Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vande Bharat Sleeper Express

2026-05-08T17:27:06Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{Short description|AC Sleeper series of Indian semi-high speed EMU train services}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = f7630c
| name = Vande Bharat Sleeper Express
| image = Vande Bharat Sleeper Express (February 2026).jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Howrah - Kamakhya Vande Bharat Sleeper Express
| type = [[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed rail]]
| status = Operational
| predecessor = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|01|17}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| website = {{URL|https://indianrail.gov.in}}
| start =
| line_used = [[#Services|1]]
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock#First AC (1A)|AC First (1A)]] [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Second AC or AC 2-tier (2A)|AC 2 Tier (2A)]] [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Third AC or AC 3-tier (3A)|AC 3 Tier (3A)]]
| sleeping = {{Hlist|Sleeping seats}}
| catering = On-board
| observation = Wide windows
| entertainment = {{Hlist|Infotainment system|[[Wi-Fi]]}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{plainlist|
*[[Automatic door]]s
*[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]
*Reading lights
*[[Smoke alarm]]s
*[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]
*Odour control
*Sensor based water taps
*[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-vacuum toilets]]
*[[Window blind|Roller blinds]]
}}
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (sleeper trainset)]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line]]
| speed = {{cvt|180|kph}} (maximum) {{cvt|200|kph}} (potential maximum)
| trainlength = 16 coaches
| map =
}}

The '''Vande Bharat Sleeper Express''' is a medium to long-distance [[Express trains in India#Superfast|superfast express service]] by [[Indian Railways]]. It is a reserved, [[air-conditioned]] [[Sleeping car|sleeper]] service connecting cities that are {{cvt|800|km}} to {{cvt|1200|km}} apart. It is operated by self-propelling [[Vande Bharat (sleeper trainset)|trainset]]s, designed and manufactured in India. The first prototype of the train set was rolled out by [[BEML]] in September 2024. The first service began operation on 17 January 2026.

== History ==
After the roll out of [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]] trains that provided faster connectivity across short-distances, [[Integral Coach Factory]] started developing long-distance version of the trainset equipped with [[Sleeping car|sleeper car]]s.<ref name="FE1">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-vande-bharat-may-soon-replace-rajdhani-and-shatabdi-in-conversation-with-bg-mallya-gm-at-icf-chennai-3003676/|title='Vande Bharat may soon replace Rajdhani and Shatabdi' — In conversation with BG Mallya, GM at ICF, Chennai|date=9 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606194706/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-vande-bharat-may-soon-replace-rajdhani-and-shatabdi-in-conversation-with-bg-mallya-gm-at-icf-chennai-3003676/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first prototype was rolled out by [[BEML]] in September 2024,<ref name="IE">{{cite news|date=2 September 2024|title=First Vande Bharat sleeper train to run in three months in Karnataka: Vaishnaw|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/02/first-vande-bharat-sleeper-train-to-run-in-three-months-in-karnataka-vaishnaw|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903023937/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/02/first-vande-bharat-sleeper-train-to-run-in-three-months-in-karnataka-vaishnaw|url-status=live}}</ref> and was expected enter commercial service by January 2026.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|date=29 August 2024|title=Vande Bharat sleeper coaches to be dispatched from Bengaluru's BEML soon|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-vande-bharat-sleeper-coaches-to-be-dispatched-from-bengalurus-beml-soon-check-launch-date-latest-updates-here-3595589/|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902010959/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-vande-bharat-sleeper-coaches-to-be-dispatched-from-bengalurus-beml-soon-check-launch-date-latest-updates-here-3595589/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1 September 2024|title='Best in the world': Railway minister Ashwini Vaishnav unveils Vande Bharat sleeper coach in Bengaluru|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/best-in-the-world-railway-minister-unveils-vande-bharat-sleeper-coach-in-bengaluru-101725176621433.html|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901083801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/best-in-the-world-railway-minister-unveils-vande-bharat-sleeper-coach-in-bengaluru-101725176621433.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Rolling Stock ==
{{Further information|Vande Bharat (sleeper trainset)}}

The trains uses [[Electric Multiple Unit]]s capable of achieving [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speeds]] of {{cvt|180|kph}}.<ref name="IBN">{{cite news|date=1 September 2024|title=Bengaluru: First Vande Bharat Prototype Sleeper Train Unveiled in India, Check Details|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-vande-bharat-prototype-sleeper-train-unveiled-india-details-9035070.html|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[News18]]|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901133809/https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-vande-bharat-prototype-sleeper-train-unveiled-india-details-9035070.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The train's design includes a new aerodynamic front design made from high-strength materials for improved durability and reduced maintenance.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 September 2024|title=Vande Bharat Sleeper: Trainset to get advanced amenities, airplane-like features.|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/vande-bharat-sleeper-trainset-to-get-advanced-amenities-airplane-like-features-details-here-12811733.html|access-date=2 September 2024|work=Money Control|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901164558/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/vande-bharat-sleeper-trainset-to-get-advanced-amenities-airplane-like-features-details-here-12811733.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Each trainset has sixteen cars, and are capable of accommodating up to 823 passengers.<ref name="FE" /><ref name="IE" /><ref name="IT">{{cite news|date=2 September 2024|title=Vande Bharat Sleeper Express features promise better comfort, safety, and more|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/vande-bharat-sleeper-express-special-features-ashwini-vaishnaw-2592459-2024-09-02|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902234933/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/information/story/vande-bharat-sleeper-express-special-features-ashwini-vaishnaw-2592459-2024-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The service is a reserved, [[air-conditioned]] sleeper service connecting cities that are {{cvt|800|km}} to {{cvt|1200|km}} apart.<ref name="IT"/> It offers three classes of accommodation with one [[Indian Railways coaching stock#First AC (1A)|First AC (1A)]] coach, four [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Second AC or AC 2-tier (2A)|Second AC (2A)]] and 11 [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Third AC or AC 3-tier (3A)|Third AC (3A)]] coaches, which can accommodate 24, 188 and 611 passengers respectively.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="IBN"/> The coaches are equipped with [[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|electric outlet]]s, reading lights, [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]], [[automatic door]]s, [[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilet]]s, [[Tap water|sensor-based water taps]], and [[Passenger information system]].<ref name="FE"/><ref name="IT"/> It also contains fully air-conditioned locomotive cabins with dedicated toilets for train drivers.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="IT"/> The trains are equipped with [[Kavach (train protection system)|kavach]] train protection and emergency talk back systems.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2026 |title=How much does a Vande Bharat Sleeper train coach cost? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/how-much-does-a-vande-bharat-sleeper-train-coach-cost-10451817/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2026 |title=PM Modi to launch first Vande Bharat sleeper this month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-to-launch-first-vande-bharat-sleeper-this-month-10450658/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The service offers onboard [[catering]] with both vegetarian and non-vegetarian meal options.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 September 2024|title=Vande Bharat Sleeper Coach Prototype Revealed: See photos, features of new 'aam aadmi' train, better than Rajdhani|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/vande-bharat-sleeper-coach-prototype-unveiled-check-photos-features-speed-new-train-for-aam-aadmi-better-than-rajdhani/articleshow/112964417.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901162231/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/vande-bharat-sleeper-coach-prototype-unveiled-check-photos-features-speed-new-train-for-aam-aadmi-better-than-rajdhani/articleshow/112964417.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Services ==
The first commercial service was launched on 17 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Mahima |date=17 January 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-indias-first-vande-bharat-sleeper-train-between-guwahati-and-howrah-9838298.html |title=PM Modi Flags Off India’s First Vande Bharat Sleeper Train Between Guwahati And Howrah |work=[[News 18]] |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] plans to roll out 12 Vande Bharat Sleeper express trains by March 2027. <ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 2026 |title=Vande Bharat Sleeper trains to cover 1,000–1,500 km routes; 12 trains set for launch in 2026 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vande-bharat-sleeper-trains-routes-12-trains-set-for-launch-2026-10450120/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-center" style="font-size: 90%;"
!rowspan="2"|Service
!rowspan="2" |Train Number
!rowspan="2" |Zone
!rowspan="2"|Distance
!rowspan="2"|Travel time
!colspan="2"|Speed
!rowspan="2"|Approved on
!rowspan="2"|Inaugural run
|-
!Maximum{{efn|Maximum permissible speed as approved by the [[Commission of Railway Safety|Commissioner of Railway Safety]]}}
!Average
|-
|[[Kamakhya–Howrah Vande Bharat Sleeper Express|Howrah-Kamakhya]]
|27575/27576
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]
|{{cvt|968|km}}
|14 hrs
|{{cvt|110|kph}}
|{{cvt|68|kph}}
|02 January 2026<ref>{{cite news|date=2 January 2026|title=India’s First Vande Bharat Sleeper Train to Operate Between Guwahati and Kolkata
|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2968&did=17673522089442A9675E8804142450D72BB2D92492D49|access-date=2 January 2026|work =[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]}}</ref>
|17 January 2026<ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2026|title=PM Modi Launches India’s First Vande Bharat Sleeper on Howrah–Kamakhya Route|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-news-prime-minister-narendra-modi-launches-indias-first-vande-bharat-sleeper-on-howrahkamakhya-route-check-stations-fares-article-153463440 |access-date=17 January 2026|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Uday Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Sleeper Express}}
{{Indian Railways}}
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Yavar Abbas

2026-04-29T12:47:14Z

ShereeDrm9452: added new info - done

{{Short description|British-Indian soldier and cameraman (born 1920)}}
{{use DMY|date=August 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Captain
| name = Yavar Abbas
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1920|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Charkhari]], [[British Raj]]
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears = 1942–1947
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = Captain
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[11th Sikh Regiment]]
| commands =
| known_for =
| battles = [[World War II]]
*[[South East Asian Theatre]]
**[[Burma Campaign]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = 
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
Captain '''Yavar Abbas''' (born 15 December 1920) is a British-Indian former soldier and camera operator. He is a veteran of the [[Second World War]] and fought in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian theatre]] for the [[British Indian Army]]. Later in his life, he worked as a cameraman for the [[BBC]], and film producer.

== Early life and military career ==
Abbas was born in [[Charkhari]], [[British Raj]] on 15 December 1920.<ref name=bbc /> He was a student at [[Allahabad University]] studying Persian and English Literature and was also an [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] supporting the [[Quit India]] movement.<ref name=bl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishlegion.org.uk/get-involved/remembrance/stories/yavar-abbas-story|title=Yavar's story|date=10 July 2025|website=The Royal British Legion|accessdate=16 August 2025}}</ref> When the Second World War broke out, Abbas enlisted as an officer in 1942 despite his nationalist leanings, because he did not want fascism to win.<ref name=mp>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapack/the-history-podcast-the-second-map-vj-day|title=The Second Map - VJ Day podcast to air never-before-heard archival recordings and new testimonies from last remaining veterans|website=BBC|date=15 August 2025}}</ref> After training in [[Bangalore]], he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the [[11th Sikh Regiment]]. Due to disappointment with the regiment's garrison posting in [[West Bengal]] and dissatisfaction with his British fellow officers, whom Abbas described as a [[Dad's Army]] of "white, middle-aged men ... who still considered India to be a [[crown colony]] on which they'll have continuing control for the foreseeable future", he signed up as a combat cameraman after seeing an advert in the Army Gazette.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news| last=Puri | first=Kavita | title=VJ Day: The WW2 veteran who moved Queen Camilla to tears | publisher=BBC News |date=15 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1kzwwk30wro}}</ref>

After receiving film training in [[Calcutta]], Abbas joined the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] as a captain during the [[Burma campaign]]. He commented that the 14th Army felt completely different to the Sikh Regiment, saying: "It was wonderful camaraderie. There were British and Indians mixing with each other."<ref name=bbc /> He was present at the [[Battle of Imphal]], [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] and [[Battle of Mandalay|Mandalay]].<ref name=bl /> He also visited [[Hiroshima]] after the [[surrender of Japan]].<Ref name=mp /> Following the end of the war, Abbas served as part of the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] in Japan where he married a British officer in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]].<ref name=bl /> During the [[partition of India]], Abbas was transferred to the newly formed [[Pakistan Army]]. Despite calls from his brother, who was serving in the newly independent [[Indian Army]], to join the [[Dominion of India]], Abbas left the Pakistan Army for the United Kingdom. This was facilitated by Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck]], who advised Abbas in [[Urdu]]: "Captain Abbas I think you better go to your [[Wiktionary:سسرال|susaraal]] (in-laws)."<ref name=bl />

==Later life==
After moving to the United Kingdom, Abbas opened his own film company. He started specialising in filming works of [[William Shakespeare]] translated into Urdu.<Ref name=bl /> In 1964, he returned to India and filmed ''India, My India!'', a series of four half-hour films,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizen-news.org/2011/02/pilgrimage-back-to-native-land-and.html|title=Pilgrimage back to native land and family after 17 years... |date=February 2011|work=Citizen News}}</ref> for which he won a [[Marconi Award]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-w66930q209|title=Record for ''India, My India'', episode 3, ''Since My Time'', with transcript|date=n.d.|orig-date=Broadcast on 23 June 1968|website=American Archive of Public Broadcasting|publisher=Library of Congress|id=AAPB ID cpb-aacip/516-w66930q209; NOLA Code IMIA}}</ref> He also worked as a cameraman for [[BBC News]].<ref name=bbc />
He married Indian activist and writer [[Noor Zaheer]] in 2020, when he was 100.<ref>{{cite news| last=Rehman | first=Atika | title=Married at 100: love in the time of COVID-19 | publisher=DAWN.COM | date=19 March 2020 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1542073}}</ref>

During the British commemorations of the 80th anniversary of [[VJ Day]] in 2025, Abbas, aged 104, was scheduled to make a statement about being one of the last veterans of the Asian front at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], but went off-script to pay tribute to King [[Charles III]] for attending despite undergoing cancer treatment.<Ref name=bbc />

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{cite web | title=Website of Yavar Abbas| url=https://yavarabbas.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Yavar}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Burma campaign]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]
[[Category:British film people]]
[[Category:Indian film people]]
[[Category:Urdu-language film directors]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:British men centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]

Thomas Bain (Orange)

2026-04-29T11:12:39Z

ShereeDrm9452: added new stub

{{Short description|British intelligence officer}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=January 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}
{{notability|bio|date=January 2014}}
}}

[[File:Thomas Bain in Puskar, India, 2002.jpg|thumb|Thomas Bain in Puskar, India, 2002]]

'''Thomas R. W. Bain''' (born {{circa|1964}}) is known for intelligence work done behind the Iron Curtain in 1988 under the pseudonym "Orange". He is currently a [[dean (education)|dean]] at the International School of Project Management in New Delhi, India.

==Early life==
Bain was born in [[London]]. He lived [[Kingston upon Thames]] attending prep school at Highfield School ([[Liphook]], Hampshire). He has [[dyslexia]], and made slow progress in the educational system. In 1982 he moved to Spain, and took up Hispanic Studies in a small private college in [[Salamanca]] where he met up with friends of [[Golo Mann]]. Upon return to France he qualified for the [[Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles]]. He accomplished his Khâgne in the Lyceé [[Jules Ferry]]. The same year he discovered a new archeological area at [[Les Baux-de-Provence]]. He accomplished his BA Humanities in the radical [[Paris Nanterre University]]. He completed M.Phil. at the Geneva-based IUEE (Institute for European Studies), and later attended the doctoral seminars of [[Wlad Godzich]] in the [[University of Geneva]].

==April 1988==
The students of the IUEE (as above), sympathising with many of the faculty in exile, organised two study tours of the [[Soviet Union]]. The first one went to [[Kyiv]] and Moscow, the second to [[Budapest]] and [[Prague]]. He attended both. The tour of the Ukraine gave him insight into the degree of hostility vis-à-vis Moscow, and the signs of dissidence in the leadership of the [[Komsomol]]. In Moscow, a student from the highest school of politics and administration leaked the shape of the army: suicides and an organizational incapacity. Moving on to [[Budapest]], the dissent was quite open, and Bain saw the opportunity of a break-apart of the Communist Block. In a meeting with the then dissident Professor [[Géza Jeszenszky]] the option of letting East Germans out of Hungary was discussed as a means of bringing the Wall down. Bain also met with [[FIDESZ]] leaders, and learned that recently NGOs in Hungary were allowed to be financed internationally, an open door for the West to finance dissident organisations. He went to [[Prague]] to meet leaders of the democratic opposition, in an underground Café called "U Kafku" and further discussed the plan of letting East Germans through [[Czechoslovakia]] into Hungary. He was followed in Prague by the police, and in a jest of defiance took them on a 14 kilometre walk around [[Prague]]. On his return to the Europa Hotel, the receptionist called him into the lift and explained that the police had been through his belongings. He had to leave. Bain escaped from Prague due to an [[InterRail]] pass, he was able to get into a train without buying a ticket (he would have been noticed at the ticket counter). On the train, stooges noticed him but it was too late; the train had already crossed the border into Germany. In Munich, he was hidden by a friend for 5 days, while the German television showed pictures of him as accused of common crimes of murder in [[Czechoslovakia]]. He escaped from Munich thanks to former Hungarian exiles, in a freight compartment, then from [[Zurich]] to [[Geneva]] in a toilet compartment. On arriving in Geneva he went to the house of Professor [[:fr:Dusan Sidjanski|Dusan Sidjanski]]. Here he discussed all the plans of the dissidence to bring down the Wall, and subsequently hid for a month in a flat in neighbouring France, in Annemasse. His research report signed with the pseudonym "Orange" was shared with [[:fr:Émile Noël|Emile Noel]], Secretary General of the European Commission. It was also shared with the UK [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (FCO), as well as the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). It is said to be one of the key documents that alerted the West of changes in the East, and triggered of a change in their foreign policy towards the East and Central Europe just a year and a half before the Wall falling.

==Pro-European militancy==
In the summer of 1991, Bain led a group of young European enthusiasts from different [[European Union]] (EU) Member States during a 2-day meeting in [[Romainmôtier]], [[Switzerland]] on the theme "An EU Constitution". The same year he initiated a process in the Budapest University of Economic Sciences (Currently [[Corvinus University of Budapest]]) that led to the attribution of a Doctorate Honoris Causa (see Honorary degree) to the President of the EU Commission [[Jacques Delors]] (attributed in 1994). He is a member of the UK European Movement and the French Mouvement Européen. He has taken part in the UK Liberal Democrats Brussels Chapter, and has been a close friend of UK Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] during his European years. In 1993, as shadow director projects for [[Fidesz]], in the Hungarian Ministry of Interior, he revised the firstly refused Hungarian application for the EU. His draft was approved by both the EU Parliament and the EU Commission, paving the way for an accession to the EU for Hungary in the first round of enlargement of the EU. At the same time, Bain has been a public opinion maker in Hungary, with a series of articles published in the Budapest Sun,<ref>"Moment of Transition Calls for Party Changes", The Budapest Post, 22–28 October 1992</ref><ref>"A Commission for Partnership", The Budapest Post, 5–11 November 1992</ref><ref>"Yeltsin's Visit Signals New Era", The Budapest Post, 26 November – 2 December 1992</ref> and the Budapest Week.<ref>"Dissolving the legacy of Trianon", Budapest Week, 5–11 August 1993</ref><ref>"Considering a Socialist government", Budapest Week, 17–23 March 1994</ref> He has held several postings with the [[European Commission]], including as a diplomat in New Delhi, India.

==Alternative activism==
Bain's alternative action started after seeing the film "Gandhi" in Madrid at the age of 18. He had a Basque companion, and befriended the Basque cause. In the early eighties he took part in the [[Aberri Eguna]] nationalist demonstrations, in despite serious deterrence by the Spanish [[Guardia Civil]]. His basque friends used to call him "la naranja" (because of his orange hair), from which his nickname emerged. He subsequently went to [[Kreuzberg (Tempelhofer Berge)|Kreuzberg]], Berlin, the heart of alternative Germany. This is where he got a first sight of the Wall, and a first taste for the underground exchanges between the East and the West.

Bain was militant in the French Lycée system, and as délégué sat on two school boards (Conseils d'établissement). In 1988, Bain took the French Ministry of Education to court for discrimination on the ground of nationality after his refusal to take the CAPES (secondary school teachers' exam). He won his case in 1992 under European law,<ref>Arrêt Tribunal de Paris 1 1992</ref> opening the secondary school exams to foreign European nationals in France and several other countries of the EU.

In 1991, out of idealism, he set up the trainee's newsletter "Le Piston" (nepotism) in the [[European Commission]], and denounced several scandals. For this, he was tortured by the French [[Direction de la surveillance du territoire]] (DST) for more than two hours. The "Piston", which lasted for 4 years, is considered by the grapevine in Brussels to be one of the elements that forced the European Commission to adopt a reform including contractual and financial control over all expenditures.

In the same 1991 he left for Budapest where he founded the Rugby club the [[Budapest Exiles RFC]].

==Dyslexia==
As soon as 1988 he realised to potential of IT for people with dyslexia, in particular the possibility of correcting himself before printing.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} In 1991–1992 he worked with [[Microsoft]] managers in Budapest to determine how to create grammar correctors in [[Microsoft Word]]. Bain established the relationship between a database structure of language rules (encoded), and the scientific structural linguistic approach developed in Nanterre University. The matter was taken up as a research project in [[Harvard University]], and finally when it came to be in MS Word, the grammar corrector logic enabled Microsoft to also improve the spelling correctors.

==Scholarship==
Whilst in the last year of high school, Bain attended the post-graduate seminars of the literary critic Lucette Finasse in the "[[Collège International de Philosophie]]" in Paris. Later on he joined the group of young Spanish language scholars that surrounded [[Golo Mann]] in the later years of his life, and stayed regularly in Golo Mann's country residency in Berzona, Switzerland.

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bain, Thomas}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British academic administrators]]
[[Category:British intelligence operatives]]
[[Category:People with dyslexia]]
[[Category:People from Kingston upon Thames]]
[[Category:British people with disabilities]]

Save Goa Front

2026-04-29T09:21:03Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{Short description|Defunct political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Save Goa Front
| party_logo =
| colorcode = #41F6C4
| founder = [[Churchill Alemao]]
| leader = [[Churchill Alemao]]
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = March 2007
| dissolution = January 2008
| merged = [[Indian National Congress]]
| split = [[Indian National Congress]]
| eci = dissolved party <ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2007-2008)
| position =
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| youth =
| ideology =
| colours =
| headquarters =
| publication =
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Aeroplane.png|170px]]
| website =
|abbreviation = SGF
}}

'''Save Goa Front''' was a regional political party in the [[Indian state]] of [[Goa]]. It was founded by [[Churchill Alemao]]. The party formed when [[Churchill Alemao]] had a disagreement with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Party, ahead of the [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007 Goa election]].

==History==
[[File:Renovated Margao Fish Market.jpg|150px|thumb|Churchill Alemao, Founder and Leader of the party (2007-2008).]]In March 2007, Alemao quit Congress and formed a regional party. In the [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] the party contested 17 seats and won 2, including his seat and [[Aleixo Lourenco]]'s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Assembly Election Results in 2007 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to The Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rep_UP_2007.pdf |website=eci.nic.in}}</ref> Afterwards, the party merged with [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]], and [[Digambar Kamat]] became [[chief minister]] of [[Goa]].

In January 2008, Alemao merged the Save Goa Front with Congress. He continued as an MLA and Minister in Goa during this period. In March 2008, The party merged with [[Indian National Congress]].

== Electoral history ==
=== Goa Vidhan Sabha (Lower House) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white"|Assembly Election
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white" |Seats contested
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white" | Popular votes
! style="background-color:#41F6C4;color:white" |% of votes
|-
| [[5th Goa Assembly|5th Legislative assembly]]
| [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| 17
| 2
|55,471
|7.8%
|}

== List of Goa Assembly Members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#41F6C4; color:" | No.
! style="background-color:#41F6C4; color:" | Name
! style="background-color:#41F6C4; color:" | Date of Appointment
! style="background-color:#41F6C4; color:" | Date of Retirement
! style="background-color:#41F6C4; color:" | Constituency
|-
!1
|[[Churchill Alemao|Churchill Braz Alemao]]
|2007
|2012
|[[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]
|-
!2
|[[Aleixo Lourenco|Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco]]
|2007
|2012
|[[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]
* [[List of United Progressive Alliance members]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Goa]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]

T. Vaiphei

2026-04-24T19:38:21Z

ShereeDrm9452: added a info

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Tripura High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tinilangthang Vaiphei
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|2nd Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| term_start = 21 September 2016
| term_end = 28 February 2018 {{small|Acting CJ : 16 May 2016 - 20 September 2016}}
| nominator = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor = [[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Deepak Gupta]]
| successor = [[Ajay Rastogi]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Gauhati High Court]]
| nominator1 = [[V. N. Khare]]
| appointer1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| term_start1 = 17 July 2003
| term_end1 = 15 May 2016
| status2 = Acting Chief Justice
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start2 = 21 October 2015
| term_end2 = 4 March 2016
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Abhay Manohar Sapre|A. M. Sapre]]|K. Sreedhar Rao ''(acting)''}}
| successor2 = Ajit Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| education = [[B.A.]], [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = Nowrosjee Wadia College [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
}}
'''Tinilangthang Vaiphei''' (born 1 March 1956) is a retired Indian judge and former Chief Justice of the High Court of Tripura. He is the judge from the Kuki-[[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]] community to be elevated to the position of Chief Justice of [[High Courts of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/tripura-t-vaiphei-sworn-in-as-hc-chief-justice/|title=Tripura: T Vaiphei sworn in as HC Chief Justice|publisher=The Northeast Today|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vaiphei was born in 1956. He passed B.A. in 1976 from Nowrosjee Wadia College of [[University of Poona]] and in 1979 he passed LL.B. from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Vaiphei became enrolled in the [[Bar Council of Assam]] in 1980 and started practice in the lower courts of [[Manipur]] in Criminal and Civil side.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He also worked in Constitutional and Service Matters in the [[Imphal]] Bench of the [[Gauhati High Court]] in 1990. In 1997 he shifted to Mizoram and was appointed Assistant Advocate General of Mizoram on 12 February 1999.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} On 15 September 2000, Vaiphei became Additional Advocate General of Mizoram. He was elevated as Additional Judge of the Gauhati High Court on 17 July 2003. Justice Vaiphei also took charge of the acting Chief Justice of the High Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://thc.nic.in/FCJprofile-HTV.html|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice T. Vaiphei, The Chief Justice|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> He was appointed the Chief Justice of the [[Tripura High Court]] on 21 September 2016 and retired on 28 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tripuraindia.in/update/index/chief-justice-t-vaiphei-takes-retirement-from-tripura|title=Chief Justice T. Vaiphei takes retirement from Tripura|website=tripuraindia.in|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> After the retirement he was appointed the Chairperson of [[Assam Human rights Commission|Assam Human Rights Commission]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/04/13/justice-t-vaiphei-appointed-chairperson-of-ahrc/|title=Justice T. Vaiphei|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaiphei, T}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Tripura High Court]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Ulidavaru Kandanthe

2026-04-24T01:49:49Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{short description|2014 Kannada neo-noir crime drama anthology film written and directed by Rakshit Shetty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ulidavaru Kandanthe
| image = Movie_Poster_of_Ulidavaru_Kandanthe.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| producer = Hemanth [[Simple Suni|Suni]] Abhi
| writer = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| starring = [[Rakshit Shetty]] [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] Sheethal Shetty [[Rishab Shetty]] [[Achyuth Kumar]] [[Yagna Shetty]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = [[Karm Chawla]]
| editing = [[Sachin B. Ravi]]
| studio = Suvin Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2014|03|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross =
| budget = {{INRConvert|3.84|c}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Has Ulidavaru Kandathe overshot the estimated budget? |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Has-Ulidavaru-Kandathe-overshot-the-estimated-budget/articleshow/34108123.cms?intenttarget=no |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 23 April 2014 |access-date= 25 April 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ulidavaru Kandante''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಉಳಿದವರು ಕಂಡಂತೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} As Seen by the Rest) is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[gangster film]] written and directed by debutant [[Rakshit Shetty]]. Shetty appears in the lead role, along with [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Rishab Shetty]], and [[Yagna Shetty]] playing supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ulidavaru Kandante |url= http://www.ulidavarukandante.com/ |access-date= 10 December 2013 |archive-date= 14 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151014144449/http://ulidavarukandante.com/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> The film revolves around five stories connected to an incident of a person's murder, with each character narrating it in his own perspective.

The film was geared up to be sent to the [[Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |author= Sundaram, Praveen |title= Kannada film Ulidavaru Kandanthe at Cannes Film Festival |url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kannada-film-ulidavaru-kandanthe-to-be-screened-at-cannes-film-festival-south/20140307.htm |work= rediff.com |date= 7 March 2014 |access-date= 1 November 2014}}</ref> and released on 28 March 2014, to generally positive reviews from film critics who acclaimed the direction, performances of [[Rakshit Shetty]] and Sheetal Shetty, and cinematography. The film was the first in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] to be shot entirely in [[sync sound]] technology.<ref>{{cite web |title= There are lots of hidden meanings and metaphors in the film |url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ulidavaru-kandanthe-is-about-five-stories-that-are-interlinked-south/20131217.htm#4 |website= rediff.com |date= 17 December 2013 |access-date= 1 November 2014}}</ref> It was praised for its regional authenticity in depicting [[Tulu Nadu]] and its people. However, it turned out to be a [[box-office bomb]] on its release but later attained a [[cult following]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakshit Shetty reposts old Ulidavaru Kandanthe tweets; Richard Anthony update on the way? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rakshit-shetty-reposts-old-ulidavaru-kandanthe-tweets-richard-anthony-update-on-the-way/9ade2c7f4a366 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

It has since been established as a cult classic in [[Kannada cinema]], and had become a part of the modern new wave cinema that was kickstarted by ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Shivakumar |date=18 February 2016 |title=A cult classic, and then… |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-cult-classic-and-then/article8253097.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Balwaan Badshah'' and remade in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' (2017), starring [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actor [[Nivin Pauly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/premam-star-nivin-pauly-to-star-in-remakes-of-kannada-hit-ulidavaru-kandante.html|title = Home}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-star-nivin-pauly-lead-tamil-malayalam-remakes-rakshit-shetty-starrer-ulidavaru-637490|title='Premam' Star Nivin Pauly to Lead in Tamil, Malayalam Remakes of Rakshit Shetty Starrer 'Ulidavaru Kandante'|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
[[Malpe]] is a small fishing town on the Arabian Sea Coast, located 6 km to the west of the temple city, [[Udupi]]. [[Malpe|Malpe's]] beaches are washed clean every day by the sea. The waves ensure that nothing gets left behind on the sand. But the waves cannot reach everything.

It is the time of the year when [[Udupi]] and its surroundings are decked up to celebrate [[Krishna Janmashtami]]. Men and children walk the streets dressed as characters from ancient Indian history. Teams painted as tigers are seen dancing to drum beats all around the town. But violence seems to be brewing in [[Malpe]] this [[Krishna Janmashtami]]. The movie revolves around five different people narrating their view of a murder incident that took place during [[Krishna Janmashtami]].

== Plot ==
Regina is a young [[investigative journalist]], who is working on a story, which cannot be written as a single piece. The story has several perspectives from the various characters involved and hence must be preserved as they are. In a flashback scene, a young boy Richard Anthony aka Richi is trying to outrun cops who are there to arrest him for murder. Regina remembers seeing this from the backseat of a car and it is established that both were childhood friends. Regina starts investigating the story by questioning various characters who were involved.

===Chapter 1===
'''Voice of Silence''' – The first person she approaches is a local [[cashewnut]] merchant, Shailesha who knows both Richi and his childhood friend Raghu. Richi had been in a remand home for 8 years and Raghu had escaped to Bombay to work in a hotel and later with a local gang. Shailesha accidentally comes across Raghu during one of his Bombay trips. The two meet up in [[Bombay harbour]] where Shailesha tells Raghu that his father is no more and his mother is making a living by selling fish at the local market. Raghu tells him he cannot leave Bombay as he knows many secrets of his employer. He plans to relocate to Dubai with his mother, once he has sorted out the necessary funds.

To do this, Raghu steals a red bag which was important for a 'deal' between the Bombay party and an interested party in the US. He fights his way through the gang's henchmen and escapes to [[Malpe]] where Shailesha provides him with a safe house. Raghu realizes that his location is compromised as two armed gangsters approach his house and start knocking at the front door. As Raghu steeled himself for the impending gunfight, the knocking stopped, and the men left.

===Chapter 2===
'''Richard Antony alias Richi''' – The second narrative comes from a close ally of Richi, Dinesha, who is held in lock-up. Richi is a brash and flamboyant young man who carries out dirty work for a local gangster-cum-[[businessman]], Shankar Poojary. Poojary has links with the Bombay underworld and runs several fishing boats in [[Malpe]]. Richi has earned a bad reputation for himself and is a disgrace to his father, a priest in the local church.

Poojary summons Richi and Dinesha to his estate and tasks him to find Balu, one of his employees to 'teach him a lesson. Poojary asks Richi not to overdo it by 'losing control'. The annual [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] festival in Udupi is in full swing as Richi and the gang arrive at Jodu Raste. Balu has painted himself as a tiger and is participating in [[Pili Yesa|Huli-vesha]] (tiger dance). Richi knocks out Balu and has him sent to the harbor. However, he takes a detour when he hears that Raghu is back in town and needs a visit.

It is revealed that Richi and Dinesha were the armed gangsters who were looking for Raghu in the previous story. Richi forces his way into the house and goes about explaining the made-up story of a Cuban boy ([[Tony Montana]] from the film [[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]) and a boy from Mandva (Vijay Chauhan from the movie [[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]), and how a person at the receiving end of a beating often doesn't realize why he is being served this. This story doubles as a threat to Raghu and also as a metaphor for the viewers who are kept in the dark as the violent story unfolds. Richi finds the red bag that Raghu had stolen from the Bombay gang and asks the latter to join him for a boat ride. Raghu reluctantly agrees to say that he has to join his mother for dinner later in the day.

Once on the fishing boat, Richi is torturing Balu and forcing a confession out of him. Eventually, Richi pulls out a gun on Balu who by now is a broken man, and fires a shot. It would seem that Balu is no more.

===Chapter 3===
'''Fish Curry''' – Raghu's mother Ratnakka makes a living out of selling fish in Malpe. After the death of her husband, her life is of struggle. Raghu visits his mother at his childhood house and tells her that he wishes to move permanently to Dubai along with her. However, he has to leave immediately and will return to pick her up once her documents are in order. He agrees to visit her the next day for dinner where she will prepare her signature dish Meen-saru (fish curry). The next day, a gleeful Ratnakka is shopping for fish in the local market, where she lets her fellow fisherwomen know that she is leaving for Dubai soon. That evening Ratnakka elaborately prepares the fish curry and waits for her son to arrive. Her joy turns to disappointment as the hours go by and she slowly starts to realize that her son may not return.

===Chapter 4===
'''Whispers in the Wind''' – Munna has a soft corner for Balu's sister Sharada, who sells fish. He often roams around the fish market in hopes of getting a glimpse of her. He also tries to woo her with the help of a young lad, aptly known as ''Democracy''. Munna works as a repairman for Shankar Poojary's boats. During the routine inspection of a fishing boat that Richi had used for his earlier adventure, Munna discovers an empty shell casing on the deck. Having the knowledge that Balu was previously seen with Richi at the harbor, Munna concludes that Balu has been murdered by Richi and his gang.

===Chapter 5===
'''Ka''' – Balu is in a ragged state when Regina approaches him for questioning. Balu has developed a prejudice for crows and starts to pelt stones at them whenever he sees one. During one of his fishing trips, he catches a heavy log of wood in the fishing net. Balu decides to keep this to himself and soon discovers that the log actually contains a priceless relic which ''glows like gold''.

Balu tries to make a profit out of this by selling the merchandise to a foreign party through a Bombay-based middleman. The middleman is not able to make full payment as the merchandise has been misplaced and a deal cannot be finalized. As the [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] festival approaches Balu has himself painted as a tiger for Pili-vesha and is performing at Jod raste. Richi and the gang knock him out and take him on a fishing boat to force a confession. During the interrogation, Richi pulls out a gun and it is revealed that the shot was fired at Raghu. During his childhood, Richi had committed a hot-blooded murder trying to protect Raghu, after which the latter escaped to Bombay leaving Richi behind to be arrested. Richi has deep bitterness against Raghu for his betrayal because of which he spent 8 years in a remand home.

On opening the red bag, it is revealed that it contains the merchandise which Balu was trying to sell off and Raghu is the middleman, who stole the item before the deal could go through. He was planning to sell it in Dubai in order to secure a life for himself and his mother.

===Final chapter===
'''Reasons''' – Richi returns to Malpe where he is celebrating with Poojary and the tigers from Pili-vesha. Munna believes Balu was killed by Richi's gang and is now blinded by hatred for Richi and compassion for Sharada. Finding the right opportunity, Munna pulls out Dinesha's gun and shoots down Richi who in his dying moments is unaware of Munna's motive. The irony is clearly seen now that Richi becomes a victim of his own story of ''The Cuban boy and boy from Mandva''. Dinesha returns the favor by killing Munna, who in his dying moments finds peace in the fact that he has avenged Sharada.

It is now clear that Regina was investigating the triple murders of Richi, Munna, and Raghu. She concludes that the story has many facets and cannot be clubbed into a single narrative and hence decides to name the story, ''Ulidavaru Kandante'' (As Seen by the Rest).

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rakshit Shetty]] as Richard Anthony aka "Richi"
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Munna
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Ratnakka
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] (credited as Achyuth Rao) as Balu
* [[Rishab Shetty]] as Raghu
* Sheetal Shetty as Regina
* [[Yagna Shetty]] as Sharada
* Dinesh Mangalore as Shankar Poojary
* [[B. Suresha]] as Richi's father
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Dinesha
* Raghu Pandeshwar as Shailesha
* Arun Prakash Shetty as Sudhi
* Master Sohan as Democracy (Satisha)
* [[Gaurish Akki]]
* Master Akshay
* Master Lohith
* Baby Kavya
* Chandrakala Rao
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In an interview during the production of ''Ulidavaru Kandante'', Rakshit Shetty said, "For UK, I want to create an experience that would last for generations to come. I will be more than happy if my movie keeps running in people’s hearts."<ref>''[http://www.knowyourstar.com/rakshit-shetty/]'', Simple Aag Ond Karnataka Rajyotsava with Rakshit Shetty</ref>

=== Development ===
The production of ''Ulidavaru Kandanthe'' was started on 1 August 2013.
<ref>''[http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4703&ptype=News&title=%60ULIDAVARU%20KANDANTHE%60%20RAKSHIT%20SHETTY%20DIRECTION%20STARTS%20ON%20AUG%2013]'', Rakshit Shetty Direction starts on August 2013</ref>

== Marketing ==
The trailer of the movie was published on [[YouTube]] on 6 December 2013.<ref>{{YouTube|POJ_6EtGeMw|UK Movie Trailer}}</ref> It garnered 44,618 views within 48 hours of its launch, breaking the previous record for a Kannada film trailer set by ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]''. The trailer was also released in theatres by Kannada actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], at the Triveni theatre, Bangalore the next day.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131210213226/http://www.sify.com/movies/Puneeth-launches-trailer-of-Ulidavaru-Kandanthe-imagegallery-Kannada-nmkkQ9hfehe.html]'', Puneeth launches trailer of UK</ref><ref>''[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/ulidavaru-kandanthe-trailer-rave-reviews-rakshith-shetty-126707.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426212151/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/ulidavaru-kandanthe-trailer-rave-reviews-rakshith-shetty-126707.html|date=26 April 2014}}'', Ulidavaru Kandante's Trailer Gets Rave Reviews</ref> [[Yogesh (actor)|Loose Maada Yogesh]] said ''he is ready to postpone his next movie for Ulidavaru Kandante''.<ref>''[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4251-yogi-ready-to-postpone-his-film-for-ulidavaru-kandanthe.html]'', Yogi ready to postpone his film</ref>

The film maintains a presence on Facebook<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/UlidavaruKandante Facebook - Ulidavaru Kandanthe]</ref> and Twitter,<ref>[https://www.twitter.com/UKthefilm Twitter - Ulidavaru Kandanthe]</ref> where they solicit memes and invite users to take turns at guessing the nature of the film's [[MacGuffin]]. Director Rakshit Shetty, busied himself after the release of the trailer, in the design of customisable T-shirts to promote the movie, and also as a vehicle to bring out more popular dialogues to build public anticipation and the fan-base prior to release. This was motivated by the favourable response to scenes depicted in the trailer, as well as some of the lines delivered by the characters.

The team also plan to release video screensavers and curate blog posts of the audience's reactions after release. Shetty explains that this social engagement – inviting viewer and fan perspectives on the subject – is a natural extension of the thematic subject of the film itself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ulidavaru Kandante boasts of custom made T-shirts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Ulidavaru-Kandante-boasts-of-custom-made-T-shirts/articleshow/27235445.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215100226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-12/news-interviews/45121294_1_ulidavaru-kandante-rakshit-shetty-t-shirts|url-status=live|archive-date=15 December 2013|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

[[Sify.com]] reports ''Ulidavaru Kandante'' as a "wave of freshness".<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131211011755/http://www.sify.com/movies/ulidavaru-kandanthe-wave-of-freshness-news-kannada-nmkjMabjfec.html?ref=slideout]'', UK wave of freshness</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{main| Ulidavaru Kandanthe (soundtrack)}}

== Theme ==
In an interactive session, Rakshit Shetty said he developed the story of the film with reference to [[Pancha Bhoota]]. He also stated that he not only wanted to narrate the story of the characters but also wanted to portray life also [[Udupi]] in the 90s. Even though the commercial elements of a successful cinema are there in the film, it was truthful to Karnataka culture. Rakshit Shetty also stated that he was inspired by [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' for making the film. But he did not westernise the script. Being truthful to Karnataka culture is the speciality of this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari|title = Best Kannada Thrillers from Different Eras Now Available on OTT|date = 24 September 2020}}</ref>

The movie employs [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s [[Rashomon]] Effect in the narration and story telling pattern.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-cinema-in-the-last-decade-an-explosion-of-new-voices-new-avenues/article30383549.ece| title = Kannada cinema in the last decade: An explosion of new voices, new avenues – The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 23 December 2019| last1 = Khajane| first1 = Muralidhara}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-cinema-in-the-last-decade-the-highs-and-lows/article30432090.ece| title = Kannada cinema in the last decade: The various highs and lows – The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 30 December 2019| last1 = Khajane| first1 = Muralidhara}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was given the "U/A" (Parental Guidance) certificate by the Regional Censor Board. The scene that was censored was that of a [[cockfight]] sequence and the use of abusive words muted. Apart from this, the number of smoking scenes were asked to be cut down.<ref>{{cite news |title= U/A Certificate for Ulidavaru Kandante |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/UA-Certificate-for-Ulidavaru-Kandante/2014/05/13/article2126326.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130816/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/UA-Certificate-for-Ulidavaru-Kandante/2014/05/13/article2126326.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 December 2014 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |access-date= 1 November 2014}}</ref> Following this, the film was released on 28 March 2014, in over 100 theatres across [[Karnataka]], simultaneously releasing in theatres in the United States, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title= 'UK' in Abroad |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/uk-in-abroad-kannada-news-105315 |website= indiaglitz.com |date= 26 March 2014 |access-date= 1 November 2014}}</ref>

===Screenings===
The film was screened in June 2014 at the London Indian Film Festival (LIFF) where it received positive response from the audience, and it was called one of the best Indian films to have been made at the time. LIFF rated the film calling it a "dazzling epic".<ref>{{cite web |title= London Indian Film Festival: Ulidavaru Kandante |url= https://www.ica.org.uk/whats-on/london-indian-film-festival-ulidavaru-kandante |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224209/http://www.ica.org.uk/whats-on/london-indian-film-festival-ulidavaru-kandante |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 12 August 2014 |publisher= Institute of Contemporary Arts |date= 13 July 2014 |access-date= 4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Ulidavaru Kandante wins hearts of London cinephiles |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ulidavaru-Kandante-wins-hearts-of-London-cinephiles/articleshow/36649300.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 16 June 2014 |access-date= 4 September 2014}}</ref> The film was screened in [[Leverkusen]], Germany on 18 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ulidavaru Kandante gets Germany release |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ulidavaru-Kandante-gets-Germany-release/articleshow/34729955.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 6 May 2014 |access-date= 5 September 2014}}</ref> It was announced in August 2014 that the film would be screened at the Fantastic Fest in [[Austin, Texas]] in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ulidavaru Kandanthe to be screened at film fest in Texas, USA |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ulidavaru-Kandanthe-at-Fantastic-Fest/articleshow/41247374.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 30 August 2014 |access-date= 4 September 2014}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Upon release, the film received positive to mixed reviews from critics. Shyam Prasad S. of the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' reviewed the film and drew comparisons to [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Rashomon]]'' (1950),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Kishore-Rakshit-Shetty-Tara-Achyuth-Kumar-Rishab/articleshow/32862836.cms?|title=Movie review: Ulidavaru Kandante}}</ref> which has a similar plot. He added, "The film strives hard to become a 'cult' film, but it falls short somewhere during its journey." He, however, praised the role of direction and acting departments in the film and appreciated the director for brilliantly capturing the culture of [[Mangalore]] and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ulidavaru Kandante review |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Ulidavaru-Kandante/movie-review/32916719.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 29 March 2014}}</ref> B. S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3/5 and praised the cinematography, music and writes about the "fine effort by a debutant [director]."<ref name="dh1">{{cite news |title= Crumbling motives of a perfect crime |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395375/crumbling-motives-perfect-crime.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 28 March 2014 |access-date= 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| Best Debutant Director
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how these award winners received the big news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2014/articleshow/50981390.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 February 2016|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| rowspan="8" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-4.html |title= Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |date= 3 June 2015 |access-date= 27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|work=Filmfare|publisher=filmfare.com|date=27 June 2015|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]] ("Gatiya Ilidu")
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
| Hemanth, [[Simple Suni|Suni]], Abhi
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Cinematographer
| Karm Chawla
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
| rowspan="8" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Kannada award winners at SIIMA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-award-winners-at-SIIMA/articleshow/48432299.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2015|access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rakshit Shetty]] ("Gatiya Ilidu")
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| Best Debutant Director
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
|}

==Future==
Rakshit Shetty is teaming up with [[Hombale Films]], for ''Richard Anthony: Lord of the Sea'', which is based on the iconic character from the film. The film is being written and directed by Rakshit Shetty, marking his comeback, as a director, after 7 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rakshit-shetty-makes-grand-comeback-director-richard-anthony-lord-sea-check-out-promo-808279|title=Rakshit Shetty makes a grand comeback as director with Richard Anthony: Lord of The Sea; Check out PROMO|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701101004/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rakshit-shetty-makes-grand-comeback-director-richard-anthony-lord-sea-check-out-promo-808279|url-status=dead}}</ref> It will serve as both a prequel and sequel to ''Ulidavaru Kandanthe'', showcasing the events before and after it, running parallelly, and ending with a solid climax.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Rashomon effect]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://ulidavarukandante.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|3394420|Ulidavaru Kandante}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Film noir]]
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2014 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Cockfighting in film]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Kannada-language crime drama films]]

Tuikum Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:04Z

ShereeDrm9452: added new data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuikum
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Tuikum highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| constituency_no = 27
| district = [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[P. C. Vanlalruata]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:14255}}
}}
'''Tuikum''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Serchhip district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| K. Lianzuala<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Lalrinawma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[P. C. Vanlalruata]]
| {{Full party name with color| Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuikum}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[P. C. Vanlalruata]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 7,136
|percentage = 47.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalrinawma]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4,975
|percentage = 33.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = T. T. Zothansanga
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,679
|percentage = 17.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 42
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,161
|percentage = 14.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage = 87.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuikum<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalrinawma]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:5439}}
|percentage = 39.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:59}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:13647}}
|percentage = 87.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.467|92.855|display=title}}

[[Category:Serchhip district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Serilingampally Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:53Z

ShereeDrm9452: added entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Serilingampally
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (52-Serilingampally highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Serilingampally Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 7,32,506
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 52
}}

'''Serilingampally Assembly constituency''' is an [[Deliberative assembly|Assembly]] legislative [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/serilingampalli-assembly-segment-has-highest-voter-strength-of-698-lakh/article67381416.ece|title=Serilingampalli Assembly segment has highest voter strength of 6.98 lakh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/rise-in-number-of-urban-voters-in-telangana-presents-a-challenge-to-political-parties/article67404377.ece|title=Rise in number of urban voters in Telangana presents a challenge to political parties}}</ref> It is one of 14 constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. It is part of [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is also one of the 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms|title=KCR's early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Serilingampally constituency is the [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|largest assembly constituency]] numerically with 7,32,506 voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/serilingampally-a-swanky-showpiece-of-telanganas-progress/article67557793.ece|title=Serilingampally, a swanky showpiece of Telangana’s progress}}</ref>

[[:te:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF %E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%80|Arekapudi Gandhi]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Overview==
It is a newly formed constituency, created just before the 2009 general election; as per Delimitation Act of 2002, it was formed from part of the Khairatabad Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Andhra-parties-eye-cosmopolitan-Serilingampally-segment/articleshow/33043965.cms|title=Telugu Desam Party: Andhra parties eye 'cosmopolitan' Serilingampally segment - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Areas like [[Madhapur]], [[Gachibowli]], [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]], [[Miyapur]] come under Serilingampally (Assembly constituency).

The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal/Ward !!Districts
|-
| '''[[Serilingampally]]'''
| rowspan=5|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| [[Miyapur]]
|-
| [[Gachibowli]]
|-
| [[Madhapur]]
|-
| [[Chanda Nagar]]
|-
| '''[[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy|Balanagar (Part)]]'''
| rowspan=3|[[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
|-
| '''[[Kukatpally|Kukatpally (M) (Part)]]'''
|-
| [[Kukatpally|Kukatpally (M) - Ward No. 1 to 4.]]
|-
| [[Vivekananda Nagar Colony]]
| [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[BHEL Township, Hyderabad]]
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| [[Allwyn Colony]]
| [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
|-
| [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]]
| [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| [[Hafeezpet]]
| [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad]]
|}

The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 by Election Commission of India<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009
| M. Bikshapathi Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014
| rowspan=3|[[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2018
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 2023
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Serilingampally]]<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Serilingampally">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Serilingampally |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2952.htm |access-date=22 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222110903/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2952.htm |archive-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| votes = 157,332
| percentage = 43.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V Jagadeeshwar Goud|votes=110,780|percentage=30.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravi Kumar Yadav|votes=80,148|percentage=22.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=3,145|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=46,552|percentage=13.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=358,616|percentage=48.95|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Serilingampally}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| votes = 1,43,307
| percentage = 51.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = V. Ananda Prasad
| votes = 99,012
| percentage = 35.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gajjala Yoganand
| votes = 22,106
| percentage = 7.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate =[[None of the Above]]
| votes =3,637
| percentage =1.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 44,295
| percentage = 15.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,79,805
| percentage = 48.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Serilingampally}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| votes = 1,29,201
| percentage = 46.2
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Komaragoni Shanker Goud]]
| votes = 53,297
| percentage = 19.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Bhikshapathi Yadav]]
| votes = 43,196
| percentage = 15.4
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 75,904
| percentage = 26.9
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,81,748
| percentage = 47.7
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:Serilingampally<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34779/239|title = IndiaVotes | India's largest election database}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = M. Bikshapathi Yadav
| votes = 61,135
| percentage = 30.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Movva Satyanarayana
| votes = 59,808
| percentage = 29.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Bandi Ramesh
| votes = 30,226
| percentage = 14.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,327
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Geo locator==
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Serilingampally AC (52)
| North = HMT Colony
| East = Prestige Beverly Hills , Kokapet
| South = Khajaguda
| West = Vattinagulapally, Narsingi
}}

==See also==
* [[Serilingampally]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.48|78.32|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serilingampally (Vidan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Strobilanthes kunthiana

2026-04-19T16:06:23Z

ShereeDrm9452: added a data - done

{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{about|the flower known as kurinji|the Tamil poetic landscape|Kurinji (thinai)}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Strobilanths_kunthiana.jpg
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Amitha Bachan |first1=K.H. |last2=Devika |first2=M.A. |year=2024 |title=''Strobilanthes kunthiana'' |volume=2024 |article-number=e.T239578615A239579829 |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>
|genus = Strobilanthes
|species = kunthiana
|authority = (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. ex Benth.
}}

'''''Strobilanthes kunthiana''''', known as '''Kurinji''' or '''Neelakurinji''' in [[Tamil language]] and [[Malayalam]] and '''Gurige''' in [[Kannada]], is a [[shrub]] of the bear's breeches family ([[Acanthaceae]]) that is found in the [[shola]] forests of the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The purplish blue flower blossoms only once in 12 years, and gave the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] range its name as ''nil'' (blue) + ''giri'' (mountains). Of all long interval bloomers (or [[plietesials]]) ''Strobilanthes kunthiana'' is the most rigorously demonstrated, with documented bloomings in 1838, 1850, 1862, 1874, 1886, 1898, 1910, 1922, 1934,<ref>{{ cite journal | last= Robinson |first= M.E. | date= 1935 | title= The Flowering of Strobilanthes | journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume= 38 | pages= 117–122}}</ref> 1946, 1958, 1970,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1= Burley |editor-last2= Styles | date= 1976 | title= Tropical Trees | location= London | publisher= Academic Press | pages= 138–139 }}</ref> 1982, 1994, 2006,<ref>Frontline periodical Volume 23 Issue 17 (26 August 2006)</ref> and 2018, these have no match to Solar cycles. This plant flowers during September–October.

