral responsibility to overcome Haiti's cholera epidemic.<ref>Rosen, Armin (9 April 2015), [http://www.businessinsider.com/cholera-outbreak-in-haiti-and-the-un-2015-4 "How the UN caused a massive cholera outbreak in Haiti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412010430/http://www.businessinsider.com/cholera-outbreak-in-haiti-and-the-un-2015-4 |date=12 April 2015 }}, ''Business Insider''. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</ref> In January 2015, Judge [[J. Paul Oetken]] dismissed the lawsuit, affirming UN immunity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ingram|first1=David|title=U.S. judge rules Haitians cannot sue U.N. for cholera epidemic|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-haiti-lawsuit-idUSKBN0KJ0PX20150110|website=reuters.com|date=10 January 2015|agency=Reuters news service|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214195128/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-haiti-lawsuit-idUSKBN0KJ0PX20150110|url-status=live}}</ref> An appeal to Oetken's decision was submitted to the Court in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=15-455-cv United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|url=http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Georges-v-UN-Principal-Appellate-Brief-5.28-Final.pdf|website=ijdh.org|publisher=Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621171800/http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Georges-v-UN-Principal-Appellate-Brief-5.28-Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lawyers file appeal against US judge ruling on cholera cases|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Lawyers-file-appeal-against-US-judge-ruling-on-cholera-cases|website=jamaicaobserver.com|publisher=The Jamaica Observer|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170320/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Lawyers-file-appeal-against-US-judge-ruling-on-cholera-cases|url-status=live}}</ref>

British magazine ''[[The Economist]]'', in May 2016, called Ban "plodding, protocol-conscious and loth to stand up to the big powers" and "the dullest—and among the worst" secretaries-general.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699127-soggy-consensus-holds-next-un-boss-should-be-eastern-european-woman-nonsense-get|title=Get the best|date=21 May 2016|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923021807/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699127-soggy-consensus-holds-next-un-boss-should-be-eastern-european-woman-nonsense-get|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Master, mistress or mouse?|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21699134-despite-unprecedented-push-pick-uns-next-boss-open-contest-choice-will|access-date=21 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=21 May 2016|quote=South Korea's Ban Ki-moon, his outgoing successor (pictured above at the UN's headquarters in New York), is viewed as the dullest—and among the worst.|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520153020/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21699134-despite-unprecedented-push-pick-uns-next-boss-open-contest-choice-will|url-status=live}}</ref> Japanese diplomat [[Kiyotaka Akasaka]] defended Ban's understated presence as more quietly [[Confucian]], stating that "[Ban's] behaviour has been like that of the wise man, the sage in Oriental philosophy".<ref name=MacAskill>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un|title=Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'|first=Ewen|last=MacAskill|date=22 July 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005214903/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un|url-status=live}}</ref> One UN official claimed that while Ban would greet world leaders in their native language, he would then read directly from his talking points without small talk. The UN official opined, "Quiet diplomacy? He [Ban] displayed no skills for that."<ref name="Foreign Policy 2016"/> South African lawyer [[Nicholas Haysom]] also defended Ban, saying that the news media "caricatured [Ban] as invisible when he made outspoken comments that the media then failed to report".<ref name=MacAskill/>

===2017 presidential candidacy speculation===
{{Main|2017 South Korean presidential election}}

Until the outbreak of the [[2016 South Korean political scandal]], Ban was the leading potential candidate for [[President of South Korea]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|work=FocusNews|title=Ban Ki-moon|url=http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016090200202827112|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927082554/http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016090200202827112|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> However, recent polls showed [[Moon Jae-in]] of the main opposition [[Minjoo Party of Korea]] in the lead with a support rating of 32.8 percent, while Ban trailed in distant second with 15.4 percent. Moon was eventually elected president on 10 May.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|title=Acting president viewed as potential conservative presidential candidate|date=30 January 2017|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170130000220|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130094702/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170130000220|url-status=live}}</ref>
Although Ban repeatedly expressed his desires for running, a UN resolution in 1946 says "a Secretary-General should refrain from accepting" any Governmental position "at any rate immediately on retirement."<ref>{{cite news |title=UN spokesperson says Ban Ki-moon is "aware" of resolution |date=2 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hankyoreh]] |url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/746528.html |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009102017/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/746528.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GA Resolution 11/1-Terms of appointment of the Secretary-General-1946 |year=1946 |url=http://www.unelections.org/?q=node/157 |quote=XII. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the fifth committee 11(I). Terms of Appointment of the Secretary-General 4. (b) Because a Secretary-General is a confidant of many governments, it is desirable that no Member should offer him, at any rate immediately on retirement, any governmental position in which his confidential information might be a source of embarrassment to other Members, and on his part a Secretary-General should refrain from accepting any such position. |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006162848/http://www.unelections.org/?q=node%2F157 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Exceptions to the rule have been made in history with the 1986 election of [[Kurt Waldheim]] to the post of [[President of Austria]], although the position is ceremonial in nature.

Contrary to Ban's public comments hinting at any likely run, private reports indicated otherwise. [[Kim Jong-pil]], former [[Prime Minister of South Korea]], was reported to say that Ban Ki-moon would announce his candidacy for the presidency shortly after his term as Secretary-General ended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/10/116_215396.html|title=UN chief Ban Ki-moon has 'made up his mind' to run for Korea's presidency|date=5 October 2016|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020538/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/10/116_215396.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ban was originally predicted to run under the conservative [[Liberty Korea Party|Saenuri Party]], but President [[2016 South Korean political scandal|Park Geun-hye's scandal]] cast doubts as to which party Ban would run under.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/12/28/ban-ki-moon-going-be-next-south-korean-president|title=Is Ban Ki-moon going to be the next South Korean president?|work=sbs.com.au|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004125/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/12/28/ban-ki-moon-going-be-next-south-korean-president|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ban returned to South Korea on 13 January 2017.<ref>[http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170112000965&ntn=0 Ban Ki-moon returns, poised for presidential bid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118084312/http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170112000965&ntn=0 |date=18 January 2017 }} - Korea Herald(01/12/2017)</ref> On 1 February 2017 he announced he would not be a candidate for president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-un-chief-ban-ki-moon-will-not-run-for-president-of-south-korea/2017/02/01/b05c816d-9ce5-4c3a-84be-0e5b78890a17_story.html|title=Blaming 'fake news,' Ban Ki-moon drops presidential bid in South Korea|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201085647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-un-chief-ban-ki-moon-will-not-run-for-president-of-south-korea/2017/02/01/b05c816d-9ce5-4c3a-84be-0e5b78890a17_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-U.N. work ===
[[File:GGGI P&C Book Launch Event 2021.jpg|thumb]]

In 2017, Ban and [[Heinz Fischer]], former president of Austria, founded, and are co-chairs of, the [[Ban Ki-Moon Centre for Global Citizens|Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens]] in Vienna, Austria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bankimooncentre.org/founders|title=Founders - Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens|work=Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens|access-date=19 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093439/https://bankimooncentre.org/founders|url-status=live}}</ref> The nonprofit group's mission is to support youth and women, working within the UN's [[Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goal]] frameworks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/01/03/Ban-Ki-moon-Austrian-officials-launch-center-for-global-citizens/2721515004726/|title=Ban Ki-moon, Austrian officials, launch center for global citizens|last=Shim|first=Elizabeth|date=3 January 2018|work=UPI|access-date=19 November 2018|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132609/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/01/03/Ban-Ki-moon-Austrian-officials-launch-center-for-global-citizens/2721515004726/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2017, Ban joined [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], a human rights group composed of international statesmen that was founded by [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 June 2017|title=Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon joins The Elders|url=https://www.theelders.org/news/former-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-joins-elders|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Elders|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813083145/https://www.theelders.org/news/former-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-joins-elders|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2017|title=Ex-UN chief Ban Ki-moon joins ex-leaders promoting peace|url=https://apnews.com/b85c203ad14f4e93887ed1d899ef1cf8|access-date=8 August 2020|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614163629/https://apnews.com/b85c203ad14f4e93887ed1d899ef1cf8|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2018, he became a deputy chair of the group, serving jointly with [[Graça Machel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2018|title=Mary Robinson appointed new Chair of The Elders|url=https://www.theelders.org/news/mary-robinson-appointed-new-chair-elders|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Elders|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819062130/https://theelders.org/article/kofi-annan-appointed-chair-elders|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, he joined French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] in calling for a [[Global Pact for the Environment]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Global Pact for the Environment Introduced to the World|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/201707/global-pact-environment-introduced-world-0|access-date=24 September 2020|website=IUCN|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803085801/https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/201707/global-pact-environment-introduced-world-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2018, Ban was elected to lead the [[Global Green Growth Institute]] (GGGI), a treaty-based intergovernmental organization. He has been unanimously re-elected to serve additional 2-year terms in the dual roles of the president of the Assembly and chair of the council, and his 4th term as president and chair of GGGI will end on December 31, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/02/ban-ki-moon-elected-president-chair-gggi/|title=Ban Ki-moon Elected President and Chair of GGGI {{!}} Inter Press Service|website=ipsnews.net|date=20 February 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091956/http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/02/ban-ki-moon-elected-president-chair-gggi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20180308134348-bn8pa|title=World leaders must keep 'closer eye' on climate change - Ban Ki-moon|last=Rowling|first=Megan|date=8 March 2018|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092416/https://news.trust.org/item/20180308134348-bn8pa|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ban supports the U.S. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]' [[Green New Deal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grist.org/article/former-u-n-leader-ban-ki-moon-just-endorsed-democrats-fight-for-a-green-new-deal/|title=Former U.N. leader Ban Ki-moon just endorsed Democrats' fight for a Green New Deal|last=Kaufman|first=Alexander C.|date=25 January 2019|website=Grist|language=en|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126214137/https://grist.org/article/former-u-n-leader-ban-ki-moon-just-endorsed-democrats-fight-for-a-green-new-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, Ban Ki-Moon was appointed as the Official Ambassador of the [[GEMS Education|GEMS World Academy]] Model United Nations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ki-Moon |first=Ban |date=25 January 2020 |title=A new generation of global citizens gives hope to humanity |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/a-new-generation-of-global-citizens-gives-hope-to-humanity-1.69230614 |work=Gulf News |location=United Arab Emirates |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831183044/https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/a-new-generation-of-global-citizens-gives-hope-to-humanity-1.69230614 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Family===
[[File:SoniaMbarekAndBanKi-MoonMars2016.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon and his wife visit the ancient ruins of [[Carthage]] in Tunisia, 29 March 2016]]
Ban Ki-moon met Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 when they were both in high school. Ban was 18 years old, and Yoo was his secondary school's student council president. They were married in 1971.

They have three adult children: two daughters and a son.<ref name="Official Bio"/> His elder daughter, Seon-yong, was born in 1972 and now works for the [[Korea Foundation]] in Seoul. Her spouse is a native of India.<ref name="Ban Ki-moon family ties India">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/31moon.htm|title=Ban Ki-moon's family nuptial ties with India|publisher=Rediff News|date=31 October 2008|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=12 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012074854/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/31moon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ban Ki-moon India">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/13hindi.htm|title=Ban ki-Moon at the World Hindi Conference|publisher=Rediff News|date=14 July 2007|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=12 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012074903/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/13hindi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His son Woo-hyun was born in 1974 in India.<ref name="Ban Ki-moon family ties India" /> He received an MBA from [[UCLA Anderson School of Management|Anderson School of Management]] at [[University of California, Los Angeles]], and works for an investment firm in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ko:반기문 총장 아들 내달 결혼 |url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200904280139 |work=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |date=28 April 2009 |language=ko |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193956/http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200904280139 |url-status=live }}</ref> His younger daughter, Hyun-hee (born 1976), is a field officer for [[United Nations Children's Fund|UNICEF]] in [[Nairobi]].<ref name="Times12-09" />

After he was elected secretary-general, Ban became an icon in his hometown, where his extended family still resides. Over 50,000 gathered in a soccer stadium in [[Chungju]] to celebrate the result. In the months following his election, thousands of practitioners of [[geomancy]] went to his village to determine how it produced such an important person.<ref name="NYT 12-22">{{Cite news| title = On His Ancestors' Wings, a Korean Soars to the U.N.| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/world/asia/22ban.html| work = [[The New York Times]]| date = 22 December 2006| author = Martin Fackler| access-date = 21 February 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160722032458/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/world/asia/22ban.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Ban himself is not a member of any church or religious group<ref name="Corr">{{Cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8525903|newspaper = [[The Economist]]|title = Correction: Ban Ki-moon|date = 11 January 2007|access-date = 2 August 2007|archive-date = 12 November 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112212245/http://economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8525903|url-status = live}}</ref> and has declined to expound his beliefs: "Now, as Secretary-General, it will not be appropriate at this time to talk about my own belief in any particular religion or god. So maybe we will have some other time to talk about personal matters."<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|url = https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sg2117.doc.htm|title = Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General-Designate Ban Ki-moon at United Nations Headquarters|date = 13 October 2006|access-date =15 December 2007|publisher = [[United Nations]] | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014218/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sg2117.doc.htm| archive-date= 14 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> His mother is [[Buddhism|Buddhist]].<ref name="NYT 12-22" />

In January 2017, Ban's brother Ban Ki-sang and nephew Bahn Joo-hyun were indicted on charges that they had engaged in a scheme to bribe a Middle Eastern official in connection with the attempted $800 million sale of a building complex in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raymond |first1=Nate |title=U.S. charges former U.N. chief Ban's relatives in bribery case |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-corruption-idUSKBN14U2FW |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915235451/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-corruption-idUSKBN14U2FW |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ban Ki-moon's brother and nephew charged with bribery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38564685 |website=[[BBC News]] |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915235451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38564685 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, Bahn Joo-hyun was sentenced to six months in prison in Manhattan federal court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-UN secretary general's nephew gets 6 months in prison |date=6 September 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/ex-un-secretary-generals-nephew-gets-6-months-in-prison/2018/09/06/e46091e8-b203-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907020423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/ex-un-secretary-generals-nephew-gets-6-months-in-prison/2018/09/06/e46091e8-b203-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

===Personality and public image===
During his tenure at the South Korean Foreign Ministry, Ban's nickname was ''jusa'' ({{Korean|hangul=주사|labels=no}}), meaning "the administrative clerk". The name was used as both positive and negative: complimenting Ban's attention to detail and administrative skill while deriding what was seen as a lack of charisma and subservience to his superiors.<ref name="Economist10-07"/> The South Korean press corps calls him "the slippery eel" ({{Korean|hangul=기름장어|labels=no}}), for his ability to dodge questions.<ref name="LAT10-09"/> His peers praise his understated "[[Confucianism|Confucian]] approach",<ref name="Time"/> and he is regarded by many as a "stand-up guy"<ref name="FT10-10"/> and is known for his "easy smile".<ref name="Times12-09"/> After he assumed a post of United Nations secretary general, he was caricatured as "invisible man", "powerless observer", or "nowhere man" for his lack of powerful personality and leadership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Where Are You, Ban Ki-Moon? |date=24 September 2013 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/opinion/tepperman-where-are-you-ban-ki-moon.html |quote=He's been called among the worst secretaries general in U.N. history, a "powerless observer" and a "nowhere man"... |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220114535/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/opinion/tepperman-where-are-you-ban-ki-moon.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man' |date=22 July 2010 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005214903/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/22/ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-un |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The U.N.'s 'Invisible Man' |date=14 July 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124752598527835381 |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517001247/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124752598527835381 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Nowhere Man |date=21 June 2009 |magazine=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/nowhere-man/ |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210233658/http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/nowhere-man/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
[[File:Ban Ki-Moon speaking at the Empowerment of Women and Youth event - 2018 (42469764680).jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon speaking at an event in 2018]]

===National===
*{{flag|South Korea}}: Blue Stripes or 1st Class of the [[Order of Service Merit]] (1975), (1986), (2006).<ref name="Official Bio">{{cite web|url = https://www.un.org/sg/biography.shtml|title = Official U.N. biography|publisher = United Nations|access-date = 12 August 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070911041705/http://www.un.org/sg/biography.shtml| archive-date= 11 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Foreign===

*{{Flag|Algeria}}: [[National Order of Merit (Algeria)|National Order of Merit of Algeria]]
*{{Flag|Argentina}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Liberator General San Martín]] (2016)<ref>{{cite news |title=El presidente Macri recibió al secretario General de la ONU |trans-title=President Macri hosted UN Secretary-General |url=https://www.casarosada.gob.ar/informacion/eventos-destacados-presi/36973-el-presidente-macri-recibio-al-secretario-general-de-las-naciones-unidas |work=casarosada.gob.ar |agency=[[Casa Rosada]] {{!}} [[Government of Argentina]] |date=8 August 2016 |language=es |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130074839/https://www.casarosada.gob.ar/informacion/eventos-destacados-presi/36973-el-presidente-macri-recibio-al-secretario-general-de-las-naciones-unidas |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Austria}}: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (2001).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour | language = de | page = 1446 | access-date = 29 November 2012 | archive-date = 1 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200501061109/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Rio Branco]]
*{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}: Grand Cross of the National Order of [[Burkina Faso]] (2008)
*{{Flag|El Salvador}}: Grand Cross with Silver Star of the [[Order of Jose Matias Delgado]]
*{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}: Grand Officer of the National Order of Ivory Coast (2008)
*{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}: [[Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan)|Order of Friendship]], 1st class (2010)
*{{flag|Kenya}}: Chief of the [[Order of the Golden Heart (Kenya)]] (2025)
*{{Flag|Monaco}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint-Charles]] (2013)<ref>Sovereign Ordonnance [http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/56ae81d1d4180496c12568ce002f290a/84c9938d796c81bec1257b430051f7b3!OpenDocument n° 4251] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405000705/http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/56ae81d1d4180496c12568ce002f290a/84c9938d796c81bec1257b430051f7b3!OpenDocument |date=5 April 2014 }}, 3 April 2013.</ref>
*{{Flag|Netherlands}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]] (19 April 2016)<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://nos.nl/artikel/2100154-hoge-koninklijke-onderscheiding-voor-vn-leider-ban-ki-moon.html Hoge koninklijke onderscheiding voor VN-leider Ban Ki-moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420115242/http://nos.nl/artikel/2100154-hoge-koninklijke-onderscheiding-voor-vn-leider-ban-ki-moon.html |date=20 April 2016 }}, NOS, 19 April 2016.</ref>
*{{Flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun (Peru)|Order of the Sun]] (2006)
*{{Flag|Philippines}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Sikatuna]], Rank of Raja (30 October 2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-order-of-sikatuna/ |title=The Order of Sikatuna |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092055/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-order-of-sikatuna/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Liberty]] (13 May 2016)
*{{Flag|Russia}}: [[Order of Friendship]] (8 June 2016)<ref>{{cite web |author1=Interfax |title=Putin awards UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon with Order of Friendship |url=https://www.rbth.com/news/2016/06/08/putin-awards-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-with-order-of-friendship_601345 |website=Russia Beyond |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185923/https://www.rbth.com/news/2016/06/08/putin-awards-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-with-order-of-friendship_601345 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Flag|San Marino}}: [[Order of Saint Agatha]] (2013)
*{{flag|Spain}}: Collar of the [[Order of Civil Merit]] (2 December 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2016-11519|date=2 December 2016|access-date=15 October 2025|lang=es|title= Real Decreto 629/2016, de 2 de diciembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil al señor Ban Ki-moon, Secretario General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Tajikistan}}: Order of Ismoili Samoni (2010)
*{{Flag|Uruguay}}: [[Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolución N° 294/011|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/294-2011|access-date=26 November 2020|website=impo.com.uy|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223619/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/294-2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foreign Awards===
*{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}: Jubilee medal "25th anniversary of the neutrality of Turkmenistan" (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://centralasia.news/12366-pan-gi-munu-vruchili-medal-25-letija-nejtraliteta-turkmenistana.html |title=Пан Ги Муну вручили медаль 25-летия Нейтралитета Туркменистана |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118185835/https://centralasia.news/12366-pan-gi-munu-vruchili-medal-25-letija-nejtraliteta-turkmenistana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Austria}}: Grand Golden Order of the City of [[Vienna]] (2013)
*{{Flag|Samoa}}: High [[Matai title]] conferred by Samoa as Prince Tapua Ban Ki-Moon of Suipapa Saleapaga. September 2014 during UN SIDS Conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.un.org/webtv|title=UN Web TV|first=United|last=Nations|website=Media|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122193733/https://media.un.org/webtv|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ban Ki-moon, in his capacity as Secretary-General of the United Nations, was one of the Olympic Torch carriers of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].
* Ban Ki-moon, in his capacity as Secretary-General of the United Nations, was one of the Olympic Torch carriers and he was also one of the Olympic Flag carriers of the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]].
* He was awarded the [[Arctic Circle (organization)|Arctic Circle]] Prize in 2016 in recognition of his advocacy for climate diplomacy during his tenure as UN Secretary-General, specifically for his role in negotiating the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highnorthnews.com/first-arctic-circle-prize-awarded-to-ban-ki-moon/|title=First Arctic Circle Prize Awarded to Ban Ki-Moon|date=9 October 2016|access-date=1 March 2018|work=High North News|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225722/http://www.highnorthnews.com/first-arctic-circle-prize-awarded-to-ban-ki-moon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* He was honoured with [[James A. Van Fleet Award]] by the [[Korea Society]] in [[New York City]] for his contributions to friendship between the United States and South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_detail.htm?No=39557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010712/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_detail.htm?No=39557 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |title=Samsung Chairman Lee Receives Van Fleet Award|date=20 September 2006|access-date=28 September 2006|work=[[KBS World]]}}</ref>
* He accepted the 2014 [[Tipperary International Peace Award]], described as "Ireland's outstanding award for humanitarian work",<ref name="TIPA-Indo01a">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/mandela-clinton-and-geldof-among-the-former-winners-29515280.html|title=Mandela, Clinton and Geldof among the former winners|work=[[Irish Independent]]|author=Ralph Riegel|date=21 August 2013|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526092827/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/mandela-clinton-and-geldof-among-the-former-winners-29515280.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[County Tipperary]], Ireland in May 2015.<ref name="TIPA2014-RTE01a">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0524/703427-un-chief-arrives-in-ireland-for-three-day-visit/|title=Ban Ki-moon praises 'truly historic' referendum result|work=[[RTÉ News]]|date=24 May 2015|access-date=25 May 2015|quote=Speaking after he accepted the Tipperary International Peace Award in Co Tipperary this evening...|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524230310/http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0524/703427-un-chief-arrives-in-ireland-for-three-day-visit/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Commemorative Medal of Freedom Heroes of the Republic of Hungary{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Honorary degrees===
* Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from [[University of Maryland, College Park]] on 17 October 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicpolicy.umd.edu/newsroom/student-news/un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-gives-inspirational-talk-urges-students-think|title=U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Receives Honorary Degree from UMD|work=UMD|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221021322/http://publicpolicy.umd.edu/newsroom/student-news/un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-gives-inspirational-talk-urges-students-think|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from [[Loyola Marymount University]] on 6 April 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.lmu.edu/2016/04/01/u-n-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-lmu/|title=U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to Receive Honorary Degree from LMU|work=LMU|date=April 2016|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024339/http://newsroom.lmu.edu/2016/04/01/u-n-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-lmu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Laws degree of [[The University of Auckland]] on 3 September 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/news-events-and-notices/events/events-2014/09/honorary-doctorate-and-public-address---his-excellency-mr-ban-ki.html |title=Honorary doctorate and Public Address - His Excellency Mr Ban Ki-moon |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220232031/https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/news-events-and-notices/events/events-2014/09/honorary-doctorate-and-public-address---his-excellency-mr-ban-ki.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate in Human Letters from [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]] on 10 September 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inside.fdu.edu/otw/0809/convocation.html |title=University Welcomes United Nations Leader at Academic Convocation |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-date=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406112757/http://inside.fdu.edu/otw/0809/convocation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from [[Seoul National University]] (2008)
* Doctor Honoris Causa from the [[National University of San Marcos]], the main university in Peru and the oldest of the Americas (2011)
* Doctor of Laws Degree Honoris Causa from the [[University of the Philippines College of Law|College of Law]] at the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]], the national university of the country, in 2008
* Honorary Doctor by the [[National University of Mongolia]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31608&Cr=mongolia&Cr1=|title=Mongolia a 'role model' for other developing countries, Ban says|date=28 July 2009|access-date=3 July 2012|work=UN News center|archive-date=11 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811075604/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31608&Cr=mongolia&Cr1=|url-status=live}}</ref>
* "Doctors of Letters" by [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release: Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General to UN conferred with 'Doctor of Letters' at Jamia |url=http://www.jmi.ac.in/bulletinboard/press-releases/latest/Press_Release_Mr_Ban_Ki_moon_Secretary_General_to_United_Nations_to_be_conferred_with_Doctor_of_Letters_at_a_Special_Convocation_on_the_27th_of_April_at_Jamia-1805,-Secretary- |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221172309/http://www.jmi.ac.in/bulletinboard/press-releases/latest/Press_Release_Mr_Ban_Ki_moon_Secretary_General_to_United_Nations_to_be_conferred_with_Doctor_of_Letters_at_a_Special_Convocation_on_the_27th_of_April_at_Jamia-1805,-Secretary- |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary doctorates in law from the [[University of Malta]] (2009) and the [[University of Washington]] (2009)
* Honorary doctorate of public service from [[University of Denver]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.du.edu/today/news/ban-ki-moon-mayor-michael-hancock-announced-as-commencement-speakers|title=Ban Ki-moon, Mayor Michael Hancock announced as Commencement speakers|date=30 May 2013|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608234855/http://blogs.du.edu/today/news/ban-ki-moon-mayor-michael-hancock-announced-as-commencement-speakers|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from [[Georgetown University]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50879|access-date=17 May 2015|title='Make the choice of service,' UN chief tells Georgetown graduates|date=16 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525155637/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50879|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kuleuven.be/communicatie/congresbureau/evenementen/patroonsfeest/2015/kimoon/index.html|title=KU Leuven awards honorary doctorate to Ban Ki-moon|date=26 May 2015|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528120924/https://www.kuleuven.be/communicatie/congresbureau/evenementen/patroonsfeest/2015/kimoon/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Doctor honoris causa from [[Comenius University]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uniba.sk/detail-aktuality/back_to_page/univerzita-komenskeho/article/generalny-tajomnik-osn-sa-stal-cestnym-doktorom-univerzity-komenskeho/|title=Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave (UK) dnes udelila čestný titul Doctor honoris causa (Dr. h. c.) generálnemu tajomníkovi OSN Pan Ki-munovi|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126055243/http://uniba.sk/detail-aktuality/back_to_page/univerzita-komenskeho/article/generalny-tajomnik-osn-sa-stal-cestnym-doktorom-univerzity-komenskeho/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Degree of Doctor of Civil Law Honoris Causa from [[University of Mauritius]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uom.ac.mu/index.php/news-events/744-conferment09may2016/|title=University of Mauritius Doctor honoris causa|date=9 May 2016|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601194101/http://www.uom.ac.mu/index.php/news-events/744-conferment09may2016/|archive-date=1 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Laws from [[Columbia University]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/node/4551.html|title=University Commencement {{!}} Columbia University in the City of New York|website=columbia.edu|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=19 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519162008/http://www.columbia.edu/node/4551.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary Degree from [[Marymount Manhattan College]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mmm.edu/live/news/1947-un-secretary-general-new-york-historical-society |title=UN Secretary-General, New-York Historical Society President, and MMC's own Campus Minister to receive 2016 Honorary Degrees |publisher=Marymount Manhattan College |date=21 April 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523113237/http://www.mmm.edu/live/news/1947-un-secretary-general-new-york-historical-society |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Doctor honoris causa from [[Panthéon-Sorbonne University]] (2016)
* Doctor of Law (honoris causa) from the [[University of Cambridge]] (3 February 2016)<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.reporter.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2015-16/weekly/6413/section6.shtml |title=Congregation of the Regent House on 3 February 2016: Honorary Degree |journal=[[Cambridge University Reporter]] |access-date=5 December 2022 |number=6413 |date=3 February 2016 |pages=346–347 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205145431/https://www.reporter.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2015-16/weekly/6413/section6.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Honorary doctorate from the [[University of Groningen]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/news/2018/10/17-october-awarding-of-honorary-doctorate-to-ban-ki-moon|title=Honorary Doctorate awarded to Ban Ki-moon {{!}} News articles {{!}} News and Events {{!}} About us {{!}} University of Groningen|website=rug.nl|date=15 October 2018|language=en|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163159/https://www.rug.nl/news/2018/10/17-october-awarding-of-honorary-doctorate-to-ban-ki-moon|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Honorary doctorate in Global Peace and Sustainable Development from [[National University of Malaysia|Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] (2019)
*Honorary doctorate in recognition of work in pursuing peace, promoting human rights, and advancing UN Sustainable Development from [[Tampere University]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web| title = Tampere University confers 244 doctorates and 14 honorary doctorates at its first Conferment Ceremony| work = Tampere universities| accessdate = 16 August 2022| url = https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/tampere-university-confers-244-doctorates-and-14-honorary-doctorates-its-first-conferment| archive-date = 16 August 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816065805/https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/tampere-university-confers-244-doctorates-and-14-honorary-doctorates-its-first-conferment| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book|title=Resolved: Uniting Nations in a Divided World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1BHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=9789354893087|pages=376|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=India|date=2021}}

==See also==
*[[List of trips made by Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon|List of trips by Ban Ki-moon]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Biography: Supplement #27|url=https://www.gale.com/ebooks/9781573029582/encyclopedia-of-world-biography-supplement|publisher=[[Gale Research Inc]]|date=10 July 2007|isbn=9781414418926|page=560|quote-page=29–31}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Ban Ki-moon}}
* [https://www.un.org/sg/en/formersg/ban.shtml Ban Ki-moon], official [[United Nations]] profile as former secretary-general
* [https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-2007–2018 Ban Ki-moon papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026114855/https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-2007–2018 |date=26 October 2023 }} at the [[United Nations]] Archives
* [https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-2007-2018 Ban Ki-moon papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026114855/https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-2007-2018 |date=26 October 2023 }} at the [[United Nations]] Archives
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/bankimoon Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* {{C-SPAN}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|5}}
* {{IMDb name|2559634}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|category/person/ban-ki-moon}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/b/ban_ki_moon}}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5694018002727109340 Ban Ki-moon interview] with [[Dennis Wholey]] on 23 February 2006
* [https://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/sg.shtml Ban Ki-moon's address to the United Nations General Assembly], General Debate of the 63rd Session, 23 September 2008
* {{cite web |url=http://iiea.com/events/ban-ki-moon-on-peacekeeping |title=Ban Ki-moon on Sixty Years of UN Peacekeeping |author= |date=7 July 2009 |publisher=[[Institute of International and European Affairs]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117085001/http://iiea.com/events/ban-ki-moon-on-peacekeeping |archive-date=17 January 2010}} Dublin Castle.

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{{s-aft|after=[[Song Min-soon]]}}
|-
{{s-intgov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kofi Annan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]|years=2007–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[António Guterres]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{LN and UN Secretaries-General}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ban, Ki-Moon}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
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[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
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[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of José Matías Delgado]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles]]
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List of most-viewed YouTube videos

2026-03-08T14:15:37Z

SherleneGirardi: cleanup information additionally for accuracy

{{Short description|List of YouTube videos that have been viewed the most}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}

[[YouTube]] is an American video-sharing website headquartered in [[San Bruno, California]]. The site indicates view counts of each uploaded video, making it possible to keep track of the most viewed, many of which continue to exist while others are no longer available on the site. Although the most-viewed were initially [[viral video]]s uploaded by amateur content creators, such as "[[Judson Laipply#"Evolution of Dance"|Evolution of Dance]]" and "[[Charlie Bit My Finger]]", they have increasingly become [[music videos]] produced on behalf of professional recording artists. Since [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Bad Romance]]" in 2009, every video that has reached the top of the "most-viewed YouTube videos" list has been a music video.

In November 2005, a [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] advertisement featuring Brazilian football player [[Ronaldinho]] became the first video to reach 1,000,000 views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/03/31/2005-nike-video-featuring-ronaldinho-becomes-first-youtube-film-reach-one-million|title=2005: Nike video featuring Ronaldinho becomes first YouTube film to reach one million views|website=The Drum}}</ref> The billion-view mark was first passed by [[Gangnam Style]] in December 2012. On January 13, 2022, [[Pinkfong]]'s "[[Baby Shark]]" became the first video to hit 10,000,000,000 views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/13/entertainment/baby-shark-10-billion-views-youtube-cec/index.html|title='Baby Shark' becomes the first YouTube video to hit 10 billion views|website=CNN|date=January 13, 2022 }}</ref>

Views represent how many times a video is watched. To ensure that traffic is coming from actual humans and not scripts or other deceptive methods, YouTube has a secret algorithm to separate legitimate views from illegitimate ones, and only legitimate views are included in the view count.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2991785?hl=en|title=How engagement metrics are counted|publisher=Google Inc.|date=January 1, 2023}}</ref> Specifically, to count as a legitimate view, a user must intentionally initiate the playback of the video and play at least 30 seconds of the video (or the entire video for shorter videos). Additionally, while replays count as views, there is a limit of 4 or 5 views per [[IP address]] during a 24-hour period, after which point, no further views from that IP are counted until the 24-hour period expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.hootsuite.com/get-views-youtube/|title=How to Get More Views on YouTube [REAL Ones]|publisher=Hootsuite|date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tubics.com/blog/what-counts-as-a-view-on-youtube/|title=How Does YouTube Count Views?|publisher=Tubics|access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref>

== Top videos ==

The following table lists the top 30 most-viewed videos on [[YouTube]], with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views, uploader, and publication date. Note that some videos may not be available worldwide due to [[Geolocation software#Regional licensing|regional restrictions]] in certain countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLirAqAtl_h2r5g8xGajEwdXd3x1sZh8hC|title=Most Viewed Videos of All Time • (Over 700M views) - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header static-row-numbers sort-under col3center col4right"
|-
! Video name
! Uploader
! Views (billions)
! data-sort-type="usLongDate" | Date
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Baby Shark|Baby Shark Dance]]<ref name="Baby Shark Dance">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w|title=Baby Shark Dance {{pipe}} #babyshark Most Viewed Video {{pipe}} Animal Songs {{pipe}} PINKFONG Songs for Children|work=[[YouTube]]|date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[Pinkfong|Pinkfong Baby Shark - Kids' Songs & Stories]] || 16.70 || June 17, 2016 || {{efn-ua|"Baby Shark Dance" was the fifth video to reach 4 billion views on November 25, 2019, the second video to reach:
* 5 billion views on April 3, 2020
* 6 billion views on July 16, 2020
* 7 billion views on October 29, 2020;
and the first to reach:
* 8 billion views on February 23, 2021
* 9 billion views on July 20, 2021
* 10 billion views on January 13, 2022<ref name="Baby Shark Ten Billion">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/baby-shark-dance-10-billion-youtube-views-1235153290/|title='Baby Shark Dance' Boogies to More Than 10 Billion YouTube Views|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=January 13, 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113153312/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/baby-shark-dance-10-billion-youtube-views-1235153290/|archive-date=January 13, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref>
* 11 billion views on July 24, 2022
* 12 billion views on December 29, 2022
* 13 billion views on June 20, 2023
* 14 billion views on January 26, 2024
* 15 billion views on September 1, 2024.
It surpassed "Despacito" on November 1, 2020 to become the most-viewed video of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9476848/baby-shark-record-despacito-most-viewed-youtube-video-ever/|title='Baby Shark' Swims Past 'Despacito' to Become Most-Viewed YouTube Video of All-Time|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=November 2, 2020|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102193443/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9476848/baby-shark-record-despacito-most-viewed-youtube-video-ever/|archive-date=November 2, 2020|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Despacito#Music video|Despacito]]<ref name="Despacito (feat. Daddy Yankee)">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJQP7kiw5Fk|title=Luis Fonsi – Despacito ft. Daddy Yankee|work=[[YouTube]]|date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Luis Fonsi]] || 8.95 || January 12, 2017 || {{efn-ua|name=despacitoview|"Despacito" surpassed "See You Again" as the most viewed video on August 4, 2017.<ref name="Despacito"/> It was the first video to reach:
* 3 billion views on August 4, 2017<ref name="3billion"/>
* 4 billion views on October 11, 2017<ref name="4billion"/>
* 5 billion views on April 5, 2018<ref name="5billion"/>
* 6 billion views on February 24, 2019<ref name="6billion"/>
* 7 billion views on October 10, 2020;<ref name="7billion"/>
and the second video to reach 8 billion views on November 6, 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/news/despacito-video-tops-8-billion-views-1.18769760 | title='Despacito' Video Tops 8 Billion Views }}</ref> It is YouTube's second [[List of most-liked YouTube videos|most liked video]] with over 55 million likes {{as of|2026|February|lc=y}}.}}
|-
| [[The Wheels on the Bus|Wheels on the Bus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_04ZrNroTo|title=Wheels on the Bus {{pipe}} CoCoMelon Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs|work=[[YouTube]]|date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Cocomelon - Nursery Rhymes]] || 8.59 || May 24, 2018 ||
|-
| Bath Song<ref name="Bath Song">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRVsOCh907o|title=Bath Song {{pipe}} CoCoMelon Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs|work=[[YouTube]]|date=May 2, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[Cocomelon - Nursery Rhymes]] || 7.39 || May 2, 2018 ||
|-
| [[Johny Johny Yes Papa#YouTube videos|Johny Johny Yes Papa]]<ref name="Johny Johny Yes Papa">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4tHL8reNCs|title=Johny Johny Yes Papa 👶 THE BEST Song for Children {{pipe}} LooLoo Kids|work=[[YouTube]]|date=October 8, 2016 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || LooLoo Kids - Nursery Rhymes and Children's Songs|| 7.16 || October 8, 2016 ||
|-
| [[See You Again#Music video|See You Again]]<ref name="See You Again">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgKAFK5djSk|title=Wiz Khalifa – See You Again ft. Charlie Puth [Official Video] Furious 7 Soundtrack|work=[[YouTube]]|date=April 6, 2015 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[Wiz Khalifa]] || 6.94 || April 6, 2015 || {{efn-ua|"See You Again" surpassed "Gangnam Style" as the most viewed video on July 10, 2017.<ref name="SeeYouAgaintop"/> It was the second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/09/08/wiz-khalifa-charlie-puth-see-you-again-two-billion/|title=Wiz Khalifa, Charlie Puth's 'See You Again' Gets 16,000 YouTube Views Per Hour On Its Path To Two Billion|date=September 3, 2016|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> and 3 billion views on August 6, 2017;<ref name="SeeYouAgain3"/> the third to reach 4 billion views on February 7, 2019; and the fourth to reach 5 billion views on March 7, 2021.<ref name="SeeYouAgain4"/> It is the fourth [[List of most-liked YouTube videos|most liked video]] with over 46 million likes {{as of|2026|February|lc=y}}.}}
|-
| Phonics Song with Two Words<ref name="Phonics Song">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hq3yfQnllfQ|title=Phonics Song with TWO Words – ABC Alphabet Songs with Sounds for Children|work=[[YouTube]]|date=March 6, 2014 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[ChuChu TV|ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs]] || 6.89 || March 6, 2014 ||
|-
| [[Shape of You#Music video|Shape of You]]<ref name="Shape of You">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGwWNGJdvx8|title=Ed Sheeran – Shape of You [Official Video]|work=[[YouTube]]|date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Ed Sheeran]] || 6.67 || January 30, 2017 || {{efn-ua|"Shape of You" was the second video to reach 4 billion views on January 7, 2019;<ref name="ShapeofYou4"/> the third to reach 5 billion views on October 1, 2020; and the fifth to reach 6 billion views on May 23, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/hk/entertainment/most-viewed-youtube-videos-of-all-time/|title=The 10 most-viewed YouTube videos of all-time|date=May 23, 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Gangnam Style (music video)|Gangnam Style]]<ref name="Gangnam Style">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0|title=PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V|work=[[YouTube]]|date=July 15, 2012 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Psy]] || 5.86 || July 15, 2012 || {{efn-ua|name=gangnamview|"Gangnam Style" surpassed "Baby" as the most viewed video on November 24, 2012.<ref name="GangnamStyle"/> It was the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21, 2012,<ref name="billboardbillion"/> and 2 billion views on May 30, 2014;<ref name="billboardbillion2"/> the third to reach 3 billion views on November 25, 2017; and the eighth to reach 4 billion views on March 4, 2021.<ref name="Gangnam3"/>}}
|-
| [[Uptown Funk#Music video|Uptown Funk]]<ref name="Uptown Funk">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPf0YbXqDm0|title=Mark Ronson – Uptown Funk ft. Bruno Mars|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 19, 2014 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[Mark Ronson]] || 5.76 || November 19, 2014 ||
|-
| [[Axel F#Crazy Frog version|Axel F]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k85mRPqvMbE|title=Crazy Frog – Axel F|work=[[YouTube]]|date=June 16, 2009 |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> || [[Crazy Frog]] || 5.75 || June 16, 2009 ||
|-
| Learning Colors – Colorful Eggs on a Farm<ref name="Eggs">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nAu9D-8srA|title=Учим цвета-Разноцветные яйца на ферме|work=[[YouTube]]|date=February 26, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || Miroshka TV|| 5.42 || February 27, 2018 ||
|-
| [[Dame Tu Cosita#Music video|Dame Tu Cosita]]<ref name="Dame Tu Cosita">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzG4uDgje3M|title=El Chombo – Dame Tu Cosita feat. Cutty Ranks (Official Video)|work=[[YouTube]]|date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[Ultra Records]]|| 5.36 || April 5, 2018 ||
|-
| [[Hanuman Chalisa|Shree Hanuman Chalisa]]<ref name="Chalisa">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AETFvQonfV8|title=श्री हनुमान चालीसा 🌺🙏{{pipe}} Shree Hanuman Chalisa Original Video {{pipe}}🙏🌺{{pipe}} GULSHAN KUMAR {{pipe}} HARIHARAN {{pipe}}Full HD|work=[[YouTube]]|date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref>|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Bhakti Sagar]]|| 5.22 || May 10, 2011 ||
|-
| [[Baa, Baa, Black Sheep|Baa Baa Black Sheep]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MR5XSOdjKMA|title=Baa Baa Black Sheep {{pipe}} CoCoMelon Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs |work=[[YouTube]] |date=June 25, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[Cocomelon - Nursery Rhymes]]|| 4.74 || June 25, 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Masha and the Bear]]'' – Recipe for Disaster<ref name="Masha and the Bear">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYniUCGPGLs|title=Маша и Медведь (Masha and The Bear) – Маша плюс каша (17 Серия)|work=[[YouTube]]|date=January 31, 2012 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref>|| [[Get Movies]]|| 4.67 || January 31, 2012 ||
|-
| Lakdi Ki Kathi<ref name="Lakdi">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bLfzgZ-wO8|title=लकड़ी की काठी {{pipe}} Lakdi ki Kathi {{pipe}} Popular Hindi Children Songs {{pipe}} Animated Songs by JingleToons |work=[[YouTube]] |date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>|| Jingle Toons || 4.56 || June 14, 2018 ||
|-
| [[Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)#Music video|Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)]]<ref name="Waka Waka">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRpeEdMmmQ0|title=Shakira – Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) (The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Song)|work=[[YouTube]]|date=June 4, 2010 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Shakira]] || 4.46 || June 4, 2010 ||
|-
| Temu's Big Game Ad<ref name="temu">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Od0aOse1wc |title=Temu's Big Game Ad Encore TV Commercial 2024 |work=[[YouTube]] |date=August 30, 2025 |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref>|| [[Temu]]|| 4.38 || February 12, 2024 ||
|-
| Humpty the train on a fruits ride<ref name="Humpty">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=138nNxXUJXw |title=Humpty the Train on a Fruits Ride {{pipe}} हम्प्टी ट्रैन और उसके फल दोस्तों से मिलिए {{pipe}} Kiddiestv Hindi |work=[[YouTube]] |date=January 26, 2018 |access-date=August 26, 2022}}</ref>|| Kiddiestv Hindi - Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs || 4.38 || January 26, 2018 ||
|-
| [[Counting Stars#Music video|Counting Stars]]<ref name="Counting Stars">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hT_nvWreIhg |title=OneRepublic – Counting Stars |work=[[YouTube]] |date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[OneRepublic]]|| 4.37 || May 31, 2013 ||
|-
| [[Sugar (Maroon 5 song)#Music video|Sugar]]<ref name="Sugar">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09R8_2nJtjg|title=Maroon 5 – Sugar|work=[[YouTube]]|date=January 14, 2015 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref>|| [[Maroon 5]]|| 4.35 || January 14, 2015 ||
|-
| [[Baby Shark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=020g-0hhCAU|title=Baby Shark {{pipe}} CoCoMelon Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 21, 2017 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref>|| [[Cocomelon - Nursery Rhymes]]|| 4.31 || November 21, 2017 ||
|-
| [[Roar (song)#Music video|Roar]]<ref name="Roar">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CevxZvSJLk8 |title=Katy Perry – Roar (Official) |work=[[YouTube]] |date=September 5, 2013 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[Katy Perry]]|| 4.28 || September 5, 2013 ||
|-
| [[Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)#Music video|Dark Horse]]<ref name="Dark Horse">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KSOMA3QBU0|title=Katy Perry – Dark Horse (Official) ft. Juicy J|work=[[YouTube]]|date=February 20, 2014 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Katy Perry]] || 4.13 || February 20, 2014 ||
|-
| [[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)#Music video|Perfect]]<ref name="Perfect">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vv-BfVoq4g|title=Ed Sheeran – Perfect (Official Music Video)|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 9, 2017 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Ed Sheeran]] || 4.12 || November 9, 2017 ||
|-
| [[Sorry (Justin Bieber song)#Music videos|Sorry]]<ref name="Sorry">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRh_vgS2dFE|title=Justin Bieber – Sorry (PURPOSE : The Movement)|work=[[YouTube]]|date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> || [[Justin Bieber]] || 4.07 || October 22, 2015 ||
|-
| [[Let Her Go#Music video|Let Her Go]]<ref name="Let Her Go">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBumgq5yVrA |title=Passenger {{pipe}} Let Her Go (Official Video) |work=[[YouTube]] |date=July 25, 2012 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[Passenger (singer)|Passenger]]|| 4.01 || July 25, 2012 ||
|-
| [[Thinking Out Loud#Music video|Thinking Out Loud]]<ref name="Thinking Out Loud">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp-EO5I60KA |title=Ed Sheeran – Thinking Out Loud [Official Video] |work=[[YouTube]] |date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>|| [[Ed Sheeran]]|| 3.98 || October 7, 2014 ||
|-
| [[Girls Like You#Music video|Girls Like You]]<ref name="Girls Like You">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJOTlE1K90k|title=Maroon 5 – Girls Like You ft. Cardi B|work=[[YouTube]]|date=May 30, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> || [[Maroon 5]] || 3.97 || May 31, 2018 ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | As of February 19, 2026
|}

==Billion-View Club==
An early metric of a video's popularity was the so-called Billion-View Club, denoting videos which had succeeded in reaching over 1 billion views since their initial upload.<ref name="RollingStone">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-billion-view-club-youtubes-most-watched-music-videos-162074/|title=The Billion View Club: YouTube's Most Watched Music Videos|first=Brittany|last=Spanos|date=October 13, 2015|access-date=October 15, 2019|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

In December 2012, "[[Gangnam Style (music video)|Gangnam Style]]" became the first video to reach one billion views.<ref name="billboardbillion">{{cite magazine|last=Gruger|first=William|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Video Hits 1 Billion Views, Unprecedented Milestone|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1483733/psys-gangnam-style-video-hits-1-billion-views-unprecedented-milestone|date=December 21, 2012|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> By June 2015, only "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)#Music video|Baby]]" had also managed to pass this threshold, but, by October 2015, a total of ten videos had done so,<ref name="RollingStone"/> and the number grew further to over 400 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villamere |first=J. C. |title=The Songs That Joined YouTube's Billion Views Club This Decade |url=https://etcanada.com/photos/713613/12-songs-that-joined-youtubes-billion-views-club-in-2020/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715092332/https://etcanada.com/photos/713613/12-songs-that-joined-youtubes-billion-views-club-in-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Older videos that pre-dated the launch of YouTube in 2005 but were added later to pass a billion views are as follow:
* "[[November Rain]]" by [[Guns N' Roses]] became the first video made prior to 2005, YouTube's foundation year, to reach this threshold by July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loudwire.com/guns-n-roses-november-rain-first-90s-video-1-billion-views-youtube/|title=Guns N' Roses' 'November Rain' Is First '90s Video to Top 1 Billion YouTube Views|first=Michael|last=Christopher|date=July 16, 2018|access-date=October 15, 2019|work=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref>
* "[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]" by [[Linkin Park]] was the first 2000s video predating YouTube to reach 1 billion views in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/linkin-parks-numb-video-has-reached-1-billion-views-on-youtube|title=Linkin Park's 'Numb' Video Has Reached 1 Billion Views On YouTube - News|website=Rock Sound Magazine|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027174040/https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/linkin-parks-numb-video-has-reached-1-billion-views-on-youtube|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" by [[Queen (band)|Queen]] was the first 1970s video (and pre-1990s video) to reach 1 billion views in July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/22/bohemian-rhapsody-becomes-first-pre-1990s-song-rack-billion/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/22/bohemian-rhapsody-becomes-first-pre-1990s-song-rack-billion/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Bohemian Rhapsody becomes first pre-1990s song to rack up billion hits on YouTube, site announces|first=Jessica|last=Carpani|date=July 22, 2019|access-date=October 15, 2019|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* "[[Sweet Child o' Mine]]" by Guns N' Roses was the first 1980s video to reach 1 billion views in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/guns-n-roses-sweet-child-o-mine-1-billion-views-1203371701/|title=Guns N' Roses' 'Sweet Child O' Mine' Becomes First '80s Music Video's to Hit 1 Billion YouTube Views|first=Breanna|last=Bell|date=October 15, 2019|access-date=October 15, 2019|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

With numerous videos readily clearing one billion views by 2018, more interest has been on two- and three-billion-views-and-higher metrics. In May 2014, "Gangnam Style" became the first video to exceed two billion views.<ref name="billboardbillion2">{{cite magazine|last1=Benjamin|first1=Jeff|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/psy-gangnam-style-2-billion-views-youtube-kpop/|date=May 30, 2014|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref> "[[Despacito#Music video|Despacito]]" became the first video to reach three billion views in August 2017,<ref name="3billion">{{cite web|last1=McIntyre|first1=Hugh|title='Despacito' Just Became The First Video To Reach Three Billion Views On YouTube|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/08/04/despacito-just-became-the-first-video-to-reach-three-billion-views-on-youtube|website=[[Forbes]]|date=August 4, 2017|access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> four billion in October 2017,<ref name="4billion">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/10/11/despacito-is-the-first-video-to-reach-4-billion-views-on-youtube/|title='Despacito' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube|first=Hugh|last=McIntyre|date=October 11, 2017|access-date=October 11, 2017|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> five billion in April 2018,<ref name="5billion">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2018/04/04/despacito-has-just-become-the-first-video-to-reach-5-billion-views-on-youtube/|title='Despacito' Has Just Become The First Video To Reach 5 Billion Views On YouTube|first=Hugh|last=McIntyre|date=April 4, 2018|access-date=April 5, 2018|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> six billion in February 2019,<ref name="6billion">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/veronicavillafane/2019/02/25/luis-fonsi-and-daddy-yankees-despacito-makes-youtube-history-as-first-video-with-6-billion-views/|title=Luis Fonsi And Daddy Yankee's "Despacito" Makes YouTube History As First Video With 6 Billion Views|website=[[Forbes]]|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> and seven billion in October 2020.<ref name="7billion">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andreabossi/2020/10/10/most-viewed-youtube-video-despacito-breaks-record-with---7-billion-views/|title=Most Viewed YouTube Video, 'Despacito,' Breaks Record With 7 Billion Views|website=[[Forbes]]|date=October 10, 2020|access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> "[[Baby Shark Dance]]" became the first video to reach eight billion views in February 2021, nine billion views in July 2021, and ten billion views in January 2022.<ref name="Baby Shark Ten Billion"/> As of February 2026, it has more than sixteen billion views.

{{As of|2023|May}}, thirteen videos have exceeded four billion views, eight of which exceed five billion views, five of which exceed six billion views, and two of which exceed eight billion views. "[[See You Again]]" became the second video to reach three billion views in August 2017,<ref name="SeeYouAgain3">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/08/06/wiz-khalifa-charlie-puths-see-you-again-has-now-hit-three-billion-views-on-youtube/|title=Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth's 'See You Again' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube|first=Hugh|last=McIntyre|date=August 6, 2017|access-date=August 9, 2017|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> followed by "Gangnam Style" in November 2017.<ref name="Gangnam3">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/11/25/psys-gangnam-style-finally-reaches-3-billion-views-on-youtube/|title=Psy's 'Gangnam Style' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube|first=Hugh|last=McIntyre|date=November 25, 2017|access-date=November 25, 2017|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> "[[Shape of You#Music video|Shape of You]]" became the second video to reach four billion views in January 2019,<ref name="ShapeofYou4">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2019/01/10/ed-sheerans-shape-of-you-has-just-become-the-second-video-to-hit-four-billion-views-on-youtube/|title=Ed Sheeran's 'Shape Of You' Becomes The Second Video To Hit 4 Billion Views On YouTube|website=[[Forbes]]|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref> followed by "See You Again" in February 2019.<ref name="SeeYouAgain4">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2019/03/07/wiz-khalifa-and-charlie-puths-see-you-again-is-the-third-video-to-reach-this-milestone-on-youtube/|title=Wiz Khalifa And Charlie Puth's 'See You Again' Is The Third Video To Reach This Milestone On YouTube|website=[[Forbes]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> "[[Baby Shark Dance]]" became the second video to reach five billion views in April 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musictimes.com/articles/81311/20200409/most-viewed-youtube-music-videos.htm|title=Top 20 Most Viewed YouTube Music Videos|date=April 9, 2020|access-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> followed by "Shape of You" in October 2020. "Baby Shark Dance" became the second video to reach six billion views in July 2020, and seven billion views in October 2020.

The majority of these videos in the Billion-View Club have been commercial [[music video]]s by popular artists, but the list has included oddities, typically programs aimed at children. Such videos include two episodes of the Russian animated cartoon ''[[Masha and the Bear]]'', a version of "[[The Wheels on the Bus]]" by the British animation studio [[Little Baby Bum]], and "[[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa]]" from children's stations LooLoo Kids and [[ChuChu TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2017/10/rise-and-rise-billion-club-list-youtube-videos-over-one-billion-views|title=The rise and rise of the Billion Club: the list of YouTube videos with over one billion views|first=Anna|last=Leszkiewicz|date=October 11, 2017|access-date=March 12, 2020|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> Various versions of the song "[[Baby Shark]]" in total amassed more than five billion views by January 2019, with the original version posted by [[Pinkfong]] having exceeded two billion views previously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/1/30/18203918/baby-shark-song-youtube-video-education-trend|title=Baby Shark videos have amassed a record-breaking 5 billion views|first=Petrana|last=Radulovic|date=January 30, 2019|access-date=October 15, 2019|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> The original "Baby Shark" video by Pinkfong is now the most viewed video on the site. On October 29, 2020, Baby Shark surpassed 7 billion views, and on November 2, 2020, it passed Despacito to become the most viewed video on YouTube. On February 23, 2021, Baby Shark surpassed 8 billion views, becoming the first video to do so. On July 20, 2021, Baby Shark surpassed 9 billion views, becoming the first (and currently only) video to do so. On January 13, 2022, Baby Shark became the first (and currently only) video to surpass 10 billion views.<ref name="Baby Shark Ten Billion"/>

On July 14, 2022, YouTube made a special playlist and video celebrating the 317 music videos to have hit 1 billion views and joined the "Billion Views Club".<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the Billion Views Club I YouTube Culture & Trends |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmyE4aTgc3A |website=YouTube.com | date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating The One Billion Views Club |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH4OmcA-BD2hn0L082oLvvgV |website=YouTube.com |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

On April 1, 2024, the communications app [[Discord]] incorporated a short trailer video into their in-app [[April Fools' Day]] prank regarding [[loot box]]es. The video automatically looped for anyone with Discord open, even if the notification had not been opened yet. This had the inadvertent effect of massively increasing the trailer's view count, causing it to reach a billion views in less than 24 hours and becoming the most-viewed video in that timeframe on the platform, surpassing ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]''{{'s}} trailer which gained over 90 million views in a single day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=2024-04-02 |title=Discord Seemingly Accidentally Viewbotted Its Own April Fool's Video to Smash the GTA 6 Trailer Record in Half a Day |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/discord-seemingly-accidentally-viewbotted-its-own-april-fools-video-to-smash-the-gta-6-trailer-record-in-half-a-day |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ropek |first1=Lucas |title=Discord April Fool's Video Surpasses a Billion YouTube Views in a Day and Nobody's Sure How |url=https://gizmodo.com/discord-april-fool-video-billion-youtube-views-in-a-day-1851381682 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=Gizmodo |date=2 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The video later had its view count adjusted to the low millions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Historical most-viewed videos==
The following table lists the videos that became YouTube's most-viewed video, from October 2005 to the present.

{{legend|#d0f0c0|Current record of days held (⁂)}}
{{legend|#d7ccf3|Former record of days held (*)}}
{{legend|#ffd9d9|Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube or set to private (‡)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Progression of the most-viewed video on YouTube
! Video name
! Uploader
! Views at achievement*
! Publication date
! Date achieved
! Days after upload
! Days held
! Takedown date
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|"[[Baby Shark Dance]]"⁂<ref name="Baby Shark Dance"/> || [[Pinkfong|Pinkfong Baby Shark - Kids' Songs & Stories]] || align=right | 7,046,700,000 || align="right" | June 17, 2016 || align=right | November 2, 2020
| style="text-align:center;" | 1600
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | '''{{age in days|November 2, 2020}}'''
| || align="center" | || align=center |
|-
|"[[Despacito]]"<ref name="Despacito (feat. Daddy Yankee)"/> || [[Luis Fonsi]] || align=right | 2,993,700,000 || align="right" | January 12, 2017 || align=right | August 4, 2017
| style="text-align:center;" | 206
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,186
| || align="center" | <ref name="Despacito">{{cite web|last1=McIntyre|first1=Hugh|title='Despacito' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/08/04/despacito-has-just-become-the-most-popular-video-of-all-time-on-youtube/|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> || align=center | {{efn-ua|name=despacitoview}}
|-
|"[[See You Again#Music video|See You Again]]"<ref name="See You Again"/> || [[Wiz Khalifa]] || align=right | 2,894,000,000 || align=right | April 6, 2015 || align=right | July 10, 2017
| style="text-align:center;" | 826
| style="text-align:center;" | 25
| || align="center" | <ref name="SeeYouAgaintop">{{cite news|last1=France|first1=Lisa Respers|title='See You Again' takes YouTube top spot|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/11/entertainment/most-viewed-youtube-video/index.html|access-date=July 12, 2017|work=CNN|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
|| "[[Gangnam Style (music video)|Gangnam Style]]"*<ref name="Gangnam Style"/> || [[Psy]] || align=right | 803,700,000 || align=right | July 15, 2012 || align=right | November 24, 2012
| align="center" | 134
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''1,689'''
| || align="center" | <ref name="GangnamStyle">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2012/11/24/psys-gangam-style-tops-biebers-baby-to-become-most-viewed-youtube-video-ever/|title=PSY's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever|last=Kosner|first=Anthony Wing|date=November 24, 2012|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> || align=center | {{efn-ua|name=gangnamview}}
|-
|| "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"*<ref name="Baby">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kffacxfA7G4|title=Justin Bieber – Baby ft. Ludacris|work=[[YouTube]]|date=February 19, 2010 |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> || [[Justin Bieber]] || align=right | 245,400,000 || align=right | February 19, 2010 || align=right | July 16, 2010
| align="center" | 149
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''862'''
| || align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1643829/justin-bieber-beats-lady-gaga-in-youtube-video-popularity-for-now/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109220644/http://www.mtv.com/news/1643829/justin-bieber-beats-lady-gaga-in-youtube-video-popularity-for-now/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2014|title=Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity – For Now|date=July 16, 2010|work=[[MTV|MTV News]]|access-date=January 17, 2014|first=Gil|last=Kaufman}}</ref> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Baby" became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://readwrite.com/2011/03/27/biebers_baby_will_hit_500m_views_today_its_also_th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111000952/http://readwrite.com/2011/03/27/biebers_baby_will_hit_500m_views_today_its_also_th|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 11, 2012|title=Bieber's 'Baby' Will Hit 500m Views Today; It's Also The Most Hated Video on YouTube (For Now)|date=March 27, 2011|work=readwrite|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Marshall|last=Kirkpatrick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcrush.com/justin-bieber-baby-500-million-times-youtube|title=Justin Bieber's 'Baby' Viewed 500 Million Times On YouTube|date=March 28, 2011|work=Pop Crush|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Amy|last=Sciarretto}}</ref>}}
|-
|| "[[Bad Romance]]"<ref name="Bad Romance">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrO4YZeyl0I|title=Lady Gaga – Bad Romance|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 24, 2009 |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> || [[Lady Gaga]] || align=right | 178,400,000 || align=right | November 24, 2009 || align=right | April 14, 2010
| align="center" | 143
| align="center" | 93
| || align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/lady-gaga%E2%80%99s-bad-romance-is-officially-the-most-viewed-video-on-youtube-ever/11619|title=Lady Gaga's Bad Romance Is Officially The Most Viewed Video On YouTube Ever|date=April 14, 2010|work=SocialTimes|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Megan|last=O'Neill}}</ref> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Bad Romance" became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/lady-gagas-bad-romance-will-be-youtubes-first-video-to-200-million-views-2010-5|title=Lady Gaga's 'Bad Romance' Will Be YouTube's First Video To Hit 200 Million Views|date=May 7, 2010|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Will|last=Wei}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse2.com/2010/05/09/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views|title=Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views|date=May 9, 2010|work=Pulse 2.0|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315101414/http://pulse2.com/2010/05/09/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views/|archive-date=March 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
|| "[[Charlie Bit My Finger]]"<ref name="Charlie">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OBlgSz8sSM|title=Charlie bit my finger – again !|work=[[YouTube]]|date=May 22, 2007 |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> || HDCYT || align=right | 128,900,000 || align=right | {{nowrap|May 22, 2007}} || align=right | October 25, 2009
| align="center" | 887
| align="center" | 171
| July 2021 (made available again January 2024) || align="center" | <ref name="CharlieRef"/> ||
|-
|| "[[Judson Laipply#"Evolution of Dance"|Evolution of Dance]]" (3rd time as most viewed video)<ref name="EoD"/> || [[Judson Laipply]] || align=right | 118,900,000 || align=right | April 6, 2006 || align=right | May 2, 2009
| align="center" | 1062
| align="center" | 176
| || align="center" | <ref name="EvolutionRef1"/> ||
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)#Music video|Girlfriend]]"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ25-glGRzI|title=Avril Lavigne – Girlfriend|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg59q4puhmg|title=Avril Lavigne – Girlfriend|work=[[YouTube]]|date=October 2, 2009 |access-date=November 25, 2017}}</ref> || [[RCA Records]] || align=right | 92,600,000 || align=right | February 27, 2007 || align=right | July 17, 2008
| align="center" | 508
| align="center" | 289
|November 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web TV WireAvril Lavigne Breaks YouTube Record {{!}} Girlfriend Music Video Is First To Top 100 Million Views |date=September 9, 2008 |url=http://www.webtvwire.com/how-avril-lavigne-killed-youtube-girlfriend-music-video-is-first-to-top-100-million-views/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>|| align="center" | <ref name="GirlfriendRef"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|Approximately ten million views per month as of 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_youtube_videos_of_all_time.php |title=Top 10 YouTube Videos of All Time |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-date=August 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822043358/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_youtube_videos_of_all_time.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }}
|-
|| "[[Judson Laipply#"Evolution of Dance"|Evolution of Dance]]" (2nd time as most viewed video)<ref name="EoD">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMH0bHeiRNg|title=Evolution of Dance|work=[[YouTube]]|date=April 6, 2006 |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> || [[Judson Laipply]] || align=right | 78,400,000 || align=right | April 6, 2006 || align=right | March 15, 2008
| align="center" | 651
| align="center" | 124
| || align="center" | <ref name="EvolutionRef2"/> ||
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[Music Is My Hot Hot Sex]]"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N3OrZzPud8|title=CANSEI DE SER SEXY Music is My Hot Hot Sex|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> || CLARUSBARTEL72 || align=right | 76,600,000 || align=right | April 9, 2007 || align=right | March 1, 2008
| align="center" | 327
| align="center" | 14
|March 15, 2008<ref name="MusicHotSexSydney">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/03/22/1205602739448.html|title=YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts|date=March 23, 2008|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=September 30, 2023|first=Stephen|last=Hutcheon}}</ref> || align="center" | <ref name="HotSexRef"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Music is My Hot Hot Sex" became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11, 2008.<ref name="History2">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=700564302|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> The uploader then deleted the video four days later, and "Evolution of Dance" regained its status as the most-viewed video.<ref name="MusicHotSexSydney"/>}}
|-
|| "[[Judson Laipply#"Evolution of Dance"|Evolution of Dance]]"*<ref name="EoD"/> || [[Judson Laipply]] || align=right | 10,600,000 || align=right | April 6, 2006 || align=right | {{nowrap|May 19, 2006}}
| align="center" | 16
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''652'''
| || align="center" | <ref name="EvolutionRef3"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Evolution of Dance" became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5, 2006 and the first video to reach 50 million views on June 7, 2007, and received approximately five million views per month.<ref name="History2"/> It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one occasion.}}
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[Pokémon Theme#In popular culture|Pokemon Theme Music Video]]"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XxI-hvPRRA|title= Pokémon Theme Music Video|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> || [[Smosh]] || align=right | 4,300,000 || align=right | November 28, 2005 || align=right | March 12, 2006
| align="center" | 105
| align="center" | 68
|June 2007<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610073833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XxI-hvPRRA June 10, 2007], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614154138/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=0XxI-hvPRRA June 14, 2007], accessed April 30, 2022</ref> || align="center" | <ref name="PokemonRef"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Pokémon Theme Music Video" became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6, 2006.<ref name="History1">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theutubeblog.com/2007/06/14/youtube-takes-down-smosh-pokemon-video/|title=YouTube takes down popular Smosh Pokémon video|date=June 14, 2007|work=The Utube Blog|access-date=August 22, 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011025351/http://theutubeblog.com/2007/06/14/youtube-takes-down-smosh-pokemon-video/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref>}}
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[The MySpace Movie|Myspace – The Movie]]"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFT-lyFN3BM|title=Myspace – THE MOVIE!|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBOfD2JBv0w|title=myspace: the movie|work=[[YouTube]]|date=February 21, 2006 |access-date=February 14, 2018}}</ref> || eggtea || align=right | 2,700,000 || align=right | January 31, 2006 || align=right | February 18, 2006
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | 22
|mid-2006<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624043803/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFT-lyFN3BM June 24, 2006]; unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819105433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFT-lyFN3BM August 19, 2006], accessed April 30, 2022</ref> || align="center" | <ref name="MySpaceRef"/> ||
|- style="background:#ffd9d9;"
|| "Phony Photo Booth"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEWLwz6JRNE|title=Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> || mugenized || align=right | 3,400,000 || align=right | December 1, 2005 || align=right | January 21, 2006
| align="center" | 50
| align="center" | 28
|February 14 to 18, 2006<ref>Available: [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=2115444767 February 14, 2006], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218214325/http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&page=1 February 18, 2006], accessed September 30, 2023</ref>|| align="center" | <ref name="PhotoRef"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Phony Photo Booth" became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8, 2006.<ref name="History1"/> It was removed from YouTube in February 14–18, 2006 for terms of use violation.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=2115444767 |website=[[Google Sheets]] |access-date=September 30, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.. |url=http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&page=1 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218214325/http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&page=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.. |url=http://youtube.com/index?&session=gAJ9cQEoVQxlcnJvcl9maWVsZHNxAmNfX2J1aWx0aW5fXwpzZXQKcQNdhVJxBFUGZXJyb3JzcQVdcQZVOlRoaXMgdmlkZW8gaGFzIGJlZW4gcmVtb3ZlZCBkdWUgdG8gdGVybXMgb2YgdXNlIHZpb2xhdGlvbi5xB2FVCG1lc3NhZ2VzcQhdcQl1Lg== |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314111416/http://youtube.com/index?&session=gAJ9cQEoVQxlcnJvcl9maWVsZHNxAmNfX2J1aWx0aW5fXwpzZXQKcQNdhVJxBFUGZXJyb3JzcQVdcQZVOlRoaXMgdmlkZW8gaGFzIGJlZW4gcmVtb3ZlZCBkdWUgdG8gdGVybXMgb2YgdXNlIHZpb2xhdGlvbi5xB2FVCG1lc3NhZ2VzcQhdcQl1Lg== |archive-date=March 14, 2006}}</ref>}}
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)|The Chronic of Narnia Rap]]"‡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLElfJ9YCh0|title=SNL – The Chronic of Narnia Rap|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> || youtubedude || align=right | 2,300,000 || align=right | December 18, 2005 || align=right | January 9, 2006
| align="center" | 22
| align="center" | 12
|February 14 to 17, 2006<ref>Available: [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=2115444767 February 14, 2006], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060217110958/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLElfJ9YCh0 February 17, 2006], accessed September 30, 2023</ref>|| align="center" | <ref name="NarniaRef"/> ||
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "[[Ronaldinho]]: Touch of Gold"‡*<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsO6D1rwrKc|title=Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> || [[Nike, Inc.|Nikesoccer]] || align=right | 255,000 || align=right | October 21, 2005 || align=right | October 31, 2005
| align="center" | 10
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''70'''
|July to August 2009<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090718051237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsO6D1rwrKc July 18, 2009], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090809025629/http://www.youtube.com/index?ytsession=xbvH8SVOAf8Qagtq4egxFifwvAjaMecf7elOxoQiTE162iIO55Tvizs-TByS0MFBKH0CtOWmvXkdxEEB9KCLUuZu4-EgBuqj5imvlYQ-4dXO0OQ9h9Ny-SDaer9ev3wLohcfe28SaoYfpidCHgy96gZLcmnnH94vGV17Tylwn_jqa9atvpfN-LcIcC9RBhpRRTio32KVq8UP4fHUjFLcLjRDINBHCFpQ5wsWQJJg5FQW1hFwc7MoK_8tzW7sLtwfkj2elN7eQL4NtVbxQoI-Sf46moBbLvrpFczb7MojXXE August 9, 2009], accessed September 30, 2023</ref>|| align="center" | <ref name="TouchRef"/> || align=center | {{efn-ua|"Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold" became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3, 2005;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/nikesoccer/status/635857408238026752|title=Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views.|date=August 24, 2015|work=[[Nike, Inc.|Nike Soccer Twitter]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="History1"/> first video to reach 2 million views on December 12, 2005.<ref name="History1"/> It was removed from YouTube in July–August 2009 for copyright infringement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsO6D1rwrKc |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718051237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsO6D1rwrKc |archive-date=July 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.. |url=http://www.youtube.com/index?ytsession=xbvH8SVOAf8Qagtq4egxFifwvAjaMecf7elOxoQiTE162iIO55Tvizs-TByS0MFBKH0CtOWmvXkdxEEB9KCLUuZu4-EgBuqj5imvlYQ-4dXO0OQ9h9Ny-SDaer9ev3wLohcfe28SaoYfpidCHgy96gZLcmnnH94vGV17Tylwn_jqa9atvpfN-LcIcC9RBhpRRTio32KVq8UP4fHUjFLcLjRDINBHCFpQ5wsWQJJg5FQW1hFwc7MoK_8tzW7sLtwfkj2elN7eQL4NtVbxQoI-Sf46moBbLvrpFczb7MojXXE |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809025629/http://www.youtube.com/index?ytsession=xbvH8SVOAf8Qagtq4egxFifwvAjaMecf7elOxoQiTE162iIO55Tvizs-TByS0MFBKH0CtOWmvXkdxEEB9KCLUuZu4-EgBuqj5imvlYQ-4dXO0OQ9h9Ny-SDaer9ev3wLohcfe28SaoYfpidCHgy96gZLcmnnH94vGV17Tylwn_jqa9atvpfN-LcIcC9RBhpRRTio32KVq8UP4fHUjFLcLjRDINBHCFpQ5wsWQJJg5FQW1hFwc7MoK_8tzW7sLtwfkj2elN7eQL4NtVbxQoI-Sf46moBbLvrpFczb7MojXXE |archive-date=August 9, 2009}}</ref>}}
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|| "I/O Brush"‡*<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwl98dU0kY8|title=I/O Brush|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> || larfus || align=right | 247,000 || align=right | October 5, 2005 || align=right | October 27, 2005
| align="center" | 24
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
|January to April 2007<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112195608/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch.php?v=vwl98dU0kY8 January 12, 2007], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070407072803/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=vwl98dU0kY8 April 7, 2007], accessed March 28, 2023</ref> || align="center" | <ref name="IORef"/> ||
|-
|"[[Back Dorm Boys|tow chinese boys]]:[[I Want It That Way|i want it that way]]"
|cow
| align=right | 142,000
| align=right |June 26, 2005
| align=right |August 28, 2005
| align="center" | 63
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''60'''
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Most Viewed Videos before I/O Brush |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JiTTw-L3PkXtE_E69_vTFYoYF--IefYugyyF_a57NGQ/edit?usp=sharing |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Google Docs |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|"Money, get a way!"‡
|DekKu
| align=right | 27,400
| align=right |July 16, 2005
| align=right |July 21, 2005
| align="center" | 5
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''38'''
|June 2006<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060605221321/http://www3.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBudoC5iQ Jun 5, 2006], unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623002603/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBudoC5iQ June 22, 2006], accessed October 9, 2024.</ref>
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|"Under the Bridge!"‡
|[[Jawed Karim|jawed]]
| align=right | 700
| align=right |June 11, 2005
| align=right |June 14, 2005
| align="center" | 3
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''37'''
|February - June 2006<ref>Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203195235/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch.php?v=vy8evhya_9E February 3rd, 2006], Unavailable: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626080922/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=vy8evhya_9E June 26, 2006]</ref>
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|"Flambe Disaster"‡
|tunafat
| align=right | 440
| align=right |April 24, 2005
| align=right |June 9, 2005
| align="center" | 43
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
| || align="center" | <ref name=":0" />|| align=center |
|-
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|"Snake!"‡
|[[Jawed Karim|jawed]]
| align=right | 60
| align=right |May 1, 2005
| align=right |May 6, 2005
| align="center" | 5
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''34'''
| || align="center" | <ref name=":0" />|| align=center |
|-
|-bgcolor="#ffd9d9"
|"Gulfstream V Jet taking off from St. Paul, Minnesota"‡
|[[Jawed Karim|jawed]]
| align=right | 10
| align=right |April 27, 2005
| align=right |April 28, 2005
| align="center" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
| || align="center" | <ref name=":0" />|| align=center |
|-
| "[[Me at the zoo]]" || [[Jawed Karim|jawed]] || align=right | 1 || align="right" | April 23, 2005|| align=right | April 23, 2005
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="background:#d7ccf3; text-align:center;" | '''4'''
| || align="center" | <ref name=":0" />|| align=center |
|-
! colspan="10" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | As of {{date|{{date}}|mdy}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube's most-viewed video.''

=== Timeline of most viewed videos (October 2005 – August 2025) ===
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:2005 till:28/08/2025
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2005

Colors =
id:Viewed value:rgb(0.0,0.5,0.0) legend: Most viewed on YouTube
id:On value:gray(0.8) legend: On YouTube
id:Removed value:rgb(1,1,1)

Legend = columns:3 left:150 top:50 columnwidth:200

BarData =
bar:Bridge
bar:Money
bar:Chinese
bar:Brush
bar:Ronaldinho
bar:Narnia
bar:Photo
bar:Myspace
bar:Pokémon
bar:Evolution
bar:Music
bar:Girlfriend
bar:Charlie
bar:Romance
bar:Baby
bar:Gangnam
bar:Wiz
bar:Despacito
bar:BabyShark

PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Bridge
from: 11/06/2005 till: 14/06/2005 color:On text:
from: 14/06/2005 till: 20/07/2005 color:Viewed text:
from: 20/07/2005 till: 03/02/2006 color:On text:
from: 03/02/2006 till: end color:Removed text:"Under the Bridge!"
bar:Money
from: 16/07/2005 till: 21/07/2005 color:On text:
from: 21/07/2005 till: 28/08/2005 color:Viewed text:
from: 28/08/2005 till: 05/06/2006 color:On text:
from: 05/06/2006 till: end color:Removed text:"Money, get a way!"
bar:Chinese
from: 26/06/2005 till: 28/08/2005 color:On text:
from: 28/08/2005 till: 27/10/2005 color:Viewed text:
from: 27/10/2005 till: end color:On text:"i want it that way"
bar:Brush
from: 05/10/2005 till: 27/10/2005 color:On text:
from: 27/10/2005 till: 31/10/2005 color:Viewed text:
from: 31/10/2005 till: 01/04/2007 color:On text:
from: 01/04/2007 till: end color:Removed text:"I/O Brush"
bar:Ronaldinho
from: 21/10/2005 till: 31/10/2005 color:On text:
from: 31/10/2005 till: 09/01/2006 color:Viewed text:
from: 09/01/2006 till: 01/08/2009 color:On text:
from: 01/08/2009 till: end color:Removed text:"Touch of Gold"
bar:Narnia
from: 28/12/2005 till: 09/01/2006 color:On text:
from: 09/01/2006 till: 21/01/2006 color:Viewed text:
from: 21/01/2006 till: 17/02/2006 color:On text:
from: 17/02/2006 till: end color:Removed text:"Chronic of Narnia Rap"
bar:Photo
from: 01/12/2005 till: 21/01/2006 color:On text:
from: 21/01/2006 till: 18/02/2006 color:Viewed text:
from: 18/02/2006 till: end color:Removed text:"Phony Photo Booth"
bar:Myspace
from: 31/01/2006 till: 18/02/2006 color:On text:
from: 18/02/2006 till: 12/03/2006 color:Viewed text:
from: 12/03/2006 till: 01/08/2006 color:On text:
from: 01/08/2006 till: end color:Removed text:"[[The MySpace Movie|Myspace – The Movie]]"
bar:Pokémon
from: 28/11/2005 till: 12/03/2006 color:On text:
from: 12/03/2006 till: 19/05/2006 color:Viewed text:
from: 19/05/2006 till: 10/06/2007 color:On text:
from: 10/06/2007 till: end color:Removed text:"[[Pokémon Theme#In popular culture|Pokemon Theme MV]]"
bar:Evolution
from: 06/04/2006 till: 19/05/2006 color:On text:
from: 19/05/2006 till: 29/02/2008 color:Viewed text:
from: 29/02/2008 till: 15/03/2008 color:On text:
from: 15/03/2008 till: 17/07/2008 color:Viewed text:
from: 17/07/2008 till: 02/05/2009 color:On text:
from: 02/05/2009 till: 25/10/2009 color:Viewed text:
from: 25/10/2009 till: end color:On text:"[[Judson Laipply#"Evolution of Dance"|Evolution of Dance]] (3)"
bar:Music
from: 09/04/2007 till: 29/02/2008 color:On text:
from: 29/02/2008 till: 15/03/2008 color:Viewed text:
from: 15/03/2008 till: end color:Removed text:"[[Music Is My Hot Hot Sex|Music Is My Hot Sex]]"
bar:Girlfriend
from: 27/02/2007 till: 17/07/2008 color:On text:
from: 17/07/2008 till: 02/05/2009 color:Viewed text:
from: 02/05/2009 till: 24/11/2009 color:On text:
from: 24/11/2009 till: end color:Removed text:"[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)#Music video|Girlfriend]]"
bar:Charlie
from: 22/05/2007 till: 25/10/2009 color:On text:
from: 25/10/2009 till: 14/04/2010 color:Viewed text:
from: 14/04/2010 till: 23/07/2021 color:On text:
from: 23/07/2021 till: 01/01/2024 color:Removed text:
from: 01/01/2024 till: end color:On text:"[[Charlie Bit My Finger]]"
bar:Romance
from: 23/11/2009 till: 14/04/2010 color:On text:
from: 14/04/2010 till: 16/07/2010 color:Viewed text:
from: 16/07/2010 till: end color:On text:"[[Bad Romance]]"
bar:Baby
from: 19/02/2010 till: 16/07/2010 color:On text:
from: 16/07/2010 till: 24/11/2012 color:Viewed text:
from: 24/11/2012 till: end color:On text:"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
bar:Gangnam
from: 15/07/2012 till: 24/11/2012 color:On text:
from: 24/11/2012 till: 10/07/2017 color:Viewed text:
from: 10/07/2017 till: end color:On text:"[[Gangnam Style (music video)|Gangnam Style]]"
bar:Wiz
from: 06/04/2015 till: 10/07/2017 color:On text:
from: 10/07/2017 till: 04/08/2017 color:Viewed text:
from: 04/08/2017 till: end color:On text:"[[See You Again#Music video|See You Again]]"
bar:Despacito
from: 12/01/2017 till: 04/08/2017 color:On text:
from: 04/08/2017 till: 02/11/2020 color:Viewed text:
from: 02/11/2020 till: end color:On text:"[[Despacito#Music video|Despacito]]"
bar:BabyShark
from: 17/06/2016 till: 02/11/2020 color:On text:
from: 02/11/2020 till: end color:Viewed text:"[[Baby Shark#Pinkfong version|Baby Shark Dance]]"
</timeline>

==Other milestones==
YouTube announced that cumulative views of videos related to ''[[Minecraft]]'', some of which had been on the platform as early as 2009, exceeded 1 trillion views on December 14, 2021, and was the most-watched video game content on the site.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnet.com/tech/gaming/minecraft-crosses-1-trillion-views-on-youtube-most-popular-game-ever-on-platform/ | title = Minecraft crosses 1 trillion views on YouTube, most popular game ever on platform | first= Ian | last = Sherr | date = December 14, 2021 | accessdate= December 14, 2021 | work =[[CNet]] }}</ref>