==Description==
Kurinji grows at an altitude of 1300 meters to 2400 metres. The plant is usually 30 to 60 cm high. They can, however, grow well beyond 180 cm under congenial conditions.<ref name="SK">Save Kurinji Campaign, [http://kurinji.in] Flower of the blue mountains]</ref>

The kurinji plant belongs to the [[genus]] ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' which was first scientifically described by [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]] in the 19th century. The genus has around 250 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles.<ref name="frontline">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm |title=Kurinji crown |magazine=Frontline |date=8 September 2006 |author= |access-date= 21 October 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2007-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021105803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.munnar.holiday/neelakurinji-flowers-munnar-bloom/ |title=Neelakurinji Flowering Season 2018-When Munnar Blooms Blue in 2018|date=2018-02-21 }}</ref>

Plants that bloom at long intervals like ''Strobilanthes kunthiana'' are known as [[plietesials]]. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, [[Mast (botany)#Mast seeding|mast seeding]] and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).<ref>Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. [http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/scipubs/pdfs/v57/proccas_v57_n38.pdf Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History for Neotropical ''Stenostephanus chiapensis'' (Acanthaceae).] Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. 28 December 2006</ref>

Other ''kurinji'' species, such as ''[[Strobilanthes cuspidatus]]'', bloom once every seven years, and then die. Their seeds subsequently sprout and continue the cycle of life and death.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=Wonder flower in bloom again |work=The Hindu |url=http://newsite.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Wonder-flower-in-bloom-again/article16381500.ece?homepage=true |access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Strobilanthes kunthianus in Kurunji. ..jpg|thumb|A hillside with mass flowering in 2018]]

===Masting===
Some species of ''Strobilanthes'' are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as [[masting]]<ref>Kelly, D. 1994. [http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/masting/pdfs/Kelly94TREE.pdf The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding (PDF)]. Trends Ecol. Evol.. 9(12): 465-470. Accessed on 24 January 2010</ref> which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants".<ref>Janzen (1976) in Annul. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 347-391</ref> Strict masting only occurs in species that are [[monocarpic]] (or [[semelparous]]) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die,<ref>[http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926114910/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php |date=2010-09-26 }}; Notes posted by Daniel Mosquin; 13 January 2009</ref> as is the case with ''Strobilanthes kunthiana''.

== Etymology ==
The common name Neelakurinji originates from the [[Tamil language|Tamil Language]], ''neela'' means blue, and ''kurinji'' means flower.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=This Place In India Which Has A Flower That Blooms Only Once In 12 Years! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/this-region-in-india-which-has-a-flower-that-blooms-only-once-in-12-years-article-118782782 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Habitat==
Kurinji once used to cover the [[Anamalai Hills]], [[Cardamom Hills]], [[Nilgiri Hills]], [[Palani Hills]], [[Kudremukh]] and [[Bababudangiri]] like a carpet during its flowering season. Now plantations and dwellings occupy much of their habitat. Neelakurinji also bloomed in Chandra Drona Hill Ranges (Bababudan Giri) in [[Chikkamagaluru]] district of Karnataka in 2006. The whole of Bababudangiri Hills (Datta Peeta) were covered in a carpet of bluish purple flowers. It last bloomed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-13 |title=Neelkarunji-the flowers that blossom once in 12 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/the-season-of-neelakarunji-flowers-that-bloom-once-in-12-years-is-back/photostory/106808933.cms?picid=106808942 |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Besides the Western Ghats, Neelakurinji is also seen in the [[Shevroy]] in the [[Eastern Ghats]], [[Sanduru]] hills of [[Bellary]] district in Karnataka.

In 2006, Neelakurunji flowered again in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] after a gap of 12 years.

In 2017, Neelakurinji flowers bloomed in the hills behind Kumaraswamy temple in [[Sanduru]], [[Bellary]] district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/karnataka-12-year-wonder-in-full-bloom/articleshow/60467459.cms|title=Karnataka: 12-year wonder in full bloom|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref>

==Conservation==
[[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] protects the kurinji in approximately 32 km2 core habitat in [[Kottakamboor]] and [[Vattavada]] villages in [[Idukki district]] of [[Kerala]]. The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organizes campaigns and, programs for conservation of the [[Kurinji]] plant and its habit.<ref name=SK/> Kurinji Andavar temple located in [[Kodaikanal]] on [[Tamil Nadu]] dedicated to [[Tamils|Tamil]] God [[Murugan]] also preserves Strobilanthes plants.

== Cultural significance ==
The [[Paliyan]] tribal people living in Tamil Nadu use the plant's flowering cycle as a reference to calculate their age.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mike Kielty |date=2008-03-04 |title=The Lost Gardens of the Raj |url=http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/impact/features/the-lost-gardens-of-the-raj |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912102131/http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/impact/features/the-lost-gardens-of-the-raj/ |archive-date=2012-09-12 |publisher=The Cambridge Student Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-16 |title=India's flower that blooms every 12 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20181015-the-flower-that-blooms-every-12-years |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References in literature==
Kurinji flower is used to describe the associated mountainous landscape where it blooms in Sangam Literature [[Sangam literature|classical Tamil literature]]. The historical novel, ''Kurinji Flowers'' by Clare Flynn features the neelakurinji as a backdrop to a tragic love affair in 1940s India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Flynn|first1=Clare|title=Kurinji Flowers|date=8 October 2014|publisher=Cranbrook Press|location=London}}</ref> [[File:Kurinji.jpg|thumb|Kurinji]]

[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] also referenced the neelakurinji in his [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2018, a year when the neelakurinji was in bloom.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018-08-16|title=Full text of PM Modi's Independence Day speech|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prime-minister-modi-independence-day-speech-red-fort-5308847/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Strobilanthes callosa]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Sharma, MV et al. 2008. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/boj/2008/00000157/00000001/art00014 Reproductive strategies of Strobilanthes kunthianus, an endemic, semelparous species in southern Western Ghats, India.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 157:155-163. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00786.x}}.
* [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4111071?uid=3739448&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21102114544723 A Revision of the ''Strobilanthes kunthianus''-Group (''Phlebophyllum'' sensu Bremekamp) (Acanthaceae)]. Mark A. Carine, Jake M. Alexander and Robert W. Scotland. Kew Bulletin Vol. 59, No. 1 (2004), pp. 1–25

==External links==
* [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/details/species/id/05e310da330b5b48d63861d70d57734e Accepted botanical name]
* [https://www.mekanagadde.com/devaramane-trekking-and-haarlu-flowers/ Kurinji flowers - Chikmagalur]
* [http://www.neelakurinji.net More information on neelakurinji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227053812/http://www.neelakurinji.net/ |date=2018-12-27 }}
* [http://kurinji.in Kurinji and its habitat]
* [https://www.munnar.holiday/neelakurinji-flowers-munnar-bloom/ When Munnar Blooms Blue in 2018 by Munnar Tourism]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1193992}}

[[Category:Strobilanthes|kunthiana]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1861]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western Ghats]]

Aspirants

2026-04-19T07:54:38Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating First Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|2021 Indian web series by TVF}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = TVF Aspirants
| image = TVF Aspirants Poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster of third season of ''Aspirants''
| genre = [[Coming-of-age]] [[Drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arunabh Kumar]]
* Shreyansh Pandey
*Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
}}
| developer = Arunabh Kumar
| writer = 
| story = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish Ashutosh Pankaj
| director = Apoorv Singh Karki {{small|(Season 1 & 2)}} Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish {{small|(Season 3)}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Naveen Kasturia]]
* Shivankit Singh Parihar
* [[Abhilash Thapliyal]]
* [[Sunny Hinduja]]
* [[Namita Dubey]]}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rohit Sharma (composer)|Rohit Sharma]]
* Tusshar Mallek
* Nilotpal Bora
* Sangeet Haldipur
* Siddharth Haldipur
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 15
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arun Kumar Aravind|Arun Kumar]]
* Shreyansh Pandey
* Vijay Koshy}}
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| location =
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Georgy John
* Arjun Kukreti
* Sreechith Vijayan Damodar
}}
| editor = Tushar Manocha
| opentheme =
| camera =
| runtime = 37–60 minutes
| company = The Viral Fever Media Labs
| network = TVF Play [[YouTube]] [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|04|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| composer =
| released =
| related =
}}

'''''Aspirants''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] web series produced by [[The Viral Fever|The Viral Fever (TVF)]] and created by [[Arunabh Kumar]] and Shreyansh Pandey, written by Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish and directed by Apoorv Singh Karki.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=TVF's 'Aspirants' Trailer: New Series Portrays The Arduous Journey Of Becoming IAS Officer|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/tvf-aspirants-official-trailer-launched-life-of-ias-aspirants-streaming-7-april-after-success-kota-factory-1451881|access-date=2021-04-29|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Naveen Kasturia]], Shivankit Parihar, [[Abhilash Thapliyal]], [[Namita Dubey]] and Sunny Hinduja.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-07|title=Aspirants trailer: Kota Factory set in the UPSC world|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aspirants-trailer-tvf-kota-factory-set-in-the-upsc-world-7261539/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The story follows three friends, Abhilash, Guri and SK who are preparing for the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] exam at [[Rajinder Nagar|Rajinder Nagar, Delhi]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Aspirants (TV Mini-Series 2021– ) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14392248/plotsummary|language=en|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref>

The series began streaming on 7 April 2021, with five episodes have been premiered online on TVF's YouTube Channel and TVF Play. The season finale aired on 8 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=TVF Aspirants: A Realistic Depiction of Life and Struggles of UPSC Aspirants |url=https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/02/tvf-aspirants-realistic-depiction-of.html |website=Rwmedia |access-date=18 February 2023 |language=en |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218170226/https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/02/tvf-aspirants-realistic-depiction-of.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=Here's when you can watch TVF's Aspirants season finale|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/heres-when-you-can-watch-aspirants-episode-5-7304656/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, TVF announced the second season of the series, which premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 25 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=TVF Aspirants to return for second season on Prime Video India, sets premiere date for October 25 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/tvf-aspirants-return-for-second-season-prime-video-india-premiere-date-october-25-101697212551622.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en |date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

The third season of the series is scheduled to premiere on 13 March 2026 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2026 |title=Prime Video sets premiere date for 'Aspirants' Season 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/prime-video-sets-premiere-date-for-aspirants-season-3-tvf-show-naveen-kasturiya/article70695111.ece |website=[[]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

==Premise==
''TVF Aspirants'' is about the past and present of three friends, ''Abhilash'', ''Guri'' and ''SK'', who are UPSC aspirants. The past explains their [[Civil Services Examination (India)|UPSC]] aspirant life in [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi]] and their struggle to crack the examination, while the present examines their lives outside [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajinder Nagar]] as adults.

The series is set in Old Rajinder Nagar, a locality in Delhi that is home to several coaching centers and hostels for UPSC aspirants. The story revolves around Abhilash, Guri, and SK, three friends who are preparing for the UPSC exam. The series portrays the ups and downs of their lives, their personal and professional struggles, and their relationships with each other and with their families.

==Cast==
===Main===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Portrayed by
!Character
! style="width:80px;" | Season 1 (2021)
! style="width:80px;" | Season 2 (2023)
! style="width:80px;" | Season 3 (2026)
|-
|[[Naveen Kasturia]]
| Abhilash Sharma [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[District Magistrate]] of [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Shivankit Singh Parihar
| Gurpreet "Guri" Singh
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Abhilash Thapliyal]]
| Shwetketu "SK" Jha
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Sunny Hinduja]]
| Sandeep Ohlan "Sandeep Bhaiya"
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Namita Dubey]]
| Dhairya Singh
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Tengam Celine
| Deepa Nabam, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer
| {{CNone}}
| {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Jatin Goswami
| Pawan Kumar, DM of [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| colspan="2" {{CNone}}
| {{CMain|Main}}
|}

===Recurring===
*Kuljeet Singh as Walia Uncle, Abhilash's landlord in Rajinder Nagar
*[[Bijou Thaangjam]] as Pema Rijiju, SK's friend and a rapper
*Neetu Jhanjhi as Walia Aunty, Abhilash's landlord in Rajinder Nagar
*Nupur Nagpal as Pragati, Guri's ex-girlfriend; a [[Public service commissions in India|PSC]] officer
*Abhishekh Sonpaliya as Abhilash's [[personal assistant|PA]]
*Darius Chinoy as Abhilash's former boss
*Preeti Agarwal Mehta as Anuradha Tiwari IAS
*Sandeep Sharma as Manohar Prakash, Abhilash's former UPSC coach in Rajinder Nagar
*Jaspal Sharma as S. Chandrakant, Head of Accounting at Abhilash's former UPSC coaching center in Rajinder Nagar
*Salim Siddiqui as Xen Officer

==Episodes==

===Series overview===
{{Series overview
| caption =
| color1 = 8B4513
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 5
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|7}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2021|5|8}}
| network1 = TVF Play [[YouTube]]
| color2 = F4A460
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 5
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
| network2 = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| color3 = FEC724
| link3 = #Season 3
| episodes3 = 5
| released3 = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
}}

===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=8B4513 |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = UPSC - Optional Me Kya Hai?
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|07}}
|ShortSummary = Abhilash entered the Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi, to prepare for his UPSC CSE, which is famous for Coaching institutes of Civil service examinations. He is trying to change his optional subject but the things become difficult as it is his last attempt.
|LineColor = 8B4513
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Teacher Sahi Hona Chahiye
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|14}}
|ShortSummary = Abhilash became dissatisfied with his teacher in the institute eventually decided to leave his coaching institute as he is worried about his examination.
|LineColor = 8B4513
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Positive Approach Rakh Yaar
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = After being taunted regarding his negative approach, Abhilash went to study at the library, where Dhairya enters his life after which things turn positive.
|LineColor = 8B4513
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Plan B Kya Hai?
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|28}}
|ShortSummary = Finally, Abhilash realises that cracking UPSC is difficult, no matter how determined a candidate is. He also realises that he needs a backup plan.
|LineColor = 8B4513
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = UPSC - Pre...Mains aur Life.
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|5|08}}
|ShortSummary = IAS Abhilash Sharma struggles when the past meets the present. Things took turn when Sandeep Bhaiya, his mentor cum friend from the past, returns as a colleague and advise him as he used to do.
|LineColor = 8B4513
}}
}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table |background=F4A460 |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Self Study
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Pankaj Mavchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = Abhilash shares his ambitious vision for Rampur, but businessman Dayanidhi Joshi challenges his administration, while SK and Guri are surprised by Abhilash's unexpected return to ORN in the past
|LineColor = F4A460
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Strategy
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Pankaj Mavchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = Sandeep Bhaiya's measures against a factory owner present the first roadblock in DM Abhilash's vision. Guri and SK debate whether or not to ask any favour from Abhilash for a crucial project.
|LineColor = F4A460
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Murphy's Law
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Pankaj Mavchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = Abhilash confronts the striking employees, to which Sandeep registers his objection. Meanwhile, young Abhilash goes through the challenges of the MAINS exam and a painful fight with his old friend SK.
|LineColor = F4A460
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Mock Interview
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Pankaj Mavchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = DM Abhilash's action against Sandeep threatens to derail their friendship with SK siding with Sandeep. Guri wins back the tender after an anonymous letter disqualifies the previous bidder.
|LineColor = F4A460
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Final Interview
|DirectedBy = Apoorv Singh Karki
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Pankaj Mavchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = Dhairya confronts Abhilash and convinces him to bury the past ghosts and move on in life while Sandeep casts allegations regarding Guri's tender which could bring down DM Abhilash.
|LineColor = F4A460
}}
}}

===Season 3===
{{Episode table |background=FEC724 |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Waapsi
|DirectedBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Anurag Goswami, Anurag Ramesh Shukla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
|ShortSummary = Abhilash, who once planned to become an IRS officer, is questioned by his mentor Radha Rajesh about his career choice. In the present, he faces an inquiry after allegations made by ALC Sandeep Ohlan. At the same time, he struggles to fix his friendship with SK but fails, leaving him upset. Later, Dhairya reveals something that makes the investigation even more troubling for Abhilash.
|LineColor = FEC724
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Santulan
|DirectedBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Anurag Goswami, Anurag Ramesh Shukla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
|ShortSummary = While preparing for his final IAS attempt in Mukherjee Nagar, Abhilash realizes that his preparation lacks emotional stability. In the present, he faces a difficult situation when his former rival Pawan, now the DM of Sambhal, competes with him for the Education Town project. Meanwhile, both Abhilash's and Deepa's parents pressure them to proceed with their marriage without further delay.
|LineColor = FEC724
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Manovaigyanik Baadhayein
|DirectedBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Anurag Goswami, Anurag Ramesh Shukla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
|ShortSummary = In Mukherjee Nagar, both Abhilash and Pawan help Hindi-medium aspirants with English, syllabus planning, and exam strategy, which further intensifies their rivalry. In the present, Abhilash faces difficulties in acquiring land for the Education Town project, allowing Pawan to move ahead in the competition for the project.
|LineColor = FEC724
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Cut Off
|DirectedBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Anurag Goswami, Anurag Ramesh Shukla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
|ShortSummary = In Mukherjee Nagar, aspirants discuss the expected cutoff for the prelims examination. Meanwhile, IPS officer Deepa Nabam is hospitalized after a police encounter, and Abhilash, with support from SK, Guri, and Dhairya, looks after her while dealing with official responsibilities. At the same time, ALC Sandeep Ohlan attempts to make a deal with Abhilash to secure the Education Town project for Pawan.
|LineColor = FEC724
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = De Mauka Zindagi
|DirectedBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
|WrittenBy = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Anurag Goswami, Anurag Ramesh Shukla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
|ShortSummary = During their UPSC days, the rivalry between Abhilash and Pawan reaches its peak on the final day of the mains examination. In the present, Abhilash refuses to withdraw from the Education Town project in Rampur, leading Pawan to openly question the system. Abhilash then takes a strong decision regarding the matter.
|LineColor = FEC724
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aspirants: Season 1 (Music From the TVF Original Series)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rohit Sharma, Tushar Mallek, Nilotpal Bora
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|05|07}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 27:09
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Contagious Online Media Network Pvt Ltd
| producer = Tushar Mallek
}}
The series' soundtrack features 11 songs composed by [[Rohit Sharma (composer)|Rohit Sharma]], Tushar Mallek, and Nilotpal Bora and written by Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, Avinash Chouhan, and [[Hussain Haidry]]. The track "Dhaaga" which is originally from TVF's previous series ''[[Yeh Meri Family]]'' (2018) was reused in the series.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:09
| title1 = Aspirants Theme
| extra1 = [[Instrumental]]
| lyrics1 = —
| music1 = Tushar Mallek
| length1 = 1:40
| title2 = De Mauka Zindagi
| extra2 = Nilotpal Bora
| lyrics2 = Avinash Chouhan
| music2 = Nilotpal Bora
| length2 = 2:47
| title3 = Beparwaah
| extra3 = Arnab Dutta
| lyrics3 = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
| music3 = Rohit Sharma
| length3 = 2:11
| title4 = Mohbhang
| extra4 = Parul Mishra
| lyrics4 = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
| music4 = Rohit Sharma
| length4 = 1:46
| title5 = Dhaaga
| extra5 = Nilotpal Bora
| lyrics5 = [[Hussain Haidry]]
| music5 = Nilotpal Bora
| length5 = 3:52
| title6 = Bairagi
| extra6 = Rohit Sharma
| lyrics6 = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
| music6 = Rohit Sharma
| length6 = 3:00
| title7 = Phod De Ya Chhod De
| extra7 = Noxious D
| lyrics7 = Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish
| music7 = Rohit Sharma
| length7 = 2:25
| title8 = Guiding Light
| extra8 = Instrumental
| lyrics8 = —
| music8 = Tushar Mallek
| length8 = 2:32
| title9 = Positive Shift
| extra9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = —
| music9 = Tushar Mallek
| length9 = 1:58
| title10 = Triumph
| extra10 = Instrumental
| lyrics10 = —
| music10 = Tushar Mallek
| length10 = 2:05
| title11 = Aspirants Theme (Extended)
| extra11 = Instrumental
| lyrics11 = —
| music11 = Tushar Mallek
| length11 = 2:53
}}

==Spin-offs==

=== ''SK Sir Ki Class'' ===
* The first [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] named ''SK Sir Ki Class'' was released on 21 February 2023. It focuses on SK, his life as UPSC teacher in Old Rajinder Nagar and his struggles to make one of his students Ashish Arora ([[Gagan Arora]]) prepare for the UPSC exams, even though Ashish doesn't want to.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVF Aspirants Fame Abhilash Thapliyal Recalls The Great Response He Received As Sk Sir: "I Hadn't Seen This Kind Of Craze…' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/tvf-aspirants-fame-abhilash-thapliyal-recalls-the-great-response-he-received-as-sk-sir-i-hadnt-seen-this-kind-of-craze/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=Koimoi |date=17 February 2023}}</ref>

=== ''Sandeep Bhaiya'' ===
* The second spin-off ''Sandeep Bhaiya'' was premiered on Youtube on 30 June 2023. It follows the early life struggles and passion of Sandeep Singh Ohlan (Sandeep Bhaiya) and his life after becoming a PCS officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sunny-hinduja-will-be-seen-in-web-series-sandeep-bhaiya-520629|title=Sunny Hinduja will be seen in web series Sandeep Bhaiya, spin off of Aspirants|date=27 June 2023 |work=Tribune India|access-date= 30 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===''Guri-Dhairya Ki Love Story''===
* The third spin-off ''Guri Dhairya Ki Love Story'', written by Abhinandan Sridhar, Gunjan Saxena and Sonal Sheopori, was released on [[YouTube]] with the first episode aired on 25 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVF announces ‘Aspirants’ spin-off series ‘Guri Dhairya Ki Love Story’; trailer out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aspirants-spinoff-series-guri-dhairya-ki-love-story-to-drop-on-march-25-trailer-out/cid/2090228 |access-date=16 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The series focuses on the period after quitting preparation for UPSC, Guri returns to his hometown to join his father's dairy firm and by chance, he meets Dhairya in his town, and later how they develop a love relationship between them.

== See also ==

* [[List of productions by The Viral Fever]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt14392248}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0K1PD4TOMOSBMIDEZ8Q04QDQ51/ref=atv_sr_fle_c_sre30869_1_1_1?sr=1-1&pageTypeIdSource=ASIN&pageTypeId=B0C9W1WQBW&qid=1772468817513 ''Aspirants''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:TVF Play Shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Civil Services of India]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:YouTube original programming]]
[[Category:2010s YouTube series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]

2006: Varanasi the Untold

2026-04-17T04:52:19Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating A Data From Scratch

{{Update|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Aryaman Keshu
| producer =
| writer = Aryaman Keshu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raima Sen]]
* [[Mukul Dev]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Atul Raj Productions
* Silver Light Entertainment
* Morning Star}}
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''2006: Varanasi the Untold''''' is an unreleased Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film written and directed by Aryaman Keshu.<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Raima-gears-up-for-a-new-thriller/articleshow/54525183.cms|title=Raima gears up for a new thriller|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> [[Raima Sen]] plays the lead role in the film.<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2024-03-30 |title=Unraveling the Mysteries of "Varanasi: The Untold" - A Cinematic Journey into the Heart of India's Tragedy |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-varanasi-the-untold-a-cinematic-journey-into-the-heart-of-indias-tragedy/2021010/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unraveling the Mysteries of "Varanasi: The Untold" - A Cinematic Journey into the Heart of India's Tragedy |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-varanasi-the-untold-a-cinematic-journey-into-the-heart-of-indias-tragedy20240330150917/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-31 |title=Unveiling "Film Varanasi: The Untold" – A Riveting Narrative of Courage and Justice - RV Rising Media Pvt Ltd - PR & Advertising Agency |url=https://rvrising.com/news/entertainment/unveiling-film-varanasi-the-untold-a-riveting-narrative-of-courage-and-justice/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is partially inspired by the [[2006 Varanasi bombings|terror attacks]] that shook the holy city of [[Varanasi]] in 2006.<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller"/>

==Cast==
*[[Raima Sen]]
*[[Om Puri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigamanshu Dhulia comes on board for '2006 Varanasi' as a tribute to Om Puri |url=https://santabanta.com/bollywood/120568/tigamanshu-dhulia-comes-on-board-for-2006-varanasi-as-a-tribute-to-om-puri/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=santabanta.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Mar 2017 |title=Tigmanshu Dhulia to lend his voice to Om Puri for film |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/tigmanshu-dhulia-to-lend-his-voice-to-om-puri-for-film-117031500704_1.html |access-date=15 Nov 2025 |work=business-standard}}</ref>
*[[Ravi Kishan]]
*[[Rahul Dev]]
*Aankit HS Vyas as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
*Brij Parashar as Dharam

==Production==
===Development===
The film was officially announced in the second half of September 2016.<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller"/>

===Casting===
The creators of the film cast [[Raima Sen]], along with [[Om Puri]], [[Ravi Kishan]], and [[Rahul Dev]].<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller"/>

===Filming===
The principal photography of the film commenced in October 2016.<ref name="Raima gears up for a new thriller"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2006 Varanasi - The Untold}}
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:Films set in 2006]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

{{2000s-thriller-film-stub}}
{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Salmanpara Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:45Z

ShereeDrm9452: added a info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salmanpara
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = Salmanpara Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 55
| district = [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Ian Botham Sangma]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:31067}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Salmanpara''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Ian Botham Sangma]] of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].{{update after|2028|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Samarendra Sangma || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Meckenson Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Nimarson Momin || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Gopinath Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Nimarson Momin || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Gopinath Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Nimarson Momin || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Winnerson D. Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Ian Botham Sangma|Ian Botham K. Sangma]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ian Botham Sangma | Ian Botham K. Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=11,352 |percentage=42.26% |change={{increase}}22.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Winnerson D. Sangma|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=6,114|percentage=22.76%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Boston Marak|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,600|percentage=20.85%|change={{increase}}3.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ronald Rikman Sangma|party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|votes=2,766|percentage=10.30%|change={{increase}}4.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sinbath Ch Marak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,029|percentage=3.83%|change={{decrease}}23.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=270|percentage=1.01%|change={{increase}}0.30}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,238 |percentage=19.50% |change= {{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,861|percentage=86.46%|change={{decrease}}5.94}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,067 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Winnerson D. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,613 |percentage=27.25% |change={{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ian Botham Sangma | Ian Botham K. Sangma]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=4,698|percentage=19.36%|change={{decrease}}5.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhupendra B. Hajong|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,140|percentage=17.06%|change={{increase}}1.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Boston Marak|party=Garo National Council|votes=3,627|percentage=14.95%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rightious N. Sangma|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,646|percentage=10.90%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nimarson Momin|party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|votes=1,392|percentage=5.74%|change={{decrease}}3.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ronald Rikman Sangma|party=Independent politician|votes=714|percentage=2.94%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=170|percentage=0.70%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,915 |percentage=7.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=24,267|percentage=92.40%|change={{increase}}0.21}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,263 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Winnerson D. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,824 |percentage=34.90% |change={{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boston Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,935 |percentage=25.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupendra B. Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,034 |percentage=15.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rightious N. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,789 |percentage=9.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grebith D. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,734 |percentage=8.87% |change={{decrease}}23.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenedy Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=892 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Drembar Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,889 |percentage=9.66% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,551 |percentage=92.19% |change= {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,208 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,632 |percentage=32.22% |change={{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boston Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,895 |percentage=28.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,161 |percentage=18.08% |change={{decrease}}23.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Semford B. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,003 |percentage=11.46% |change={{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grebith D. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,788 |percentage=10.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=737 |percentage=4.22% |change= {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,479 |percentage=90.15% |change= {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,388 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,341 |percentage=42.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,498 |percentage=36.45% |change={{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Semford B. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,014 |percentage=13.35% |change={{decrease}}18.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismail A. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=878 |percentage=5.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=5.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,084 |percentage=76.96% |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,599 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,933 |percentage=38.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,146 |percentage=32.18% |change={{decrease}}8.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Metalson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,495 |percentage=11.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Sangma |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,181 |percentage=9.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismail A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,127 |percentage=8.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=787 |percentage=6.11% |change= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,882 |percentage=75.06% |change= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,813 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,898 |percentage=40.19% |change={{increase}}27.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=4,474 |percentage=36.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Sangma |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,816 |percentage=23.10% |change={{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=424 |percentage=3.48% |change= {{decrease}}20.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,188 |percentage=81.41% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,341 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=4,714 |percentage=48.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Metalson Sangma |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,396 |percentage=24.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,262 |percentage=13.11% |change={{decrease}}14.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,318 |percentage=24.09% |change= {{increase}}20.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,624 |percentage=80.04% |change= {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,447 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,289 |percentage=30.88% |change={{increase}}18.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimarson Momin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,035 |percentage=27.46% |change={{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noho Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,667 |percentage=22.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samarendra Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=635 |percentage=8.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilson S. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=7.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ronsing Dangsu |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=246 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=254 |percentage=3.43% |change= {{decrease}}32.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,412 |percentage=72.99% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,672 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}27.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,485 |percentage=58.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samarendro Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,372 |percentage=23.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilson S. Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=758 |percentage=12.79% |change={{decrease}}87.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ronsing Dangsu |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,113 |percentage=35.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,925 |percentage=64.88% |change= {{decrease}}38.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,683 |ref = |change= {{increase}}53.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}41.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Salmanpara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Samarendra Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=6,321 |percentage=100.00% |change= ''New''}}
|change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,321 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South West Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.41|90.04|display=title}}

[[Category:South West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Collien Fernandes

2026-04-14T10:49:45Z

ShereeDrm9452: creating some stub and citations

{{Short description|German television presenter}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Collien Ulmen-Fernandes in 2024.jpg
| name = Collien Fernandes
| caption = Fernandes in 2024
| other_names = Collien Ulmen-Fernandes
| birth_name = Collien Monica Fernandes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|09|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hamburg]], [[West Germany]]
| occupation = TV presenter, actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Christian Ulmen]]|2011|2026|end=div}}
| children = 1
| website = {{url|https://www.collienulmenfernandes.de}}
}}

'''Collien Monica Fernandes''' (previously '''Collien Ulmen-Fernandes'''; born 26 September 1981) is a German television presenter, [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]], and actress.

== Early life ==
Fernandes was born in [[Hamburg]] to an Indian father of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and Indian descent and a [[Hungarians in Germany|Hungarian German]] mother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collien Ulmen-Fernandes {{!}} Steckbrief, Bilder und News |url=https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/thema/collien-ulmen-fernandes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504130900/https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/thema/collien-ulmen-fernandes |archive-date=2019-05-04 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=[[Web.de]] News |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Collien Ulmen-Fernandes |url=https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Collien+Ulmen+Fernandes/00/27158 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Munzinger.de}}</ref> She grew up with her little sister in [[Schenefeld, Pinneberg|Schenefeld]].<ref name=":0" /> At age 15, she moved out from home to begin her career as a model. Fernandes was interested in music and started singing with the band ''Yam Yam''. She went to [[Dance studio|dance schools]] in Hamburg and London.

== Career ==
Fernandes featured in a number of music videos as background dancer for artists such as [[Enrique Iglesias]] and [[Dieter Bohlen]]'s band [[Modern Talking]]. Producers took note of this, and she soon signed a record contract with [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]].

Fernandes began her TV career in 2000 presenting a number of shows and in the autumn of 2001 became the new presenter of ''[[Bravo TV (TV series)|Bravo TV]]'' on [[RTL II|RTL2]]. This followed with guest appearances on ''[[The Dome (TV program)|The Dome]]'' and ''[[TV total]]''. Since 2003, she has been a presenter of a number of shows on the music television channel [[Viva (TV station)|VIVA]] and [[Deutsches Sportfernsehen|DSF's]] ''Maxim TV''.

In February 2004, Fernandes appeared in her first movie ''{{ill|A2 Racer (film)|de|3=Autobahnraser (Film)|lt=A2 Racer}}''. That same year, she appeared in ''[[Night of the Living Dorks]]''. In 2007, she appeared in two more films, namely ''{{ill|Ossi's Eleven|de|Ossi's Eleven}}'' and ''{{ill|Instructor Schmidt|de|Morgen, ihr Luschen! Der Ausbilder-Schmidt-Film}}'', in which she played the leading female role. In 2007, she was nominated along with the rest of the cast from the new [[Sat.1]] series ''[[Dr. Molly & Karl]]'' for an [[Adolf Grimme Awards|Adolf Grimme Award]]. And in 2009 she starred in the [[RTL Television|RTL]] show ''[[Alarm for Cobra 11 – The Highway Police]]''. Since the beginning of June 2009, Fernandes has been the presenter of the [[ProSieben]] show ''MyVideoStar''.

In September 2009, Fernandes was ejected from the [[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin]] for asking [[Lady Gaga]] during a press conference whether she had a penis or a vagina.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2009 |title=Lady GaGa wirft 'Viva'-Star raus |url=http://www.gala.de/stars/aufgeschnappt/73064/Collien-Fernandes-Lady-GaGa-wirft-Viva-Star-raus.html |access-date=7 February 2010 |work=[[Gala.de]] |language=German}}</ref>

=== Modelling ===
Fernandes has modelled for a number of companies, including [[Otto GmbH|Otto]], Neckermann and [[Triumph International|BeeDees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Triumph hat BeeDees neu ausgerichtet |url=http://www.textilwirtschaft.de/news/schlagzeilen/pages/show.php?id=53181 |accessdate=7 February 2010 |publisher=TextilWirtschaft.de |language=German}}</ref> She has also been in television advertisements for [[Ferrero SpA|Ferrero's]] [[Kinder Bueno]] and [[Mercedes-Benz]].

Fernandes was elected "Woman of the Year" in 2003 and 2006 by the readers of the German ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]''. She has also appeared in other editions of Maxim{{snd}}in [[Russia]], [[Spain]], [[Ukraine]] and the [[United States]]. In 2010, she was elected "[[FHM#FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World|Sexiest Woman in the World]]" by the readers of the German ''[[FHM]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 5, 2010 |title=FHM wählt 100 Sexiest Woman of the World - Collien Fernandes gewinnt |url=http://talk.excite.de/fhm-wahlt-100-sexiest-woman-of-the-world-collien-fernandes-gewinnt-N9459.html |url-status=dead |website=[[Excite.de]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030706/http://talk.excite.de/fhm-wahlt-100-sexiest-woman-of-the-world-collien-fernandes-gewinnt-N9459.html |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=17 July 2010 |language=German}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Deutscher Fernsehpreis 2012 - Christian Ulmen - Collien Ulmen-Fernandes.jpg|thumb|Fernandes with her ex-husband [[Christian Ulmen]] in 2012]]
Fernandes met German actor [[Christian Ulmen]] in August 2010 and the couple wed on 22 June 2011. Their daughter was born in April 2012. In 2023, the family moved from [[Potsdam]] to [[Mallorca]]. In September 2025, the couple announced their separation, and in March 2026, their divorce. Since the separation, Fernandes has been appearing in public as Collien Monica Fernandes.

In March 2026, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that Fernandes had filed a complaint against her ex-husband Ulmen with the district court in Palma, alleging, among other things, identity-theft, public defamation, and assault. He is alleged to have created fake social media accounts in her name over the course of several years to distribute fake nude photos and videos of her; she felt "virtually raped". Ulmen hired media lawyer Christian Schertz to take legal action against ''Der Spiegel''. Schertz considers the reporting unlawful because it spreads "untrue facts based on a one-sided account". Without commenting on the validity of the allegations in this specific case, Federal Minister of Justice [[Stefanie Hubig]], in response to the publication of the allegations against Ulmen, spoke out about existing gaps in criminal liability and called for harsher punishment for perpetrators of digital violence.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=Collien Fernandes zeigt Ex-Mann Christian Ulmen an: 'Du hast mich virtuell vergewaltigt' |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article69bbeb7fd3cf984a3adb791f/collien-fernandes-zeigt-ex-mann-christian-ulmen-an-du-hast-mich-virtuell-vergewaltigt.html |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=[[Die Welt]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Connor |first=Richard |date=20 March 2026 |title=Germany to target pornographic deepfakes amid celebrity case |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-target-pornographic-deepfakes-amid-celebrity-case/a-76457460 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Collien}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hamburg]]
[[Category:21st-century German actresses]]
[[Category:German female dancers]]
[[Category:German female models]]
[[Category:German film actresses]]
[[Category:German people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:German people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:German people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:German television presenters]]
[[Category:German women television presenters]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]

Kilari Venkata Rosaiah

2026-04-07T22:06:08Z

ShereeDrm9452: creating new entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kilari Venkata Rosaiah
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]]
| term_start = 12 June 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
| successor = Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|06|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kilari Lakshmi Saraswathi|1989}}
| party = [[Janasena Party]]<ref name="Balineni, Udaya Bhanu, Rosaiah join JSP">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Balineni, Udaya Bhanu, Rosaiah join JSP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/balineni-udaya-bhanu-rosaiah-join-jsp/article68687249.ece |access-date=28 September 2024 |date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/balineni-udaya-bhanu-rosaiah-join-jsp/article68687249.ece |archive-date=28 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| other_party = [[Praja Rajyam Party]] (2009–2011) [[YSR Congress Party]] (2014–2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-MLA Rosaiah quits YSRCP, may join Jana Sena |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/andhra-news/ex-mla-rosaiah-quits-ysrcp-may-join-jana-sena-139398 |website=Great Andhra |date=24 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Kilari Venkata Rosaiah''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Ponnur Assembly constituency]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Legislative Assembly,2019 winning candidates |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default |website=My Neta |language=en}}</ref> He is the son-in-law of former Union Minister [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkata Rosaiah Kilari(PRAP):Constituency- TENALI(GUNTUR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://24newsdaily.com/kilari-venkata-rosaiah-biography/ |website=24 News Daily |date=21 November 2022}}</ref>

== Birth and education ==
He was born in 1967 to Kilari Koteswararao.
He completed 10th class at Shrine Vailankani Senior Secondary School, [[Chennai]] in 1982. He completed intermediate at [[Jagarlamudi Kuppuswamy Chowdary College|J. K. C College]] in 1984. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Jagarlamudi Kuppuswamy Chowdary College|J. K. C. College]], [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]], [[Guntur]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidate details for Lok Sabha election 2024 |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=Affidavit ECI |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rosaiah comes from a political background family. His father, Kilari Koteswararao worked as a Councillor and Chairman of Guntur Mirchi Market Yard. Kilari Koteswararao contested from [[Guntur-II Assembly constituency]] in 1989 from [[Telugu Desam Party]] and lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AC: Guntur-II 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/guntur-ii/27/12948/86 |website=India Votes |language=en}}</ref>

Rosaiah entered politics following his father's legacy. In 1985, Kilari Venkata Rosaiah was elected unanimously as vice-president of [[Jagarlamudi Kuppuswamy Chowdary College|J. K. C. college]]. In 1993, he served as vice-president of the Guntur Mirchi Yard Association. He was elected as Guntur Mirchi Yard Association President in 1994.
In 2009, he joined the [[Praja Rajyam Party]] (PRP) and appointed Guntur Town President from the [[Praja Rajyam Party]]. In 2009, he contested as MLA from [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]] but he lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh 2009 |url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2929 |website=My Neta |language=en}}</ref>

Later, he joined [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] and worked as a YSRCP coordinator for Tenali. He was appointed [[YSRCP]] State Secretary in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosaiah Appointed As State Secretary Of YSRCP |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/others/rosaiah-appointed-state-24205 |website=YSR Congress |date=17 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he contested as YSRCP candidate from the Ponnur constituency and won as MLA against [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] candidate [[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]] by a minor difference of 1100 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponnur Assembly constituency 2019 election results |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4838 |website=My Neta |language=en}}</ref>

== Election statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
| [[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali]]
| [[Nadendla Manohar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 61,582 – 37,990
| -23,592
| {{lost}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |website=Election Commission of India |date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30621 |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |website=India Votes}}</ref>
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party| rowspan=2}}
| [[Ponnur (Assembly constituency)|Ponnur]]
| [[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]] ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 87,570 – 86,458
| 1,112
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |website=Election Commission of India |date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ponnur-assembly-elections-ap-88/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Ponnur Elections Result 2019 |website=One India}}</ref>
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 3
| [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]] ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 8,64,948 – 5,20,253
| -3,44,695
| {{Lost}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rosaiah, Kilari Venkata}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Acharya Nagarjuna University alumni]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]

Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-07T02:07:43Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating First Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Bhagvan Singh Kushwaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha
| image = File:Nomination of Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha (1) 01 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jagdishpur]] [[Bihar]] India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = Being Minister in the [[government of Bihar]]. 
Bihar state Vice President of [[Janata Dal (United)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-joined-jdu-from-ljp-apologizing-for-the-abusive-words-said-9-months-ago-jdu-made-the-state-vice-president-as-soon-as-he-joined-128789076.html|title=चिराग पासवान को फिर झटका:LJP से JDU में शामिल हुए भगवान सिंह कुशवाहा, बने प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष, 9 महीने पहले नीतीश कुमार को धोखेबाज बता थामा था लोजपा का दामन|website=bhaskar.com|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> National General Secretary of Janata Dal (United).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news24online.com/india/jdu-announces-new-national-executive-committee-kc-tyagis-name-excluded-adi/111306/|title=JDU announces new national executive committee, KC Tyagi's name excluded |website=News24|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = Leader Politician [[Government of Bihar|Former Minister for Rural Development in Bihar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| other_party = *{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)}}
*{{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
*{{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party}}
*{{Party index link|Jan Adhikar Party}}
*{{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Samata Party}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Jagdish Mahto]]
(Father-in-law)
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 6 May 2024
}}
'''Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha''' is a politician from [[Bihar]], who has also served as a minister in the [[Government of Bihar]]. He is a son-in-law of [[Jagdish Mahto]]— the founder of [[Naxalism]] in Ekwari village of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] region of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/sitting-ara-mp-finds-the-going-tough/articleshow/33676808.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Sitting-Ara-MP-finds-the-going-tough/articleshow/33676808.cms?from=mdr|title=Sitting Ara MP finds the going tough|website=[[Times of India]]| date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=16 November 2020|url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> He has assumed several important posts in various regional political parties of Bihar, which include [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], [[Janata Dal (United)]], [[Lok Janshakti Party]], [[Jan Adhikar Party Loktantrik]] and [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/as-upendra-kushwaha-exits-nda-his-second-in-command-joins-nitish-kumar-1969570|title=As Upendra Kushwaha exits NDA his second in command joins Nitish Kumar|website=NDTV|accessdate=30 March 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170506/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/as-upendra-kushwaha-exits-nda-his-second-in-command-joins-nitish-kumar-1969570|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-polls-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-who-contested-from-ljp-leaving-jdu-accused-cm-nitish-ann-1590973|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210508175929/https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-polls-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-who-contested-from-ljp-leaving-jdu-accused-cm-nitish-ann-1590973|archive-date=8 May 2021 |title=Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha, who left JDU to join LJP accuses Nitish|website=ABP live|date= 7 October 2020|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Kushwaha once headed JD(U)'s youth wing and has also been [[Government of Bihar|Minister for rural development]] in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/dec/28/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-quits-joins-bihars-ruling-jdu-1917744.html|title=RLSP vice president Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha joins ruling JDU|website=newindianexpress|date=28 December 2018 |accessdate=30 March 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130141307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/dec/28/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-quits-joins-bihars-ruling-jdu-1917744.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2024, he was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]. He was nominated by the Janata Dal (United) as its candidate to fill the vacancy of the post caused by end of the tenure of another leader of the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/jdus-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-gets-elected-to-bihar-legislative-council/2162551/|website=The Print|title= JDU's Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha elected to Bihar Legislative Council|date=5 July 2024 |accessdate=6 July 2024}}</ref>

==Life and political career==
[[File:Nomination of Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha (1) 06.jpg|thumb|Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha with [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Samrat Chaudhary]] on 2 July 2024, before being elected to Bihar Legislative Council.]]
Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha is a son of Devdhari Singh, who hails from Jagdishpur in [[Arrah]] district of [[Bihar]]. In the early part of his life, he was associated with the social work, before entering the politics. His spouse is a government servant. He is educated till [[matriculation]] level. Kushwaha is charged with several criminal cases, as per his affidavit submitted to [[Election Commission of India]]. In the affidavit, he reveals the charges lodged against him which includes murder, attempt to murder, rioting and possession of harmful weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2644|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331045026/https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2644|title=Candidate profile|website=Myneta.com|accessdate=30 March 2021|archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/another-koeri-face-may-return-to-jdu/articleshow/81765865.cms|title= Bihar: Another Koeri face may return to JD(U)|website=Times of India|date= 31 March 2021|accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref> Kushwaha contests the election to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur Assembly constituency]]. He started his political career from the [[Indian People's Front]], which came to be known as CPI-ML later. In 1990, he was elected from the Jagdishpur constituency to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] as the CPI-ML candidate, but in the next election the seat was won by Harinarayan Singh of [[Janata Dal]]; Kushwaha was reelected in 2000 from this seat, this time on the ticket of [[Samata Party]] (now led by [[Uday Mandal]] its President).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Flaming torch a free symbol, EC can allot it to any other party: Delhi HC dismisses Samata Party's appeal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/flaming-torch-symbol-ec-delhi-hc-dismisses-samata-partys-appeal-8278007/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126135635/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/flaming-torch-symbol-ec-delhi-hc-dismisses-samata-partys-appeal-8278007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the formation of [[Janata Dal (United)]] from the Samata Party, Kushwaha was elected once again in 2005 as the member of new party, the Janata Dal (United), from the Jagdishpur seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/news/bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-who-came-to-jdu-from-rlsp-and-ljp-from-jdu-said-public-believes-me-to-be-god-127831709.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331050802/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/news/bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-who-came-to-jdu-from-rlsp-and-ljp-from-jdu-said-public-believes-me-to-be-god-127831709.html|title=जगदीशपुर ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट:भगवान कुशवाहा बोले- जनता मुझे भगवान मानती है, यहां राजद-जदयू-लोजपा में त्रिकोणीय मुकाबला|website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|language=hi|archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

The dormant political career of Kushwaha got a boost once again after formation of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] by [[Upendra Kushwaha|Upendra Singh Kushwaha]] in 2013, as a result of split in the ruling JD(U). To bring all [[Koeri|Kushwaha]] leaders under one umbrella for better political outcomes, some of the veteran politicians were given high posts in the newly formed party. This included Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha, who was made party's vice president.<ref name="The Quint">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-joins-jdu|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331052315/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-joins-jdu |title=RLSP Vice-President Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha Joins JD(U)|website=[[The Quint]]|date= 28 December 2018 |accessdate=31 March 2021|archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> In 2018, Upendra Kushwaha, the founder of Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, left the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]], which was seen by many of his party members as a suicidal step. Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha too protested against this decision and left RLSP to join the JD(U) with 35 state level office bearers and at least 1200 workers of the party. His exit was preceded by the exit of other legislators of the party which included Sudhanshu Shekhar and [[Lalan Paswan]]. In the presence of JD(U)'s contemporary state president, [[Bashistha Narain Singh]], Kushwaha hailed his decision to part his ways with RLSP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-joins-hands-with-nitish-kumars-jdu-3500994/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331054052/https://www.india.com/news/india/rlsp-vice-president-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-joins-hands-with-nitish-kumars-jdu-3500994/ |title=RLSP Vice President Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha Joins Hands With Nitish Kumar's JD(U)|website=India.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"When I joined the RLSP, my condition was that it should remain with the NDA. What Kushwaha has done (by severing ties with NDA) was not liked by party's rank and file. I tried my level best to ensure that Upendra Kushwaha should remain with NDA but he (Upendra) started feeling uneasy after Nitish Kumar joined the NDA."<ref name="The Quint"/> }}

In October 2020, before the Bihar Assembly elections, he was found to be involved in anti-party activities after he was denied ticket by the JDU in the assembly elections. As a result of this, he along with some of the former leaders of the party were ousted for a period of 6 years. Among those who were expelled was the former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Dadan Pahalwan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/country/bihar/bihar-election-jdu-expelled-15-including-mlas-dadan-rameshwar-and-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-52158|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401152327/https://www.outlookhindi.com/country/bihar/bihar-election-jdu-expelled-15-including-mlas-dadan-rameshwar-and-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-52158 |title=JDU expelled 15 including Dadan Pahalwan and Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha|website=Outlook|accessdate=1 April 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

===2020 assembly elections===
In 2020 elections to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], after being denied ticket from JD(U), he contested from the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] in the Jagdishpur constituency. In a tripartite battle between JDU, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Lok Janshakti Party]], he lost to Ram Vishun Singh of RJD. Among the three key candidates, he was able to secure second position between the winner and Sushmlata Kushwaha, the third runner up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/sribhagwan-singh-kushwaha-jagdishpur-candidate-s04a197c03/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210402022003/https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/sribhagwan-singh-kushwaha-jagdishpur-candidate-s04a197c03/ |title=2020 Jagdishpur constituency result|website=News18|accessdate=2 April 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>

===Return to JDU===
[[File:Nomination of Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha (1) 03.jpg|thumb|Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha accompanied by [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Samrat Chaudhary]], filing his nomination papers for [[Bihar Legislative Council]] election, on 2 July 2024.]]
After unsuccessfully contesting Jagdishpur seat on LJP ticket in 2020 assembly election, he once again returned to JDU in August, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Madan Kumar |date=Aug 7, 2021 |title=Former Bihar minister Sri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha returns to JD(U) {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-bihar-minister-sri-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-returns-to-jdu/articleshow/85135259.cms |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414190515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-bihar-minister-sri-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-returns-to-jdu/articleshow/85135259.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2024, he was made a candidate of the JDU for Bihar Legislative Council. This decision came after the vacancy was created on one seat of Bihar Legislative Council, which was earlier held by Rambali Chandravanshi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/upendra-kushwaha-rajya-sabha-bhagwan-kushwaha-legislative-council-one-set-in-delhi-another-in-patna/articleshow/111433532.cms|title=Upendra Kushwaha and Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha nominated to Rajya Sabha and Bihar Legislative Council|website=navbharat Times|accessdate=2 July 2024}}</ref>

==Criminal accusations==
In 1993, while Kushwaha was associated with [[Indian People's Front]], an infamous incident took place in the Ichri village of the Bhojpur district. This incident was a part of caste based violence in post independence Bihar. In this particular incident, some supporters of Indian People Front attacked a group of [[Rajput]] caste men, who were returning to their village from a rally organised by [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. In the ambush, five people were killed on the spot, while above half a dozen men were severely injured. The families of the victims alleged Kushwaha to be one of the convict behind this massacre. In 2023, thirty years after the incident, a court at [[Arrah]] acquitted Kushwaha due to lack of evidence against him. However, nine other people were granted life imprisonment in this case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-ex-minister-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-acquitted-in-ichri-massacre-nine-accused-sentenced-to-rigorous-life-imprisonment-23376890.html|title=आरा: इचरी नरसंहार कांड में पूर्व मंत्री भगवान सिंह कुशवाहा बरी, नौ आरोपियों को सश्रम उम्रकैद की सजा|website=jagran.com|language=Hindi|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101958/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-ex-minister-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-acquitted-in-ichri-massacre-nine-accused-sentenced-to-rigorous-life-imprisonment-23376890.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/life-imprisonment-to-9-convicts-of-ichari-massacre-former-minister-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-acquitted-2023-04-05|title=इचरी नरसंहार: 9 दोषियों को उम्रकैद, बिहार सरकार के पूर्व मंत्री भगवान सिंह कुशवाहा संदेह के लाभ के आधार पर बरी|website=Amar Ujala|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406042306/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/life-imprisonment-to-9-convicts-of-ichari-massacre-former-minister-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-acquitted-2023-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/arrah/court-gave-a-big-decision-in-bihar-famous-ichari-massacre-of-bhojpur-axs|title=बिहार के चर्चित इचरी नरसंहार में कोर्ट ने सुनाया बड़ा फैसला, 9 आरोपियों को मिली|language=Hindi|website=prabhat khabar|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065843/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/arrah/court-gave-a-big-decision-in-bihar-famous-ichari-massacre-of-bhojpur-axs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/life-imprisonment-for-9-acquittal-for-former-jd-u-leader-in-1993-bihar-murder-case-101680688531332.html|title=JD (U) leader acquitted, 9 others held guilty for 1993 Bihar killings|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405120054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/life-imprisonment-for-9-acquittal-for-former-jd-u-leader-in-1993-bihar-murder-case-101680688531332.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Kushwaha was also accused of being a conspirator in the assassination of chief ([[Mukhi]]ya) of Ichri village, Binod Singh. The deceased was regional head of Akhil Bhartiya Rashtriya Kisan Mahasangh (ABRKM), a body of upper caste landlords. A [[First Information Report]] registered by the victim's father named Nathuni Yadav, the former Mukhiya as another conspirator apart from Kushwaha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/exjdu-minister-named-in-killing-of-village-chief-in-bihar/|title=Ex-JD(U) minister named in killing of village chief in Bihar|website=Indian express|date=28 February 2013 |accessdate=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407190427/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/exjdu-minister-named-in-killing-of-village-chief-in-bihar/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/upendra-kushwaha-rajya-sabha-bhagwan-kushwaha-legislative-council-one-set-in-delhi-another-in-patna/articleshow/111433532.cms|title=एक कुशवाहा को पटना तो दूसरे कुशवाहा को दिल्ली में किया गया 'एडजस्ट', गजब की सेटिंग है भाई! |website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=6 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://m.facebook.com/SriBhagwanSKushwaha/ Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Shri Bhagwan Singh}}
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Samata politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Ayachi Mishra

2026-04-04T16:24:30Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating A Entry More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Philosopher}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Ayachi Mishra
| honorific prefix = Mahamahopadhyaya
| native_name = अयाची मिश्र
| native_name_lang = Sa
| alias = Bhavanatha Mishra
| birth_name = Bhavanatha
| children = [[Sankara Mishra]]
| era = 14th century CE
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| alma_mater = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| school_tradition = [[Nyaya]] Shastra
| birth_place = [[Ayachi Mishra Dih]], [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] village, [[Madhubani district]]
}}
'''Ayachi Mishra''' (Sanskrit: अयाची मिश्र) was an Indian Vedic scholar during the 14th century in Mithila. His real name was ''Bhavanatha Mishra''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shailendra Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbUCijBHS7AC&q=Ayachi+Mishra |title=Hari Mohan Jha |date=1994 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-652-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Balmiki Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQtDwAAQBAJ&q=Ayachi+Mishra |title=Bahudhā and the Post 9/11 World |date=2008-02-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908794-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=College |first=Patna University Patna Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmSsAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Law: An Anthology of Essays in Municipal and International Law |date=1961 |publisher=New York, Asia Publication House. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1c8s3eT-35UC&q=Ayachi+Mishra |title=Umesh Mishra |date=1995 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-394-3 |language=en}}</ref> He was an eminent scholar of the [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]] in the [[Indian philosophy]]. The Nyaya Shastra also known as [[Indian logic|Indian Logic]] is one of the six schools of thought in the Indian philosophy.