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos]]
* [[List of most-liked YouTube videos]]
* [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]]
* [[List of most-viewed YouTube channels]]
* [[List of viral music videos]]
* [[List of Spotify streaming records]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="CharlieRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/once-bitten-now-watched-by-millions-on-youtube-20091027-hjsc.html|title=Once bitten, now watched by millions on YouTube|date=November 4, 2009|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Stephen|last=Hutcheon}}
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=1334158142|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="EvolutionRef1">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=1334158142|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t|title=Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on July 8, 2009, 22:33:57 (UTC)|date=July 8, 2009|access-date=August 22, 2016|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708223357/https://www.youtube.com//browse?s=mp&t=a|archive-date=July 8, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="GirlfriendRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://gigaom.com/2008/07/18/avril-ascends-but-youtube-withholds-her-crown|title=Avril Ascends, But YouTube Withholds Her Crown|date=July 18, 2008|work=Gigaom|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Liz|last=Gannes|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203185631/https://gigaom.com/2008/07/18/avril-ascends-but-youtube-withholds-her-crown/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/07/avril-lavigne-a|title=Avril Lavigne Expects $2 Million From YouTube Despite Gamed Play Count|date=July 18, 2008|work=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Eliot|last=Van Buskirk}}
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=700564302|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="EvolutionRef2">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=700564302|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/mystery-over-zapped-hot-hot-sex-youtube-clip/2008/03/17/1205602260200.html|title=Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip|date=March 17, 2008|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Stephen|last=Hutcheon}}</ref>

<ref name="HotSexRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=700564302|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/03/22/1205602739448.html|title=YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts|date=March 23, 2008|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Stephen|last=Hutcheon}}</ref>

<ref name="EvolutionRef3">References:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thespeakersgroup.com/speakers/judson-laipply|title=Judson Laipply (featured in the #1 most viewed video on youtube)|date=May 30, 2008|work=The Speakers Group|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="PokemonRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t|title=Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on March 14, 2006, 12:07:24 (UTC)|date=March 14, 2006|access-date=August 22, 2016|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314120724/http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&page=1|archive-date=March 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/arts/comic-shorts-home-on-the-web.html|title=Comic shorts, home on the Web|date=April 4, 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|first=Virginia|last=Heffernan}}</ref>

<ref name="MySpaceRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t|title=Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 18, 2006, 21:43:25 (UTC)|date=February 18, 2006|access-date=August 22, 2016|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218214325/http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&page=1|archive-date=February 18, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="PhotoRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=June 12, 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEWLwz6JRNE|title=Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 2, 2006, 10:43:42 (UTC)|date=December 1, 2005|access-date=June 12, 2017|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202104342/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=vEWLwz6JRNE|archive-date=February 2, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="NarniaRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=June 12, 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLElfJ9YCh0|title=SNL – The Chronic of Narnia Rap on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on January 9, 2006, 01:30:48 (UTC)|date=December 18, 2005|access-date=June 12, 2017|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109013048/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=zLElfJ9YCh0|archive-date=January 9, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="TouchRef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRHk8ol0vTw|title=Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2, 2005, 10:21:32 (UTC)|date=October 21, 2005|access-date=August 22, 2016|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102102132/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=aRHk8ol0vTw&search=soccer%20football%20ronaldinho%20boots%20cleats%20adidas%20nike%20baseball%20tennis|archive-date=November 2, 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="IORef">References:
* {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xN13_HFX97NjPei9I4m_MmCvBFCMSTAiJuAAiu_5s08/edit#gid=92689870|title=History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video|work=[[Google Sheets]] and [[Wayback Machine]]|access-date=August 22, 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwl98dU0kY8|title=I/O Brush on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on October 29, 2005, 5:03:49 (UTC)|date=October 5, 2005|access-date=August 22, 2016|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029050349/https://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=vwl98dU0kY8|archive-date=October 29, 2005}}
</ref>}}

{{YouTube navigation}}
{{Most popular social media accounts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Most-viewed YouTube videos}}
[[Category:Lists of YouTube videos| ]]
[[Category:YouTube-related lists|Most-viewed YouTube videos]]
[[Category:Lists of Internet-related superlatives|YouTube Most Viewed]]
[[Category:Lists of most popular media|Youtube videos]]

Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam

2026-03-06T22:00:02Z

SherleneGirardi: added references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi academic}}
{{other people|Nurul Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam
| native_name = মুস্তাফা নূরউল ইসলাম
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Mustafa Nurul Islam 2009.jpg
| caption = Nur-Ul Islam in 2009
| office = Director General of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]
| term_start = 6 June 1975
| term_end = 5 May 1976
| predecessor = [[Nilima Ibrahim]]
| successor = [[Ashraf Siddiqui]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|05|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bogra District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|05|09|1927|05|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| education = PhD
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]| [[University of Dhaka]]| [[University of London]]}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Ekushey Padak]] (1981)|[[Independence Day Award]] (2010)}}
}}

'''Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam''' (1 May 1927 – 9 May 2018)<ref name=passes>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/prof-mustafa-nur-ul-islam-passes-away-1574311|title=Prof Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam passes away|date=2018-05-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-05-10|language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi academic. In 2011, he was appointed a [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2011-04-14/news/146679|script-title=bn:চারজনের নাম ঠিক করেছে কমিটি|language=bn|trans-title=Committee approved four persons|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=14 April 2011|access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1981<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bangladesh-national-professor-mustafa-nurul-islam-passes-away-1574314|title=National Professor Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam passes away|date=2018-05-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-05-10|language=en}}</ref> and [[Independence Day Award]] in 2010 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/story.php?nid=130723|title=Independence award 2010 announced|date=19 March 2010|access-date=13 July 2015|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>
He was the founder director of [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]], the Director General of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] and the Chairman of [[Bangladesh National Museum]]. In 2011, he was appointed a National Professor. He edited a literary magazine named ''Sundaram''.<ref name=nomore>{{Cite news|url=http://www.banglatribune.com/national/news/322695/জাতীয়-অধ্যাপক-মুস্তাফা-নূরউল-ইসলাম-আর-নেই|script-title=bn:জাতীয় অধ্যাপক মুস্তাফা নূরউল ইসলাম আর নেই|work=Bangla Tribune|access-date=2018-05-10|date=2018-05-10|trans-title=National Professor Mustafa Nur-Ul Islam no more|language=bn}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nur-Ul Islam was born on 1 May 1927 to the writer Sadat Ali Akhund and Rabeya Khatun<ref name=face/> into a family of [[Akhund|Akhunds]] in the village of Chingashpur, adjacent to [[Mahasthangarh]] in [[Bogra District]].<ref name=nomore/>

==Education and career==
Nur-Ul Islam graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1948 and got his post-graduate degree from the [[University of Dhaka]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[London University]].<ref name=passes/> He started the career in journalism in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulab.edu.bd/Latest-News/ULAB-FOUNDATION-DAY/|title=ULAB Foundation Day|access-date=2018-05-09|date=2011-10-01}}</ref> In his career, he taught at St. Gregor's and [[Govt. Edward College, Pabna|Edward College]] under [[University of Rajshahi]] and [[Jahangirnagar University]]. He was the Director General of [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]] and [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] and the Chairman of the [[Bangladesh National Museum]]. His published book count is almost half-century. He added special dimensions to the presentation of television shows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1485691/চলে-গেলেন-জাতীয়-অধ্যাপক-মুস্তাফা-নূরউল-ইসলাম|script-title=bn:চলে গেলেন জাতীয় অধ্যাপক মুস্তাফা নূরউল ইসলাম|work=Prothom Alo|date=10 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-10|language=bn}}</ref> As the assistant editor, he was associated with the first issue of ''[[The Sangbad]]''. Works Daily Millat.<ref name=face>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/878836/সময়ের-মুখ-তিনি|script-title=bn:সময়ের মুখ তিনি|trans-title=Face of the time|work=Prothom Alo|access-date=2018-05-10|date=2016-06-05|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cabinet.gov.bd/site/notices/ca185b40-5c06-4a8d-94f5-f2412572c5b9/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D|script-title=bn:বিশিষ্ট-লেখক-গবেষক-ভাষাসৈনিক-ও-জাতীয়-অধ্যাপক-ড-মুস্তাফা-নূরউল-ইসলামের-মৃত্যুতে-মন্|website=www.cabinet.gov.bd|language=en|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nur-Ul Islam, Mustafa}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jahangirnagar University]]
[[Category:National Professors of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:People from Shibganj Upazila, Bogra]]

{{Bangladesh-academic-bio-stub}}

Maanasamrakshanam

2026-03-06T03:42:38Z

SherleneGirardi: small refined structure based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanasamrakshanam (In Defense of Honor)
| image = Manasamrakshanam.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam|K. Subramaniam]], C. S. V. Iyer
| writer = 
| screenplay =
| story = K. Subramaniam
| based_on = 
| producer = K. Subramaniam
| starring = [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] [[G. Pattu Iyer]] [[V. N. Janaki]] [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]] and others
| narrator = 
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing =
| music = K. C. Thyagarajan (Background score)
| studio = Madras United Artistes Corporation
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1945}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Maanasamrakshanam''''' (In Defense of Honor) is a 1945 Indian [[Tamil language]] film, produced and directed by [[K. Subramaniam]] with [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]], [[G. Pattu Iyer]], [[V. N. Janaki]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and [[Kali N. Rathnam]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/maanasamrakshanam-1945/article871350.ece |title=Maanasamrakshanam (1945) |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 November 2010 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170422122556/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Maanasamrakshanam-1945/article15676974.ece |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=15 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is lost.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sampath|first=Janani|date=2019-06-23|title=Tamil film legacy disappearing into a blackhole|url=https://thefederal.com/features/tamil-film-legacy-disappearing-into-a-blackhole/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Federal|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213141250/https://thefederal.com/features/tamil-film-legacy-disappearing-into-a-blackhole/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
During [[World War II]], Japan invaded Burma (now known as Myanmar) in 1941. Many Indians have adopted Burma as their country and were living there. The invasion brought many hardships to these Indians. They started migrating to India walking hundreds of miles through jungles and mountains while the enemy was on pursuit. The heroine set up an organisation in India to take care of the lost children. This organisation was called Maanasamrakshana. The heroine is involved in nationalistic activities. She defeats the villain's anti-national activities. She faces her own relatives who misappropriate her wealth.<ref name="hindu" />

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}[[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] [[G. Pattu Iyer]] [[V. N. Janaki]] [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]] T. K. Sampangi M. R. S. Mani T. R. B. Rao M. A. Ganapathi Bhat V. S. Santhanam Ayyangar Ramanuja Chariar V. A. S. Mani ''Master'' Sathasivam Nagalakshmi ''Kumari'' Subbulakshmi{{div col end}}<ref name="hindu" />

==Crew==
* Producer: ''[[K. Subramaniam]]''
* Directors: ''[[K. Subramaniam]], C. S. V. Iyer''
* Cinematography: ''[[Thambu]]'' (a cousin of [[K. Subramaniam]])
* Art Direction: ''F. Nagoor, Ghodgaonkar''
* Music (Background Score): ''K. C. Thyagarajan''
* Lyrics: ''[[Papanasam Rajagopala Iyer]]'' ([[Papanasam Sivan|Papanasam Sivan's]] brother)<ref name="hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:1945 war films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subramanyam]]
[[Category:1940s lost films]]
[[Category:Lost war films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language war films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{1940s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)

2026-03-03T18:20:05Z

SherleneGirardi: Created New Stub From Scratch...

{{short description|1993 film by Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangaru Bullodu
| image = Bangaru Bullodu 1993 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| producer = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[G. Satyamurthy|Satya Murthy]]
| story = Padma Kumar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Raveena Tandon]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Jagapathi Art Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|9|3}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bangaru Bullodu''''' (transl. The Gold Bull) is a 1993 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] under the Jagapathi Art Pictures banner and directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]. It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Raveena Tandon]]. [[Raj–Koti]] composed the music. It marks Raveena Tandon's debut in [[Telugu cinema]]. The film was released the same day as ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'', which also starred Balakrishna. The film was a box-office hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/34900/balakrishna-hits-and-flops.html|title=Balakrishna's Hits and Flops|access-date=16 March 2017|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114758/https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/34900/balakrishna-hits-and-flops.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Sep/10-sep-1993.pdf review]</ref>

The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Ek Anari Do Khiladi'' on 26 April 1996.

==Plot==
The film begins with a terrorist, Nana, abducting a group of school children. He holds them hostage and demands that his brother Chinna be released in exchange. DIG Banerjee rescues the children, and in the ensuing fight, Chinna dies. Nana vows to avenge his brother by wiping out DIG Banerjee’s entire clan.

Next, the story shifts to a village named Pudipalli adjacent to the river [[Godavari]]. Here, Balakrishna, aka Balayya, lives with his mother Annapurnamma. He constantly clashes with his maternal uncle Ramadasu. Ramadasu’s daughter Rani is in love with Balayya and fights with any woman she suspects of getting close to him.

Priya, the daughter of Ram Mohan Rao, who is Annapurnamma’s cousin, arrives in the village with her companion Tulasamma. Balayya becomes infatuated with her, much to the anger of Rani. Rani tells off Priya, which irks her, and she ends up challenging Rani that she will make Balaiah fall in love with her. Priya and Rani compete with each other to draw Balaiah’s attention to themselves. Balaiah falls for Priya’s act and begins to love her sincerely. Priya, to prove to Rani how intensely Balaiah loves her, asks him to recover her ring from an anthill. He does so, but is bitten by a snake. Seeing him suffer, Priya feels remorse and discloses how she and Rani have been playing with his affection. This enrages Balayya, and he forcibly ties the wedding chain ''[[Mangala sutra|Mangalasutram]]'' to Priya’s neck as a form of retribution. Priya does not want to be married to Balayya, and it is revealed that Tulasamma is a police officer who is actually here to protect Priya. She asks Priya to be patient for the time being. When Tulasamma is speaking to Commissioner Srikanth, Ramadasu overhears their conversation and starts to blackmail them, but he is imprisoned before he can cause any mischief. Rani is remorseful for her part in the situation, and both she and Annapurnamma sincerely wish Balayya and Priya to be happy together.

Meanwhile, some miscreants come searching for Priya. They try to abduct her, but Balayya protects her. Priya begins to fall in love with him, but he does not reciprocate. He soon grows suspicious of the true identity of Priya and Tulasamma. He eventually learns the truth from the latter that Priya is not his cousin. She is a member of DIG Banerjee’s family. Nana massacred the entire family to avenge the death of his brother, but Priya managed to survive the attack. Tulasamma, who was a friend of the family as well as a colleague of Banerjee, took Priya away with the help of Commissioner Srikanth and hid her at Pudipalli, which is incidentally Nana’s own village, where he is unlikely to look for the girl. Balayya swears to protect Priya and declares his love for her.

Nana, who is in the same jail as Ramadasu, finds out the whereabouts of Priya from him and breaks out of jail to complete his vengeance. It is also revealed that Commissioner Srikanth lusts after Priya and threatens to harm Thulasamma if she does not agree to his advances. Balayya fights with both Nana and Commissioner Srikanth, defeating them. The movie ends on a happy note with the official marriage of Balayya and Priya, wherein Priya squabbles with Rani over a glass of milk to be taken to Balaiah for their wedding night.

==Cast==
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Bala Krishna aka Balaiah
*[[Ramya Krishna]] as Rani (Voice dubbed by Saritha)
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Priya (Voice dubbed by Durga)
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Ramadasu
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kannappa
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Commissioner Srikanth
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as DIG Benerjee
*[[Devaraj]] as Nana
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Prisoner
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Paatha dasu
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Annapurnamma
*[[Srividya]] as Tulasamma
*Anitha as Ramadasu's wife
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Master Baladitya]]

==Production==
The film was shot at Poodipalli village at Devipatnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/movie-shooting-places-in-east-godavari-district/0212/121027450|title=అక్క డ సినిమా తీస్తే హిట్టే!|language=Telugu|website=Eenadu|access-date=5 December 2024|date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bangaru Bullodu
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 32:19
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Raj–Koti]]
| prev_title = [[Muta Mestri]]
| prev_year = 1993
| year = 1993
| next_title = [[Mechanic Alludu]]
| next_year = 1993
}}

Music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Music released on [[Lahari Music]] Company. Raj- Koti reused "Adivi deviya" from Kannada film ''[[Rayaru_Bandaru_Mavana_Manege|Rayaru Bandaru Mavane manage]]'' for Manasu Agadu. The song "Swatilo Muthyamantha" was recreated in 2021 film of [[Bangaru Bullodu (2021 film)|same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/swathilo-muthyamantha-song-from-bangaru-bullodu-pooja-jhaveri-ups-the-glam-quotient/articleshow/80367468.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=5 December 2024|date=20 January 2021|title=‘Swathilo Muthyamantha’ remix from Bangaru Bullodu: Pooja Jhaveri ups the glam quotient}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:19
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Gudivada Gummaro
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 6:24

| title2 = Ennetlo Chapesi
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 4:54

| title3 = Thathiginathom
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra, Minmini
| length3 = 5:02

| title4 = Swathilo Muthyamantha
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 5:10

| title5 = Manasu Aagadu
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 5:51
}}
Later The movie was dubbed into Tamil as Thanga Pandi. Lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Tamil (Dubbed version)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:19
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Sugamana Kumariyo
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja ]]
| length1 = 6:24

| title2 = Yethetho Nee
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Minmini
| length2 = 4:54

| title3 = Thathiginathom
| extra3 = [[S.P. Balasubramaniam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], Minmini
| length3 = 5:02

| title4 = Ennavo Panna Cholli
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha
| length4 = 5:10

| title5 = Manasu Tharikkuthu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 5:51
}}
==Release==
''Bangaru Bullodu'' was released on 3 September 1993 alongside ''Nippu Ravva'' on the same day and became successful at box-office.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231093534/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=3}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1579530}}

{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]

History of Thrissur district

2026-02-28T00:24:38Z

SherleneGirardi: new

[[Thrissur]] (formerly Trichur) is a [[List of districts in Kerala|district of Kerala]] situated in the central part of that state in [[South India]]. Spanning an area of about {{cvt|3,032|km2}}, Thrissur district is home to over 9% of [[Kerala]]'s population.

Thrissur district is bordered by the districts of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] to the north, and the districts of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] to the south and [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] to the east. The [[Arabian Sea]] lies to the west and [[Western Ghats]] stretches towards the east. It is part of the historical [[Malabar Coast]], which has been trading internationally since ancient times. The main language spoken is [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]].

Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at [[Thrissur City]]. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of [[Pooram]]s. The district is known for its ancient [[temple]]s, [[church (building)|churches]], and [[mosque]]s. [[Thrissur Pooram]] is the most colourful temple festival in Kerala. The town of [[Kunnamkulam]] is a particular centre of the Christian population. Per the [[2011 Indian Census]], [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Trissur, at 58.4%; Christians and Muslim form significant minorities.

==Etymology==
The word Kunnamkulam can be derived from the words kunnu (mountain) and kulam (ponds). There are several small hills in this area (Aduputty, Cherukunnu, Kizhoor, Kakkad Mission Kunnu, etc.) interspersed with the numerous ponds of the area (Eeenjakulam, Ayyankulam, Madurakulam, Chattukulam, etc.). One of the major spots within the town is the Parayil Angadi (market among rocks). The terrain condition and geological aspect of the area has led to the name. Kunnamkulam town has its own remote antiquity as is evident from the history. It was a part of Mahodayapattanam, the capital of Chera Dynasty.

History tells about the cross installed by [[Thomas the Apostle]], at Chattukulangara (a part of Arthat in Kunnamkulam). During the invasion of [[Tippu Sultan]] the [[Christians]] from Chattakulangara migrated to Kunnamkulam town. {{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Manakulam, Cheralayam and Kakkaad (the suburbs of Kunnamkulam) were the seats of the Nambidis of Manakulam, Ayinikur and Kakkad Karanavappad respectively. They were collectively known as Thalappilli Rajas and belonged to three branches of the same dynasty.

The history of Kunnamkulam goes back to the Paleolithic age. The Kakkaad cave and Chowannur cave support this fact. It is said that this place was part of ‘MahodayaPattanam’ and was known as ‘Kunnamkulangare’. [[C. Achutha Menon]] in the [[Cochin]] State Manual says that, “it is in fact the chief center of the Orthodox Christians of the State, and there are several of their old churches in the town and its neighborhood”.<ref name="The Problems and prospects of paper-based industry in Kunnamkulam">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1225&bih=610&q=The+Development+Report%2C+Kunnamkulam%2C+1996&rlz=1W1GPCK_en&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=e791fe993fa412ba |title=The problems and prospects of paper-based industry in Kunnamkulam |publisher=Rajeev G |access-date=2010-12-04}}</ref>

Moreover, “Most of the oldest and wealthiest [[Christians|Christian]] families are to be found in Kunnamkulam”.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Cheruvathoor, Pulikkottil, Chungath, Kollannoor, Panakkal, Mekkattukulam, Paramel, [[Thengungal]], Cheeran, Kanjirathingal, Moolapath, Tholath, Kakkassery and Emmatty are the most prominent among them. The competition for ascendancy between these wealthy families, opened up new dimensions in the development of printing and other literary activities. Panakkal Chakku, Cheru, Thengungal Ittoop, Varu and Koothur Paramel Iyyu Uttoop were arbitrators of some of these families. It is said that the Christian families were settled earlier at Chattukulangare shifted to Kunnamkulam after the invasion of Tippu in 1789. They were invited by the Thalappilli Rajas, provided residences and places of worship. They resided on both sides of the street. This may have helped to avoid threat from Tippu against Thalappilli Rajas.

Those settled on both sides of the street started trade and business, and began a new era of transaction.<ref name="The Problems and prospects of paper-based industry in Kunnamkulam"/>

===Etymology===
A cyber campaign was started that resulted in the changing of the often-misspelt name കുന്ദംകുളം (kundamkulam), to കുന്നംകുളം (kunnamkulam).

Apparently the wrong spelling " '''കുന്ദംകുളം(kundamkulam)''' " was being used for the city name on the Buses, Sign boards, Publications etc. This issue was brought into the social medias, where people unanimously opined to correct the spelling to കുന്നംകുളം kunnamkulam. This online debate further developed into a great discussion amongst the public and in all the other medias. The issue finally came in front of the Municipal Council meeting which laid down the rule to not use the wrong spelling കുന്ദംകുളം for കുന്നംകുളം anywhere.

==History of Kodungallur==
It is postulated that the ancient city of Muziris (Muchiripattinam, Mahodayapuram/Vanchi) was devastated by natural calamities—a flood or an earth quake—in 1341, and consequently lost its commercial importance thereafter.<ref name="Nandy2002">{{cite book|author=Ashis Nandy|title=Time Warps: Silent and Evasive Pasts in Indian Politics and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvD8Uov1kx0C&pg=PA172|access-date=28 August 2012|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-479-7|pages=172–}}</ref> Further, it came under military attacks on various occasions: in 1504 by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]-Kochi allied forces during their movement against Calicut in 1524, by the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s during their attack against the Portuguese, and in 1565 again by the Portuguese.

==Etymology==
The name Kodungallur is derived from ''Kodi-linga-ur'' ("the land of 10 million [[Shiva|Siva]][[Lingam|lingas]] ur-village") according to common belief. Kodungallur was perhaps the revenue collection center of Kuda-kons (the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] rulers) for the goods coming to the nearby port, hence the name Kudakonallur, which later shortened to Kodungallur.

Historically, Kodungallur has been identified as ''Mahodaya Puram, Mahavanchimana Pattanam, Thrikulasekarapuram, Jangli, Gingaleh, Cyngilin, Shinkali, Chinkli, Jinkali, Shenkala, and Cynkali'', which are all derived from the name of the ''River Changala'' (or the Chain river, i.e., Shrinkhala in [[Sanskrit]]), a tributary of [[Periyar River|Periyar]].<ref>For a large number of such names for Kodungallir down the centuries arranged more or less chronologically cf. K. P. Padbhanabha Menon, History of Kerala Vol. I, quoted by George Menachery in ''Kodungallur'', 1987, reprinted 2000.</ref> ''Columguria, Kotilingapuram, Kudalingapuram, Kodunkaliyur, Thiruvallur, Ravivisvapuram and Balakreetapuram'' are a few other names, identified as Kodungallur in various related records or literary works.

==Chera period==
{{Main|Muziris}}
[[File:Hindu temple at Cranganore.jpg|250px|thumb|18th century depiction of the Hindu temple at Kodungallur]]
Kodungallur was an integral part of ''Mahodayapuram'', the capital city of the Later Chera dynasty.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|access-date=22 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=126}}</ref>

The Roman empire had a continuous trading connection with this region. Along with pepper, commodities such as pearls, muslin, ivory, diamond, silk and perfumes were exported using the maritime facilities of Kodungallur. Sulaiman, an Arab visitor to Mahodayapuram during this period, recorded the economic prosperity of the region and also testified to the high morals kept by its people. Also, he describes the Chinese traders in the city; they are described as purchasing articles such as pepper, cinnamon, ivory, pearls, cotton fabrics and teak wood, while selling fishing nets, silk and porcelain goods.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|access-date=22 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=127}}</ref>

In the 11th century, Mahodayapuram (Now it is known as Kandanad) was captured by [[Rajendra Chola I]] of [[Chola]] dynasty. For the next few centuries, Kodungallur was a principality, named ''Padinjattedathu Swaroopam'', under the control of a royal family, ''[[Kodungallur Kovilakam]]'', allied either to kingdom of Cochin or to Calicut.<ref name="Menon2007"/> [[Muziris]] is supposed to be destroyed by massive [[flood]]ing of [[Periyar River|Periyar]] in the 14th century and consequently, the trade got diverted to other ancient ports of the Malabar coast, such as Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |title=History of Kochi |publisher=Centre For Heritage Studies, India |access-date=2010-09-05 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915105257/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref>

===The tradition of Thomas the Apostle===
{{Main|Thomas the Apostle}}
[[File:Thomasreliquiar Kondungallur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Relic]] of St. Thomas, kept in the sanatorium of a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Church]] in Kodungallur]]
Traditional belief of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of Kerala is that [[Thomas the Apostle]] landed in or around Kodungallur in the middle of the 1st century and founded [[Seven Churches of Saint Thomas|Seven Churches]], or ''Ezharapallikal'': Kodungallur, [[Niranam]], Nilackal ([[Chayal]]), [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur|Kottakkavu]], [[Palayoor]] and [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]]  – a "half church".<ref>{{cite book | title = The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants | author = James Arampulickal | publisher = Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications | year = 1994 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18 | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum | year = 1951 | page = 233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Adrian Hastings| title = A World History of Christianity| date = 15 August 2000| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8| page = 149 }}</ref> According to one view, a [[Cochin Jew]] colony in [[Malabar Coast]] (later named [[Anjuvannam]] near Kodungallur), probably established before the 6th century BC, attracted the Apostle to this region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Mattam (Mar))|title=Forgotten East: Mission, Liturgy and Spirituality of the Eastern Churches : a Study with Special Reference to the Church of St. Thomas Christians|year=2001|publisher=Ephrem's Publications|isbn=978-81-88065-00-4|pages=148}}</ref>

=== Cheraman Juma Masjid ===
{{Main|Cheraman Juma Masjid}}
The tradition holds that [[Cheraman Juma Masjid]] in Kodungallur, built in 629 AD by [[Malik Bin Deenar|Mālik bin Dīnār]], is the oldest mosque in India and the second oldest mosque in the world to offer [[Jumu'ah]] prayers.<ref name="LandisAlbert2012">{{cite book|author1=Dan Landis|author2=Rosita D. Albert|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5EFihegRpmkC&pg=PA141|access-date=22 August 2012|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7|pages=141}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web
| publisher=Bahrain tribune
|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332
| title=World's second oldest mosque is in India
| access-date=2006-08-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332  |archive-date = 6 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid A Secular Heritage |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726021445/http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Constructed during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]], the bodies of some of his original followers are said to be buried there.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/travelogue/mosque.html
|title=A mosque from a Hindu king
|publisher=indiatravels
|access-date=2006-08-09}}</ref> Unlike other mosques in the region that face westwards this mosque faces east. The legend has it that a group of Muhammad's [[Sahaba|Ṣaḥāba]] (companions) visited Kodungallur. An unknown Chera dynasty ruler had witnessed a miraculous happening — the sudden [[splitting of the Moon]], the celebrated miracle of Muhammad — and learned on inquiry that this was a symbol of the coming of a Messenger of God from Arabia. Soon after, the Chera ruler traveled to [[Makkah]], where he embraced Islam, and accepted the name "Tajuddin". On his way back to India he died at [[Salalah]] in [[Oman]]. On his deathbed he is said to have authorised some of his Arab companions to go back to his kingdom to spread Islam. Accordingly, a group of Arabs led by Mālik bin Dīnār and Mālik bin Habib arrived in northern Chera kingdom and constructed the Cheraman Juma Masjid at Kodungalloor.<ref name="BT"/><ref name="arrival">{{cite web
| publisher=iosworld.org
| url=http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm
| title=Hindu patron of Muslim heritage site
| access-date=2006-08-09
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004005641/http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm
| archive-date=4 October 2018
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110190406/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=10 November 2006
| title=Kalam to visit oldest mosque in sub-continent
| access-date=2006-08-09
| location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
| date=23 July 2005
}}
</ref>
[[File:Cape of Kodungallur.jpg|thumb|250px|Cape of Kodungallur, where [[Periyar River|Periyar]] empties into [[Arabian Sea]]. [[Chinese fishing nets]] in the beach, believed to be installed by 14th century Chinese explorer, [[Zheng He]], have also become a popular tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anjana Singh|title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA233|access-date=29 August 2012|date=30 April 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16816-9|page=233}}</ref>]]

==Recent history==
The glory of Kodungallur, as a global trade centre, is believed to be destroyed by natural calamities.<ref name="Nandy2002"/> According to one view it was heavy floods in the river Periyar that destroyed the city in 1341, while others point out to an earth quake in this regard. The floods further split the left branch of the river into two, just before the city of [[Aluva]]. The flood silted the right branch (known as River Changala) and the natural harbour at the mouth of the river to make it poorly navigable for large ships. The misfortune of Kodungallur helped other major ports of Malabar coast, such as the one at Kochi, to rise to prominence.<ref name="Menon1">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|access-date=22 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=18}}</ref>

===Colonial period===
During [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] period, Kodungallur was a tributary state in the kingdom of [[Zamorin]], the most powerful of independent rulers of [[Malabar region]]. Since the location of Kodungallur sandwiched between the kingdom of Zamorin and the kingdom of Kochi, it was often a matter of dispute for both the kings and sometimes the chieftain of Kodungallur switched the allegiance.<ref name="Malekandathil2010">{{cite book|author=Pius Malekandathil|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA90|access-date=23 August 2012|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|pages=90–}}</ref> Portuguese landed in Calicut in 1498 and soon they reached in an agreement with the Zamorin for establishing their trade with his subjects and also to open a factory in Calicut. Nonetheless, Portuguese forces tried to establish monopoly in spice trade using violent methods against the Arabs and other Muslim merchants from the Middle East, who had a longstanding loyal relation with the Zamorin.<ref name="Subrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C&pg=PA294|access-date=26 July 2012|date=29 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64629-1|pages=293–294}}</ref> In fact, encouraged by foreign Muslims afraid of losing their monopoly on the spice trade (that also benefited the Venetians)Calicut was the only independent state in the Indian Ocean region at that time to militarily meet the Portuguese transgressions in the region, whereas Kochi opted to ally with the foreign Christians to contain the aggression of the Zamorin.<ref name="Malekandathil2010"/>

==Zamorin's period==
The tussle between Zamorin and Portuguese, though started arising in 1500, broke into the form of a regional war in 1504.<ref name="Malekandathil2010"/> Portuguese forces extended their attack on Calicut to allied coastal states, including Kodungallur. The town was almost completely destroyed by the Portuguese ([[Suarez de Menezes]]) on 1 September 1504.<ref name="Kaplan2008">{{cite book|author=Yosef Kaplan|title=The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syFFpCwBlacC&pg=PA65|access-date=23 August 2012|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14996-0|pages=65}}</ref>

Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, was a strategic entry point for Zamorin's army and fleet into the [[Kerala backwaters]]. Hence, in October 1504 Zamorin dispatched a force to fortify Kodungallur. Reading this movement as a preparation for a renewed attack on Kochi, the Portuguese commander, Lopo Soares, ordered a [[preemptive strike]]. A squadron of around ten fighting ships, accompanied with numerous fighting boats of Kochi, headed up to Kodungallur. The heavier ships, unable to make their way into the shallow channels, anchored at [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] (Pallipuram, on the outer edge of [[Vypin]] island), while smaller frigates progressed to the destination.

Converging on Kodungallur, the Portuguese-Kochi fleet quickly dispersed the Calicut forces on the beach using cannon, and launched their composite army – some 1,000 Portuguese soldiers and 1,000 [[Nair]] warriors of Kochi – who took on the rest of the enemy force in Kodungallur.<ref>Castanheda, p.272</ref> The assault troops captured and sacked the city of Kodungallur, and was set on fire by the squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Diogo Fernandes Correa. Nonetheless, according to some records, Portuguese arsonists spared the Saint Thomas Christian quarters in the city. (At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the [[spice trade]] and protected by their own militia, the local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians had found themselves under pressure from the [[raja]]s of Calicut, Cochin and other small kingdoms in the area. Hence the community had sought an alliance with the Portuguese newcomers. Since they were one of the major suppliers of pepper in the region, Portuguese also found the relation as reciprocating.<ref>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&q=%22Malankara+Church%22 ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], 122–124. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref>) This might have helped the ancient Christian community of Kodungallur from extinction during the 1504 assault on the city.

==Calicut fleet==
The Calicut fleet, some five ships and 80 ''paraus'', that had been dispatched to save the city was intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] and defeated in a naval encounter.<ref>Mathew (1997: p.14)</ref> In the meantime, the [[raja]] of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettattnad), whose kingdom lay to the north, on the road between Calicut and Kodungallur, who had a spoiled relation with the Zamorin, offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty. It is recorded that the military of Calicut, which was led by Zamorin in person, was defeated on their way to Kodungallur by a sizeable Portuguese army with the assistance of the Tanur ruler.

The raid on Cranganore and the defection of the Tanur raja were serious setbacks to the Zamorin of Calicut, pushing the frontline north and effectively placing the [[Vembanad]] lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. The battle set the scene for Portuguese to expand their colonial authority over a significant area of the Malabar coast. By 1510, their fluid power in the Malabar coast solidified into a perceptible territorial entity.<ref name="Malekandathil2010"/>

In 1662, the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] entered the competition, sacked the Portuguese in a fortnightly war, with the help of Zamorin, and occupied Kodungallur.<ref name="Kusuman1987">{{cite book|author=K. K. Kusuman|title=A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore, 1600–1805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC|access-date=28 August 2012|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-026-0}}</ref> The Dutch took the control of ''Kodungallur fort'' in 1663 and it eventually protected the southern Kerala, especially [[Travancore]], from the [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala|Mysorean invasion]] in 1776. In 1786, Mysorean troops again marched to northern Kerala, but failed to progress ahead of Kodungallur. On 31 July 1789, the Dutch handed over their establishments in Kodungallur and Azhikode to the ''Kingdom of Travancore'' for 300,000 Surat silver rupees.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anjana Singh|title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA240|access-date=28 August 2012|date=30 April 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16816-9|pages=86, 149, 158}}</ref>

==Archaeology==
Until the 1980s, it was generally believed that Kodungallur and ''Muziris'' were synonymous from the historical point of view. In 1983, a large hoard of Roman coins was excavated at a site in a small town, called ''[[Pattanam]]'', about six miles from Kodungallur. Now this location is one of the most significant archaeological sites in [[South Asia]]. The excavations carried out at Pattanam from 2007 to 2011 have uncovered a plethora of archaeologically important materials: over 20,000 articles have now been recovered including terracotta objects, beads, amphora pieces, cannonballs and four skeletons.<ref name="times1">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Largest-book-on-archaeological-findings-in-state-to-be-unveiled-at-Kodungallur-North-Paravur-getting-ready/articleshow/11187070.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510221302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/kochi/30541718_1_objects-largest-book-mhp | url-status=live | archive-date=10 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Largest book on Archaeological findings | date=21 December 2011}}</ref> It has prompted many historians to hypothesize Pattanam as the location of ''Muziris''.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4970452.stm | work=BBC News | title=Search for India's ancient city | date=11 June 2006 | access-date=2010-05-19}}</ref><ref name="hinduonnet.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/23/stories/2004032303340500.htm |title=The Hindu : Archaeologists stumble upon Muziris |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809101723/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/23/stories/2004032303340500.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/03/28/stories/2004032800050200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040527011524/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/03/28/stories/2004032800050200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 May 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Hunting for Muziris | date=28 March 2004}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/01/stories/2007040106021000.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053600/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/01/stories/2007040106021000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 March 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Excavations highlight Malabar maritime heritage | date=1 April 2007}}</ref>

===Kodungallur fort===
[[File:Cranganorefort.jpg|thumb|250px|right| Relics of the [[Cranganore Fort]] built by the Portuguese on the shores of the Kottapuram River]]
[[Cranganore Fort]], also known as ''Kottappuram/Kottapuram Fort'', was built by Portuguese in 1523 and later in 1565 it was enlarged. The fort was named as Fortaleza Sao Tome, by the Portuguese. The [[Dutch India|Dutch]] took possession of the fort in 1663. The remains of the fort show that the original fort wall was 18 feet in thickness. The ruin is also known as Tipu's fort.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php | title=Kottappuram fort | publisher=Kerala Tourism Department | work=muzirisheritage.org | access-date=24 August 2012 | archive-date=1 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301004640/http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Muziris Heritage Project===
A project, named ''Muziris Heritage Project'', was launched by the Department of Cultural Affairs, Kerala in 2006 to scientifically retrieve and preserve the historical heritage of the region, extending from North Paravur to Kodungallur. The project envisages a combination of heritage management initiatives in its restoration, conservation and access to the public. Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR), identified as the nodal agency for Muziris Heritage Project, provides academic guidance and undertakes archaeological and historical research in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502083309/http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first phase of Muziris Heritage Project was opened to the nation by HE the president of India Shri. Pranab Mukharjee on 27 February 2016 at Kodungalloor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

[[Category:History of Thrissur district| ]]

1971 elections in India

2026-02-27T21:35:05Z

SherleneGirardi: general updated citations to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1970 elections in India
| previous_year = 1970
| election_date = 1971
| next_election = 1972 elections in India
| next_year = 1972
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1971'' included the [[1971 Indian general election]], elections to three state legislative assemblies and to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

==General Election==
{{Main|1971 Indian general election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1971.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes1=64033274|seats1=352|sc1=+69
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes2=15285851|seats2=16|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=10777119|seats3=22|sc3=–13
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=7510089|seats4=25|sc4=+6
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=6933627|seats5=23|sc5=0
|party6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes6=5622758|seats6=23|sc6=–2
|party7=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes7=4497988|seats7=8|sc7=–36
|party8=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes8=3555639|seats8=3|sc8=–20
|party9=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes9=3189821|seats9=1|sc9=New
|party10=[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]|votes10=1873589|seats10=10|sc10=New
|party11=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes11=1526076|seats11=2|sc11=–11
|party12=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes12=1279873|seats12=1|sc12=New
|party13=[[Utkal Congress]]|votes13=1053176|seats13=1|sc13=New
|party14=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes14=962971|seats14=2|sc14=0
|party15=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes15=741535|seats15=0|sc15=–2
|party16=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes16=724001|seats16=3|sc16=New
|party17=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes17=542662|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes18=542431|seats18=3|sc18=+3
|party19=[[Bangla Congress]]|votes19=518781|seats19=1|sc19=–4
|party20=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes20=416545|seats20=2|sc20=0
|party21=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes21=352514|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party22=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes22=272563|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes23=227468|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=Shoshit Dal Bihar|votes24=193389|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes25=157703|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes26=153794|seats26=1|sc26=0
|party27=Janta Party|votes27=139091|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes28=90772|seats28=1|sc28=0
|party29=[[United Front of Nagaland]]|votes29=89514|seats29=1|sc29=New
|party30=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes30=73191|seats30=0|sc30=New
|party31=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]|votes31=72131|seats31=0|sc31=New
|party32=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|votes32=66669|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=Hindustani Shoshit Dal|votes33=65925|seats33=0|sc33=New
|party34=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes34=65622|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes35=62527|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=[[Jana Congress]]|votes36=60103|seats36=0|sc36=0
|party37=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes37=58511|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party38=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes38=58401|seats38=1|sc38=0
|party39=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes39=55064|seats39=0|sc39=New
|party40=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes40=54597|seats40=0|sc40=New
|party41=Proutist Bloc of India|votes41=43849|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party42=[[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana Congress]]|votes42=43548|seats42=0|sc42=New
|party43=Minorities Labour Party|votes43=41198|seats43=0|sc43=New
|party44=[[Indian Socialist Party]]|votes44=38713|seats44=0|sc44=New
|party45=[[All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi)|Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh]]|votes45=36526|seats45=0|sc45=New
|party46=[[Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh]]|votes46=34070|seats46=0|sc46=New
|party47=Uttar Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes47=31729|seats47=0|sc47=New
|party48=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes48=31029|seats48=0|sc48=New
|party49=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes49=24093|seats49=0|sc49=New
|party50=Republican Party of India (Ambedkarite)|votes50=22428|seats50=0|sc50=New
|party51=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes51=6929|seats51=0|sc51=New
|party52=Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|votes52=6198|seats52=0|sc52=New
|party53=Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party|votes53=4982|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party54=Independents|votes54=12279629|seats54=14|sc54=–21
|row55=Appointed members{{efn|Two representing [[Anglo-Indians]] and one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]].}}|seats55=3|sc55=0
|invalid=4934526
|electorate=274189132
|total_sc=–2
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9746&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}
{{notelist}}

==Overall Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| 1–7 March 1971
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| [[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Left Front}}
| United Left Democratic Front
|[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Orissa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
| [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Bishwanath Das]]
|[[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===[[Odisha|Orissa]]===
{{Main|1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| 129
| 51
| 1240668
|| 28.18%
|-
| [[Utkal Congress]]
| 139
| 33
| 1055826
|| 23.99%
|-
| [[Swatantra Party]]
| 115
| 36
| 767815
| 17.44%
|-
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| 50
| 4
| 267768
| 6.08%
|-
| [[Orissa Jana Congress]]
| 66
| 1
| 227056
| 5.16%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 29
| 4
| 210811
| 4.79%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress (Organization)]]
| 50
| 1
| 79460
| 1.81%
|-
| [[All India Jharkhand Party]]
| 14
| 4
| 72291
| 1.64%
|-
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
| 15
| 0
| 53271
| 1.21%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 11
| 2
| 52785
| 1.20%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 21
| 0
| 30824
| 0.70%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 4
| 0
| 8393
| 0,19%
|-
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 2093
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]
| 1
| 0
| 532
| 0.01%
|-
| Independents
| 190
| 4
| 332327
| 7.55%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 835
| 140
|
|
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu]]===
{{Main|1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election}}
'''Source''': Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf
| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1971.svg]]
|-
!Alliances
!colspan="2"|Party
!Popular Vote
!Vote %
!Seats contested
!Seats won
!Change
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[DMK+|Progressive Front]] '''Seats:''' 205 '''Seat Change: '''+26 '''Popular Vote:''' 8,506,078 '''Popular Vote %:''' 54.30%
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align=center| 7,654,935
|align=center| 48.58%
|align=center| 203
|align=center| 184
|align=center| {{increase}}47
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|align=center| 364,803
|align=center| 2.32%
|align=center| 10
|align=center| 8
|align=center| {{increase}}6
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|align=center| 268,721
|align=center| 1.71%
|align=center| 9
|align=center| 7
|align=center| {{increase}}6
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|align=center| 147,985
|align=center| 0.94%
|align=center| 4
|align=center| 4
|align=center| —
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|align=center| 69,634
|align=center| 0.44%
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2
|align=center| {{decrease}}1
|-
|align=left rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Democratic Front]] '''Seats: ''' 21 '''Seat Change: '''-50 '''Popular Vote:''' 6,016,530 '''Popular Vote %:''' 38.18%
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|align=center| 5,513,894
|align=center| 34.99%
|align=center| 201
|align=center| 15
|align=center| {{decrease}}36
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|align=center| 465,145
|align=center| 2.95%
|align=center| 19
|align=center| 6
|align=center| {{decrease}}14
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|align=center| 37,491
|align=center| 0.24%
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 0
|align=center| —
|-
|align=left rowspan=2 valign=top|Others '''Seats:''' 8 '''Seat Change: ''' '''Popular Vote:''' 1,234,193 '''Popular Vote %:''' 7.52%
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|align=center| 965,379
|align=center| 6.13%
|align=center| 256
|align=center| 8
|align=center|
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align=center| 259,298
|align=center| 1.65%
|align=center| 37
|align=center| 0
|align=center|
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |10 Political Parties
!15,756,801
! —
! —
!234
! —
|}

===[[West Bengal]]===
{{Main|1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox legislative election
|election_name= 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
|party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|seats1 = 113
| last_election1 = 80
| leader1 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
|party2 = [[Indian National Congress|Congress (R)]]
|seats2 = 105
| last_election2 = 55
|party3 = [[Communist Party of India]]
|seats3 = 13
| last_election3 = 30
|party4 = [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
|seats4 = 7
| last_election4 = 7
|party5 = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|seats5 = 7
| last_election5 = 0
|party6 = [[Bangla Congress]]
|seats6 = 5
| last_election6 = 33
| leader6 = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
|party7 = ULF Independents
|seats7 = 4
| last_election7 = new
|party8 = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|seats8 = 3
| last_election8 = 21
|party9 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|seats9 = 3
| last_election9 = 12
|party10 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|seats10 = 3
| last_election10 = 5
|party11 = [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|seats11 = 3
| last_election11 = 2
| leader11 = [[Sudhindranath Kumar]]
|party12 = [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]]
|seats12 = 2
|party13 = [[Jharkhand Party]]
|seats13 = 2
| last_election13 = new
|party14 = [[Workers Party of India]]
|seats14 = 2
| last_election14 = 2
| last_election12 = new
|party15= [[Marxist Forward Bloc]]
|seats15 = 2
| last_election15 = 1
|party16 = [[All India Gorkha League]]
|seats16 = 2
| last_election16 = 4
|party17 = [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|seats17 = 1
| last_election17 = 0
|party18 = [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]
|seats18 = 1
| last_election18 = new
|party19 = [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] dissident
|seats19 = 1
| last_election19 = new
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1971 elections in India]]
[[Category:1971 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1971 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Syam Sai

2026-02-26T18:52:11Z

SherleneGirardi: Started

{{Short description|Meitei royal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Syam Sai''' (also called '''Syam Shah''' and '''Khurai-Lakpa)''' (died 1751) was a Meitei royal. He was the son of [[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)|Gharib Niwaz]] and the father of [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagya Chandra]]. He was assassinated by his brother [[Chitsai]] in 1751 C.E.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415344302 |location=London |pages=169 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005}}}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Meitei royals]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html History of Manipur] – IIT Guwahati

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurai-Lakpa, Samjai}}
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]
[[Category:1751 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Operation Rajiv

2026-02-25T18:01:44Z

SherleneGirardi: small enhanced lead as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{short description|1987 Indian military operation in the Siachen conflict}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Rajiv
| partof = the [[Siachen Conflict]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 23–26 June 1987
| place = [[Siachen Glacier]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (now part of [[Ladakh]])
| coordinates = {{coord|35.374354|N|76.953342|E|display=title}}
| map_type = Kashmir
| map_caption = Location of the post with present-day geopolitical borders in the greater [[Kashmir]] region
| map_label = Bana Top
| territory = India captures ''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Quaid]] Post'' from Pakistan (renamed to ''[[Bana Singh|Bana]] Top'' post-capture)
| result = Indian Victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Varinder Singh (soldier)|Varinder Singh]] {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Subedar]] [[Bana Singh]]<ref name="BR_confrontation"/>
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Subedar]] Ataullah Mohammed
| units1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry#Units|8th Battalion, Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
| units2 = Shaheen Company, [[Special Service Group#Battalions in the Special Forces|3rd Commando Battalion, Special Service Group]]
| strength1 = 75
| strength2 = 7–17
| casualties1 = 4 killed

| casualties2 = 6 killed
}}

'''Operation Rajiv''' was the codename for an [[Indian Army]]'s June 1987 [[Military operation|operation]] against [[Pakistan Army]] that successfully achieved its aim of snatching the highest point, called '''Left Shoulder''' (initially renamed as the '''Quaid Post''' by Pakistan and later renamed as '''Bana Top''' / '''Bana Post''' by India), to secure the [[Bilafond La]] sector along the [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL) on the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Mountain Range]] which is the western flank of the [[Siachen Glacier]]. Prior to this operation, India had captured the Siachen in 1984 and established Sonam Post and Amar Post in the Bilafond La sector, and Pakistan responded by establishing the Quaid Post in 1986 at a higher peak called the Left Shoulder (of Bilafond La). After Pakistan fired from the Quaid Post and killed Indian soldiers at the Sonam Post in 1986, India decided to capture the Quaid Post to secure the Bilafond La sector as the Quaid post was a threat to the Indian movement on the entire western Siachen Glacier. Consequently, under the Operation Rajiv in 1987 an Indian task force, led by [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Varinder Singh (soldier)|Varinder Singh]], launched multiple attacks on the Pakistani troops stationed at the post in an attempt to capture it. After several unsuccessful attempts, a team led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh successfully captured the Quaid Post. Following its capture, Quaid post was renamed to Bana Post after [[Naib Subedar]] (later [[Honorary Captain]]) [[Bana Singh]], who led the operation. He was subsequently awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest gallantry award, for his courage in this operation. Since then India continues to hold entire Bilafond La sector, including the Bilafond La itself.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/><ref name="Kunal2012"/>

== Etymology ==

The operation was named after India's [[Second Lieutenant]] Rajiv Pande, who had been killed by Pakistanis during an earlier attempt to capture the peak.<ref name="Francis2013"/>

== Geography ==

=== Siachen and AGPL ===

The [[Siachen]] area, which lies in a territory disputed by India and Pakistan, is the highest battleground on earth. In 1984, India captured the Siachen area during [[Operation Meghdoot]],<ref name="Kunal2012"/> and established the Sonam and Amar posts. In 1986 Pakistan established the Quaid Post (also called the "Left Shoulder", Bana Post or Bana Top), before the Operation Rajiv.

The AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line) begins at the [[NJ9842]] peak where [[Line of Control|LoC]] ends and AGPL begins, and passes through the western slopes of rides west of Siachen Glacier via [[Gharkun]] peak, [[Gyong Kangri]], [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gyari]], [[Chumik Glacier|Chumik Kangri]] peak, K12 peak, Bilafond La, [[Ghent Kangri]], [[Sia La]], [[Sia Kangri]] to [[Indira Col]] in the north-northwest. To the east of AGPL is Siachen Glacier which falls from the height of 18000 ft at Indira Kol to nearly 11000 ft at its terminus near [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|India's Siachen Base Camp]]. India and Pakistan have nearly 150 military posts in Siachen along AGPL with nearly 3,000 soldiers each. Nearest road is to the Indian Military Base Camp at '''Dzingrulma''', with 5G mobile and internet connectivity, which is 72 km from the beginning of the Siachen glacier at Indira Col. Nearest civilian village is Warshi in India, 16 km (10 miles) downstream from the Indian base camp on the '''Dzingrulma-[[Khalsar, India|Khalsar]] Road'''.<ref name=sbapost1/>

=== Bilafond La sector ===
{{anchor | Quaid | Amar | Sonam | Quaid post | Amar post | Sonam post }}

'''Bilafond La sector''' (also called Saltoro Pass, 5,450 m ot 17,880 ft), the site of Operation Rajiv, is a critical mountain pass on the Saltoro Ridge, immediately west of the Siachen Glacier and south of Bilafond Peak, and serves as a strategic point controlled by India since Operation Meghdoot in 1984. The strategically most important features at the higher elevation in the Bilafond La sector in the order of decreasing elevation are the ''Bana Post'' (''Left Shoulder''/ ''Quaid Post''), ''Amar Post'', ''Viru Saddle'', and ''Sonam Post'', all of which are presently held by India.<ref name=trisia4/><ref name=sbapost1/><ref name="Kunal2012"/>

* '''Bana Post''' (also called the '''Quaid Post''', '''Left Shoulder''', '''Bana Top''', 6,553 m or 21,500 ft):
** Indians called it the ''Left Shoulder'' of Bilafond La before Pakistani occupied it in 1986. Pakistani renamed it Quaid Post, and India renamed it as the Bana Top or Bana Post after snatching it from Pakistan in 1987. Bana Post peak, the highest post in the Siachen region, is 2 km southwest of Bilafond La and north of [[K12 (mountain)|K12]] peak (second highest peak in [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro range]]), and overlooks the route from [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Indian Siachen Base Camp]] to Bilafond La.<ref name=trisia4/><ref name=sbapost1/><ref name="Kunal2012"/> In November 1986, Pakistani Captain Akmal Khan taking advantage of bad weather established a Pakistani [[military base|military post]] on a dominating feature called "Left Shoulder" of the Bilafond La which they named as the Quaid post in honour of their leader [[Quaid-e-Azam]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], at higher elevation than twin Indian posts, Amar and Sonam posts, with both Indian posts being in the direct line of fire of Pakistani Qauid Post.<ref name=banatt1/><ref name="Kunal2012"/> The Quaid Post was manned by soldiers of the Shaheen Company (3rd commando battalion), a part of Pakistan's [[Special Services Group]]. It was commanded by [[Subedar]] Ataullah Mohammed.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/> In November 1986, Quaid Post was hit by a deadly blizzard which killed all of the Pakistani garrison commanded by Captain Akmal Khan except one [[artillery]] officer, Lt Zafar Abbasi who was lieutenant at that who lost his both legs and hands due to frostbite. Later on, he continued his services with artificial legs and hands until he reached the rank of Lt. Colonel and became famous in Pakistan due to his bravery. The other soldiers, who were from a Special Services group, including Captain Akmal Khan, died on the spot as the temperature hit −40.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

* '''Viru Saddle''' (~6,250–6,500 m or ~20,500–21,300):
** It is a [[Saddle (landform)|saddle]], lying closer to and south of Bana Post at lower elevation than Bana Post but higher than Sonam Post. It is named in honor of '''Major Varinder Singh''' who was involved in Operation Rajiv in 1987 during which Bana Post was captured by India. It has no military post on it.<ref name=trisia4/><ref name=sbapost1/><ref name="Kunal2012"/>

* '''Sonam Post''' (6,200 m or 20,400 ft):
** It is located between Bana and Amar posts slightly northwest of Bana Post. It has the world's highest helipad. The Sonam Post is named in honor of '''Havildar Sonam''' of [[Ladakh Scouts]] who established it in 1984.<ref name=trisia4/><ref name=sbapost1/><ref name="Kunal2012"/>

* '''Amar Post''' (6,446 m or 21,150 ft):
** It is located south of Bana and Sonam Post on the slopes of the Saltoro Ridge at a higher elevation than Sonam Post but lower than Bana Post. Amar Post is named in honor of Indian soldier '''[[sepoy]] Amar Singh''' who displayed exceptional bravery during operations here.<ref name=trisia4>[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/sonam-a-legend-whose-legacy-will-go-on-a-tribute-to-legends-of-siachen/ Sonam a Legend whose Legacy will Go On: A Tribute to Legends of Siachen], Indian Defence Review, 11 Feb 2016.</ref><ref name=sbapost1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/siachenthe-worlds-highest-battlefield/articleshow/45788658.cms Siachen—the world’s highest battlefield], Times of India, 14 Sept 2025.</ref><ref name="Kunal2012"/>

== Prelude ==

=== 1984: India's Operation Meghdoot captured Siachen ===
{{see also | Operation Meghdoot }}

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot and captured the Siachen area,<ref name="Kunal2012"/> and established various military posts in the area including the Sonam and Amar posts in the Bilafond La sector.

=== 1986: Pakistan established Quaid Post ===

In 1986 Pakistan established the Quaid Post (also called the "Left Shoulder", Bana Post or Bana Top), before the Operation Rajiv. The Pakistani position at Quaid Post at the mountain peak gave them a clear view of the Indian movement in the Saltoro-Siachen area. The Siachen glacier, located about 15 km away to the east, could be seen from this peak with the naked eye.<ref name="Kunal2012"/> The Quaid Post was located at an higher altitude than the Indian posts was extremely difficult to attack, as it was surrounded by 457 m high ice walls.<ref name="BR_Bana">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Bana.html |title=Naib Subedar Bana Singh |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=27 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305152423/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Bana.html |archive-date=5 March 2015 }}</ref> It had an inclination of 80° to 85° on three sides, less on the fourth side. It was very difficult for the attackers to climb up the peak without getting noticed by the Pakistani soldiers stationed at the top. The scarcity of [[oxygen]] made walking long distances difficult, as the troops had to halt every few meters to regain their breath. There were also frequent [[blizzard]]s, and taking advantage of poor visibility at night was difficult due to the [[wind chill factor]]. The minimum temperatures in the area were as low as −50 °C at that time.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

==April-May 1987: Pakistani attack and Indian counter attack on Quaid Post==

=== 18 April 1987: Attack on Indian Amar and Sonam posts from Pakistan's Quaid Post ===
{{ anchor | PakAttack }}

Before the Operation Vijay, in the Bilafond La sector the Quaid Post was held by Pakistan since 1986, and India-held Sonam Post (located northwest of Quaid Post) and Amar Posts (south of the Quaid Post) were at lower height and were accessible only by helicopter.<ref name="Kunal2012"/> Pakistan's control of the Quaid Post allowed them to dominate these Indian posts, and prevent supplies to them.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/>

On 18 April 1987, the Pakistani troops at Quaid Post ''started firing with machine guns and rocket launchers preventing maintenance both by surface and air of Indian posts in Bilafond La''.<ref name=banatt1>[http://twdi.in/node/3429 Brig Varinder Singh, VrC (now deceased)], TWDI.</ref><ref name="Claude"/> Pakistani soldiers at Quaid Post started firing on the Sonam Post and killed Indian soldiers.<ref name="Claude"/>

===29 May 1987: Indian counter-attack and death of Rajiv Pande ===
{{ anchor | IndiaAttack }}

Consequently, the Indian Army then decided to launch a plan to evict the Pakistanis from the Quaid Post. The 8th Battalion of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] (8th JAK LI) was given the task of capturing the Quaid Post. On May 29, a 13-member JAK LI patrol led by [[Second Lieutenant]] Rajiv Pande was asked to identify the best approach route to the Post, and mark it with ropes. The group started climbing the ice wall leading to the Quaid Post, but were detected by the Pakistani soldiers, when it was just 30 m from the top. The Pakistanis opened fire with a heavy machine gun, killing ten Indian soldiers, including Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande.<ref name="Claude">{{cite web |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/InterviewBanaSingh.pdf |title=Interview with Captain Bana Singh |access-date=27 June 2014 |author=Claude Arpi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204609/http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/InterviewBanaSingh.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> Before they were killed, the Indian soldiers managed to establish a number of footholds on the vertical ice wall with a [[pick axe]], and had laid a rope to the top.<ref name="BR_confrontation">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1984/290-Confrontation.html |title=Confrontation at Siachen, 26 June 1987 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |author=L.N. Subramanian |access-date=27 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224074306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1984/290-Confrontation.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 }}</ref>

== June 1987: The Indian Operation Vijay ==
{{ anchor | Vijay }}

=== May-June 1987: Preparation and assembling the Indian task force ===
{{ anchor | Varinder | Prep }}

For India, strategically positioned Quaid Post’s capture was critical to securing the entire Bilafond La sector on the Saltoro Ridge, overlooking Indian positions like Amar and Sonam Posts. The Operation Vijay was conceived to capture the Quaid Post.<ref name=srin1/> Over the next few days in April 1987, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|8 JAK LI]] assembled a new task force led by Major [[Varinder Singh (soldier)|Varinder Singh]] to capture the Quaid Post. Captain Anil Sharma was assigned as Singh's deputy. The task force included 62 people, including 2 officers, 3 [[Junior commissioned officer|JCOs]] and 57 [[Private (rank)#India and Pakistan|soldiers]]. The assignment, launched on 23 June 1987, was code-named ''Operation Rajiv'' in honour of Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande.<ref name="Francis2013">{{cite book |author=Col J Francis |title=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rotnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |date=30 August 2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-17-5 |pages=100–102}}</ref>

The task force established a base in the [[Bilafond La]] area. The 8th JAK LI had taken over the area from 5th [[Bihar Regiment|Bihar]] just over a month back, and its soldiers were still in the process of getting to know the area. Because of the frequent blizzards and limited capacity of the [[HAL Cheetah]] helicopters, it took 20 days and 200 helicopter trips for the assault team to gather at Bilafond La.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/> To ferry two people and their supplies, a minimum of 2–4 helicopter trips were required. Each helicopter trip cost {{INR}} 35,000.<ref name="Kunal2012">{{cite book |author=Kunal Verma |title=The Long Road to Siachen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421 |year=2012 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-291-2704-4 |chapter=XIV Op Rajiv |pages=415–421}}</ref>

During the rehearsals, some [[artillery observer]]s had to be evacuated due to [[altitude sickness]]. A 10-man team led by Captain Ram Prakash was placed at the ''Sonam'' Post. He established an observation post ahead of ''Sonam''.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

=== 23 June 1987: First Indian assault by Varinder Singh's team ===
{{ anchor | First }}

On the evening of 23 June, a [[platoon]] led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/>

=== 24 June 1987: Second Indian assault by Harnam Singh's team ===
{{ anchor | Second }}

On the night of 24 June, a 10-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]] was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire.<ref name="Kunal2012"/> Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their [[reconnaissance|scout]] [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with [[medium machine gun]]s. Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a [[kerosene]] [[portable stove|stove]] kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow [[trench warfare|trenches]] in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

=== 25 June 1987: Third Indian assault by Sansar Chand's team ===
{{ anchor | Third }}

On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the ''Garden'' post and [[rocket launcher]] fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the ''Sonam'' post. Other support teams with [[light machine guns]] had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his [[radio]] set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked [[Havildar]] Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

=== 26 June 1987: Final Indian assault and capture of Quaid Post by Bana Singh's team ===
{{ anchor | Final }}

By the morning of 26 June, both Indian and Pakistani soldiers had nearly run out of supplies, having spent three nights in extremely cold weather. The Quaid Post was held by 7-to-17 Pakistani soldiers at the time.<ref name="Kunal2012"/><ref name="BS_resumes_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-watches-as-siachen-dialogue-resumes-111053000083_1.html |title=Army watches as Siachen dialogue resumes |author=Ajai Shukla |date=30 May 2011 |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref> The Pakistani troops seemed to be running low on ammunition, as firing from their side had reduced considerably. By this time, the weather had also improved, with the temperatures just below 0 °C. The Indians' weapons had started working.<ref name="Kunal2012"/>

Realizing that the supplies would not last until night, Varinder decided to launch a decisive daytime attack from two sides.<ref name="Francis2013"/> The first team comprised 8 men, and was led by Varinder Singh. The second team comprised 5 men, and was led by Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]].<ref name="BR_confrontation"/> The brigade commander Brigadier Chandan Nugyal contacted Varinder over radio, and promised him fire support from every Indian artillery gun in the range. After a massive artillery barrage, Varinder's team outflanked Quaid from below.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/>

The team led by Bana Singh launched the final assault at 1330 hours on 26 June 1987.<ref name="BR_confrontation"/> Beside Bana Singh, the group included Riflemen [[Chuni Lal]], Laxman Das, Om Raj and Kashmir Chand.<ref name="Francis2013"/> This team approached the Quaid Post from an unexpected direction, using a longer and more difficult approach. There was a blizzard, resulting in poor visibility, which gave cover to the Indian soldiers. Bana Singh's team reached the top of the peak, and found that there was a single Pakistani [[bunker]]. They approached the bunker from behind, but realized that their rifles were jammed. Bana Singh then lobbed a [[grenade]] into the bunker and closed the door, killing those inside. The two sides also got involved in a [[hand-to-hand combat]], in which the Indian soldiers [[bayonet]]ed some of the Pakistani soldiers outside the bunker. A few Pakistani soldiers jumped off the peak. Later, the Indians found six dead bodies of Pakistani soldiers.<ref name="Francis2013"/>

The Indian Army finally gained control of the post. Varinder Singh was severely wounded by an artillery shell after the post was captured. ''"On the night of 23 June 1987, the [Indian] assault team under Major Varinder Singh managed to make an approach adopting the most difficult route to the 700 feet high vertical ice-wall on the Saltoro Ridge, and next night negotiated the ice wall and reached just 200 metres from the top. The advance was resumed at 2100 hours on 25 June 1987 and under intense fire his party managed to capture the bunker after lobbying grenades at 0200 hours on 26 June 1987. It was their third night in the open sub-zero temperature. By 0500 hours, Major Varinder Singh's assault team captured the second bunker after firing twenty rounds of 84 M M Rocket Launcher. He pressed on the attack, providing supporting fire cover while a small party led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh crawled to the last bunker and after a ferocious charge captured it. While mopping up operations were in progress, there was a heavy artillery shelling by the adversary's troops in which the officer was badly wounded. Undeterred by his wounds, Major Varinder Singh assumed control of the Area Top by 1600 hours on 26 June 1987, thus regaining tactical superiority over the adversary. Major Varinder Singh displayed conspicuous courage and valiant leadership in the face of the adversary."''<ref name=banatt1/>

In her book, ''Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War'', Myra MacDonald wrote: <blockquote>Against all odds, India captured the post after an operation that involved scaling ice-walls by stealth followed by hand-to-hand fighting with grenades and bayonets at 20,500 feet. On top of the original occupation of Siachen in 1984, the loss of the Pakistani post in 1987 became an added humiliation that dug deeply into the psyche of the Pakistan Army. A Pakistani counterattack on other Indian posts later that year largely failed.<ref name="Defeat is an Orphan">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_IwDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |last=MacDonald |first=Myra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781849048590 |page=51}}</ref></blockquote>

== Aftermath ==

=== Renaming of Quaid Post to Bana Top ===
{{ anchor | Rename | Renaming }}

After capturing highest peak in the Siachen area from Pakistan, India renamed Quaid Post to Bana Top to honor the contribution and bravery of Bana Singh in the capture of peak.<ref name="Samir2014">{{cite book |author= Samir Bhattacharya |title=Nothing But! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |date=January 2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing (Authorsolutions) |isbn=978-1-4828-1732-4 |pages=146–}}</ref>

=== Handover of Pakistani dead bodies ===

The Indian Army, after capturing Quaid Post on 26 June 1987, recovered the bodies of six Pakistani soldiers of the Special Services Group (SSG) who were killed during the intense high-altitude assault led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh of the 8 JAK LI. Indian Army handed over the dead bodies to the Pakistan Army in Kargil in a flag meeting, which is formal interactions between Indian and Pakistani military officials, typically held at designated LoC sectors to address operational matters, including the exchange of bodies, under established protocols rooted in international humanitarian norms and bilateral agreements, ensure respectful repatriation of deceased soldiers. The handover occurred within days of the operation, likely in late June or early July 1987, to prevent escalation and maintain diplomatic channels.<ref name=srin1>[https://theprint.in/defence/35-years-ago-how-a-small-indian-army-team-pulled-off-a-stunning-victory-in-siachen/220614/ "35 years ago, how a small Indian Army team pulled off a stunning victory in Siachen"]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}. The Print, 13 April 2019.</ref><ref name="Claude"/>

=== Gallantry awards ===
{{ anchor | Award | Awards }}

Bana Singh was awarded [[Param Vir Chakra]] in 1988 for his courage during the Operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25hope.htm |title=Project Hope |author= Josy Joseph |date=25 January 2001 |work=rediff.com }}</ref> Rifleman [[Chuni Lal]], and Rifleman Om Raj who accompanied him during the final assault, was awarded [[Sena Medal]]. Harnam Singh and Sansar Chand was awarded [[Mahavir Chakra]]. 7 others, including Major Varinder Singh, 2nd Lt. Rajiv Pande were awarded [[Vir Chakra]].<ref name="Francis2013"/>

== See also ==

; Borders
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL)
* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB)
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC)
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[:Category:Borders of Pakistan|Borders of Pakistan]]

; Conflicts

* [[Battle of Chamb#Other|India-Pakistan battles]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]
* [[Northern Areas]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

; Other related topics
* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Bana Singh]], after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
* [[Dafdar]], westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajiv 1987}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Siachen conflict]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:1987 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:June 1987 in India]]
[[Category:June 1987 in Pakistan]]
a

Dhirendra Brahmachari

2026-02-15T04:12:59Z

SherleneGirardi: slightly update layout for accuracy also and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian yoga mentor (1924–1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhirendra Brahmachari
| image = File:John Hills with Dhirendra Bramachari and Amrit Desai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = John Hills discusses the World Conference on Scientific Yoga Conference program schedule with Dhirendra Brahmachari and [[Amrit Desai]]
| birth_name = Dhirendra Choudhary
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|02|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Basaith Chanpura, [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], British India (present day [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], Bihar, India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|06|09|1924|02|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = Mantalai, [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Yoga Guru
| years_active =
| known_for = Yoga mentor of [[Indira Gandhi]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dhirendra Brahmachari''' (born '''Dhirendra Choudhary'''; 12 February 1924 – 9 June 1994) was an Indian yoga teacher. Dhirendra Brahmachari was also yoga mentor of [[Indira Gandhi]] –The former [[prime minister]] of [[India]]<ref name="tandon">{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=P.D. |title=The truth about Indira |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-truth-about-indira/211665 | publisher=Outlook |date=21 May 2001 |accessdate=1 June 2018 }}</ref> He ran [[ashram]]s in [[Gurugram Airstrip#History|Bhondsi]] ([[Gurugram]] in Delhi NCR), [[Jammu]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] and [[Mantalai]] (near [[Sudhmahadev]] in [[Udhampur]] district of Jammu and Kashmir) and wrote books on [[yoga]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Biography==
He was born in a [[Maithil Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yogi Swami Dhirendra Brahmachari Ji {{!}} Yoga Guru of Indira Gandhi - a former Prime Minister of India|url=http://www.yogaguruswamidhirendrabrahmachari.absyogaindia.com/yogi_swami_dhirendra_brahmachari_ji.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.yogaguruswamidhirendrabrahmachari.absyogaindia.com|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116120400/http://www.yogaguruswamidhirendrabrahmachari.absyogaindia.com/yogi_swami_dhirendra_brahmachari_ji.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He later got inspired by reading the [[Bhagavad Gita]], he left home at the age of thirteen and went to [[Varanasi]]. His guru was [[Maharshi Kartikeya]] whose ashram was at [[Gopal-Khera]], about twelve miles from [[Lucknow]]. Dhirendra Brahmachari studied yoga and associated subjects there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldyogadirectory.com/Yoga-Teachers/Swami-Dhirendra-Brahmachari-1227.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.worldyogadirectory.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042256/http://www.worldyogadirectory.com/Yoga-Teachers/Swami-Dhirendra-Brahmachari-1227.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1960s, he was invited to travel to the [[Soviet Union]] as a [[hatha yoga]] expert to train Soviet cosmonauts. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] later invited him to teach yoga to his daughter, [[Indira Gandhi]], to improve her health. He is said to have guided Mrs. Gandhi's vision and ideas. He became influential politically in 1975–77 when Mrs Gandhi dissolved Parliament, declared a state of emergency and suspended civil liberties.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1994-06-10|title=Dhirendra Brahmachari, Yoga Master, 70|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/10/obituaries/dhirendra-brahmachari-yoga-master-70.html|access-date=2020-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, Dhirendra Brahmachari promoted the benefits of yoga in a weekly program called ''Yogabhyaas'' which was broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], the state-owned television network.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speculation rife about Swami Dhirendra Brahmachari's estrangement from Gandhi family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830815-speculation-rife-about-swami-dhirendra-brahmacharis-estrangement-from-gandhi-family-770911-2013-07-17 |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> He introduced yoga as a subject of study in Delhi administered schools, a considerable innovation.

==Ashrams==
During 1980s, Brahmachari built Aparna Ashram Society in [[Gurgaon]] (now Gurugram) near [[Silokhera]] village, in [[Haryana]]. The air conditioned Ashram included an airstrip, hangar and a TV studio.<ref name=bhond6>1990, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I6R1g9aQqm0C "The Illustrated Weekly of India."], [[The Times Group]], Volume 111, Issues 13-25, p. 35.</ref> [[Indira Gandhi]] use to visit Brahmachari here once a week.<ref name=bhond6/> The 1980s teleserials ''India Quiz'' and ''[[Hum Log (television series)|Hum Log]]'' (ran from July 1984 to 17 December 1985) were shot here.<ref name=bhond6/> Brahmachari charged INR25,000 per shift for the use of ashram's TV studio facilities here for the shooting of Hum Log.<ref name=bhond6/> In 1983, Brahmachari had written letter to then Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], with a request to acquire 5,000 acre land around [[Aravalli Range]], potentially up to 70,000 acres in total, to build facilities to rival [[Disneyland]], including a yoga research and training centre, a wildlife sanctuary, folk arts and crafts centre, amusement centre and other facilities such as helipad, aquarium, planetarium and games and thrillers.<ref name=bhond5>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830228-swami-dhirendra-brahmachari-plans-to-open-health-and-recreation-centre-in-gurgaon-771303-2013-08-23 "Swami's Disneyland."], [[India Today]], 28 February 1983.</ref> After the guru's death, his relatives and a tenant engaged in a legal battle over the ownership of the property.<ref name='IT'>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2014 |title=Gurgaon godman's kin locked in legal battle over property |work= [[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gurgaon-godman-dhirendra-brahmchari-kin-property-dispute-230680-2014-12-11 |access-date=14 January 2024 }}</ref>
The aircraft hangar still has two ruined aircraft belonging to Brahmachari<ref name=bhond12>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19801130-swami-dhirendra-brahmachari-a-man-with-no-official-standing-but-awesome-power-821648-2014-01-04 "Dhirendra Brahmachari: The controversial yogi."], [[India Today]], 30 November 1980.</ref>

He was the owner of [[Vishwayatan Yogashram]] in the centre of [[Delhi]], now known as the [[Morarji Desai]] National Institute of Yoga. He also owned campuses in Jammu, Katra and Mantalai, plots of land he had received through his Indira Gandhi clout.<ref name="nyt" /> Known as "the Flying Swami", he not only helped her form decisions and make appointments, but he also executed some of her orders.<ref name="nyt" />

He wrote books on yoga in Hindi and English including 'Yogic Sukshma Vyayama' and 'Yogasana Vijnana'.{{Citation needed|reason=no citation given for these statements|date=June 2018}}
His ashram at Mantalai is spread over 1008 kanals of land with private airstrips, hangar, a zoo and a seven storey building in gandhi nagar, Jammu.{{Citation needed|reason=no citation given for these statements / claims|date=June 2018}}

Nowadays there are five known successors of Dhirendra Brahmachari yoga tradition: Bal Mukund Singh from India, Reinhard Gammenthaler from Switzerland.{{Citation needed|reason=no citation given for these statements|date=June 2018}}

==Criminal charges==
Dhirendra was charged with buying an aircraft in the [[United States]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] imposed by then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] and smuggling it into the country without paying customs duties, but he was never tried. Dozens of other criminal cases were filed against him and many dragged on till his death. In one case, he was accused of illegally importing gun parts from [[Spain]] for his factory, which had a licence to make guns only with local materials.<ref name="nyt" />

==Death==
Dhirendra Brahmachari died in a plane crash, along with his pilot, when they hit a pine tree on 9 June 1994, while landing at the airstrip of his religious retreat and yoga school in Mantalai, a village in [[Chenani|Chenani Tehsil]] in [[Udhampur district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]].<ref name="nyt" /><ref name='ASN'>{{Cite news |date=9 June 1994 |title=SN Wikibase Occurrence # 180030 |work= [[Flight Safety Foundation#Aviation Safety Network|ASN Database]] |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/180030 |access-date=14 January 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/brodov/Vasily_Brodov_Russian_Philosopher_and_Yoga_Practitioner.php

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gZpf_FGj8o ''Sukshma Vyayam'' (A better way to health)], film by N.S. Thapa, Films Division of the Indian Government, 1950 - a film about yoga exercises featuring Dhirendra Brahmachari
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/10/obituaries/dhirendra-brahmachari-yoga-master-70.html nytimes.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmachari, Dhirendra}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani, India]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1994]]

Ahmedabad City taluka

2026-02-13T08:23:24Z

SherleneGirardi: Created Basic Place More To Come...

{{Short description|Sub-district in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ahmedabad city
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ahmedabad]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
| image_map = અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો તાલુકાઓ સાથે.svg
| map_caption = Ahmedabad city taluka in Ahmedabad district
}}

'''Ahmedabad City''' was a former taluk of [[Ahmedabad District]] in the western part of [[India]] state [[Gujarat]]. Around 19–20 March 2012, this taluk was bifurcated into [[Ahmedabad City (East) Taluk|Ahmedabad City (East)]] and [[Ahmedabad City (West) Taluk|Ahmedabad City (West)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=My Taluka|url=http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/my-village.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=3 May 2012|archive-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401122956/http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/My-village.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='Gus'>{{cite web|title=Decision to divide Ahmedabad City Taluka|url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/20120320/gujarat/ahd16.html|author=|date=20 March 2012 |publisher=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|location=Ahmedabad|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217130133/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/20120320/gujarat/ahd16.html|archive-date=2015-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|date= 27 April 2012|title= VTV - AHMEDABAD CITY TALUKA DIVISION FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CONVENIENCE - AHMEDABAD|trans-title= The newly established Ahmedabad City East Office was inaugurated today by the Revenue Minister.|medium= audio-visual|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LM2OuY65T2A|access-date= 17 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151217132659/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LM2OuY65T2A|archive-date= 2015-12-17|publisher= VTV (VTV-Gujarati Gaurav)|id= LM2OuY65T2A|url-status= live}}</ref>

Many villages in the taluk were included under the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]. The headquarters of both the newly formed taluks is Ahmedabad. The [[Sabarmati|Sabarmati river]] is taken as the dividing line dividing the talukas. That is, considering the Sabarmati as the boundary between these two talukas, the areas east of it were included in Ahmedabad City (East) taluka and the portion west of the river was included in Ahmedabad City (West) taluka.<ref name='Gus'/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Ahmedabad district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Delhi Public Library

2026-02-12T03:53:08Z

SherleneGirardi: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian Public Library}}
{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox library
| library_name = Delhi Public Library
| library_logo =
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Public Library|Public]]
| scope =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1951|10|27}}
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = [[Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| branch_of =
| num_branches = 37
| items_collected = [[Books]], [[Newspaper]], [[Periodicals]], [[Braille|Braille Books]], [[Paintings]], [[Digital Media]], [[Gramophone Records]]
| collection_size = 1.7M
| criteria =
| legal_deposit = [[National Depository Centre]]
| req_to_access =
| annual_circulation = 1M
| pop_served =
| members = 1,59,000
| budget = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 139M
| director = Dr. R. K. Sharma <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dpl.gov.in/index.php/director-general | title=Director General | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=31 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331002021/https://www.dpl.gov.in/index.php/director-general | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| num_employees = 214
| website = {{URL|http://www.dpl.gov.in/}}
| references =
}}

'''Delhi Public Library''' is a national [[depository library]] in the Indian Union Territory of [[Delhi]]. The library has 37 branches across the state.

[[File:Delhi Public Library.jpg|thumb|:Delhi Public Library building near old Delhi station]]

==History==
The library was established on 27 October 1951 as a pilot project sponsored by [[UNESCO]] and the [[Government of India]]. The library project dates back to 1944, when Shri [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]] donated most of the amount required to construct a library building at the request of Gen. Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]]. In February 1950 the Indian Government and UNESCO agreed to initiate the project, and the library was officially opened on 27 October 1951, by then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The library buildings were acquired between 1951 and 1953, with operations formally transferred from UNESCO to the Indian Government in 1955. The library provides training facilities to both student librarians and social education workers and has done so from its early days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h8Y-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=gEwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6869,6361249&dq=delhi-public-library&hl=en|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref>

At present, The library network consists of a Central Library, 3 Branch Libraries, 20 Sub-Branch Libraries, 1 Community Library, 8 Resettlement Colony Libraries, One Braille Library, 100 Mobile Library Service Points (including 25 Braille Mobile library points) and 33 Deposit Stations in the Union Territory of Delhi Delhi & NCR<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPL Branches |url=https://dpl.gov.in/dpl-branches.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225022626/https://dpl.gov.in/dpl-branches.php |archive-date=2024-02-25 |website=Delhi Public Library}}</ref>.The Delhi Public Library has been one of the four recipient libraries under the Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act of the Parliament of India, 1954 (as amended in 1956). As per the provision of this act, the Delhi Public Library is entitled to receive one copy of each publication published in India from publishers free of cost.<ref>https://indianculture.gov.in/MoCorganization/delhi-public-library {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The library has been expanding its services as a centre for the dissemination of knowledge, information and culture. It is increasingly felt that the library should not merely serve as a centre for lending books, but should also grow as a robust organization devoted to promote intellectual pursuits and create community rapport among its readers.