== Etymology ==
''Ayachi'' is a Sanskrit adjective word. The Hindi word of Ayachi is ''Ayachaka'' having literal meanings non-asking, prosperous or rich.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अयाची के हिंदी अर्थ {{!}} ayaachii meaning in Hindi {{!}} हिन्दवी |url=https://www.hindwi.org/hindi-dictionary/meaning-of-ayaachii |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Hindwi |language=hi}}</ref> According to legend, it is said that the scholar Bhavanatha Mishra never asked anything with anyone in his life. He was very committed to his words and promises given to anyone. It is said that due to his ideal qualities of renunciation and commitment to his words, he was later called as Ayachi and became famous with his new name Ayachi Mishra.<ref>{{Cite news |title=जब भवनाथ मिश्र बने अयाची |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-when-bhagwan-mishra-became-the-ayachi-1429085.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ayachi Mishra was born in a [[Maithil Brahmin]] family at ''Sarisab Pahi'' village of the [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM hails Ayachi study model |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/cm-hails-ayachi-study-model/cid/1661551 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Bhavanatha Mishra later became the eminent scholar of the [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]] in the Indian philosophy. He spent his entire life on only one and a half ''katthas'' of land at Sarisab Pahi village in the [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in Bihar, India. The place where he lived in the village is presently called as [[Ayachi Mishra Dih]] which has been recognised and preserved as a historical place by the [[Government of Bihar]].

He taught his disciples without taking an fees. According to legend, it is said that in [[Dakṣiṇā|Gurudakshina]], he only asked his disciples to teach at least ten students. He also taught his own son [[Sankara Mishra]] who wrote nineteen books based on his teaching.<ref>{{Cite news |title=भगवान शंकर खुद अयाची मिश्र के पुत्र के रूप में अवतार लिए |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-lord-shankar-himself-incarnated-as-the-son-of-ayyachi-mishra-1478260.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{India-philosopher-stub}}

[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Nyaya]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]

Robertsganj

2026-04-02T15:23:27Z

ShereeDrm9452: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Robertsganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Eco point Robertsganj.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7|N|83.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mirzapur division|Mirzapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]]
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Robertsganj Municipal Council
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Ruby Prasad ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chhotelal Kharwar]] ([[Samajwadi Party]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bhupesh Chaubey]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name3 = Chandra Vijay Singh ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 330
| population_total = 36,689
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Literacy Rate
|demographics1_title1 = in 2011
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]],
English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 231216
| area_code = +91 5444
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-64
| unemployment_rate =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = 84%
|
}}
'''Robertsganj''' ({{langx|hi-Latn|rŏbartsganj}}), is a city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sonbhadra district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Robertsganj is located in the south-eastern corner of the state. Robertsganj is the administrative headquarter of [[Sonbhadra]] District. The district [[Sonbhadra]] and Robertsganj as its district headquarter were created by carving off the southern part of the [[Mirzapur]] district on 4 March 1989. [[Son River|Son]], [[Karmanasa River|Karmnasa]], Chandra Prabha, [[Rihand River|Rihand]], Kanhar, Renu, Ghagar and Belan Rivers drain this area. The city is named after [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]].

Located between [[Vindhyan]] Range and [[Kaimur Range]], this area had been the centre of activities of pre-historic man which is evident from the rock paintings (pre-historic cave art) found in abundance in this region.

== Geography ==
Robertsganj is located at {{Coord|24.7|N|83.07|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Robertsganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Robertsganj]</ref> It has an average elevation of 330 [[metre]]s (1080 [[foot (length)|feet]]) from sea level.
Robertsganj is located in the south-eastern ranges of the [[Vindhyachal]] mountain.

It lies between Kaimur range and [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region. A river flows on the southern side of the city named [[Son river]] in the Chopan town located nearly 25 km south of Robertsganj. [[Salkhan Fossils Park]] is situated 16 km from Robertsganj.

== History ==
Robertsganj is named after the Kanpur-born Field Marshall [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[British Indian Army]] in 1885–93.
The Robertsganj railway station was renamed Sonbhadra in 2018.<ref name="ND1">{{cite news|title=British-Era Robertsganj Railway Station In UP Renamed Sonbhadra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/british-era-robertsganj-railway-station-in-up-renamed-sonbhadra-1826503 |newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=21 March 2018| accessdate=5 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Air Flight===
Robertsganj is located about 82 km from the city of [[Varanasi]], which has also the nearest airport. Flights are available to all major Indian cities including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Agra]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Patna]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Bhubaneswar]],
[[Hyderabad]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] etc. International connections are [[Bangkok]], [[Colombo]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Mecca]] and [[Kathmandu]].

===Rail===

The [[Robertsganj railway station|Sonbhadra Railway Station]] connects [[Delhi]], [[Jammu]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Ranchi]], [[Tatanagar]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bareilly]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Kanpur]] by rail. Some notable trains passing through the town are

* [[Muri Express]] ([[Jammu Tawi]] - [[Delhi]] - Tata Nagar),
* [[Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express]]/12873([[Hatia]] - [[Kanpur]] - [[Delhi]])
* [[Triveni Express]] ([[Bareilly]] - [[Lucknow]] - [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]]),
* Intercity Express ([[Singrauli]] - [[Varanasi]]).

===Road===

Robertsganj is well connected to [[Lucknow]], [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Mirzapur]] by road. Buses are available at all hours of the day from [[Varanasi]], and it normally takes {{frac|2|1|2}} hours to cover the distance. SH 5A a 6 lane highway built by UPSHA runs through the city from Varansi To Hathinala where it merges with national highway 75E.

The highway connecting [[Varanasi]] and [[Waidhan]] passes through the city. Though this is not a national highway it is a very busy road because of the towns Dalla, [[Renukoot]], [[Anpara]], [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] which are sufficiently commercialized areas. [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] is in [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] and also National Coalfield different projects like [[Singrauli]], [[Khadia]], [[Jayant]], Dudhichua, Amlori, Kakri, etc. These areas have several major coal mines which cater to a big part of the coal need of the state. [[Churk]] a nearby town is situated around 10 km, where [[Jaypee Group]] is establishing a thermal power project.

== Climate ==

Robertsganj has a relatively subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. The average temperature is 32 °C–42 °C in the summer and 2 °C–15 °C in the winter. The weather is pleasant in the rainy season from July to October.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801249-sonbhadra-uttar-pradesh.html|title = Sonbhadra Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011-2022 | Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> Robertsganj is a Nagar Palika Parishad in the district of Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh. The Sonbhadra city is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Sonbhadra Nagar Palika Parishad (Robertsganj) has a population of 36,689, of which 19,294 are males while 17,395 are females as per a report released by Census India 2011.

===Sex ratio and child population===

In Sonbhadra Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is of 902 against the state average of 912. Moreover, the child sex ratio in [[Sonbhadra]] is around 867, compared to the Uttar Pradesh state average of 902.
The Population of children with the age of 0-6 is 4678, which is 12.75% of a total population of [[Sonbhadra]] (NPP).

===Literacy rate===
The Literacy rate of Robertsganj (Sonbhadra city) is 84%, higher than the state average of 67.68%. In [[Sonbhadra]], male literacy is around 89.32% while the female literacy rate is 78.1%.

===Households and administration===

Sonbhadra Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration of over 6, 196 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage.
Water supplies from the [[Dhandhraul Dam]] in the Robertsganj City. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

===Caste factor===

Scheduled Castes constitute 13.72% while Scheduled Tribe were 0.50% of the total population in [[Sonbhadra]] city.

===Work profile===

Out of the total population, 10,339 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 8,362 were males while 1,977 were females. In a census survey, worker is defined as a person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labor activity. Of the total 10339 working population, 80.55% were engaged in main work while 19.45% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.

==Place of interest==

=== Historical places ===

[[File:Vijay Garh Fort on the Hill top.jpg|thumb|[[Vijaygarh Fort]] on the Hill top]]
* [[Vijaygarh Fort]], [[Sonbhadra]]: It is located about 30 km from Robertsganj in south-east direction in Mau Kalan village on Robertsganj-Churk road, in the [[Sonbhadra]] District. Built in the 5th century, at a height of 400 feet from the ground level by [[Kol people|Kol]] Kings, the fort is known for its rock inscriptions, cave paintings, many statues and its perennial ponds. There are four ponds inside the premises of the fort which never dry up.
* Sodharigarh Durg, [[Sonbhadra]]
* [[Veer Lorik Stone]]
* Agori Fort in Chopan.

===Natural places===

* [[Son View Point]]
* [[Dhandhraul Dam]]
* [[Salkhan Fossils Park]]
* [[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]]

===Other nearby===

* [[Shivdwar]]
* [[Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple]]
* [[Rihand Dam]]
* [[Jwaladevi Temple]]

==Media==
Gaon Girav & Kaimoor Times are among the few Hindi newspapers published from this district.

[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]], a popular Hindi novel by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] is related to [[Vijaygarh Fort]]. The princess Chandrakanta of [[Vijaygarh]] and the prince Virendra Singh of Naugarh. Krur Singh, a member of the [[Vijaygarh]] king's court who dreams of marrying Chandrakanta and taking over the throne. When Krur Singh fails in his endeavor, he flees the kingdom and befriends Shivdutt, the powerful neighboring king of [[Chunar Fort|Chunargarh fort]] in [[Chunar]] that inspired [[Khatri]] to write the novel.
[[Vijaygarh Fort]] is in [[Sonbhadra]] City.

== See also ==

* [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]]

== External links ==

* ({{Coord|24.686426|83.065664|region:IN_type:city|display=inline}}<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=24.686426&lon=83.065664&z=15&l=0&m=a&v=2 robertsganj satellite image]</ref>) Geo links for Robertsganj

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sonbhadra district}}{{Mirzapur Division topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Robertsganj]]

Pakistan National Alliance

2026-03-29T00:39:00Z

ShereeDrm9452: updated details per sources as per guidelines

{{distinguish|National Alliance (Pakistan)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Pakistan National Alliance پاکستان قومی اتحاد
| logo =
| logo_size =
| colorcode = {{party color|Pakistan National Alliance}}
| presidium = [[Abul A'la Maududi]] ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|JI]]) [[Shah Ahmad Noorani]] ([[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan|JuP]]) [[Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League|PML]]) [[Asghar Khan]] ([[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal|TeI]])
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|1977|01|05}}
| dissolved = {{End date|df=y|1978|01|24}}
| ideology = [[Conservatism]] [[Capitalism]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| colors = Green {{colour sample|{{party color|Pakistan National Alliance}}}}
| slogan = ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' (1977)
| flag = Flag of IJI.svg
| country = Pakistan
}}

The '''Pakistan National Alliance''' ([[Urdu]]: '''پاکستان قومی اتحاد''', [[Acronym and initialism|Acronym]]: '''PNA'''), was a [[Populism|populist]] and consolidated right and left [[Political parties in Pakistan|political alliance]], consisting of nine political parties of the country. Formed in 1977, the country's leading right-wing parties agreed upon to run a political campaign as a single bloc against the left-wing [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 general elections]].

Despite each parties standing with a different ideology, PNA was noted for its large physical momentum and its right-wing orientation, originally aimed to oppose Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]].<ref>[http://jang.com.pk/jang/aug2011-daily/11-08-2011/col3.htm Navaz Sharif – A man between enemies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040546/http://jang.com.pk/jang/aug2011-daily/11-08-2011/col3.htm |date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> Despite its [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] agenda, the alliance performed poorly in the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 general election]] and levelled accusations of [[Vote rigging|rigging]] the elections. After months of [[Right-wing politics and violence|spontaneous violent]] political activism, the [[Operation Fair Play|martial law]] came in effect under [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] who made call for a [[Retributive justice|political retribution]]. By 1978, the alliance met its end when parties diverged in each of its agenda. The left-wing parties later would form the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy|MRD alliance]] under PPP to oppose President Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s and the right-wing forming the [[Islamic Democratic Alliance|IDA alliance]] under [[Pakistan Muslim League|PML]].

==History==

The [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] came in [[Power (politics)|power politics]] after the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|loss]] of [[East Pakistan]] in 1971. After uplifting the martial law in 1972 and promulgating the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] in 1973, the PPP made slow efforts to advance the "[[Islam and democracy]]" in the country, but intensified the [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] with a vengeance.<ref name="Country studies US">{{cite web|last=Country studies US|title=History of Pakistan Peoples Party and the Left in Pakistan|url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/69.htm|publisher=Country studies US|access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> First and foremost, the [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalisation program]] was carried out to centralise the large-scale industries, private-sector and commercial corporation to set up the strong [[Public sector|state sector]].<ref name="Country studies US"/> Resentment and heavy disapproval came from the elite [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|corporate sector]] and PPP intensified its public programs at the social circles.<ref name="Country studies US"/> Although the general elections were to be held on half of 1977, Bhutto made a move and called for holding the general elections on 7 January 1977.<ref name="Story of Pakistan press">{{cite web|title=1977 General elections and Right wing populism|date=June 2003 |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/general-elections-1977/|publisher=Story of Pakistan press|access-date=19 May 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Early calls for the elections were intended to not give the opposition enough time to make decisions and arrangements for the forthcoming elections.<ref name="Story of Pakistan press"/> Immediately after the announcement, Bhutto started his election campaign and began allotting party tickets to party's candidates.<ref name="Story of Pakistan press"/> Sensing the difficulty of facing PPP alone, the conservative mass began to consolidate when [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|''JeI'']] contacting the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) and [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal|TeI]].<ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1576077122|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&q=pakistan+national+alliance&pg=PA131}}</ref> The other small parties too joined the alliance and initially called for ending the [[Stagflation in Pakistan|era of stagflation]] in the country and its manifesto was to bring back the 1970 prices.<ref name="Story of Pakistan press"/>

On social views, the implementation of Islam was its primary election slogan. They promised to enforce Islamic laws "[[Nizam-e-Mustafa]]" and the [[Sharia law]]s.<ref name="ABC-CLIO"/> The PNA's parties were a conglomerate of diverse views and of contradictory causes and united by common dislike of PPP's autocratic policies <ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&dq=asghar+khan&pg=PA1163&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=asghar%20khan&f=false |title=The Far East and Australasia 2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-133-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=as>{{Cite thesis |last=Suhail |first=Adeem |date=May 2011 |title=The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3621|publisher=University of Texas at Austin}}</ref>:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:auto;min-width:50em"
! colspan=5 | PNA Divergence
|-
! Political parties !! Presiding leadership !! Position !! Color !! Fate
|-
| [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] ({{colour|#00AAE4|JeI}}) || [[Abul A'la Maududi]] [[Mian Muhammad Tufail]] || [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]|| {{colour box|#00AAE4}} || {{Color|green|In alliance with Zia}}
|-
| [[Pakistan Muslim League]] ({{colour|#1a7647|PML}}) || [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi]] [[Pir Pagara]] ||[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]|| {{colour box|#1a7647}} || {{Color|green|In alliance with Zia}}
|-
|[[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] ({{colour|#0BDA51|TeI}}) || [[Asghar Khan]] || Right-wing ||{{colour box|#0BDA51}} || {{Color|red|In opposition to Zia}}
|-
|[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] ({{colour|#123524|JUeP}}) || [[Shah Ahmad Noorani]] || Right-wing || {{colour box|#123524}} || {{Color|green|In alliance with Zia}}
|-
|[[Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party|Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party]] ({{colour|Orange|MAP}}) || [[Mahmood Khan Achakzai]] || [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]|| {{colour box|orange}} || {{Color|green|In alliance with Zia}}
|-
|[[Balochistan National Party (Mengal)|Balochistan National Party]] ({{colour|#FFD700|BNP}}) || [[Akbar Bugti]] || Left-wing ||{{colour box|#FFF700}} || {{Color|purple|Neutrality with Zia}}
|-
| [[National Awami Party (Wali)|Awami National Party]] ({{colour|#E62020|ANP}}) || [[Khan Abdul Wali Khan]] || Left-wing || {{colour box|#E62020}} || {{Color|red|In opposition to Zia}}
|-
| [[Pakistan Democratic Party]] ({{colour#E62020|PDP}}) || [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]]||Centre-right || {{colour box|#1a7647}} || {{colour|green|In alliance with Zia}}
|-
|[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam|Jamiat Ulema e Islam]]
|-
|[[Khaksar Tehrik|Khaaksaar Tehrik]]
|-
|[[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]]
|
|}

===Right-wing populism and violence===
{{Main|Right-wing politics and violence}}

At this platform, the modern European style-influenced forces formed an alliance with totally opposite of [[Islamic extremism|hard-line Islamist forces]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan press" /> The alliance decided to contest the elections under one election symbol "''plough''" and a green flag with nine stars as its ensign.<ref name="Story of Pakistan press" />

[[File:Flag of IJI.svg|200px|thumb|Each star represented the parties under this alliance. There were nine parties, therefore flag's star represented the nine stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aziz |first=Shaikh |date=2013-07-28 |title=A leaf from history: The opposition alliance |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1032515 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en |quote=The nine-party alliance was called nau sitare (nine stars) and its flag too bore nine stars.}}</ref>]]

Contesting the 1977 elections jointly the PNA launched a national campaign against the government after the controversial and allegedly rigged results showing the Peoples Party as an overwhelming victory in the general elections.<ref name="Facts On File"/> The agitation caught the Peoples Party and its political scientists, by surprise and after several months of street fighting and demonstrations. Under advised by his advisers, Bhutto opened negotiations with the then PNA leadership but whether or not it would have been signed by all PNA parties or by Bhutto remains open to speculation. In a single unusual anti-Bhutto bloc, the alliance seemed to be effective when tapping a wave to remove Bhutto from government.<ref name="Facts On File">{{cite book|first=James |last=Wynbrandt|title=A brief history of Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=978-0816061846|pages=210–240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&q=pakistan+national+alliance&pg=PA212}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Bhutto's trusted confident and a lifelong companion dr. [[Mubashir Hassan]] tried to handle the situation on behalf of Bhutto by bringing the alliance on a table to reach an agreement of co-existence and a vital political solution.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">{{cite book|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|title=Pakistan : between mosque and military|year=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0870032143|edition=1. print.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq}}</ref> On other hand, Hassan advised Bhutto not to rely either on establishment or use the force to curb the alliance.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> An agreement was eventually reached in June 1977 and Bhutto was to sign it on 5 July.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> However, despite the enthusiasm of the negotiating team, other PNA leaders had reservations about the agreement.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> In response, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto also tried to crush the power of this alliance, with the help of his agencies such as [[Federal Security Force|FSF]] and [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Rangers]] and for this reason was also considered for the cause of Bhutto's hanging on 4 April 1979.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> In a coup staged by General Zia, Bhutto was removed from office with majority of his colleagues.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/>

===Authoritarianism and PNA split===
{{Main|Rightwing authoritarianism|Right-wing extremism}}

The conservatives and Islamist fronts went to [[General Zia-ul-Haq]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]], [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], and convinced them to remove Bhutto and no other agreement is reached with Bhutto and his colleagues remained stubborn.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> The absence of a formal agreement between the government and the PNA was used as an excuse by the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan Defence Forces]] under its chairman Admiral Mohammad Shariff which led to stage a Coup d'état (see ''[[Operation Fair Play]]'') by [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] to break the impasse. Those justifying the coup, argue that no agreement had been reached between the two sides.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/>

===Controversy regarding foreign support===
{{Main|Pakistan-United States relations}}

On 5 July 1977, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] accused the United States of plotting the coup and maintained that the coup had tacit consent from the United States.<ref name="Ashgate"/> A few before the martial law, Bhutto had indicated that few foreign powers had been engineering his downfall, though he did not name which foreign powers.<ref name="Ashgate"/> Several Pakistani scholars and researchers have given credence to Bhutto's claim.<ref name="Ashgate">{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|title=Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|isbn=0754644340|pages=80–82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&q=Pakistan+National+Alliance+and+US&pg=PA82}}</ref><ref name=Praeger>{{cite book|last=Nizamani|first=Haider K.|title=The roots of rhetoric : politics of nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=0275968774|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTfwCZ0lR4C&q=Pakistan+National+Alliance+and+US&pg=PA90|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> The veracity of these claims are difficult to verify since the United States has strongly rejected any claims of their involvement in downfall of Bhutto.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/> Though, former [[U.S. Attorney General|American Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] did questioned the "knowledge, hence the tacit approval" of the coup staged against the PPP.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"/>

In 1998, [[Benazir Bhutto]] publicly announced her belief that her father was "sent to the gallows at the instance of the superpower (most believe it to be USA) for pursuing the nuclear capability,<ref name="DawnWireService (DWS)">{{cite news|last=Malick|first=Nasir Malick|title=Benazir vows to fight on people's side|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/16May98.html#bena|access-date=17 November 2011|newspaper=DawnWireService (DWS)|date=10 May 1998|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217140219/https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/16May98.html#bena|url-status=dead}}</ref> though she did not disclosed the name of the foreign power.<ref name="DawnWireService (DWS)"/>

==Alliance members==
The Alliance unusually consisted of 9 main parties, with completely different ideologies, backgrounds, and political goals who opposed Bhutto and his government: All nine together made the Pakistan National Alliance.<ref name=as/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&dq=asghar+khan&pg=PA1163&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=asghar%20khan&f=false |title=The Far East and Australasia 2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-133-9 |language=en}}</ref>

# [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal|Tehrik e Istaqlal]] (TI)
# [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat e Islami Pakistan]] (JIP)
# [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam|Jamiat Ulema e Islam]] (JUI)
# [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan|Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan]] (JUP)
# [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML)
# [[National Democratic Party (Pakistan)|National Democratic Party]] (NDP)
# [[Pakistan Democratic Party]] (PDP)
# [[Khaksar Tehrik|Khaaksaar Tehrik]] (KT)
# [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]] (AKMC)

==See also==
* [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]
* [[Politics of Pakistan]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[List of political parties in Pakistan]]
* [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy]] - a nine-party alliance formed to oppose Zia-ul-Haq

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}

[[Category:1970s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Awami National Party]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in Asia]]

N. T. Rama Rao

2026-03-25T05:45:40Z

ShereeDrm9452: adjusted section further and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian actor and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1923–1996)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. T. Rama Rao
| image = NT Rama Rao.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = 10th [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 12 December 1994
| term_end1 = 1 September 1995
| governor1 = [[Krishan Kant]]
| 1blankname1 = '''Cabinet'''
| 1namedata1 = [[Fourth N. T. Rama Rao ministry|NTR IV]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start2 = 16 September 1984
| term_end2 = 2 December 1989
| governor2 = * [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
* [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| 1blankname2 = Cabinet
| 1namedata2 = [[Second and Third N. T. Rama Rao ministry|NTR II & III]]
| predecessor2 = [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
| successor2 = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| term_start3 = 9 January 1983
| term_end3 = 16 August 1984
| governor3 = * [[K. C. Abraham]]
* [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| 1blankname3 = Cabinet
| 1namedata3 = [[First N. T. Rama Rao ministry|NTR I]]
| predecessor3 = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| successor3 = [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
| office4 = 10th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 5 January 1990
| term_end4 = 10 December 1994
| governor4 = * [[Kumudben Joshi]]
* [[Krishan Kant]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = * [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
* [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
* [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| predecessor4 = [[Mogaligundla Baga Reddy]]
| successor4 = [[P. Janardhan Reddy]]
| office5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 10 March 1985
| term_end5 = 18 January 1996
| predecessor5 = Pamishetty Ranganayakulu
| successor5 = [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]
| constituency5 = [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupuram]]
| term_start6 = 1983
| term_end6 = 1985
| predecessor6 = Katari Satyanarayana Rao
| successor6 = Raavi Sobhanadri Chowdary
| constituency6 = [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
| office7 = 1st [[Telugu Desam Party|President of Telugu Desam Party]]
| term_start7 = 29 March 1982
| term_end7 = 1 September 1995
| 1blankname7 = General Secretary
| 1namedata7 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (1983–1995)
| predecessor7 = ''Position established''
| successor7 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| birth_name = Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Nimmakuru]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|1|18|1923|3|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| death_cause =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|
film director|
film producer|
screenwriter|
film editor|
philanthropist|
politician}}
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|Nandamuri Basavatarakam|1943|1985|end=died}}
| {{marriage|[[Lakshmi Parvathi]] |1993}}
| children = 12, including {{hlist|[[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]]|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]|[[Daggubati Purandeswari|Purandeswari]]}}
| alma_mater = SRR & CVR College, [[Andhra Christian College]]
| blank1 = Awards
| data1 = [[Padma Shri]] (1968) [[National Film Awards]]
| relatives = See [[Political families of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana#Nandamuri–Nara family|Nandamuri–Nara family]]
}}
| signature = NT Rama Rao Signature.svg
| signature_alt = NTR's signature
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1968)
| children = 12
| relations = [[Nandamuri–Nara family|Nandamuri family]]
| resting_place = [[NTR Gardens]]
}}

'''Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao''' (28 May 1923 – 18 January 1996),<ref name="TheHindu DOB" /> often referred to by his initials '''NTR''', was an Indian actor, film director, film producer, screenwriter, film editor, philanthropist, and politician who served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] over four terms for seven years. He founded the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in 1982, the first regional party of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. He is regarded as one of the most influential figures of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2018 |title=NTR, India's greatest ever actor, says survey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ntr-indias-greatest-ever-actor-says-survey-308711.html}}</ref> He starred in over 300 films, predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]], and was referred to as "''Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma"'' ({{translation|Universally-renowned star of acting}}).<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|date=18 January 2020|title=Remembering Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao on his 24th death anniversary: The life and legacy of Doctor Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/remembering-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-on-his-24th-death-anniversary-the-life-and-legacy-of-viswa-vikhyatha-nata-sarvabhouma/photostory/73353193.cms|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107165810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/remembering-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-on-his-24th-death-anniversary-the-life-and-legacy-of-viswa-vikhyatha-nata-sarvabhouma/photostory/73353193.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of the earliest [[method actor]]s of Indian cinema.<ref name="Ind-Obit" /> In 2013, Rao was voted as "Greatest Indian Actor of All Time" in a [[CNN-IBN]] national poll conducted on the occasion of the Centenary of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2013 |title=NTR greatest actor in India |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ntr-greatest-actor-in-india-cnn-ibn-poll-survey-595559.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923064158/http://www.news18.com/news/india/ntr-greatest-actor-in-india-cnn-ibn-poll-survey-595559.html |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NTR is the greatest Indian actor – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-is-the-greatest-Indian-actor/articleshow/18860418.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203110221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-is-the-greatest-Indian-actor/articleshow/18860418.cms |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=2 September 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Rama Rao has received numerous honours and accolades, including the [[Padma Shri]] in 1968. He also received three [[National Film Awards]] for co-producing ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' (1954) and ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1960) under National Art Theater, Madras,<ref name=":0">[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10</ref> and for directing ''[[Varakatnam]]'' (1970).<ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=2nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> Rao garnered the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' in 1970, and the Inaugural [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] in 1972 for ''[[Badi Panthulu]]''.<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-actor-award-winners</ref><ref name="Times of India Press">{{cite book |title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who |publisher=Times of India Press |year=1984}}</ref><ref name="Ramachandran 1973"/>

Rama Rao made his debut as an actor in a [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] social film ''[[Mana Desam]]'', directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] in 1949. he got his breakthrough performances in ''[[Raju Peda]]'' (1954)<ref name="Ramachandran 1973">{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9}}</ref> and gained popularity in the 1960s when he became well known for his portrayals of [[Hindu deities]], especially [[Krishna]], [[Shiva]] and [[Rama]],<ref name="Ind-Obit" /> roles which have made him a "messiah of the masses" and a prominent figure in the history of cinema.<ref name="Ind-Obit"/><ref name="Burns">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/19/world/n-t-rama-rao-72-is-dead-star-status-infused-his-politics.html|title=N. T. Rama Rao, 72, Is Dead; Star Status Infused His Politics|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=22 September 2015|first=John F.|last=Burns|date=19 January 1996|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024506/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/19/world/n-t-rama-rao-72-is-dead-star-status-infused-his-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later became known for portraying antagonistic characters and [[Robin Hood]]-esque hero characters in films.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm|title=N.T. Rama Rao (1923–1995): A messiah of the masses|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314034454/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm|archive-date=14 March 2003|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Sashidhar AS, TNN 13 Aug 2012, 04.15PM IST">{{cite press release|author=Sashidhar AS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/did-you-know-/Donga-Ramudu-was-included-in-FTII/articleshow/15476065.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504205627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/did-you-know-/33181554_1_ftii-film-and-television-institute-magnum-opus |url-status=live |archive-date=4 May 2013 |title=Donga Ramudu was included in FTII |date=13 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Nostalgia – Pathala Bhairavi">{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/pathalabhairavi.htm |title=Nostalgia – Pathala Bhairavi |publisher=CineGoer.com |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928162055/http://www.cinegoer.com/pathalabhairavi.htm |archive-date=28 September 2012 }}</ref> He starred in such films as ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), the only south Indian film screened at the first [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |title=::Directorate Of Film Festivals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528092902/http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 September 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225070937/http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951), featured at Peking Film Festival, Beijing, China,<ref>[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu Sunday – 28 April 2013, 100 years of Indian Cinema, Early Tollywood, Page 9</ref> the enduring classics ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963), featured at the [[Afro-Asian Film Festival]] that was held in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All the four films were included in [[CNN-IBN]]'s list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News, Current News Headlines|website=News18}}</ref> He co-produced ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'', nominated by [[Film Federation of India]] as one of its entries to the 1968 [[Moscow Film Festival]].<ref name="autogenerated3">[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27325.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613120616/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27325.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|title=Cinema News – Movie Reviews – Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Besides Telugu, he has also acted in a few [[Kollywood|Tamil]] films.<ref>[http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1997.pdf Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920085415/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1997.pdf |date=20 September 2009 }} (1997)</ref>

He served four tumultuous terms as [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] between 1983 and 1995. He was a strong advocate of a distinct [[Telugu people|Telugu cultural]] identity, distinguishing it from the erstwhile [[Madras State]] with which it was often associated. At the national level, he was instrumental in the formation of the [[National Front (India)|National Front]], a coalition of non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties which governed India in 1989 and 1990. His political career brought vast changes in the polity and political landscape of India, since its independence.

==Early life==
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao was born on 28 May 1923 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] agrarian family to Nandamuri Lakshmaih Chowdary and Nandamuri Venkata Ramamma,<ref name="TheHindu DOB">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article18594639.ece|title=N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2017|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011175343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article18594639.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Nimmakuru]], a small village in [[Gudivada]] taluk of [[Krishna district]], which was a part of the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]]. He was given in adoption to his paternal uncle because his uncle and aunt were childless.{{sfn|Narayan|1983|pp=54–55}} He was first educated by a teacher who came from a nearby village, whom he would attribute his command of Telugu to, as well as his father, an aspiring thespian and patron of the arts. Although children were normally pulled out of school after completing their primary education in that time and place, on account of being the first male child in the family, his father sent him to [[Vijayawada]] to continue his education, matriculating in 1940 before studying at SRR & CVR College and completing a bachelor's degree from Andhra Christian College in [[Guntur]].{{Sfn|Narayan|1983|pp=55–57}}

After qualifying for the [[Civil Services of India|civil service]] in what was then the Madras Presidency under British India, he took a job as a sub-registrar in [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission|Madras Service Commission]] at [[Mangalagiri]], northeast of Guntur, a much-coveted job that he nevertheless quit within three weeks to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611160814/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2003 |title=N.T. Rama Rao (1923–1995): A messiah of the masses |date=9 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= 24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=17 February 2024 |title=Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nandamuri-Taraka-Rama-Rao}}</ref> He developed a [[baritone]] singing voice as a young man.<ref name="Ind-Obit">{{cite news|author=McGirk, Tim|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-n-t-rama-rao-1324748.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-n-t-rama-rao-1324748.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary: N. T. Rama Rao |work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=31 May 2010|location=London|date=19 January 1996}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{Further|Nandamuri–Nara family}}

In May 1942, at the age of 18, while still pursuing his Intermediate, Rao married Basava Rama Tarakam, the daughter of his maternal uncle. The marriage resulted in twelve children; including eight sons and four daughters, namely: Ramakrishna Sr., [[Jayakrishna]], Saikrishna, [[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]], [[Nandamuri Mohana Krishna|Mohana Krishna]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], Ramakrishna Jr., Jayashankarakrishna, Lokeswari, [[Daggubati Purandeswari|Purandeswari]], Bhuvaneswari, and Umamaheswari.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article2814013.ece |title=Cities / Vijayawada : Rich tributes paid to N.T. Rama Rao |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719155640/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article2814013.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tarakam died of cancer in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://induscancer.com/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Induscancer|language=en-US|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321110931/http://induscancer.com/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> In her memory, Rao established the Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital in Hyderabad, in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/i-need-people%E2%80%99s-blessings-balayya-4-94939.html |title=I need people's blessings: Balayya |publisher=Andhraheadlines.com |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118144016/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/i-need-people%E2%80%99s-blessings-balayya-4-94939.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993, NTR married [[Lakshmi Parvathi]], a Telugu writer.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Lakshmi-Parvathi-to-don-greasepaint/articleshow/86493.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520215835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-21/hyderabad/27198251_1_lakshmi-parvathi-film-ntr |url-status=live |archive-date=20 May 2013 |title=Lakshmi Parvathi to don greasepaint|date=21 July 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

NTR's sixth son, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], has been one of the leading actors in Tollywood since the mid-1980s. He also started his career as a child artist. NTR's third daughter, Bhuvaneswari, is married to chief minister [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]. NTR's second daughter, [[Daggubati Purandeswari]], is a politician, who has represented the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] and served as a Union Minister. She later shifted her allegiance to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>[http://www.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=4022] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807190819/http://www.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=4022|date=7 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=ARUN KUMAR|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Caste-tangle-hits-Purandeswaris-elevation/articleshow/16997381.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/hyderabad/34799737_1_daggubati-purandeswari-anand-sharma-high-command |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Caste tangle hits Purandeswari's elevation|date=29 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

Rama Rao died of a heart attack on 18 January 1996 at his residence in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], aged 72.<ref name="ntr death">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715|title=A Legacy Under Siege|work=Outlook India|date=31 January 1996|access-date=22 October 2019|author=Rahman, Sheikh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150255/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live|quote=When news of NTR's untimely death due to a massive heart attack in the early hours of January 18 broke ...}}</ref> He was cremated, and his ashes were immersed at [[Srirangapatna]] by his second wife [[Lakshmi Parvathi]], eight years later, in May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/17/stories/2004051704921200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040621124642/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/17/stories/2004051704921200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2004 |title=National : Lakshmi Parvati immerses NTR's ashes in Cauvery |date=17 May 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

==Film career==
{{Further|N. T. Rama Rao filmography}}

NTR made his debut as an actor in a [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] social film ''[[Mana Desam]]'', directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] in 1949. Following this, he appeared in ''[[Palletoori Pilla]]'' (1950), directed by [[B. A. Subba Rao]]. He got his breakthrough performances in ''[[Raju Peda]]'' (1954)<ref name="Ramachandran 1973">{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9}}</ref>

His first [[Hindu|religious film]] was in 1957, where he portrayed the [[Hindu deities|Hindu god]] [[Krishna]] in the blockbuster film ''[[Maya Bazaar]]''.<ref name="ntr krishna">{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/bio-data/bio-ntr.html |title=Telugu cinema megastar – Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao's Bio-data |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603074840/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/bio-data/bio-ntr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He played Krishna in 17 films,<ref name="ntr krishna"/> including some landmark films such as ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (1962), the Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964) and ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977). He was also known for his portrayal of the god [[Rama]], essaying that role in films such as ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963) and ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1974) to name a few. He has also portrayed other characters from the [[Ramayana]], such as [[Ravana]] in ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' (1958) and ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1961) among others. He portrayed the god [[Vishnu]] in films such as ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' (1960) among others and the god [[Shiva]] in ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' (1962). He has also enacted the roles of [[Mahabharata]] characters, such as [[Bheeshma]], [[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]], [[Karna]] and [[Duryodhana]].

He gained popularity in the 1960s when he became well known for his portrayals of [[Hindu deities]], especially [[Krishna]], [[Shiva]] and [[Rama]],<ref name="Ind-Obit" /> roles and a prominent figure in the history of cinema.<ref name="Ind-Obit" /><ref name="Burns"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm|title=N.T. Rama Rao (1923–1995): A messiah of the masses|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314034454/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901160200.htm|archive-date=14 March 2003|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He starred in such films as ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), the only south Indian film screened at the first [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref name="Nostalgia – Pathala Bhairavi"/><ref name=1961awards>{{cite web|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |title=State Awards for films - Programme 1961 |publisher=Directorate Of Film Festivals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528092902/http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]] (1951), featured at Peking Film Festival, Beijing, China,<ref name=ET>{{cite news |title=100 years of Indian Cinema, Early Tollywood|page=9 |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |date=28 April 2013}}</ref> the enduring classics [[Mayabazar]] (1957) and [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]] (1963).

In the later half of his career, Rao became a screenwriter. Despite having no formal training in scriptwriting, he authored several screenplays for his own movies as well as for other producers. He also produced many of his films as well as other actor's films through his film production house National Art Theater Private Limited, Madras. Rao founded the film studios [[Ramakrishna Studios]] initially in Musheerabad in memory of his eldest son, Nandamuri Ramakrishna Sr. who died in 1962. Later It was shifted to [[Nacharam]]. He co-produced ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'', nominated by [[Film Federation of India]] as one of its entries to the 1968 [[Moscow Film Festival]].<ref name=NAT>{{cite news |title=National art theater |issue=17 July 2013 |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |date=17 July 2013}}</ref> He actively campaigned for the construction of a large number of cinemas through this production house. He was influential in designing and implementing a financial system that funded the production and distribution of movies. He was so dedicated to his profession that he would often learn new things to portray a particular character on-screen perfectly and realistically. At the age of 40, he learnt dance from the [[Kuchipudi]] dancer [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]] for his role in the film ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]''(1963). Later in his career, he transitioned from portraying princely characters in commercial films to roles featuring working-class heroes who challenged societal structures. These films resonated with a broad audience. Some of these films are ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973), ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977), ''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' (1979), ''[[Vetagadu]]'' (1979), ''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]'' (1980), ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' (1981), ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982) and ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' (1982). He also portrayed [[fantasy film|fantasy]] roles, his notable film in that genre being ''[[Yamagola]]'' (1977). His film ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', in which he starred as Rama, collected {{Indian Rupee}}10 million in 1963. He directed and acted in the [[hagiography|hagiographical film]] ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'' (1984). He also acted in films such as ''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra|Brahmashi Viswamitra]]'' (1991) and ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'' (1993). His last film was ''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]'', a biographical film on the [[Telugu literature|Telugu poet]] [[Srinatha]], which released in 1993.

He starred in over 300 films, predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]], and was referred to as "''Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma"'' ({{translation|Universally-renowned star of acting}}).<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> He was one of the earliest [[method actor]]s of Indian cinema.<ref name="Ind-Obit" />

Rao received three [[National Film Awards]] for co-producing ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' (1954) and ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1960) under National Art Theater, Madras,<ref name=NAT/> and for directing ''[[Varakatnam]]'' (1970).<ref name="2ndawardPDF" />

==Political career==
NTR's political career with his Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh brought tremendous changes in the polity and political landscape of India since Independence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=KC |first1=Srivatsan |title=Elections that shaped India : The rise of the Telugu Desam Party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-that-shaped-india-the-rise-of-the-telugu-desam-party/article67953779.ece |access-date=25 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=24 May 2024}}</ref> [[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]], a politician belonging to Congress (I) contemplated forming a new political party after he was dropped as a minister. He came in contact with NTR, who also expressed his interest to do public service after his 60th birthday. NTR announced the launch of [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) on 29 March 1982 in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in a meeting with the enthusiastic supporters and delegates of the proposed party, which included N. Bhaskara Rao, who by then had resigned from Congress(I). He said that this decision was based on a historic need to rid Andhra Pradesh of the corrupt and inept rule of the [[Indian National Congress]], which had governed the state since its formation in 1956.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=14-25}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_telugu-desam-party-turns-29-nt-rama-rao-remembered_1364859|title=Telugu Desam Party turns 29, NT Rama Rao remembered|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=31 May 2010|archive-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401144456/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_telugu-desam-party-turns-29-nt-rama-rao-remembered_1364859|url-status=live}}</ref> After general body meeting of party named Mahanaadu in May 1982, he hit the road to tell people of his mission even though elections were several months away. He used a modified [[Chevrolet]] van of 1950s for his campaign. A sunroof to climb up for addressing the public along with a public address system and focus lights were some of the modifications to facilitate his marathon tour across the state. The vehicle was named ''Chaitanya Ratham'' (Chariot of Awakening) and this style of campaigning became an innovation that was followed by several others later. He attired himself in Khaki pants and bush shirt. He lived his life on the road avoiding guest houses or luxury houses of his fans, even performing daily activities such as shaving, bathing by the roadside. His food was a simple meal prepared by an assistant on the roadside. [[Eenadu]] an upcoming Telugu daily supported NTR's campaign by providing information on local issues for use in NTR's speeches and by extensive coverage in the paper with reports from a reporter and photographer always accompanying. The paper's circulation jumped from 2.3 lakh to 3.5 lakh during June - December 1982 coinciding with campaign period.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=38-43}}

In the elections, the TDP allied with the newly formed Sanjaya Vichara Manch (SVM) party.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pages=72}} TDP manifesto projected itself as the real alternative to the Congress (I).{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|p=60}} It fielded ordinary persons who had integrity, competence and loyalty as its candidates.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|page=414}} Rao himself decided to contest from two assembly constituencies, Gudivada and [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]. In his Chaitanya Ratham, Rao travelled across the state of Andhra Pradesh, criss-crossing all the districts with his son [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] driving the van. He notched up over 75,000 kilometres during his campaign, a distinctive sight with the van's yellow party flags and banners and Rao sitting on top of the vehicle hailing the crowds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041755071300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421195117/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041755071300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2009|title=The original ratham |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 April 2009|access-date=31 May 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He campaigned for restoring the dignity of the Telugu people and advocated forming a closer bond between the government and the common people, going into the elections with the slogan, ''Telugu Vari Atma Gauravam'' (lit. ''Telugu people's self-respect'').{{Sfn|KC|2002|page=25-26}}

In the [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|AP Legislative assembly election]] held on 5 January 1983 two months ahead of schedule,{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|p=55}} TDP with its alliance partner SVM won a land slide victory by winning 202 out of the 294 seats in the state assembly, with Rao himself winning both the seats he contested.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1983 |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Elections in India |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301012029/https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In all legislative assembly elections, he used to contest from two or three seats and won in all such contests except for the loss from Kalwakurthy in 1989 as detailed in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Opponent
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=9 |[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|rowspan=9 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=9 |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|frameless|21x21px]]
|64,688
|77.01
|Agarala Eswara Reddy
|rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="9" |[[File:Hand INC.svg|frameless|21x21px]]
|17,809
|21.2
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupati Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tirupati-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|53906
|64.94
|Katari Satyanarayan Rao
|27368
|32.97
|{{Won}}
|rowspan=2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudivada Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gudivada-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|49,600
|53.64
|Uppalapati Suryanarayana Babu
|42,003
|45.42
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|56,599
|75.64
|E. Adimurty
|16,070
|21.48
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Hindupur Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hindupur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|49,788
|66.54
|Mandadi Ramchandra Reddy
|18,201
|24.32
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalgonda Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nalgonda-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|50,786
|47.59
|Chittaranjan Dass
|54,354
|50.94
|{{Lost}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalwakurthi Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalwakurthi-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|63,715
|61.6
|G. Soma Sekhar
|39,720
|38.4
|{{Won}}
|rowspan=2 |<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|88,058
|74.04
|J. C. Prabhakar Reddy
|28,008
|23.55
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|66,200
|70.9
|Vajja Babu Rao
|25,310
|27.1
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tekkali 1994 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/tekkali/27/17636/116 |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|}

==First term as Chief Minister ==
{{main|Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao}}

Rao was sworn in as the 10th and the first non-Congress Chief Minister of the state on 9 January 1983 with ten cabinet ministers and five ministers of state.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Nagendra Ambedkar |title=Political elite|publisher=Printwell, with special arrangement from Rupa Books|year=1992|isbn=8170443415}}</ref>
After one year in office, NTR became known for populist schemes such as subsidised rice at Rs 2 per kg to the poor through public distribution system. He also went about dismantling established political setup such as recommending dissolution of legislative council, dismantling hereditary part time village officers and reducing the retirement age for government employees.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pages=87-88}} Several of his actions in an authoritative manner caused resentment among several interest groups. In particular government employees strike against reducing retirement age lasted 19 days.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|p=92}}

NTR visited the US for treatment of his health issues during June and July 1984 without nominating an in-charge. He underwent [[open heart surgery]] during his second visit. N. Bhaskar Rao, who initiated the idea of regional party and thought he could wield power from behind realised that he was sidelined. Rao engineered a split in the party making use of MLAs who were impacted by the authoritarian rule of NTR. After returning from US, NTR came to know about the actions of Bhaskar Rao and recommended his dismissal to governor to from the cabinet. Meanwhile Bhaskar Rao and three other ministers resigned from the cabinet. Bhaskar Rao met governor and claimed that NTR lost the majority in the house and he had the support of MLAs from the TDP and also from other parties to be able to form the government. Governor of Andhra Pradesh [[Thakur Ram Lal]], sought NTR's resignation claiming that he lost his majority in the house. Despite NTR's immediate response to prove his majority by producing the MLAs, Ram Lal dismissed NTR's government and invited Bhaskar Rao to form the government and prove his majority in 30 days.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pages=118-127}}<ref name="Murty p.48">{{cite book|author=Murty, K. R.|title=Parties, elections, and mobilisation|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|year=2001|pages=48–49|isbn=978-81-261-0979-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7pD5oTDw0IC&pg=PA48 |access-date=21 November 2018|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224164037/https://books.google.com/books?id=x7pD5oTDw0IC&pg=PA48|url-status=live}}</ref>

During this term, he brought together 14 non Congress(I) parties during Mahanadu held at Vijayawada in May 1983. The meeting called for review of centre-state relations. Subsequent such meetings held in New delhi, Srinagar, Calcutta helped NTR emerge as one of the prominent leaders at the national level.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=103-105}}

===Fight for democracy restoration===
Peeved by the unilateral decision of governor in dismissing his government, without giving him a chance to prove his majority, Rama Rao relaunched his ''Chaitanya Ratham'' campaign, this time campaigning for the restoration of democracy by mobilising the support of people and various anti-Congress political parties in the country including the [[Janata Party]] (JP), the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC). During the one-month crisis, the MLAs supporting Rama Rao were secured in a secret place to avoid [[horse-trading]]. This was achieved with the support of [[Ramakrishna Hegde]], Janata party chief minister of the neighbouring Karnataka state. Ramakrishna Hegde moved all the TDP MLAs to a budget hotel, Das Prakash, in Mysuru ([[Mysore]]), as Congress was known for poaching MLAs. This was the first time in Indian politics that MLAs were secured at a safe place from poaching. Also, due to mobilisation of several political parties and the people and widespread publicity by press, Indira Gandhi unwillingly removed governor Ramlal and appointed a Congress veteran, [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], to pave the way for restoring Rao.<ref name="Murty p.48"/> Sharma put pressure on Nadendla to prove his majority as quickly as possible. The assembly was convened on 11 September 1984, four days ahead of deadline. TDP MLAs returned to Hyderabad a day before the session to participate in the assembly. During the three days, the house was forced to be adjourned as the pro Bhaskar Rao MLAs and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|MIM]] MLAs shouted slogans abusing NTR and caused unrest. The pro team speaker resigned. Bandhs were observed in the state and a Bharat bandh was also called by the national non congress(I) parties which rallied behind NTR.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=139-144}}

==Second term as Chief Minister==
On 16 September, governor invited NTR to form a government as Bhaskar Rao could not prove his majority in the house. NTR was sworn in along with eight ministers was sworn in at the Raj Bhavan. On 20 September, the first day of assembly session, NTR proved his majority with support from communist parties, BJP and Janata party. NTR was unable to function like in the past, as he did not have absolute majority of his own. He also did not revoke the reinstatement of retirement age for government employees done by his predecessor Nadendla Bhaskar Rao during his short stint.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=144-150}}

Meanwhile [[Indira Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] and was succeeded as prime minister by her son, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in November 1984. NTR wanted to go for mid term polls and got an assurance from Rajiv Gandhi on the condition that he will not campaign outside his state in the upcoming national elections. On 23 November 1984, NTR's cabinet recommended dissolution of the assembly which was accepted by the governor.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=150-152}} In the ensuing national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] in December 1984, the Congress, riding on the sympathy wave caused by Indira Gandhi's assassination, won convincingly all over the country except in Andhra Pradesh where the TDP secured a landslide victory. TDP became the first regional party to serve as the main opposition party in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=INKredible India: The story of 1984 Lok Sabha election |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1984-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2190296.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523044735/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1984-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2190296.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The TDP again won with a massive majority in [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|mid term elections held in March 1985]], bagging 202 out of 250 seats it contested. Rao won from all the 3 seats that he contested namely [[Hindupur]], [[Nalgonda]] and [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]. Senior Leaders of the Congress in the state including former Chief Ministers [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] and [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] lost in the election. Nadendla Bhaskar Rao's splinter party only won two seats.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=157-158}}

==Third term as Chief Minister==
Rao was sworn in as the chief minister on 9 March 1985.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Darbhamulla |first1=Sruthi |title=A political history of Andhra Pradesh: From formation to the NTR years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-political-history-of-andhra-pradesh-from-formation-to-the-ntr-years/article68229762.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 October 2025 |date=22 July 2024}}</ref> During this term, he altered rural power structures by creating 1104 revenue mandals in place of 305 talukas to decentralise the rural administration and make it more efficient. Direct elections for local bodies with reservations for 50% of seats for including 20% for backward classes for the first time on a party basis were held. The bill to introduce equal rights to daughters in inheritance became an act on 10 October 1985 much before such change at the national level in 2005. He banned alcohol sale.He started the practice of registering house site pattas in the name of women and special courts for crimes against women. He transformed Hyderabad into a distinctly Telugu city, by launching Tank bund project and launching the Hussain Sagar Buddha project. He announced political reservations for BCs with 20% quota in mandals. He decided to implement increased reservations from 49 per cent to 71 per cent based on the recommendation N.K. Muralidhar Rao commission and also impose a creamy layer criteria to exclude the well off. However this was challenged in the courts which resulted in annulling the GO.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pages=160-196}}

Several congress leaders and activists tried to stall several initiatives of NTR by filing petitions in courts and courts passed strictures on some. He also revived his film making and acting while the state faced several crisis such as naxal crisis, social conflicts due to increase in reservations, caste conflicts in Vijaywada and Karamchedu. In the December 1989 assembly elections however, he was voted out of power due to a wave of anti-incumbency sweeping the state as a result of which the Congress returned to power.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pages=251-302}}

==As leader of the opposition==
{{See also|1989 Indian general election}}

Rao assumed the position as the Leader of Opposition in the state. He felt dejected and unwanted by the proceedings in the assembly in which he was belittled by the Congress MLAs who were earlier MLAs of his party. He found solace in movie making. He completed the remaining shooting for Brahmarshi Viswamitra and took up and completed films on Srinatha, Telugu poet and Ashok, the emperor. All the three failed at the box office.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=304-305}} Lakshmi Parvathi who met him during a Harikatha performance of his husband at AP Bhavan in 1985. She sought his permission to write his biography and persisted despite initial rejections from Rao. During 1991, he relented and Lakshmi Parvati started meeting him regularly. She cared for him during his campaigning for mid term election. she also started living away from her husband. According to Parvathi, NTR asked her to be his companion. Parvathi accepted his proposal and filed for divorce from her husband. According to Parvathi, they got married on 22 February 1992 secretly in the puja room of NTR's kuteeram at Ramakrishna Studios, Nacharam. She appeared in public when Rao suffered paralytic stroke and was admitted to NIMS. He visited US again for treatment. He was cared for by Parvathi after returning. NTR's family members attempts to separate them proved futile. As rumours spread about his life with Parvathi, he put a lid on them by sharing his relationship with Parvathi and proposing to her in public, during the 100th day celebration of film Major Chandrakaanth on 10 September 1993.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=314-325}} Surprisingly, the relationship was well received by the public.

Several non Congress(I) parties came together to form National Front on 6 August 1988 largely due to the efforts of NTR. He became its Chairman.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=249-250}}<ref name="ntr national front">{{cite web|access-date=2 August 2022|title=Regionalism and sub-regionalism|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30222171.ece|date=22 April 2004|website=frontline.thehindu.com|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173228/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30222171.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He campaigned extensively for the constituent parties using his ''Chaitanya Ratham'' campaigning concept.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/01/stories/2004040100991200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414000554/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/01/stories/2004040100991200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2004 |title=The mother of all rath yatras |date=1 April 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> This alliance governed India between 1989 and 1990 with support from the BJP. He could not play an active influential role, as his party is represented by just two MPs in Lok Sabha. As National front government fell before the completion of one year, mid term elections took place in May 1991 in two phases. Due to the sympathy wave for Rajiv Gandhi, who was killed during the electioneering, TDP increased its tally to 13 seats, while Congress won 25 seats. He was happy to see PV Narasimha Rao, a Telugu elected as prime minister of the coalition government. He decided not to field a TDP candidate when PV Narasimha rao contested in the Nandyal By-election subsequently. He faced split in his parliamentary party, when opposition parties brought about a no confidence motion against Narasimha Rao government.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|pp=306-310}}

When all TDP MLAs who were demanding action against daylight murder of their colleague in Hyderabad rushed into the well of the house, they were suspended by the speaker. This made NTR take a vow to return to the assembly only as the chief minister.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|p=313}}

To energise the party cadre, Rao started organising regional meetings. During the first such meeting at Rajahmundry meeting, the audience wanted Parvathi to speak after the address by NTR. Her speech made a good impression. Though she did not express any political aspirations, her increasing clout made family members and specially Chandrababu unhappy. Some members who did not get along well with Chandrababu, became close to her. The historic anti-arrack agitation by women across the state became a threat to the Congress government. Though the government ordered a ban from 1 October 1993, NTR promised total ban including Indian Made Foreign Liquor, once he comes to power. NTR reduced his roadshows during the campaigns for [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|December 1994 state assembly elections]], due to his advancing age.
Elections were held in two phases on 1 and 5 December 1994.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|p=327-335}}

TDP in alliance with the Left Front won 269 seats in the 294 seat assembly, with the TDP alone winning 226. The Congress, which once again had multiple Chief Ministers in the state during its five-year rule between 1989 and 1994, won only 26 seats. Rao contested again from Hindupur and won the seat for the third consecutive time,<ref name="ntr hindupur">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp164.htm |title=State Elections 2004 – Partywise Comparison for 164-Hindupur Constituency of ANDHRA PRADESH |publisher=Eci.nic.in |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513031322/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp164.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> achieving a rare hat-trick of wins from the same assembly constituency. He also won from another assembly constituency, [[Tekkali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp03.htm |title=State Elections 2004 – Partywise Comparison for 3-Tekkali Constituency of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Eci.nic.in |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017104840/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp03.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Fourth term as Chief Minister==
Rao was sworn in as the chief minister for the fourth and final time in a ceremony at Lal Bahadur Stadium in the presence of non Congress(I) party leaders. He signed the file to impose total alcohol prohibition in the event to a applause from the crowd, fulfilling his election promise. Though NTR rewarded Chandrababu with cabinet minister for finance and revenue which are considered as plum posts, he denied berths to some of his loyalists.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|page=337}}
Lakshmi Parvati's increasing influence by accompanying NTR in his travels and her individual public appearances in cultural and social functions in which several ministers participated troubled several TDP leaders. Unhappy TDP MLAs congregated in hotel Viceroy and engaged in discussions about future course of action. Few representatives met NTR and asked him to assure to keep Lakshmi Parvathi out of politics, which was declined. Aware of the role of Chandrababu, NTR recommended the dismissal of him and his loyalists from the cabinet to the governor which was accepted. With the support of NTR's son Harikrishna and son-in-law Daggubati to dethrone NTR, MLAs elected [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] as the leader of the legislature party. A final attempt by NTR to bring back the rebel MLAs to his fold turned futile. While NTR requested the governor to dissolve the assembly. Meanwhile representative from Chandrababu's faction informed governor of change of leadership of TDP legislature party with the requisite support of MLAs. Governor asked NTR to resign. Finally NTR resigned after 8 and half months of his being sworn in. Following this Chandrababu staked his claim to form the government and was sworn in as the Chief minister on 1 September 1995.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|page=346-369}}<ref>{{cite web |title=A legacy under siege |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715 |publisher=Outlook |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150255/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Amarnath K |title=N.T. Rama Rao's wife Lakshmi Parvathi may follow Tamil Nadu CM J. Jayalalitha's path |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950228-nt-rama-raos-wife-lakshmi-parvathi-may-follow-tamil-nadu-cm-j-jayalalithas-path-806957-1995-02-27 |website=India Today |access-date=28 July 2023 |date=28 February 1995}}</ref>

Following this, NTR vowed to take revenge against Naidu in an interview with [[Reuters]] on 17 January 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=19 January 1996 |title=N. T. Rama Rao, 72, Is Dead; Star Status Infused His Politics |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/19/world/n-t-rama-rao-72-is-dead-star-status-infused-his-politics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321215552/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/19/world/n-t-rama-rao-72-is-dead-star-status-infused-his-politics.html |archive-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> NTR died the next day. Lakshmi Parvathi's faction formed a new party [[NTR Telugu Desam Party]], and participated in the 1996 Lok Sabha elections but could not win a single seat. However she won in the by-election to the legislative assembly from Pathapatnam in October 1996. The party could not win any in the later elections.{{Sfn|Kandula|2021|page=396-397}}

==Awards and honours==
Rama Rao has received numerous honours and accolades, including the [[Padma Shri]] in 1968. He received an honorary Doctorate in 1978 from [[Andhra University]]. He also received three [[National Film Awards]] for co-producing ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' (1954) and ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1960) under National Art Theater, Madras,<ref name=NAT /> and for directing ''[[Varakatnam]]'' (1970).<ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=2nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> Rao garnered the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' in 1970, and the Inaugural [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] in 1972 for ''[[Badi Panthulu]]''.<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-actor-award-winners</ref><ref name="Times of India Press">{{cite book |title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who |publisher=Times of India Press |year=1984}}</ref><ref name="Ramachandran 1973"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ntr-filmfare-award|title=NTR Filmfare Award|date=23 April 2025|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/20th-annual-filmfare-telugu-kannada-winners|title=20th Annual Filmfare Telugu and Kannada Winners|date=15 April 2025|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="National Film Awards - 1969">{{cite web|title=National Film Awards – 1969|url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1969.html|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Hindilyrics.net|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320050330/http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1969.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He received [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] in 1974 for [[Tatamma Kala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Dr NTR University of Health Sciences A.P.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Dr NTR University of Health Sciences]]
[[File:NTR Memorial.jpg|thumb|Rao's memorial at [[NTR Gardens]], [[Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:NT_Rama_Rao_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|N. T. Rama Rao commemorative stamp released on 28 August 2000]]

There is a statue of him in his birth city.

[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] instituted [[NTR National Award]] in 1996 by the to recognise notable film personalities for their lifetime achievements and contributions to the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ntr-national-literary-award-for-ashokamitran/article3384822.ece |title=Ilayaraja, Ambarish, Krishna get NTR award |publisher=The Hindu, Business Line |location=Hyderabad |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007084448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ntr-national-literary-award-for-ashokamitran/article3384822.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences|University of Health Sciences]], inaugurated on 9 April 1986 by N. T. Rama Rao was renamed in his honour on 2 February 1998 following his death.<ref>{{cite web |title=About US |url=https://drntr.uhsap.in/index/About |publisher=Dr NTR University of Healh Sciences |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> NTR Memorial developed on 5 acre plot part of the 55 acre NTR garden overlooking Hussain Sagar Lake was inaugurated by Chandrababu Naidu on 30 May 1999.<ref name="5acres_memorial">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990531/ige31029.html|title=Row erupts over NTR Memorial|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 May 1999|access-date=18 August 2008|work=Press Trust of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907013434/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990531/ige31029.html|archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> A postal stamp was released on 28 May 2000 in honour of NTR.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao |url=http://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/2000-2001/item/12391-dr-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-click-for-stamp-information.html |website=www.indphila.com |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref> Droupadi Murmu, President of India released a ₹100 commemorative coin featuring N.T. Rama Rao at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on 28 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Raghavendra |title=President Murmu releases ₹100 commemorative coin on N.T. Rama Rao to mark his birth centenary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/president-murmu-releases-100-commemorative-coin-on-nt-rama-rao-to-mark-his-birth-centenary/article67245287.ece |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

[[NTR Trust|NTR Memorial Trust]] a non profit founded by N Chandrababu Naidu is engaged in social service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trust's fourth blood bank in Rajamahendravaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nara-bhuvaneswari-inaugurates-ntr-memorial-trusts-fourth-blood-bank-in-rajamahendravaram/article68701581.ece |access-date=25 October 2025 |date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
The NTR National Literary Award was instituted by the NTR Vignan Trust, founded by Lakshmi Parvathi is an annual award to recognise people for their lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian literature.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ntr-national-literary-award-for-ashokamitran/article3384822.ece |title=NTR literary Award for Ashoka Mitran |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu, Business Line |location=Hyderabad |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=23 September 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007084448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ntr-national-literary-award-for-ashokamitran/article3384822.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
NTR's son [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] portrayed him in the films ''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu]]'' covering his acting career and ''[[N.T.R: Mahanayakudu]]'' covering his political rule till he is restored as chief minister in 1984 following a political coup.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='NTR Kathanayakudu' review: On a reverential tone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-kathanayakudu-on-a-reverential-tone/article25949259.ece |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='NTR Mahanayakudu' review: A raging political storm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-mahanayakudu-review-the-silent-show-stealer-is-young-chandrababu-naidu/article26339701.ece |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=22 February 2019}}</ref> NTR was portrayed by P Vijay Kumar in the [[Ram Gopal Varma]] film ''[[Lakshmi's NTR]]'' which covers the events in Lakshmi Parvathi's life with NTR.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Sunita Chowdhary |title=Lakshmi's NTR review: Story sans objectivity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-hindu/article26676329.ece |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Lakshmi Parvati authored two-volume biography of NTR. The first volume, ''Eduruleni Manishi'' ({{Translation|Unstoppable person}}), covers his childhood and his entry into films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paswan at NTR'S bio-graphy |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=2404545 |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2004}}</ref> The second volume, ''Telugu Tejam'' ({{Translation|The radiance of Telugu}}), dealt with his political career.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Donthi |first1=Praveen |title=Chairman Rao |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/chairman-rao |access-date=3 November 2025|date=1 December 2014}}</ref> Ramesh Kandula, K Ramachandra Murti and I Venkat Rao were some of the authors of books on NTR.<ref>{{cite web |last1=M |first1=Somasekhar |title=Book review of 'NTR: A Political Biography' — actor, politician and people's man |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/book-review-of-ntr-a-political-biography-actor-politician-and-peoples-man/article66911516.ece |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=25 October 2025 |date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[NTR Gardens]], memorial dedicated to him in Hyderabad
* [[NTR district]], district of Andhra Pradesh named after him
* [[NTR bus station]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=S. Venkat |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |title=NTR: A Biography |date=1983 |isbn=0-7069-2404-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=10432404}}
* {{Cite book |title=Maverick Messiah : A Politicial biography of N. T. Rama Rao|last=Kandula |publisher=Penguin India |date=2021|isbn=978-0-670-09393-9 }}
* {{Cite book|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1997.pdf |title=Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920085415/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1997.pdf |date=2002|archive-date=20 September 2009|first=Suri|last=KC|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|isbn= 0-85003-613-5 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|N. T. Rama Rao}}
* {{IMDb name|0004417}}
* [https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-44277727 Article on NTR] in BBC Telugu

{{s-start}}
{{S-off
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| years = 1983–1984
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| years = 1984–1989
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| years = 1994–1995
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Actor}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama Rao, Nandamuri Taraka}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Nandamuri–Nara family|N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]

Freedom at Midnight (TV series)

2026-03-24T20:53:19Z

ShereeDrm9452: creating first details basic info

{{Short description|Indian historical drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Freedom at Midnight.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| director = Nikkhil Advani
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Freedom at Midnight]]''|[[Dominique Lapierre]] and [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]]}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Monisha Advani
* Madhu Bhojwani
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Abhinandan Gupta
* Gundeep Kaur
* Adwitiya Kareng Das
* Divy Nidhi Sharma
* Revanta Sarabhai
* Ethan Taylor
}}
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Sony Pictures Networks#Studio NEXT|Studio Next]]
* [[Emmay Entertainment]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sidhant Gupta]]
* [[Chirag Vohra]]
* [[Rajendra Chawla]]
* Luke McGibney
* [[Cordelia Bugeja]]
* [[Malishka Mendonsa]]
* [[Arif Zakaria]]
* [[Ira Dubey]]
}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 14
| music = [[Ashutosh Phatak]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|01|09|df=y}}
| editor = Shweta Venkat
| cinematography = Malay Prakash
| runtime = 37–48 minutes
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Freedom at Midnight''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[historical drama]] web series streaming on [[Sony LIV]], adapted from the [[Freedom at Midnight|book of the same name]], authored by [[Dominique Lapierre]] and [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikkhil Advani sets 'Freedom at Midnight' series at SonyLIV |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikkhil-advani-sets-freedom-at-midnight-series-at-sonyliv/article65532947.ece |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 June 2022}}</ref> Created and directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SonyLiv launches Freedom at Midnight series with Nikkhil Advani as showrunner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sonyliv-launches-freedom-at-midnight-series-with-nikkhil-advani-as-showrunner-1963258-2022-06-16 |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> the series delves into the 1947 [[partition of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom at Midnight series to stream on this platform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-series-to-stream-on-this-platform-sony-liv-nikkhil-advani-7973813/ |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=SonyLIV Lines Up "Highest Budget" Original Drama Series 'Freedom at Midnight'; Reveals Global Streaming Ambitions |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/sonyliv-lines-up-highest-budget-original-drama-series-freedom-at-midnight-global-streaming-ambitions-1235046173/ |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Nikkhil Advani to spearhead historical drama series Freedom at Midnight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Jun/17/nikkhil-advani-to-spearhead-historical-drama-series-freedom-at-midnight-2466399.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/muhammad-ali-jinnah-casting-sonyliv-freedom-at-midnight-1235998577/|title=SonyLIV's 'Freedom at Midnight' Casts Pakistan Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sister Fatima|date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref>

The first season was released on 15 November 2024, and a second season was announced later that month.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2024 |title='Freedom at Midnight' OTT debut date out: When and where to stream drama on India's Partition |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/freedom-at-midnight-ott-debut-date-out-when-and-where-to-stream-drama-on-indias-partition/articleshow/114950268.cms |work=The Economic Times|date=4 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Freedom at Midnight' Sets Stage for Season 2 at SonyLIV (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/global/news/freedom-at-midnight-season-2-sonyliv-1236224648/ |website=variety.com |date=26 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
* [[Sidhant Gupta]] as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Chirag Vohra]] as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
* Luke McGibney as [[Lord Mountbatten]]
* [[Cordelia Bugeja]] as [[Edwina Mountbatten]]
* [[Malishka Mendonsa]] as [[Sarojini Naidu]]
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Freedom at Midnight' interview: Arif Zakaria on playing Nehru and Jinnah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/freedom-at-midnight-interview-arif-zakaria-on-playing-nehru-and-jinnah/article68997522.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]
* [[Ira Dubey]] as [[Fatima Jinnah]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* K.C. Shankar as [[V.P. Menon]]
* Andrew Cullum as [[Clement Attlee]]
* Alistair Findlay as [[Archibald Wavell]]
* Ed Robinson as [[George Abell (civil servant)|George Abell]]
* Richard Madison as [[Hastings Ismay]]
* Richard Teverson as [[Sir Cyril Radcliffe]]
* Ahalya Shetty as [[Indira Gandhi]]
* Guy Pinsent as [[King George VI]]
* [[Anuvab Pal]] as [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
* [[Simon Feilder]] as [[Evan Meredith Jenkins]]
* Richard Teverson as [[Cyril Radcliffe]] (season 2)
* [[Kaizaad Kotwal]] as [[Hari Singh]] (season 2)
* Anurag Thakur as [[Madanlal Pahwa]] (season 2)
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Hindu Mob Leader

==Episodes==
{{series overview
| color1 = #006161
| link1 =
| episodes1 = 7
| start1 = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| end1 = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| color2 = #006161
| link2 =
| episodes2 = 7
| start2 = {{Start date|2026|01|09|df=y}}
| end2 = {{Start date|2026|01|09|df=y}}
}}

===Season 1===
{{Episode table |total_width= |background=#006161 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |aux4= |aux4T=Length (Minutes) |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = [[Direct Action Day|Direct Action]]
| DirectedBy = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| Aux4 = 41 Minutes
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Sole Spokesman]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, [[Revanta Sarabhai]], Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 43 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = [[Satyagraha]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 48 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 37 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = The Last Straw
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 46 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = [[Purna Swaraj|Poorna Swaraj]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 46 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Eclipse]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 43 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table |total_width= |background=#006161 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate=9 January 2026 |aux4= |aux4T=Length (Minutes) |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Borders of Blood
| DirectedBy = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| Aux4 = 51 Minutes
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = [[Tryst with Destiny]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, [[Revanta Sarabhai]], Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 49 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Exodus
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 60 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Basket of Apples
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 45 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 45 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = The Last Fast
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 60 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Hey Ram!]]
| DirectedBy = Nikkhil Advani
| WrittenBy = Abhinandan Gupta, Gundeep Kaur, Adwitiya Kareng Das, Divy Nidhi Sharma, Revanta Sarabhai, Ethan Taylor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| Aux4 = 54 Minutes
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006161
}}
}}

==Release==
The first teaser for ''Freedom at Midnight'' was released on 30 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-first-look-video-nikkhil-advani-period-series-looks-back-at-indias-independence-watch-article-112133721|title=Freedom at Midnight First Look Video: Nikkhil Advani's Period Series Looks Back|date=30 July 2024|publisher=Times Now}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Season 1===
[[NDTV]]'s [[Saibal Chatterjee]] gave the show 4 stars out of 5 and praised the acting, saying, "Freedom at Midnight isn't driven by A-list stars but by actors who painstakingly and confidently flesh out the towering historical figures".<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee | first=Saibal | title=Freedom at Midnight Review: Crafted with Utmost Diligence, The Show Gives History Its Due | website=NDTV | date=15 November 2024 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/freedom-at-midnight-review-crafted-with-utmost-diligence-the-show-gives-history-its-due-4-stars-7023608}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 2.5 stars and said that "...sprawling yet pacy, the Nikkhil Advani series brings to life the story of India and Pakistan, which came into existence at that stroke of the midnight hour immortalised in the haunting words of Nehru."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Freedom at Midnight review: A relatable, racy-pacy account of build-up to India's tumultuous independence | website=The Indian Express | date=15 November 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-review-relatable-racy-pacy-account-of-build-up-to-india-tumultuous-independence-9670984/}}</ref> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 4 stars out of 5 and observed that "The Nikkhil Advani show has a light, easygoing way of telling the story, weaving together different threads that build up quietly. The dialogues and performances strike emotional chords effectively."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jain | first=Arushi | title=Freedom at Midnight review: Powerful portrayal of partition, amped by stellar acting| date=15 November 2024 | website=India Today| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/freedom-at-midnight-review-powerful-portrayal-of-india-partition-stellar-acting-rating-2633621-2024-11-15}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] wrote in her review that "Freedom at Midnight doesn't want to be a show that you curl up to watch on Independence Day, a flag by your side and happiness in your heart. Rather than pride about the struggle that led to the end of British rule in 1947."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramnath | first=Nandini | title='Freedom at Midnight' review: Drama, debate and bloodshed as India throws off colonial rule| date=15 November 2024 | website=Scroll.in| url=https://scroll.in/reel/1075612/freedom-at-midnight-review-drama-bloodshed-and-debate-as-india-throws-off-colonial-rule}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that "Nikkhil Advani's period drama captures the road to India's Independence and Partition and the sprawling, layered show is India's answer to ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]''."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma | first=Devansh | title=Freedom at Midnight review: Nikkhil Advani's sprawling, layered show is India's answer to The Crown| date=15 November 2024 | website=Hindustan Times| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-review-nikkhil-advani-sprawling-layered-show-india-answer-to-the-crown-mahatma-gandhi-nehru-jinnah-101731566006807.html}}</ref> [[Firstpost]]'s Vinamra Mathur stated that "As much as the filmmaker should be lauded for stepping away from the world of big stars, the ensemble he has created for his show are both hit and miss".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur | first=Vinamra | title='Freedom at Midnight' web series review: Nikkhil Advani's slow-burn political drama oscillates between tense and terse | website=Firstpost| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-review-nikkhil-advani-sprawling-layered-show-india-answer-to-the-crown-mahatma-gandhi-nehru-jinnah-101731566006807.html}}</ref>

===Season 2===
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the show 3.5 stars out of 5, writing, "I was riveted in this season of Freedom at Midnight, which manages to sustain its tone — as serious as befits the subject without getting all heavy about it, lacing it with a degree of levity — and it will be one of my favourites this year, which has just about begun."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta| first=Shubhra | title=Freedom at Midnight Season 2 review: Serious but not heavy, 2026 already delivers one of its best series| website=The Indian express| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-season-2-review-2026-already-delivers-one-of-its-best-series-10464001/|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 4 stars out of 5 and said, "The second season of the Sony LIV series {{sic}} as intricate as the first one and pretty much bingeable."<ref>{{cite web |last=Radhika | first=Sharma | title=Freedom at Midnight 2 Review: Nikkhil Advani's Series Is a Throwback to Naya Hindustan in Times of Dhurandhar| website=NDTV| url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/freedom-at-midnight-2-review-nikkhil-advanis-series-is-a-throwback-to-naya-hindustan-in-times-of-dhurandhar-10563621|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3/5 and observed that "Whether Freedom at Midnight 2 has a political agenda, a bias or two will be read into it, depending on the affiliation of who is watching."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gahlot | first=Deepa | title=Freedom at Midnight 2 Review: Terrifying History Reminder| website=Rediff.com| url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freedom-at-midnight-2-review/20260109.htm|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' stated that "The second season of Nikkhil Advani's ambitious dive into Partition-era politics is bigger, smarter, fuller and fuelled by a terrific cast."<ref>{{cite web |last=Desai | first=Rahul | title='Freedom at Midnight' Season 2 Series Review: The Historical Drama We Deserve – and Need| website=The Hollywood Reporter India| url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/freedom-at-midnight-season-2-series-review-the-historical-drama-we-deserve-and-need|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 4 stars out of 5 and said that "Freedom at Midnight's victory lies in its ability to present this as a human drama, instead of a historical epic. The stakes are high, but our focus always remains on what those stakes mean for our protagonists, not the nation at large."<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur| first=Abhimanyu | title=Freedom at Midnight Season 2 review: Nikkhil Advani unravels the chaos of Partition in masterful, sensitive storytelling| website=Hindustan Times| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/freedom-at-midnight-season-2-review-nikkhil-advani-unravels-the-chaos-of-partition-in-masterful-sensitive-storytelling-101767947107779.html|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that the show is "Intense, reflective, but selective in its depiction of events and agent provocateurs, the series humanises political icons and puts their era-defining decisions in perspective."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar| first=Anuj| title='Freedom at Midnight' Season 2 series review: Nikkhil Advani hits the sweet spot between text and context| website=The Hindu| url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/freedom-at-midnight-season-2-review-nikkhil-advani-hits-the-sweet-spot-between-text-and-context/article70490313.ece|date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt28102595}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/freedom-at-midnight-1700001477 ''Freedom at Midnight''] on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2020s drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s political television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Clement Attlee]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George VI]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Lord Mountbatten]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:Fatima Jinnah]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Historical drama television series]]
[[Category:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Liaquat Ali Khan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Political drama television series]]
[[Category:Sarojini Naidu]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Television series based on books]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1946]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1947]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1948]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Television series set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Works about the Mahatma Gandhi assassination]]
[[Category:Television shows based on actual events]]
[[Category:Television series about prime ministers]]
[[Category:Biographical television series]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]

Ishaqzaade

2026-03-23T19:36:54Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{short description|2012 Hindi-language romantic action film}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ishaqzaade
| image = Ishaqzaade.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Habib Faisal]]
| writer = Habib Faisal
| story = [[Aditya Chopra]] Habib Faisal
| producer = Aditya Chopra
| starring = [[Arjun Kapoor]] [[Parineeti Chopra]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Hemant Chaturvedi]]
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] '''Score:''' [[Ranjit Barot]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5|11}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Ishaqzaade''''' ({{translation|''Lovers''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film#Romantic action|romantic action]] film written and directed by [[Habib Faisal]], and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner. The film stars [[Arjun Kapoor]] in his debut and [[Parineeti Chopra]] in lead roles, alongside [[Gauahar Khan]], [[Natasha Rastogi]], [[Anil Rastogi]], and [[Shashank Khaitan]] in supporting roles.<ref name="dailybhaskar">{{cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title=YRF announces Ishaqzaade |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-yrf-announces-ishaqzaade-2507034.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019183413/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-yrf-announces-ishaqzaade-2507034.html |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Set in the fictional town of Almor in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the narrative follows Parma Chauhan and Zoya Qureshi, members of rival political families, whose passionate romance challenges deeply rooted religious and societal divides.

The film marked Kapoor’s first appearance in a leading role, and Chopra’s second following ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' (2011). [[Principal photography]] took place in various locations across Uttar Pradesh, with cinematography by [[Hemant Chaturvedi]] and music composed by [[Amit Trivedi]]. The soundtrack features lyrics by [[Kausar Munir]] and includes the popular track "Pareshaan," sung by [[Shalmali Kholgade]]. The official trailer was released on 15 March 2012, followed by the film’s theatrical release on 11 May 2012.<ref name="amar" />

Upon release, ''Ishaqzaade'' received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise directed toward Chopra’s performance, as well as its screenplay and music. Produced on a budget of ₹160 million (US$2 million), the film emerged as a commercial success, grossing ₹613 million (US$7.5 million) worldwide.

At the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], the film received four nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Chopra) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] (Kapoor), winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[Shalmali Kholgade]] for the song "Pareshaan." Additionally, Chopra was awarded the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]] for her performance.

==Plot==
In the town of Almor, the Chauhans and the Qureshis are rival political families with a history of hostility. Parma Chauhan, the wayward grandson of political patriarch Surya Chauhan, struggles for validation in his family due to his reputation as a troublemaker. Zoya Qureshi, the spirited and assertive daughter of Aftab Qureshi, aspires to enter politics but is discouraged by her conservative [[Muslims|Muslim]] family.

During a heated election campaign, Parma and Zoya clash repeatedly but gradually develop mutual attraction. They fall in love and [[Elopement|elope]], with Parma converting to Islam and assuming the name Parvez. After a staged marriage ceremony, the two [[Consummation|consummate]] their relationship. Parma later reveals that the wedding was a ruse designed to dishonor Zoya and avenge an earlier humiliation. Heartbroken, Zoya attempts to retaliate but is stopped by Parma's mother, Parvati, who urges her son to honor his actions. When Parvati tries to protect the couple, Surya fatally shoots her, prompting Parma to turn against his family and protect Zoya.

Forced to flee, the couple seeks refuge in a [[brothel]] managed by Chand Bibi. Although Zoya initially suspects Parma of betrayal, she begins to forgive him as he expresses remorse. They eventually reconcile and marry in a legitimate ceremony. Hoping for reconciliation, Zoya brings Parma to her home, but her father threatens to kill her. The couple escapes once again, planning to flee to [[Jaipur]]. However, their families join forces to track them down, viewing their union as a threat to both political legacies and religious boundaries.

Cornered on a college rooftop during [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], Parma and Zoya engage in a final standoff with their pursuers. With no escape and few bullets left, they choose to shoot each other, dying in each other's arms. Their families depart, believing the matter settled. The film concludes with a message highlighting the tragic consequences faced by interfaith and intercaste couples in contemporary India.

==Cast==
*[[Arjun Kapoor]] as Parma Chauhan
*[[Parineeti Chopra]] as Zoya Qureshi Chauhan
*[[Gauahar Khan]] as Chand Bibi
* [[Anil Rastogi]] as Surya Chauhan, Parma's grandfather
* [[Natasha Rastogi]] as Parvati Chauhan, Parma's mother
* Ratan Singh as Aftab Qureshi, Zoya's father
* Charu Rastogi as Zoya's mother
*[[Shashank Khaitan]] as Dharma Chauhan
* Ankit Kakkar as Karma Chauhan
* Aftab Ahmed Khan as Shadaab Qureshi
* Jafarpal Dhillon as Sohraab Qureshi
* [[Usha Bachani]] as a Prostitute

==Production==

===Casting===
In late 2011, it was announced that [[Arjun Kapoor]] would make his acting debut in ''Ishaqzaade''. Initially slated to debut in ''Virus Diwan'', another [[Yash Raj Films]] project, Kapoor’s launch was realigned after that film was shelved. ''Ishaqzaade'' was developed specifically to introduce him under the Yash Raj banner.<ref name="bh">{{cite web |title=How Arjun got bigger deal with Ishaqzaade |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=18 October 2011 |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Parineeti Chopra]], who had made her screen debut the previous year in ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' (2011), was cast opposite Kapoor. [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]-winning choreographers Rekha and [[Chinni Prakash]], known for their work in ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008), were brought on to choreograph the film's musical sequences. Veteran action director Sham Kaushal was responsible for staging the action scenes.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title='Ishaqzaade' scheduled to hit screens on May 11th 2012 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289793_1_yash-raj-films-ishaqzaade-parineeti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531081406/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289793_1_yash-raj-films-ishaqzaade-parineeti |archive-date=31 May 2012 |access-date=20 October 2011 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began on 15 October 2011.<ref name=amar>{{cite web|title=YRF Announce ISHAQZAADE – May 2012 Release|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3568&nCat=|work=15 October 2011|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=18 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018153053/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3568&nCat=|archive-date=18 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> A major part of the film was shot in Lucknow, [[Hardoi|Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh]] and at other sites near [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/may/03-news-ishaqzaade-trivias-hardois-star-studded-experience-051208.asp|title=OTT | TV | Bollywood | Hollywood - News, Reviews, Gossips|date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

Principal photography for ''Ishaqzaade'' commenced on 15 October 2011.<ref name="amar" /> A significant portion of the film was shot on location in and around [[Lucknow]] and [[Hardoi]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Ishaqzaade (soundtrack)}}
The music for ''Ishaqzaade'' was composed by [[Amit Trivedi]], marking his first collaboration with [[Yash Raj Films]]. The lyrics were written by [[Kausar Munir]], with the exception of the track "Chokra Jawaan," which was penned by the film’s writer-director, [[Habib Faisal]]. The soundtrack album, which includes remixes of "Pareshaan" and "Jhallah Wallah" by [[Abhijit Vaghani]], was released on 13 April 2012 under the YRF Music label. The film's background score was composed by [[Ranjit Barot]].<ref name="firstlook">{{cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title=FIRST LOOK: Yash Raj Films' Ishaqzaade |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/758265.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020025810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/758265.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===
''Ishaqzaade'' opened to strong box office performance across India, with theater occupancy ranging between 70% and 90% on its first day. The film collected ₹45.4 million (US$540,000) nett on its opening day, followed by ₹51.5 million (US$610,000) and ₹62.2 million (US$740,000) on its second and third days, respectively. It earned ₹159 million (US$1.9 million) nett over its first weekend and ₹257 million (US$3.0 million) by the end of its first week.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Has Good First Week |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4437&nCat= |work=Box Office India}}</ref>

The film broke the record for the highest first-week collections for a Hindi non-star cast film, previously held by ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008). It continued to perform well in subsequent weeks, collecting ₹73.8 million (US$870,000) in its second weekend and ₹125 million (US$1.5 million) in its second week. The film earned an additional ₹43.4 million (US$510,000) during its third weekend, solidifying its status as a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Has Strong Third Weekend |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4479&nCat= |work=Box Office India}}</ref> It concluded its theatrical run with a domestic net total of approximately ₹453.9 million (US$5.5 million) and a worldwide gross of ₹613 million (US$7.5 million) against a budget of ₹160 million (US$2 million).

===Critical reception===
[[File:Parineeti Bachchan’s diwali bash.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Parineeti Chopra]]'s performance received widespread praise from critics, and she won the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]]<ref>{{cite web |title=60th National Film Awards – 2012 |url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418030545/http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>]]

''Ishaqzaade'' received positive reviews from critics, with widespread praise for [[Parineeti Chopra]]’s performance.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, describing it as "a volatile and intense story with ample doses of fanatical romance," and praised its performances, music, and mainstream appeal.<ref>{{cite web |author=Taran Adarsh |date=11 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Review Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548051 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320195901/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548051 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Mrigank Dhaniwala of ''Koimoi'' also gave it 3.5 stars, noting that the film was "an entertaining fare" that relied on its strong first half and engaging performances.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mrigank Dhaniwala |date=11 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Review Koimoi |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/ishaqzaade-review/ |work=Koimoi}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' echoed similar sentiments, calling it a film that "gets under your skin... and rocks."<ref>{{cite web |author=Khalid Mohamed |date=11 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade review: Absolutely See-grade |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/ishaqzaade-review-absolutely-see-grade-606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512100111/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/ishaqzaade-review-absolutely-see-grade-606 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5, referring to it as a "fantastic Indian adaptation of [[Romeo and Juliet|Romeo and Juliet⁣⁣]]," and appreciated its exploration of love as a force beyond life and death.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rachit Gupta |date=11 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Review Filmfare |url=http://filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ishaqzaade-403.html |work=Filmfare}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' awarded the film 3 stars, citing its performances, unconventional climax, and intense chemistry between the leads as highlights, though it noted that the political backdrop might be less relatable to metropolitan audiences.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade Review Daily Bhaskar |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-ishaqzaade-3250627.html?RHS-interesting_news= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713222205/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-ishaqzaade-3250627.html?RHS-interesting_news= |archive-date=13 July 2012 |work=Daily Bhaskar}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[Zee News]]'' commended director [[Habib Faisal]]’s depiction of small-town life and its cultural nuances.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shomini Sen |date=11 May 2012 |title=Review: Almor haramzaade shine in 'Ishaqzaade'! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/review-almor-i-haramzaade-i-shine-in-ishaqzaade_111153.htm |work=Zee News}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Blessy Chettiar of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' noted that while the film had a slow start, it picked up significantly and praised Chopra’s performance as scene-stealing.<ref>{{cite web |author=Blessy Chettiar |title=Review: Parineeti Chopra steals the show in 'Ishaqzaade' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-parineeti-chopra-steals-the-show-in-ishaqzaade-1687503/amp |accessdate=12 May 2012 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] appreciated the precision in the storytelling and the leads’ performances, stating that "''Ishaqzaade'' does provide half a good time. How many films can you say that for?"<ref>{{cite web |author=Anupama Chopra |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Ishaqzaade |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-ishaqzaade/story-KwXids9pSLa53HH7NksaZO_amp.html |accessdate=12 May 2012 |work=Hindustan Times|date=11 May 2012 }}</ref> Trisha Gupta of ''[[Firstpost]]'' acknowledged the film’s sharply drawn characters and Chopra’s standout performance, though she criticized the film’s ending and thematic execution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Trisha |title=Ishaqzaade review: Watch it for Parineeti Chopra |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ishaqzaade-review-watch-it-for-parineeti-chopra-307372.html/amp |accessdate=12 May 2012 |work=Firstpost|date=12 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |6 January 2013
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|[[Arjun Kapoor]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Kausar Munir]] (for "Pareshaan")
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Javed Ali]] (for "Ishaqzaade")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]] (for "Pareshaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Habib Faisal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="10" |[[19th Screen Awards|12 January 2013]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Parineeti Chopra]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="10" |
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|Arjun Kapoor
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Amit Trivedi
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Javed Ali (for "Ishaqzaade")
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Shalmali Kholgade (for "Pareshaan")
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="2" |Habib Faisal
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design
|[[Varsha Shilpa]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Chinni Prakash]] and Rekha Chinni Prakash (for "Jhallah Wallah")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[58th Filmfare Awards|20 January 2013]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Parineeti Chopra
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|Arjun Kapoor
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Amit Trivedi
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Shalmali Kholgade (for "Pareshaan")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |26 January 2013
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
|Arjun Kapoor
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|Parineeti Chopra
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation – Female|New Musical Sensation – Female]]
|Shalmali Kholgade (for "Pareshaan")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |16 February 2013
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|Parineeti Chopra
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Gauahar Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|Arjun Kapoor
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Shalmali Kholgade (for "Pareshaan")
| {{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[60th National Film Awards|3 May 2013]]
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
|Parineeti Chopra
| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[14th IIFA Awards|4–6 July 2013]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Shalmali Kholgade (for "Pareshaan")
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/ishaqzaade/index.html Official website]
* {{IMDb title|2308773|Ishaqzaade}}

{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 action drama films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

Balaji Baji Rao

2026-03-21T18:56:19Z

ShereeDrm9452: expanded content

{{Short description|Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1740 to 1761}}
{{for|the titular Peshwa Nana Saheb of Bithur|Nana Sahib}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nana Saheb I
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Peshwa|Shrimant Peshwa]]''
| office1 = [[Peshwa|8th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire]]
| term_start1 = August 1740
| term_end1 = 23 June 1761
| honorific_suffix =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Balaji Baji Rao.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 18th-century portrait of Balaji Bajirao
| monarch1 = {{unbulleted list
|[[Shahu I]]
|[[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]
}}
| predecessor1 = [[Baji Rao I]]
| successor1 = [[Madhavrao I]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1720|12|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sate Mawal, Pune, [[Maratha Empire]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1761|06|23|1720|12|08|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Parvati Hill]], [[Pune]], [[Maratha Empire]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Gopikabai]]|1730}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120817 |title= Nana Sahab Peshwa and the Fight for Freedom |date= 18 December 1961 }}</ref>
| relatives = [[Raghunathrao]] (brother) [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] (cousin) [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Shamsher Bahadur I]] (half-brother)
| children = [[Vishwasrao]] [[Madhavrao I]] [[Narayanrao]]
| parents = [[Baji Rao I]] (father) [[Kashibai]] (mother)
| image_size = 250px
| term_start =
| term_end =
| residence = [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]], [[Maratha Empire]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| birth_name = Balaji Rao Bhat
| signature = Balaji baji rao handwritting.png
}}

'''Balaji Baji Rao''' (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), commonly known as '''Nana Saheb I''', was the eighth [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="JLM_2005">{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA215
|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2005 |isbn=9781932705546 |pages=213–216}}</ref> He succeeded his father, [[Baji Rao I]], as Peshwa in 1740.

During his tenure, the [[Chhatrapati]] (Maratha monarch) served largely as a titular head, while effective power remained with the Peshwa. Under Balaji Baji Rao’s administration, the Maratha Empire evolved into a [[confederation]], with prominent chiefs such as the [[House of Holkar|Holkars]], the [[Scindia dynasty|Scindias]], and the [[Bhonsle]]s of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]] gaining semi-autonomous authority. The Maratha domains reached their greatest territorial extent during his period.

Balaji Baji Rao’s administration, assisted by his paternal cousin [[Sadashivrao Bhau]], introduced several fiscal and administrative reforms.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Under his leadership, the boundaries of the Maratha Empire extended from [[Peshawar]] (in present-day [[Pakistan]]) in the northwest to [[Srirangapatna]] in [[Karnataka]], and to [[Medinipur|Midnapore]] in [[West Bengal]].

Balaji Baji Rao sponsored public works across the empire, including the construction of canals, bridges, temples, and travellers’ rest houses, particularly in [[Pune]], the imperial capital. During his twenty-year reign, he brought under Maratha dominance several major powers of the Indian subcontinent—subduing the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the north, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in the south, and the [[Nawab of Bengal]] in the east. He also weakened [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan control]] over [[Punjab]], curtailed their incursions toward [[Delhi]], subdued the [[Rajput]] and [[Rohilla]] states, and effectively neutralized the [[Awadh|State of Oudh]].

== Early years and family==
{{Missing information|the Peshwa's reign|date=December 2022}}[[File:Painting at Prince of Wales museum.jpg|left|thumb|Painting of Balaji Baji Rao riding a horse at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum]], [[Mumbai]]|220x220px]]Balaji Rao, later known as Balaji Baji Rao or Nanasaheb, was born on 8 December 1720 into the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Bhat family]] to Peshwa Baj Rao I and [[Kashibai]].<ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |author=G.S.Chhabra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19 |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Vol. 1: 1707–1803) |date=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |pages=29–47}}</ref>

After the death of Baji Rao I in April 1740, the fifth Maratha ruler, [[Chhatrapati Shahu|Chhatrapati Shahu I]] appointed the 19-year-old Balaji Rao as Peshwa in August of the same year, despite opposition from several Maratha chiefs, including [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]].<ref name="WH_1928">{{cite book |author=Wolseley Haig |author-link=Wolseley Haig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA408 |title=The Cambridge History of India, Vol. 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 |pages=407–418}}</ref>

When Balaji Rao was ten years old, his grandmother, Radhabai, met [[Gopikabai]]—a young girl from the prominent Raste family of Pune—during a family visit. Gopikabai was six years old at the time, and Radhabai was impressed by her orthodox upbringing, piety, and knowledge of religious customs typical of a devout Brahmin household. Impressed by her virtues, Radhabai proposed her marriage to Balaji Rao. The two were married on 11 January 1730.<ref>{{cite book |last=Misra |first=Anand Swarup |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120817
|title=Nana Sahab Peshwa and the Fight for Freedom |date=1961}}</ref>

The couple had three sons: [[Vishwasrao]], who was killed in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761; [[Madhavrao I]], who succeeded Nanasaheb as Peshwa; and [[Narayanrao]], who later succeeded Madhavrao during his late teens. Nanasaheb’s brother, [[Raghunathrao]], was an able administrator but his ambitions to become Peshwa ultimately proved disastrous for the [[Maratha Empire]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Rivalry with Raghoji Bhonsle ==
[[File:Parvati Main Temple.JPG|thumb|[[Parvati Hill]] in [[Pune]], built by Balaji Baji Rao in 1749]]
[[File:Tryambakeshvara1.jpg|thumb|[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]] in [[Nashik|Nasik]], rebuilt by Balaji Baji Rao in 1755]]
{{Main|Second Maratha invasion of Bengal}}

In the early years of Balaji Baji Rao’s tenure as Peshwa, Raghoji I Bhonsle played a key role in extending Maratha influence in the southern and eastern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. However, his relationship with the Peshwa was strained from the outset.

Shortly before Balaji Baji Rao’s appointment as Peshwa, Raghoji had led a Maratha force to the southern territories to assist [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur]], a member of the Bhonsle clan, against [[Dost Ali Khan]]. Raghoji killed Dost Ali in May 1740 and installed Dost Ali’s son, [[Safdar Ali Khan]], as the [[Nawab of Arcot]]. Upon returning to [[Satara (city)|Satara]], Raghoji unsuccessfully protested Balaji Baji Rao’s appointment as Peshwa before returning south. There, in March 1741, he defeated [[Chanda Sahib]] but was soon forced to retreat due to the intervention of Chanda Sahib’s [[French India|French]] allies from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. After returning to Satara, Raghoji continued to oppose Balaji Baji Rao’s authority.<ref name="WH_1928" />

In 1743, Raghoji Bhonsle attacked the forces of [[Alivardi Khan]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Alivardi Khan subsequently paid ₹2,000,000 to Balaji Baji Rao, who assisted him in driving Raghoji out of Orissa in 1744. Raghoji then appealed directly to Shahu I, who appointed him in charge of Maratha affairs in Orissa, [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], and [[Bihar]]. By 1752, Raghoji had taken over the administration of Orissa and was conducting regular raids into Bengal and Bihar to collect ''[[chauth]]'' (tribute). The political instability caused by his campaigns in Bengal later facilitated the rise of the [[East India Company]] in the region.<ref name="GSC_2005" />

== Rebellion by Tarabai and Umabai ==
[[File:Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg|thumb|Balaji Baji Rao meets [[Chhatrapati|Chatrapati]] [[Shahu I]], by Shivram Chitari {{Circa|1750}}|left]][[Tarabai]], the senior widow of the third Maratha ruler, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram I]], was granted asylum by her nephew, Chhatrapati Shahu I, after being released from captivity by her stepson [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]]. During the 1740s, in Shahu I’s final years, Tarabai presented to him a boy named [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]], claiming he was her grandson and a direct descendant of the first Maratha ruler, [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]]. Shahu I accepted this claim and adopted the boy. Upon Shahu I’s death in 1749, Rajaram II succeeded him as Chhatrapati.<ref name="BP_2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA30 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History |publisher=Popular |year=2000 |isbn=9788171546589 |editor=Biswamoy Pati |page=30}}</ref>

In 1750, while Balaji Baji Rao was campaigning against the Nizam of Hyderabad, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to dismiss him from the office of Peshwa. When the Chhatrapati refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara on 24 November 1750, claiming that he was an impostor whom she had falsely presented as her grandson. Tarabai failed to secure support from other Maratha nobles or from the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], [[Salabat Jung]], but she managed to gain the backing of [[Umabai Dabhade]].<ref name="CAKDBP_1918">{{cite book |author=Charles Augustus Kincaid |author-link=Charles Augustus Kincaid |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft#page/2/mode/2up/search/umabai |title=A History of the Maratha People Vol. 3 |author2=Dattatray Balwant Parasnis |author2-link=Dattatray Balwant Parasnis |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1918 |pages=2–10 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Umabai was the matriarch of the [[Dabhade]] family, hereditary ''Senapati or'' commanders-in-chief of the Maratha Empire and controllers of large territories in [[Gujarat]]. Her husband had been killed by the Mughals, and her eldest son by Baji Rao I for rebelling against Shahu I. Although Shahu I had pardoned the Dabhades and allowed them to retain their [[jagir]]s and titles on the condition that they remit half their Gujarat revenues to the royal treasury, the family had never done so. After Shahu I’s death, Balaji Baji Rao—facing an empty treasury—insisted that they honor this agreement. When Umabai met him in 1750, she argued that the arrangement had been made under duress; the Peshwa rejected her claim.<ref name="GSC_2005" />

In support of Tarabai’s rebellion, Umabai dispatched a force of 15,000 troops under her lieutenant [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]]. Gaekwad advanced toward Pune, causing Balaji Baji Rao’s mother Kashibai and grandmother Radhabai to flee to [[Sinhagad]]. While encamped at Pargaon near Pune, Gaekwad received a letter from the Peshwa loyalist Mahadji Purandare, denouncing him as a traitor. Gaekwad then redirected his march toward Satara. He defeated Mahadji’s brother, Trimbakrao Purandare, at Nimb—a small town north of Satara—but was later defeated on 15 March 1751 at the [[Venna River]] and forced to retreat with heavy losses.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918" />

On learning of the rebellion, Balaji Baji Rao marched swiftly from the Mughal frontier, covering 400 miles in 13 days. He reached Satara on 24 April 1751, captured the Yavateshwar garrison, and defeated Tarabai’s troops. After Gaekwad’s forces were surrounded, Balaji Baji Rao demanded that he cede half of Gujarat and pay a [[war indemnity]] of ₹2,500,000. Gaekwad refused, saying he was only a subordinate acting under Umabai’s orders. On 30 April, Balaji Baji Rao launched a surprise attack, forcing Gaekwad’s surrender. Balaji Baji Rao then besieged Satara Fort, demanding that Tarabai release Rajaram II, whose health had declined during captivity. She refused, and Balaji Baji Rao withdrew to Pune rather than engage in a prolonged siege.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918" />

A subsequent mutiny by Tarabai’s own troops weakened her position. Realizing the futility of continued resistance, she sought peace. She met Balaji Baji Rao in Pune, dismissed her adviser Baburao Jadhav, and accepted the supremacy of the Peshwa’s office. On 14 September 1752, both swore mutual peace at the Khandoba temple in [[Jejuri]], where Tarabai declared under oath that Rajaram II was not her grandson but an impostor of the Gondhali caste.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918" /> Despite this, Balaji Baji Rao retained Rajaram II as the titular ''Chhatrapati'', a ceremonial and powerless figurehead.<ref name="BP_2000" />

In May 1751, Balaji Baji Rao arrested Damaji Gaekwad and his relatives and imprisoned them in Pune. The Dabhades were later detained and stripped of their jagirs and titles.<ref name="JLM_2005" /> When Damaji refused to yield half of Gujarat’s territory, he was confined in [[Lohagad]] Fort. Eventually, after prolonged negotiations, he agreed in March 1752 to abandon the Dabhades and ally with the Peshwa. In return, Balaji Baji Rao appointed him as the Maratha chief of Gujarat and promised military support against the Mughals. Damaji consented to pay an annual tribute of ₹525,000 and a one-time payment of ₹1,500,000, and to maintain a cavalry of 20,000 horses for the Peshwa's services.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918" />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Facsimile of the handwriting of Balaji Bajirao (1740-61).jpg|24 Feb 1731. Balaji Baji Rao writes to his paternal uncle [[Chimaji Appa]] referring Chhatrapati [[Shahu I|Shahu I's]] pilgrimage to [[Jejuri]]
File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|Signatures of the Marathas, Line 4 is written by Balaji Baji Rao
</gallery>

== Campaign against the Nizam ==

In 1751, Balaji Baji Rao launched an invasion of the territories of Salabat Jang, the Nizam of Hyderabad, who was supported by the French Governor-General of Pondicherry, [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]. However, due to Tarabai's rebellion and the growing strength of French-trained forces allied with Maratha rivals, Balaji was compelled to withdraw temporarily from his campaigns.

After restoring internal stability in 1752, Balaji renewed his offensive against the Nizam. Seeking to counter French influence in the Deccan, he approached the [[British East India Company]] for military assistance, but the British declined to intervene. The Marathas supported Salabat Jung’s brother, [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Ghazi ud-Din Khan]], as a candidate for the Nizamship, since he had promised them a payment of ₹6,000,000 along with other concessions.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} However, Ghazi ud-Din was later poisoned by his stepmother, thwarting Maratha plans.

Ultimately, Balaji Baji Rao and de Bussy-Castelnau concluded a peace agreement, bringing an end to hostilities. Around the same time, Raghoji I Bhonsle also agreed to peace on the condition that the Nizam would grant him several jagirs in [[Berar Subah|Berar]].<ref name="HD_2013">{{cite book |last=Dodwell |first=Henry |title=Dupleix and Clive: Beginning of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JkuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR4-IA2
|publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |orig-year=1st pub. 1920 |isbn=9781136912856 |pages=87–90 }}</ref>

== Relations with Rajputs ==
[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|[[Maratha Confederacy]] at its zenith in 1760 (yellow areas)]]
Balaji Baji Rao’s father, Baji Rao I, had aimed to establish a Hindu Padshahi (Hindu kingship) across the Indian subcontinent and therefore maintained cordial relations with the Rajput rulers. However, during Balaji Baji Rao’s tenure as Peshwa, relations between the Marathas and the Rajputs deteriorated.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

Following the death of [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] in 1743, a war of succession broke out between his sons, [[Ishwari Singh]] and [[Madho Singh I]]. Madho Singh I was supported by [[Jagat Singh II]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]] and Ummed Singh of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]. The Marathas initially supported Ishwari Singh, who had offered them greater financial incentives. Later, Jagat Singh secured the support of [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] for Madho Singh, while [[Jayappa Rao Scindia]] continued to back Ishwari Singh. This conflict strained Maratha–Rajput relations and also caused divisions among the Maratha leaders themselves.

Madho Singh subsequently sought arbitration from Balaji Baji Rao, who personally visited Jaipur and persuaded Ishwari Singh to cede four [[mahallah|mahals]] to Madho Singh. Although Ishwari initially agreed, he reneged on the agreement after Balaji returned to Pune. In response, Malhar Rao Holkar captured the mahals by force and imposed a [[tribute]] on Ishwari Singh. When Ishwari failed to pay the arrears, the Marathas declared war on him in 1750. Unable to raise the required funds or further tax his subjects, Ishwari Singh committed suicide by consuming poison.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

After Ishwari Singh’s death, Madho Singh ascended the Jaipur throne but grew distrustful of the Marathas due to their treatment of his brother. He later fought against them until [[Safdar Jang]], the Nawab of Awadh, intervened and mediated peace, compelling the Marathas to withdraw after offering an apology and some compensation. Following Safdar Jang’s death, the Marathas once again invaded Rajput territories, prompting Madho Singh to seek assistance from Safdar Jang’s successor, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], and the Afghan ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]].<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

In 1749, [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]] of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] died, leading to a succession dispute between his sons [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]] and [[Bakht Singh]]. Ram Singh sought support from Jayappa Rao Scindia. By the time Scindia marched to Jodhpur in September 1752, Bakht Singh had died and was succeeded by his son, Vijay Singh (also spelled Bijay Singh). Vijay Singh allied with the Mughals, the Rohillas, and Madho Singh of Jaipur to resist the Marathas. After about a year of conflict, Vijay Singh entered into peace negotiations with Scindia. During one such meeting in July 1755, Jayappa Rao Scindia was assassinated by emissaries of Vijay Singh. This incident renewed hostilities between the Marathas and the Rajputs until [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] concluded a peace treaty in February 1756.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

== Relations with the Jats ==
[[File:Dominic Serres, the Elder - The Capture of Geriah, February 1756 RMG BHC0377 (L6228).jpg|thumb|[[East India Company|British]] and [[Maratha Navy|Maratha]] forces raid [[Vijaydurg Fort]] during the [[Battle of Vijaydurg]] c. 1756]]
Maratha–[[Jat people|Jat]] relations also deteriorated during Balaji Baji Rao’s tenure as Peshwa. Balaji’s younger brother, Raghunathrao demanded a share of revenue from the prosperous [[Bharatpur State]]. [[Suraj Mal]], the ruler of Bharatpur, had earlier interfered in Jaipur’s succession disputes in support of Ishwari Singh, which had antagonized Maratha chiefs such as Malhar Rao Holkar, who supported Madho Singh.