==Lending of Books==
The issuing of books and other reading materials to its members is the main service offered by every branch. 1,65,854 registered members are utilizing this service as of 31 March 2021. In the Delhi Public Library system, books are issued to members for a maximum period of 14 days which may be further renewed for another 14 days, either in person or online. The Delhi Public Library catalog is published online, available for its users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Public Library catalog |url=https://delhipubliclibrary.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929153344/https://delhipubliclibrary.in/ |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.delhipubliclibrary.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://dpl.gov.in/}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Delhi]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1951]]

{{library-stub}}

Shyam Swarup Agarwal

2026-02-12T02:43:44Z

SherleneGirardi: Done

{{Short description|Indian geneticist and immunologist}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shyam Swarup Agarwal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|12|2|1941|7|5}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Internal Medicine]] |[[Genetics]] | [[Immunology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[King George's Medical University]] | [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|SGPGI-MS]] | [[Tata Memorial Centre]] | Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Lucknow]] | [[King George's Medical University|King George’s Medical College]] | [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] | [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Genetics and Molecular biology
| awards = {{ublist| 1986 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1986 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Kamla Menon Research Award | 1999 Ranbaxy Research Award | 2000 [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|GoUP]] Vigyan Ratna award }}
}}

'''Shyam Swarup Agarwal''' (5 July 1941 – 2 December 2013) was an Indian geneticist, immunologist and the director of [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGI-MS), Lucknow. A former director of the Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) at the [[Tata Memorial Centre]], he was the pioneer of medical genetics and clinical immunology education in India. Known for his researches in the fields of genetics and molecular biology, he was an Emeritus Professor of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], and an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies, namely, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1986.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016194310/http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | archive-date=16 October 2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Lucknow University – Old campus]]

Shyam Swarup Agarwal was born on 5 July 1941 in [[Bareilly]], an industrial city in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Shyam Dulari and Satya Swarup Agrawal.<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/05/0758.pdf |title=Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013) |last=Nitya Anand |date=2014 |publisher=Current Science}}</ref> His undergraduate studies were at Caning College of [[Lucknow University]] and he completed the course in 1958. Subsequently, he pursued a medical profession after earning an honors degree of MBBS from King George’s Medical College (present-day [[King George's Medical University]]) in 1963, passing the examination winning the Chancellor's Gold Medal for Best Student and the Hewitt Gold Medal for securing first rank.<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N95-1168 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003210/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N95-1168 |archive-date=8 December 2017 }}</ref> He continued at KGMU for his MD which he completed in 1967 and moved to the US for his post-doctoral studies on an [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] fellowship where he worked at the laboratory of [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] at [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]].{{Refn|group=note|[[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1976.}} On his return to India in 1970, he joined his alma mater, KGMU, as a lecturer and served the institution till 1986 during which time he secured an FRCS from the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] in 1976.<ref name="Expert Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/112/Dr_SS_Agarwal.html |title=Expert Profile |date=2017 |publisher=ND TV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042605/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/112/Dr_SS_Agarwal.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref> In 1986, he was invited by [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGI-MS) to establish a department for medical genetics and clinical immunology. He headed the department as a professor and served as its director during two terms, 1993–97 and 2000–01.<ref name="Obituary">{{Cite web |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/obituaries/95115148/shyam-swarup-agarwal-1941-2013 |title=Obituary |date=2017 |publisher=EBSCO Host |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043631/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/obituaries/95115148/shyam-swarup-agarwal-1941-2013 |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref> He [[Pension|superannuated]] from regular service in 2001 but continued his work by joining [[Tata Memorial Centre]] as the director of the newly established [[Tata Memorial Centre#ACTREC|Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer]] (ACTREC). After three years of service, he moved out of Tata Memorial Centre in 2004 and was appointed as an adviser at the [[Central Drug Research Institute]]. Simultaneously, he worked as an honorary director of Research and Academics at the Vivekanand Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences and was a Senior Scientist of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] from 2006 onwards.<ref name="INSA Senior Scientist">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/name1.php |title=INSA Senior Scientist |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131755/http://insaindia.res.in/name1.php |archive-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> He was also associated with ''Future Earth'', a non-governmental organization creating ecological awareness among people<ref name="Dr. S.S. Agarwal (MD-Hons, FRCPC)">{{Cite web |url=http://futurearth.org/leadership.html |title=Dr. S.S. Agarwal (MD-Hons, FRCPC) |date=2017 |publisher=Future Earth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129035720/http://futurearth.org/leadership.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref> and served as an independent director of [[Regency Hospital, Kanpur]].<ref name="24th Annual Report">{{Cite web |url=http://www.regencyhospital.in/pdf/Annual%20Report-2012-2013.pdf |title=24th Annual Report |date=2017 |publisher=Regency Hospital |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043603/http://www.regencyhospital.in/pdf/Annual%20Report-2012-2013.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref>

Agarwal was married to Pramila Das, a pathologist by profession, and the couple had a daughter, Rama and a son, Rahul.{{Citation needed|date= August 2018}} Agarwal died in Lucknow of a heart attack on 2 December 2013, at the age of 72.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Bhopal-Union Carbide 2.jpg|thumb|235px|An image of [[Methyl isocyanate]] tanks at Union Carbide factory – 2008 photo]]
[[File:Ginsengpflanze.jpg|thumb|''[[Panax ginseng]]'']]

Agarwal's researches spanned the fields of medical genetics and molecular biology.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=380 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194423/http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=380 |archive-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> His early studies during his days at [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]] were focused on [[DNA polymerase]] and its role in DNA synthesis which elucidated its stability and as well as the mechanism of DNA repair.<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)" /> In 1984, Agarwal and his colleagues conducted studies on ''[[Panax ginseng]]'' and their work discovered the [[immunomodulatory]] properties of the plant<ref name="Deceased fellow" /><ref name="Expert Profile" /> which they revealed in an article, ''Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract'', published in [[Planta Medica]] journal in December, the same year.<ref name="Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Gupta BM |title=Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract |journal=Planta Medica |date=December 1984 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=462–5 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-969773 |pmid=6531406|s2cid=31983884 }}</ref> Researches on the [[Epidemiology|seroepidemiology]] of [[malaria]],<ref name="Serology and seroepidemiology of malaria">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Srivastava IK, Dutta GP, Agarwal SS |title=Serology and seroepidemiology of malaria |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/76114/ |journal=Journal of Communicable Diseases |date=1985 |volume=17 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=68–76 |pmid=3831070 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042931/http://repository.ias.ac.in/76114/ |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref> childhood [[cirrhosis]] and its [[polygenic]] inheritance and antenatal screening for [[thalassemia]] incidence were some of the other studies undertaken by him.<ref name="Expert Profile" />

Under the aegis of the Department of Clinical Immunology of SGPGI-MS, he undertook several projects of the Indian Council of Medical Research which included a study of the genetic effects in the wake of the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal Gas Tragedy]] of December 1984<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf |title=Directory of Emeritus Professors |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065250/http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Bhopal disaster is known to be the worst industrial tragedy and the estimated death toll is over 3000.<ref name=" Bhopal trial: Eight convicted over India gas disaster">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8725140.stm |title=Bhopal trial: Eight convicted over India gas disaster |date=7 June 2010 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701125838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8725140.stm |archive-date=1 July 2010 }}</ref>}} and a study of [[Handigodu syndrome]] prevalent in some parts of [[Karnataka]] which he identified as autosomal-dominant [[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita|spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia]]. He also undertook a task for [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI) when the institute developed ''Guggulipid'',<ref name="Guggulipid">{{Cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-591-guggul.aspx?activeingredientid=591 |title=Guggulipid |date=2017 |publisher=WebMed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194041/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-591-guggul.aspx?activeingredientid=591 |archive-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref> a [[Lipid-lowering agent|hypolipideamic agent]] produced from the [[Ayurvedic]] drug, [[guggul]].<ref name="Clinical trial of ethyl acetate extract of gum gugulu (gugulipid) in primary hyperlipidemia">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gopal K, Saran RK, Nityanand S, Gupta PP, Hasan M, Das SK, Sinha N, Agarwal SS |title=Clinical trial of ethyl acetate extract of gum gugulu (gugulipid) in primary hyperlipidemia |journal=J Assoc Physicians India |date=April 1986 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=249–51 |pmid=3531151 }}</ref><ref name="TylerPremila2012">{{cite book|author1=Virginia M Tyler|author2=M.S. Premila|title=Ayurvedic Herbs: A Clinical Guide to the Healing Plants of Traditional Indian Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7JmIeAw9JAC&pg=PA141|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-40511-2|pages=141–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194513/https://books.google.com/books?id=r7JmIeAw9JAC&pg=PA141|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pathak2009">{{cite book|author=Yashwant Vishnupant Pathak|title=Handbook of Nutraceuticals Volume I: Ingredients, Formulations, and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRa-TtRsXSkC&pg=PA203|date=24 November 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-8222-7|pages=203–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302202313/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRa-TtRsXSkC&pg=PA203|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He completed the clinical trials for the [[Phytopharmacology|phytopharmaceutical]] preparation which was subsequently cleared by the [[Drug Controller General of India]] for commercial marketing.<ref name="Therapeutic Effects of Guggul and Its Constituent Guggulsterone: Cardiovascular Benefits">{{Cite journal |last=Ruitang Deng |title=Therapeutic Effects of Guggul and Its Constituent Guggulsterone: Cardiovascular Benefits |journal=Cardiovascular Drug Reviews |date=2007 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=375–390 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00023.x |pmid=18078436 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

His researches have been documented by way of several articles in peer-reviewed journals;<ref name="Agarwal SS [Author]">{{Cite journal |title=Agarwal SS [Author] |date=2017 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |journal=List of Articles |volume = 24|issue = 20|pages = 1903–4|pmid = 20|last1 = Barthel|first1 = W.|last2 = Markwardt|first2 = F.|doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90415-3}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} the online article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 171 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Agarwal=3AShyam_Swarup=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302193938/http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Agarwal=3AShyam_Swarup=3A=3A.html |archive-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref> Besides, he has also contributed chapters to books published by others,<ref>{{cite book|title=Scientific Report – Institute for Cancer Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruIgAQAAMAAJ|year=1976|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200619/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruIgAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> and his work has been cited by a number of authors and researchers.<ref name="BalickElisabetsky1996">{{cite book|author1=Michael J. Balick|author2=Elaine Elisabetsky|author3=Sarah A. Laird|title=Medicinal Resources of the Tropical Forest: Biodiversity and Its Importance to Human Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYu-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10171-4|pages=283–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302202608/https://books.google.com/books?id=eYu-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He also edited the Medical Genetics section of the ''API Textbook of Medicine'' (Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set) and wrote the introduction to the section.<ref name="MunjalSharm2012">{{cite book|author1=Y P Munjal|author2=Surendra K Sharm|title=API Textbook of Medicine, Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7pW3yGjj7kC&pg=PA169|date=18 May 2012|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5025-074-7|pages=169–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302202600/https://books.google.com/books?id=L7pW3yGjj7kC&pg=PA169|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Munjal2015">{{cite book|author=YP Munjal|title=API Textbook of Medicine (Volume I & II)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z39GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|date=30 August 2015|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5152-415-1|pages=277–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194352/https://books.google.com/books?id=z39GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> On the academic front, he was a member of the expert panel set up by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for planning and establishment of [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] and when the institution was started in 1986, he became the founder head of the Department of Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology.<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)" /> His contributions were reported in the introduction of the first DM post-graduate programme in medical genetics in India when the course was introduced at SGPGI-MS in 1990. He was responsible for the establishment of the Department of Clinical Immunology at the institution and was also credited with efforts in establishing a Medical Genetics Unit at KGMU.<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1986;<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2013 |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research }}</ref> he received the Kamla Menon Research Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] the same year.<ref name="Expert Profile" /> The Government of Uttar Pradesh honored him with Vigyan Ratna Award in 2000.<ref name="Dr. S.S. Agarwal (MD-Hons, FRCPC)" /> In between, the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 1985<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Agarwal,_Prof._Shyam_Swarup |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302193939/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Agarwal,_Prof._Shyam_Swarup |archive-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy a decade later.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> A founder fellow of the Indian College of Physicians,<ref name="Founder Fellows of Indian College of Physicians">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icp-api.org/founder_fellows.html |title=Founder Fellows of Indian College of Physicians |date=2017 |publisher=Indian College of Physicians |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014846/http://www.icp-api.org/founder_fellows.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref> he was an Emeritus Professor of the National Academy of Medical Sciences<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" /> and an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows - NASI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |title=Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows – NASI |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> He was also a recipient of the Ranbaxy Research Award (1999)<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and a life member of the Indian Institute of Immunology.<ref name="IIM Life Member">{{Cite web |url=http://indianimmunology.org/IISmembers.xls |title=IIM Life Member |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Immunology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043315/http://indianimmunology.org/IISmembers.xls |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref>

Agarwal delivered two award orations of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, namely, Glaxo Oration (1992) and Gen. Amir Chand Oration.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He also delivered two lectures of the Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion;<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)" /> J. B. Chatterjee Memorial Oration (1993) and J. B. Parekh Memorial Oration as well as two orations of the Indian National Science Academy, the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture of 2003<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl |archive-date=16 September 2016 }}</ref> and the Dr, T. S. Tirumurti Memorial Lecture of 2005.<ref name="Dr TS Tirumurti Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#tstml |title=Dr TS Tirumurti Memorial Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#tstml |archive-date=16 September 2016 }}</ref> The other award orations delivered by him included Unichem lecture of the Association of Physicians of India (1979), M. P. Mehrotra Oration of the Association of Physicians of India, UP chapter (1981), Lajwanti Madan Oration of the Uttar Pradesh chapter of the [[Indian Medical Association]] (1985), C. R. Krishnamurthy Oration (1997), Mathur–Mehrotra Oration of [[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]] (1998) and Bhatia–Misra Oration of King George Medical University (2000).<ref name="Expert Profile" /> The Society for Indian Academy of Medical Genetics has instituted an annual award, ''Dr S S Agarwal Young Scientist Award'', in his honor, to recognize excellence in research in medical genetics among young researchers.<ref name="Dr S S Agarwal Young Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iamg.in/Dr_SS_Agarwal_Young_Scientist_Award.pdf |title=Dr S S Agarwal Young Scientist Award |date=2017 |publisher=Society for Indian Academy of Medical Genetics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302204255/http://www.iamg.in/Dr_SS_Agarwal_Young_Scientist_Award.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7pW3yGjj7kC&pg=PA169 |title=API Textbook of Medicine, Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set |last1=Munjal, Y. P. |last2=Sharma, Surendra K |date=18 May 2012 |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |isbn=978-93-5025-074-7 |editor-last=Agarwal, S. S. |pages=169–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=V. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=B. |date=1984 |title=Immunomodulatory Activity of Panax ginseng Extract |journal=Planta Medica |language=en |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=462–465 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-969773 |pmid=6531406 |s2cid=31983884 |issn=0032-0943 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Das, S K |author2=Srivastava, I K |author3=Dutta, G P |author4=Agarwal, S S |title=Serology and seroepidemiology of malaria |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/76114/ |journal=Journal of Communicable Diseases |date=1985 |volume=17 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=68–76|pmid=3831070 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gopal |first1=K. |last2=Saran |first2=R. K. |last3=Nityanand |first3=S. |last4=Gupta |first4=P. P. |last5=Hasan |first5=M. |last6=Das |first6=S. K. |last7=Sinha |first7=N. |last8=Agarwal |first8=S. S. |date=April 1986 |title=Clinical trial of ethyl acetate extract of gum gugulu (gugulipid) in primary hyperlipidemia |journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=249–251 |issn=0004-5772 |pmid=3531151}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Moitreyee |first1=Chatterjee-Kishore |last2=Suraksha |first2=Agrawal |last3=Swarup |first3=Agarwal Shyam |date=1 January 1998 |title=Potential role of NF-kB and RXR beta like proteins in interferon induced HLA class I and beta globin gene transcription in K562 erythroleukaemia cells |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry |language=en |volume=178 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1023/a:1006816806138 |pmid=9546588 |s2cid=21008591 |issn=0300-8177}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Deka |first1=Ranjan |last2=Shriver |first2=Mark D. |last3=Yu |first3=Ling Mei |last4=Heidreich |first4=Elisa Mueller |last5=Jin |first5=Li |last6=Zhong |first6=Yixi |last7=Mcgarvey |first7=Stephen T. |last8=Agarwal |first8=Shyam Swarup |last9=Bunker |first9=Clareann H. |date=1 August 1999 |title=Genetic variation at twentythree microsatellite loci in sixteen human populations |journal=Journal of Genetics |language=en |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=99 |doi=10.1007/bf02924561 |issn=0022-1333|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/86 |hdl=10669/13348 |s2cid=19666406 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=F. E. |last2=Blumberg |first2=B. S. |last3=Agarwal |first3=S. S. |last4=Melartin |first4=L. |last5=Burch |first5=T. A. |date=May 1969 |title=Alloalbuminemia in southwestern U.S. indians: polymorphism of albumin Naskapi and albumin Mexico |journal=Human Biology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=263–270 |issn=0018-7143 |pmid=5808787}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Blood disorders]]
* [[Commiphora wightii]]
* [[Ginseng]]
* [[Osteoarthritis]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|35em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnston FE, Blumberg BS, Agarwal SS, Melartin L, Burch TA |title=Alloalbuminemia in southwestern U.S. Indians: polymorphism of albumin Naskapi and albumin Mexico (preview) |jstor=41448972|journal=Human Biology |date=1969 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=263–70 |pmid=5808787}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Shyam Swarup}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:King George's Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]

Samikannu

2026-02-11T06:55:00Z

SherleneGirardi: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samikannu
| image =
| caption = Samikannu in [[Johnny]] (1980)
| birth_name = T.M Samikannu
| birth_date = 15 April 1923
| birth_place =
| death_date = 3 June 2017 (aged 94)
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1954–1996
| notable_works = [[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]] [[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]] [[Sorgam]] [[Savaale Samali]] [[Pattikada Pattanama]] [[Rajapart Rangadurai]] [[Mullum Malarum]] [[Vandichakkaram]] [[Uthiripookkal]]
| spouse = Visalakshi
| children = Daughter : Ambika Rajeswari 
Son : Vivekanandan Dayanandan
}}

'''Samikannu''' (15 April 1923 – 3 June 2017) was an Indian actor who had acted in over 400 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films in supporting and comedy roles. He is capable of doing whatever role is best. He is notable character is 'Payapulla' in ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' costarring [[Rajinikanth]]. He is one of the most recognizable characters in the films of director [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2017/06/04095611/1088924/Actor-samikannu-dies.vpf|title=நடிகர் சாமிக்கண்ணு மரணம்|date=2017-06-04|website=maalaimalar.com|language=Tamil|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He started acting in plays from the age of 8. He made his film ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' debut in 1954. He also played the lead role of Gunasekaran in the play 'Parasakthi', before it was made into a movie in 1952, starring Sivaji Ganesan as Gunasekaran.

== Career ==
He played the emotional role of [[Saritha]]'s father in the film ''[[Vandichakkaram]]'' with [[Sivakumar]]. His last film he acted in was ''[[Vaikarai Pookkal]]''. The film released in 1996.

== Family ==
He has two sons and two daughters.

== Death ==
He died in Chennai on Saturday 3 June 2017 at the age of 95 due to ill health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/91335-tamil-actor-saamikannu-passed-away|title='ஜானி' புகழ் நடிகர் சாமிக்கண்ணு உடல் சென்னையில் நல்லடக்கம்!|website=Vikatan|language=ta|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/jun/04/நடிகர்-சாமிக்கண்ணு-காலமானார்-2714158.html|title=நடிகர் சாமிக்கண்ணு காலமானார்|website=Dinamani|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1954
|[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|''Pudhu Yugam'']]
|
|Debut
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1961
|''[[Sabaash Mapillai]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|''Karnan'']]
|
|
|-
|1965
|''[[Poojaikku Vandha Malar]]''
|Textile shop owner
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Chitthi]]''
|Marriage broker
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Kodimalar]]''
|
|
|-
|1966
|[[Selvam (1966 film)|''Selvam'']]
|
|
|-
|1966
|''Chinnanchiru Ulagam''
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Pesum Dheivam]]''
|
|
|-
|1967
|[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|''Bama Vijayam'']]
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]''
|
|
|-
|1967
|[[Naan (1967 film)|''Naan'']]
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Penne Nee Vaazhga]]''
|
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Panama Pasama]]''
|
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Jeevanaamsam]]''
|
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Enga Oor Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''Kulavilakku''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''Subadhinam''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1970
|[[Malathi (film)|''Malathi'']]
|
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Savaale Samali]]''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Meendum Vazhven]]''
|Constable Irudhaya Raj
|
|-
|1972
|[[Nawab Naarkali|''Nawab Narkali'']]
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Kurathi Magan]]''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Enna Muthalali Sowkiyama]]''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|[[Urimaikural|''Urimai Kural'']]
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Manidhanum Dheivamagalam]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|[[Pinju Manasu|''Pinju Manam'']]
|
|
|-
|1975
|''Kasturi Vijayam''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Paattum Bharathamum]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Annakili]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Paalooti Valartha Kili]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''Ungalil Oruthi''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Pattina Pravesam]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Kavikkuyil]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|[[Palabishegham|''Palabhishegam'']]
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Shankar Salim Simon]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Mullum Malarum]]''
|Payapulla
|
|-
|1978
|''Shri Kanchi Kamakshi''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[En Kelvikku Enna Bathil]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Veetukku Veedu Vasapadi''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Uthiripookkal]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1980
|''Neer Nilam Neruppu''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Poottaatha Poottukkal]]''
|
|
|-
|1980
|[[Johnny (1980 film)|''Johnny'']]
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Vandichakkaram]]''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]''
|Ram's father
|
|-
|1981
|[[Nandu (film)|''Nandu'']]
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Sivappu Malli]]''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Sumai''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Kudumbam Oru Kadambam]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|''Pokkiri Raja'']]
|
|
|-
|1982
|[[Metti (film)|''Metti'']]
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Echchil Iravugal]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Hitler Umanath]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|''Sakalakala Vallavan'']]
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Dhooram Adhighamillai]]''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Puthisali Paithiyangal''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Puyal Kadantha Bhoomi]]''
|
|
|-
|1985
|''Karayai Thodatha Alaigal''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1990
|''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]''
|Thangamuthu
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Mutrugai]]''
|
|
|-
|1993||''[[Uzhaippali]]'' || ||
|-
|1996
|''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Vaikarai Pookkal]]''
|
|Last movie
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]

K. K. Aroor

2026-02-07T23:10:30Z

SherleneGirardi: stub!

{{Short description|Indian actor, singer and music composer}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. K. Aroor
| birth_name = K. Kunju Nair
| image =
| birth_date = 1889
| birth_place = [[Aroor]], [[Alappuzha district]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1984|1889}}
| death_place = Pallai, Sri Lanka
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| years_active = 1938–1964
}}
'''K. Kunju Nair''' (1889 – 1984) was an Indian actor, singer and music composer in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He was the main character in ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'', the first sound film in Malayalam film in history.<ref name="cinemaofmalayalam">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_1.html |title=History of Malayalam Cinema |author=Rajmohan |publisher=cinemaofmalayalam.net |accessdate=2014-08-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730234852/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_1.html |archivedate=2014-07-30 }}</ref>

==Biography==
After ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'', Aroor changed his name to K. K. Aroor. There were 23 songs in [[Balan (film)|Balan]], all of which were composed by Ibrahim and K.K.Aroor and written by [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]].<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1426434.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1426434.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2014|title=Remembering Malayalam's first talkie - The New Indian Express|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> He subsequently acted in ''Jnanambika''. He later joined the ''Harikatha Kalakshepam'' drama troupe. In 1973, P. A. Thomas gave him a small role in his film ''[[Kudumbini]]'', after which he retired from cinema.

He was married to Pankajakshiyamma, with whom he had a son, Vasudevan. Struggling financially, he worked as a server in a tea shop during the last days of his life. He died in 1984 in [[Palai|Pallai]].<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-tinsel-world-to-a-tea-shop/article6204014.ece|title=From tinsel world to a tea shop - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 July 2014|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2014-08-06|last1=Chelangad|first1=Saju}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
* [[Balan (film)|''Balan'']] (1938)
* ''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940)
* ''[[Kerala Kesari]]'' (1951)
* [[Jenova (film)|''Jenova'']] (1953)
* ''[[Kudumbini]]'' (1964)<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.K. Aroor {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0037014/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

===As a playback singer===
*Bhaarathathin Ponvilakkaam as Balan (1938)
*Athisukhamee Jeevitham as Balan (1938)
*Vishaadam Thingum as Jnaanaambika (1940)

===As a music composer===
All songs are from [[Balan (film)|Balan]] (1938)
* Bhaarathathin Ponvilakkaam
* Jayajagadeeshwara
* Jaathakadoshathaale
* Raghukula Nayakane
* Ha Sahajasaayoojyame
* Durnnaya Jeevithame
* Athisukhamee Jeevitham
* Aaghoshangalenthu Cheyyaam
* Aadayaabharanaadikondu
* Lokam Anaswarame
* Sree Vaasudeva Parane
* Deenadayaaparane
* Snehame Slaakhyam
* Madanavilolane Naadha
* Maanini Maniyothum
* Chethoharamaam madyapaanamathe
* Parama Guruve
* Shock Shock
* Kaaminimaar
* Maaran Khorasarangal
* Enoodidham Kadhikkanadhikaparibhavam
* Bhakthaparaayana
* Aaha Malsodari

==References==
{{reflist}}
*

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0037014}}
* [https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?artist=KK%20Aroor&category=musician Profile of K. K. Aroor] at MSI

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aroor, K. K.}}
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:1889 births]]

Barmer district

2026-02-06T07:14:45Z

SherleneGirardi: Created First Place Added Tags...

{{About|Barmer district|Barmer headquarter|Barmer, Rajasthan}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barmer district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = The Kiradu Temples in perspective (cropped).jpg
|photo1b = Kalpesh,Nakoda Tirath 2007.JPG
|photo2a = Fort of Siwana - Barmer - Rajasthan - 002.jpg
|photo2b = Viratra Vankal Mata Temple.jpg
|photo3a = A view on Sams sand dunes.JPG
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left:
[[Kiradu temples|Kiradu Mandir]],
[[Siwana]] Fort, [[Nakodaji]],
[[Viratra Vankal Mata Temple]], [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]],
A view of Sams Sand Dunes, [[Siwana]] Fort
| coordinates = {{coord|25.75|N|71.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Barmer, Rajasthan{{!}}Barmer
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]], Barmer Gramin, [[Gadra Road]], [[Gudamalani]], Gira, [[Chohtan]], [[Dhanau]], [[Dhorimana]], Nokhra, Bataru, [[Ramsar, Rajasthan|Ramsar]], [[Sheo]], [[Sedwa]]
| area_total_km2 = 28387
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,603,751
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = [[Tina Dabi]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Barmer District Administration |url=https://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/11215/26/30261 |access-date= 11 September 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Narendra Singh Meena, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="Barmer District Administration">{{cite web |title=Barmer District Administration |url=https://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/11215/26/30261 |access-date= 6 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer, Zila Parishad]]
| leader_name2 = Sidharth Palanichami, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="Barmer District Administration">{{cite web |title=Barmer District Administration |url=https://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/11215/26/30261 |access-date= 6 June 2024}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = RJ-04
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/|Barmer District}}
| official_name =
| area_code = 02982
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 344001
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank = 5th
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| native_name_lang = hi
}}

'''Barmer district''' is a district in [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]]. Barmer is located in the western part of Rajasthan state forming a part of the [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="DP-Barmer">{{cite web|title=District Profile: Barmer|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|url=http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/barmer/en/about-barmer/geographical-and-physical-features.html}}</ref> Barmer was the third largest district by area in Rajasthan and fifth largest district in [[India]], occupying an area of 28,387 km2 before creation of new districts. Being in the western part of the state, it includes a part of the Thar Desert. Jaisalmer is to the north of this district while Jalore is in its south. Balotra form its eastern border and it shares a border with Pakistan in the west. Partially being a desert, this district has a large variation in temperature. The temperature in summer can rise up to 51 °C and falls near to 0 °C in winter. Luni is the longest river in Barmer district. After travelling a length of almost 500 km, it passes through Jalore and merges in the marshy land of Runn of Kutch.<ref name="area-rank">{{cite web|title=Largest Districts of India by Total Area|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/facts/largedistricts.html}}</ref> District headquarters is in the town of [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]. The other major towns in the district are: [[Guda Malani]], [[Dhorimana]], [[Sheo]] and [[Chohatan]]. Recently, a large onshore oil field has been discovered and made functional in Barmer district. Barmer is also famous for [[pomegranate]].

== History ==
In earlier times, the district was known as Malani, in the name of [[Rawal Mallinath]] [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] (मल्लिनाथ). Rawal Mallinath was the son of Rao Salkha and Rawal Mallinath is cultural, philanthropical and religious icon in Barmer, He is worshiped as God by local peoples. The whole area around the river [[Luni River|Luni]] was said to have '''Malani''' (मलानी), derived from the name Mallinath. Present name of Barmer is derived from its founder ruler Bahad Rao Parmar (Juna Barmer), it was named Bahadamer ("The Hill Fort of Bahada"). He built a small town which is presently known as "Juna" which is 25 km from present city of Barmer. After Parmers, Rawat Luka -Grand Son of [[Rawal Mallinath]], establish their kingdom in Juna Barmer with help of his brother Rawal Mandalak. They defeated Parmers of Juna & made it their capital. Thereafter, his descendant, Rawat Bhima, who was a great warrior, established the present city of Barmer in 1552 AD and shifted his capital to Barmer from Juna.<ref>{{cite web|last1=History|first1=Barmer|title=History of Barmer|url=http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/barmer/en/about-barmer/history.html|publisher=Government of Rajasthan}}</ref>

==Geography==
Barmer is located in the western part of the state forming a part of the [[Thar Desert]]. The district borders [[Jaisalmer district]] in the north, [[Jalore district]] in the south, [[Balotra district]] in the east, and Pakistan in the west. The district borders [[Tharparkar|Tharpakar district]] of [[Sindh]], the district with the largest population of Hindus in Pakistan. The district of barmer has been divided into two with formation of Balotra on 7 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-balotra-residents-thank-gehlot-for-declaring-it-new-district/1458260/ | title=Rajasthan: Balotra residents thank Gehlot for declaring it new district | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=20 March 2023 }}</ref>

The total area of the district is {{Convert|28387|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref name="DP-Barmer" /> After [[Jaisalmer district]] and [[Bikaner district]], it was the third largest district of Rajasthan before new district formation. It is also the fifth largest district in the country.

The district is located between 24,58' to 26, 32'N Latitudes and 70, 05' to 72, 52' E Longitudes.<ref name="DP-Barmer" />

The longest river in the district is the [[Luni River|Luni]]. It is 480 km in length and drain into the [[Gulf of Kutch]] passing through [[Jalore]]. The variation in temperature in various seasons is quite high owing to arid thar desert and sandy soil. In summers the temperature soars to 46 °C to 51 °C. In winters it drops to 0 °C (41 °F). Primarily Barmer district is a desert where average rainfall in a year is 277 mm. However, extreme rainfall of 549 mm rain between 16 and 25 August 2006 left many dead and huge losses due to flood in a nearby town Kawas and whole town submerged. As many as twenty new lakes formed, with six covering an area of over 10 km2.

Poorly planned and rapid urbanisation has increased Barmer's vulnerability to flash flooding. The local ecology and soil type is not equipped to deal with sudden or excessive water accumulation, which causes short- and long-term damage. Other areas suffer the gradual effects of 'invisible disasters', which also threaten the lives and livelihoods of the locals.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/2014/06/harmonising-climate-adaptation-and-disaster-risk-reduction-india/ Local approaches to harmonising climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction: Lessons from India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707145104/http://cdkn.org/2014/06/harmonising-climate-adaptation-and-disaster-risk-reduction-india/ |date=7 July 2014 }}, Anshu Sharma, Sahba Chauhan and Sunny Kumar, SEEDS India, 2014</ref>

===Climate===

The climate is hot [[semi arid]] (Koppen: BSh).

{{Weather box
|location = Barmer (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 36.6
|Feb record high C = 39.4
|Mar record high C = 43.3
|Apr record high C = 48.3
|May record high C = 49.9
|Jun record high C = 48.7
|Jul record high C = 45.5
|Aug record high C = 43.7
|Sep record high C = 45.9
|Oct record high C = 43.1
|Nov record high C = 39.4
|Dec record high C = 35.2
|year record high C = 49.9
|Jan high C = 30.5
|Feb high C = 30.5
|Mar high C = 39.8
|Apr high C = 44.0
|May high C = 45.9
|Jun high C = 44.9
|Jul high C = 41.6
|Aug high C = 38.8
|Sep high C = 40.3
|Oct high C = 40.2
|Nov high C = 36.1
|Dec high C = 31.6
|year high C = 38.7
|Jan low C = 6.0
|Feb low C = 8.2
|Mar low C = 13.3
|Apr low C = 18.6
|May low C = 22.9
|Jun low C = 23.9
|Jul low C = 23.7
|Aug low C = 23.4
|Sep low C = 22.6
|Oct low C = 17.6
|Nov low C = 11.4
|Dec low C = 7.3
|year low C = 16.6
|Jan record low C = -1.7
|Feb record low C = 3.8
|Mar record low C = 4.5
|Apr record low C = 12.2
|May record low C = 16.7
|Jun record low C = 16.2
|Jul record low C = 19.4
|Aug record low C = 20.0
|Sep record low C = 16.7
|Oct record low C = 13.9
|Nov record low C = 6.7
|Dec record low C = 2.3
|year record low C = -1.7
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 1.3
|Feb rain mm = 2.4
|Mar rain mm = 1.8
|Apr rain mm = 2.8
|May rain mm = 29.8
|Jun rain mm = 65.8
|Jul rain mm = 99.1
|Aug rain mm = 123.0
|Sep rain mm = 73.2
|Oct rain mm = 3.8
|Nov rain mm = 1.2
|Dec rain mm = 0.5
|year rain mm = 385.8
|Jan rain days = 0.2
|Feb rain days = 0.3
|Mar rain days = 0.2
|Apr rain days = 0.4
|May rain days = 0.8
|Jun rain days = 1.4
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 5.3
|Sep rain days = 1.9
|Oct rain days = 0.4
|Nov rain days = 0.2
|Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days = 17.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity = 30
|Feb humidity = 25
|Mar humidity = 21
|Apr humidity = 19
|May humidity = 22
|Jun humidity = 33
|Jul humidity = 48
|Aug humidity = 54
|Sep humidity = 43
|Oct humidity = 28
|Nov humidity = 30
|Dec humidity = 32
|year humidity = 32
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Barmer Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 200–201
}}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
In 2016 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Barmer one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,13,102|13=1911|14=2,99,518|15=1921|16=2,81,438|17=1931|18=3,08,264|19=1941|20=3,94,529|21=1951|22=4,77,282|23=1961|24=6,49,794|25=1971|26=7,74,805|27=1981|28=11,18,892|29=1991|30=14,35,222|31=2001|32=19,64,835|33=2011|34=26,03,751|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Barmer district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|12.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|1.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.57}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.13}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 2,603,751. The district has a population density of {{convert|92|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 32.52%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Barmer has a [[sex ratio]] of 902 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 56.53%. 6.98% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.76% and 6.77% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Barmer|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1076/download/3318/DH_2011_0817_PART_A_DCHB_BARMER.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barmer district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
|value1 = 61.14 |color1 = maroon
|label2 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 32.93 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value3 = 3.99 |color3 = limegreen
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.60 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.34 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 61.14% of the population spoke [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 32.93% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 3.99% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 1.60% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> People in the west of the district along the border with Pakistan speak [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]], a mix of Marwari and Sindhi.

==People and culture==
Barmer district is part of the Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert. Like all other districts in the desert region, Barmer is known for its [[folk music]] and dance. The [[Bhopa]]s (priest singers) are found in Barmer, who compose music in honour of the [[deities]] of the region and its war heroes. The other folk musicians come from a community called the Muslim Dholis (drummers) for most of whom this is the only means of livelihood. [[Langha (tribe)|Langas]] and [[Manganiar]]s are the some of these communities. People speak mostly [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], while [[Hindi]] is the official language here. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.8% and 6.8% of the population respectively.

Barmer is known for its carved wooden furniture and hand block printing industry.

==Tourism==

Barmer is famous for its historic monuments and the temples which are located in the region. Barmer city houses number of such temples which attract tourists from all over the country. The city is very famous for the temple of Goddess [[Jagdamba]]. It is an ancient temple and the archaeologists suggest that the temple is as old as 500 years. The Jagdambe Mata temple is located at a height of around 140 m above plain land.

Barmer is also famous for the cattle fair (Tilwara) which is organised every year. The place is also renowned for camel milk, hand [[Block printing in India|block printing]], woollen industries, carved wooden furniture and handicrafts.

The major festival of the region is the Thar festival which is organised every year by the government to attract more and more tourists to the region. The festival is organised in the month of March every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.barmernewstrack.com/2019/10/barmer-history-barmer-ka-itihas-barmer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014111809/https://www.barmernewstrack.com/2019/10/barmer-history-barmer-ka-itihas-barmer.html |archive-date=14 October 2019 |title=Barmer history, barmer ka itihas, barmer news track - Barmer news track}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] is the headquarters of the district, which is the principal town also, for the administrative purposes. The district is divided into 3 sub-divisions viz, [[Barmer Taluka|Barmer]], [[Sheo]] and [[Guda Malani]].

===Tehsils===
*Barmer
*Barmer Rural
*Batadoo
*[[Chohtan]]
*[[Dhanau]]
*[[Dhorimana]]
*[[Gadra Road]]
*[[Guda Malani]]
*[[Nokhra]]
*[[Ramsar, Rajasthan|Ramsar]]
*Sedwa
*[[Sheo]]

The total of 2,160 villages<ref name="administration">{{cite web|title= Administration|last1=Administration of Barmer District|first1=Barmer|url=http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/barmer/en/about-barmer/administration.html}}</ref> in Barmer District come under Seventeen [[Panchayat Samiti]]s. 

== Oil industry ==
Once known as "kala pani<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/barmer-vaults-to-no-1-in-per-capita-income/articleshow/68543841.cms|title=Barmer vaults to No. 1 in per capita income |first=Srikanta |last=Tripathy |date=24 March 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-10-22 }}</ref>" where government employees were sent on punishment postings because of its desert, water problems, and border area. In 2009, the Barmer district came into the news due to its large Oil basin. The British exploration company [[Cairn Energy]] is going to start the production soon in the year 2009 on the large scale. [[Mangala Area|Mangala]], Bhagyam and Aishwariya are the major oil fields in the district. This is India's biggest oil discovery in 22 years. Cairn works in partnership with state owned [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC).<ref name="PM to unveil Cairn India's Barmer oilfield soon">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/energy/oil-gas/PM-to-unveil-Cairn-Indias-Barmer-oilfield-soon/articleshow/4887747.cms|title=PM to unveil Cairn India's Barmer oilfield soon|work=The Economic Times|date=13 August 2009|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> Cairn holds 70% in the field, while state-run ONGC holds the remaining 30%. In March 2010, Cairn increased oil potential from this field to 6.5 billion barrels of oil – from an earlier estimate of 4 billion barrels.<ref name="Cairn revises Barmer oil field upwards to 7 bn barrels">{{Cite news|title=Cairn revises Barmer oil field upwards to 6.5 bn barrels|date=23 March 2010 |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/cairn-revises-barmer-oil-field-upwards-to-65-bn-barrels_100338301.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008124502/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/cairn-revises-barmer-oil-field-upwards-to-65-bn-barrels_100338301.html|archive-date=8 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Underground airbase==
[[Uttarlai]] military airbase is situated in Barmer district, [[Uttarlai]] is India's first under ground airbase. The Battle of Longewala (4 December 1971 – 5 December 1971) was one of the first major engagements in the Western Sector during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], fought between assaulting Pakistani forces and Indian defenders at the border post of [[Longewala]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
In March 2024, the government gave the Barmer district collector free land to build a civil airport near the Uttarlai Air Force Station. The government also approved 65 acres of land for the airport. The terminal will be built on 7.10 bigha of land near Uttarlai. Flights will start from the Air Force runway, and Barmer will be connected with air service. {{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== See also ==

* [[Thar Desert]]
* [[Tharparkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|title=Official Website|publisher=Barmer District|url=http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in}}
* {{cite web|title=Barmer Guide|publisher=Trodly|url=http://www.trodly.com/destination/3307/barmer}}
* {{cite web|title=District Barmer: Gram Panchayat, Samiti and Ward Map|publisher=Excise Department, Government of Rajasthan|url=http://rajexcise.net/web/images/barmer.jpg|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521200859/http://rajexcise.net/web/images/barmer.jpg|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|author=Sethi, Supreet |title=Place to see: Barmer, Jodhpur, India |publisher=Everywhere (travel magazine) |date=27 June 2008 |url=http://www.everywheremag.com/places/4902/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630061635/http://www.everywheremag.com/places/4902 |archive-date=30 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}
{{Clear}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Barmer district
|North = [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|Northeast = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
|East = [[Pali district|Pali]]
|South = [[Jalor district|Jalor]]
|West = [[Pakistan]]
}}

{{Barmer district}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barmer District}}
[[Category:Barmer district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Pishachini

2026-02-06T06:24:25Z

SherleneGirardi: added entry - done

{{Short description|Indian supernatural series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Supernatural]] [[Drama]]
| writer = [[Mrinal Jha]]
| screenplay = [[Mrinal Jha]] Surbhi Sharma
| story = [[Mrinal Jha]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme = ''Raat Rani.... Pishachini''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 114 
| producer = [[Mrinal Jha]] Abhigyan Jha Shyamashish Bhattacharya Nilima Bajpai
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 18-32 min
| company = Shakuntalam Telefilms Mrinal and Abhigyan Jha Production
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|08|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|01|13|df=yes}} 
}}

'''''Pishachini''''' ({{lit|demoness}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television [[supernatural]] [[drama]] series that aired from 8 August 2022 to 13 January 2023 on [[Colors TV]]. It is digitally available on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31|title=Pishachini Trailer: खूबसूरत छलावा बन सबको डराने आई 'पिशाचिनी', ट्रेलर देख फैंस भी रह गए दंग {{!}} TV |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/pishachini-trailer-out-nayra-banerjee-jiyaa-shankar-new-show-will-haunt-fans-on-colors-tv-from-8-august-pishachini-promo-video-2181048|access-date=2022-08-02|website=[[ABP News]]|language=hi}}</ref> Produced by Shakuntalam Telefilms and MAJ Productions, it stars [[Nyra Banerjee]], [[Jiya Shankar]] and [[Harsh Rajput]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Nyrra Banerji and Jiya Shankar will play leads in Colors supernatural thriller Pishachini : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nyrra-banerji-jiya-shankar-will-play-leads-colors-supernatural-thriller-pishachini/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Harsh Rajput to play male lead in supernatural thriller Pishachini |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/harsh-rajput-to-play-male-lead-in-supernatural-thriller-pishachini-411995 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise ==
The show set against the backdrop of [[Bareilly]] where a beautiful girl (actually a ''[[Pishacha|Pishachini]]'') named Rani seeks revenge from the Rajput family for settling on her land. Rani was an evil and greedy woman when she was a human but due to her misdeeds, she was cursed to become a Pishachini. She wants to destroy the Rajputs and use their blood to bring her child to life, who will become the most powerful Pishacha as it will be a crossbreed of a demon and human. But a divine power rises to stop her from winning. It is the granddaughter of the priest who had imprisoned Rani in a box years ago, Pavitra, who now lives in London after Rani's curse killed most of her family except her aunt Kanika, who raised her. Pavitra has the mark of Lord Hanuman on her hand which actually has many hidden powers she is still not aware of. Rani escaped from the box by tempting the son of the Rajput family, Prateek and manipulated his greed for money, which is the reason why the Rajputs do not speak with him. But his daughter, Nikita is getting married, whose friend is Pavitra and she is forced to come to India, where she meets Rakshit (Rocky), the grandson of the Rajput family, and he takes an instant liking towards her but she does not immediately reciprocate his feelings.