In 1754, the Mughal ''wazir'' Safdar Jang sought Suraj Mal’s assistance against the Mughal emperor. To counter this alliance, the imperial loyalist [[Imad-ul-Mulk|Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III]] requested Maratha support. Seizing the opportunity, Raghunathrao dispatched a Maratha force under Malhar Rao Holkar to Bharatpur.

Suraj Mal attempted to avert conflict by offering a payment of ₹4,000,000, but Raghunathrao rejected the proposal. Consequently, the Marathas laid siege to the fort of Kumher in early 1754. The siege lasted for about four months before both sides agreed to peace. Under the resulting treaty, the Marathas accepted Suraj Mal’s offer to pay ₹3,000,000 in three annual installments.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

== Relations with the Mughals ==

During the tenure of Baji Rao I, the Mughals had nominally granted the [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]] province to the Marathas, although actual control was not transferred. After becoming Peshwa, Balaji Baji Rao sought to regularize Maratha authority in Malwa. Through the mediation of Jai Singh II of Jaipur, he obtained formal recognition from the Mughal emperor, who appointed him as the Deputy Governor of Malwa, with [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] serving as the titular governor. In return, Balaji pledged allegiance to the Mughal emperor and agreed to maintain a contingent of 500 soldiers at the imperial court, along with an additional force of 4,000 troops to be provided when required.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

In 1748, Javed Khan, a rival of the Mughal ''wazir'' Safdar Jang, invited the newly appointed Nizam of Hyderabad, [[Nasir Jung]], to join an alliance against the ''wazir''. Safdar Jang sought Maratha assistance, and Balaji Baji Rao dispatched the Scindia and Holkar contingents to intercept Nasir Jung’s forces before they could reach Delhi, thereby safeguarding Safdar Jang’s position.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

Beginning in 1748, the Afghan ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali) launched a series of invasions into northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, compelling the Mughals to once again seek Maratha support. In 1752, the Rohillas of the [[Doab]] region rebelled against the emperor and defeated Safdar Jang in battle. The Rohillas subsequently invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade Indian territories. Safdar Jang appealed to the Marathas, who assisted him in suppressing the rebellion.

Later in 1752, the Marathas and the Mughals concluded a formal agreement under which the Marathas pledged to assist the empire in repelling both external invasions and internal revolts. In return, the Mughal emperor appointed Balaji Baji Rao as the Governor of [[Ajmer]] and Agra. The Marathas were also granted the right to collect ''[[chauth]]'' from [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Sindh]], and several districts of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and [[Moradabad]]. However, to placate Ahmad Shah Durrani, the emperor simultaneously ceded Lahore and Multan to him. Moreover, he did not ratify the transfer of Rajput-ruled regions such as Ajmer to the Marathas, which later brought the Marathas into conflict with both the Durranis and the Rajput states.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

== Maratha Expansion into Bengal ==
{{main|Maratha invasions of Bengal}}

Between 1741 and 1751, the Marathas under [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle]] of Nagpur invaded the [[Bengal Subah]] five times.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In 1743, two separate Maratha armies [[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal|invaded Bengal]]—one under Raghuji Bhonsle and the other under Balaji Baji Rao. Facing heavy pressure, Alivardi Khan agreed to pay a subsidy and promised to provide the Marathas with the ''[[chauth]]'' (one-fourth of the revenue) of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|title=Bengal : The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02822-6|language=en}}</ref> The prolonged warfare devastated Bengal’s economy and population.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস">ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. পৃ. ২৯৩–২৯৯.</ref>

The Maratha forces occupied large parts of [[West Bengal|western Bengal]], advancing up to the [[Hooghly River]].<ref name="Marshall72">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|author=P. J. Marshall|author-link=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|isbn=9780521028226}}
</ref> During this period, Maratha raiders known as the "[[Bargis]]" committed atrocities against local civilians.<ref name="Marshall72"/> Contemporary accounts from the [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan Kingdom]] and European sources report that the Bargis plundered villages extensively.<ref name="Davies"/> Jan Kersseboom, chief of the [[Dutch East India Company]] factory in Bengal, estimated that approximately 400,000 civilians in western Bengal and Bihar perished as a result of the invasions.<ref name="Marshall72"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book|author=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|isbn=9780521031592}}
</ref> The destruction wrought by the Bargis is regarded as among the deadliest episodes of mass violence in pre-colonial Indian history.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=C. C. Davies |year=1966 |orig-year=1st pub. 1957 |chapter=XXIII: Rivalries in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555
|editor=J. O. Lindsay |editor-link=J. O. Lindsay |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |volume=VII: The Old Regime 1713–63 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=555 |isbn=978-0-521-04545-2}}</ref>

The 18th-century Bengali text ''[[Maharashtra Purana]]'' by Gangaram vividly describes the terror caused by the Bargis.<ref name="Marshall72"/>

In 1751, a peace treaty was concluded between the Marathas and the Nawab of Bengal. Under its terms, [[Mir Habib]], a former courtier of Alivardi Khan who had defected to the Marathas, was appointed as the provincial governor of Orissa under nominal Bengal authority.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> The Nawab agreed to become a tributary of the Marathas, paying ₹1.2 million annually as the ''chauth'' of Bengal and Bihar, while the Marathas pledged to cease further invasions.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal
|title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |author=Shoaib Daniyal |date=21 December 2015 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="oum">OUM. pp. 16–17.</ref> In addition, the Nawab paid ₹3.2 million toward arrears of ''chauth'' for previous years.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib&pg=PA201|
title = Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813| author1 =Jaswant Lal Mehta| isbn = 9781932705546| year = 2005| publisher = Sterling Publishers Pvt.}}</ref> The annual ''chauth'' payments continued until 1758, when the East India Company took control of Bengal following the [[Battle of Plassey]].<ref name="Sarkar1932">{{Cite book |author=Jadunath Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC&pg=PA85
|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1997 |isbn=9788125011491 |edition=4th |orig-year=First published 1932}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n121/mode/2up ]</ref>

== Conflict with the Durrani Empire==
{{main|Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Maratha conquest of North-west India|Third Battle of Panipat}}
[[File:Sadashivrao Bhau.jpg|thumb|Balaji Baji Rao's troops under the command of his cousin Sadashivrao Bhau fighting at Panipat]]
After his initial invasions of India, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed his son [[Timur Shah Durrani]] as governor of Punjab and [[Kashmir]]. In response, Balaji Baji Rao dispatched his brother Raghunathrao to check Durrani expansion. In 1758, Raghunathrao captured Lahore and Peshawar, driving Timur Shah out of the region. This marked the high point of Maratha territorial expansion — their influence extended from north of the [[Indus River|Sindhu River]] to northern [[Kerala]]. The Marathas had now emerged as the principal rivals of the Durranis in north-western India.<ref name="K.RoyIHB">{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |pages=80–81 |isbn=978-8178241098}}</ref>

By this time, the Marathas had reduced the Mughal emperor to a mere figurehead, and Balaji Baji Rao even considered placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne.<ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog
|publisher=John Murray |year=1841 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog/page/n318 276]}}</ref> Alarmed by these developments, Mughal loyalist scholars and nobles in Delhi appealed to Ahmad Shah Durrani to intervene and curb Maratha ascendancy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0VuAAAAMAAJ
|title=Afghanistan Under Soviet Occupation |author1=Syed Shabbir Hussain |author2=Abdul Hamid Alvi |author3=Absar Hussain Rizvi |publisher=World Affairs Publications |year=1980 |page=56 }}</ref>

Responding to these appeals, Durrani launched a fresh invasion of India, reaching Lahore by the end of 1759.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Mughal History |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |year=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |chapter=Events leading to the Battle of Panipat |isbn=978-8120823266 |page=26}}</ref> He was joined by key Indian allies, including the Rohilla leader [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and the [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]]. Balaji Baji Rao responded by sending a large army under his cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau, supported by contingents from the Holkar, Scindia, [[Gaekwad]] and [[Govind Pant Bundele]] families. The Jat ruler Suraj Mal of Bharatpur initially allied with the Marathas but later withdrew following a dispute with Bhau.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Development of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentbrit01robigoog
|last=Robinson|first=Howard|author2=James Thomson Shotwell|year=1922 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |chapter=Mogul Empire|page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentbrit01robigoog/page/n115 91] }}</ref>

Between 1759 and 1761, the Durrani and Maratha forces clashed in several engagements with mixed outcomes. The prolonged siege of eventually left the Maratha army weakened and undersupplied. Reinforcements from Balaji Baji Rao never reached beyond the [[Narmada River]], and on 14 January 1761, the Durrani forces decisively defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA84 |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |author=Kaushik Roy |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |pages=84–94 |isbn=9788178241098}}</ref>

According to historian Suresh K. Sharma, Balaji Baji Rao’s preoccupation with courtly pleasures contributed to the debacle:

“It was Balaji Bajirao’s love of pleasure which was responsible for Panipat. He delayed at Paithan celebrating his second marriage until December 27th, when it was too late.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh K. |title=Haryana: Past and Present |date=2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788183240468 |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&q=Balaji+Baji+Rao+married++1760%7C1761&pg=PA173
|access-date=7 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Nanasaheb peshawe samadhi (3).JPG|thumb|216x216px|[[Headstone|Samadhi]] (memorial) dedicated to Balaji Baji Rao at Pune]]
The defeat at Panipat proved catastrophic for the Marathas and marked a severe personal and political setback for Balaji Baji Rao. He received news of the defeat on 24 January 1761 at [[Bhilsa]], where he was leading a reinforcement force toward the north. Among the heavy casualties were several of his key generals, as well as his own son Vishwasrao and cousin Sadashivrao Bhau.

The loss deeply affected Balaji, who fell into depression following the disaster. He died a few months later, on 23 June 1761, at [[Parvati Hill]] near Pune. He was succeeded by his younger son, Madhavrao I.<ref name="GSC_2005"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Balaji Bajirao.jpg|A 19th-century portrait of Balaji Baji Rao
File:Nanasaheb Peshwa I.jpg|19th-century depiction of Balaji Baji Rao
File:Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.jpg|Artist impression of Balaji Baji Rao
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
*In 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Peshwa Balji Bajirao's character was portrayed by [[Bal Dhuri]].
*In the 2014 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film, ''[[Rama Madhav]]'', he is portrayed by [[Ravindra Mankani]].
*In the 2015 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', [[Ayush Tandon]] essays the role of a young Balaji Bajirao.
*In the 2019 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'', Peshwa Balaji Bajirao was portrayed by [[Mohnish Bahl]].
*"''The Extraordinary Epoch of Nanasaheb Peshwa''" (published in 2020) a book written by Uday S. Kulkarni about the life and tenure of Nanasaheb Peshwa.<ref>The Extraordinary Epoch of Nanasaheb Peshwa https://amzn.eu/d/f86lIP1</ref>
*"''Dhurandhar Peshwa Nanasaheb''", a Marathi novel written by Kaustubh S. Kasture on the life of Nanasaheb Peshwa.<ref>Dhurandhar Peshwa Nanasaheb (धुरंधर पेशवा नानासाहेब) https://amzn.eu/d/1neE9Xg</ref>

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Balaji Baji Rao}}
* ''Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb) Peshwa'' by Prof. S. S. Puranik
* ''Solstice at Panipat'' by Uday S. Kulkarni, Mula Mutha Publishers, 2nd ed., 2012.
* ''Panipat'' by Vishwas Patil, Rajhamns publishers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Bajirao|Baji Rao I]] |
title=[[Peshwa]] |
years=1740–1761 | after=[[Madhavrao Peshwa|Madhava Rao I]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Balaji Baji}}
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:1720 births]]
[[Category:1761 deaths]]

Magical Wallet

2026-03-20T14:56:32Z

ShereeDrm9452: Starting New Info First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian Drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date= December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Magical Wallet
| image = File:Poster_of_Magical_Wallet.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster of the film
| director = Nitin N Kushwaha
| writer = Nitin N Kushwaha
| producer = Naresh and Brothers, Gaurav Daagar (co producer)
| starring = {{Plainlist|* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* [[Anchal Singh]]
* ⁠[[Ishtiyak Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = Santosh Thundiyil
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Naresh & Brothers and Kalakaars entertainment
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Magical Wallet''''' is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language film directed by Nitin N. Kushwaha and starring [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Anchal Singh]], and [[Ishtiyak Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-varanasi-inspire-nitin-kushwahas-directorial-debut-with-jimmy-shergill-sanjay-mishra-and-anchal-singh-101763885170187.html|title=Exclusive | Varanasi inspire Nitin Kushwaha's directorial debut with Jimmy Shergill, Sanjay Mishra and Anchal Singh|date=23 November 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The first-look poster of Magical Wallet was unveiled at Film Bazaar 2025 in Goa, in the presence of director Nitin N. Kushwaha, executive producer Hifazat Ali, co-producer Gaurav Daagar, industry delegates, and film professionals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/poster-launch-of-film-magical-wallet-in-goa-2250110|title=गोवा में फ़िल्म मैजिकल वॉलेट का पोस्टर लॉन्च, जिमी शेरगिल और संजय मिश्रा जैसे सितारे आएंगे नजर|date=24 November 2025|website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

==Premise==
Set in the ancient city of [[Varanasi]]<ref>https://mpcg.ndtv.in/entertainment/two-thousand-year-old-banaras-will-be-seen-in-magical-wallet-poster-launched-9695422</ref>, ''Magical Wallet'' explores a story shaped by the city’s cultural energies and mystical aura. The narrative centers around a wallet with unexpected significance, creating a blend of intrigue and emotional depth as the characters navigate situations influenced by the city’s spiritual atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/web-series/magical-wallet-poster-launch-jimmy-shergill-and-sanjay-mishra-movie-entertainment-news-hindi-article-153237449|title=‘मैजिकल वॉलेट’ पोस्टर लॉन्च: जिमी शेरगिल–संजय मिश्रा की फिल्म में आंचल के ड्युअल अवतार ने किया सभी को हैरान|date=28 November 2025|website=Times Now Navbharat}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jimmy Shergill]] as Rajveer
* Sanjay Mishra as Arun
* [[Anchal Singh]] as Ranjana
* [[Ishtiyak Khan]] as Raju

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers

2026-03-20T13:46:59Z

ShereeDrm9452: added entry

{{Short description|2019 Indian true crime book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers
| author = [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]
| country = India
| genre = [[Nonfiction]], [[true crime]], [[biography]]
| publisher = [[Penguin India]]
| isbn = 978-0143445722
| image = File:The_Deadly_Dozen,_India's_Most_Notorious_Serial_Killers.jpeg
| caption =
| release_date = 10 June 2019
| pages = 340
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = Mumblings & Musings
| media_type = Paperback
}}

'''''The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers''''' is a 2019 true-crime non-fiction novel by [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]. The novel was launched by film director [[Anurag Kashyap]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="launch">{{cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap Along With Author Anirban Bhattacharyya Unveils 'The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers' |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/art/anurag-kashyap-along-with-author-anirban-bhattacharyya-unveils-the-deadly-dozen-india's-most-notorious-serial-killers-36598 |date=7 June 2019 |work=MumbaiLive |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
The book is a true-crime book that features the true-life stories and cases of 12 serial killers from India. The killers who are featured in the book include [[KD Kempamma]], [[Auto Shankar]], [[2006 Noida serial murders|Moninder Singh Pandher]] and [[2006 Noida serial murders|Surinder Koli]], [[Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders]], [[Mohan Kumar (serial killer)|Mohan Kumar]], [[Thug Behram]], [[Darbara Singh (murderer)|Darbara Singh]], Amarjeet Sada, [[Raman Raghav]] and the case of [[Seema Gavit and Renuka Shinde]]. The book also contains the unsolved cases of Beerman and [[Stoneman]].

Notable is the investigative story of Nithari-kaand or the [[2006 Noida serial murders]] in which the author points to the innocence of the two prime suspects, the botched-up investigation by the Noida Police and an organ-trafficking nexus which was not investigated properly.<ref>{{cite news|title= Nithari Killings: Truth May Forever Elude Us Thanks to a Deeply Botched Probe |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/nithari-serial-killings-botched-investigation-unresolved-truth|work=The Quint|first=Anirban |last=Bhattacharyya |date=20 October 2023|access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> On 16 October 2023, 17 years after the crimes were discovered, Koli and Pandher were acquitted of all charges against them, after appeals filed by the two suspects. Both were acquitted by the Allahabad High Court due to a lack of convincing evidence other than the confessions of the accused.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nithari-serial-killings-case-allahabad-hc-acquits-koli-pandher/article67425911.ece|title=Nithari serial killings case: Citing shoddy probe, Allahabad HC acquits Koli, Pandher |first1=Ishita |last1=Mishra |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
[[Anurag Kashyap]] described the book as "I have always said, reality is stranger than fiction; these true accounts are gut-wrenching and make us question our surroundings"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/art/anurag-kashyap-along-with-author-anirban-bhattacharyya-unveils-the-deadly-dozen-india's-most-notorious-serial-killers-36598|date=7 June 2019|work=MumbaiLive|access-date=7 June 2019|title=Anurag Kashyap Along with Author Anirban Bhattacharyya Unveils 'The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers'}}</ref>
* Radhika Dutt of ''The Millennium Post ''wrote "Anirban Bhattacharyya's The Deadly Dozen will send shivers and also permeate a sense of peace for these 12 no longer haunt the streets of your apparently safe city".<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2019|work=Reader's Digest|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/book-reviews/killers-by-choice-18045|access-date=10 August 2019|title=Killers by Choice}}</ref>
* The "[[Mid-Day]]" review stated: "Appearing straight-faced when talking about the gruesomeness of crime and criminals comes naturally to someone who has engaged with the subject for a while".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-i-killed-it/21560911|date=18 August 2019|work=Mid-Day|access-date=18 August 2019|title=A funny man with a criminal mind}}</ref>
* "With profiles of 12 of the most famous serial killers of India, this book sets out to debunk the notion that serial killers are a Western phenomenon. The author has tried to get into the heads of the murderers to explore what made them kill"— ''Pune Mirror'' ''[[The Times of India]]'' 20 Sept 2020
*"In this bone-chilling collection of stories, Anirban Bhattacharyya explores what made India's most devious murderers kill and why". ''[[Reader's Digest]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-best-from-the-world-of-entertainment-summer-blockbusters-124941|date=4 June 2019|work=Reader's Digest|access-date=4 June 2019|title=The Best from the World of Entertainment: Summer Blockbusters}}</ref>
*"Delve into true stories of some of India's most heinous serial killers"— ''New Indian Express''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2019/jun/28/june-bookshelf-of-boardroom-shenanigans-and-serial-killers-1996626.html|title=June Bookshelf: Of boardroom shenanigans and serial killers}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers, The}}
[[Category:2019 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about crime]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian crime novels]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about serial killers]]

Rohit Choudhary

2026-03-15T04:16:33Z

ShereeDrm9452: Data

{{Short description|Indian film and Television actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Choudhary
| image =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016-present
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Rohit Choudhary''' is an Indian actor.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Rohit Choudhary to join Bindiya Sarkar, a rebirth drama to kick-start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-choudhary-to-join-bindiya-sarkar-a-rebirth-drama-to-kick-start/articleshow/100250934.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Rohit Choudhary on being part of Dalchini: I love to carry this character home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rohit-choudhary-on-being-part-of-dalchini-i-love-to-carry-this-character-home/articleshow/105789190.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=I have always wanted to be a TV actor as you get to act daily here, unlike in films: Rohit Choudhary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/brahmarakshas-2-fame-rohit-choudhary-i-have-always-wanted-to-be-a-tv-actor/articleshow/80800975.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is primarily known for playing roles in projects like [[Padmaavat]], [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]], [[Dalchini (TV series)|Dalchini]], [[Brahmarakshas|Bhahmarakshas]], [[Kumkum Bhagya]] and Swaran Ghar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After Naagin 3, Rohit Choudhary and Pearl V Puri reunite for Brahmarakshas 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-naagin-3-rohit-choudhary-and-pearl-v-puri-reunite-for-brahmarakshas-2/articleshow/80069868.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=Swaran Ghar actor Rohit Choudhary: Whenever I do a negative role, I want people should see the bad side of the society, which is mostly hidden - Stardust |url=https://stardustmagz.com/swaran-ghar-actor-rohit-choudhary-whenever-i-do-a-negative-role-i-want-people-should-see-the-bad-side-of-the-society-which-is-mostly-hidden/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-01 |title=Rohit Choudhary To Play Lead In Ravi Dubey, Sargun Mehta's Show Daalcheeni |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/rohit-choudhary-to-play-lead-in-ravi-dubey-sargun-mehtas-show-daalcheeni-article-104086931 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Choudhary made his screen debut in the 2016 TV series [[Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par]].<ref name=":6" /> In 2017, he acted in [[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gungun Uprari to enter Life OK's Chandrakanta |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/gungun-uprari-enter-life-ok-s-chandrakanta-170405 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> He made appearances in the film [[Padmaavat]], TV series [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]] and [[Kundali Bhagya]] in the year 2018.<ref name=":7" /> In the year 2019, he acted in television series [[Divya Drishti|Divya-Drishti]] and [[Qayamat Ki Raat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naagin 3's Rohit Choudhary to star in Divya Drishti |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/naagin-3-s-rohit-choudhary-star-divya-drishti-191129 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naagin fame Rohit Choudhary bags THIS show |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/naagin-fame-rohit-choudhary-bags-show-190730 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> In the year 2020, he appeared in [[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|Kartik Purnima]], [[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]] and [[Shrikant Bashir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naagin 3's Rohit Choudhary to star in Star Bharat's Kartik Purnima |url=https://tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/naagin-3-s-rohit-choudhary-star-star-bharat-s-kartik-purnima-200218 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=During the lockdown, my family asked me to quit the TV industry and look for a stable job: Brahmarakshas 2 fame Rohit Choudhary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/during-the-lockdown-my-family-asked-me-to-quit-the-tv-industry-and-look-for-a-stable-job-brahmarakshas-2-fame-rohit-choudhary/articleshow/81915509.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Abhimanyu Singh and Rohit Choudhary to share screen space in upcoming web series |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-abhimanyu-singh-and-rohit-choudhary-share-screen-space-upcoming-web-series-220124 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he made appearance in [[Kumkum Bhagya|Kumkun Bhagya]] and Swaran Ghar in the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumkum Bhagya: अभ‍ि और प्रज्ञा की जिंदगी में आएगा नया तूफान, रोहित चौधरी की होगी एंट्री |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kumkum-bhagya-a-new-storm-in-the-lives-of-pragya-and-abhi-as-rohit-choudhary-to-enter-show/articleshow/82369454.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumkum Bhagya: Rohit Choudhary Is Set To Bring A New Twist In The Lives Of Pragya And Abhi {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/kumkum-bhagya-rohit-choudhary-is-set-to-bring-a-new-twist-in-the-lives-of-pragya-and-abhi/608fb11b7ffe97055c2b51f3 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he performed in [[Gauna – Ek Pratha]], [[Bekaboo]], and [[Dalchini (TV series)|Dalchini]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bekaboo TWIST: NEW Entry In Shalin Bhanot's Show, THIS Naagin Star To Play Eisha Singh's Boyfriend |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/bekaboo-twist-new-entry-in-shalin-bhanot-show-naagin-rohit-choudhary-play-eisha-singh-boyfriend-356874.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Choudhary on His New Show 'Dalchini': I Am Eternally Grateful to Ravie and Sargun for Giving Me This Opportunity |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rohit-choudhary-his-new-show-dalchini-i-am-eternally-grateful-ravie-and-sargun-giving-me |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|Ikhtiyaar
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par]]''
|Major Ram
|
|-
| 2017
|[[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta|''Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrkanta'']]
|Prince Jai Aditya
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'']]
|Rohit Jaiswal
|
|-
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|Sanju
|
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
|Viraaj Kukreja
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Divya Drishti]]''
|Vicky
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|''Kartik Purnima'']]
|Yesh Oberoi
|
|-
|[[Brahmarakshasa|''Brahmrakshas 2'']]
|Robin Mehra
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|Pradeep Khurana
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Swaran Ghar''
|Vikram Bedi
|
|-
|''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
|Foolchand
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Gauna – Ek Pratha|''Gauna - Ek Pratha'']]
|Tej Pratap
|
|-
|''[[Bekaboo]]''
|Yatin Gandhi
|
|-
|''[[Bindiya Sarkar]]''
|Raghav / Surya Pratap Singh
|
|-
|2023–2024
|[[Dalchini (TV series)|''Dalchini'']]
|Tej Dhillon
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Deewani]]''
|Rudra Yadav
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''
|Vikram Bhalla
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Shrikant Bashir]]''
|Dr. Kunal
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7181257|Rohit Choudhary}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Rohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shiwani Saini

2026-03-13T16:30:58Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiwani Saini
| image = Shiwani Saini.jpg
| caption = Visit as Chief Guest at Exhibition in New Delhi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|12|31|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=shiwani.saini.official #birthday #31stdecember #nowheretogo #covidbirthday #2020 #thankful #gratitude #godblessusall ❤️😘🙏😇✴️ #happybirthday #shiwanisaini ❤️❤️❤️ |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CJbuiCDn-9H/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CJbuiCDn-9H |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration |website=instagram.com |access-date=21 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2014 – present
}}
'''Shiwani Saini''' (born 31 December 1988) is an Indian actress and model who appears in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language films. She made her debut with the Punjabi film ''Happy Go Lucky''.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="NN">{{Cite web |url=http://newznew.com/neendran-upcoming-punjabi-film-happy-go-lucky-released/ |title='Neendran' Of Upcoming Punjabi Film Happy Go Lucky Released |last=Singh |first=CP |website=NewZNew |language=en-US |access-date=22 March 2016 |date=November 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saini has previously worked as a fashion designer.<ref name="NN"/> Beyond acting, Saini is known to have a passion for biking.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Motorcycle-Diaries-Of-A-Fair-Kind/articleshow/46914563.cms |title=Motorcycle Diaries Of A Fair Kind |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saini made her film debut in the [[Harry Baweja|Harry Baweja's]] Punjabi language film ''Happy Go Lucky''.<ref name="NN"/> Subsequently, she was selected for the role of [[Sarabjit Singh|Sarabjit's]] elder daughter, Swapan, in the Hindi language biographical drama film ''[[Sarabjit (film)|Sarabjit]]'' alongside [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] [[Randeep Hooda]] and [[Richa Chadha]] (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indread.com/28440/aishwarya-rai-prays-at-the-golden-temple |title=Aishwarya Rai prays at the Golden Temple – IndRead |last=Sriram |website=IndRead |language=en-US |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301051534/http://indread.com/28440/aishwarya-rai-prays-at-the-golden-temple |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=usurped |date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

She has worked in the Hollywood film ''[[5 Weddings]]'' as Devika; with [[Nargis Fakhri]] and [[Raj Kumar Rao]]. Next she was seen in Hindi movie ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]'' produced by LUV Films released in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-singh-and-sonalli-seygall-s-film-jai-mummy-di-to-release-on-january-17-see-new-motion-poster-1596255-2019-09-06 |title=Sunny Singh and Sonnalli Seygall's film Jai Mummy Di released on January 17,2020. See new motion poster |date=6 September 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref> Next, she will be seen in Punjabi film ''Ikko Mikke'' with [[Satinder Sartaaj]] and [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], worldwide releasing on 13 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ikko Mikke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/ikko-mikke/articleshow/74336916.cms |accessdate=2 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Happy Go Lucky (2014 film)|Happy Go Lucky]]''
| Preeti
| Punjabi
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Sarabjit (film)|Sarabjit]]''
| Swapandeep Kaur
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[5 Weddings]]''
| Devika
| English
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020
| ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
| Shruti
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Ikko~Mikke]]''
| Neeru
| Punjabi
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8015221}}
*{{Facebook|id=shiwani.saini.official}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Shiwani}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Battle of Anzio

2026-03-11T06:13:42Z

ShereeDrm9452: cleaned up layout per standard format and added references

{{Short description|1944 battle in Italy}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=January 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Anzio
| partof = the [[Winter Line|Winter Line and the battle for Rome]] of the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Landing at Anzio.jpg
| caption = Men of the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 3rd Infantry Division]] landing in late January 1944
| date = 22 January – 5 June 1944
(4 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
| place = [[Anzio]] and [[Nettuno]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41.443022|12.624979|region:IT_type:event|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| map_type = Italy
| map_size = 220
| result = Allied victory
| territory = Liberation of [[Rome]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} {{flag|United Kingdom|1801}} {{flag|Canada|1921}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Mark W. Clark]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[John P. Lucas]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Lucian Truscott|Lucian K. Truscott]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Geoffrey Keyes]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Richard McCreery]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Eberhard von Mackensen|E. von Mackensen]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Alfred Schlemm]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Traugott Herr]] {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Junio Valerio Borghese|J.V. Borghese]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[15th Army Group]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States Army North|5th Army]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Army Group C]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Army]]
| strength1 = Initially: 36,000 men 2,300 vehicles 2,700 aircraft{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1148}} Breakout: 150,000 soldiers and 1,500 guns
| strength2 = Initially: {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} 20,000 men {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} 4,600 men 337 aircraft{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1148}} Breakout: 135,000 German soldiers and two Italian battalions
| casualties1 = 43,000 men (7,000 killed, 36,000 wounded or missing){{sfn|D'Este|1991|p=490}}
| casualties2 = 40,000 men (5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded or missing, 4,500 prisoner){{sfn|D'Este|1991|p=490}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Italy}}
{{Campaignbox Winter Line}}
}}
The '''Battle of Anzio''' was a battle of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]] that commenced 22 January 1944. The battle began with the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] amphibious landing known as '''Operation Shingle''', and ended on 4 June 1944, with the invasion of [[Rome]]. The operation was opposed by German and by Italian [[Italian Social Republic|''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'']] (RSI) forces in the area of [[Anzio]] and [[Nettuno]].{{efn|At the time joined in a single ''[[comune]]'' called {{ill|Nettunia|it}}.{{sfn |Almagià |1949}} ''Nettuno'' was the Italian ([[Italian Social Republic|RSI]]) and German name for the ''Battle of Anzio.''}}{{sfn |Margaritis |2019 |p=103}}

Allied landings on the Italian mainland began in September 1943, and after slow gains against German resistance, the progress was stopped in December 1943 at the German defensive [[Gustav Line]], south of Rome.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Battle of Anzio {{!}} Date, Significance, & Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Anzio |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The operation was initially commanded by Major General [[John P. Lucas]], of the [[U.S. Army]], commanding [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]] with the intent to outflank German forces at the [[Winter Line]] and enable an attack on Rome.

The success of an amphibious landing at that location, in a basin consisting substantially of reclaimed [[marshland]] and surrounded by mountains, depended on the element of surprise and the swiftness with which the invaders could build up strength and move inland relative to the reaction time and strength of the defenders. Any delay could result in the occupation of the mountains by the defenders and the consequent entrapment of the invaders. Lieutenant General [[Mark W. Clark]], commander of the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], understood that risk, but he did not pass on his appreciation of the situation to his subordinate Lucas,{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} who preferred to take time to entrench against an expected counterattack. The initial landing achieved complete surprise with no opposition and a jeep patrol even made it as far as the outskirts of Rome. However, Lucas, who had little confidence in the operation as planned, failed to capitalize on the element of surprise and delayed his advance until he judged his position was sufficiently consolidated and he had sufficient strength.

While Lucas consolidated, Field Marshal [[Albert Kesselring]], the German commander in the Italian theatre, moved every unit he could spare into a defensive ring around the [[beachhead]]. His artillery units had a clear view of every Allied position. The Germans also stopped the drainage pumps and [[Pontine Marshes#Battle of Anzio|flooded the reclaimed marsh]] with salt water, planning to entrap the Allies and destroy them by [[epidemic]]. For weeks a rain of shells fell on the beach, the marsh, the harbour, and on anything else observable from the hills, with little distinction between forward and rear positions.

After a month of heavy but inconclusive fighting, Lucas was relieved and sent home. His replacement was Major General [[Lucian Truscott]], who had commanded the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division. The Allies broke out in May. But, instead of striking inland to cut lines of communication of the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Tenth Army]]'s units [[Battle of Monte Cassino|fighting at Monte Cassino]], Truscott, on Clark's orders, reluctantly turned his forces north-west towards Rome, which was captured on 4 June 1944. As a result, the forces of the German Tenth Army fighting at Cassino were able to withdraw and rejoin the rest of Kesselring's forces north of Rome, regroup, and make a fighting withdrawal to his next major prepared defensive position on the [[Gothic Line]].

The battle was costly, with 24,000 U.S. and 10,000 British casualties.<ref name=":0" />

==Background==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2017}}
At the end of 1943, following the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], Allied forces were bogged down at the [[Gustav Line]], a defensive line across Italy south of the strategic objective of Rome. The [[Geography of Italy|terrain of central Italy]] had proved ideally suited to defense, and Field Marshal [[Albert Kesselring]] took full advantage.

Operation Shingle was originally conceived by British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] in December 1943, as he lay recovering from [[pneumonia]] in [[Marrakesh]]. His concept was to land two divisions at Anzio, bypassing German forces in central Italy, and take Rome, the strategic objective of the current Battle of Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Atkinson|2008|p=321}}</ref> By February he had recovered and was badgering his commanders for a plan of attack, accusing them of not wanting to fight but of being interested only in drawing pay and eating rations.<ref>{{harvnb|Atkinson|2008|p=322}}</ref> General [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]], commander of the [[Allied Armies in Italy]], had already considered such a plan since October using five divisions. However, the 5th Army did not have the troops nor the means to transport them. Clark proposed landing a reinforced division to divert German troops from [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Monte Cassino]]. This second landing, however, instead of failing similarly{{clarify|date=April 2018}}, would hold "the shingle" for a week in expectation of a breakthrough at Cassino, and so the operation was named Shingle.{{sfn |Dean |2020}}{{sfn |Atkinson |2008 |p=323}}

The Anzio beachhead is at the northwestern end of a tract of reclaimed marshland, formerly the [[Pontine Marshes]], now the Pontine Fields (Agro Pontino). Previously uninhabitable due to mosquitoes carrying [[malaria]], in Roman times armies marched as quickly as possible across it on the military road, the [[Via Appia]]. The marsh was bounded on one side by the sea and the other by mountains: the Monti Albani, the [[Monti Lepini]], the [[Monti Ausoni]], and further south the [[Monti Aurunci]] (where the allies had been brought to a halt before [[Monte Cassino]]). Overall these mountains are referenced by the name Monti Laziali, the mountains of [[Lazio]], the ancient [[Latium]]. Invading armies from the south had the choice of crossing the marsh or taking the only other road to Rome, the [[Via Latina]], running along the eastern flanks of the Monti Laziali, risking entrapment. The marshes were turned into cultivatable land in the 1930s under [[Benito Mussolini]]. Canals and pumping stations were built to remove the brackish water from the land. These canals divided the land into personal tracts with new stone houses for colonists from northern Italy. Mussolini also founded the five cities destroyed by the battle.

When [[Lucian Truscott]]'s [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Division]] was first selected for the operation, he pointed out to Clark that the position was a death trap and there would be no survivors. Agreeing, Clark canceled the operation, but Churchill revived it. The two allies had different concepts: the Americans viewed such a landing as another distraction from Cassino, but if they could not break through at Cassino, the men at Anzio would be trapped. Churchill and the British high command envisioned an outflanking movement ending with the capture of Rome. [[Allied Forces Headquarters|Mediterranean Theatre]] commander General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], leaving to take command of [[Operation Overlord]], left the decision up to Churchill with a warning about German unpredictability.<ref>{{harvnb|Atkinson|2008|p=324}}</ref>

The final plan called for Lucas to lead the US [[VI Corps (United States)|VI Corps]] in a landing in the Anzio area, followed by an advance into the [[Alban Hills]], to cut German communications and "threaten the rear of the German XIV [[Panzer Corps]]"{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} (under [[Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin]]). It was hoped that such an advance would draw German forces away from the Monte Cassino area and facilitate an Allied breakthrough.

==Plan==
Planners argued that if Kesselring (in charge of German forces in Italy) pulled troops out of the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied assault, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line; if Kesselring didn't pull troops out of the Gustav Line, then Operation Shingle would threaten to capture Rome and cut off the German units defending the Gustav Line. Should Germany have adequate reinforcements available to defend both Rome and the Gustav Line, the Allies felt that the operation would nevertheless be useful in engaging forces which could otherwise be committed on another front. The operation was officially cancelled on 18 December 1943. However, it was later reselected.

Clark did not feel he had the numbers on the southern front to exploit any breakthrough. His plan therefore was relying on the southern offensive drawing Kesselring's reserves in and providing the Anzio force the opportunity to break inland quickly. This would also reflect the orders he had received from Alexander to "...{{nbsp}}carry out an assault landing on the beaches in the vicinity of Rome with the object of cutting the enemy lines of communication and threatening the rear of the German XIV Corps [on the Gustav Line]."<ref name="LC69">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=69}}</ref> His written orders to Lucas did not really reflect this. Initially Lucas had received orders to "1. Seize and secure a [[beachhead]] in the vicinity of Anzio 2. Advance and secure Colli Laziali [the Alban Hills] 3. Be prepared to advance on Rome".<ref name="LC69"/> Clark's final orders stated "...{{nbsp}}2. Advance on Colli Laziali" giving Lucas considerable flexibility as to the timing of any advance on the Alban Hills.<ref name="LC77"/> It is likely that the caution displayed by both Clark and Lucas was to some extent a product of Clark's experiences at the tough [[Operation Avalanche|battle for the Salerno beachhead]] and Lucas' natural caution stemming from his lack of experience in battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=85}}</ref>

Neither Clark nor Lucas had full confidence in either their superiors or the operational plan.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=70–71}}</ref> Along with most of the Fifth Army staff they felt that ''Shingle'' was properly a two corps or even a full army task.<ref name="LC76">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=76}}</ref> A few days prior to the attack, Lucas wrote in his diary, "They will end up putting me ashore with inadequate forces and get me in a serious jam... Then, who will get the blame?"<ref name="LC77">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=77}}</ref> and "[The operation] has a strong odour of [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]] and apparently the same amateur was still on the coach's bench."<ref name="LC76"/> The "amateur" can only have referred to Churchill, architect of the disastrous Gallipoli landings of World War I and advocate of ''Shingle''.

===Availability of naval forces===
One of the problems with the plan was the availability of [[landing ship]]s. The American commanders in particular were determined that nothing should delay the Normandy invasion and the supporting [[Operation Dragoon|landings in southern France]]. Operation Shingle would require the use of landing ships necessary for these operations. Initially ''Shingle'' was to release these assets by January 15. However, this being deemed problematic, President Roosevelt granted permission for the craft to remain until February 5.

Only enough [[Landing Ship, Tank|tank landing ships]] (LSTs) to land a single division were initially available to ''Shingle''. Later, at Churchill's personal insistence, enough were made available to land two divisions. Allied intelligence thought that five or six German divisions were in the area, although U.S. 5th Army intelligence severely underestimated the German 10th Army's fighting capacity at the time, believing many of their units would be worn out after the defensive battles fought since September.

===Order of battle===
{{Further|Anzio order of battle}}

'''Task Force 81'''
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width = 140
| header = Allied naval commanders for Operation Shingle
| image1 = Frank_J._Lowry.jpg
| caption1 = Rear Adm. Frank J. Lowry, USN
| image2 = Rear_Admiral_Troubridge_1945_IWM_A_28419 cropped.jpg
| caption2 = Rear Adm. Thomas H. Troubridge, RN
}}
[[File:USS Biscayne (AVP-11) at Anzio.jpg|thumb|Rear Admiral Lowry's flagship, the amphibious command ship {{USS|Biscayne||2}}, anchored off Anzio]]
: Rear Admiral [[Frank J. Lowry]], USN

Allied forces landed: approx. 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles{{sfn|Stanton|1984|p=}}
Naval losses: 2 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 2 minesweepers, 1 hospital ship{{sfn|Morison|1954|pp=395-397}}

===="Peter" Force====
: Rear Admiral [[Thomas Hope Troubridge]]
:: Comprising 2 light cruisers ({{HMS|Orion|85|6}}, {{HMS|Spartan|95|6}}), 12 [[destroyer]]s, 2 anti-aircraft/fighter director ships, 2 [[gunboat]]s, 6 [[minesweeper]]s, 4 [[transport]]s, 63 [[landing craft]], 6 [[patrol craft]], 1 [[Replenishment oiler|oiler]], 1 [[net tender]], 2 [[tugboat|tugs]], 4 [[hospital ships]], 1 [[submarine]]

: Landed "Peter" Beach, {{convert|6|miles}} north of Anzio:
:* [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|British 1st Infantry Division]] (Major General [[Ronald Penney]])
:** [[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Brigade]]
:*** 1st Battalion, [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)]]
:*** 2nd Battalion, [[North Staffordshire Regiment]]
:*** 6th Battalion, [[Gordon Highlanders]]
:** [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Infantry Brigade]]
:*** 1st Battalion, [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]]
:*** 1st Battalion, [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]
:*** 2nd Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters]]
:** [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]]
:*** 5th Battalion, [[Grenadier Guards]]
:*** 1st Battalion, [[Irish Guards]]
:*** 1st Battalion, [[Scots Guards]]
:** 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, [[Reconnaissance Corps]]
:** 2/7th Battalion, [[Middlesex Regiment]]
:** 2nd Field Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]]
:** 19th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
:** [[67th (South Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]
:** 81st Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery
:** [[90th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]]
:** 23rd Field Company, [[Royal Engineers]]
:** 238th Field Company, Royal Engineers
:** 248th Field Company, Royal Engineers
:** 6th Field Park Company, Royal Engineers
:** 1st Bridging Platoon, Royal Engineers
:** 1st Divisional Signals, [[Royal Corps of Signals]]
:* [[46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment]]
:* [[2nd Special Service Brigade]] (partial) (Brigadier [[Ronnie Tod]])
:** [[No. 9 Commando]]
:** [[43 Commando Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines|No.43 (Royal Marine) Commando]]
:* No 1, 2 & 3 [[Field Ambulance]], [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]

====Ranger Group====
[[File:3d Ranger Battalion Anzio.JPG|thumb|Soldiers of the 3rd Ranger Battalion board LCIs that will take them to Anzio. Two weeks later, nearly all were captured or killed at Cisterna.]]
: Captain E.C.L. Turner, RN
:: Comprising 1 transport, 1 [[submarine chaser]], 7 landing craft

: Attacked the port of Anzio:
:* [[6615th Ranger Force]] (Colonel William O. Darby)
:** [[1st Ranger Battalion (United States)|1st Ranger Battalion]]
:** [[3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)|3rd Ranger Battalion]]
:** [[4th Ranger Battalion (United States)|4th Ranger Battalion]]
:* [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)|509th Parachute Infantry Battalion]] (PIB)
:* 83rd Chemical Battalion
:* [[93rd Evacuation Hospital (United States)|93rd Evacuation Hospital]]
:* [[95th Evacuation Hospital]]

===="X-Ray" Force====
[[File:Shermans disembarking from LST at Anzio crop.jpg|thumb|Shermans disembarking from an LST at Anzio]]
: Rear Admiral Lowry
:: Comprising 2 [[light cruiser]]s ({{USS|Brooklyn|CL-40|6}}, {{HMS|Penelope|97|6}}), 11 [[destroyer]]s, 2 [[destroyer escort]]s, 24 [[minesweeper]]s, 166 [[landing craft]], 20 [[submarine chasers|subchasers]], 3 [[tugboat|tugs]], 1 [[submarine]], multiple [[salvage ship]]s

:Landed "X-Ray" Beach on the coast east of Nettuno, {{convert|6|miles}} east of Anzio:
:*[[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|US 3rd Infantry Division]] (Major General [[Lucian K. Truscott|Lucian K. Truscott Jr.]])
:**[[7th Infantry Regiment (United States)|7th Infantry Regiment]]
:** [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]]
:** [[30th Infantry Regiment (United States)|30th Infantry Regiment]]
:** HHB Division Artillery
:*** 9th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
:*** 10th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
:*** 39th Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm and 10 5mm)
:*** 41st Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
:** 10th Engineer Battalion
:** [[601st Tank Destroyer Battalion]]
:** 751st Tank Battalion
:** 441st AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion
:** Battery B, 36th Field Artillery Regiment (155mm Gun)(Motorized)
:** 69th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
:** 84th Chemical Battalion (Motorized)
:* [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]]{{efn|name=504thPIR|The invasion plan originally assigned this unit to make a [[paratrooper|parachute assault]] near [[Aprilia, Lazio|Aprilia]], eight miles north of Anzio, which would have placed it in position for an early capture of the key road junction at [[Campoleone]], which was not taken until late May. However, these plans were scrapped on 20 January, apparently because of the high losses during the airborne assaults at Sicily. The 504th PIR was then assigned to land by sea.}}

=== Southern attack ===
{{Main|Battle of Monte Cassino}}

The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at Monte Cassino. The operation failed to break through, but it partly succeeded in its primary objective. Heinrich von Vietinghoff, commanding the Gustav Line, called for reinforcements, and Kesselring transferred the [[29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|29th]] and [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|90th Panzergrenadier Divisions]] from Rome.

== Battle ==

==={{anchor|Operation Shingle}} Initial landings===

[[Image:Cassino+Anzio1943JanFeb.jpg|thumb|Force dispositions at Anzio and Cassino January / February 1944]]
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA12136.jpg|thumb|British landing ships unloading supplies in Anzio harbour, 19–24 February 1944]]
The landings began on 22 January 1944.

Although resistance had been expected, as seen at Salerno during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of desultory ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' strafing runs.

By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches. Thirteen Allied troops were killed, and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as [[POWs]].<ref>{{harvnb|Laurie|1994|p=9}}</ref> The British 1st Division penetrated {{convert|2|miles|sigfig=1}} inland, the Rangers captured Anzio's port, the 509th PIB captured Nettuno, and the US 3rd Division penetrated {{convert|3|miles|sigfig=1}} inland.

In the first days of operations, the command of the [[Italian resistance movement]] had a meeting with the Allied General Headquarters: it offered to guide the Allied Force through the Alban Hills territory, but the Allied Command refused the proposal.

=== After the landings ===
It is clear that Lucas' superiors expected some kind of offensive action from him. The point of the landing was to turn the German defences on the Winter Line, taking advantage of their exposed rear and hopefully panicking them into retreating northwards past Rome. However, Lucas instead poured more men and material into his tiny bridgehead, and strengthened his defences.

Churchill was clearly displeased with this action. He said: "I had hoped we were hurling a wildcat into the shore, but all we got was a stranded whale".<ref>{{harvnb|Colville|2004|p=456}}</ref>

Lucas' decision remains a controversial one. Noted military historian [[John Keegan]] wrote, "Had Lucas risked rushing at Rome the first day, his spearheads would probably have arrived, though they would have soon been crushed. Nevertheless, he might have 'staked out claims well inland."{{sfn |Keegan |2005 |p=357}} However, "Lucas did not have confidence in the strategic planning of the operation. Also, he could certainly argue that his interpretation of his orders from Clark was not an unreasonable one. With two divisions landed, and facing two or three times that many Germans, it would have been reasonable for Lucas to consider the beachhead insecure." But according to Keegan, Lucas's actions "achieved the worst of both worlds, exposing his forces to risk without imposing any on the enemy."

=== Response of Axis forces ===
[[File:Angielscy i amerykańscy jeńcy wojenni w niewoli niemieckiej na froncie włoskim (2-2507).jpg|thumb|right|British and American POWs]]
[[File:Amerykańscy jeńcy wojenni na froncie włoskim (2-2510).jpg|thumb|American POWs with arms raised on the Nettuno bridgehead. In the foreground, an armed German soldier.]]
[[File:Czołg Sherman M4AI bez wieży na froncie pod Nettuno - Anzio (2-2230).jpg|thumb|right|An M4 Sherman tank destroyed in the fighting]]

Kesselring was informed of the landings at 03:00 22 January. Although the landings came as a surprise, Kesselring had made contingency plans to deal with possible landings at all the likely locations. All the plans relied on his divisions each having previously organised a motorized rapid reaction unit (''Kampfgruppe'') which could move speedily to meet the threat and buy time for the rest of the defenses to get in place.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=83}}</ref> At 05:00 he initiated Operation "Richard" and ordered the ''Kampfgruppe'' of [[4th Parachute Division (Germany)|4th Parachute Division]] and the [[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring|Hermann Göring Fallschirm Panzer Division]] to defend the roads leading from Anzio to the Alban Hills via [[Aprilia, Lazio|Campoleone]] and [[Battle of Cisterna|Cisterna]] whilst his plans expected some 20,000 defending troops to have arrived by the end of the first day. In addition, he requested that [[OKW]] send reinforcements, and in response to this they ordered the equivalent of more than three divisions from France, [[Yugoslavia]], and Germany whilst at the same time releasing to Kesselring a further three divisions in Italy which had been under OKW's direct command.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=101}}</ref> Later that morning, he ordered General [[Eberhard von Mackensen]] ([[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourteenth Army]]) and General [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] ([[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|Tenth Army]] – Gustav Line) to send him additional reinforcements.

The German units in the immediate vicinity had in fact been dispatched to reinforce the Gustav Line only a few days earlier. All available reserves from the southern front or on their way to it were rushed toward Anzio and Nettuno; these included the [[3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Panzer Grenadier]] and [[71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|71st Infantry Divisions]], and the bulk of the Luftwaffe's Hermann Göring Panzer Division. Kesselring initially considered that a successful defence could not be made if the Allies launched a major attack on 23 January or 24 January. However, by the end of 22 January, the lack of aggressive action convinced him that a defence could be made. Nevertheless, few additional defenders arrived on 23 January, although the arrival on the evening of 22 January of Lieutenant General [[Alfred Schlemm]] and his 1st Parachute Corps headquarters brought greater organisation and purpose to the German defensive preparations. By 24 January, the Germans had over 40,000 troops in prepared defensive positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=123}}</ref>

Three days after the landings, the beachhead was surrounded by a defence line consisting of three divisions: The 4th Parachute Division to the west, the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division to the center in front of Alban Hills, the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to the east.

Von Mackensen's 14th Army assumed overall control of the defence on 25 January. Elements of eight German divisions were employed in the defence line around the beachhead, and five more divisions were on their way to the Anzio area. Kesselring ordered an attack on the beachhead for 28 January, though it was postponed to 1 February.

===Liberty ship involvement===
[[Liberty ship]]s, which were never intended as warships, were involved in some fighting during the Battle of Anzio. On 22 to 30 January 1944 the {{SS|Lawton B. Evans}} was under repeated bombardment from shore batteries and aircraft throughout an eight-day period. It endured a prolonged barrage of shrapnel, machine-gun fire and bombs. The gun crew fought back with shellfire and shot down five German planes.{{sfn |Jacobs |1944}}

=== Allied offensive ===
[[Image:Anzio1944-02-01.jpg|thumb|Allied force dispositions on 1 February 1944]]
Further troop movements including the arrival of [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]] and [[1st Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Armored Division]], brought Allied forces total on the beachhead to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by 29 January, whilst the total defending Germans had risen to 71,500.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=134}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=136}}</ref> Lucas initiated a two-pronged attack on 30 January. While one force was to cut Highway 7 at [[Cisterna di Latina]] before moving east into the Alban Hills, a second was to advance northeast up the Via Anziate towards Campoleone.

==== Battle of Campoleone ====
In heavy fighting British 1st Division made ground but failed to take Campoleone and ended the battle in an exposed salient stretching up the Via Anziate.