The Rajputs reach Chail for the wedding while Rani enchants Rocky as she wants to impregnate herself with his child and become the most powerful dark entity. Pavitra senses something is wrong and Ayodhya, Rocky's grandfather who knows Rani's truth, is attacked by her and is left paralyzed. Rani manipulates Rocky's sister Shikha and promises to cure the scar on her face if she is taken back to Bareilly where her original land is. Pavitra follows them as she knows about her Nanu's past and his relation with the Pishachini, which claimed her family and she does not want the same fate to be repeated with any other family and hence wants to protect them from the Pishachini, who is disguised as a normal human amongst them. Rani enters the household as a prospective bride for Rocky and he agrees to marry her as he falls for her delusions.

Pavitra collects clues and pieces them together to unearth that Rani is indeed the Pishachini she is looking for, and she must stop her from marrying Rocky before it is too late. She makes various attempts to expose Rani but no one believes her as all her plans fail due to Rani's wicked conspiracies. Rocky does not trust her claims and asks her to leave India. To protect Rocky from Rani and to thwart all her ulterior motives, Pavitra marries him herself to everyone's shock. The Rajputs do not accept the marriage, and Rocky, after some initial hesitation, agrees to take Pavitra as his wife. Rani vows to defeat Pavitra and their fight begins. Rani tricks Pavitra and marries Rocky's elder brother Sanchit instead by enchanting him and faking the death of her parents. She is pregnant and Pavitra must find a way to end her. To her horror, Ayodhya is also transformed into a Pishacha as are Prateek and his wife Amrita, the couple dies but Ayodhya survives and continues to help Rani and fool everyone. Rani starts manipulating everyone against Pavitra to oust her from the house but she retaliates and Rani's truth is exposed to Rocky who apologizes to Pavitra and agrees to help her defeat Rani. Pavitra starts discovering her powers and learns that she is the only one capable of killing the Pishachini. Rani's plot of acquiring the Maha-Pishacha crown (to become the strongest Pishacha) on Dusshera is foiled by Pavitra who gains the powers of the Goddess Durga and uses a trident to break the crown. Rocky disappears later on into the Pishacha world but Pavitra, who realizes she has fallen in love with him, brings him back and they unite. They free Sanchit from Rani's control and use the unborn child of Rani as a bait to trap her and unveil her reality to the rest of the family. The Rajputs are shocked when they realize Rani's truth and apologize to Pavitra for not trusting her earlier and even humiliating her at many instances, while she was fighting to protect them all the time.

Rani is trapped to a tree and the Rajputs think they won but then Maha-Pishacha comes to the house to take Pavitra and sacrifice her to dark forces so that he can gain infinite powers, in the disguise of Shikha's boyfriend, Veer. Rocky realizes Veer's truth and he rushes to rescue Pavitra who has embarked on a journey with Veer not knowing that he wants to kill her. Rocky gets help from an unexpected source, the Nashak who knows about the evil forces and how to stop them, and the Nashak is revealed to be Pavitra's aunt, Kanika. Kanika and Rocky encourage Pavitra when she falls weak in front of Maha Pishacha's power but she rises again and kills him. Shikha is hurt after Veer's death and blames Pavitra even after knowing he was evil and blindly agrees to release Rani to get revenge from Pavitra. Rani pretends to have changed and takes the family to a lava pool to test her purity, which is actually a trap and they get surrounded by Agni Vetaals who are zombie-like creatures. Pavitra gains divine help and defeats the Vetaals to protect her family but Rocky gets bitten by one and is infected and starts becoming an Agni Vetaal himself. Kanika heals him temporarily while Rani is locked inside a cave by Pavitra after the battle. Sanchit dies due to Shikha's mistake and Pavitra takes the blame on herself to save Shikha, who realizes she was wrong for helping Rani as Pavitra did nothing unjust ever. The Pishacha Ayodhya is released as well by Sudhakar and Sapna accidentally and he puts Pavitra under a trance like state through a spell but Rocky's true love brings her back into consciousness. The real Ayodhya is separated from the Pishacha one and the latter is annihilated but Rani returns to the house disguised as Sanchit's friend to mourn his death, as she gained the powers of a Sarp or a shapeshifting snake from the cave Pavitra had trapped her in. She tricks everyone and transforms Rocky into an Agni Vetaal and he forgets his memories and his real self and agrees to marry Rani blindly, mistreating his family members and denying his love for Pavitra.

Pavitra loses Rocky and her family is also pushed behind a mirror world by Rani and she feels helpless. But Kanika fills her with confidence and she agrees to revive Rocky into a human again, rescue her family and end Rani. After much struggle, the Rajput family reunites and they trick Rani and are able to heal Rocky who becomes a human again and they make a trap for Rani during the wedding rituals. Rani unleashes her terror and her snake ally tries to consume the Rajputs, but then Pavitra finds divine energy and takes the form of Goddess Durga and kills the giant snake. Rani's unborn child also does not take her side and turns against her, Rani is forced to escape once she realizes she has been overpowered. Kanika dies while protecting Rocky's younger cousin Vidya and gives her Nashak powers to Vidya. Vidya becomes the next Nashak and helps Pavitra and Rocky to find a way to destroy Rani once and for all. Rani kills the Pishacha Devata and becomes a ten-headed [[Pralaya]] Pishachini (the ultimate and the most destructive Pishachini) and ends up taking Ayodhya's life. Pavitra will not let Rani take away any of her loved ones again and prepares to fight her, even agreeing to sacrifice herself for their sake. There is one final confrontation between Pavitra, Rocky, Nashak (Vidya), all the remaining Rajputs and the Pralaya Pishachini. Rocky earns magical wings due to Lord Hanuman's blessings and at last Rani is vanquished by Pavitra and the Rajputs after a prolonged battle. They celebrate their victory over the dark force that has been haunting them for years. Rocky and Pavitra adopt Sanchit and Rani's pishacha child as their own and are blessed with a daughter later on. Everything seems to be going good and positive for the family, but dark forces once again descend on earth to claim Rani's daughter.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Nyra Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Pishachini serial lead Nyra M Banerjee reveals why she is perfect for this supernatural show- Pishachini सीरियल में लीड रोल निभा रही हैं नायरा बनर्जी, जानें क्यों मानती हैं खुद को पिशाचिनी के लिए परफेक्ट चॉइस {{!}} TV |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/pishachini-serial-lead-nyra-m-banerjee-reveals-why-she-is-perfect-for-this-supernatural-show/419477 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref> as Raat Rani Singh Rajput — A Powerful [[Pishacha|Pishachini]]; Sanchit's wife; mother of a baby boy; Pavitra's biggest enemy (Dead)
* [[Jiya Shankar]] as Pavitra "Piku" Singh Rajput — A girl with [[Divinity|divine]] powers; Rakshit's wife; mother of a baby girl; Rani's biggest enemy
* [[Amit Mehra]] as Sanchit Singh Rajput — Sudhakar and Sapna's son; Rakshit and Shikha's brother; Manohar, Babli, Prateek and Amrita's nephew; Vidya and Nikita's cousin; Rani's husband; father of a baby boy (Dead)
* [[Harsh Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harsh Rajput to play the male lead opposite Nyrraa Banerji in Pishachini? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/harsh-rajput-to-play-the-male-lead-opposite-nayrraa-banerji-in-pishachini/articleshow/92459834.cms |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=The Times of India |date=25 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as Rakshit "Rocky" Singh Rajput — Sudhakar and Sapna's son; Sanchit and Shikha's brother; Manohar, Babli, Prateek and Amrita's nephew; Vidya and Nikita's cousin; Pavitra's husband; father of a baby girl

===Recurring===
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Ayodhya Singh Rajput — Sudhakar, Manohar and Prateek's father; Sapna, Babli and Amrita's father-in-law; Sanchit, Rakshit, Shikha, Vidya and Nikita's grandfather; Rani's puppet temporarily (Dead)
* Sachin Parikh as Sudhakar Singh Rajput — Sapna's husband; Sanchit, Rakshit and Shikha's father
* Anjali Gupta as Sapna Singh Rajput — Sudhakar's wife; Sanchit, Rakshit and Shikha's mother
* Rutuja Sawant as [[Shikha Singh]] Rajput — Sudhakar and Sapna's daughter; Sanchit and Rakshit's sister; Manohar, Babli, Prateek and Amrita's niece; Vidya and Nikita's cousin; Rani's puppet
* Sagar Rambhia as [[Manohar Singh]] Rajput — Babli's husband; Vidya's father
* Jhumma Mitra as Babli Singh Rajput — Manohar's wife; Vidya's mother
* Meghna Kukreja as Vidya Singh Rajput — The New Nashak; Manohar and Babli's daughter; Sudhakar, Sapna, Prateek and Amrita's niece; Sanchit, Rakshit, Shikha and Nikita's cousin
* [[Priyank Tatariya]] as Prateek Singh Rajput — Amrita's husband; Nikita's father; Rani's puppet (Dead)
* Shweta Dadhich as [[Amrita Singh]] Rajput — Prateek's wife; Nikita's mother; Rani's puppet (Dead)
* [[Saumya Saraswat]] as Nikita Singh Rajput — Prateek and Amrita's daughter; Sudhakar, Sapna, Manohar and Babli's niece; Sanchit, Rakshit, Shikha and Vidya's cousin
* [[Amit Behl]] as Pandit Ji — Kanika's father; Pavitra's grandfather (Dead)
* Raymon Singh as Kanika Sharma — The Old Nashak — Pandit Ji's daughter; Pavitra's aunt (Dead)
* [[Shrey Mittal]] as Veer - A Maha-Pishacha (Dead)
* Raghav Binani as Mandy – A humanified [[Frog]]; Rani's puppet and helper
* Garima Dixit as Himani – Sanchit's fiancée; Rani's puppet (Dead)
* Farukh Khan – Himani and Vikas's father; Rani's puppet and fake father (Dead)
* Reshma Merchant as Suddha – Himani and Vikas's mother; Rani's puppet and fake mother (Dead)

==Production==
===Casting===
In June 2022, [[Nyra Banerjee]] was cast for the title role. [[Jiya Shankar]] finalized for a female protagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nyrraa Banerji to play a pishachini in her next, Jiya Shankar to feature in it, too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nyrraa-banerji-to-play-a-pishachini-in-her-next-jiya-shankar-to-feature-in-it-too/articleshow/92233224.cms |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Times of India |date=15 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The shooting of the series began in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/nyrra-m-banerji-in-and-as-pishachini-404325|title=Nyrra M Banerji in and as Pishachini|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

===Release===
On 19 June 2022, the first teaser featuring [[Nyra Banerjee]] as Pishachini released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pishachini: खूबसूरती से छलने आ रही है 'पिशाचिनी', कलर्स ने जारी किया नए हॉरर शो का प्रोमो |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/colors-horror-show-pishachini-coming-soon-see-thrilling-promo |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.shakuntalamtelefilms.com/ Production Website]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian mythological television series]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Vampires in television]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series about vampires]]

Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line

2026-02-05T19:29:37Z

SherleneGirardi: added new stub - done

{{Short description|Railway under construction in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =
| system = Broad gauge
| status = Under construction
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}}
| end = [[Karnaprayag]]
| stations = 12
| routes = Single track
| ridership2 =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Rail Vikas Nigam]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 126
| tracklength_km = 126
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| minradius_m = 440
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = 25 kV 50 Hz AC OHE
| speed_km/h = 100
| elevation_m = 1451
| website = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in
| map = {{Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line''' is a 126 km long under-construction [[railway line]], connecting [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station]] in [[Rishikesh]] city in the Himalayan foothills [[Sivalik Hills]] to [[Karnaprayag]] city in the [[Garhwal region]] in [[Lower Himalayan Range]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state of India. It is the main feeder route to [[Indian Railways]]' [[Char Dham Railway]] project which aims to connect the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage shrines of [[Yamunotri]], [[Gangotri]], [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]]. As part of an [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|Indian geostrategic initiative]] to build infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|India-China border]] to discourage Chinese expansion, this rail line is of national strategic importance,<ref name="char1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/|title=Chardham to get rail connectivity; Indian Railways pilgrimage linking project to cost Rs 43.29 crore|last=Dangwal|first=Sandhya|date=2017-05-12|work=India.com|access-date=2017-05-30|language=en}}</ref><ref name="char2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/railway-minister-lays-foundation-stone-for-final-location-survey-on-char-dham-route/articleshow/58659661.cms|title=Railway minister lays foundation stone for final location survey on char dham route|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref><ref name=finet1/> which will cut down the travel time to 2 and half hours by railway from earlier 8 hours taken by the road.<ref name=railstath1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/uttarakhand-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97-125-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F-17-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97/vi-AA1BP0kf?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=47cc52cd1fbc44979db595b4e6be0015&ei=43 Uttarakhand: उत्तराखंड में पहाड़ों को चीरकर बन रहा रेल मार्ग, 125 किलोमीटर लंबा रूट 17 सुरंगों से होकर गुजरेगा], msn.com, 29 March 2025.</ref>

==History==

[[Satpal Maharaj]] began a survey for the project as Minister of Railways of [[Uttarakhand]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html|title=Railway Ministers|access-date=6 April 2016|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref><ref name="rkrail">{{cite web|url=http://www.merapahadforum.com/development-issues-of-uttarakhand/proposal-for-train-till-bageshwar/msg86385/?PHPSESSID=31af99fdc9162b6cc76754ced97d0484#msg86385|title=Several Rail Projects Yet To Take Off in State}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111102/dun.htm#7|title=Rishikesh Karnprayag Project|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

The project's [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was scheduled to be laid by [[United Progressive Alliance]] chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] on 9 November 2011. <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/work-on-rishikesh-karnaprayag-rail-line-to-commence-soon-satpal-maharaj/15860540.shtml|title=Work on Rishikesh-Karnaprayag rail line to commence soon: Satpal Maharaj|access-date=6 April 2016|publisher=meri news}}</ref> Alignment of the 126-kilometer-long railway project was completed in 2013,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/alignment-plan-finalised-for-rishikesh-karnaprayag-railway-line_876403.html|title=Alignment plan finalized for Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line|date=14 September 2013 |publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> but the project was delayed by political wrangling.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rail-project-caught-in-unsavory-political-controversy-114031400695_1.html|title=Rail project caught in unsavory political controversy|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=14 March 2014 |publisher=business-standard|access-date=6 April 2016|last1=Prashant |first1=Shishir }}</ref>

The detailed feasibility work finally began in 2015 under the leadership of [[Narendra Modi]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]] government. Design contracts for tunnel and bridge construction were awarded in 2019. Italferr, the engineering arm of [[Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane|FS Italiane Group]], received the contract for the design and supervision of the 12-km-long section (running almost entirely through tunnels) of the Himalaya Tunnel as part of a joint venture with Swiss firm [[Lombardi Engineering|Lombardi SA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.italferr.it/content/italferr/en/media/sala-stampa/2019/2/6/italferr-is-awarded-a-new-contract-in-india.html|title=Italferr is awarded a new contract in India|website=www.italferr.it|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> That construction began in 2018. Work on the first [[Absolute block signalling|block section]], from the Virbhadra railway station to {{stnlnk|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}}, began in June 2018 and was completed in 2020.

== Strategic importance==
{{anchor | Strategic | Significance | Importance }}

It will play a vital role in national security and the welfare of Uttarakhand,<ref name=fea1>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html|title=Coming soon: India's longest railway tunnel on Rishikesh-Karnprayag route|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> by reducing travel time between Rishikesh and Karnaprayag from 6-7 hours to {{frac|2|1|2}} hours.<ref name=char3/> The line will serve pilgrims and local residents, and will be able to rapidly move troops to the [[Line of Actual Control|India-China border]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-karanprayag-rail-line-priority-project-mp/205103.html|title=Rishikesh-Karanprayag rail line priority project: MP|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== Project features==
{{anchor|Rail Line Project | Project | Features }}

This {{INRConvert|16200|c}} project, with 35 bridges, and 105 km (85 percent) will run through 17 tunnels including 15.1-km [[Devprayag]]-Lachmoli tunnel which was reportedly India's longest tunnel in 2016.<ref name=char3/>

==Route==
{{anchor|Railway routes | Route }}

The Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line, which begins at {{stnlnk|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}} station (385 m ) and ends at [[Karnaprayag]] station (825 m ) city,<ref name="char3"/> will have the following 12 stations (sequentially listed southwest to northwest direction) all of which are in Uttarakhand state.

* [[Dehradun district]]
** {{stnlnk|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}} in [[Rishikesh]]: since the railway line could not be extended from the [[Rishikesh railway station]] (RKSH) in the city through densely populated areas, a rail line was built from the [[Virbhadra]] station to the new [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station]] (YNRK).<ref name="char3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html|title=Coming soon: India's longest railway tunnel on Rishikesh–Karnaprayag route|date=2016-09-19|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-05-30|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Tehri Garhwal district]]
** Muni Ki Reti

* [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
** Shivpuri

* Tehri Garhwal district
** Manjilgaon
** Sakni
** Devprayag
** Kirtinagar

* Pauri Garhwal district
** Srinagar
** Dungripanth (Dhari devi)

* [[Rudraprayag district]]
** Dhari
** Gholtir
* [[Chamoli district]]
** Karnaprayag

==Related connectivity==

* [[Char Dham Railway]]: Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line is a feeder line to the Char Dham Railway, the later has the following 4 sub-sections:
** [[Doiwala–Dehradun–Uttarkashi–Maneri Gangotri Railway]]
*** [[Uttarkashi–Palar Yamunotri Railway]], midway fork from the Gangotri Railway
** [[Karnaprayag–Saikot–Sonprayag Kedarnath Railway]]
*** [[Saikot–Joshimath Badrinath Railway]], midway fork from the Kedarnath Railway

* [[Char Dham Highway]]: will complement the Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line mostly along the same route

* [[Parvatmala]], ropeway project across India, including ropeways in some of the destinations of the Rishikesh–Karnaprayag line

==Status==
{{anchor|Current status | Current }}

* '''2024 Nov''': 60% of the project's budget has been utilised with 70% work completed, with 28 of the 38 planned tunnel breakthroughs completed, and the remaining 10 are scheduled for breakthroughs by March 2025, 11 stations were under-construction.<ref name=conup1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-rishikesh-karnaprayag-rail-line-likely-to-operate-by-2026-end-officials-say-60-of-its-budget-utilised-so-far-3674132/ Rishikesh-Karnaprayag rail line likely to operate by 2026 end, officials say 60% of its budget utilised so far], Financial Express, 19 November 2024.</ref><ref name=finet1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-rishikesh-karnaprayag-bg-rail-project-11-stations-under-construction-176-km-of-tunnel-work-completed-3615763/ Indian Railways’ Rishikesh-Karnaprayag BG rail line project: 11 stations under construction, 176 km of tunnel work completed], Financial Express, 19 Sept 2024.</ref><ref name="2024update">{{cite web | url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/70-work-on-laying-rishikesh-karnaprayag-rail-line-completed-official/108329082 | title=70% work on laying Rishikesh-Karnaprayag rail line completed: Official - ET Infra }}</ref>

* '''2025 Nov''': 201 km tunneling work out of 213 completed. The earlier project completion date of December 2026 has been revised to more realistic completion date of December 2028.<ref name=compu1>[https://www.thedailyjagran.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh-karnaprayag-railway-line-project-to-be-completed-by-dec-2028-confirm-officials-40045263 Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Line: Project To Be Completed By Dec 2028, Confirm Officials], Daily Jagran, accessed 27 Nov 2025.</ref>

* '''2025 Dec''':76 % physical work completed with 69% budget spent (Rs 26,841 crore out of the total estimated Rs 38,953 crore project cost).<ref>[https://ipm.mospi.gov.in/Home/ViewPdf/26?path=FlashReport_December_2025.pdf GoI MSPI Report], MSPI, Dec 2025.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] (railway project)
* [[Golden Quadrilateral]] (road project)
* [[Setu Bharatam]] (project to eliminate at-grade crossings)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Transport in India}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishikesh - Karnaprayag Railway}}
[[Category:Northern Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Rishikesh]]

Jatileswar Temple

2026-02-03T06:18:49Z

SherleneGirardi:

{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Jatileswar Temple
|image = Jatileswar Temple.jpg
|caption =
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|locale = [[Mainaguri]]
|creator = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Rulers]]
|established = 320 AD - 600 AD<ref name="northbengaltourism">{{cite web |title=Jatileswar Temple |url=https://northbengaltourism.com/jatileswar-temple/#:~:text=Jatileswar%20Temple%20History,using%20stones%20and%20clay%20bricks.|website=northbengaltourism.com |language=en |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
|festival = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|temple_board =
|governing_body =
}}

'''Jatileswar Temple'''<ref>{{cite web |title=PURBO DAHOR / JATILESHWAR|url=https://astoundingbengal.blogspot.com/2016/01/purbo-dahor-jatileshwar.html?m=1|work=Astounding Bengal|date=3 January 2016|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|জটিলেশ্বর মন্দির}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]]. The temple located in [[Maynaguri]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ময়নাগুড়িতে গুপ্তযুগের জটিলেশ্বর মন্দির, যেখানে গেলে বহু কঠিন-জটিল সমস্যায় মেলে মুক্তি|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/jatileshwar-temple-moynaguri-529932/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]] Bengali|date=2 January 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ময়নাগুড়ির জটিলেশ্বর মন্দির ঘিরে রয়েছে কোন ইতিহাস?|url=https://drishtibhongi.in/2023/07/23/history-of-mainaguri-jatileshwar-temple/|publisher=Drishtibhongi|date=23 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jalpaiguri News: ১৫০০ বছরের পুরনো মন্দির, বাবা জটিলেশ্বর পূর্ণ করেন সব আশা, তীর্থস্থানের মহিমা অসীম|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/jalpaiguri/a-1500-year-old-temple-baba-jatileshwar-fulfills-all-expectation-the-magnificence-of-the-pilgrimage-is-infinite-l18-ub-1091613.html|publisher=[[News18]]|date=8 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The temple of Purbba Dehar was built by the feudal chief of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta kingdom]] around 320 AD to 600 AD.<ref name="northbengaltourism"/>

==Protection==
It is under the protection of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].
The government of West Bengal had declared the temple of Purbba Dehar as an archaeological site and the place now has been reserved under the [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal|State Protected Monuments]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Protected Monuments Directorate of Archaeology & Museums W.B.|url=https://wbhc.in/home/state_protected_monuments|publisher=West Bengal Heritage Commission Government of West Bengal|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
The Jalpaiguri Sadar Subdivision administration is focusing on developing a spiritual tourism circuit, with Jatileswar Temple as a key highlight. Plans include enhancing infrastructure and registering tourist guides and vehicles to ensure visitor safety and transparency. Improvements are underway for the 12.5 km road from Bodaganj to Gazaldoba, linking to the Bhorer Alo tourist hub.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalpaiguri admin plans spiritual tourism circuit in Maynaguri and Sadar blocks |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/jalpaiguri-admin-plans-spiritual-tourism-circuit-in-maynaguri-and-sadar-blocks-605923 |website=Millennium Post |date= |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal temple architecture]]

Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-31T00:15:01Z

SherleneGirardi: new!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kaushambi {{Small|UP-50}}
|established = 2008-present
|reservation =SC
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp =[[Pushpendra Saroj]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kaushambi.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Babaganj Assembly constituency|Babaganj]] [[Kunda Assembly constituency|Kunda]] [[Sirathu Assembly constituency|Sirathu]] [[Manjhanpur Assembly constituency|Manjhanpur]] [[Chail Assembly constituency|Chail]]
}}
'''Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency, spread over [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]] and [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] districts came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/050_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-50-Kaushambi|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|245
|[[Babaganj Assembly constituency|Babaganj]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Vinod Saroj]]
|{{party name with color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|shortname=JD(L)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|246
|[[Kunda Assembly constituency|Kunda]]
|[[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]]
|-
|251
|[[Sirathu Assembly constituency|Sirathu]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|[[Pallavi Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}
|-
|252
|[[Manjhanpur Assembly constituency|Manjhanpur]] (SC)
|[[Indrajit Saroj]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|253
|[[Chail Assembly constituency|Chail]]
|[[Pooja Pal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/kaushambi.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Shailendra Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Vinod Kumar Sonkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Pushpendra Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kaushambi">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kaushambi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2450.htm |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531165523/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2450.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kaushambi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Kaushambi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531165521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Pushpendra Saroj]]|votes=5,09,787|percentage=50.51|change={{up}}15.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vinod Kumar Sonkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,05,843|percentage=40.21|change={{up}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shubh Narayan|votes=55,858|percentage=5.53|change={{up}}5.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=12,967|percentage=1.28|change={{down}}0.24}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,03,944|percentage=10.30|change={{up}}6.32}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,09,329|percentage=52.85|change={{down}}1.71}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Samajwadi Party
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Vinod Sonkar]]|votes=3,83,009|percentage=39.31|change=+2.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Indrajit Saroj]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=3,44,287|percentage=35.33|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|candidate=[[Shailendra Kumar]]|votes=1,56,406|percentage=16.05|change=+16.05}}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Shailendra Kumar|percentage=2.77|votes=26,967|party= Independent|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Girish Chandra Pasi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,442|percentage=1.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Shailendra Kumar|percentage=0.82|votes=8,011|party= Independent|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajdev|percentage=0.51|votes=4,986|party=Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|change=+0.51}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=14,769|percentage=1.52|change=-0.15}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,722|percentage=3.98|change=-0.73}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,75,037|percentage=54.56|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 result===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Kumar Sonkar]]
|votes = 3,31,724
|percentage = 36.43
|change = +27.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shailendra Kumar]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,88,824
|percentage = 31.72
|change = -12.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Pasi]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,01,322
|percentage = 22.11
|change = -12.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,905
|percentage = 3.50
|change = -3.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohan Lal
|votes = 9,182
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Shripal
|votes = 7,341
|percentage = 0.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
|candidate = Malti Devi
|votes = 6,548
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Rajendra Sonkar
|votes = 6,386
|percentage = 0.70
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bina Rani
|votes = 4,957
|percentage = 0.54
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Swarnalata Suman
|votes = 3,692
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chhedoo
|votes = 3,340
|percentage = 0.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 15,169
|percentage = 1.67
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,900
|percentage = 4.71
|change = -5.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,10,514
|percentage = 52.37
|change = +12.74
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 16,72,976
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

* #Swing based on addition of performance of BJP and Apna Dal in previous election

===2009 result===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Shailendra Kumar]]
|votes = 2,46,501
|percentage = 44.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Girish Chandra Pasi
|votes = 1,90,712
|percentage = 34.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Nihor Rakesh
|votes = 40,765
|percentage = 7.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gautam Chaudhary
|votes = 30,475
|percentage = 5.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Pasi
|votes = 18,799
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Saran
|votes = 11,570
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Man Singh
|votes = 3,973
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagdeo
|votes = 3,973
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Gulab Sonkar
|votes = 2,975
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gulab Chandra
|votes = 2,500
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,789
|percentage = 10.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,51,311
|percentage = 39.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 13,91,312
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chail Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/kaushambi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kaushambi lok sabha constituency election 2019 result]
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Coord|25.51|81.43|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kaushambi district]]

Demchok sector

2026-01-30T04:08:05Z

SherleneGirardi: updated details

{{Short description|Disputed region between China and India in Ladakh and Tibet}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Location map|Kashmir|coordinates={{coord|32.699910|N|79.449520|E}}|caption=Demchok relative to Kashmir}}
{{Location map|Tibet|coordinates={{coord|32.699910|N|79.449520|E}}|caption=Demchok relative to Tibet}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title=Parigas district
|pic=
|s = {{linktext|lang=zh|巴|里|加|斯|地区}}
|l=
|p = Bālǐjiāsī dìqū

}}

The '''Demchok sector'''{{efn|Also called '''Parigas'''.<ref>[https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2925428&fid=2703&c=india Parigas, India]</ref>}} is a disputed area named after the villages of [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok in Ladakh]] and [[Demchok, Ngari Prefecture|Demchok in Tibet]], situated near the confluence of the [[Charding Nullah]] and [[Indus River]]. It is a part of the greater [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] between China and India. Both China and India claim the disputed region, with a [[Line of Actual Control]] between the two nations situated along the Charding Nullah.{{efn|name="White Paper XII"|On 21 September 1965, the Indian Government wrote to the Chinese Government, complaining of Chinese troops who were said to have "moved forward in strength right up to the Charding Nullah and have assumed a threatening posture at the Indian civilian post on the western [northwestern] side of the Nullah on the Indian side of the 'line of actual control'." The Chinese Government responded on 24 September stating, "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the Demchok village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from Parigas (in Tibet, China)..."<ref name="arpi-2">{{citation |editor=India. Ministry of External Affairs |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper12NEW.pdf |via=claudearpi.net |year=1966 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |ref={{sfnref|India, Ministry of External Affairs|1966}}}}</ref>}}

The Charding Nullah was mentioned by the name "Lhari stream" in a treaty between the [[Kingdom of Ladakh]] and the [[Ganden Phodrang]] government of [[Tibet]] in 1684 and stated as the boundary between the two regions. British surveys placed the border in 1847 between the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Tibet under Qing rule|Qing Tibet]] on the stream, while British maps from 1868 onwards placed the border downstream and west of [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]]. After independence in 1947, India claimed the southern watershed of the river (roughly 3 miles southeast of Demchok) as its boundary, which has been contested by the People's Republic of China whose claims coincide with the British maps. The two countries fought [[Sino-Indian War|a brief war in 1962]], after which the Demchok region has remained divided between the two nations across a [[Line of Actual Control]].

==Geography==
[[File:Demchok-sector-map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Demchok sector with China's claim line in the west and India's claim line in the east. The [[Line of Actual Control]], shown in bold, starting from [[Charding La]] in south runs along the [[Charding Nullah]] and then west along the Indus River to Lagankhel near confluence with the Chibra stream and till confluence near [[Fukche]] with the [[Koyul|Koyul Lungpa river]] from [[Chang La]], then heads northwest to the mountain watershed.]]

At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus River.<ref>Claude Arpi, [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/demchok-and-the-new-silk-road-chinas-double-standard/ Demchok and the New Silk Road: China's double standard], Indian Defence Review, 4 April 2015. "View of the nalla" image.</ref> During the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], there was a village on both the sides of the delta, going by the name [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]]. The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travellers.<ref>{{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area|2017|p=353}}: 'At present officially located in India, the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan, described Demchok in his travel account as "the first location on the Tibetan side of the border".'</ref><ref name="Demchok Lhasa">{{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962|pp=3–4}}: According to a report by the governor of Ladakh in 1904–05, "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."</ref> The Chinese spell the name of the village as [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]]. Travel writer Romesh Bhattacharji stated in 2012 that they expected to set up a trading village, but India never renewed trade after the war. He stated that the southern Dêmqog village has only commercial buildings whereas the northern village has security-related buildings.{{sfnp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau"}} Both the Indians and the Chinese have track roads going up the valley on the two sides of the Charding Nullah, reaching up to the Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction (CNNJ). Occasional stand-offs between the two forces at CNNJ are reported in the newspapers.<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-china-admit-to-intrusion-by-chinese-herdsmen-1.1364915 India, China admit to intrusion by Chinese herdsmen], Gulf News, 28 July 2014.</ref>

The watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa river, near the village of [[Koyul]], is at the western boundary of the disputed sector,<ref>{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=Negotiating with the Chinese, 1846-1987: Problems and Perspectives, with an Epilogue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1NuAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85047-46-1 |page=225}}: "[The claim line] crosses the ''Shangatsangpu'' (Indus River) at 33 degrees north Latitude, runs along the watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa River and South of the Hanle River up to Mount Shinowu..."</ref> with China's claim line running along the crest of the ridge.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Modern Chinese sources refer to the disputed area around Demchok as '''Parigas''' ({{zh|s=巴里加斯 |p=Bālǐjiāsī}})<ref name="milsina">{{cite news |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2017-08-25/doc-ifykkfas7750531.shtml |publisher=[[Sina News]] |title=中国对印战略：装甲集团沿三线突击两日可抵新德里 |language=zh |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=19 July 2020 |quote=西线巴里加斯印度控制450平方公里（我军曾对部分地区前出巡逻设防），主要位于狮泉河、典角村以西和班公湖西段。[West of the Line, India controls 450 square kilometers of Parigas (our army used to patrol and defend some areas), mainly located in Shiquan River, west of Dêmqog Village and west of Pangong Lake.]}}</ref><ref name="voc">{{cite news |url=http://news.voc.com.cn/article/201410/20141010095109443_2.html |language=zh |title=印度防长：要让巴付出代价已炮击2万发炮弹 |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Hunan Daily |quote=巴里加斯(Parigas)，是中国和印度西部边境中的一块争议领土，面积约1900平方公里，包括基古纳鲁河、乌木隆、碟木绰克(Demchok), 果洛等地区。[...] 巴里加斯中国固有领土，位于西藏阿里噶尔县西北 [''Bālǐ jiā sī'' (Parigas) is a disputed territory on the western border between China and India. It covers an area of approximately 1,900 square kilometers, including areas such as the Kigunaru River, Umlung, ''diǎn jiǎo'' (Demchok), Guoluo, and other areas. [...] Parigas, China's inherent territory, is located in the northwest of Gar County in Tibet.] |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724130325/http://news.voc.com.cn/article/201410/20141010095109443_2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|During discussions in the 1960s, the Chinese government called the Indian village "Parigas" and the Chinese village "Demchok":
* {{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}. Chinese officials state: "Parigas was part of the Demchok area. West of '''Demchok''', after crossing the Chopu river, one arrived at '''Parigas'''."
* {{citation |editor=India. Ministry of External Affairs |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper12NEW.pdf |via=claudearpi.net |year=1966 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs}}: "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the '''Demchok''' village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from '''Parigas'''..."}} or the '''Parigas region''' ({{zh|s=巴里加斯地区|p=Bālǐjiāsī dìqū}}).<ref name="headline">{{cite news |url=https://kknews.cc/military/n2br363.html |title=典角村，固有領土的見證，如今，600米外駐紮印軍 |language=zh |publisher=[[Headline Daily]] |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020 |quote=1955年，進一步蠶食巴里加斯地區，如今，印度控制巴里加斯西南角即獅泉河（森格藏布）與卓普河（典角曲）以西大約450平方公里 [In 1955, the Indian army further encroached on the Parigas district. Today, India controls about 450 square kilometers west of the Shiquan River (Sengge Zangbo) and the Zhuopu River (Dêmqog Village) in the southwest corner of Parigas]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/402325119_523187 |last=Fang |first=Jianchang |title=房建昌：近代中印西段边界史略 |website=[[Sohu]] |language=zh |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |quote=其中除了一块很小的巴里加斯（Parigas）地区在本世纪50年代中期被印度侵占以外，其余地区始终在我控制之下，由西藏的日土县（1960年前为宗）管辖。[Except for the small 巴里加斯 (Parigas) area which was invaded by India in the mid-1950s, the rest of the area was always under China's control and under the jurisdiction of Tibet's (pre-1960) Rutog County.]}}</ref> It is apparently named after the Tibetan name '''Palicasi''' ({{bo|t=པ་ལི་ཅ་སི|w=pa li ca si}}) of an insignificant camping site that is known to Ladakhis as '''Silungle'''.<ref>[http://www.tibetmap.com/3279o150.jpg Tibetmap 3279], July 2009, retrieved 18 May 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm Ngari Prefecture], KNAB Place Name Database, retrieved 18 May 2022.</ref>{{efn|Silungle is located at {{coord|32.768|79.359}} on the bank of the Silung stream that joins the Indus river from the left. It is conventional in the Ladakhi language to name camp sites on the streams they are situated on.}} Chinese sources describe the disputed territory as having a total area of {{convert|1,900|sqkm|sqmi}} with India controlling {{convert|450|sqkm|sqmi}} of its southwest corner, west of Dêmqog and the Indus River.<ref name="milsina"/><ref name="voc"/><ref name="headline"/>

== History ==
{{See also|Demchok (historical village)}}

=== Early history ===
The Demchok region was mentioned as being part of the modern kingdom of Ladakh, when it was founded in the 10th century under the name [[Maryul]]. King [[Nyimagon]], who founded the West Tibetan kingdom of [[Ngari Khorsum]], divided his kingdom among his three sons upon his death. The eldest son [[Palgyigon]], who is believed to have been the organiser of the Ladakh part of the kingdom, received Ladakh, and the other two sons received [[Guge]]–[[Purang County|Purang]] and [[Zanskar]]. The description of Maryul in the [[Ladakh Chronicles]] mentions [[Demchok Karpo]], the pyramidal white peak behind the Ladakhi [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] village as one of the landmarks, possibly on its frontier. Other neighbouring landmarks like the Imis Pass ("Yimig rock") and an unidentified place called ''Raba Dmarpo'' were also mentioned.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=19}}{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=83}}{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II|1926|p=94}}

In addition to modern Ladakh, [[Rutog County|Rudok]] was also part of Maryul at the time of its formation. Whether it remained affiliated to Ladakh in later times is unknown, but during the reigns of [[Tsewang Namgyal]] ({{reign|1575|1595}}) and [[Sengge Namgyal]] ({{reign|1616|1642}}), all the regions of Ngari Khorsum are known to have paid tribute to Ladakh.{{sfnp|Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash?|2015|pp=115–116}} Sengge Namgyal is credited with building a [[Drukpa Kagyu|Drukpa]] monastery at [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigang]], {{convert|30|km}} southeast of Demchok.{{sfnp|Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash?|2015|pp=134–135}} He also built the present monasteries of [[Hemis Monastery|Hemis]] and [[Hanle Monastery|Hanle]], and the sacred site of Demchok was apparently placed under the former's jurisdiction.<ref>{{citation |last=Sinha |first=Nirmal C. |author-link=Nirmal C. Sinha |title=Demchok (Notes and topics) |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=4 |year=1967 |pages=23–24 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/242598/bot_04_03_full.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>

=== Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) ===
{{Further|Ladakh Chronicles#Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)}}

[[File:The empire of King Tsewang Rnam Rgyal 1., and that of King Jamyang Rnam Rgyal., about 1560 and 1600 A.D.jpg|thumb|right|Ladakh's territories prior to the Treaty of Tingmosgang, depicted by [[August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)|August Hermann Francke]]]]

The ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'' (''La-dvags-rgyal-rabs'') mention that, at the conclusion of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] in 1684, Tibet and Ladakh agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang, by which the extensive territories in West Tibet ([[Ngari prefecture|Ngari]]) previously controlled by Ladakh were removed from its control and the frontier was fixed at the "Lha-ri stream at Demchok".<ref>* {{harvtxt|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II|1926|pp=115–116|ps=: "Regarding Mnah-ris-skor-gsum Mi-pham-dban-po's stipulations were to this effect :— [...] With this exception the boundary shall be fixed at the Lha-ri stream at Bde-mchog."}}
* {{harvtxt|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|ps=: "... the border between Ladakh and Tibet was fixed at the Lha-ri stream, which flows into the Indus five miles southeast of Demchok."}}
* {{harvtxt|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=78|ps=: "With this exception [of Men-ser], the frontier was fixed at the Lha-ri stream near ''bDe-mc'og''."}}
* {{harvtxt|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=351|ps=: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the ''sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho'', annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the ''lHa-ri'' stream at ''bDe-mChog''."}}
* {{harvtxt|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990|p=77|ps=: "The boundary between Ladakh and Tibet was to be established at the Lha-ri stream in Demchog..."}}
* {{harvtxt|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|pp=99–100|ps=: "The frontier with Tibet was fixed at the Lha ri stream at ''Bde mchog'' (Demchok), approximately at that places where it is even today."}}
* {{harvtxt|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=160|ps=: "The hill of Lahri [Lhari] that stands near Demchok was fixed as the boundary between Lhasa and Ladakh."}}
</ref> The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang is not available to us.<ref>
{{harvnb|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|pp=37, 38, 40}}:
*"No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles"
*"There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at 'the Lhari stream at Demchok', a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves."
*"The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in the form of its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."
</ref>
The traditional border between the two regions prior to these conflicts is not clearly known.