====Battle of Cisterna====
{{main|Battle of Cisterna}}

The main attack by the U.S. 3rd Division captured ground up to {{convert|3|mi}} deep on a seven-mile wide front, but failed to break through or capture Cisterna. On the right, ahead of the main assault, two Ranger battalions made a daring covert advance towards Cisterna. Due to faulty intelligence, when daylight arrived they were engaged and cut off. A brutal battle with elements of the Fallschirm-Panzer Division 'Hermann Göring' followed and Rangers began surrendering. Of the 767 men in the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, six returned to the Allied lines and 761 were killed or captured.<ref>{{harvnb|King|1985|loc=Ch 4}}</ref>

===Axis counterattacks===
[[File:Uszkodzony czołg "Sherman" M4A2 na froncie pod Aprilia (2-2240).jpg|thumb|right|M4A2 Sherman tanks, knocked out near the commune of [[Aprilia, Lazio|Aprilia]].]]
By early February, German forces in Fourteenth Army numbered some 100,000 troops organised into two Army Corps, the [[1st Parachute Corps (Germany)|1st Parachute Corps]] under Schlemm and the [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] under Lieutenant General [[Traugott Herr]]. Allied forces by this time totalled 76,400 (including the recently arrived [[56th (London) Infantry Division|British 56th Infantry Division]], under Major-General [[Gerald Templer]], which arrived complete on 16 February).<ref name="LLoyd158">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=158}}</ref>

====First Counterattack====
After making exploratory probes on the Campoleone salient on the afternoon of February 3 the German forces launched a full counterattack at 23:00<ref name="LLoyd160">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=160}}</ref> in order to reduce the salient and "iron out" the front line.<ref name="LLoyd158"/> Von Mackensen had planned for the salient to be ground away rather than employing a rapid, focused thrust to cut it off. Some hours after the attack started the coherence of the front line had been completely shattered, and the fighting for the salient had given way to small unit actions, swaying back and forth through the gullies. In the morning of 4 February the situation was becoming more serious, with the 1st Battalion, [[Irish Guards]] (of [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]]), only having one cohesive [[Company (military unit)|rifle company]] left and on the opposite side of the salient, the 6th Battalion, [[Gordon Highlanders]] (of [[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Brigade]]) was beginning to crumble and later lost three complete companies as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners]].{{sfn|D'Este|1991|p=200}}

Even though the base of the salient was nearly broken, Lucas was able to bolster the British 1st Division's defenses with the newly arrived [[168th (2nd London) Brigade|168th Brigade]] (from the 56th Division, containing 1st Battalion, [[London Irish Rifles]], 1st Battalion, [[London Scottish (regiment)|London Scottish]], 10th Battalion, [[Royal Berkshire Regiment]]).<ref name="LLoyd162">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=162}}</ref> The [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Brigade]] had been tasked with holding the tip of the salient {{convert | 2 | mi | sigfig = 1}} long and {{convert | 1000 | yd | sigfig = 1}} wide on the road going north of Campoleone, but after the German attacks in the early hours of 4 February, the 2nd Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters]], 1st Battalion, [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]] and 1st Battalion, [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]] (all of 3rd Brigade) had been cut off and were surrounded in the pocket. They held the line all day, taking heavy casualties, but were eventually ordered to pull back and made a fighting retreat at 17:00 to the Factory with the aid of artillery, and a successful assault launched by the London Scottish, of 168th Brigade,{{sfn|Blaxland|1979|p=46}} supported by the [[46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment|46th Royal Tank Regiment]] (46 RTR).{{sfn |''London Irish Rifles Association''}}

From 5 February to 7 February both sides employed heavy artillery concentrations and bombers to disrupt the other side and at 21:00 on 7 February the Germans renewed their attack.<ref name="LLoyd165">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=165}}</ref> Once more the fighting was fierce and they managed to infiltrate between the 5th Battalion, [[Grenadier Guards]] (24th Guards Brigade) and the 2nd Battalion, [[North Staffordshire Regiment]] (2nd Brigade) and nearly surrounded them; it was for his leadership of British counterattacks during this period that Major [[William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle|William Sidney]], a [[company commander]] in the 5th Grenadier Guards, was later awarded the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref name="LLoyd166">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=166}}</ref>{{sfn|Blaxland|1979|p=47}} Slowly the Allies were forced to give ground and by February 10 they had been pushed out of the salient.<ref name="LLoyd172">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=172}}</ref> Lucas ordered attacks on 11 February to regain the lost ground but the Germans, forewarned by a radio intercept, repelled the Allies' poorly coordinated attack.<ref name="LLoyd173">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=173}}</ref>

[[File:Punkt obsługi niemieckich czołgów na froncie pod Nettuno - Anzio (2-2177).jpg|thumb|right|German armour at a field repair point operating near the Anzio-Nettuno front.]]

====Operation Fischfang====
On 16 February, the Germans launched a new offensive (''Operation Fischfang'') down the line of the Via Anziate, supported by [[Tiger I|Tiger tanks]]. They overran the [[167th (1st London) Brigade|167th Brigade]], of the recently arrived 56th (London) Division, and virtually destroyed X and Y Companies of the 8th Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers]], each of which was reduced from around 125 down to a single officer and 10 other ranks. One of the men killed was Second Lieutenant Eric Waters, whose son [[Roger Waters]] of [[Pink Floyd]], created a song (''[[When the Tigers Broke Free]]'') in memory of his father and describes his death.{{sfn | Paule | 2010}}

[[File:Żołnierze niemieccy w okopach na froncie w rejonie Aprilia (2-2168).jpg|thumb|right|German troops occupy a trench network near the Aprilia sector in March.]]
By 18 February, after desperate fighting, the Allies' Final Beachhead Line (prepared defenses more or less on the line of the original beachhead) was under attack. Numerous attacks were launched on 1st Battalion, [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)|Loyal Regiment]] (2nd Brigade) and they lost a company, overrun, and the day after had suffered 200 casualties.{{sfn|D'Este|1991|p=250}} On the same day Major-General [[Ronald Penney]], General Officer Commanding (GOC) British 1st Division, had been wounded by shellfire and the division was temporarily commanded by Major-General Templer, GOC 56th (London) Division,{{sfn|Blaxland|1979|p=47}} which had arrived complete. However, a counterattack using VI Corps' reserves halted the German advance, and on 20 February, ''Fischfang'' petered out with both sides exhausted. An important contribution to stopping the German counterattack was the Allied artillery outshooting the German by a ratio of about ten to one, which had broken up attacks by hitting German assembly areas.

During ''Fischfang'' the Germans sustained some 5,400 casualties, the Allies 3,500. Both had suffered nearly 20,000 casualties each since the first landings,<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=175–197}}</ref> and it was ''"''far the highest density of destruction in the Italian campaign, perhaps in the whole war''"''.{{sfn|Blaxland|1979|p=48}}

Also on 18 February while returning to Anzio the light cruiser {{HMS|Penelope|97|6}} was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men.

====Further counterattacks====
Despite the exhausted state of the troops, Hitler insisted that 14th Army should continue to attack.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=209}}</ref> Despite the misgivings of both Kesselring and von Mackensen,<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=213}}</ref> a further assault was mounted on 29 February, this time on LXXVI Panzer Corps' front<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=214}}</ref> around Cisterna. This push achieved little except to generate a further 2,500 casualties for the 14th Army.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=217}}</ref>

====Involvement of Italian Social Republic units====
Some [[Italian Social Republic|Italian RSI]] units fought in the Anzio-Nettuno area, especially since March; the land units were part of the German 14th Army: only the paratroopers of the "Nembo" Battalion were there since February, participating in the German counterattack. In March the infantrymen of the "Barbarigo" Battalion (from [[Decima Flottiglia MAS]] under Captain [[Junio Valerio Borghese]]) joined the frontline along the ''Canale Mussolini''.{{sfnm |1a1=Battistelli |1a2=Molinari |1y=2007 |1p=72 |2a1=Lagomarsino |2a2=Lombardi |2y=2004 |2p=}}

=== Lucas replaced ===
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA11881.jpg|thumb|General Sir [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] (in flying jacket), commanding [[15th Army Group]], talks to American and British officers in Anzio, 14 February 1944.]]
Churchill had continued to bridle at Lucas' perceived passivity. He had written on 10 February to General Alexander<ref name="LLoyd173"/> encouraging him to exert his authority and Alexander had visited the beachhead on February 14 to tell Lucas he wished for a breakout as soon as the tactical situation allowed.<ref name="LLoyd174">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=174}}</ref> After his visit Alexander wrote to the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]], [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], saying:<ref name="LLoyd174"/>

{{quote|I am disappointed with VI Corps Headquarters. They are negative and lacking in the necessary drive and enthusiasm to get things done. They appeared to have become depressed by events.}}

Lucas wrote in his diary on 15 February:<ref name="LLoyd174"/>

{{quote|I am afraid that the top side is not completely satisfied with my work... They are naturally disappointed that I failed to chase the Hun out of Italy but there was no military reason why I should have been able to do so. In fact there is no military reason for ''Shingle''.}}

On 16 February at a high level conference hosted by Alexander and attended by [[Mark W. Clark]] and [[Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson|Henry Maitland Wilson]], commander [[Allied Force Headquarters]] it was decided to appoint two deputies under Lucas, Truscott and the British Major-General [[Vyvyan Evelegh]] who were known to be more aggressive.<ref name="LLoyd177">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=177}}</ref> On 22 February, Clark replaced Lucas with Truscott, appointing Lucas deputy commander Fifth Army until such time as a suitable job could be found for him back in the United States.<ref name="LLoyd197-8">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=197–198}}</ref>

==Operation Diadem==
{{Further|Operation Diadem order of battle}}
[[Image:OperationDiademMay1944.JPG|thumb|320px|Allied plan of attack for Operation Diadem, May 1944]]
Both sides had realised that no decisive result could be achieved until the spring and reverted to a defensive posture involving aggressive patrolling and artillery duels whilst they worked to rebuild their fighting capabilities. In anticipation of the following spring, Kesselring ordered the preparation of a new defence line, the [[Caesar C line]], behind the line of beachhead running from the mouth of the river [[Tiber]] just south of Rome through [[Albano Laziale|Albano]], skirting south of the Alban Hills to [[Valmontone]] and across Italy to the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast at [[Pescara]], behind which 14th Army and, to their left, 10th Army might withdraw when the need arose.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=219–220}}</ref>

Truscott, who had been promoted from the command of U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to replace Lucas as commander of VI Corps on 22 February, worked with his staff on the plans for an attack as part of a general offensive which Alexander was planning for May and which would include [[Operation Diadem]], a big effort against the Gustav Line. The objective of the plan was fully to engage Kesselring's armies and remove any prospect of the Germans withdrawing forces from Italy. It was also intended to trap the bulk of the 10th Army between the Allied forces advancing through the Gustav Line and VI Corps thrusting inland from Anzio.

[[File:Stanowisko niemieckiej armaty przeciwlotniczej na froncie pod Aprilia (2-2185).jpg|thumb|right|German 2 cm anti-aircraft FlaK cannon emplacement in the Aprilia sector of the front.]]
In March, the 2nd Italian SS "Vendetta" Battalion and 29th Italian SS Rifle Battalion were sent to fight against the Anglo-American forces at the Anzio beachhead. Dispersed among German battalions, the German commanding officers later gave the Italians companies favourable reports. Members of former Blackshirt Lieutenant-Colonel Degli Oddi's "Vendetta" helped defeat a determined effort by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to overrun their positions and captured a number of prisoners.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Their performance at Anzio led to designation as units of the Waffen-SS, with all the duties and rights that entailed.<ref>{{harvnb|Williamson|Stephen|2004|pp=18–19}}</ref>

The next few weeks saw many changes in divisions on both sides. The [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|U.S. 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]], which had fought with distinction but suffered many losses, was withdrawn to England on 23 March 1944. Also, in March the [[34th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 34th Infantry Division]] and in early May, [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 36th Infantry Division]], had arrived at Anzio. On the British side the 24th Guards Brigade of [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]] was replaced in the first week of March by [[18th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|18th Infantry Brigade]] (from the [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] in North Africa). The Guards Brigade had suffered devastating casualties (nearly 2,000 of an initial strength of over 2,500) in just less than two months at Anzio.{{sfn|Blaxland|1979|p=48}} In late March the [[56th (London) Division|56th (London) Infantry Division]] had also been relieved, after suffering many casualties (the 7th [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry|Ox and Bucks]] of 167th (London) Brigade, had been reduced from 1,000 men to 60, by the [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]].{{sfn|sharonrich |2005}} By late May, there were some 150,000 Allied troops in the bridgehead, including five U.S. and two British divisions, facing five German divisions.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=281}}</ref> The Germans were well dug in but were weak in numbers of officers and NCOs and, by the time of the late May offensive, lacked reserves (which had all been sent south to the Gustav line).<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=271}}</ref>

[[Image:AnzioCassino1944May.jpg|thumb|The Allied breakout from Anzio and advance from the Gustav Line May 1944]]
Despite Alexander's plan for ''Diadem'' requiring VI Corps to strike inland and cut Route 6, Clark asked Truscott to prepare alternatives and to be ready to switch from one to another at 48 hours' notice. Of the four scenarios prepared by Truscott, Operation Buffalo called for an attack through Cisterna, into the gap in the hills and to cut Route 6 at Valmontone. Operation Turtle was an attack to the left of the Alban Hills taking Campoleone, Albano and on to Rome. On 5 May, Alexander selected ''Buffalo'' and issued Clark with orders to this effect.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=271–272}}</ref> Clark was determined that VI Corps should strike directly for Rome as evidenced in his later writing,

{{blockquote|We not only wanted the honor of capturing Rome, but felt that we deserved it... Not only did we intend to become the first army to seize Rome from the south, but we intended to see that people at home knew that it was the Fifth Army that did the job, and knew the price that had been paid for it."<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=272}}</ref>}}

Clark put it to Alexander that VI Corps did not have the strength to trap the 10th Army and Alexander, instead of making his requirements clear, was conciliatory and gave the impression that a push on Rome was still a possibility if ''Buffalo'' ran into difficulties.<ref name="LC273">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=273}}</ref> On May 6, Clark informed Truscott that "..the capture of Rome is the only important objective and to be ready to execute ''Turtle'' as well as ''Buffalo''".<ref name="LC273"/>

Truscott's planning for ''Buffalo'' was meticulous, the 5th Infantry Division and the 1st Infantry Division on the left were to attack along the coast and up the Via Anziate to pin the 4th Parachute Division, [[65th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|65th Infantry Division]] and the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division in place whilst the 45th Infantry Division, 1st Armored Division and 3rd Infantry Division would launch the main assault, engaging the German 362nd Infantry Division and the 715th Infantry Division and striking towards Campoleone, [[Velletri]] and Cisterna respectively. On the Allies' far right, the [[1st Special Service Force]] would protect the American southern flank.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=277}}</ref>

==Breakout==
At 05:45 on 23 May 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces commenced bombardment. Forty minutes later the guns paused as attacks were made by close air support and then resumed as the infantry and armour moved forward.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=281–282}}</ref> The first day's fighting was intense: the 1st Armored Division lost 100 tanks and 3rd Infantry Division suffered 955 casualties. The Germans suffered too, with the [[362nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|362nd Infantry Division]] estimated to have lost 50% of its fighting strength.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=287}}</ref>

[[File:Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, The Green Howards occupy a captured German communications trench during the offensive at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944. NA15297.jpg|thumb|left|Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, [[Green Howards]], part of [[15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|15th Brigade]] of the [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]], occupy a captured German communications trench during the breakout at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944.]]

Mackensen had been convinced that the Allies' main thrust would be up the Via Anziate, and the ferocity of the British feint on 23 and 24 May did nothing to persuade him otherwise. Kesselring was convinced that the Allies' intentions were to gain Route 6 and ordered the [[Hermann Göring Panzer Division]], resting {{convert|150|mi}} away at [[Livorno]],{{efn|name=Leghorn|Livorno is referred to as "Leghorn" in contemporary Allied maps and documents.}} to Valmontone to hold open Route 6 for the 10th Army, which was retreating up this road from Cassino.{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=291}}

In the afternoon of 25 May, Cisterna finally fell to the 3rd Infantry Division, who had to go from house to house winkling out the German 362nd Infantry Division, which had refused to withdraw and, as a consequence, had virtually ceased to exist by the end of the day. By the end of 25 May, the 3rd Infantry Division was heading into the Velletri gap near [[Cori, Lazio|Cori]], and elements of the 1st Armoured Division was within {{cvt|3|mi}} of Valmontone and were in contact with units of the Hermann Göring Division which were just starting to arrive from Leghorn.{{efn|name=Leghorn}} Although VI Corps had suffered over 3,300 casualties in the three days fighting, Operation Buffalo was going to plan, and Truscott was confident that a concerted attack by the 1st Armoured Division and the 3rd Infantry Division the next day would get his troops astride Route 6.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=300}}</ref>

[[Image:Anzio1944May-June.jpg|thumb|The final move on Rome]]
On the evening of 25 May, Truscott received new orders from Clark via his Operations Officer, Brigadier general Don Brand. These were, in effect, to implement Operation Turtle and turn the main line of attack 90 degrees to the left. Most importantly, although the attack towards Valmontone and Route 6 would continue, the 1st Armoured Division was to withdraw to prepare to exploit the planned breakthrough along the new line of attack leaving the 3rd Infantry Division to continue towards Valmontone with the 1st Special Service Force in support.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=301}}</ref> Clark informed Alexander of these developments late in the morning of 26 May by which time the change of orders was a ''fait accompli''.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=302}}</ref>

At the time, Truscott was shocked, writing later,

<blockquote>...I was dumbfounded. This was no time to drive to the north-west where the enemy was still strong; we should pour our maximum power into the Valmontone Gap to ensure the destruction of the retreating German Army. I would not comply with the order without first talking to General Clark in person. ... [However] he was not on the beachhead and could not be reached even by radio... such was the order that turned the main effort of the beachhead forces from the Valmontone Gap and prevented destruction of the German Tenth Army. On the 26th the order was put into effect.<ref>{{harvnb|Majdalany|1957|p= 256}}</ref></blockquote>

He went on to write,

<blockquote>There has never been any doubt in my mind that had General Clark held loyally to General Alexander's instructions, had he not changed the direction of my attack to the north-west on 26 May, the strategic objectives of Anzio would have been accomplished in full. To be first in Rome was a poor compensation for this lost opportunity.<ref>{{harvnb|Majdalany|1957| p=259}}</ref></blockquote>

On 26 May, while VI Corps was initiating its difficult maneuver, Kesselring threw elements of four divisions into the Velletri gap to stall the advance on Route 6. For four days they fought against the 3rd Infantry Division until finally withdrawing on 30 May, having kept Route 6 open and allowed seven divisions from the 10th Army to withdraw and head north of Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=304}}</ref>

[[file:Monte Peschio - Monte Artemisio - Maschio d'Ariano.JPG|thumb|right| Monte Artemisio (812 m) with two peaks: Monte Peschio (939 m) and Maschio d'Ariano (891 m) ]]
On the new axis of attack little progress was made until the 1st Armored Division was in position on 29 May, when the front advanced to the main Caesar C Line defences. A quick breakthrough seemed unlikely until on 30 May, 36th Division (Major general [[Fred L. Walker]]) found a gap in the Caesar Line at the join between the 1st Parachute Corps and LXXVI Panzer Corps. Climbing the steep slopes of Monte Artemisio they threatened Velletri from the rear and obliged the defenders to withdraw. This was a turning point and Mackensen offered his resignation, which Kesselring accepted.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=307}}</ref>

Clark assigned [[II Corps (United States)|U.S. II Corps]] which, fighting its way along the coast from the Gustav Line, had joined up with VI Corps on May 25 to attack around the right-hand side of the Alban Hills and advance along the line of Route 6 to Rome. On 2 June the Caesar Line collapsed under the mounting pressure, and 14th Army commenced a fighting withdrawal through Rome. On the same day Hitler, fearing another Stalingrad, had ordered Kesselring that there should be "no defence of Rome".<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=311}}</ref> Over the next day, the rearguards were gradually overwhelmed and Rome was entered in the early hours of 4 June with Clark holding an impromptu press conference on the steps of the Town Hall on the [[Capitoline Hill]] that morning. He ensured the event was a strictly American affair by stationing military police at road junctions to refuse entry to the city by British troops.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=309–319}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA11058.jpg|thumb|left|A British soldier guards a group of German prisoners at Anzio, Italy, 22 January 1944.]]
Although controversy continues regarding what might have happened if Lucas had been more aggressive from the start, most commentators agree that the initial plan for Anzio was flawed. They question whether the initial landing of just over two infantry divisions, with no supporting armour, had the strength to achieve the objectives: of cutting Route 6 and then holding off the inevitable counterattacks that would come, as Kesselring redeployed his forces.

Volume 5 of Churchill's ''The Second World War'' is riddled with implied criticism of Lucas, blaming the failure on his caution. After the war, Kesselring gave his evaluation:

{{quote|It would have been the Anglo-American doom to overextend themselves. The landing force was initially weak, only a division or so of infantry, and without armour. It was a halfway measure of an offensive; that was your basic error.<ref Name="Lloyd325">{{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=325}}</ref>}}

Alexander, in his Official Dispatch, stated, "The actual course of events was probably the most advantageous in the end."<ref Name="Lloyd325"/>

Churchill defended the operation<ref>{{harvnb|Churchill|1985|p=436}}</ref> and believed that sufficient forces were available. He had clearly made great political efforts to procure certain resources, especially the extra LSTs needed to deliver a second division to shore, but also specific units useful to the attack such as with the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment. He argued that even regardless of the tactical outcome of the operation, there was immediate strategic benefit with regard to the wider war. After the landings, the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] dropped its plans to transfer five of Kesselring's best divisions to [[Western Front (World War II)|Northwestern Europe]]. This benefited the upcoming Operation Overlord. Churchill also had to ensure the British-dominated forces in Italy were contributing to the war at a time when the Soviet [[Red Army]] were suffering tremendous losses on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].

[[File:Private Phillip Johnson of the 2-6th Queen's Regiment inspects British graves at Anzio, Italy, 1 March 1944. NA12703.jpg|thumb|Private Phillip Johnson of the 2/6th Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]], inspects British graves at Anzio, Italy, 1 March 1944.]]
Because of Clark's change of plan, Diadem (during which the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] and the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] suffered 44,000 casualties) failed in its objective of destroying the 10th Army. It also condemned the Allies to another year of fighting in Italy, notably around the [[Gothic Line]] from August 1944 through March 1945.

The greatest loss was that if the VI Corps main effort had continued on the Valmontone axis from 26 May, Clark could probably have reached Rome more quickly than by the route north-west from Cisterna. VI Corps could also have cut Highway 6 and then put much more pressure on the 10th Army than it actually did.<ref>{{harvnb|Mathews|2000|p=363}}</ref>

[[Alan Whicker]], who was a war correspondent with the British Army's Film and Photo Unit and was present during the fighting, later said,

{{quote|After breaking out of Anzio, Alexander's plan was for the Fifth Army to drive east to cut Kesselring's escape route to the north and trap much of his Tenth and Fourteenth Armies. The operation started well, but then suddenly, when leading troops were only six kilometers from closing their trap at [[Frosinone]], the Fifth Army was re-directed and sent north towards Rome. The trap was left open. General Mark Clark was so eager that the world should see pictures showing him as the liberator of Rome, that he allowed the armies of a delighted Kesselring to escape.

He had ignored the orders of Field Marshall Alexander in a decision as militarily stupid as it was insubordinate.

This, vain-glorious blunder, the worst of the entire war, lost us a stunning victory, lengthened the war by many months and earned Mark Clark the contempt of other American and British generals. They saw an operation that could have won the war in Italy, thrown away at the cost of many Allied lives, because of the obsession and vanity of one man.

If General Mark Clark had been in the German Army, Hitler would have had him shot.|Alan Whicker{{sfn|Hart |Whicker |2004}}}}

The news cycle was similarly unkind to Clark. Two days after his staged press conference on Rome's [[Capitolium]], the "advance" was relegated to the back pages as reporting on the Normandy landings took center stage June 6.

==Notable participants==
* [[James Arness]], actor best known for portraying [[Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)|Marshal Matt Dillon]] on the television series ''[[Gunsmoke]]''. Arness served with the 3rd Infantry Division during World War II and was severely wounded on the frontline of Anzio, leading to a lifelong if slight limp.
* [[James Chichester-Clark, Baron Moyola|James Chichester-Clark]], a newly commissioned officer serving in the 1st Battalion, [[Irish Guards]] of [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]] of [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|British 1st Infantry Division]], who was later the fifth [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]] and eighth leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]].
* [[Chester Cruikshank]], twice United States hammer throw champion, received the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his actions in the Anzio-Nettuno area.{{sfn|Him|2013}}
* [[George Gaynes]], actor and singer, was on the destroyer {{HMS|Wilton|L128|6}}.
* [[Denis Healey]], later a Labour Party Defence Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the Military Landing Officer for the British assault brigade at Anzio.
* [[Hamish Henderson]], noted Scottish communist and folklorist, was an intelligence officer at Anzio, where he interrogated German prisoners. It was at Anzio that he heard the tune "The Bloody Fields of Flanders", to which he later set alternative Scottish national and internationalist anthem "[[Freedom Come-All-Ye]]".{{sfn |Neat |2012 |p=}}
* [[Daniel Inouye]], Medal of Honor recipient and later, the first Japanese-American U.S. Senator, eventually becoming the president pro tempore of the Senate. Served with the segregated [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Regimental Combat Team]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Rudi |title=21 Asian American World War II Vets To Get Medal of Honor |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/medal_of_honor.cfm |work=American Force Press Service |publisher=Digital History |date=19 May 2000}}</ref>
* [[Young-Oak Kim]], a Korean-American who served with the segregated Japanese-American [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Regimental Combat Team]]. He would go on to become the first officer of any minority to command a battalion in combat in U.S. History during the Korean War, and one of the most highly decorated Asian Americans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Healy |first1=Caitlin |title=Young Oak Kim |url=https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/young-oak-kim/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |publisher=National Museum of the United States Army}}</ref>
* [[Christopher Lee]], British actor, participated in this battle with the No. 260 Squadron RAF.
* [[Bill Mauldin]], noted cartoonist, creator of [[Willie and Joe]], who appeared in the American Army newspaper [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|''Stars and Stripes'']], was in the Anzio-Nettuno area, serving with the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]].
* [[Audie Murphy]], Hollywood actor. Murphy became the most decorated United States combat soldier in United States military history. He received the [[Medal of Honor]], the U.S. military's highest award for valor, along with 32 additional U.S. medals. He served with Company B, 1st Battalion, [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]], [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]].{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=50–62}}
* [[Ernie Pyle]] a Pulitzer Prize–winning American journalist and war correspondent who is best known for his stories about ordinary American soldiers during World War, was at Anzio Beachhead, with his time there being documented in his book ''Brave Men'' published in 1944.
* [[Frank Sheeran]], an American labor union official and associate of [[Jimmy Hoffa]], served 411 days in World War II, including the Battle of Anzio.
* [[William Sidney]], awarded the Victoria Cross for actions as a Major with the 5th Battalion, Grenadier Guards in the Anzio beachhead. Sidney's father-in-law, Lord Gort, also had been awarded the Victoria Cross in the First World War.
* [[Felix L. Sparks|Felix Sparks]], a commander of the [[157th Field Artillery Regiment|157th Infantry]]'s 3rd Battalion, which he later led during its participation in the [[Dachau liberation reprisals|liberation of the Dachau concentration camp]]. Later an [[List of justices of the Colorado Supreme Court|associate justice]] in the [[Colorado Supreme Court|Colorado supreme court]].
* [[Raleigh Trevelyan]], attached to the Green Howards, was twice wounded. After the war he wrote ''The Fortress: A Diary of Anzio and After''.
* [[Wynford Vaughan-Thomas]], a British journalist, reported on the battle for the [[BBC]]. He later wrote a book on the battle, on which the [[Anzio (film)|1968 film]] was based.
* [[John William Vessey Jr.#World War II|John William Vessey Jr.]], the tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was member of the 34th Infantry Division, and during the Battle of Anzio, he received a battlefield commission from first sergeant to second lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite book|title=500 Great Military Leaders|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598847574|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Spencer C.|editor-link=Spencer C. Tucker|location=California|pages=794–795}}</ref>
* [[Roger_Waters#Early_years|Eric Fletcher Waters]], father of [[Pink Floyd]] bassist [[Roger Waters]] and a 2nd Lieutenant with the [[Royal Fusiliers]], died at Anzio. Waters's death and the battle inspired his son to write several songs over his career, including "[[When the Tigers Broke Free]]" for the band's 1982 film, ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall]]''.
* [[Alan Whicker]], a BBC reporter, was at Anzio as a member of the British Army Film and Photo Unit. His 2004 documentary ''Whicker's War'' describes his experiences there.{{sfn |Hart |Whicker |2004}}
* [[William Woodruff]], writer and historian, was a Major in the 24th Guards Brigade of the British 1st Infantry Division at Anzio. His book ''Vessel of Sadness'' is based on his experience of the battle.

==References==

===Explanatory footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last=Almagià
| first=Roberto
| title=NETTUNIA
| encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Italiana
| volume=Appendice II 1938–1948, I–Z
| url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nettunia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)
| language=it
| year=1949
| oclc=256530679
| via=Treccani, il portale del sapere
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Atkinson
|first = Rick
|title = The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944
|author-link = Rick Atkinson
|publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]]
|year = 2007
|series = [[The Liberation Trilogy]]
|location = New York
|isbn = 978-0805062892
|oclc = 85019241
|ref = CITEREFAtkinson2008
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki
}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Battistelli
| first1=Pier Paolo
| last2=Molinari
| first2=Andrea
| title=Le forze armate della Rsi: uomini e imprese dell'ultimo esercito di Mussolini
| trans-title=The armed forces of the RSI: men and enterprises of Mussolini's last army
| location=Bresso, MI, IT
| publisher=Hobby & Work
| year=2007
| isbn=978-8878515680
| oclc=800517887
| language=it}}
* {{cite book
| last = Blaxland
| first = Gregory
| title = Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944–1945)
| year = 1979
| location = London
| isbn = 0-7183-0386-5}}
* {{cite book
| last = Churchill
| first = Winston
| title = Closing the ring
| series = The Second World War
| volume = 5
| author-link = Winston Churchill
| year = 1985
| orig-date = 1951
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| location = S.l.
| isbn = 0-395-41059-2}}
* {{cite book
| last = Clark
| first = Lloyd
| title = Anzio: The Friction of War. Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944
| publisher = Headline Publishing Group, London
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0-7553-1420-1
| oclc = 237201351}}
* {{cite book
| last = Colville
| first = John
| title = The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955
| year = 2004
| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson
| location = London
| isbn = 0-297-84758-9}}
* {{cite book
| last = D'Este
| first = Carlo | author-link = Carlo D'Este
| year = 1991
| title = Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome
| publisher = Harper
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-06-015890-5}}
* {{cite web
| last=Dean
| first=Mack
| title=Battle of Anzio Facts
| website=World War 2 Facts
| date=2020-09-13
| url=http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-anzio.html
| access-date=2020-11-01
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Frieser
| first1 = Karl-Heinz
| author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser
| first2 = Klaus
| last2 = Schmider
| first3 = Klaus
| last3 = Schönherr
| first4 = Gerhard
| last4 = Schreiber
| first5 = Kristián
| last5 = Ungváry
| author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry
| first6 = Bernd
| last6 = Wegner
| series = [[Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg]] [Germany and the Second World War]
| volume = VIII
| title = Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
| trans-title = The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
| publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
| location = München
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-3-421-06235-2
| language = de
| ref = {{harvid|Frieser|2007}}}}
* {{cite book
| last=Graham
| first=Don
| title=No Name on the Bullet
| location=New York
| publisher=Viking
| year=1989
| isbn=978-0670815111
| oclc=689335028
| url=https://archive.org/details/nonameonbulletbi00grah/page/50/mode/2up
}}
* {{cite AV media
| author-last1 = Hart
| author-first1 = David (director)
| author-last2 = Whicker
| author-first2 = Alan (writer)
| author-link2 = Alan Whicker
| date = 2004
| title = Whicker's War
| medium = video
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9EhBiLNx8M
| access-date = 2020-11-01
| location = UK
| publisher = Insight Television
}}
** {{cite web |title=Whicker's War |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0423527/ }}{{rs|date=March 2022}}
* {{cite web
| last=Him
| first=John
| title=Chester Cruikshank
| website=Colorado State University Athletics
| date=2013-01-03
| url=https://csurams.com/news/2013/1/3/Chester_Cruikshank.aspx
| access-date=2020-11-02
}}
* {{cite letter
| last=Jacobs
| first=Randall
| author-link=Randall Jacobs
| recipient=O'ROURKE, Calvin Stoddard, Seaman First Class, United States Reserve
| title=SS Lawton B. Evans Commendation |location=Washington, DC
| publisher=Navy Department, Bureau of Naval Personnel
| date=1944-06-24
| url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Lawton_B._Evans_Commendation.pdf
| id=Pers-68-MH MM/822 62 83
| via=Wikimedia Commons
| access-date=2020-11-01}}
* {{cite book
| last=Keegan
| first=John
| author-link=John Keegan
| title=The Second World War
| year=2005
| orig-date=1990
| location=New York
| publisher=Penguin Books
| isbn=978-0143035732
| oclc=971006669}}
* {{cite book
|last = King
|first = Dr Michael J.
|series = Leavenworth Papers No.11
|chapter = Chapter 4
|publisher = US Army Command and General Staff College
|location = Leavenworth, KS
|year = 1985
|url = http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/King/King.asp
|title = Rangers: Selected Combat Operations in WWII
|access-date = 2009-11-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813034733/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/King/King.asp
|archive-date = 2009-08-13
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Lagomarsino
| first1=Carlo
| last2=Lombardi
| first2=Andrea
| title=Lo sbarco di Anzio: l'operazione Shingle vista dai tedeschi: documenti e diari di guerra della 14. Armee
| series=Uomini e armi
| number=12
| location=Genova
| publisher=Effepi
| year=2004
| oclc=470722188
| language=it}}
* {{cite book
|last = Laurie
|first = Clayton D.
|title = Anzio 1944
|series = WWII Campaigns
|publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
|location = Washington
|year = 1994
|id = CMH Pub 72-19
|isbn = 0-16-042084-9
|url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/anzio/72-19.htm
|access-date = 2010-06-09
|archive-date = 2011-05-23
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110523075358/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/anzio/72-19.htm
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
| author=London Irish Rifles
| author-link=London Irish Rifles
| title=Anzio (February 1944)
| website=londonirishrifles.com
| url=https://www.londonirishrifles.com/index.php/regimental-history/significant-events-from-our-history/anzio-february-1944/
| location=London
| ref={{sfnref |London Irish Rifles Association}}
| access-date=2020-11-02
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Majdalany
| first = Fred
| title = Cassino: Portrait of a Battle
| publisher = Longmans, Green & Co Ltd.
| location = London
| year = 1957
| oclc = 536746}}
* {{cite book
| last=Margaritis
| first=Peter
| title=Countdown to D-day: the German perspective
| publisher=Casemate
| location=Philadelphia
| year=2019
| isbn=978-1612007700
| oclc=1097183677}}
* {{cite book
|last = Mathews
|first = Sidney T.
|title = Command Decisions
|publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
|location = Washington
|orig-date = 1960
|volume = CMH Pub 72-7
|chapter = Chapter 14: General Clark's Decision To Drive on Rome
|year = 2000
|editor-last = Greenfield
|editor-first = Kent Roberts
|url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm
|chapter-url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_14.htm
|access-date = 2010-06-18
|archive-date = 2007-12-30
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Morison
| first = Samuel Eliot
| title = Sicily – Salerno – Anzio, January 1943–June 1944
| series = United States Naval Operations in World War II
| volume = IX
| year = 1954
| publisher = Little, Brown and Co.
| location = Boston
| isbn = 0-7858-1310-1}}
* {{cite book
| last=Neat
| first=Timothy
| title=Hamish Henderson: a biography.
| volume=v. 1, The making of the poet, 1919–1953
| location=Edinburgh
| publisher=Birlinn; New York
| year=2012
| isbn=978-0857904867
| id={{OCLC|815388723|1058352364}}}}
* {{cite web
| last=Paule
| first=Edward D.
| title=They Were All Left Behind: A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z
| date=2010-07-14
| website=rogerwaters.org
| url=http://www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714031842/http://www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html
| archive-date=2010-07-14
| url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite web
| author=sharonrich
| title=Oxs and Bucks at Anzio
| series=WW2 People's War
| website=BBC
| date=2005-02-01
| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/33/a3603133.shtml
| id=Article ID: A3603133
| access-date=2020-11-02
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Stanton
|first = Shelby L.
|title = Order of Battle: U.S. Army, World War II
|year = 1984
|publisher = Presidio Press
|location = Novato, CA
|isbn = 0-8914-1195-X
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/orderofbattleusa00stan
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Williamson
|first1 = Gordon
|last2 = Stephen
|first2 = Andrew
|title = The Waffen-SS
|publisher = Osprey Publishing
|location = Oxford
|year = 2004
|isbn = 1-84176-592-9
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=737pYBydNFkC&q=italian+ss+anzio&pg=PA19
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| title = Command Decisions| editor-first = Kent Roberts| editor-last = Greenfield| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm| publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]| year = 2000| orig-date = 1960| volume = CMH Pub 70-7| chapter = Chapter 13: General Lucas at Anzio| first = Martin| last = Blumenson| chapter-url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_13.htm| ref = none| access-date = 2010-06-18| archive-date = 2007-12-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite book | first=Maj. Roy Jr. | last=Lamson | author2=Conn, Dr. Stetson | url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/anziobeach/anzio-fm.htm | title=Anzio 22 January – 22 May 1944 | publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] | location=Washington | year=1948 | series=American Forces in Action Series | id=CMH Pub 100-10 | ref=none | access-date=4 August 2010 | archive-date=4 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604011943/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/anziobeach/anzio-fm.htm | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |first=Gerhard |last=Muhm |title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign |url=http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm |access-date=2007-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927070658/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Gerhard |last=Muhm |chapter=La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia |trans-chapter=The German Tactics in the Italian Campaign |title=Linea Gotica, avamposto dei Balcani |trans-title=Gothic Line, an outpost in the Balkans |editor-first=Amedeo |editor-last=Montemaggi |publisher=Edizioni Civitas |location=Rome, Italy |year=1993 |language=it |id={{OCLC|859681332|489650125}} |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|author=XIV Army Corps (Germany)|title=Gliederung und Kriegstagebuch 14. Armee (From January to May 1944) (War diary of 14th German Army Corps)|language=de |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/gedefarea/index.html | title=A German defence Area on the Anzio Front| journal=Intelligence Bulletin|date=July 1944| volume= 2| issue= 11| access-date=2008-09-26| publisher=U.S. Military Intelligence Service}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/italy/articles/anzio.aspx| title=Anzio – The Allies' Greatest Blunder of World War II| first=Irwin J.| last=Kappes| year=2003| work=militaryhistoryonline.com website| access-date=2008-09-26| ref=none| archive-date=2013-07-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706045708/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/italy/articles/anzio.aspx| url-status=dead}}
* {{YouTube|ePYoYvAO1mw|Anzio Beach head – contemporary film footage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030143620/http://www.irishbrigade.co.uk/pages/the-story-of-the-irish-brigade--1942-1947.php The official history of the London Irish Rifles containing an account of the unit's participation in the Anzio battle]
* [https://www.eucmh.be/2018/02/12/anzio-1944-german-10-armee-and-14-armee/ Anzio 1944 – German 10. Armee and 14. Armee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923183808/https://www.eucmh.be/2018/02/12/anzio-1944-german-10-armee-and-14-armee/ |date=2020-09-23 }} European Center of Military History

{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anzio}}
[[Category:1944 in Italy|Battle of Anzio]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)|Battle of Anzio]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations of World War II]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving the United States]]
[[Category:Anzio]]
[[Category:Rome in World War II]]
[[Category:Nettuno]]

Sikhism in New Zealand

2026-03-08T05:27:16Z

ShereeDrm9452: content update

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in New Zealand {{flagicon|New Zealand}}
| population = '''53,406'''<ref name ="2023census">{{Cite web|url= https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=occupation%2C%202023%20census&pg=0&hc[Society]=2023%20Census&hc[Census%20year]=2023&snb=4&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_004&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=raTotal%2Bra00000%2Bra10100%2Bra10101%2Bra10102%2Bra10103%2Bra10104%2Bra10105%2Bra10199%2Bra20000%2Bra20100%2Bra20102%2Bra20103%2Bra20199%2Bra20201%2Bra20301%2Bra20302%2Bra20400%2Bra20401%2Bra20402%2Bra20403%2Bra20499%2Bra20500%2Bra20502%2Bra20503%2Bra20599%2Bra20600%2Bra20601%2Bra20602%2Bra20603%2Bra20604%2Bra20605%2Bra20606%2Bra20699%2Bra20700%2Bra20701%2Bra20799%2Bra20801%2Bra20802%2Bra20803%2Bra20804%2Bra20901%2Bra21001%2Bra21101%2Bra21200%2Bra21201%2Bra21202%2Bra21203%2Bra21299%2Bra21300%2Bra21301%2Bra21302%2Bra21303%2Bra21304%2Bra21305%2Bra21399%2Bra21400%2Bra21401%2Bra21402%2Bra21403%2Bra21404%2Bra21405%2Bra21406%2Bra21407%2Bra21408%2Bra21409%2Bra21410%2Bra21411%2Bra21412%2Bra21413%2Bra21414%2Bra21415%2Bra21416%2Bra21417%2Bra21499%2Bra21501%2Bra21502%2Bra21503%2Bra21504%2Bra21505%2Bra21506%2Bra21507%2Bra21600%2Bra21701%2Bra21801%2Bra21802%2Bra29901%2Bra29902%2Bra29903%2Bra29905%2Bra29906%2Bra29908%2Bra29909%2Bra29910%2Bra29911%2Bra29999%2Bra30100%2Bra30101%2Bra30102%2Bra30103%2Bra30199%2Bra40100%2Bra40101%2Bra40102%2Bra40103%2Bra40104%2Bra40199%2Bra50100%2Bra50101%2Bra50102%2Bra50103%2Bra60000%2Bra60101%2Bra60201%2Bra60901%2Bra60999%2Bra70000%2Bra70101%2Bra70200%2Bra70201%2Bra70202%2Bra70203%2Bra70204%2Bra70205%2Bra70299%2Bra70301%2Bra70401%2Bra70901%2Bra70999%2Bra80000%2Bra80101%2Bra80200%2Bra80201%2Bra80202%2Bra80299%2Bra80301%2Bra80400%2Bra80401%2Bra80402%2Bra80403%2Bra80499%2Bra80601%2Bra80701%2Bra80702%2Bra80801%2Bra80901%2Bra81001%2Bra81101%2Bra81102%2Bra81103%2Bra81104%2Bra81105%2Bra81106%2Bra81107%2Bra81108%2Bra81109%2Bra81110%2Bra81111%2Bra81199%2Bra95555%2BraTS%2Bra94444%2Bra97777%2Bra98888%2Bra99999.2018%2B2023&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_001&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001&to[TIME]=false |title= Totals by topic for individuals, (NZ total), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses|publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]]| access-date= 13 October 2024}}</ref> '''{{Percentage|53,406|4,993,923|2}}''' of the total New Zealander population (2023)
| popplace = 
| region1 =
| region2 =
| region3 =
| langs = [[New Zealand English]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Māori language|Māori]]
|related-c={{hlist|[[Sikhism in the United States|American Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in Australia|Australian Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|British Sikhs]] [[Sikhism in Canada|Canadian Sikhs]]}}
|image=File:Takanini Gurdwara 16 August 2020.jpg|image_caption=[[Takanini Gurdwara|Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib]] in [[Takanini]], [[Auckland Region]]
|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=50px}}
{{Historical populations
|type =
|1991 | 2,061
|1996 | 2,817
|2001 | 5,199
|2006 | 9,507
|[[2013 New Zealand census|2013]] | 19,191
|[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]] | 40,908
|[[2023 New Zealand census|2023]] |53,406
|footnote = <ref name="2006table28">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125425/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx |date=2017-10-11 }}.</ref><ref name="2013table28">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|title=2013 Census totals by topic|website=archive.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>
}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''New Zealander Sikhs''' number over 53,000 people and account for 1.1% of New Zealand's population [[2023 New Zealand census|as of 2023]], forming the country's fastest-growing and [[Religion in New Zealand|fifth-largest]] religious group. New Zealand has the world's [[Sikhism by country|third-highest Sikh proportion]] behind [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]] (2.1%) and [[Sikhism in India|India]] (1.7%). While there are Sikhs in all sixteen [[regions of New Zealand]], over half of Sikhs lived in [[Auckland Region]] in 2018.

[[Phomen Singh|The first Sikhs]] arrived in New Zealand in 1890,<ref name="Singh, Phomen" /> but the Immigration Act of 1899 prevented any large-scale migration.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationRegulation/2/en|title=1881–1914: restrictions on Chinese and others|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/1367/19th-century-indian-immigrants|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |title=19th-century Indian immigrants }}</ref> In 1987, racial exclusion was scrapped and a race-neutral, points-based immigration system was introduced;<ref>{{cite web |title=Immigration Act 1987|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0074/latest/whole.html |website=New Zealand Legislation |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> by 1991 there were 2,061 Sikhs in New Zealand. Between [[2013 New Zealand census|2013]] and [[2018 New Zealand census|2018]], the number of Sikhs grew by 113% from 19,191 to 40,908, making Sikhism the fastest-growing religion and on pace to eclipse [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]] and [[Buddhism in New Zealand|Buddhism]] by [[2023 New Zealand census|2023]] at the time.<ref name ="2023census"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/116295933/sikhs-in-new-zealand-have-tripled-in-number-since-2006|title=Sikhs in New Zealand have quadrupled in number since 2006|date=October 3, 2019|quote=Sikhism is booming faster than any other major religion in New Zealand, having more than doubled its number of followers here since 2013 – and more than quadrupled since 2006. [...] About 41,000 Sikhs now live here, according to the latest census figures. Sikhism has fewer followers in New Zealand than Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. But if all five faiths keep growing (or shrinking) at the same rates they did between 2013 and 2018, Sikhs will overtake Buddhists and Muslims in population by the next census.}}</ref> However, the crackdown on student visas and low-skilled workers starting in 2017 stifled Sikh population growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/116295933/sikhs-in-new-zealand-have-tripled-in-number-since-2006|title=Sikhs in New Zealand have quadrupled in number since 2006|date=October 3, 2019|quote=But Labour's crackdown on low-skilled migrants and those on student visas, in 2017, had a major impact on Sikh migrants, he said. And Dr Singh doesn't expect the religion will have doubled in size again by 2023, due to "the main avenues of entering the country being shut".}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2023, the New Zealander Sikh population grew by 31%, failing to eclipse Islam and Buddhism although remaining the fastest-growing religion.<ref name ="2023census"/>

== History ==
Small numbers of [[Sikh]] immigrants from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] settled in New Zealand from the late 1800s. Large-scale Sikh immigration began after changes to immigration policies in the 1980s. The New Zealand Sikh Society was established in 1964 and first Sikh [[Gurdwara]] opened in 1977.<ref name="teara">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Paul |title=Diverse religions - Sikhs |url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-6 |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Sikh communities ===
{{See also|Punjabi New Zealanders}}
[[File:Photograph of Indian troops (including Sikhs) in Nelson, New Zealand, ca.1901.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Indian troops (including Sikhs) in Nelson, New Zealand, ca.1901. Nelson Provincial Museum.]]
The first identifiable Sikhs to arrive in New Zealand were two brothers - [[Phomen Singh|Phuman Singh]] and Bir Singh Gill from the [[Moga district]] of Punjab. Bir Singh was a herbalist who married and lived amongst the [[Māori people|Māori]] on the [[North Island]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Our Communities: Punjabis – indiannewslink.co.nz |url=https://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/our-communities-punjabis/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=www.indiannewslink.co.nz}}</ref> A small wave of Sikhs arrived in New Zealand between 1890 and 1910; mostly immigrants from [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="Singh, Phomen">{{cite web |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3s20/singh-phomen |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Most Sikhs settled in [[Waikato]], [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]], or [[Christchurch]].

There is a significant history of many Sikhs being dairy farmers throughout New Zealand,{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} many of them being great pioneers. The majority are in the Waikato region and have been there for many generations. Much hard work was undertaken in terms of clearing scrub and tea trees to convert to farmland in the early years. Embracing the Māori culture was also an important aspect. Many of these farmers are well respected within and outside the community for the significant contribution they have made.

With the Sikh community in New Zealand increasing, the New Zealand Sikh Society was developed in 1964, and the first gurdwara was built in [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] in 1977 and another in 1986 in [[Ōtāhuhu]]. With the increasing number of Sikhs in New Zealand, an increasing number of gurdwaras have been established across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the NZSikh Society |url=http://www.nzsikhsociety.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415061507/http://www.nzsikhsociety.org/ |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref>

The number of people affiliating with the Sikh religion more than quadrupled since 2006. [[Papatoetoe]] in Auckland is considered to be the area with the most Sikhs in New Zealand and it has three sikh Gurudwaras in the suburb.
==Demographics==
[[File:Sikhism in New Zealand (2023).jpg|thumb|Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2023 Census]]
[[File:Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2018 Census.png|thumb|Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2018 Census]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh New Zealanders by [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] (2013-2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious affiliation, age, and gender for the census usually resident population count, (RC, TALB, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=religious%20affiliation%20bay%20of%20plenty&pg=0&snb=3&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_ECI_025&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=2013%2B2018%2B2023.14%2B15%2B13%2B12%2B18%2B17%2B16%2B08%2B09%2B07%2B05%2B06%2B04%2B03%2B02%2B01%2B9999.999999%2B80601.99.99&ly[rw]=CEN23_GEO_008&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001%2CCEN23_REA_004&to[TIME]=false |website=[[Stats NZ]]|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
! colspan="2" |[[2023 New Zealand census|2023]]
! colspan="2" |[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]]
! colspan="2" |[[2013 New Zealand census|2013]]

|-
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

|-
|[[Auckland Region|Auckland]]
| 28,401
| {{Percentage | 28,401| 1,656,486| 2 }}
| 23,832
| {{Percentage | 23,832| 1,571,718| 2 }}
| 11,712
| {{Percentage | 11,712| 1,415,550| 2 }}
|-
|[[Waikato]]
| 6,795
| {{Percentage | 6,795| 498,771| 2 }}
| 4,074
| {{Percentage | 4,074| 458,202| 2 }}
| 1,875
| {{Percentage | 1,875| 403,641| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]
| 6,324
| {{Percentage | 6,324| 334,140| 2 }}
| 4,842
| {{Percentage | 4,842| 308,499| 2 }}
| 2,748
| {{Percentage | 2,748| 267,741| 2 }}
|-
|[[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]
| 4,842
| {{Percentage | 4,842| 651,027| 2 }}
| 2,973
| {{Percentage | 2,973| 599,694| 2 }}
| 621
| {{Percentage | 621| 539,433| 2 }}
|-
|[[Wellington Region|Wellington]]
| 2,370
| {{Percentage | 2,370| 520,971| 2 }}
| 1,647
| {{Percentage | 1,647| 506,814| 2 }}
| 612
| {{Percentage | 612| 471,315| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]]
| 1,650
| {{Percentage | 1,650| 175,074| 2 }}
| 1,347
| {{Percentage | 1,347| 166,368| 2 }}
| 783
| {{Percentage | 783| 151,179| 2 }}
|-
|[[Manawatū-Whanganui]]
| 789
| {{Percentage | 789| 251,412| 2 }}
| 447
| {{Percentage | 447| 238,797| 2 }}
| 246
| {{Percentage | 246| 222,672| 2 }}
|-

|[[Otago]]
| 621
| {{Percentage | 621| 240,900| 2 }}
| 510
| {{Percentage | 510 | 225,186| 2 }}
| 117
| {{Percentage | 117| 202,470| 2 }}
|-
|[[Northland Region|Northland]]
| 480
| {{Percentage | 480| 194,007| 2 }}
| 315
| {{Percentage | 315| 179,076| 2 }}
| 72
| {{Percentage | 72| 151,689| 2 }}
|-
|[[Taranaki]]
| 357
| {{Percentage | 357| 126,015| 2 }}
| 234
| {{Percentage | 234| 117,561| 2 }}
| 102
| {{Percentage | 102| 109,608| 2 }}
|-
|[[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]]
| 255
| {{Percentage | 255| 100,143| 2 }}
| 210
| {{Percentage | 210| 97,467| 2 }}
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60| 93,342| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gisborne Region|Gisborne]]
| 198
| {{Percentage | 198| 51,135| 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171| 47,517| 2 }}
| 84
| {{Percentage | 84| 43,653| 2 }}
|-
|[[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]]
| 108
| {{Percentage | 108| 49,431| 2 }}
| 123
| {{Percentage | 123| 47,340| 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51| 43,416| 2 }}
|-
|[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]
| 105
| {{Percentage | 105| 52,584| 2 }}
| 102
| {{Percentage | 102| 50,880| 2 }}
| 39
| {{Percentage | 39| 46,437| 2 }}
|-
|[[Tasman Region|Tasman]]
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60| 57,807| 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51| 52,389| 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42| 47,157| 2 }}
|-
|[[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]]
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45| 33,390| 2 }}
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33| 31,575| 2 }}
| 24
| {{Percentage | 24| 32,148| 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] '''New Zealand'''
| '''53,406'''
| '''{{Percentage | 53,406| 4,993,923| 2 }}'''
| '''40,908'''
| '''{{Percentage | 40,908 | 4,699,755| 2 }}'''
| '''19,191'''
| '''{{Percentage | 19,191| 4,242,048| 2 }}'''

|}

==Gurdwaras==
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland]]

[[File:Shri Guru Ravidass Temple Hastings, New Zealand, May 2025.jpg|thumb|Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Hastings]]

[[File:New Zealand Central Sikh Association 18-09-2022.jpg|thumb|The first general meeting of the New Zealand Central Sikh Association on 18 September 2022 in Takanini.]]

The New Zealand Central Sikh Association, a centralised representative Sikh body comprising 25 Gurdwaras and various other organisation from across New Zealand was officially formed on 18 September 2022 at the [[Takanini Gurdwara|Sikh Library]] in [[Takanini]].<ref name="NZ Central Sikh Association">{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=Venkat |title=Sikhs create a national body to foster unity and representation |url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/sikhs-create-a-national-body-to-foster-unity-and-representation/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |agency=Indian Newslink |date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

This is a list of Gurdwaras in New Zealand.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Region
|-
| Begampura Gurdwara
| 1/9 Vernon St, Papakura 2110
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Dukh Niwaran Sahib Papakura
| 7/46 Broadway, Papakura 2110
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Jagat Guru Nanak Sahib
| 29 Kilmarnock St, Riccarton, Christchurch 8011
| Canterbury
|-
| Gurdwara Mata Sahib Kaur
| 23 Bryant Rd, Te Rapa, Hamilton 3200
| Waikato
|-
| Gurdwara Shri Fateh Sahib
| Botanical Rd, West End, Palmerston North 4412
| Manawatu-Wanganui
|-
| Gurdwara Shri Guru Ravidass Temple Hastings
| 193 Havelock Nth Road, Hastings
| Hawke's Bay
|-
| Gurdwara Sikh Sangat Tauranga
| 43 Burrows St, Tauranga South, Tauranga 3112
| Bay of Plenty
|-
| Gurdwara Singh Sabha Christchurch
| 537 Ferry Rd, Woolston, Christchurch 8023
| Canterbury
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Dasmesh Darbar
| 158 Kolmar Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Amardas Sahib Ji
| 24 Ward Ave, Fenton Park, Rotorua 3010
| Bay of Plenty
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Patshahi 6
| 84 Lady Ruby Dr, Dannemora 2013
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Harkrishan Sahib
| 3034 Great North Rd, New Lynn 0600
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji Otahuhu
| 120 Princes St, Otahuhu 1062
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Ravidas Temple
| 1998 Great S Rd, Bombay 2675
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
| 24 Dunnotar Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| [[Takanini Gurdwara|Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib Takanini]]
| 70 Takanini School Rd, Takanini 2112
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib Tauranga
| 322 Cheyne Rd, Pyes Pa 3112
| Bay of Plenty
|
|-
| Hastings Gurdwara
| 402 Eastbourne St E, Hastings 4122
| Hawke's Bay
|-
| Linwood Gurdwara
| 692 Gloucester St, Linwood, Christchurch 8062
| Canterbury
|-
| Nanaksar Thath Isher Darbar
| 100 Great South Rd, Manurewa 2102
| Auckland
|-
| New Zealand Sikh Society Hamilton
| 6391 Te Rapa Rd, Horotiu 3288
| Waikato
|-
| North Shore Gurdwara
| 128 Sunnybrae Rd, Hillcrest 0627
| Auckland
|-
| Palmerston North Gurdwara
| 7 Amesbury St, Palmerston North 4410
| Manawatu-Wanganui
|-
| Sri Guru Singh Sabha
| 127 Shirley Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| Wellington Gurudwara
| 4-10 Vogel St, Naenae, Lower Hutt 5011
| Wellington
|-
| Whangarei Gurudwara Sahib
| 23 Water St, Whangarei 0110
| Northland
|}

==Notable Sikhs==
* [[Ish Sodhi]] – Cricketer for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand National Team]]
* [[Kanwal Singh Bakshi]] – Former [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] MP
* [[Parmjeet Parmar]] - ACT MP
* [[Sukhi Turner]] – Former mayor of [[Dunedin]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (New Zealand cricketer)|Bhupinder Singh]] - Former Cricketer for [[Auckland cricket team]]
* [[Amandeep Singh (cricketer)| Amandeep Singh]] - Former Cricketer for [[Canterbury Wizards]]
* [[Phomen Singh]]- Early Sikh migrant to New Zealand (circa 1890)
* [[Jagt Singh|Jagt Singh-]] WWI soldier for New Zealand Army

==See also==
{{Portal|Sikhism|New Zealand}}
*[[Religion in New Zealand]]
*[[New Zealand Sikh Games]]
*[[Sikh diaspora]]
*[[Sikhism by country]]
*[[Punjabi New Zealanders]]
*[[Girmitiyas]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration, 1890-1940 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1986}}
{{Religion in New Zealand}}
{{Oceania topic|Sikhism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism In New Zealand}}
[[Category:Sikhism in New Zealand| ]]

Maalaiyitta Mangai

2026-03-04T04:59:54Z

ShereeDrm9452: Starting Some Details Added Tags!

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maalaiyitta Mangai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = G. R. Nathan
| screenplay = [[Kannadasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Chandra Natha''|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| producer = Kannadasan
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[Mynavathi]]
| cinematography = G. R. Nathan
| studio = Kannadasan Films
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| distributor = ALS Productions<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 1958 |title=Malaiyitta Mangai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580704&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1958|6|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maalaiyitta Mangai''''' ({{Translation|The woman who garlanded}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by G. R. Nathan and produced by [[Kannadasan]] under his own production company Kannadasan Films.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1958 – மாலையிட்ட மங்கை – கண்ணதாசன் பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1958 – Maalaiyitta Mangai – Kannadasan Films |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails31.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181207140745/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails31.asp |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. The film stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[Pandari Bai]] and [[Mynavathi]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] (in her acting debut), [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] and [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] in supporting roles. It is based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel ''Chandra Nath''. The film was released on 27 June 1958 and became a success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 1958 |title=Malaiyitta Mangai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580627&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=3 November 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 22 {{!}} Sibling Rivalry and Siblicide in DMK of 1950s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-22/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022030141/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-22/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2022}}
Chandru studies in [[London]] and returns to [[Tiruchirappalli]]. He lives with his aunt, Alankari and uncle and their daughter Kamalam. Kamalam is in love with Chandru but Chandru doesn't reciprocate it. Chandru goes to [[Chennai|Madras]] to meet his friend's family. There, he meets Sarasu and they fall in love. Sarasu is from a poor family. They both get married and he brings her to Tiruchirappalli. Kamalam hates Sarasu in the beginning but when Sarasu is ready to give up her husband for Kamalam, she realises Sarasu's generous and gentle nature and they both become close. Sarasu gets pregnant and during the bangle ceremony, Alankari gets a picture of Sarasu's mother, Chellam and tells everyone that Chellam became pregnant after her husband went to jail and she is characterless. Chandru's mind changes and he makes Sarasu leave the house to uphold his family values. Sarasu comes to Madras and finds that her mother is dead and her father is in jail again. She finds a letter written by her mother which says she got pregnant by her father who used to escape from jail and meet her at night and that they both run away to Madras. This letter proves her mother's character. Sarasu delivers a boy and Kamalam's marriage arrangements are made with Chandru. Kamalam chastises Chandru for throwing the pregnant Sarasu out and says he will be a man only if he brings her back. Chandru realises his mistake and goes to apologise to Sarasu. He meets with an accident and Sarasu donates her blood and nurses him back to health. Sarasu becomes weak and on her death bed unites Chandru and Kamalam and dies.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Chandru
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sarasu
* [[Mynavathi]] as Kamalam
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Anjalai
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Sudalai
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]]
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Alankari
}}

== Production ==
''Maalaiyitta Mangai'' is an adaptation of the novel ''Chandra Nath'' by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="bong">{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=23 April 2018 |title=Tamil cinema's bong connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228093357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film marked the acting debut of Manorama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=50 years of Manorama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-Manorama/article15384181.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725165612/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-Manorama/article15384181.ece |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sadhanandan |first=Smitha |date=30 September 2002 |title=Having the last laugh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093001070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192403/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093001070300.htm |archive-date=12 March 2003 |access-date=30 April 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an interview, she recalled that it was Kannadasan who insisted her to perform the comical role for the film as portraying such characters would cement her status in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=24 September 2015 |title=It's only because of Kalai Thaai that I'm still alive: Manorama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-only-because-of-kalai-thaai-that-im-still-alive-manorama/articleshow/49074379.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909171815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Its-only-because-of-Kalai-Thaai-that-Im-still-alive-Manorama/articleshow/49074379.cms |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and all lyrics were written by Kannadasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1958 |title=Maalaiyitta Mangai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/maalaiyitta-mangai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394053841 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055936/https://music.apple.com/us/album/maalaiyitta-mangai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394053841 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> According to ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writer Sruthisagar Yamunan, the song "Engal Dravida Ponnade" was a "[[Dravidian nationalism|direct challenge]] to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]'s version of [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=10 May 2018 |title=Tamil Nadu minister Jayakumar's threat to the 'Kaala' soundtrack betrays his ignorance of history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/878439/tamil-nadu-minister-jayakumars-threat-to-the-kaala-soundtrack-betrays-his-ignorance-of-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720165649/https://scroll.in/reel/878439/tamil-nadu-minister-jayakumars-threat-to-the-kaala-soundtrack-betrays-his-ignorance-of-history |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Kannadasan wrote the song with Mahalingam singing, as a challenge in response to actor/politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s prediction that the film would fail because of his belief that Mahalingam would not be accepted as a lead actor by party cadres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=17 October 2011 |title=Kannadasan's Minor Book(let) on MGR {{!}} Random Notes |url=https://sangam.org/2011/10/Kannadasan_Booklet.php?uid=4486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200104064118/https://sangam.org/2011/10/Kannadasan_Booklet.php?uid=4486 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> The song "Naan Andri Yaar Arivaar" is set to the raga [[Abhogi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Arresting Abhogi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235026/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Sentamizh Thenmozhiyal" is set to [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2012 |title=Notes that intrigue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235754/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Sendhamizh Thenmozhiyaal" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 04:26
|-
| "Engal Dravida Ponnade" || T. R. Mahalingam || 03:25
|-
| "Naan Indri Yaar Vaaruvaar" || T. R. Mahalingam & [[A. P. Komala]] || 03:28
|-
| "Sendhamizh Thenmozhiyaal" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 04:48
|-
| "Ammaa Unnai Kondu Vanatthile" || [[V. N. Sundaram]]|| 01:05
|-
| "Akkarai Cheemaikku Pona Macchaan" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & K. Jamuna Rani || 04:10
|-
| "Maalayitta Mana Mudichu" || K. Jamuna Rani || 03:28
|-
| "Mazhai Kooda Oru Naalil" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 03:43
|-
| "Illaram Onre Nallaram" || [[P. Suseela]] || 04:11
|-
| "Saattai Illaa Pambarampol" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & M. S. Rajeswari dialogues by [[Pandari Bai]] || 04:06
|-
| "Thingal Mudi Soodum Malai" || T. R. Mahalingam || 02:22
|-
| "Inaadum Immozhiyum.... Vetri Thrunaade" || A. P. Komala || 02:26
|-
| "Annaiyin Naattai Pagaivargal" || T. S. Bagavathi || 02:12
|-
| "Vil Enge Kanai Enge" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || 02:04
|-
| "Annam Pola Pennirukku" || P. Suseela || 03:26
|}

== Critical reception ==
{{Empty section|date=March 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=20 July 1958 |title=மாலையிட்ட மங்கை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-07-20/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202055808/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-07-20/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=21 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 1958 |title=மாலையிட்ட மங்கை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_180/6.jp2/full/1000,1581/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250228125948/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_180/6.jp2/full/1000,1581/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Antaheen

2026-03-04T03:47:36Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating The Stub W/ Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Antaheen
| image = Antaheen.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
| producer = Jeet Banerjee [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] Indrani Mukerjee Executive producer - Neha Rungta
| writer = Shyamal Sengupta
| starring = [[Radhika Apte]] [[Rahul Bose]] [[Mita Vashisth]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography = [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| distributor = [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mumbai Mantra]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|1|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Antaheen''''' (sometimes dubbed in English as ''The Endless Wait'') is a 2009 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]. The film stars [[Radhika Apte]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Mita Vashisth]], [[Aparna Sen]], Kalyan Ray and [[Sharmila Tagore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A Second Take |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090118/jsp/graphiti/story_10403644.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 January 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127012836/http://telegraphindia.com/1090118/jsp/graphiti/story_10403644.jsp |archive-date=27 January 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2021}}
Abhik Chowdhury is an honest, upright, yet caring IPS Officer. After witnessing the tragedies of life, he loses faith in the real relationships that he sees around him, and seeks solace in the virtual world. Through this, Abhik develops an online friendship with a young woman, without knowing any real information about her. That woman is Brinda - a young, dynamic television journalist who comes from a conventional middle-class family. While the relationship blossoms within the confines of two computer screens, Abhik gets his fifteen minutes of fame on national television, when he successfully masterminds a raid on a consignment of illegal arms. Brinda telephones him to ask for an on-camera interview, but Abhik declines sharply. The virtual friends have a frosty first meeting in the real world, at the launch of a controversial mega project of a big-time real estate entrepreneur. Unaware that she knows Abhik so well on the internet, Brinda, still smarting from Abhik's refusal to be interviewed, gets into a bitter exchange of words with him, which escalates into a heated argument. Before leaving in a huff, Brinda overhears a piece of conversation between two men about Mehra's project. This gives her a lead to a potentially big scoop.

Ranjan and Paromita (Paro), an estranged couple, become the bridge between Brinda and Abhik. Ranjan is Abhik's cousin, who also acts as his philosopher and guide. Ranjan is a high-stakes stock market addict, and leads a lonely life after having separated from Paro a few years ago. Ranjan is acutely sensitive and perceptive, while also being bitter and cynical on the surface. Paro is a senior marketing executive at the channel for which Brinda works. Paro secretly organises a birthday party for Ranjan, and Brinda and Abhik meet once again. Their initial irritation wears off and they soon become friends. The mood of the party turns romantic yet poignant, as Paro and Ranjan attempt to reconcile. Online, Brinda and Abhik's virtual friendship continues unabated, even though their identities remain undisclosed and they are both unaware that they have met.

Abhik confides in Ranjan that he is probably falling in love, with someone whose name is unknown to him. Ranjan warns Abhik with his usual cynicism about the perils and pains that often comes with love. Behind his sardonic comments, Abhik gets a glimpse of Ranjan's sensitivity and loneliness. After hearing his cousin's advice, Abhik leaves feeling confused, yet is still not convinced enough to stop falling further in love. Paro gets a lucrative job offer from Mumbai, but she is in a dilemma between upgrading her career and staying back for lost love. As the crisis deepens in her mind, she seeks Ranjan's advice. Although it is bound to intensify his loneliness, Ranjan encourages her to shift to Mumbai, which hurts Paro. A series of upsetting events and the stresses of her personal life begins to weigh Brinda down. The only thing she can find solace is with her virtual friend. Brinda begins to notice some uncanny similarities between Abhik and her anonymous online friend, in the way they talk, and in their choice of phrase, etc. As she follows the leads given by Abhik, she manages to get an important interview lined up which may give her the proof to wrap up her story on Mehra's project. She finally wanted to meet her anonymous lover in real life. Abhik experiences a wide range of emotions but is ultimately nervous and eager. The night before her interview, on a particular phone conversation with Abhik she realises that he is in fact her online friend. That night, Brinda dies in her car on the way to work. Abhik is saddened to hear of Brinda's death and also suspicious when he notices that his online friend has stopped replying. At Brinda's funeral, he finally realises what has happened and is heartbroken.

==Cast==
* [[Radhika Apte]] as Brinda
* [[Rahul Bose]] as DCDD Abhik Chowdhury
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Mr. Saha
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Dibakar
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] as Mrinmoy
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Tanmoy
* Shauvik Kundagrami as Mr. Mehra
* Kunal Padhy as Mr. Mukherjee
* Kalyan Ray as Ranjan
* Saswati Guhathakurta as Brinda's Mother
* [[Aparna Sen]] as Paro
* [[Arindam Sil]] as Sabya
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Abhik's aunt
* [[Mita Vasisht]] as Mrs. Mehra
* Sanjay Bhattacharya as Dr. Sanjay Bhattacharya
* Sugata Ghosh as Sugata Ghosh
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Ekkavali Khanna
* Jai Ranjan Ram as Dr. Jai Ranjan Ram
* Sabyasachi Sen as Dr. Sabyasachi Sen

:'''Other Casts'''

* Anushree Acharya
* Sukanya Bhattacharya
* Jayshree Dasgupta
* Rajkumar Dutta
* Diya Guha
* Aparajita Majumdar
* Sudip Majumdar
* Pradip Rai
* Subhash Sarkar

==Production==
The film was shot on a limited budget on location in [[Kolkata]]. [[Rahul Bose]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]] worked on the film for free and composer Shantanu Moitra waived his fee for composing the film's music. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-29/interviews/28116607_1_antaheen-aniruddha-roy-chowdhury-feature-film |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-29/interviews/28116607_1_antaheen-aniruddha-roy-chowdhury-feature-film |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 August 2011 |title= I want to make films that reach out to a wider audience |date= 20 January 2010 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref>

==Awards==
; [[56th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |title=National Film Awards: Priyanka gets best actress, 'Antaheen' awarded best film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-Film-Awards-Priyanka-gets-best-actress-Antaheen-awarded-best-film/articleshow/5492275.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-23/india/28125140_1_national-film-awards-hindi-film-film-on-social-issues |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-45633220100123 |title= Bollywood wins big at National Film Awards |date= 23 January 2010 |publisher= Reuters India |access-date=23 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093243/http://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-45633220100123| archive-date= 26 January 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] - [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]] - [[Anindya Chatterjee]] & [[Chandril Bhattacharya]] for "Pherari Mon..."
* [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Pherari Mon..."

==Soundtracks==
The lyrics were penned by [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]. [[Shantanu Moitra]] is the music composer, while [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Shreya Ghoshal|Shreya Ghosal]], [[Srikanta Acharya]], [[Antara Chowdhury]] and Pranab Biswas have lent their voices for this masterpiece of a soundtrack.

{| class="wikitable"
! Track No. !! Title !! Writer !! Music composer !! Performed By !! Courtesy(TM/C)
|-
| 01.
| '''''Antaheen'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| [[Saregama]]
|-
| 02.
| '''''Bhindeshi Tara'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| [[Saregama]]
|-
| 03.
| '''''Jao Pakhi'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and Pranab Biswas
| [[Saregama]]
|-
| 04.
| '''''Muthor Rumaal'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| [[Antara Chowdhury]] and [[Srikanto Acharya]]
| [[Saregama]]
|-
| 05.
| '''''Pherari Mon'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Babul Supriyo]]
| [[Saregama]]
|-
| 06.
| '''''Shokal Ashe Na'''''
| [[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| [[Saregama]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2009|Bengali films of 2009]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1359552}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury|state=expanded}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2009 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]

Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka

2026-03-03T23:32:08Z

ShereeDrm9452: corrected structure based on references and fixed typos

{{For|the Hindi TV soap opera of same name|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka
| image = Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Devendra Goel]]
| producer = Devendra Goel
| screenplay = [[Mushtaq Jalili]] {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= Mushtaq Jalili Dr. Balkrishna}}
| story = Mushtaq Jalili
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Dharmendra]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Leena Chandavarkar]] [[Deven Verma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Keki Mistry
| editing = R. V. Shrikhande
| music = [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]]
| studio = Goel Cine Corporation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975|07|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka''''' ({{Translation|A Palace of Dreams}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Devendra Goel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ek-mahal-ho-sapno-ka |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-04 |title=Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (1975) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Ek-Mahal-Ho-Sapno-Ka-1975/article16091774.ece |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Leena Chandavarkar]] in the lead roles, supported by [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Deven Verma]].

The lyrics of the film’s songs were penned by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and the music was composed by [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Ek-Mahal-Ho-Sapno-Ka/0NBVS2J5P0I48EDWW4ITEBB2TR |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Anand Kumar (Sonia’s father)
*[[Dharmendra]] as Vishal (Aruna’s boyfriend and later husband)
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Aruna (Vishal’s girlfriend and later wife)
*[[Leena Chandavarkar]] as Sonia (Anand’s daughter)
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Dr. Mathur
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Vishal's Mother
*[[Deven Verma]]
*[[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]]
*[[Mohan Sherry]]
*[[Jagdish Raj]]

==Plot==
Vishal and Aruna fall in love. Aruna finds out from Dr. Mathur that she suffers from optic atrophy and will go blind within 6 months and is devastated. Not wanting to be a burden on Vishal who is already taking care of his disabled mother, she decides to leave him. Aruna decides to marry Anand Kumar, her much older employer, who is reluctant to spoil her life. Vishal is confused of why she has betrayed him.

At the end of 6 months, fearing that the day of going blind has arrived, a terrified Aruna faints. Dr Mathur is pleasantly surprised to see her report. It is revealed that due to a medical strike, Aruna's earlier report was wrong and her eyesight is fine. Aruna learns that Anand Kumar's daughter Sonia is in love with Vishal and decides to sacrifice her love. She meets Vishal and asks him to forget her. Sonia overhears the conversation and is shocked. Realising her mistake, she tries to convince Aruna to marry Vishal.

Anand dies in an accident and Aruna is severely injured. She feigns blindness so that Sonia can marry Vishal. When Sonia discovers Aruna's sacrifice she goes to tell Vishal about it. Vishal regrets he misunderstood Aruna. Aruna sends Vishal a letter asking him to marry Sonia mentioning that she is going away and he must never find her. Prakash who lusts for Aruna kidnaps her. Vishal and Sonia fight the goons and save Aruna. In the end, Aruna and Vishal are married.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://tv.apple.com/ie/movie/ek-mahal-ho-sapno-ka/umc.cmc.69lsfw46mndr1yhlbe1rwep51 |title=Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka - Apple TV |language=en-GB |access-date=2025-07-24 |via=tv.apple.com}}</ref>

==Music and soundtrack==
The lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and the film music was composed by [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Humse Poocho Ke Haqeeqat"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Dekha Hai Zindagi Ko"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Dil Mein Kisi Ke Pyar Ka (Male)"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|"Dil Mein Kisi Ke Pyar Ka (Female)"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka, Phoolonbhara Aangan Ho"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Zindagi Guzaarne Ko"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0214663|title=Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka}}

[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Devendra Goel]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Allan Octavian Hume

2026-03-03T22:08:00Z

ShereeDrm9452: updated page

{{Short description|British political reformer, civil servant, and naturalist (1829–1912)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Founder of [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 1885
| term_end = 1887
| image = A O Hume.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912) (scanned from a [[Woodburytype]])
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1829|06|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[City and Liberty of Westminster]], [[Middlesex]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1912|07|31|1829|06|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Upper Norwood]], [[County of London|London]], England, [[United Kingdom]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|Mary Anne Grindall|1853}}
| children = Maria Jane "Minnie" Burnley
| occupation = {{hlist|Political reformer|[[ornithologist]]|[[biologist]]|administrator}}
| alma_mater = [[University College Hospital]] [[East India Company College]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Founding of [[Indian National Congress]] Father of Indian Ornithology Founding the [[South London Botanical Institute]]
| parents = [[Joseph Hume]] (father) Maria Burnley (mother)
| relatives = [[Mary Hume-Rothery]] (sister)
| notable_works =
| signature = Hume signature.png
}}

'''Allan Octavian Hume''', [[Order of the Bath|CB]] [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (4 June 1829<ref name=birdingasia2012 /> – 31 July 1912<ref name=DNB />) was a British political reformer, [[ornithologist]], civil servant and [[botanist]] who worked in [[British Raj|British India]] and was the founding spirit and key founder of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a proponent of Indian self-rule and strongly supported the idea of Indian independence. He supported the idea of self-governance by Indians.<ref name="Kataria2013" /> A notable ornithologist, Hume has been called "the Father of Indian Ornithology" and, by those who found him dogmatic, "the Pope of Indian Ornithology".<ref>{{cite book |author=Ali, S. |author-link=Salim Ali |year=1979 |title=Bird study in India: Its history and its importance. Azad Memorial lecture for 1978 |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/AzadMemorialBirds}}</ref>

As the collector of [[Etawah]], he saw the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] as a result of misgovernance and made great efforts to improve the lives of the common people. The district of Etawah was among the first to be returned to normality and over the next few years Hume's reforms led to the district being considered a model of development. Hume rose in the ranks of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] but like his father [[Joseph Hume]], a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] member of parliament, he was bold and outspoken in questioning British policies in India. He rose in 1871 to the position of secretary to the Department of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce under [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] who was assassinated a year later. He did not get along as well with subsequent viceroys, and his criticism of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton's]] policies led to his removal from the Secretariat in 1879.

He founded the journal ''Stray Feathers'' in which he and his subscribers recorded notes on birds from across India. He built up a vast collection of bird specimens at his home in [[Shimla]] by making collection expeditions and obtaining specimens through his network of correspondents.

Following the loss of manuscripts that he had long worked on in the hope of producing a [[masterpiece|magnum opus]] on the birds of India, he abandoned [[ornithology]] and gifted his collection to the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London, where it continues to be the single largest [[bird collections|collection]] of Indian bird skins. He was briefly a follower of the theosophical movement founded by [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|Madame Blavatsky]]. He worked for Indian self-governance through the Indian National Congress that he founded. He left India in 1894 to live in London from where he continued to take an interest in the Indian National Congress. He maintained an interest in English botany and founded the [[South London Botanical Institute]] towards the end of his life.

== Early life ==
Hume was born in [[City and Liberty of Westminster|Westminster]], London and baptised at [[St Mary's, Bryanston Square]],<ref>Moulton (2004); ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' confused this with St.Mary Kent, while some older sources give his birthplace as [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]], Forfarshire. The baptism register at St. Mary's, Bryanston Square records the date of registration as 15 July.</ref> a younger son (and the eighth of nine children)<ref name=yorkshireobit>{{cite news |newspaper=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer |date=1 August 1912 |title=Obituary |page=8 |access-date=4 July 2014 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19120801/123/0008 |publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> of [[Joseph Hume]], the Radical Scottish member of parliament, by his marriage to Maria Burnley.<ref name=DNB /> Until the age of eleven he was privately tutored growing up at the town house at 6 Bryanston Square in London and at their country estate, Burnley Hall in Norfolk.<ref name="birdingasia2012" /> He was educated at [[University College Hospital]],<ref>{{cite news |title=University of London |work=Morning Post |date=16 July 1845 |access-date=4 July 2014 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18450716/007/0004 |publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> where he studied medicine and surgery and was then nominated to the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Services]] which led him to study at the [[East India Company College|East India Company College, Haileybury]]. Early influences included his friend [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Herbert Spencer]].<ref name=DNB /> He briefly served as a junior midshipman aboard a navy vessel in the Mediterranean in 1842.<ref name="birdingasia2012" />

==Civil service==
=== North-Western Provinces - Etawah (1849–1867) ===
Hume sailed to [[Company rule in India|India]] in 1849 and on reaching Calcutta, he stayed with his cousin [[James Hume (magistrate)|James Hume]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Mehrotra, S.R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12892/page/n57/mode/1up |title=Towards India's freedom and partition |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1979 |place=New Delhi |page=45}}</ref> The following year, he joined the Bengal Civil Service at [[Etawah]] in the [[North-Western Provinces]], in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His career in India included service as a district officer from 1849 to 1867, head of a central department from 1867 to 1870, and secretary to the Government from 1870 to 1879.<ref name="Wedderburn 1913:3">Wedderburn (1913):3.</ref> He married Mary Anne (26 May 1824, Meerut – 30 March 1890, Simla), daughter of Rivers Francis Grindall (1786–1832) in 1853.<ref name="moulton">{{cite book |author=Moulton, Edward |year=2003 |chapter=The Contributions of Allan O. Hume to the Scientific Advancement of Indian Ornithology |title=Petronia: Fifty Years of Post-Independence Ornithology in India |editor1=J. C. Daniel |editor2=G. W. Ugra |publisher=BNHS, Bombay & Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi, India |pages=295–317 |url=https://archive.org/details/moulton-hume}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Robson, John |year=2012 |title=Richard Grindall (1751-1820). Reprinted from Cook's Log 35(2):30 |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/people/cooks-officers-and-crew-and-contemporaries/richard-grindall-1751-1820}}</ref> He had a home, possibly used in summer, in [[Mussoorie]] in 1853.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hume, A.O. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41961461 |title=The Game Birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon. Volume I |author2=Marshall, C.H.T. |year=1879 |volume=v.1 |place=Calcutta |publisher=A.O. Hume and Marshall |page=174}}</ref> In 1853 he clashed with his higher up, magistrate Mark B. Thornhill of Dehra Dun, who had failed to cooperate on a case that Hume was dealing with in Mussoorie. Hume in turn refused to hand over papers relating to civil cases that he was dealing with in Mussoorie. Hume accused Thornhill of abuse of authority and Thornhill sent an armed contingent to forcibly take away the papers from Hume. The altercations resulted in his transfer to Aligarh. The court in Agra examined the case between Hume and Thornhill and concluded that Hume was indeed correct in his interpretation of the law but that he was showing an "undue spirit of opposition."<ref>Mehrotra & Moulton (2004):xxiv.</ref> This Aligarh posting was short and he was then promoted to joing magistrate and deputy collector of Mainpuri district in June 1854. By May 1855 he was promoted to collector at Bulandshahr and then to officiating magistrate at Etawah in February 1856.<ref>Mehrotra & Moulton (2004):xxvi.</ref>

It was only nine years after his entry to India that Hume faced the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] during which time he was involved in several military actions<ref>{{cite magazine|year=1883|title=Indian Districts during the Revolt|url=https://archive.org/stream/armyandnavymaga00rngoog#page/n112/mode/2up|magazine=The Army and Navy Magazine|volume=6|pages=97–109|author=Keene, H.G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/fiftysevensomeac00keenrich#page/52/mode/2up|title=Fifty-Seven. Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army|publisher=W.H.Allen and Co.|year=1883|pages=58–67|author=Keene, Henry George|place=London}}</ref> for which he was created a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Bath]] in 1860. Initially it appeared that he was safe in [[Etawah]], not far from [[Meerut]] where the rebellion began but this changed and Hume had to take refuge in [[Agra]] fort for six months.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):11–12.</ref> Nonetheless, all but one Indian official remained loyal and Hume resumed his position in Etawah in January 1858. He built up an irregular force of 650 loyal Indian troops and took part in engagements with them. Hume blamed British ineptitude for the uprising and pursued a policy of "mercy and forbearance" when dealing with the captured rebels.<ref name=DNB>{{cite ODNB|author=Moulton, Edward C. |chapter=Hume, Allan Octavian (1829–1912)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34049 |chapter-url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34049}}</ref> Only seven persons were executed at the gallows on his orders.<ref>{{cite book|author=Trevelyan, George|title=The Competition Wallah|year=1895| publisher=Macmillan and Co.|place=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/competitionwalla00trevuoft/page/246 246]|isbn=978-0-404-14782-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/competitionwalla00trevuoft}}</ref> The district of Etawah was restored to peace and order in a year, something that was not possible in most other parts.<ref name="Wedderburn 1913:19">Wedderburn (1913):19.</ref>

Shortly after 1857, he set about in a range of reforms. As a District Officer in the Indian Civil Service, he began introducing free primary education and held public meetings for their support. He made changes in the functioning of the police department and the separation of the judicial role. Noting that there was very little reading material with educational content, he started, along with Koour Lutchman Singh, a Hindi language periodical, ''Lokmitra'' (''The People's Friend'') in 1859. Originally meant only for Etawah, its fame spread.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):21.</ref> Hume also organised and managed an Urdu journal ''Muhib-i-riaya''.<ref>Memorandum by M. Kempson, Director of Public Instruction, NWP, dated 19-April-1870. Home Department Proceedings April 1877. National Archives of India.</ref>

{{blockquote|The system of departmental examinations introduced soon after (''Hume joined the civil services'') enabled Hume to so outdistance his seniors that when the rebellion broke out he was officiating Collector of [[Etawah]], which lies between [[Agra]] and [[Kanpur|Cawnpur]]. Rebel troops were constantly passing through the district, and for a time it was necessary to abandon headquarters ; but both before and after the removal of the women and children to Agra, Hume acted with vigour and judgment. The steadfast loyalty of many native officials and landowners, and the people generally, was largely due to his influence, and enabled him to raise a local brigade of horse. In a daring attack on a body of rebels at [[Jaswantnagar]] he carried away the wounded joint magistrate, Mr. Clearmont Daniel,<ref>Wedderburn (1913) spells Daniell.</ref> under a heavy fire, and many months later he engaged in a desperate action against Firoz Shah and his Oudh freebooters at Hurchandpur. Company rule had come to an end before the ravines of the Jumna and the Chambul in the district had been cleared of fugitive rebels. Hume richly merited the C.B. (Civil division) awarded him in 1860. He remained in charge of the district for ten years or so and did good work.|Obituary ''The Times'' of August 1st, 1912}}

He took up the cause of education and founded scholarships for higher education. He wrote, in 1859, that education played a key role in avoiding revolts like the one in 1857:

''… assert its supremacy as it may at the bayonet's point, a free and civilised government must look for its stability and permanence to the enlightenment of the people and their moral and intellectual capacity to appreciate its blessings.''<ref name="moulton" />

In 1863 he moved for separate schools for juvenile delinquents rather than flogging and imprisonment which he saw as producing hardened criminals. His efforts led to a juvenile reformatory not far from Etawah. He also started free schools in Etawah and by 1857 he established 181 schools with 5186 students including two girls.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):16.</ref> The high school that he helped build with his own money is still in operation, now as a junior college, and it was said to have a floor plan resembling the letter "H". This, according to some was an indication of Hume's imperial ego.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wallach, Bret |year=1996| title= Losing Asia: Modernization and the Culture of Development|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press|url=http://ags.ou.edu/~bwallach/documents/Losing%20Asia%20-%20Ch%205.pdf }}</ref> Hume found the idea of earning revenue earned through liquor traffic repulsive and described it as "The wages of sin". With his progressive ideas on social reform, he advocated women's education, was against infanticide and enforced widowhood. Hume laid out in Etawah, a neatly gridded commercial district that is now known as Humeganj but often pronounced ''Homeganj''.<ref name="moulton"/>

=== Commissioner of Customs (1867–1870) ===
In 1867 Hume became Commissioner of Customs for the North West Province, and in 1870 he became attached to the central government as Director-General of Agriculture. In 1879 he returned to provincial government at [[Allahabad]]. His work on reducing the burden involved in the maintenance of the customs department controlling the movement of salt, which included the 2500 mile-long [[Inland Customs Line]], the so-called great hedge,<ref>Footnote in Lydekker, 1913: This was a thorn-hedge supplemented by walls and ditches, and strongly patrolled for preventing the introduction into British territory of untaxed salt from native states (see Sir [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]]'s "India," London, 1888).</ref> led to his promotion by [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] who rewarded him with Secretaryship and was moved in 1871 to the Department of Revenue and Agriculture.<ref name=biggame>{{cite book|author=Lydekker, R. |year=1913| title= Catalogue of the Heads and Horns of Indian Big Game bequeathed by A. O. Hume, C. B., to the British Museum|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofheads00britrich |publisher=British Museum of Natural History}}</ref><ref name="moulton"/><ref name="Wedderburn 1913:19"/>

=== Secretary to the Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce (1871–1879) ===
Hume was very interested in the development of agriculture. He believed that there was too much focus on obtaining revenue and no effort had been spent on improving the efficiency of agriculture. He found an ally in Lord Mayo who supported the idea of developing a complete department of agriculture. Hume noted in his ''Agricultural reform in India'' that Lord Mayo had been the only Viceroy who had any experience of working in the fields.

Hume made a number of suggestions for the improvement of agriculture placing carefully gathered evidence for his ideas. He noted the poor yields of wheat, comparing them with estimates from the records of Emperor Akbar and yields of farms in Norfolk. Lord Mayo supported his ideas but was unable to establish a dedicated agricultural bureau as the scheme did not find support from the Secretary of State for India, but they negotiated the setting up of a ''Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce'' despite Hume's insistence that ''Agriculture'' be the first and foremost aim. The department had charge on land revenue, settlements, advances for works in agricultural improvement, horticulture, livestock breeding, silk, fiber, forests, commerce and trade, salt, opium, excise, stamps, and industrial art. It also collected data and was in charge of censuses, the gazetteers, surveys, geology, and meteorology.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 September 1873|title=Moral and material progress and conditions of India during 1871-72|page=3|newspaper=The Bombay Gazette}}</ref> Hume was made Secretary of this department in July 1871 leading to his move to [[Shimla]].<ref name="moulton"/>

With the murder of Lord Mayo in the Andamans in 1872, Hume lost patronage and support for his work. He however went about reforming the department of agriculture, streamlining the collection of meteorological data (the [[Indian Meteorological Department|meteorological department]] was set up by order number 56 on 27 September 1875 signed by Hume<ref>{{cite book|last=Markham|first=Clements R.|title=A memoir on the Indian Surveys|edition=2|year=1878|page=307|url=https://archive.org/stream/memoirontheindia025502mbp#page/n338/mode/1up|publisher=W.H. Allen and Co.|place=London}}</ref>) and statistics on cultivation and yield.<ref>{{cite book|pages=172–186|url=https://archive.org/stream/HistoryAgricultureIndia3/AgriHistory3#page/n195/mode/2up/|title=A history of agriculture in India. Volume III. 1757–1947|author=Randhawa, M.S.|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|location=New Delhi, India| year=1983}}</ref>

Hume proposed the idea of having experimental farms to demonstrate best practices to be set up in every district. He proposed to develop fuelwood plantations "in every village in the drier portions of the country" and thereby provide a substitute heating and cooking fuel so that manure (dried cattle dung was used as fuel by the poor) could be returned to the land. Such plantations, he wrote, were "''a thing that is entirely in accord with the traditions of the country – a thing that the people would understand, appreciate, and, with a little judicious pressure, cooperate in.''" He wanted model farms to be established in every district. He noted that rural indebtedness was caused mainly by the use of land as security, a practice that had been introduced by the British. Hume denounced it as another of "''the cruel blunders into which our narrow-minded, though wholly benevolent, desire to reproduce England in India has led us.''" Hume also wanted government-run banks, at least until cooperative banks could be established.<ref name="moulton"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/companycrown00thurrich#page/88/mode/2up| page=89| title=The Company and the Crown| author=Hovell-Thurlow, T.J. | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons| place=Edinburgh| year=1866}}</ref>

The department also supported the publication of several manuals on aspects of cultivation, a list of which Hume included as an appendix to his ''Agricultural Reform in India''. Hume supported the introduction of cinchona and the project managed by [[George King (botanist)|George King]] to produce quinine in India and deliver malaria medication across India through the postal department at low cost.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Peruvian Bark. A popular account of the introduction of Chinchona cultivation into British India|journal=Nature|volume=23|issue=583|author=Markham, Clements R.|s2cid=43534483|year=1880|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000273429#page/n461/mode/2up|pages=427–434|bibcode=1880Natur..23..189.|doi=10.1038/023189a0|hdl=2027/uc1.$b71563|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Hume was very outspoken and never feared to criticise when he thought the Government was in the wrong. Even in 1861, he objected to the concentration of police and judicial functions in the hands of police superintendents. In March 1861, he took a medical leave due to a breakdown from overwork and departed for Britain. Before leaving, he condemned the flogging and punitive measures initiated by the provincial government as 'barbarous ... torture'. He was allowed to return to Etawah only after apologising for the tone of his criticism.<ref name=DNB/> He criticised the administration of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] before 1879 which according to him, had cared little for the welfare and aspiration of the people of India.

Lord Lytton's foreign policy according to Hume had led to the waste of "millions and millions of Indian money".<ref name="moulton"/> Hume was critical of the land revenue policy and suggested that it was the cause of [[poverty in India]]. His superiors were irritated and attempted to restrict his powers and this led him to publish a book on ''Agricultural Reform in India'' in 1879.<ref name=DNB/><ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, A. O. |year=1879| url=https://archive.org/details/agriculturalrefo00hume |title=Agricultural Reform in India|publisher=W H Allen and Co. |location=London, UK}}</ref>

Hume noted that the free and honest expression was not only permitted but encouraged under Lord Mayo and that this freedom was curtailed under Lord Northbrook who succeeded Lord Mayo. When Lord Lytton succeeded Lord Northbrook, the situation worsened for Hume.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):37</ref> In 1879 Hume went against the authorities.<ref name="Wedderburn 1913:3"/> The Government of Lord Lytton dismissed him from his position in the Secretariat. No clear reason was given except that it "''was based entirely on the consideration of what was most desirable in the interests of the public service''". The press declared that his main wrongdoing was that he was too honest and too independent. The ''Pioneer'' wrote that it was "''the grossest jobbery ever perpetrated''" ; the ''Indian Daily News'' wrote that it was a "great wrong" while ''The Statesman'' said that "undoubtedly he has been treated shamefully and cruelly." ''The Englishman'' in an article dated 27 June 1879, commenting on the event stated, "There is no security or safety now for officers in Government employment."<ref>Wedderburn (1913):35–38</ref> Demoted, he left Shimla and returned to the North-West Provinces in October 1879, as a member of the Board of Revenue.<ref name=jsas/> It has been pointed out that he was victimised as he was out of step with the policies of the Government, often intruding into aspects of administration with critical opinions.<ref name=jsas/>

=== Demotion and resignation (1879–1882) ===
In spite of the humiliation of demotion, he did not resign immediately from service and it has been suggested that this was because he needed his salary to support the publication of ''The Game Birds of India'' that he was working on.<ref name=jsas/> Hume retired from the civil service only in 1882. In 1883 he wrote an open letter to the graduates of [[Calcutta University]], having been a fellow of the University of Calcutta from 1870,<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 1870|title=The Calcutta University|page=2|newspaper=The Bombay Gazette}}</ref> calling upon them to form their own national political movement. This led in 1885 to the first session of the Indian National Congress held in [[Bombay]].<ref name=inc>{{cite book|pages=12–13 | title= The history of the Indian National Congress (1885–1935)|author=Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi|publisher= Working Committee of the Congress|year=1935|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheindi035503mbp#page/n41/mode/1up}}</ref> In 1887, writing to the Public Commission of India, he made what was then a statement unexpected from a civil servant — ''I look upon myself as a Native of India''.<ref name=jsas/>

=== Return to England 1894 ===
[[File:Allan Octavian Hume Grave Brookwood.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Hume's grave in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]
Hume's wife Mary died on 30 March 1890 and news of her death reached him just as he reached London on 1 April 1890.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Pall Mall Gazette| date=1 April 1890| page=6 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18900401/020/0006 |title=[Miscellanea] |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> Their only daughter Maria Jane Burnley ("Minnie") (1854–1927) had married Ross Scott at Shimla on 28 December 1881.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marriages|page=8|newspaper=Dundee Advertiser|date=2 February 1882|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000295/18820202/102/0008|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> Maria became a member of the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], another occult movement, after moving to England.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fringe Masonry in England, 1870–1885 |author=Howe, Ellic| publisher=Holmes Publishing Group}}</ref> Ross Scott had been the founding secretary of the Simla Eclectic Theosophical Society, and was sometime Judicial Commissioner of [[Oudh]] before his death in 1908.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blavatsky, H.P.|title=Collected Writings. Volume 3|year=1968|publisher=Blavatsky Writings Publication Fund|page=xxvii}}</ref> Hume's grandson Montague Allan Hume Scott served with the Royal Engineers in India, and received a Military Cross in 1917.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/ordersdecosmetalsmilitaria2016dixn/page/n91/mode/1up|page= 75|title=An auction of Orders, Decorations, Medals and Militaria|publisher= Dix Noonan Webb| year=2016}}</ref>

Hume left India in 1894 and settled at The Chalet, 4 Kingswood Road, [[Upper Norwood]] in south London. He died at the age of eighty-three on 31 July 1912. His ashes were buried in [[Brookwood Cemetery]].<ref name=yorkshireobit /> The bazaar in Etawah was closed on hearing of his death and the Collector, H. R. Nevill, presided over a memorial meeting.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):134</ref>

The Indian postal department issued a commemorative stamp with his portrait in 1973 and a [[philatelic cover|special cover]] depicting Rothney Castle, his home in Shimla, was released in 2013.

==Indian National Congress==
{{Main|Indian National Congress}}
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|Hume at the first session, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885]]
[[File:Allan Octavian Hume 1973 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Hume on a 1973 stamp of India]]

Hume was noted for his pro-Indian activities.<ref>{{cite book | last=Gehlot | first=N.S. | title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7100-306-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PA35 | page=35|quote=The activities of Mr. A.O. Hume were pro - Indian and full of patriotic spirit for the youths.}}</ref> He believed that the British regime had failed in India, not from any lack of good attention but rather because of insufficient knowledge.<ref name="dikholkar">{{cite book | last=Dikholkar | first=M. | title=The History of India's Freedom Struggle in Britain: British Reaction and Responses, 1885-1920 | publisher=Himalaya Publishing House | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-7493-152-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag9uAAAAMAAJ | page=24|quote=This makes one believe that Hume was more Pro - Indian that Indians themselves. Hume put the true picture of Indian life before the British public. He maintained, that British rulers had failed, not from any lack of good attention , but from insufficient knowledge.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kantowicz | first=E.R. | title=Coming Apart, Coming Together | publisher=W.B. Eerdmans | series=World in the Twentieth Century (Grand Rapids, Mich.), V. 2 | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvFDI9WtlMwC | page=53|quote=Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant with pro - Indian sympathies}}</ref>

There were agrarian riots in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and Hume, according to some early writers like [[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya|Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], suggested that an Indian Union would be a good safety valve and outlet to avoid further unrest. This so-called "safety valve" theory of the origin of the Congress, first introduced by [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee|W.C. Bonnerjee]], has been refuted on the basis that the seven volumes of the secret report were fictional. They were created by [[William Wedderburn]] to portray Hume as a British patriot.<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa">{{cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA220 |page=220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belmekki |first=Belkacem |date=2008 |title=The formation of the Indian National Congress: A British manoeuvre? |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2749187 |journal=ES: Revista de filología inglesa |issue=29 |pages=21–41 |issn=0210-9689}}</ref><ref name="Kataria2013">{{Cite journal |last=Kataria |first=Kanta |date=2013 |title=A.O. Hume: His life and contribution to the regeneration of India |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=245–252 |jstor=24701107 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> After retiring from the civil services and towards the end of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]]'s rule, Hume observed that the people of India had a sense of hopelessness and wanted to do something, noting "''a sudden violent outbreak of sporadic crime, murders of obnoxious persons, robbery of bankers and looting of bazaars, acts really of lawlessness which by a due coalescence of forces might any day develop into a National Revolt.''" Of the British government, he stated that ''"a studied and invariable disregard, if not actually contempt for the opinions and feelings of our subjects, is at the present day the leading characteristic of our government in every branch of the administration."''<ref>Hume to Northbrook, 1 August 1872, Northbrook Papers, cited in Mehrotra 2005.</ref> On 1 March 1883, Hume wrote a letter to the graduates of the [[University of Calcutta]]:<ref name=inc/>
{{blockquote|If only fifty men, good and true, can be found to join as founders, the thing can be established and the further development will be comparatively easy. ... 
And if even the leaders of thought are all either such poor creatures, or so selfishly wedded to personal concerns that they dare not strike a blow for their country's sake, then justly and rightly are they kept down and trampled on, for they deserve nothing better. Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits. If you the picked men, the most highly educated of the nation, cannot, scorning personal ease and selfish objects, make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country, a more impartial administration, a larger share in the management of your own affairs, then we, your friends, are wrong and our adversaries right, then are Lord Ripon's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary, then, at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys. Only, if this be so, let us hear no more factious, peevish complaints that you are kept in leading strings and treated like children, for you will have proved yourself such. ''Men'' know how to act. Let there be no more complaining of Englishmen being preferred to you in all important offices, for if you lack that public spirit, that highest form of altruistic devotion that leads men to subordinate private ease to the [[Common good|public weal]] – that patriotism that has made Englishmen what they are – then rightly are these preferred to you, rightly and inevitably have they become your rulers. And rulers and task-masters they must continue, let the yoke gall your shoulders never so sorely, until you realise and stand prepared to act upon the eternal truth that self-sacrifice and unselfishness are the only unfailing guides to freedom and happiness.}}In 1886 he published a pamphlet ''The Old Man's Hope'' in which he examined poverty in India, questioning charity as a solution for the problem.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/the-old-mans-hope|year=1886|author=Hume, A.O.|title=The Old Man's Hope}}</ref> Here he makes a case for [[Richard Cobden]]'s [[Anti-Corn Law League]] as a model for the struggle in India through the formation of a representative body.<ref name="jsas" />[[File:HumeWedderburnNaoroji.jpg|thumb|upright|Hume (left) with [[William Wedderburn|Wedderburn]] (right) and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] (centre)]]

His poem ''Awake'' published in Calcutta in 1886 also captures the sentiment:<ref>{{cite journal|year=1912|title=Allan Octavian Hume|journal=Modern Review|volume=12|issue=3|pages=324–325}}</ref><ref>Cited in Mehrotra 2005:75</ref><ref name="mazumdar2007">{{cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Amvika Charan|url=https://archive.org/stream/indiannationalev029300mbp#page/n13/mode/2up|title=Indian National Evolution|publisher=G.A.Natesan|place=Madras|year=1917}}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
Sons of Ind, why sit ye idle,
Wait ye for some Deva's aid?
Buckle to, be up and doing!
Nations by themselves are made!

Yours the land, lives, all, at stake, tho '
Not by you the cards are played;
Are ye dumb? Speak up and claim them!
By themselves are nations made!

What avail your wealth, your learning,
Empty titles, sordid trade?
True self-rule were worth them all!
Nations by themselves are made!

Whispered murmurs darkly creeping,
Hidden worms beneath the glade,
Not by such shall wrong be righted!
Nations by themselves are made!

Are ye Serfs or are ye Freemen,
Ye that grovel in the shade?
In your own hands rest the issues!
By themselves are nations made!

Sons of Ind, be up and doing,
Let your course by none be stayed;
Lo! the Dawn is in the East;
By themselves are nations made!
</poem></blockquote>

The idea of the Indian National Union took shape and Hume initially had some support from [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]] for this, although the latter wished to have no official link to it. Dufferin's support was short-lived<ref>{{cite journal|author=Martin, Briton Jr.|year=1967| title= Lord Dufferin and the Indian National Congress, 1885–1888|journal=The Journal of British Studies|volume=7|issue=1|pages=68–96|doi=10.1086/385545|s2cid=145093663 }}</ref> and in some of his letters he went so far as to call Hume an "idiot", "arch-impostor", and "mischievous busy-body." Dufferin's successor [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lansdowne]] refused to have any dialogue with Hume.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Misra, J.P.|year=1970|title=A. O. Hume's leadership of the Indian national congress|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=32|pages=102–110|jstor=44138512}}</ref> Other supporters in England included [[James Caird (politician)|James Caird]] (who had also clashed with Lytton over the management of famine in India<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4091745|title=Famine and Land in Ireland and India, 1845-1880: James Caird and the Political Economy of Hunger|last1=Gray|first1=Peter|journal=The Historical Journal|year=2006|volume=49|issue=1|pages=193–215|doi=10.1017/S0018246X05005091|s2cid=162828689}}</ref>) and [[John Bright]].<ref>Wedderburn (1913):54.</ref> Hume also founded an Indian Telegraph Union to fund the transfer of news of Indian matters to newspapers in England and Scotland without interference from British Indian officials who controlled telegrams sent by [[Reuters]].<ref>Wedderburn (1913):55.</ref> It has been suggested that the idea of the congress was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at [[Madras]] in December 1884 but no evidence exists. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885, when a notice was first issued to convene the first Indian National Union to meet at Poona the following December.<ref name=inc/>

[[File:Hume Punch 1896.jpg|thumb|Cartoon from the ''Hindi Punch'', 1896]]

He attempted to increase the Congress base by bringing in more farmers, townspeople and Muslims between 1886 and 1887 and this created a backlash from the British, leading to backtracking by the Congress. Hume was disappointed when Congress opposed moves to raise the age of marriage for Indian girls and failed to focus on issues of poverty. Some Indian princes did not like the idea of democracy and some organisations like the United Indian Patriotic Association went about trying to undermine the Congress by showing it as an organisation with a seditious character.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Beck, Theodore|year= 1888| title= Pamphlets issued by the United Indian Patriotic Association. No. 2 Showing the seditious character of the Indian national congress. |publisher= Pioneer Press, Allahabad|url=https://archive.org/stream/showingseditious00unitrich#page/98/mode/1up}}</ref> There was also major rifts along religious lines within the Congress on issues such as the [[Age of Consent Act, 1891|Age of Consent Bill]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 1891|title=Exit Mr. Hume|page=2|newspaper=The Pioneer}}</ref> In 1892, he tried to get the members to act, warning of a violent agrarian revolution but this only outraged the British establishment and frightened the Congress leaders. Disappointed by the continued lack of Indian leaders willing to work for the cause of national emancipation, Hume left India in 1894.<ref name=DNB />

Many [[Anglo-Indians]] were against the idea of the Indian National Congress. The press in India tended to look upon it negatively, so much so that Hume is said to have held a very low opinion of journalists even later in life.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer |date=1 August 1912 |title=Obituary. Allan Octavian Hume, a notable Anglo-Indian|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19120801/123/0008|page=8|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> A satirical work on native rule, ''India in 1983'', published (anonymously but thought to be written by [[Thomas Hart-Davies|T. Hart Davies]]<ref>{{cite book| url= https://archive.org/details/asketchangloind01oategoog/page/n147/mode/1up|author=Oaten, Edward Farley| title= A sketch of Anglo-Indian literature| year=1908| publisher= Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.|place=London| page=131}}</ref>) in 1888 included a character derisively called "A. O. Humebogue".<ref>{{cite book|title=India in 1983|author=Anonymous|year=1888|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/indiain198300calcrich#page/46/mode/2up|page=47|edition=3}}</ref>

The organisers of the 27th session of the Indian National Congress at Bankipur (26–28 December 1912) recorded their "profound sorrow at the death of Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., father and founder of the Congress, to whose lifelong services, rendered at rare self-sacrifice, India feels deep and lasting gratitude, and in whose death the cause of Indian progress and reform sustained irreparable loss."<ref>Wedderburn (1913):176.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=How India wrought for freedom. The story of the Indian National Congress|author=Besant, Annie|year=1915|publisher=Theosophical Publishing House|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/howindiawroguhtf003920mbp#page/n671/mode/2up|page=604}}</ref>

==Contribution to ornithology and natural history==
From early days, Hume had a special interest in science. Science, he wrote:
{{blockquote|...teaches men to take an interest in things outside and beyond… The gratification of the animal instinct and the sordid and selfish cares of worldly advancement; it teaches a love of truth for its own sake and leads to a purely disinterested exercise of intellectual faculties}}
and of natural history he wrote in 1867:<ref name="moulton"/>
{{blockquote|... alike to young and old, the study of Natural History in all its branches offers, next to religion, the most powerful safeguard against those worldly temptations to which all ages are exposed. There is no department of natural science the faithful study of which does not leave us with juster and loftier views of the greatness, goodness, and wisdom of the Creator, that does not leave us less selfish and less worldly, less spiritually choked up with those devil's thorns, the love of dissipation, wealth, power, and place, that does not, in a word, leave us wiser, better and more useful to our fellow-men.}}
[[File:Rothney Castle Shimla.jpg|thumb|Map of the Crags and Rothney Castle, Shimla (1872)]]
During his career in Etawah, he built up a personal collection of bird specimens, however the first collection that he made was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion. After 1857 Hume made several expeditions to collect birds both on health leave and where work took him. He was Collector and Magistrate of Etawah from 1856 to 1867 during which time he studied the birds of that area. Around 1867 he transferred about 2500 specimens from his collection to a museum in Agra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prŷs-Jones |first=Robert P. |date=2022 |title=Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912): his development as an ornithologist until his departure from Etawah district, India, in 1867 |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2022.0799 |journal=Archives of Natural History |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=391–407 |doi=10.3366/anh.2022.0799 |s2cid=253796624 |issn=0260-9541|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His most systematic work however began after he moved to Shimla. He later became Commissioner of Inland Customs which made him responsible for the control of {{convert|2500|mi|km}} of coast from near Peshawar in the northwest to Cuttack on the Bay of Bengal. He travelled on horseback and camel in areas of Rajasthan to negotiate treaties with various local maharajas to control the export of salt, and during these travels he took note of the birdlife.