According to [[Alexander Cunningham]], "A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village of ''Dechhog'' [Demchok] to the hill of ''Karbonas'' [unidentified]."{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969|pp=42–43}}{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=328}}

Roughly 160 years after the Treaty of Tingmosgang, Ladakh came under the rule of the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]], who launched an invasion into the West Tibet leading to the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]]. The war ended in a stalemate. The resulting [[Treaty of Chushul]] in 1842 bound the parties to the "old, established frontiers".{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=55–56}}

=== British boundary commission (1846–1847) ===
[[File:Ladakh-Garhwal-1863.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Ladakh, [[Edward Weller (cartographer)|Edward Weller]], 1863 ]]
After the Dogras joined the [[British Raj|British suzerainty]] as the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the British government dispatched a boundary commission consisting of [[P. A. Vans Agnew]] and [[Alexander Cunningham]] to define the borders of the state with Tibet in 1846–1847.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=64}}{{efn|Agnew and Cunningham were assisted by [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]], who later became a notable explorer in his own right. Agnew and Cunningham were told to "bear in mind that, it is not a strip more or less of barren or even productive territory that we want, but a clear and well defined boundary in
a quarter likely to come little under observation".{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=66}}}} The Chinese government was invited to join the effort for a mutually agreed border. However the Chinese declined, stating that the frontier was well-known and it did not need a new definition.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=64–66}} The British boundary commission nevertheless surveyed the area. Its report stated:
{{quote|[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... [in Tibet] ... and Ladakh.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}}}
The "rivulet" is evidently the Charding nullah. The Tibetan frontier guards prohibited the commission from proceeding beyond the rivulet.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}} The commission placed the border on the Indus at Demchok, and followed the [[drainage divide|mountain watershed]] of the Indus river on its east, passing through the Jara La and Chang La passes.{{sfn|Maxwell, India's China War|1970|loc=map opposite p. 40}} This appears to be the first time that the watershed principle was used in the Indian subcontinent for defining a boundary.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=67}}{{efn|Cunningham remarked: "In laying down a boundary through mountainous country it appeared to the Commissioners desirable to select such a plan as would completely preclude any possibility of further dispute. This the Commissioners believe they have found in their adoption as a boundary of such mountain ranges as form water-shed lines between the drainages of different rivers."{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=67}}}}

=== Kashmir Atlas (1868) ===
[[File:Demchok-sector-French-Army-map-1911.png|thumb|right|300px|Kashmir Atlas boundary of the Demchok sector ([[Service géographique de l'armée|Geographic Service of the French Army]], 1909)]]
Between 1847 and November 1864, the British Indian government conducted the Kashmir Survey (''Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet''), whose results were published in a reduced form in the ''Kashmir Atlas'' of 1868 by the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|Great Trigonometrical Survey of India]].{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=47|ps=The first good set of maps of Kashmir, though still very defective in the Aksai region, were ''Photozincographed Sections of part of, the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet'', 20 sheets, 8 miles to the inch, published by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, October 1868.}}{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=43|ps=: "The Kashmir Survey which officially
completed its task in November 1864.2 [...] The results of the Kashmir Survey were published as an Atlas in 1868, and they give a good indication of the Ladakh-Tibet boundary over some of its length.3{{br}}[Footnotes:]{{br}}2Strachey's map, in two sheets at 8 miles to the inch, can be seen in the Map Rooms of the Royal Geographical Society and the India Office Library. It has been reproduced, much reduced, in Atlas, maps 11 & 12.{{br}}3''Photozincographed Sections of part of the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet'', Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, Oct. 1868; 20 sheets at a scale of 16 miles to the inch (1.0. Map Room, cat. no. F/IV/r6)"}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karackattu |first=Joe Thomas |year=2018 |title=India–China Border Dispute: Boundary-Making and Shaping of Material Realities from the Mid-Nineteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1356186317000281/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=135–159 |doi=10.1017/S1356186317000281 |s2cid=159705672 |issn=1356-1863 |quote=One of the earliest official delimitations of the northern frontiers of India appears in photozincographed sections of part of the survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet showing the "Boundary of His Highness the Maharajah of Kashmir" (8 miles to 1 inch, Dehradoon, October 1868).|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Even though this was not an official boundary delimitation, the atlas made several adjustments to the boundary, including in the Demchok sector. Lamb states:
{{quote|Where [Cunningham] had put the boundary actually at Demchok, the ''Kashmir Atlas'' (Sheet 17) put it about sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok, thus coming nearer to the [present] Chinese than the Indian claim line.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=72–73}}}}
It is unclear who decided the altered boundary and on what grounds, given that the survey team leader [[T. G. Montgomerie]] was of the view that Demchok was in Ladakh.{{efn|While describing the travels of [[Pundit (explorer)|pundit explorers]] under his employ, Montgomerie writes, "Here they waited for the 3rd Pundit, who joined them on the 29th of September, ''after having traced the Indus down to Demchok, in Ladak''." (emphasis added.){{sfnp|Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations|1869|p=157}} He also notes that the coordinates of Demchok were fixed during the regular survey operations in Ladakh.{{sfnp|Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations|1869|pp=157–158}}}} Indian commentators blame it on the rudimentary knowledge of the British surveyors about Ladakh — they were ignorant of past treaties as well as revenue records, and mistook pasture disputes as boundary disputes.<ref name="Rao">{{harvp|Rao, The India-China Border|1968}}:
*p.24: "But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes."
*p.29: "The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was conducted."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990|p=75}}: "Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all."</ref>{{efn|Also, the British felt [[Gulab Singh]] to be an "expansionist" and distrusted his pleadings.<ref name="Rao"/>}} In contrast, Lamb interprets this as a "compromise" wherein the British gave up territory in Demchok to include other territory near the [[Spanggur Lake]].{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=173}}

===Later colonial period (1868–1947)===
Subsequent to the ''Kashmir Atlas'' of 1868, there was a flood of British publications on Ladakh.{{efn|In 1875, [[Frederic Drew]] published his now-seminal ''Jammoo and Kashmir Territories'' in 1875 while the text of the Ladakh Chronicles, first discovered by Cunningham in 1847, was published by missionary [[Karl Marx (medical missionary)|Karl Marx]] between 1891 and 1902.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=1}}{{sfnp|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990|p=77}}}} Despite this, no revisions were made to the border at Demchok. According to Lamb, the majority of British maps published between 1918 and 1947 reproduced the Kashmir Atlas, slotting Demchok within Tibet.<ref name="Lamb-1965" />{{rp|39}} During the two World Wars, some maps from world powers (including China) showed the same borders.<ref>
See [http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Atlas-of-the-Northern-Borders-of-India-Part-1.pdf Atlas of the Northern Frontier of India], Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, Maps 3 and, 6.
</ref>

Independent of the colonial cartography, the traditional boundaries continued to be followed on the ground. The Kashmir government disregarded the British maps and the Tibetan claims to Demchok seem to have persisted.{{efn|[[Claude Arpi]] narrates the description of a murder inquiry in 1939, conducted by the British Trade Agent in Gartok and the governor of Ladakh (''wazir-e-wazarat'') jointly with the Tibetan officials (''garpons''). The Indian officials travelled from Leh to Demchok for this purpose, where they camped at the Lhari stream, described as "a natural boundary between Tibet and Kashmir at Demchok".<ref name=curious>Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/the-curious-case-of-demchok.html The curious case of Demchok], The Pioneer, 16 August 2018.</ref>}} Lamb states, "by the time of the Transfer of Power in 1947 nothing had been settled."{{sfnp|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989|p=360}}

===Modern claims===
{{OSM Location map
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| float = right
| zoom = 10
| width = 270
| height = 200
| caption = {{center|Modern-day [[Demchok, Ladakh]] and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]}}
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| mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.80737|79.38093}}
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| mark-description3 = Sengge Zangbo

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|32.5098|79.6762}}
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|32.5993|79.3999}} 
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| mark-description10 = Mountain pass on the Chinese claim line
}}
{{POV section|date=May 2020}}
Since the 1950s, Indian maps do not agree entirely with either the 1846–1847 survey or the 1868 ''Kashmir Atlas'': the Indian claims lie {{convert|3|mi|km}} east of Demchok, whereas the 1846–1847 British boundary commission placed the border through the middle of Demchok, and British maps from the 1860s onwards showed the border to be {{convert|10|mi|km}} west of Demchok.<ref name="Lamb-1965"/>{{rp|48}} The Chinese claims coincide with British maps that placed the border {{convert|10|mi|km}} west of Demchok.<ref name="Lamb-1965">{{cite journal |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |pages=37–52 |year=1965 |volume=1 |issue=1|doi=10.1163/26660229-001-01-900000005 |s2cid=229946392 }}</ref>{{rp|39,48}} The Chinese claims also coincided with the borders used by the 1945 [[National Geographic]] and 1955 [[Army Map Service|United States Army Map Service]] maps.<ref name="Eekelen">{{cite book |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |first=Willem Frederik |last=van Eekelen |author-link=Wim van Eekelen |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |year=1964 |isbn=978-94-015-0715-8 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-0715-8}}</ref>{{rp|152|quote=The United States Army Map Service excluded Khurnak Fort and the entire Demchok area from Indian territory in its 1955 series on India and Pakistan. The Map of China of 1945 by the National Geographical Society equally showed Demchok in Tibet.}}

Prior to the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta (the "New Demchok post"). As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it.{{sfnp|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015|p=190}}<ref name=Arpi>
Claude Arpi, [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-case-of-demchok/ The Case of Demchok], Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017.
</ref> It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" ("white lhari") and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=106–107}}{{efn|Scholars translate the Tibetan term ''lha-ri'' as "soul mountain". Many peaks in Tibet are named ''lhari'' including a "Demchok lhari" in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.<ref name="McKay2015">
{{citation |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA520 |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30618-9 |page=520}}
</ref>}}

After the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]], the village of Demchok was divided in two parts, with [[Demchok, Ladakh]] administered by India and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] administered by China.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ladakhis-await-re-opening-of-historic-tibet-route/article27440095.ece
|title=Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route |first=Luv |last= Puri |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 August 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113353/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080212731300.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2020 |quote=Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Indian Defence Review]] |url= http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-case-of-demchok/ |first=Claude |last=Arpi |author-link=Claude Arpi |title=The Case of Demchok |date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 July 2020 |quote= The talks were held in Beijing between Zhang Hanfu, China's Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, N. Raghavan, the Indian Ambassador to China and T.N. Kaul, his Chargé d'Affaires and Chen Chai-Kang, a Director. They lasted from December 1953 till end of April 1954. [...] Kaul objected, Demchok was in India, he told Chen who answered that India's border was further on the West of the Indus. On Kaul's insistence Chen said "There can be no doubt about actual physical possession which can be verified on spot but to avoid any dispute we may omit mention of Demchok". [...] In October 1962, the Demchok sub-sector was held by the 7 J&K Militia. The PLA launched an attack on October 22. [...] The PLA eventually withdrew, but occupied the southern part of Demchok.}}</ref> The split did not divide any of the resident families.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Sources vary on whether the larger sector is administered by China or India.<ref>A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by China:{{bulleted list|{{cite web |publisher=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |url=https://www.efsas.org/topics/jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Jammu & Kashmir |access-date=15 May 2020}}|{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/analysis-why-kashmir-matters/ |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |title=Analysis: Why Kashmir Matters |last=Snow |first=Shawn |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=15 May 2020}}|{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz Estrada |first1=Mario Arturo |last2=Koutronas |first2=Evangelos |last3=Khan |first3=Alam |last4=Angathevar |first4=Baskaran |year=2018 |title=Economic Dynamics of Territorial Military Conflicts: The Case of Kashmir |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3102745 |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3102745 |s2cid=133523552 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}}}{{br}}A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by India:{{bulleted list|{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/world/india-pakistan-conflict/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=The Trouble with Kashmir |last1=Tamkin |first1=Emily |last2=Karklis |first2=Laris |last3=Meko |first3=Tim |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020}}}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aksai Chin]]
*[[Chumar]]
*[[Skakjung]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
** Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
** Chinese report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 3|1962}}}};
* {{citation |title=New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84 |first=Zahiruddin |last=Ahmad |journal=East and West |volume=18 |number=3/4 |date=September–December 1968 |pages=340–361 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |jstor=29755343 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968}}}}
* {{citation |first=Romesh |last=Bhattacharji |title=Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged |publisher=Rupa Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3575075 |via=Academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012}}}}
* {{citation |first=John |last=Bray |title=The Lapchak Mission From Ladakh to Lhasa in British Indian Foreign Policy |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=15 |number=4 |date=Winter 1990 |pages=75–96 |jstor=43300375 |ref={{sfnref|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |first=Gerhard |last=Emmer |chapter=Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84 |title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |date= 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2171-9 |pages=81–108 |ref={{sfnref|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |author-link=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |editor-first=F. W. |editor-last=Thomas |year=1926 |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II|1926}}}}
* {{citation |last=Handa |first=O. C. |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC |year=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Howard |first1=Neil |last2=Howard |first2=Kath |chapter=Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul |editor1-first=Erberto |editor1-last=Lo Bue |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Bray |title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram |year=2014 |isbn=9789004271807 |pages=68–99 |publisher=BRILL |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |ref={{sfnref|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The China-India border |journal=The Geographical Journal |year=1964 |volume=130 |issue=2 |page=273 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.2307/1794592 |jstor=1794592 |bibcode=1964GeogJ.130..273C |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaborder0000unse |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The China-India border|1964}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |year=1965 |pages=37–52 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=9780907129035 |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989}}}}
* {{citation |first=Diana |last=Lange |chapter=Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area between Western Tibet, Ladakh, and Spiti |title=Revue d'Études Tibétaines, The Spiti Valley Recovering the Past and Exploring the Present |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34449052 |ref={{sfnref|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area|2017}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nawang |last=Jinpa |title=Why Did Tibet and Ladakh Clash in the 17th Century? – Rethinking the Background to the 'Mongol War' in Ngari (1679-1684) |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=40 |number=2 |date=Autumn–Winter 2015 |pages=113–150 |jstor=tibetjournal.40.2.113 |ref={{sfnref|Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash?|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csbHAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |ref={{sfnref|Maxwell, India's China War|1970}}}}
* {{citation |last=Montgomerie |first=T. G. |author-link=T. G. Montgomerie |title=Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations during 1867 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society |volume=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mx5DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA146 |year=1869 |publisher=Murray |pages=146– |doi=10.2307/1798550 |jstor=1798550 |ref={{sfnref|Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations|1869}}|url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |author-link=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3498 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rao |first=Gondker Narayana |title=The India-China Border: A Reappraisal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Rao, The India-China Border|1968}}}}
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |year=1969 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7935425#map=9/32.8898/79.3515 Demchok Eastern Sector] on OpenStreetMap (Chinese-controlled)
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9823095 Demchok Western Sector] on OpenStreetMap (Indian-controlled)
[[Category:Tracts]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Geography of Tibet]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Military history of Tibet]]
[[Category:China in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:Demchok sector| ]]

Jnanendra Das Gupta

2026-01-27T19:20:58Z

SherleneGirardi: new!

{{Short description|Indian chemist (born 1888)}}
[[File:Inanendra_Das_Gupta_1917.jpg|thumb|In 1917]]
'''Jnanendra Chandra Das Gupta''' (German form: '''Inanendra''') (1888 – ?) was an Indian-born chemist who developed a thermosetting plastic called Indolack while working in the Swedish company Perstorp. This led to the development of the first plastic called "isolit" used in Sweden.

Das Gupta was born in India. He studied pharmaceutical chemistry under [[Fritz Ullmann]] (1875-1939)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Kurt H.|date=1940|title=Fritz Ullmann 1875-1939|journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta|language=de|volume=23|issue=1|pages=93–100|doi=10.1002/hlca.19400230110|issn=0018-019X|doi-access=free}}</ref> at the [[Technical University of Berlin|Technische Universität Berlin]] and received a doctorate for his thesis titled "''Studien über 2-Chloranthrachinon-3-carbonsäure''".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cber.19140470191|title=Über 2-Chlor-anthrachinon-3-carbonsäure|year=1914|last1=Ullmann|first1=Fritz|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Inanendra Chandra|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=47|pages=553–568|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2328296}}</ref> His study in Germany was sponsored in 1911 by the National Council of Education Bengal and the Indian Association (through donations from [[Taraknath Palit]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Institute of Business Management |url=http://ibmnce.in/web/history/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>) for the Cultivation of Science.<ref>{{cite book| page = 51| title= Age of Entanglement| author=Manjapra, Kris| publisher= Harvard University Press |year= 2014 }}</ref> He worked for a while as a chemist at [[Hoffmann-La Roche|Hoffmann La Roche]] in Basel and in 1914, he was among the earliest members of the German Friends of India or [[Berlin Committee]], a revolutionary group begun by [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Virendranath "Chatto" Chattopadhyaya]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Mukherjee, Uma|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149269/page/n82/mode/1up|title=Two great Indian revolutionaries. Rash Behari Bose & Jyotindra Nath Mukherjee|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|place=Calcutta|page=77}}</ref> and supported by the German Foreign Office where Das Gupta had a friend in the Sinologist Herbert Mueller (1885-1966) (who allegedly later worked for [[Communist International|ComIntern]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bose, Arun Coomer|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12671/page/n112/mode/1up|title=Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1922: In the Background of International Developments|publisher=Bharati Bhawan|year=1971|place=Patna|page=92}}</ref> Gupta later worked for the [[Indian National Army]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gupta, Manmathnath|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98689/page/n83/mode/1up|title=History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement|publisher=Somaiya Publications|place=Bombay|page=69|year=1972}}</ref> Sometime later he moved from Switzerland and began to work in Sweden at Skånska Ättikfabriken AB (which later became Perstorp AB) founded by Wilhelm Wendt in Skåne 1881. In 1918 he developed Indolack based on the formula for bakelite, which he knew about, using formalin and cresol which led to the development of the first thermosetting plastic "Isolit" in Sweden. Indolack was a substitute for shellac and Isolit for solid thermoset plastic products. Das Gupta left Sweden in 1919, having been denied citizenship in the country.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://digitalamodeller.se/daedalus/kapitel/Perstorp%20Plattan.%20Sveriges%20aldsta%20och%20mest%20salda%20plastprodukt.%20En%20personlig%20och%20historisk%20aterblick.pdf| title=Perstorp Plattan. Sveriges äldsta och mest sålda plastprodukt. En personlig och historisk återblick| author=Nordberg, Sten| pages=87–102| lang=sv| journal=Daedalus| volume=66| year=1998| access-date=2020-07-15| archive-date=2020-07-17| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717043841/http://digitalamodeller.se/daedalus/kapitel/Perstorp%20Plattan.%20Sveriges%20aldsta%20och%20mest%20salda%20plastprodukt.%20En%20personlig%20och%20historisk%20aterblick.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.plastenshus.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=280 History of plastics in Sweden]

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das Gupta, Jnanendra}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in Germany]]

Central Vigilance Commission

2026-01-17T14:57:53Z

SherleneGirardi: adjusted information to improve readability

{{Short description|Apex Indian governmental body created in 1964 to address governmental corruption}}
{{Tone|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Central Vigilance Commission of India
| abbreviation = CVC
| native_name = केंद्रीय सतर्कता आयोग
| body =
| insignia = Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) logo.png
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = Emblem
| incumbent = Praveen Kumar Srivastava <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vigilance-commissioner-suresh-patel-to-act-as-cvc/article34983785.ece|title=Vigilance Commissioner Suresh Patel to act as CVC|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 June 2021}}</ref>
| acting = no
| incumbentsince = 28 December 2022
| reports_to = {{hlist|[[Government of India]]|[[Parliament of India]]}}
| seat = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| salary =
| website = {{URL|http://cvc.gov.in/}}
| department =
| status = Active
| type = Independent Autonomous body
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] (Chairperson) [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] (Member) [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
| termlength = Up to 4 years or 65 years
| inaugural = [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]
| residence = A-Block, GPO Complex, Satarkata Bhavan, INA, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] 110023
| constituting_instrument = K.Santhanam Committee
| image =
}}

'''Central Vigilance Commission''' ('''CVC''') is an [[India]]n governmental body created in 1964 to address governmental [[Political corruption|corruption]]. In 2003, the Parliament enacted a law conferring statutory status on the CVC. It has the status of an autonomous body, free of control from any executive authority, charged with monitoring all [[Alertness|vigilance]] activity under the Central [[Government of India]], advising various authorities in central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing, and reforming their vigilance work.

== History ==
It was set up by the [[Government of India]] Resolution on 11 February 1964,<ref>Central Vigilance Commission, [http://cvc.nic.in/sites/default/files/Introduction-RTI_0.pdf Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110082140/http://www.cvc.nic.in/sites/default/files/Introduction-RTI_0.pdf |date=10 January 2020 }}, accessed 16 October 2019</ref> on the recommendations of the ''Committee on Prevention of Corruption'', headed by [[K. Santhanam]], to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvc.gov.in/cvc_back.htm |title=Background |access-date=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515171931/http://cvc.gov.in/cvc_back.htm |archive-date=15 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] was selected as the first Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India.

The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the commission's advises were ignored. Praveen Kumar Srivastava was sworn in by President, as the Central Vigilance Commissioner, he is a 1988 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of Assam-Meghalaya cadre and also served earlier as Vigilance Commissioner.

==Role==
The CVC is not an investigating agency: the only investigation carried out by the CVC is that of examining Civil Works of the Government.<ref>I De on Administrative Law, Tripathi(1986)</ref>

Corruption investigations against government officials can proceed only after the government permits order. The CVC publishes a list of cases where permissions are pending, some of which may be more than a year old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cvc.nic.in/spp_cbi_11072011.pdf |title=Ministry/ Department wise summary of cases pending sanction for prosecution over four months as on 31.05.2011 |access-date=2011-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054807/http://www.cvc.nic.in/spp_cbi_11072011.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}. Released 31 May 2011, oldest case from 30/04/10 relates to Rakesh Mohan, ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] 78 batch), ex-CEO, [[Delhi Jal Board]]</ref>

The Ordinance of 1998 conferred statutory status to the CVC and the powers to exercise superintendence over the functioning of the Delhi Special Police Establishment, and also to review the progress of the investigations on alleged offences under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]] conducted by them. In 1998 the Government introduced the CVC Bill in the Lok Sabha to replace the Ordinance, though it was not successful. The Bill was re-introduced in 1999 and remained with the Parliament until September 2003, when it became an Act after being duly passed in both the Houses of Parliament.<ref>http://cvc.nic.in/introduction.html{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The CVC has also been publishing a list of corrupt government officials against which it has recommended punitive action.<ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/121-central-govt-officials-under-cvc-scanner_561273.html 121 officers named in 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231946/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/121-central-govt-officials-under-cvc-scanner_561273.html |date=March 3, 2016 }} and [https://archive.today/20120708072113/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-09-17/news/28465822_1_corrupt-officials-suitable-major-penalty-cvc 123 in 2009]</ref> In 2004, the Union government authorised the CVC as the "Designated Agency" to receive written complaints for disclosure on any allegation of corruption or misuse of office and recommend appropriate action. This report delivers to the president.

== Appointment ==
The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the President on recommendation of a Committee consisting of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] (Chairperson), the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] (Member) and the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].

==Removal==
A member of the commission can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity after the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], on a reference made to it by the President, has, on inquiry, reported that the Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner, as the case may be, ought to be removed. The President may suspend from office, and if deemed necessary, prohibit also from attending the office during inquiry, the Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner in respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court until the President has passed orders on receipt of the report of the Supreme Court on such reference. The President may, by order, remove from office the Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner if the Central Vigilance Commissioner or such Vigilance Commissioner, as the case may be:
* is adjudged an insolvent; or
* has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; or
* engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
* is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body; or
* has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as a Central Vigilance Commissioner or a Vigilance Commissioner.<ref name="CVC Act">{{cite web|url=http://cvc.nic.in/cvcact.pdf--|title=CVC Act|publisher=CVC|access-date=April 30, 2012}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 [Act 45 of 2003]|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2067/1/A2003-45.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2022|website=India Code|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122174528/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2067/1/A2003-45.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Organisation==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Current Composition<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite web|title=Central Vigilance Commission|url=https://cvc.gov.in|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613083917/http://cvc.gov.in:80/ |archive-date=13 June 2006 }}</ref>
! Designation !! Person
|-
| Central Vigilance Commissioner || Praveen Kumar Srivastava
|-
| rowspan=1| Vigilance Commissioner
| A.S Rajeev
|-
|Vigilance Commissioner
|Praveen Vashista
|}

The Central Vigilance Commission has its own Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners' Wing (CTE) and a wing of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries (CDI). As of 21 March 2012, CVC has a staff strength of 257 against sanctioned strength of 299 (including the post of CVC and 2 VCs).<ref name="Introduction"/>

===Secretariat===
The Secretariat consists of a Secretary of the rank of Additional [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary to the Union government]], one officer of the rank of Joint Secretary to the Union government, ten officers of the rank of Director/Deputy Secretary, four Under Secretaries and office staff.<ref name="CVC - ORGANISATION">{{cite web|title=CVC – ORGANISATION|url=http://cvc.gov.in/cvc_orgn.htm|publisher=CVC|access-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103515/http://cvc.gov.in/cvc_orgn.htm|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Chief Technical Examiners' Wing (CTE)===
The Chief Technical Examiners' Organisation constitutes the technical wing of the Central Vigilance Commission and has two Engineers of the rank of Chief Engineers (designated as Chief Technical Examiners) with supporting engineering staff. Following are the main functions of this organisation:
* Technical audit of construction works of Governmental organisations from a vigilance angle
* Investigating specific cases of complaints relating to construction works
* Assisting the CBI in their investigations involving technical matters and for evaluation of properties in Delhi
* Assisting the Commission and Chief Vigilance Officers in vigilance cases involving technical matters.<ref name="CVC - ORGANISATION"/>

===Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries (CDI)===
There are fourteen posts of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries (CDI) in the commission, 11 in the rank of Director and 03 in the rank of Deputy Secretary. The CDIs function as Inquiry Officers to conduct inquiries in departmental proceedings initiated against public servants.<ref name="CVC - ORGANISATION"/>

=== The Directorate General of Vigilance ===
The Directorate General of Vigilance, Income Tax is the apex body under the Central Board of Direct Taxes for the vigilance matters. The Directorate General interfaces with the Central Vigilance Commission, the Central Bureau of Investigation, field formations of CBDT who are also having their Vigilance wings and others in all the matters relating to Vigilance, preliminary investigation of complaints, obtaining CVC/CVO's first stage advice, wherever required, assistance to Ministry in issuance of charge sheets, monitoring the charge sheet issued by the Disciplinary authorities in the field, monitoring of progress in inquiry proceedings, processing of enquiry reports, obtaining CVC/CVO's second stage advice, wherever required and communication thereof to Disciplinary authorities and monitoring compliance/implementation of the advice.

==Central Vigilance Commissioners==
The following have held the post of the Central Vigilance Commissioners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former CVCs |url=https://cvc.gov.in/formercvcs.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=cvc.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of Central Vigilance Commissioners
|-
! No.
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
|1
|[[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|02|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|08|23}}
|-
|2
|[[Subimal Dutt]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|10|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1972|02|16}}
|-
|3
|B. K. Acharya
|{{dts|format=dmy|1972|09|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|09|08}}
|-
|4
|M. G. Pimputkar
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|09|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|04|30}}
|-
|5
|[[Ram Krishna Trivedi]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|10|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1982|06|18}}
|-
|6
|R. P. Khanna
|{{dts|format=dmy|1982|07|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1985|07|07}}
|-
|7
|U. C. Agarwal
|{{dts|format=dmy|1985|07|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1988|07|07}}
|-
|8
|[[C. G. Somiah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1988|10|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|03|26}}
|-
|9
|T. U. Vijayasekharan
|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|04|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1995|04|03}}
|-
|10
|[[N. Vittal]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|09|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|09|02}}
|-
|11
|P. Shankar
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|09|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|02}}
|-
|12
|[[Pratyush Sinha]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|09|06}}
|-
|13
|[[P. J. Thomas (Indian administrative officer)|P.J.Thomas]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|09|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|03|03}}
|-
|14
|[[Pradeep Kumar (IAS)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|07|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|09|28}}
|-
|15
|Rajiv
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|09|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|06|09}}
|-
|16
|[[K. V. Chowdary]]
|10 June 2015
|9 June 2019
|-
|17
|[[Sharad Kumar (bureaucrat)|Sharad Kumar]]
|10 June 2019
|24 April 2020
|-
|18
|Sanjay Kothari
|25 April 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidents-secretary-sanjay-kothari-appointed-central-vigilance-commissioner/articleshow/75372424.cms|title = President's secretary Sanjay Kothari appointed Central Vigilance Commissioner|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>
|23 June 2021
|-
|19
|Suresh N Patel
|24 June 2021
|24 December 2022
|-
|20
|Praveen Kumar Srivastava
|28 December 2022
|28 December 2026
|}

== Limitations of CVC ==
{{expand section|date=April 2012}}
* CVC is only an advisory body. Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC's advice in corruption cases.<ref name="Make Lokpal, Lokayukta apex, independent agencies">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090263291400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905223958/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090263291400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 September 2010 | title=Make Lokpal, Lokayukta apex, independent agencies | date=2 Sep 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=April 30, 2012}}</ref>
* CVC does not have adequate resources compared with number of complaints that it receives. It is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299,<ref name="CVC - Introduction">{{cite web|title=CVC – Introduction|url=http://cvc.gov.in/introduction.htm|publisher=cvc.gov.in|access-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055507/http://cvc.gov.in/introduction.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while it is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 Union departments and ministries.<ref name="What is the Staff Strength of CVC?">{{cite web | url=http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/staff-strength-of-cvc/ | title=What is the Staff Strength of CVC? | publisher=indiacurrentaffairs.org | date=August 24, 2011 | access-date=April 30, 2012}}</ref>
* CVC cannot direct [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above on its own. Such a permission has to be obtained from the department concerned. However, this provision was declared unconstitutional by Supreme court in 2014.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dr Subramanian Swamy v. Director, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] & Anr.; W.P.(C) 38 of 1997|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> The court had stated that merely the post of a person could not keep him above the law, further stating that section 6 of the Delhi Special Police is violative of fundamental right [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanoon|first=Indian|title=Dr.Subramanian Swamy vs Director, Cbi & Anr on 6 May, 2014|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/183165917/}}</ref>
* CVC does not have powers to register criminal case. It deals only with vigilance or disciplinary cases.<ref name="Functions and Powers of the Central Vigilance Commission">{{cite web | url=http://cvc.gov.in/CVC_power.htm | title=Functions and Powers of the Central Vigilance Commission | publisher=CVC.gov.in | access-date=April 30, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511053713/http://cvc.gov.in/CVC_power.htm | archive-date=11 May 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* CVC has supervisory powers over CBI. However, CVC does not have the power to call for any file from CBI or to direct CBI to investigate any case in a particular manner. CBI is under administrative control of [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions#Department of Personnel and Training|Department of Personnel and Training]] (DoPT), which means that the powers to appoint, transfer and suspend CBI officers lie with DoPT.<ref name="Make Lokpal, Lokayukta apex, independent agencies"/>
* Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of the Union government, though the leader of the Opposition (in [[Lok Sabha]]) is a member of the committee to select CVC and VCs, as the candidates that are to be put up before it are decided by the Union government; the committee can only consider the candidates put up before it.<ref name="CVC Act"/>

As a result, the CVC has neither resources nor powers to inquire and take action on complaints of corruption that may act as an effective deterrence against corruption.<ref name="What Is Wrong With Our Anti-Corruption Systems?">{{cite news | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?271229 | title=What Is Wrong With Our Anti-Corruption Systems? | work=Outlook India | date=Apr 6, 2011 | access-date=April 30, 2012 | author=India Against Corruption}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Supreme court quashes appointment of CVC===
[[P. J. Thomas (Indian administrative officer)|PJ Thomas]] was appointed as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner in September 2010, on the recommendation of a High Powered Committee (HPC) headed by the Prime Minister. The selection of the new CVC was marked by controversies, after [[Sushma Swaraj]], who was part of three-member selection committee, objected to the choice of Thomas, citing the pending [[chargesheet]] against him. A [[public interest litigation]] was filed in the Supreme Court by [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]] and [[India Rejuvenation Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/290222/Controversial-appointment-of-CVC-reaches-apex-court.html |title=The Pioneer |access-date=2012-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043801/http://www.dailypioneer.com/290222/Controversial-appointment-of-CVC-reaches-apex-court.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

On 3 March 2011, the Supreme Court quashed the appointment of Thomas as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner, noting that the HPC did not consider the relevant materials on the pending [[chargesheet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-p-j-thomas-as-vigilance-chief/757204/ |title=Supreme Court strikes down P J Thomas as vigilance chief |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307073554/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Supreme-court-strikes-down-p-j-thomas-as-vigilance-chief/757204/ |archive-date=2011-03-07 }} Supreme Court strikes down P J Thomas as vigilance chief</ref> Subsequently, Thomas resigned.<ref name="Thomas Resigns As CVC">{{cite web | url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=713707 | title=Thomas Resigns As CVC | publisher=Outlook India | date=March 3, 2011 | access-date=April 30, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131093203/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=713707 | archive-date=January 31, 2013 }}</ref>

===Whistleblower protection===
{{main article|Whistleblower protection in India}}
A few years after the murder of [[IIT Kanpur]] alumnus [[NHAI]] engineer, the CVC launched an initiative to protect whistleblowers. However, this programme has been criticized by ex-[[Chief Justice of India]] [[R.C. Lahoti]] as being ineffective. He said that he had on previous occasions through his NGO [[India Rejuvenation Initiative]], tried to draw the attention of high officials in the CVC to the unsatisfactory manner of its functioning, but with no results.<ref name="e392">{{cite web | title=CVC seeks powers to protect whistleblowers | website=The Indian Express | date=25 July 2010 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/cvc-seeks-powers-to-protect-whistleblowers/ | access-date=22 December 2024 |quote=every whistleblower who risked his life to approach the CVC had "come to grief" |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Petition against appointment of K V Chowdary===
Before K V Chowdary's appointment, Supreme Court lawyer and Rajya Sabha MP [[Ram Jethmalani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tilakmarg.com/news/now-ram-jethmalani-opposes-cvc-appointment-of-ex-cbdt-chief-kv-chowdary/ |title=Now, Ram Jethmalani opposes CVC appointment of ex-CBDT chief KV Chowdary | Tilak Marg |date=4 June 2015 |access-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223142/http://tilakmarg.com/news/now-ram-jethmalani-opposes-cvc-appointment-of-ex-cbdt-chief-kv-chowdary/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> as well as lawyer and activist [[Prashant Bhushan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2015/06/after-jethmalani-bhushan-explains-why-kv-chowdhary-shouldnt-be-cvc/?singlepage=1 |title=Prashanth Bhushan explains why KV Chowdhary shouldn't be CVC | Tehelka - Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts |website=www.tehelka.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113858/http://www.tehelka.com/2015/06/after-jethmalani-bhushan-explains-why-kv-chowdhary-shouldnt-be-cvc/?singlepage=1 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> raised a red flag, asking the Prime Minister not to go ahead with his appointment,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacentral.org/videos/interviews/prashant-bhushan-on-the-new-cvc-appointment-shocking-facts |title=Prashant Bhushan on the new CVC appointment. Shocking Facts |access-date=2015-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730035849/http://www.indiacentral.org/videos/interviews/prashant-bhushan-on-the-new-cvc-appointment-shocking-facts |archive-date=2015-07-30 }}</ref> raising severe objections on Chowdary's tenure as CBDT Chief. After Chowdary was appointed, Jethmalani expressed disappointment and wrote a letter to [[Narendra Modi]] questioning Chowdhary's credentials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jethmalani-announces-break-up-with-pm-modi-over-naming-of-kv-chowdary-as-cvc/article1-1356598.aspx |title=Why Jethmalani is unhappy with Modi govt over new CVC's appointment |access-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903051756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jethmalani-announces-break-up-with-pm-modi-over-naming-of-kv-chowdary-as-cvc/article1-1356598.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-03 |date=9 June 2015 }}</ref> NGO Common Cause represented by Prashant Bhushan has filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging K V Chowdary's appointment as CVC and T M Bhasin's appointment as VC on 22 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/petition-in-sc-challenging-appointment-of-cvc-and-vc/907582 |title=Petition in SC Challenging Appointment of CVC and VC |access-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028212210/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/petition-in-sc-challenging-appointment-of-cvc-and-vc/907582 |archive-date=2015-10-28 }}</ref>

==New initiatives==
The following initiatives have been taken by CVC:

# National Anticorruption Strategy
# Leveraging Technology to Prevent Corruption
# Integrity in Public procurement
# Awareness Campaign
# Provision for Whistle Blowers
# Improving the Standard of Vigilance Work
# Computerisation of Commission's Work
# Modern Preventive Vigilance Framework
# International Cooperation. etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Initiatives taken by the Commission|url=http://cvc.nic.in/newinit16092010.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504152931/http://www.cvc.nic.in/newinit16092010.htm|archive-date=4 May 2016|access-date=2012-12-30|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Vigilance Awareness Week ==
Driven by the Central Vigilance Commission,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cvc.nic.in/|title=Home {{!}} Central Vigilance Commission {{!}} Government of India|website=cvc.nic.in|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118042445/http://cvc.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vigilance Awareness Week (VAW) is being celebrated every year and coincides with the birthday of [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], known to be a man of high integrity. To make a New India by the year 2022, which is the 75th anniversary of Indian [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] from the [[British Raj]], the VAW is being celebrated in promoting integrity and eradicating corruption.

=== Vigilance Awareness Week – Theme for 2019 ===
In 2019, the CVC observed VAW from 28 October 2019 to 2 November 2019 with the theme "Integrity – A way of life" ("ईमानदारी के साथ आत्म निर्भरता").{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Vigilance Awareness Week – Theme for 2020 ===
The theme for VAW 2020, observed from 27 October to 2 November was''' "Vigilant India, Prosperous India"'''{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Vigilance Awareness Week – Theme for 2021 ===
The theme for VAW 2021 was''' "Self Reliance with Integrity”.'''{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Vigilance Awareness Week – Theme for 2022 ===
The theme for VAW 2022 is '''"Corruption Free India for a Developed nation"'''

=== Vigilance Awareness Week – Theme for 2023 ===
The theme for VAW 2023 is '''"Say no to corruption, commit to the Nation"'''

==See also==
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
* [[Hawala scandal]]
* [[Ranjana Kumar]]
* [[Whistleblower protection in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cvc.nic.in/ Official website – http://www.cvc.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216172032/http://www.cvc.nic.in/ |date=16 December 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233245/http://cvc.gov.in/cvcact.pdf The CVC Act, 2003 – https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233245/http://cvc.gov.in/cvcact.pdf]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171215065502/http://cvc.nic.in/dintegrity.pdf Public servants of gazetted status of doubtful integrity]
{{Indian commissions}}

{{Corruption}}

[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1964]]

Kasturi Shankar

2026-01-07T23:59:22Z

SherleneGirardi: stub

{{short description|Indian Kannada singer (born 1950)}}
{{For|the actress|Kasthuri Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kasturi Shankar
| image = Kasturi Shankar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Mysuru, Karnataka]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|01}}
| alias = ''Kannadada Kogile'', ''Nadamaya Kasturi''
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Sugama Sangeetha]], [[light music]], [[devotional song|devotional]], [[folk music|folk]]
| occupation = playback singer
| years_active = 1962
}}
'''Kasturi Shankar''' ({{langx|kn|ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ಶಂಕರ್}}) is an Indian singer who sings mainly in [[Kannada]] language. She has recorded few films songs in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]] languages and many non-film songs in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="gaana1">{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/artist/kasturi-shankar|title=Kasturi Shankar|work=Gaana.com|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

Shankar has sung different kind of songs like film, devotional, Bhaavageethe, classical and folk songs.
In her 30 years singing career, Kasturi has worked with a variety of music composers, including [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[M. Ranga Rao]], [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]], [[Gunasingh]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/p/album/kannada/Kasturi-Shankar---Hits-From-Kannada-Films-2006/FVqgrgz,QoQ_|title=Listen to full songs - latest Hindi release - Kasturi Shankar - Hits From Kannada Films songs- 2006 - Kasturi Shankar - Hits From Kannada Films 3gp songs|work=saavn.com|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> She has sung many duets with [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[P. B. Sreenivas|Dr. P.B. Srinivas]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[KJY]] and with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]].
Kasturi Shankar's popular film songs like ''Sooryana kanthige ''(for [[Padmapriya]]), ''Sri tulasi daye thoramma'' (for [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]), ''Rangena halliyage'' (for [[Aarathi]]), ''Sri rama bandavne'', ''Raamanu baralilla'' made her name popular among listeners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mr-jatt.com/download-bvju/sree-tulasi-daye-toramma-kasturi-shankar.html|title=Sree Tulasi Daye Toramma by Kasturi Shankar Mp3 Punjabi Song Download in High Quality- Mr-Jatt.Com|author=Mr Jatt|work=mr-jatt.com|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kasturi Shankar was born in [[Mysuru]] on 1 November 1950 to Girijamma and J. C. Shankarappa; her father was a freedom fighter. She completed her SSLC and received classical music training for a few years. When Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry recognized her talent, he gave her an opportunity to sing in his film ''Bettada Gowri''. She subsequently worked on many successful films by directors such as [[Puttanna Kanagal]], [[K. S. L. Swamy|KSL Swamy]], [[B. S. Ranga]], and others. Kasturi married Shankar, and they have two children. The family currently resides in Bangalore.

==Notable songs==
some of her songs are
* "gudi serada mudiyerada" (''Bhagyajyothi'')
* "sooryana kanthige" (''Thaayige takka maga'')
* "rangena halliyage" (''Bilee hendthi'')
* "raamanu baralilla" (''Mithileya seetheyaru'')
* "sri rama bandavne" (''Paduvaralli panavaru'')
* "sri tulasi daye thoramma" (''Tulasi'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/thulasi-1976|title=Thulasi|work=chiloka.com|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==

Kasturi Shankar has received many awards for her contribution to music. Few are
* [[Rajyotsava award]] by [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka government]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://madhurageete.blogspot.in/2014_01_01_archive.html|title=Kannada Madhura Geetegalu|author=Ankita M|work=madhurageete.blogspot.in|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
* Atthimabbe award
* [[Kempegowda Award]] by [[BBMP]]
* Vachana sahitya sree award by Basava sahitya vedike<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-Basavashri-awards-were-presented-to-Kannada-poet-Channaveera-Kanavi-and-singer-Kasturi-Shankar/articleshow/12951738.cms|title=The Basavashri awards were presented to Kannada poet Channaveera Kanavi and singer Kasturi Shankar|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Kasturi}}
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mysore]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2007–08

2026-01-02T00:39:40Z

SherleneGirardi: cleanup citations for consistency

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Australia in 2007–08
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team2_name = Australia
| from_date = 20 December 2007
| to_date = 4 March 2008
| team1_captain = [[Anil Kumble]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] (ODIs and T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (493)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Matthew Hayden]] (410)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Anil Kumble]] (20)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Brett Lee]] (24)
| player_of_test_series = [[Brett Lee]] (Aus)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Irfan Pathan]] (26)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] (37)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] (1)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Nathan Bracken]] (3)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] (Aus)
}}The '''[[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]]''' began a tour of '''[[Australia]]''' in December [[International cricket in 2007–08|2007]], playing the 4 [[Test cricket|match Test]] series for the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], followed by a single [[Twenty20]] match on 1 February 2008. They also participated in the '''[[2007–08 Commonwealth Bank Series|Commonwealth Bank tri-series]]''' against [[Australian national cricket team|Australia]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] from 3 February to 4 March.

==Squads==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse;" width=50%
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! colspan=2|Test squads
! colspan=2 | ODIs and Twenty20 squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sehwag recalled, call-up for Pankaj Singh|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/325154.html|access-date=27 September 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=12 December 2007}}</ref>
! {{cr|AUS}}
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/cbs/content/story/332389.html India Squad] – 20 January 2008</ref>
! {{cr|AUS}}<ref>[http://cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=40743 Australia T20 Squad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201041809/http://cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=40743 |date=1 February 2008 }} – 30 January 2008</ref>
|-
| [[Anil Kumble]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Ricky Ponting]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[M S Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Ricky Ponting]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[M S Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) ||[[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || [[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Gautam Gambhir]] || [[Phil Jaques]] || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || [[Nathan Bracken]]
|-
| [[Rahul Dravid]] ||[[Matthew Hayden]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
|-
| [[Sourav Ganguly]] ||[[Michael Hussey]] || [[Dinesh Karthik]] || [[Ben Hilfenhaus]]
|-
| [[Harbhajan Singh]] ||[[Andrew Symonds]] || [[Robin Uthappa]] || [[Brad Hodge]]
|-
| [[Wasim Jaffer]] || [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] || [[Gautam Gambhir]] || [[James Hopes]]
|-
| [[Irfan Pathan]] || [[Stuart Clark]] || [[Suresh Raina]] || [[David Hussey]]
|-
| [[Zaheer Khan]] || [[Brett Lee]] || [[Rohit Sharma]] || [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
| [[V. V. S. Laxman]] || [[Shaun Tait]] || [[Irfan Pathan]] || [[Brett Lee]]
|-
| [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] || [[Brad Hogg]] || [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] || [[Ashley Noffke]]
|-
| [[Ishant Sharma]] || [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || [[Munaf Patel]] || [[Andrew Symonds]]
|-
| [[R. P. Singh]] || [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] || [[Ishant Sharma]] || [[Adam Voges]]
|-
| [[Virender Sehwag]] || || [[Sreesanth]] ||
|-
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || || [[Harbhajan Singh]] ||
|-
| [[Yuvraj Singh]] || || [[Piyush Chawla]] ||
|-
| [[V. R. V. Singh]] || || [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] ||
|}

==Tour matches==
Before heading into the Test series, only one tour game was planned for [https://thecrickethighlights2.com/ India], against [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India to have only one tour game in Australia |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-have-only-one-tour-game-in-australia-296344 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2021 |language=en |date=30 May 2007}}</ref> After the Second Test, a second tour game was played, against [[Canberra Comets|ACT Invitational XI]] in [[Canberra]]. [[MS Dhoni]] led the Indians after regular captain [[Anil Kumble]] rested.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vaidyanathan |first1=Siddhartha |title=Dhoni to lead in tour game as India rest key players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/330101.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |date=9 January 2008}}</ref>

{{Test match |
date = 20–22 December |
team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}} |
team2 = [[Image:Flag of Victoria (Australia).svg|22px]] [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]] |

score-team1-inns1 = 133/4 (48 overs) |
runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 59 (99) |
wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Allan Wise]] 4/37 (15 overs) |

score-team2-inns1 = |
runs-team2-inns1 = |
wickets-team2-inns1 = |

score-team1-inns2 = |
runs-team1-inns2 = |
wickets-team1-inns2 = |

score-team2-inns2 = |
runs-team2-inns2 = |
wickets-team2-inns2 = |

result = Match drawn |
venue = [[Junction Oval]], [[Melbourne]] |
umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] and [[John Ward (umpire)|John Ward]] |
motm = |
report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/300767.html Scorecard] |
toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat. |
rain = Play in days 1 and 2 reduced due to rain, no play 3rd day due to rain. |
notes = [[Aaron Finch]] and [[John Hastings (cricketer)|John Hastings]] (both Victoria) made their debut in first-class matches. |
}}
----
{{Test match |
date = 10–12 January |
team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}} |
team2 = {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} [[Canberra Comets|ACT Invitational XI]] |

score-team1-inns1 = 325/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (84 overs) |
runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 92 (191) |
wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Luke Swards]] 3/45 (17 overs)|

score-team2-inns1 = 292/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (93 overs) |
runs-team2-inns1 = [[John Rogers (cricketer, born 1987)|John Rogers]] 98 (190) |
wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 3/26 (11 overs)|

score-team1-inns2 = 281/4d (58 overs) |
runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 113 (78) |
wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ryan Bulger]] 2/120 (24 overs) |

score-team2-inns2 = 60/3 (17 overs) |
runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] 17 (10) |
wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] 2/21 (5 overs) |

result = Match drawn |
venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]] |
umpires = [[Darren Goodger]] and [[Rod Tucker]] |
motm = |
report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/300768.html Scorecard] |
toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat. |
notes = 12 players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–29 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 343 (92.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 124 (183)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 5/84 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 196 (71.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 62 (77)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Stuart Clark]] 4/28 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 351/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (88 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 73 (113)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/101 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 161 (74 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 42 (112)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] 3/21 (15 overs)

| result = Australia won by 337 runs
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Matthew Hayden]] (Aus)
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291351.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind) played his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A century for Ganguly |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ganguly-reaches-100-test-milestone-327425 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Adam Gilchrist]] went past [[Ian Healy]] in the record for [[List of Australia Test cricket records#Most career dismissals|most dismissals by an Australia wicket-keeper]] (396).''<ref>{{cite news |title=399 and counting for Gilchrist |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/399-and-counting-for-gilchrist-328102 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Day One'''
Australia won the toss and elected to bat and after surviving playing and missing and edging some balls through the cordon, built a strong platform with a century opening stand before Phil Jaques was stumped on 66. Ponting and Hussey got out shortly after falling for 4 and 2 respectively. Hayden brought up another Boxing Day a hundred after hitting a four. India then picked up the wicket of a struggling Clarke for 20. Kumble then picked up the wickets of [https://thecrickethighlights2.com/ Symonds] and Gilchrist. Lee fell for a duck and Hogg was also out leaving Australia 9/323.

'''Day Two'''
The second day Johnson and Clark batted well before Clark got out leaving Australia with a healthy score of 343. The Indian team were sent into bat and Dravid and Jaffer batted very slowly before losing early wickets. Tendulkar was the highlight of the innings scoring 62 before being bowled by Clark. The rest of the batting line up fell cheaply all out for 196. Australia then went in to bat late in the day with Jaques and Hayden not out at the end of the day to put Australia in a healthy position at stumps.

'''Day Three'''
Australia resumed play firmly on top with all the batsmen getting starts except Ponting with Clarke top scoring with 73. At 7/351 Ponting declared sending India in to bat with a near impossible target of 499 to win. Jaffer and Dravid survived until the end of the day giving India a slight chance of winning.

'''Day Four'''
India lost early wickets on day four and only Laxman and Ganguly scored above 20. The Australian bowlers ripped through the middle order with Johnson getting three along with the match-ending wicket of RP Singh. India were all out for 161 with Australia winning by 337 runs with a day to spare going 1–0 up in the best of 4 series. This also brought up 15 straight Test victories just one behind the record, held by Australia under the captaincy of [[Steve Waugh]].

===2nd Test===
{{Main|Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}
{{Test match |
date = 2–6 January |
team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}} |
team2 = {{cr|IND}} |

score-team1-inns1 = 463 (112.3 overs) |
runs-team1-inns1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 162[[Not out|*]] (226) |
wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/106 (25.3 overs) |

score-team2-inns1 = 532 (138.2 overs) |
runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 154[[Not out|*]] (243) |
wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Brett Lee]] 5/119 (32.2 overs) |

score-team1-inns2 = 401/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (107 overs) |
runs-team1-inns2 = [[Michael Hussey]] 145[[Not out|*]] (259) |
wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/148 (40 overs) |

score-team2-inns2 = 210 (70.5 overs)|
runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 51 (56) |
wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 3/5 (1.5 overs) |

result = Australia won by 122 runs |
venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] |
umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) |
motm = [[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus) |
report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/current/match/291352.html Scorecard] |
rain = |
notes = Australia equalled the record of sixteen consecutive test wins set by them in 2000–01
}}

'''Day One'''
India lost the toss again and Australia elected to bat, R.P Singh took Jaques for 0 his first ever Test duck in front of his home crowd. This left Australia 1 wicket down with no runs scored. Hayden followed soon after leaving Ponting and Hussey at the crease. The two survived until lunch Ponting scoring a half century. Harbhajan dismissed Ponting again causing a middle order collapse to leave Australia 6/137. On 30, Symonds was clearly caught behind off the bowling of Sharma but umpire Steve Bucknor controversially did not give it out. Symonds then went on to make 162 not out, with Hogg also scoring his first Test 50.

'''Day Two'''
India dismissed the lower order in the morning with Australia all out for 463. Brett Lee bowled Jaffer before the partnership of Dravid and Laxman took over the crease. Laxman looked to play shots while Dravid was on the defence. Dravid made 55 while Laxman scored his second century at the SCG. Australian took late wickets leaving Tendulkar and Ganguly at the crease at stumps.

'''Day Three'''
Tendulkar made another SCG century scoring 154 not out with the rest of the batsman contributing healthy scores. India held a 69 run lead, quite remarkable considering the position they were in after day one. Hayden and Jaques were unbeaten at stumps.

'''Day Four'''
Jaques was out to Kumble shortly after regaining the lead. Ponting was caught off Harbhajan sparking major celebrations among the Indians. Hayden and Hussey took over the crease with Hayden scoring another hundred. Hayden had to get Ricky Ponting as a runner due to an injury, and was eventually dismissed of Kumble for 123. On the next ball Kumble claimed Clarke for a [[Duck (cricket)|golden duck]]. On the [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] ball Kumble hit Symonds on the pads, sparking a big appeal from the Indian team, but it was not given. Symonds and Hussey remained unbeaten at stumps.

'''Day Five'''
Australia started the final day at a slower rate then what was expected. Hussey went on to make his first century against India ending on 145 not out. Symonds also scored a half century before getting out at slip. With two overs available to bowl before lunch, Australia declared setting India a target of 333 to win. Many commentators opined that Ponting had declared too late in the innings. The situation of the game meant that India needed a run rate of well over 4, nearly impossible on the decaying SCG pitch. Australia needed 10 wickets to win in a minimum of 72 overs.
Before lunch Jaffer fell to Lee, as he had in all four innings to date on the tour. The rest of the top and middle order fell without a large change on the scoreboard. The highest score was that of Ganguly who fell to a controversial decision on 51. Captain Anil Kumble led by example after the Laxman dismissal scoring 45 not out and spending over 2 hours at the crease. With just 2 overs remaining on day 5, India had 3 wickets in hand and were 122 runs behind. The game looked destined to be a draw. However, Michael Clarke took 3 wickets in 5 balls to give Australia victory with just 7 balls remaining.

The umpiring was heavily criticised after the match, with India believing they had a too-large share of bad decisions. After the match the Indian team sought to replace one of the umpires for the 3rd Test, going against a prior agreement stating that "Neither team has a right to object to an umpire's appointment."<ref>[http://aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/329471.html ESPNcricinfo – Bucknor will stand at Perth: ICC]</ref>

===3rd Test===
{{Test match |
date = 16–19 January |
team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}} |
team2 = {{cr|AUS}} |

score-team1-inns1 = 330 (98.2 overs) |
runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 93 (183) |
wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] 4/86 (28.2 overs) |

score-team2-inns1 = 212 (50 overs) |
runs-team2-inns1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 66 (70) |
wickets-team2-inns1 = [[RP Singh]] 4/68 (14 overs) |

score-team1-inns2 = 294 (80.4 overs) |
runs-team1-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 79 (156) |
wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stuart Clark]] 4/61 (19 overs) |

score-team2-inns2 = 340 (86.5 overs) |
runs-team2-inns2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 81 (134) |
wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/54 (16 overs) |

result = India won by 72 runs |
venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]] |
umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) |
motm = [[Irfan Pathan]] (Ind)|
report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/291353.html Scorecard]|
rain = |
}}
[[Image:Irfan Pathan.jpg|thumb|Irfan Pathan]]
'''Day One'''
India won the toss for the first time in the series, and elected to bat first. [[Virender Sehwag]] got his first chance in the series and played a typically attacking innings, providing the team with a good start along with Wasim Jaffer. Both openers went within two runs of each other and Australia slowed the scoring for some time. Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid then came in and steadied the ship, taking the team to a relatively safe score with individual fifties before being dismissed, Dravid missing his century by seven runs. Australia took a few wickets at the end of the day to leave the day's honours even with India batting at 297/6 at the end of the day's play. Stuart Clark and Brett Lee were the standout performers for Australia.

'''Day Two'''
The Indian batsmen took a few runs before Australia took four wickets for just two runs, closing the innings at 330. In reply, India's young pace attack kept Australia down with some fine swing bowling, pushing Australia down to 5/61. [[Andrew Symonds]] and [[Adam Gilchrist]] then put up an attacking 102 run partnership to engineer an Australian revival but were soon dismissed in quick succession. Indian captain [[Anil Kumble]] claimed Symonds as his 600th Test wicket. The pacers then cleaned up the tail, overcoming a few minor scares from tailenders [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] and [[Shaun Tait]]. Australia finished at 212, 118 runs behind, leaving the Indian batsmen to negotiate the last hour of the day's play. [[Stuart Clark]] took an early wicket, dismissing [[Wasim Jaffer]], leaving India with a lead of 170 with nine wickets remaining at stumps with Sehwag and [[nightwatchman (cricket)|nightwatchman]] [[Irfan Pathan]] at the crease.

'''Day Three'''
The morning session was finely balanced, with Australia reducing India to 125 for 5. Sehwag fell to Clark, while Brett Lee took the wickets of [[Rahul Dravid]] and Tendulkar, and Mitchell Johnson dismissed Sourav Ganguly. India's day was saved by the lower order, led by the 79 of [[V. V. S. Laxman|VVS Laxman]]. Pathan finished on 46 and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] a gritty 38, but the biggest irritant to Australia proved to be [[R. P. Singh|RP Singh]], who scored a career-high 30 as part of a 51-run ninth-wicket partnership with Laxman that took the India lead over 400 runs. India were finally dismissed for 294 when Laxman edged a Lee delivery to Gilchrist. Australia were set a daunting target of 413 to win—greater than all but one successful run chase in Test history to date. Pathan took the wickets of [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] and [[Phil Jaques]] before stumps, leaving Australia on 65/2.

'''Day Four'''
[[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Mike Hussey]] stayed at the crease for a major part of the morning session. [[Ishant Sharma]] troubled Ponting throughout this period, with the Australian captain unable to take control. After a seven-over spell, [[Anil Kumble]] was about to replace Sharma with [[RP Singh]], when [[Virender Sehwag]] asked him to retain Sharma.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/20/stories/2008012051421700.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122113811/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/20/stories/2008012051421700.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 January 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=India halts Australian juggernaut once again | date=20 January 2008}}</ref> The ploy worked and Ponting was dismissed off the first ball of that over. This triggered the fall of the Australian resistance, as they lost four wickets in the session after lunch (including the contentious dismissals of Hussey and [[Andrew Symonds]]). Sehwag was brought in to bowl and responded with the prize scalps of [[Adam Gilchrist]] and [[Brett Lee]]. Towards the end, [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] (61) kept up the resistance in partnerships of 50 and 24 with Gilchrist and [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]. Johnson himself made his first Test fifty and was involved in a whirlwind partnership of 74 with [[Stuart Clark]], but once last man [[Shaun Tait]] came in at the fall of Clark, it was only a matter of time before India took the match; RP Singh did the honours with a [[yorker]] that went hit Tait's foot outside the leg stump and rolled onto his stumps, half an hour before the close of the day's play.

The game was widely praised for the high standard of cricket on offer throughout. The Indians were particularly praised for coming back from two games down in the series to deny Australia a record seventeenth consecutive Test victory at a venue whose pitch has, over the years, proved to be the downfall of almost every visiting team. Indian captain Anil Kumble considered this win as his best win ever.<ref name="Best win">{{cite web|title='My best win ever' – Kumble|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/332292.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 January 2008}}</ref>

The defeat also end [[Australian cricket team|Australia's]] unbeaten streak in Tests at the WACA for 11 years after their 1997 loss to the West Indies. As a result, India became first and only [[Asia]]n team to win a [[Test Cricket|test match]] at the [[WACA Ground|WACA]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 Instances when India ended Australia's unbeaten streaks|url=https://www.crictracker.com/4-instances-when-india-ended-australias-unbeaten-streaks/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=CricTracker}}</ref>

===4th Test===
{{Test match |
date = 24–28 January |
team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}} |
team2 = {{cr|AUS}} |

score-team1-inns1 = 526 (152.5 overs) |
runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 153 (205) |
wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] 4/126 (37.5 overs) |

score-team2-inns1 = 563 (181 overs) |
runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 140 (266) |
wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/112 (36 overs) |

score-team1-inns2 = 269/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (90 overs) |
runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 151 (236) |
wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] 2/33 (16 overs) |

score-team2-inns2 = |
runs-team2-inns2 = |
wickets-team2-inns2 = |

result = Match drawn |
venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] |
umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) |
motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)|
report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/291354.html Scorecard] |
rain = |
}}
'''Day One'''
India won the toss and elected to bat first. While India brought in [[Harbhajan Singh]] in place of [[Wasim Jaffer]], Australia brought back [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[Brad Hogg]] replacing [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] and [[Shaun Tait]].
[[Irfan Pathan]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] opened the innings for India. At lunch, India were at 89/2 with [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] taking both the wickets of Irfan Pathan and Rahul Dravid. In the post-lunch session Sehwag (63) and [[Sourav Ganguly]] (7) got out, as India went to tea break at 187/4. In the final session of the day, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his 39th Test a hundred, and [[VVS Laxman]] got out after scoring 51. At the end of the day's play, India were at 309/5 with Sachin and Dhoni remained as the not-out batsmen. Brett Lee and Mitchell Johnson both got 2 wickets, while Brad Hogg got the single wicket of Sourav Ganguly. Throughout the day, the bowling was at a slower rate, as Australia completed the day with having only 86 overs bowled, even after 30 minutes of additional play.

'''Day Two'''
Tendulkar and Dhoni took the overnight score to 336 before Dhoni was out, caught by Symonds off the bowling of Johnson, early on the second day. India suffered a blow when Tendulkar's was the next wicket to fall, caught by Hogg off the bowling of Lee; his final score was 153. At lunch, India had reached 405/7 with Kumble and Harbhajan Singh at the crease. The pair ended up putting on a 107-run partnership when Harbhajan was finally out, caught by Gilchrist off Symonds, in the 131st over. Harbhajan's dismissal meant Gilchrist beat [[Mark Boucher]]'s record for wicket-keeper dismissals; Gilchrist became the new record-holder with 414 dismissals. Following the day's play, Gilchrist announced that the Adelaide Test would be his last, effectively retiring from Test cricket and from all international cricket once the one-day series with India and Sri Lanka concluded in March. India were finally dismissed for 526 after tea on the second day, they now needing to dismiss Australia cheaply to be in a good position of winning the Test and thereby squaring the series. Johnson proved to be the most effective of the Australian bowlers, finishing up with innings figures of 4/126. With Australia having to face 21 overs before stumps on the second day, India were disappointed not to take a wicket, Australia ending the day on 62/0.

'''Day Three'''
Any hope of an Indian breakthrough early on the third day soon evaporated as Australia's openers, Jaques and Hayden, continued to make runs. They batted cautiously, averaging 3 runs an over, and ended up putting on 159 for the first wicket. Kumble made the breakthrough not long after lunch when he bowled Jaques. Hayden was able to make his 30th Test century before he was bowled by Sharma on 103. Ponting and Hussey then guided Australia safely to 225/2 at tea, making the most of the placid pitch. Pathan then bowled Hussey shortly after tea and Australia's score was 241/3. Ponting and Clarke batted out the rest of the day, however, and with Australia finishing on 322/3, a draw was looking the most likely result.

'''Day Four'''
The Adelaide pitch continued to hold up for the batsmen and Ponting and Clarke took off largely from where they left the previous day. The pair ended up making a 210-run partnership before Ponting was bowled by Sehwag after lunch on the fourth day. He had ended up with 140 runs off 396 balls, the cautious batting reflecting Australia's desire not to be dismissed cheaply and risk losing the Test and a series victory. Clarke had become the fourth batsman in the Test to make a century after he reached 100 in the over where Ponting was dismissed; he was out finally to Sharma, caught by Laxman, on 118 and Australia's score was 490/5. His dismissal brought Gilchrist to the crease in what was looking increasingly like his last Test innings given that it was the fourth day and India were still to bat again. However, any hope of final innings glory was dashed when Gilchrist was dismissed cheaply by a catch from Sehwag in the covers off the bowling of Pathan. His final Test score was 14 and he finished up with career figures of 5,570 runs at an average of 47.60. The score was now 506/6 and 30 from Symonds, with some late contributions from Hogg and Johnson, allowed Australia's innings to conclude at 563, a slight first innings lead of 37. The wickets were spread relatively evenly among India's bowlers, with both Pathan and Sharma taking three wickets each. With a further 17 overs to play, India started their second innings and had reached 45/1 at stumps on the fourth day.

'''Day Five'''
After the loss of the first wicket the previous day, India batted solidly and had made 128 before the loss of its second wicket, Tendulkar, shortly before lunch. With Australia needing a cheap dismissal of India to have any hope of winning the Test, Sehwag put paid to this outcome by making a commanding 151. By the time he was out after tea, India had made 253/6 and had put the Test out of danger. With a draw being the only possible result, Kumble did the inevitable and declared India's innings over at 269/7, causing play to finish early. The outcome of the Test reflected both the closeness of the series and the evenness between the two sides.

==T20I match==
{{limited overs international
| date = 1 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 74 (17.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 26 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 3/11 (2.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score2 = 75/1 (11.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 37[[Not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] 1/15 (2 overs)
| result = Australia won by 9 wickets
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] 85,000
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] (Aus)
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/291356.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[David Hussey]] (Aus), [[Ishant Sharma]] and [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] (Ind) all made their T20I debuts.
}}

==Commonwealth Bank Series==
{{Main|2007–08 Commonwealth Bank Series}}
The '''2007–08''' edition of the '''[[Australian Tri-Series|Commonwealth Bank Series]]''' was a [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] tournament held in Australia. The Commonwealth Bank Series is an annual event involving the national teams of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. India won the event with a 2–0 sweep of the hosts in the final series.

The first two matches were shaping up for excellent contests after their first Innings. However heavy rain in Brisbane, caused by a cyclone in the Pacific Ocean, saw the first two matches of the series abandoned. Australia was first to win a match in the series after a Sri Lanka collapsed in game 3.

Australia was the best team during the regular matches, taking 4 wins with bonus points. However, India defeated Australia 2–0 in the best of 3 final series to win the tournament. This is the second time in a row Australia has lost their home tri-nations' series. Last year they lost to England. Fast bowler [[Nathan Bracken]] was the leading wicket taker in the tournament with 21 wickets and was named Player of the Series. Australian wicketkeeper [[Adam Gilchrist]] and left-arm spinner [[Brad Hogg]] retired from One Day International after the second final.

== Controversies ==
{{Main|Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}

'''Umpiring incidents'''

The Second Test witnessed many controversial umpiring decisions from the two on-field umpires – [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Mark Benson]] – and even the third umpire. The first of Bucknor's gaffes occurred when he did not give [[Andrew Symonds]] out caught behind at 30 when TV replays clearly showed that the ball had touched the bat's edge. The second was when Bucknor did not refer a stumping call against Symonds (now 148) to the third umpire. Replays showed the Australia all-rounder's foot wasn't grounded inside the crease when the bails came off. Symonds went on to make 162 not out and brought Australia back into the game. After these incidents, Symonds said, ''"I was very lucky. I was out when I was 30, given not out. That's cricket though, I can sit here and tell you about my bad decisions as well – but I won't."''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pye |first1=John |title=Luck deserts India after early inroads against Australia |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWGLNB&req_dat=1054640702C8DBC0&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F141459B157E6A700 |access-date=8 March 2024 |agency=Associated Press |via=Newsbank |date=2 January 2008}}</ref> On the fifth day, Bucknor declared Rahul Dravid out caught behind though television replays later showed the ball had brushed his pad without touching his bat.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bucknor booted out, not to officiate in third Test|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bucknor-booted-out-not-to-officiate-in-third-test/55780-5.html| access-date=7 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/india-up-in-arms-over-umpiring-calls/28721-13.html| title=India up in arms over umpiring calls| access-date=6 January 2008| archive-date=7 January 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107031845/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/india-up-in-arms-over-umpiring-calls/28721-13.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to an official complaint about Bucknor's umpiring from the BCCI, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) withdrew Bucknor from umpiring in the Third Test, and assigned [[Billy Bowden]] as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indian board welcomes Bucknor's Test dumping | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134374.htm?section=world | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203045732/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134374.htm?section=world | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2008 | publisher=ABC news |access-date= 8 January 2008}}</ref> The other incident was when Benson consulted the fielding captain, Ricky Ponting, instead of Bucknor at square leg on whether Michael Clarke had taken the catch of Sourav Ganguly cleanly; he gave Ganguly out but the replay showed that the ball was touching the ground. (There had been a pre-series agreement between the captains about taking the fielder's word on catches; it was dropped after this Test.) These and other umpiring errors created a huge backlash against the Australian cricket team for not playing in the spirit of the game.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

'''Monkeygate and unsportsmanlike conduct'''

Following the Second Test, there was speculation that the tour could be in jeopardy<ref>{{cite web | title=Sehwag relives three memorable India-Australia encounters | date=25 March 2016| url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/78861/virender-sehwag-picks-out-three-memorable-india-cricket-team-australia-cricket-team-encounters| publisher=CricBuzz |access-date= 10 December 2016}}</ref> due to the fallout of an incident between Harbhajan and Symonds, with referee [[Mike Procter]] issuing a three-match ban against Harbhajan for racial sledging. This resulted in the Indians feeling hard done by;<ref>{{cite news | title= Tendulkar throws light on 'monkeygate' scandal. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/tendulkar-throws-light-on-monkeygate-scandal/article6568380.ece | work = The Hindu |date=5 November 2014 |access-date= 10 December 2016}}</ref> the ban was later rescinded after an appeal before a New Zealand High Court judge.<ref>{{cite web | title=Harbhajan racism charge not proven – Hansen | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/333986.html | publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 8 December 2017}}</ref> Other acrimony included the reporting of Brad Hogg for unsportsmanshiplike conduct,<ref>{{cite web | title=Hogg twist to abuse hearing | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/hogg-twist-to-abuse-hearing/2008/01/07/1199554494023.html | work = The Sydney Morning Herald| date=7 January 2008 |access-date= 10 December 2016}}</ref> reports of sledging by the Australian team and the scrapping of the captains' agreement about taking the fielder's word on catches.<ref>{{cite web | title=A huge statement from Anil Kumble… | date=6 January 2008| url=https://i3j3cricket.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/a-huge-statement-from-anil-kumble/}}</ref> Indian captain Anil Kumble echoed the Bodyline quote, saying during an interview immediately after the match "Only one team was playing with the spirit of the game, that's all I can say."<ref>{{cite web | title=Kumble questions Australia's spirit | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/329405.html | publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 10 December 2016}}</ref>

==Records==

* Australian team equalled the world record of 16 consecutive Test wins, after winning the 2nd Test of this series in Sydney. This record is being held also with Steve Waugh's team, which created the record in the year 2001.
* [[Anil Kumble]] secured his 600th Test wicket, in the 3rd Test of this series in Perth. Kumble became the third bowler to achieve this feat, after [[Shane Warne]] and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumble joins 600-wicket club |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kumble-joins-600-wicket-club-331542 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
* For the second time, after 2001 Test in [[Kolkata]], the Indian team broke the record sequence of Test wins for Australia. By losing to India in 3rd Test of this series, Australia's Test winning sequence ended after 16 consecutive wins starting from 2005 season.
* Australian wicket keeper [[Adam Gilchrist]] broke the record of most dismissals (414) in Test cricket by a wicket keeper, previously held by [[Mark Boucher]] (413) of [[South Africa]].<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283791.html Most Test dismissals by wicket keeper]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Series Statistics'''
|-
!Record
!Performance
!Player
!Country
|-
!rowspan=4|Most runs
|-bgcolor="azure"
| '''493''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|IND}}
|-
| '''410''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Matthew Hayden]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
| '''410''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Andrew Symonds]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Most wickets
|-bgcolor="azure"
| '''24''' || style="text-align:left;"|[[Brett Lee]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
| '''20'''
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Anil Kumble]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|IND}}
|-
| '''16'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
!rowspan=3|Most dismissals (wicketkeeper)
|-bgcolor="azure"
| '''25''' (25 Ct + 0 St) || style="text-align:left;"|[[Adam Gilchrist]]|| style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
| '''13''' (10 Ct + 3 St) || style="text-align:left;"|[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]|| style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|IND}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Most catches (fielder)
|-bgcolor="azure"
| '''9''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Rahul Dravid]] || style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| '''8''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Michael Hussey]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
| '''6''' || style="text-align:left;"| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
|colspan=7 align="left"|''Source: [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/series/291320.html?view=records ESPNcricinfo]''
|}

{{Commons category|India national cricket team in Australia, 2007–08}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket in 2007-08}}
{{International cricket tours of Australia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Cricket Team in Australia in 2007-08}}
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia|2007-08]]
[[Category:2007 in cricket]]
[[Category:2008 in cricket]]
[[Category:2007–08 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2007–08]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket controversies]]

Gani Kashmiri

2025-12-02T20:40:18Z

SherleneGirardi: Added a stub

{{short description|17th century Persian-language poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gani Kashmiri
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Tahir Gani Ashai
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1630}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = c. {{Death year and age|1669|1630}}
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Subah]], Mughal Empire
| resting_place = Rajouri Kadal, Srinagar [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| occupation = Poet
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Persian language|Persian]]{{efn|He also contributed to the development of [[Urdu]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] literature, but his most produced work was in Persian language.}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period = Mughal Empire
| genre = {{hlist|[[Gazal]]|[[Rubaʿi]]|[[Rekhta]]}}
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
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}}
'''Gani Kashmiri'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Ghani Kashmiri'''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|aː|n|i|_|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|iːɹ|i}} {{respell|GAH|nee|_|kash|MEER|ee}}; born '''Muhammad Tahir Gani Ashai''';{{efn|Also spelled '''Mulla Mohammad Tahir Ashai'''.}} {{circa|1630}} {{endash}} {{c.|1669}}), was a [[Persian poetry|Persian-language poet]] from [[Kashmir]]. His uncertain authorship, including [[gazal]]s and 100,000 verses,<ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/gani-kashmiri-poet-who-defied-aurangzeb/|title=GANI KASHMIRI: Poet who defied Aurangzeb|date=March 14, 2015|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> consist of some single tazmins, ninety-two [[rubaʿi]]s, two maṯnavis, and one twenty-eight [[couplet]]s{{efn|"tazmin" and "maṯnavi" are possibly poetic genres or form in Persian, but their status is currently unknown}}<ref name="gbook"/> and some verses in [[rekhta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Gani+Kashmiri|title=Jammu and Kashmir State: Kashmir region|date=July 11, 2003|publisher=State Gazetteers Unit, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|via=Google Books}}</ref> and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri.]]<ref>Page 105, Kaeshir Zabaan ti Adbuk Tawareekh by Naji Munawwar and Shafi Shauq, {{ISBN|9788194692973}}</ref> His writings have been reinterpreted by [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], and by a rebellion Mughal poet, [[Ghalib]], who is believed to have translated around forty of his couplets into [[Urdu]] language.

In [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri literature]] besides Persian and Urdu, he is often recognized one of the greatest poets of the Jammu and Kashmir, particularly in [[Kashmir Valley]], a place he lived his life.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiq_DQAAQBAJ&q=Gani+Kashmiri%2C+Persian+poet&pg=PA229|title=Beyond Me|first=Professor Abdul Ghani|last=Butt|date=5 December 2016 |publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781365592485|via=Google Books}}</ref>

He was born around 1630 as Muhammad Tahir Gani Ashai in Ashai family and lived in Rajouri Kadal, [[Srinagar]]. He produced most of his work during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]]. It is believed he preferably did not complete any [[Nonformal learning|nonformal]] or [[Formal learning|formal education]] outside Srinagar,<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/> though he received his education from [[Mohsin Fani]], a Persian historian who taught him medicine, literature and philosophy.<ref name="gk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar/govt-remembers-gani-kashmiri/|title=Govt remembers Gani Kashmiri|date=March 14, 2015|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

==Influences==
Aurangzeb, the sixth [[Mughal emperor]], who retained the royal position over [[Indian subcontinent]] for a period of 49 years, invited him via his governor Saif Khan to his residence to know about his writing style, and asked to recite [[marsiya]] for the king.<ref name="gbook">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne9JQ9xATsEC&q=Gani+Kashmiri|title=The Captured Gazelle: The Poems of Ghani Kashmiri|date=June 15, 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184759952|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Literary work==
Sometimes, he used to sing besides writing, and during the time, he used to close all doors and leave them open while on the go.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/> His poetry is believed to have strong influences across [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turan]] an [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110702/jkplus.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - J&K PLUS|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref name="iranicaonline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gani-kasmiri|title=ḠANI, MOLLĀ TĀHER KAŠMIRI – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Gani's literary work was covered in a book titled ''Title The Captured Gazelle: The Poems of Ghani Kashmiri'' by Mufti Mudasir Farooqi, which was published in 2013. The book includes translation of the Persian poems into English language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/the-captured-gazelle/|title=The Captured Gazelle|date=March 14, 2015|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died around 1669 and is buried near Rajouri Kadal, Srinagar, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 2009, the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]] ordered construction of [[wall]]s and tomb, however the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]] was accused for delayed work, leading the construction to complete in a period of one year. The ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'' argued that involved constructor defaced the tomb in an attempt to complete the signed contract within deadline.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/>

===Death date===
Scholars and historians have different opinions about his actual death date. Some scholars said he died at 41, while some argue he lived long.<ref name="gk"/>

==Legacy==
===Institutions===
On 30 June 2001, the state-owned agency, Department of Libraries & Research established [[Gani Memorial Library & Reading Centre]], a [[public library]] in Srinagar named after Gani. The library was initially set up in a house in 1971 as a reading room for students. However, the project was later shifted to another rented house over dilapidated condition. The new library, which cost [[Indian rupee|₹]]41 million, consist a collection of 8000 books and a special Career Corner for the students to prepare for the [[competitive examination]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkpubliclibraries.nic.in/activity4.htm|title=Department Of Libraries & Research, Govt Of J&K|website=www.jkpubliclibraries.nic.in}}</ref>

In 2017, the department showcased 700 year old writings of [[Sanskrit]], [[Persia language|Persian]], and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in the library. It also include the [[handwriting|handwritten]] [[Quran]] with gold, [[Bhagavad Gita]], and a detailed account of some living creatures in [[papier-mâché]]. Some historical books written around 1870 on textile in Kashmiri language, including [[Luqman]]'s 100 advises to his son were also made available in the library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/rarest-of-rare-books-put-on-display|title=Rarest of rare books put on display|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221911/http://risingkashmir.com/news/rarest-of-rare-books-put-on-display|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Places===
In 2015, the government along with associated state-owned agencies upgraded the [[Gani Memorial Stadium]], a [[Stadium|place or venue]] built and named after Gani Kashmiri in Rajouri Kadal, Srinagar.<ref name="Greater Kashmir 2015">{{cite web | title=Gani Memorial Stadium mocks at indifferent Govt | website=Greater Kashmir | date=2015-03-13 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/gani-memorial-stadium-mocks-at-indifferent-govt/ | access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref> Later in 2019, the government spent ₹12 [[million]] for installing 120 [[floodlight]]s across the stadium, making it to become the first place in Rajouri Kadal equipped with broad-beamed lights.<ref name="Kashmir Life 2019">{{cite web | title=Floodlights worth Rs 1.24 Cr installed at Gani Memorial Stadium in Shehre-e-Khas | website=Kashmir Life | date=2019-07-10 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/floodlights-worth-rs-1-24-cr-installed-at-gani-memorial-stadium-in-shehre-e-khas-214704/ | access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref>
A hostel for research scholars near Sir Syed Gate at University of Kashmir, Hazratbal is named after Gani Kashmiri as Gani Kashmiri Research Scholars Inn.

==Books==
* {{cite book | last= Farooqi | first=Mufti Mudasir | title=The Captured Gazelle: The Poems of Ghani Kashmiri | publisher=Penguin UK | year=2013 | isbn=978-81-8475-995-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne9JQ9xATsEC | access-date=2020-07-11 | page=280}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last=Nahvi Quadri | first=Dr. Neelofar Naaz | title=Gani Kashmiri | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3idQbv2xyUC | access-date=2020-07-11 }}
* {{cite book | last=Nahvi Quadri | first=Dr. Neelofar Naaz | title=Gani Kashmiri: Hayat Aur Shairi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQvtekNyNKUC | access-date=2020-07-11 | page=186}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00717_fa_diwaneghanikashmiri Diwan-e-Ghani Kashmiri] at [[University of Exeter]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri, Gani}}
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:1630s births]]
[[Category:1669 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Jangal Gauri

2025-11-12T20:04:48Z

SherleneGirardi: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian village}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
'''Jangal Gauri''' is a village in [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/S24/Acnstcand167.htm Election Commission data, retrieved on 1 February 2010</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gorakhpur district]]

{{Gorakhpur-geo-stub}}