Hume appears to have planned a comprehensive work on the birds of India around 1870 and a "forthcoming comprehensive work" finds mention in the second edition of ''The Cyclopaedia of India'' (1871) by his cousin [[Edward Balfour]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url =https://archive.org/stream/cyclopdiaindiaa00unkngoog#page/n452/mode/1up|title=The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific. Volume 1|edition=2 |chapter=Birds of South and East of Asia|page=442| publisher=Scottish and Adelphi Press| year=1871}}</ref> His systematic plan to survey and document the birds of the Indian Subcontinent began in earnest after he started accumulating the largest collection of Asiatic birds in his personal museum and library at home in Rothney Castle on Jakko Hill, [[Shimla|Simla]]. Rothney Castle, originally Rothney House was built by Colonel Octavius Edward Rothney (1824–1881) and later owned by P. Mitchell, C.I.E. from whom Hume bought it and converted it into a palatial house with the hope that it might be bought by the Government as a Viceregal residence since the Governor-General then occupied ''Peterhoff'', a building too small for large parties. Hume spent over two hundred thousand pounds on the grounds and buildings. He added enormous reception rooms suitable for large dinner parties and balls, as well as a magnificent conservatory and spacious hall with walls displaying his superb collection of Indian horns. He used a large room for his bird museum. He hired a European gardener, and made the grounds and conservatory a perpetual horticultural exhibition, to which he courteously admitted all visitors. Rothney Castle could only be reached by a steep road, and was never purchased by the British Government.<ref name="moulton" /><ref name="buck">{{cite book|author= Buck, Edward J.| title= Simla. Past and Present. |year=1904| publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.|place=Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/stream/simlapastpresent00buckrich#page/116/mode/2up|pages=116–117}}</ref>

Hume made several expeditions almost solely to study ornithology, the largest being an expedition to the Indus area begun in late November 1871 and continued until the end of February 1872. He was assisted here by Sir [[William Merewether|W. Merewether]] and [[Francis Day]]. In March 1873, he visited the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal along with geologists Dr. [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]] and [[Valentine Ball]] of the Geological Survey of India and [[James Wood-Mason]] of the Indian Museum in Calcutta. They were also accompanied by Surgeon-Major Joseph Dougall,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anon|date=1879-05-10|title=Obituary. Joseph Dougall|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/1/958/721.4|journal=Br. Med. J.|language=en|volume=1|issue=958|pages=721–722|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.958.721-c|s2cid=220203035|issn=0007-1447|url-access=subscription}}</ref> medical superintendent at Port Blair, six native trappers-skinners,<ref>{{cite book|author=Ball, Valentine|url=https://archive.org/details/junglelifeinindi00balluoft/page/356/mode/1up|title=Jungle Life in India|publisher=De la Rue|year=1880|place=London|page=357}}</ref> and supported by others like Jeremiah Nelson Homfray, superintendent of the Andaman orphanage. In 1875, he made an expedition to the [[Lakshadweep|Laccadive Islands]] aboard the marine survey vessel IGS ''Clyde'' under the command of Staff-Commander Ellis and accompanied by surgeon-naturalist James Armstrong of the Marine Survey. The official purpose of the visit was ostensibly to examine proposed sites for lighthouses. During this expedition Hume collected many bird specimens, apart from conducting a bathymetric survey to determine whether the island chain was separated from continental India by a deep canyon.<ref>{{cite journal|volume=4|year=1876|url= https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou41876hume#page/412/mode/2up |pages=413–483 |title=The Laccadives and the west coast|author=Hume, A.O.|journal=Stray Feathers}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/generalreporton04survgoog#page/n25/mode/1up/|pages=7, 16–17|chapter=Southern India and Laccadive Islands (I.G.S. Clyde, 300 tons, 60 H.P.)|title=General Report of the operations of the Marine Survey of India, from the commencement in 1874, to the end of the official year 1875–76|author=Taylor, A. Dundas|year=1876|publisher=Government of India|place=Calcutta}}</ref> And in 1881 he made his last ornithological expedition to Manipur, a visit in which he collected and described the [[Manipur bush quail]] (''Perdicula manipurensis''), a bird that has remained obscure with few reliable reports since. Hume spent an extra day with his assistants cutting down a large tract of grass so that he could obtain specimens of this species.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hume, A.O.|year=1881|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=5&6|title=Novelties. ''Perdicula manipurensis'', Sp. Nov.|pages=467–471|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou91880hume#page/466/mode/2up}}</ref> This expedition was made on special leave following his demotion from the Central Government to a junior position on the Board of Revenue of the North Western Provinces.<ref name="moulton"/> Apart from personal travel, he also sent out a trained bird-skinner to accompany officers travelling in areas of ornithological interest such as Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite journal|title= On the birds of southern Afghanistan and Kelat|author=St. John, O.B. |journal=Ibis|series=6|issue=2|year=1889|url=https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_122819_onthebirdsofsouthernafghanista1859/onthebirdsofsouthernafghanista1859#page/n1/mode/2up/|pages=145–180|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1889.tb06382.x|volume=31}}</ref> Around 1878 he was spending about £1500 a year on his ornithological surveys.<ref name=jsas/>
[[File:Laccadives Hume 1875.jpg|thumb|Hume's map of Lakshadweep with seabed depth contours]]
Hume was a member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal from January 1870 to 1891<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|title=Catalogue of Mammals and Birds of Burma|year=1875|page=ix|url=https://archive.org/stream/JournalAsiaticS442EAsia#page/ix/mode/1up/|author=Grote, A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=[Minutes of the Monthly General Meeting held on 7 January 1891]|journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1891|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofasi1891asia#page/n10/mode/1up/|page=1}}</ref> and admitted Fellow of the Linnean Society on 3 November 1904.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingslinn00londgoog#page/n252/mode/2up|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London|title=One hundred and seventeenth session, 1904–1905. November 3rd, 1904|page=1|author=Anonymous|year=1905}}</ref> After returning to England in 1890 he also became president of the Dulwich Liberal and Radical Association.<ref name=jbot />

===Collection===
[[File:Rothney Castle2.jpg|thumb|Rothney Castle, conservatory and facade in Shimla (2016).]]
Hume used his vast bird collection to good use as editor of his journal ''Stray Feathers''. He also intended to produce a comprehensive publication on the birds of India. Hume employed [[William Ruxton Davison]], who was brought to notice by [[George King (botanist)|Dr. George King]], as a curator for his personal bird collection. Hume trained Davison and sent him out annually on collection trips to various parts of India as he himself was held up with official responsibilities.<ref name="moulton"/> In 1883 Hume returned from a trip to find that many pages of the manuscripts that he had maintained over the years had been stolen and sold off as waste paper by a servant. Hume was completely devastated and he began to lose interest in ornithology due to this theft and a landslip, caused by heavy rains in Simla, which had damaged his museum and many of the specimens. He wrote to the [[British Museum]] wishing to donate his collection on certain conditions. One of the conditions was that the collection was to be examined by Dr. [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|R. Bowdler Sharpe]] and personally packed by him, apart from raising Dr. Sharpe's rank and salary due to the additional burden on his work caused by his collection. The British Museum was unable to heed his many conditions. It was only in 1885, after the destruction of nearly 20,000 specimens, that alarm bells were raised by Dr. Sharpe and the museum authorities let him visit India to supervise the transfer of the specimens to the British Museum.<ref name="moulton"/><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=L., R.|author-link=Richard Lydekker|year=1912|title= The Late Mr. A. O. Hume, C.B. | journal= Nature| volume= 89| issue=2232| page= 584| doi=10.1038/089584b0 |bibcode=1912Natur..89..584L |s2cid=3973906 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Sharpe visited Hume's private ornithological museum at home and oversaw the packing of specimens for England.:<ref name="moulton"/><ref name=rothney/> He noted later that:<ref name="moulton"/><ref name=rothney />
{{blockquote|Mr. Hume was a naturalist of no ordinary calibre, and this great collection will remain a monument of his genius and energy of its founder long after he who formed it has passed away...Such a private collection as Mr. Hume's is not likely to be formed again; for it is doubtful if such a combination of genius for organisation with energy for the completion of so great a scheme, and the scientific knowledge requisite for its proper development will again be combined in a single individual.}}

The Hume collection of birds was packed into 47 cases made of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar wood]] constructed on site without nails that could potentially damage specimens and each case weighing about half a ton was transported down the hill to a bullock cart to Kalka and finally the port in Bombay. The material that went to the British Museum in 1885 consisted of 82,000 specimens of which 75,577 (258 being type specimens) were finally placed in the museum. A breakup of that collection is as follows (old names retained).<ref name="moulton"/> Hume had destroyed 20,000 specimens prior to this as they had been damaged by [[Dermestidae|dermestid]] beetles.<ref name=rothney>{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8615524|journal=Ibis|title=The Hume Collection of Indian Birds|author=Anon.|pages=456–462|year=1885|volume=3|issue=4|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1885.tb06259.x}}</ref> In addition his donations included 223 game trophies and 371 mammal skins.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:AOHume2.jpg|thumb]]
* 2830 birds of prey (Accipitriformes)... 8 types
* 1155 owls (Strigiformes)...9 types
* 2819 crows, jays, orioles etc....5 types
* 4493 cuckoo-shrikes and flycatchers... 21 types
* 4670 thrushes and warblers...28 types
* 3100 bulbuls and wrens, dippers, etc....16 types
* 7304 timaliine birds...30 types
* 2119 tits and shrikes...9 types
* 1789 sun-birds (Nectarinidae) and white-eyes (Zosteropidae)...8 types
* 3724 swallows (Hirundiniidae), wagtails and pipits (Motacillidae)...8 types
* 2375 finches (Fringillidae)...8 types
* 3766 starlings (Sturnidae), weaver-birds (Ploceidae), and larks (Alaudidae)...22 types
* 807 ant-thrushes (Pittidae), broadbills (Eurylaimidae)...4 types
* 1110 hoopoes (Upupae), swifts (Cypseli), nightjars (Caprimulgidae) and frogmouths (Podargidae)...8 types
* 2277 Picidae, hornbills (Bucerotes), bee-eaters (Meropes), kingfishers (Halcyones), rollers(Coracidae), trogons (trogones)...11 types
* 2339 woodpeckers (Pici)...3 types
* 2417 honey-guides (Indicatores), barbets (Capiformes), and cuckoos (Coccyges)...8 types
* 813 parrots (Psittaciformes)...3 types
* 1615 pigeons (Columbiformes)...5 types
* 2120 sand-grouse (Pterocletes), game-birds and megapodes(Galliformes)...8 types
* 882 rails (Ralliformes), cranes (Gruiformes), bustards (Otides)...6 types
* 1089 ibises (Ibididae), herons (Ardeidae), pelicans and cormorants (Steganopodes), grebes (Podicipediformes)...7 types
* 761 geese and ducks (Anseriformes)...2 types
* 15,965 eggs
[[File:MusHumiiKeulemans.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Manipur bush rat|Hadromys humei]]'']]
The Hume Collection contained 258 [[Biological type|type specimens]]. In addition there were nearly 400 mammal specimens including new species such as ''[[Manipur bush rat|Hadromys humei]]''.<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |author=Thomas, Oldfied |year=1885 |title=On the mammals presented by Allan O. Hume, Esq., C.B., to the Natural History Museum |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen86zool#page/53/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London |publisher=Zoological Society of London |pages=54–79}}</ref>

The egg collection was made up of carefully authenticated contributions from knowledgeable contacts and on the authenticity and importance of the collection, [[Eugene W. Oates|E. W. Oates]] noted in the 1901 ''Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum'' (Volume 1) that the collection was made up of specimens of known provenance and not accumulated through indiscriminate purchases as tended to be the case with many other collectors.

Hume and his collector Davison took an interest in plants as well. Specimens were collected even on the first expedition to the Lakshadweep in 1875 were studied by George King and later by [[David Prain]]. Hume's herbarium specimens were donated to the collection of the Botanical Survey of India at Calcutta.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1890 |title=A List of Laccadive plants |journal=Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/b24758383_0005#page/46/mode/2up |author=Prain, David |pages=47–69}}</ref>

===Taxa described===
[[File:Ovis blanfordi Hume.jpg|thumb|''[[Ovis vignei|Ovis blanfordi]]'' Hume, 1877]]
Hume described many species, some of which are now considered as subspecies. A single genus name that he erected survives in use while others such as ''[[Heteroglaux]]'' Hume, 1873 have sunk into synonymy since.<ref name="moulton"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ripley, S. Dillon|year=1961|title=A Synopsis of the Birds of India and Pakistan|publisher= Bombay Natural History Society|location=Bombay, UK}}</ref><ref name=birdingasia2012>{{cite journal|journal=BirdingASIA |volume=17 |year=2012|pages=17–43|title=Pioneers of Asian ornithology. Allan Octavian Hume.|author=Collar, N. J.|author2=Prys-Jones, R. P. |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Collar-Prys-Jones-2012-Allan-Octavian-Hume.pdf}}</ref> In addition to birds, he described a species of goat as ''Ovis blanfordi'' in 1877 based on a variation in the horns. It is now considered a variant of the urial (''[[Ovis vignei]]'').<ref>{{cite journal|title= On a supposed new Sheep from the Central Hills of Kelat| author=Hume, A.O.|journal = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal| volume=46| year=1877| pages=327–328|url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35548415 }}</ref> In his concept of species, Hume was an essentialist and held the idea that small but constant differences defined species. He appreciated the ideas of speciation and how it contradicted divine creation but preferred to maintain a position that did not reject a Creator.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis112brit#page/128/mode/1up/| title=The history of species concepts and species limits in ornithology| author=Haffer, J.| journal=Bull. B.O.C. Centenary Supplement| year=1992| volume=112A|pages=107–158}}</ref><ref name=species>{{cite journal|author=Hume, A. O. |year=1875| title= What is a species?| journal= Stray Feathers |volume=3|pages= 257–262|url= https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou31875hume#page/257/mode/1up}}</ref>
; Genera
* ''[[Ocyceros]]'' Hume, 1873
;Species
{{refbegin|2}}
* ''[[Anas albogularis]]'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Perdicula manipurensis]]'' Hume, 1881
* ''[[Arborophila mandellii]]'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Syrmaticus humiae]]'' (Hume, 1881)
* ''[[Puffinus persicus]]'' Hume, 1872
* ''[[Ardea insignis]]'' Hume, 1878
* ''[[Pseudibis davisoni]]'' (Hume, 1875)
* ''[[Gyps himalayensis]]'' Hume, 1869
* ''[[Spilornis minimus]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Himalayan buzzard|Buteo burmanicus]]'' Hume, 1875
* ''[[Sternula saundersi]]'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Columba palumboides]]'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Phodilus assimilis]]'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Otus balli]]'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Otus brucei]]'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Strix butleri]]'' (Hume, 1878)
* ''[[Heteroglaux blewitti]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Ninox obscura]]'' Hume, 1872
* ''[[Tyto deroepstorffi]]'' (Hume, 1875)
* ''[[Caprimulgus andamanicus]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Aerodramus maximus]]'' (Hume, 1878)
* ''[[Psittacula finschii]]'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Hydrornis oatesi]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Hydrornis gurneyi]]'' (Hume, 1875)
* ''[[Rhyticeros narcondami]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Megalaima incognita]]'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Podoces hendersoni]]'' Hume, 1871
* ''[[Podoces biddulphi]]'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Pseudopodoces humilis]]'' (Hume, 1871)
* ''[[Mirafra microptera]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Alcippe dubia]]'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Stachyridopsis rufifrons]]'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Cyornis olivaceus]]'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Oenanthe albonigra]]'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Dicaeum virescens]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Pyrgilauda blanfordi]]'' (Hume, 1876)
* ''[[Ploceus megarhynchus]]'' Hume, 1869
* ''[[Spinus thibetanus]]'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Carpodacus stoliczkae]]'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Gampsorhynchus torquatus]]'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Sylvia minula]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Sylvia althaea]]'' Hume, 1878
* ''[[Phylloscopus neglectus]]'' Hume, 1870
* ''[[Horornis brunnescens]]'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Yuhina humilis]]'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Pteruthius intermedius]]'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Certhia manipurensis]]'' Hume, 1881
* ''[[Calandrella acutirostris]]'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Pycnonotus fuscoflavescens]]'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Pycnonotus erythropthalmos]]'' (Hume, 1878)
{{refend}}
; Subspecies
[[File:WDavison.jpg|thumb|William Ruxton Davison, Curator of Hume's personal bird collection]]
The use of trinomials had not yet gone into regular usage during Hume's time. He used the term "local race".<ref name="species" /> The following subspecies are current placements of taxa that were named as new species by Hume.
{{refbegin|2}}
* ''[[Alectoris chukar]] pallida'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Alectoris chukar]] pallescens'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Francolinus francolinus]] melanonotus'' Hume, 1888
* ''[[Perdicula erythrorhyncha]] blewitti'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Arborophila rufogularis]] tickelli'' (Hume, 1880)
* ''[[Phaethon aethereus]] indicus'' Hume, 1876
* ''[[Gyps fulvus]] fulvescens'' Hume, 1869
* ''[[Spilornis cheela]] davisoni'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Accipiter badius]] poliopsis'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Accipiter nisus]] melaschistos'' Hume, 1869
* ''[[Rallina eurizonoides]] telmatophila'' Hume, 1878
* ''[[Gallirallus striatus]] obscurior'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Sterna dougallii]] korustes'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Columba livia]] neglecta'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Macropygia ruficeps]] assimilis'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Centropus sinensis]] intermedius'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Otus spilocephalus]] huttoni'' (Hume, 1870)
* ''[[Otus lettia]] plumipes'' (Hume, 1870)
* ''[[Otus sunia]] nicobaricus'' (Hume, 1876)
* ''[[Bubo bubo]] hemachalanus'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Strix leptogrammica]] ochrogenys'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Strix leptogrammica]] maingayi'' (Hume, 1878)
* ''[[Athene brama]] pulchra'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Ninox scutulata]] burmanica'' Hume, 1876
* ''[[Lyncornis macrotis]] bourdilloni'' Hume, 1875
* ''[[Caprimulgus europaeus]] unwini'' Hume, 1871
* ''[[Aerodramus brevirostris]] innominatus'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Aerodramus fuciphagus]] inexpectatus'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Hirundapus giganteus]] indicus'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Lacedo pulchella]] amabilis'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Pelargopsis capensis]] intermedia'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Halcyon smyrnensis]] saturatior'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Megalaima asiatica]] davisoni'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Dendrocopos cathpharius]] pyrrhothorax'' (Hume, 1881)
* ''[[Picus erythropygius]] nigrigenis'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Falco cherrug]] hendersoni'' Hume, 1871
* ''[[Pericrocotus brevirostris]] neglectus'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Pericrocotus speciosus]] flammifer'' Hume, 1875
* ''[[Dicrurus andamanensis]] dicruriformis'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Rhipidura aureola]] burmanica'' (Hume, 1880)
* ''[[Garrulus glandarius]] leucotis'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Dendrocitta formosae]] assimilis'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Corvus splendens]] insolens'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Common raven|Corvus corax]] laurencei'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Coracina melaschistos]] intermedia'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Coracina fimbriata]] neglecta'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Remiz coronatus]] stoliczkae'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Alauda arvensis]] dulcivox'' Hume, 1872
* ''[[Alaudala raytal]] adamsi'' (Hume, 1871)
* ''[[Galerida cristata]] magna'' Hume, 1871
* ''[[Pycnonotus squamatus]] webberi'' (Hume, 1879)
* ''[[Pycnonotus finlaysoni]] davisoni'' (Hume, 1875)
* ''[[Alophoixus pallidus]] griseiceps'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Hemixos flavala]] hildebrandi'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Hemixos flavala]] davisoni'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Ptyonoprogne obsoleta]] pallida'' Hume, 1872
* ''[[Aegithalos concinnus]] manipurensis'' (Hume, 1888)
* ''[[Leptopoecile sophiae]] stoliczkae'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Prinia crinigera]] striatula'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Prinia inornata]] terricolor'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Prinia sylvatica]] insignis'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Orthotomus atrogularis]] nitidus'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Rhopocichla atriceps]] bourdilloni'' (Hume, 1876)
* ''[[Pomatorhinus hypoleucos]] tickelli'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Pomatorhinus horsfieldii]] obscurus'' Hume, 1872
* ''[[Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps]] austeni'' Hume, 1881
* ''[[Stachyridopsis rufifrons]] poliogaster'' (Hume, 1880)
* ''[[Alcippe poioicephala]] brucei'' Hume, 1870
* ''[[Pellorneum albiventre]] ignotum'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Pellorneum ruficeps]] minus'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Turdoides caudata]] eclipes'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Garrulax caerulatus]] subcaerulatus'' Hume, 1878
* ''[[Trochalopteron chrysopterum]] erythrolaemum'' Hume, 1881
* ''[[Trochalopteron variegatum]] simile'' Hume, 1871
* ''[[Minla cyanouroptera]] sordida'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Minla strigula]] castanicauda'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Heterophasia annectans]] davisoni'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Chrysomma altirostre]] griseigulare'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Rhopophilus pekinensis]] albosuperciliaris'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Zosterops palpebrosus]] auriventer'' Hume, 1878
* ''[[Yuhina castaniceps]] rufigenis'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Aplonis panayensis]] tytleri'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Sturnus vulgaris]] nobilior'' Hume, 1879
* ''[[Sturnus vulgaris]] minor'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Copsychus saularis]] andamanensis'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Anthipes solitaris]] submoniliger'' Hume, 1877
* ''[[Cyornis concretus]] cyaneus'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Ficedula tricolor]] minuta'' (Hume, 1872)
* ''[[Myophonus caeruleus]] eugenei'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Geokichla sibirica]] davisoni'' (Hume, 1877)
* ''[[Dicaeum agile]] modestum'' (Hume, 1875)
* ''[[Cinnyris asiaticus]] intermedius'' (Hume, 1870)
* ''[[Cinnyris jugularis]] andamanicus'' (Hume, 1873)
* ''[[Aethopyga siparaja]] cara'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Aethopyga siparaja]] nicobarica'' Hume, 1873
* ''[[Passer ammodendri]] stoliczkae'' Hume, 1874
* ''[[Lonchura striata]] semistriata'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Lonchura kelaarti]] jerdoni'' (Hume, 1874)
* ''[[Linaria flavirostris]] montanella'' (Hume, 1873)
{{refend}}An additional species, the large-billed reed-warbler ''[[Acrocephalus orinus]]'' was known from just one specimen collected by him in 1869 but the name that he used, ''magnirostris'', was found to be preoccupied and replaced by the name ''orinus'' provided by Harry Oberholser in 1905.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hume |first1=A. O. |year=1869 |journal=Ibis |volume=2 |issue=5|pages= 355–357 |title=Letters, Announcements, &c. |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06888.x}}</ref> The status of the species was contested until DNA comparisons with similar species in 2002 suggested that it was a valid species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bensch |first1=S. |first2=D. |last2=Pearson |title=The Large-billed Reed Warbler ''Acrocephalus orinus'' revisited |journal=Ibis |year=2002 |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |url=http://ask.lub.lu.se/archive/00020515/01/Bensch_etal_Ibis_2002.pdf |doi=10.1046/j.1474-919x.2002.00036.x |s2cid=85843643 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127075912/http://ask.lub.lu.se/archive/00020515/01/Bensch_etal_Ibis_2002.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2007 }}</ref> It was only in 2006 that the species was seen in the wild in Thailand, with a match to the specimens confirmed using DNA sequencing. Later searches in museums led to several other specimens that had been overlooked and based on the specimen localities, a breeding region was located in Tajikistan and documented in 2011.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Koblik, E. A. |author2=Red'kin, Y. A. |author3=Meer, M. S. |author4=Derelle, R. |author5=Golenkina, S. A. |author6=Kondrashov, F. A. |author7=Arkhipov, V. Y. |year=2011| title= ''Acrocephalus orinus'': A Case of Mistaken Identity| journal= PLOS ONE |volume=6| issue=4|article-number=e17716|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017716 | pmid=21526114 | pmc=3081296|bibcode=2011PLoSO...617716K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kvartalnov, P. V. |author2=Samotskaya, V. V. |author3=Abdulnazarov, A. G. |year=2011 |title=From museum collections to live birds |journal=Priroda |issue=12 |pages=56–58 }}</ref>

===''My Scrap Book: Or Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology'' (1869)===
[[File:Hume_specimen_plea.jpg|thumb|Hume's 1869 desiderata or list of bird species for which he sought specimens – supplied on request.]]
[[File:HumeScrapbook.jpg|thumb|Dedication of "My Scrap Book" to Blyth and Jerdon.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, A. O. |year=1896|url=https://archive.org/details/myscrapbookorrou00hume |title=My scrap book: or rough notes on Indian zoology and ornithology|publisher=Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta}}</ref>]]
This was Hume's first major work on birds. It had 422 pages and accounts of 81 species. It was dedicated to [[Edward Blyth]] and Dr. [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] who, he wrote "[had] done more for Indian Ornithology than all other modern observers put together" and he described himself as "their friend and pupil". He hoped that his collation, which he noted as being of a poor quality, would form a "nucleus round which future observation may crystallise" and that others around the country could help him "fill in many of the woeful blanks remaining in record". He offered to supply anyone interested with a list of species for which more information was needed and noted that Ceylon and Burma were major geographical gaps as he had no correspondents from there.

Hume was a careful reader of the ornithological literature and routinely communicated on them. In 1875 he noted that [[Friedrich Wilhelm Meves]] had confirmed through chemical analysis that the brown coloration of lammergeiers was due to an external deposition of iron-oxide. Hume wrote in the Scrap Book and commented on Meves' theory that the source may have been blood rather than through bathing in iron-rich water. Hume had repeated the chemical analysis and confirmed the presence of iron.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hume, A.O. |url=https://archive.org/details/myscrapbookorrou00hume/page/45/mode/1up |title=My Scrap Book |publisher=Baptist Mission press |year=1896 |place=Calcutta |pages=45–46}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Meves |first=Friedrich Wilhelm |year=1875 |title=Ueber die rostrothe Farbe des Geieradlers |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Journal-fuer-Ornithologie_23_1875_0434-0439.pdf |journal=Journal für Ornithologie |volume=23 |pages=434–439 |doi=10.1007/BF02023162 }}</ref>

===''Stray Feathers''===
Hume started the quarterly journal ''[[Stray Feathers]]'' in 1872. At that time the only journal for the Indian region that published on ornithology was the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]]'' and Hume published only two letters in 1870, mainly being a list of errors in the list of [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|Godwin-Austen]] which had been reduced to an abstract.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hume, Allan O.|year=1870|title=Observations on some species of Indian birds, lately published in the Society's Journal|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1870asia/page/n314/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |pages=85–86, 265–266}}</ref> Several other papers that he submitted to the ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' had not been published and delays in post were common.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blanford, W.T. |year=1873 |title=Notes on 'Stray Feathers' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16518284 |journal=Ibis |series=3 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=211–225}}</ref> In his preface he also examined if there was merit to start a new journal and in that idea was supported by Stoliczka, who was also an editor for the ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'':
{{blockquote|To return; the notion that ''Stray Feathers'' might possibly interfere in any way with our scientific palladium, the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]]'', is much like that entertained in England, when I was a boy, as to the probable effects of Railways on road and canal traffic.|Hume, 1874<ref>{{cite journal|title=[Editorial]|author=Hume, A. O.|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/n13/mode/1up |page=2|volume=2|year=1874|journal=Stray Feathers}}</ref>}}
[[File:StrayFeathers.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cover of ''Stray Feathers'']]
The President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [[Thomas Oldham]], in the annual address for 1873 wrote – "We could have wished that the author had completed the several works which he had already commenced, rather than started a new publication. But we heartily welcome at the same time the issue of '''Stray Feathers''.' It promises to be a useful catalogue of the Editor's very noble collection of Indian Birds, and a means of rapid publication of novelties or corrections, always of much value with ornithologists."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Oldham, T.|year=1873|title=President's Address|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1873asia/page/n88/mode/1up|journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|pages=55–56}}</ref> Hume used the journal to publish descriptions of his new discoveries. He wrote extensively on his own observation as well as critical reviews of all the ornithological works of the time and earned himself the nickname of ''Pope of Indian ornithology''. He critiqued a monograph on parrots, ''Die Papageien'' by [[Otto Finsch|Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch]] suggesting that name changes (by "cabinet naturalists") were aimed at claiming authority to species without the trouble of actually discovering them. He wrote:
{{blockquote|Let us treat our author as he treats other people's species. "Finsch!" contrary to all rules of orthography! What is that "s" doing there? "Finch!" Dr. ''Fringilla'', MIHI! Classich gebildetes wort!!|Hume, 1874<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hume, A. O. |year=1874| title=Die Papageien|journal=Stray Feathers |volume=2|pages=1–28|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/n18/mode/1up}}</ref>}}
Hume in turn was attacked, for instance by Viscount Walden, but Finsch became a friend and Hume named a species, ''[[Psittacula finschii]]'', after him.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hume, A. O. |year=1874|title= Viscount Walden, president of the Zoological Society, on the editor of "Stray Feathers"|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=2|pages=533–535|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/533/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce, Murray |year=2003|chapter=Foreword: A brief history of classifying birds|title=The Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8|publisher=Lynx Edicions|pages=1–43 |chapter-url=http://www.lynxeds.com/hbw/foreword/hbw-8-foreword-history-bird-classification-murray-bruce}}</ref>
[[File:Rainfall map Hume 1878.jpg|thumb|Hume was among the first to recognise an association between the avifaunal composition and rainfall distribution. This rainfall map was published in volume 8 of ''Stray Feathers'' (1878).]]
In his younger days Hume had studied some geology from the likes of [[Gideon Mantell]]<ref>Wedderburn (1913):116.</ref> and appreciated the synthesis of ideas from other fields into ornithology. Hume included in 1872, a detailed article on the osteology of birds in relation to their classification written by [[Richard Lydekker]] who was then in the Geological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Elementary sketch of the osteology of birds|author=Lydekker, R.|pages=1–36|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=8|issue=1|year=1879|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou81879hume#page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref> The early meteorological work in India was done within the department headed by Hume and he saw the value of meteorology in the study of bird distributions. In a work comparing the rainfall zones, he notes how the high rainfall zones indicated affinities to the Malayan fauna.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Influence of rainfall on distribution of species|pages=501–502|year=1878|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=7|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou71878hume#page/501/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=On the zoo-geographical areas of the world, illustrating the distribution of birds|pages=100–108| author=Sharpe, Bowdler |year=1893|url= https://archive.org/stream/naturalscience03lond#page/106/mode/2up|journal=Natural Science|volume=3}}</ref>

Hume sometimes mixed personal beliefs in notes that he published in ''Stray Feathers''. For instance he believed that vultures soared by altering the physics ("altered polarity") of their body and repelling the force of gravity. He further noted that this ability was normal in birds and could be acquired by humans by maintaining spiritual purity, claiming that he knew of at least three Indian Yogis and numerous saints in the past with this ability of ''"aethrobacy''".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hume, A. O.|year= 1887|title=On the flight of birds|pages=248–254|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=10|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou101887hume#page/253/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Animal Flight: A Record of Observation|author=Hankin, E. H.|year=1914|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924003626110#page/n25/mode/1up|pages=10–11|publisher=Iliffe and Sons, London}}</ref>

===Network of correspondents===
[[File:HumeCorrespondents.png|thumb|Distribution and density of Hume's correspondents across India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shyamal, L. |year=2007|title=Opinion: Taking Indian ornithology into the Information Age|journal=Indian Birds |volume=3|issue=4|pages=122–137|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228679235}}</ref>]]
Hume corresponded with a large number of ornithologists and sportsmen who helped him by reporting from various parts of India. More than 200 correspondents are listed in his ''Game Birds'' alone and they probably represent only a fraction of the subscribers of ''Stray Feathers''. This large network made it possible for Hume to cover a much larger geographic region in his ornithological work.

During the lifetime of Hume, Blyth was considered the father of Indian ornithology. Hume's achievement which made use of a large network of correspondents was recognised even during his time. [[James A. Murray (zoologist)|James Murray]] noted of Hume that "the palm is his as an authority above the rest" when it came to the birds of India and that all future work would be built upon his work.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, James A.|year=1888| title= The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. Volume 1|publisher= Truebner, London |page=xiv|url= https://archive.org/stream/avifaunaofbritis01murrrich#page/n25/mode/1up/}}</ref>

Many of Hume's correspondents ("coadjutors" as he referred to them) were eminent naturalists and sportsmen who were posted in India.
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* [[Andrew Leith Adams|Leith Adams]], Kashmir
* Lieut. [[Henry Edwin Barnes|H. E. Barnes]], Afghanistan, Chaman, Rajpootana
* Captain [[Robert Cecil Beavan|R. C. Beavan]], Maunbhoom District, Shimla, Mount Tongloo (1862)
* Colonel [[John Biddulph]], Gilgit
* [[George Bidie]], Madras
* Major [[Charles Thomas Bingham|C. T. Bingham]], Thoungyeen Valley, Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Allahabad
* [[William Thomas Blanford|W. Blanford]]
* [[Edward Blyth]]
* Dr. [[Emmanuel Bonavia]], Lucknow
* [[William Edwin Brooks|W. Edwin Brooks]] (father of [[Allan Brooks]], the Canadian bird artist)
* Sir [[Edward Charles Buck]], Gowra, Hatu, near Narkanda (in Himachal Pradesh), Narkanda, (about {{convert|30|mi|km}} north of Shimla)
* Captain Boughey Burgess, Ahmednagar (1822-1897)<ref name="warr">{{cite book|author=Warr, F. E. |year=1996|title= Manuscripts and Drawings in the ornithology and Rothschild libraries of The Natural History Museum at Tring|url=https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsdrawi00warr |publisher= British Ornithologists' Club|isbn=978-0-9522886-1-9 }}</ref>
* Colonel [[Edward Arthur Butler|E. A. Butler]], Belgaum (1880), Karachi, Deesa, Abu
* [[Margaret Bushby Lascelles Cockburn|Miss Cockburn]] (1829–1928), Kotagiri
* Sir [[O'Moore Creagh]], Ajmer
* [[James Davidson (ornithologist)|James Davidson]], Satara and Sholapur districts, Khandeish, Kondabhari Ghat
* Colonel [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|Godwin-Austen]], Shillong, Umian valley, Assam
* [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]], Nepal
* [[Duncan Charles Home]], 'Hero of the Kashmir Gate' (Bulandshahr, Aligarh)
* [[John Duncan Inverarity]], barrister, Bombay
* [[T. C. Jerdon]], Tellicherry
* [[Harold Littledale (professor)|Harold Littledale]], Baroda college
* Colonel [[Charles Henry Tilson Marshall|C. H. T. Marshall]], Bhawulpoor, Murree
* Colonel [[George Frederick Leycester Marshall|G. F. L. Marshall]], Nainital, Bhim tal
* [[J. A. Murray (naturalist)|James A. Murray]], Karachi Museum
* [[Eugene William Oates|Eugene Oates]], Thayetmo, Tounghoo, Pegu
* Captain [[Robert George Wardlaw Ramsay]], Afghanistan, Karenee hills
* [[Frederik Adolph de Roepstorff]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* [[George P. Sanderson|G. P. Sanderson]] (Chittagong)
* Major and later Sir [[Oliver St John (civil servant)|O. B. St. John]], Shiraz, Persia
* [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]], geologist
* [[Robert Swinhoe]], Hong Kong
* [[Charles Swinhoe]], S. Afghanistan
* Colonel [[Samuel Tickell]]
* Colonel [[Robert Christopher Tytler]], Dacca, 1852
* [[Valentine Ball]], Rajmahal hills, Subanrika (Subansiri)
* [[Richard Lydekker]], geologist
* [[George William Vidal|G. W. Vidal]], civil servant in South Konkan, Bombay
* [[Frederick Wilson (Raja)|Frederick "Mountaineer" Wilson]], Gangothri
}}

Hume exchanged skins with other collectors. A collection made principally by Hume that belonged to the [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Earl of Northbrook]] was gifted to Oxford University in 1877.<ref>{{cite news|title=University and City Intelligence|newspaper=Oxford Journal|date=10 February 1877|page=5|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000073/18770210/007/0005|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> One of his correspondents, [[Louis Mandelli]] from Darjeeling, stands out by claiming that he was swindled in these skin exchanges. He claimed that Hume took skins of rarer species in exchange for the skins of common birds but the credibility of the complaint has been doubted. Hume named ''Arborophila mandelli'' after Mandelli in 1874.<ref name=birdingasia2012 /> The only other naturalist to question Hume's veracity was [[Arthur Lennox Butler|A.L. Butler]] who met a Nicobar islander whom Hume had described as diving nearly stark naked and capturing fish with his bare hands. Butler found the man in denial of such fishing techniques.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Butler, AL|year=1899|title=The birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Part 1|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7148088|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=12|issue=2|pages=386–403}}</ref>

Hume corresponded and stayed up to date with the works of ornithologists outside India including [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|R. Bowdler Sharpe]], the [[Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale|Marquis of Tweeddale]], [[Armand David|Père David]], [[Henry Eeles Dresser]], [[Benedykt Dybowski]], [[John Henry Gurney]], [[John Henry Gurney Jr.|J. H. Gurney, Jr.]], [[Johann Friedrich Naumann]], [[Nikolai Severtzov]] and Dr. [[Aleksandr Fyodorovich Middendorf|Aleksandr Middendorff]]. He helped [[George Ernest Shelley]] with specimens from India aiding the publication of a monograph on the sunbirds of the world (1876–1880).<ref>{{cite book|title=A monograph of the Nectariniidae, or family of sun-birds.|author=Shelley, G.E.|year=1880|publisher=Self published|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/monographofnecta00she#page/n15/mode/2up|page=x}}</ref>

===Collector's ''Vade Mecum'' (1874)===
[[File:Hume Ornithologists Vade Mecum.jpg|thumb|''The Indian Ornithological Collector's Vade Mecum: containing brief practical instructions for collecting, preserving, packing and keeping specimens of birds, eggs, nests, feathers, and skeleton'' (1874)]]
Hume's vast collection from across India was possible because he began to correspond with coadjutors across India. He ensured that these contributors made accurate notes, and obtained and processed specimens carefully. The ''Vade Mecum'' was published to save him the trouble of sending notes to potential collaborators who sought advice. Materials for preservation are carefully tailored for India with the provision of the local names for ingredients and methods to prepare glues and preservatives with easy to find equipment. Apart from skinning and preservation, the book also covers matters of observation, keeping records, the use of natives to capture birds, obtain eggs and the care needed in obtaining other information apart from care in labelling.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, A.|year=1874|title=The Indian Ornithological Collector's Vade Mecum: containing brief practical instructions for collecting, preserving, packing and keeping specimens of birds, eggs, nests, feathers, and skeleton.|publisher= Calcutta Central Press, Calcutta and Bernard Quaritch, London|url=https://archive.org/details/OrnithologicalCollectorsVadeMecum1874}}</ref>

===''Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon'' (1879–1881)===
This work was co-authored by [[Charles Henry Tilson Marshall|C. H. T. Marshall]]. The three volume work on the game birds was made using contributions and notes from a network of 200 or more correspondents. Hume delegated the task of getting the plates made to Marshall. The chromolithographs of the birds were drawn by W. Foster, E. Neale, (Miss) M. Herbert, Stanley Wilson and others and the plates were produced by F. Waller in London. Hume had sent specific notes on colours of soft parts and instructions to the artists. He was dissatisfied with many of the plates and included additional notes on the plates in the book. This book was started at the point when the government demoted Hume and only the need to finance the publication of this book prevented him from retiring from service. He had estimated that it would cost £4000 to publish it and he retired from service on 1 January 1882 after the publication.<ref name=DNB/><ref name=jsas/>

[[File:Pterocles senegallus hm.jpg|thumb|Hume's comment on the illustration ''The plate is a cruel caricature of the species, just sufficiently like to permit of identification, but miscolored to a degree only explicable on the hypothesis of somebody's colour-blindness... Fortunately for our supporters, this is the very worst plate in the three volumes.'']]

[[File:Anser albifrons hm.jpg|thumb|'''[[White-fronted goose]]''' One of the illustrations that Hume considered as exceptionally good.]]

===''Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds'' (1883)===
This was another major work by Hume and in it he covered descriptions of the nests, eggs and the breeding seasons of most Indian bird species. It makes use of notes from contributors to his journals as well as other correspondents and works of the time. Hume also makes insightful notes such as observations on caged females separated from males that would continue to lay fertile eggs through the possibility of [[Female sperm storage|sperm storage]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, A.O.|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia01humerich#page/198/mode/2up|year=1889|title=The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1|edition=2|publisher=R.H.Porter|place=London|page=199}}</ref> and the reduction in parental care by birds that laid eggs in warm locations (mynas in the Andamans, river terns on sand banks).<ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, A.O.|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia01humerich#page/378/mode/2up|year=1889|title=The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1|edition=2|publisher=R.H.Porter|place=London|page=378}}</ref>

A second edition of this book was made in 1889 which was edited by [[Eugene William Oates]]. This was published when he had himself given up all interest in ornithology, an event precipitated by the loss of his manuscripts through the actions of a servant.

He wrote in the preface:

{{blockquote|I have long regretted my inability to issue a revised edition of 'Nests and Eggs'. For many years after the first Rough Draft appeared, I went on laboriously accumulating materials for a re-issue, but subsequently circumstances prevented my undertaking the work. Now, fortunately, my friend Mr. Eugene Oates has taken the matter up...

One thing seems necessary to explain. The present Edition does not include quite all the materials I had accumulated for this work. Many years ago, during my absence from Simla, a servant broke into my museum and stole thence several [[Hundredweight|cwts.]] of manuscript, which he sold as waste paper. This manuscript included more or less complete life-histories of some 700 species of birds, and also a certain number of detailed accounts of nidification. All small notes on slips of paper were left, but almost every article written on full-sized foolscap sheets was abstracted. It was not for many months that the theft was discovered, and then very little of the MSS. could be recovered.|Rothney Castle, Simla, October 19th, 1889}}

This nearly marked the end of Hume's interest in ornithology. Hume's last piece of ornithological writing was part of an [https://archive.org/details/scientificresult00blan ''Introduction to the Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission''] in 1891, an official publication on the contributions of Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, who died during the return journey on this mission. Stoliczka in a dying request had asked that Hume edit the volume on ornithology.<ref name=moulton />

===Taxa named after Hume===
A number of birds are named after Hume, including:
*[[Hume's ground tit]], ''Pseudopodoces humilis''
*[[Hume's wheatear]], ''Oenanthe albonigra''
*[[Hume's boobook]], ''Ninox obscura''
*[[Hume's short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella acutirostris''
*[[Hume's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus humei''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou71878hume#page/130/mode/1up |author=Brooks, W. E. |author-link=William Edwin Brooks|year=1878| title= On an overlooked species of (Reguloides)| journal= Stray Feathers| volume=7|issue=1–2|pages=128–136}}</ref>
*[[Hume's whitethroat]], ''Sylvia althaea''
*[[Hume's treecreeper]], ''Certhia manipurensis''

Specimens of other animal groups collected by Hume on his expeditions and named after him include the [[Manipur bush rat]], ''Hadromys humei'' ([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1886)<ref name=thomas /> while some others like ''Hylaeocarcinus humei'', a land crab from the Narcondam Island collected by Hume was described by James Wood-Mason,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History|volume=14|issue=81| year=1874| pages=187–191 | title=On a new Genus and Species (''Hylæocarcinus Humei'') of land-crabs from the Nicobar Islands| author=Wood-Mason, James| url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof4141874lond#page/186/mode/2up| doi=10.1080/00222937408680954}}</ref> and [[Argali|Hume's argali]], ''Ovis ammon humei'' Lydekker 1913<ref>Lydekker (1913):6–7</ref> (now treated as ''Ovis ammon karelini'', Severtzov, 1873)<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Mammalian Species|year=2005|volume=773|pages=1–15|title=Ovis ammon|author1=Fedosenko, AK|author2=DA Blank|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/773_Ovis_ammon.pdf|doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)773[0001:oa]2.0.co;2|s2cid=198969231|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115114/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/773_Ovis_ammon.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> are no longer considered valid.

==Theosophy==
[[File:Vegetarian Society.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A vice-president of the Vegetarian Society]]
Hume's interest in theosophy took root around 1879. An 1880 newspaper reports the initiation of his daughter and wife into the movement.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Morning Post|date=8 April 1880|page=3|title= India [From the Bombay Gazette of March 20]| url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18800408/013/0003| via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Hume did not have great regard for institutional Christianity, but believed in the immortality of the soul and in the idea of a supreme ultimate.<ref name=DNB/> Hume wanted to become a ''chela'' (student) of the Tibetan spiritual gurus. During the few years of his connection with the [[Theosophical Society]] Hume wrote three articles on ''Fragments of Occult Truth'' under the pseudonym "H. X." published in ''The Theosophist''. These were written in response to questions from Mr. W.H. Terry, an Australian Theosophist.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fragments of Occult Truth. No. 1.|journal=The Theosophist| year=1881| pages=17–22|url=https://www.blavatskyarchives.com/humefrags1.htm| author=H.X.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Fragments of Occult Truth. No. 2.|journal=The Theosophist| year=1882| pages=157–160|url=https://www.blavatskyarchives.com/humefrags2.htm| author=H.X.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Fragments of Occult Truth. No. 3.|journal=The Theosophist| year=1882| pages=307–314|url=https://www.blavatskyarchives.com/humefrags3.htm| author=H.X.}}</ref>

He also privately printed several Theosophical pamphlets titled ''Hints on Esoteric Theosophy''. The later numbers of the Fragments, in answer to the same enquirer, were written by [[A.P. Sinnett]] and signed by him, as authorised by Mahatma K. H., ''A Lay-Chela.''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mahatma Letters|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|location=London, UK|year=1923|url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmalettersto00sinnuoft|editor=Barker, A.T.}}</ref> Hume also wrote under the pseudonym "Aletheia".<ref>{{cite book|page=140 |title=Religious Conversion Movements in South Asia: Continuities and Change, 1800–1990| author=Oddie, Geoffrey| publisher=Routledge| year=2013}}</ref>

Madame Blavatsky was a regular visitor at Hume's Rothney castle at [[Shimla|Simla]] and an account of her visit may be found in ''Simla, Past and Present'' by Edward John Buck (whose father Sir [[Edward Charles Buck]] succeeded Hume as secretary to the Revenue and Agricultural Department).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/simlapastpresent00buckrich#page/116/mode/1up/| author=Buck, E. J.|title=Simla, past and present|pages=116–118|year=1904|publisher=Thacker and Spink|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

A long story about Hume and his wife appears in A.P. Sinnett's book ''[[The Occult World]]'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/theoccultworld00sinn#page/n73/mode/2up|pages=54–61|title=The occult world|author=Sinnett, A.P.|year=1883|publisher=Trubner & co.|location=London, UK}}</ref> and the synopsis was published in a local paper of India. The story relates how at a dinner party, Madame Blavatsky asked Mrs Hume if there was anything she wanted. She replied that there was a brooch, her mother had given her, that had gone out of her possession some time ago. Blavatsky said she would try to recover it through occult means. After some interlude, later that evening, the brooch was found in a garden, where the party was directed by Blavatsky. According to John Murdoch (1894), the brooch had been given by Mrs. Hume to her daughter who had given it to a man she admired. Blavatsky had happened to meet the man in Bombay and obtained the brooch in return for money. Blavatsky allegedly planted it in the garden before directing people to the location through what she claimed as occult techniques.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/theosophiccraze00murdgoog#page/n26/mode/2up|page=17|title=The theosophic craze: its history; the great Mahatma hoax; how Mrs. Besant was befooled and deposed; its attempted revival of exploded superstitions of the middle ages|edition=1st|year=1894|publisher=The Christian Literature Society|location=Madras, India|author=Murdoch, John}}</ref>

After the incident, Hume too had privately expressed grave doubts on the powers attributed to Madame Blavatsky. He subsequently held a meeting with some of the Indian members of the Theosophical Society and suggested that they join hands with him to force the resignation of Blavatsky and sixteen other members for their role as accomplices in fraud. Those present could however not agree to the idea of seeking the resignation of their founder.<ref name=mahatma>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mahatmalettersto00sinnuoft#page/468/mode/2up|author=Blavatsky, H.P.|chapter=Letter No CXXXVIII|title=The Mahatma Letters|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|place=London|year=1923|editor=Barker, A. T.|pages=304, 469}}</ref> Hume also tried to write a book on the philosophical basis of Theosophy. His drafts were strongly disapproved by many of the key Theosophists. One ("K.H"=[[Koot Hoomi|Koot Humi]]) wrote:
{{blockquote|I dread the appearance in print of our philosophy as expounded by Mr. H. I read his three essays or chapters on God (?)cosmogony and glimpses of the origin of things in general, and had to cross out nearly all. He makes of us ''Agnostics''!! ''We'' do not believe in God because so far, ''we have no proof'', etc. This is preposterously ridiculous: if he publishes what I read, I will have H.P.B. or Djual Khool deny the whole thing; as I cannot permit our sacred philosophy to be so disfigured....|"K.H." (p.304)<ref name=mahatma />}}
Hume soon fell out of favour with the Theosophists and lost all interest in the theosophical movement in 1883.<ref name=jsas>{{cite journal|author=Moulton, Edward C.|year=1985| title=Allan O. Hume and the Indian National Congress, a reassessment|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=8| issue= 1|pages= 5–23|doi= 10.1080/00856408508723063}}</ref>

Hume's interest in theosophy brought him into contact with many independent Indian thinkers<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bevir, Mark |s2cid=54542458|year=2003| title= Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress|journal= [[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=99–115|doi=10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g}}</ref> like [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] who also had nationalist ideas and this led to the idea of creating the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hanes, W. Travis III |year=1993|title= On the Origins of the Indian National Congress: A Case Study of Cross-Cultural Synthesis|journal= Journal of World History |volume=4|issue=1|pages=69–98}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=273–288|title=Imagining the East. The Early Theosophical Society|editor1= Rudbøg, Tim|editor2= Sand, Erik Reenberg |chapter=Allan Octavian Hume, Madame Blavatsky, and the Foundation of the Indian National Congress| author=Lubelsky, Isaac |year=2020| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

Hume's immersion into the theosophical movement led him to become a vegetarian<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/hintsonesoteric00indigoog#page/n31/mode/1up/ | chapter=No 2. Reply to the Foregoing Letter|author=H.X.|pages=16–71 | title=Hints on Esoteric Theosophy|issue=1|year=1882| publisher=Calcutta Central Press}} See footnote on page 23.</ref> and also to give up killing birds for their specimens.<ref name="moulton" />

==South London Botanical Institute==
{{Main|South London Botanical Institute}}
[[File:Hume bookplate.jpg|thumb|Bookplate of Hume with the motto ''Industria et Perseverantia'']]
After the loss of his manuscript containing his lifetime of ornithological notes, Hume gave up ornithology and took great interest in horticulture around his home in Shimla. <blockquote>... He erected large conservatories in the grounds of Rothney Castle, filled them with the choicest flowers, and engaged English gardeners to help him in the work. From this, on returning to England, he went on to scientific botany. But this, as Kipling says, is another story, and must be left to another pen.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):43, quoting CHT Marshall</ref></blockquote>
[[File:SLBI Herbaria1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Herbarium cabinets at the SLBI]]
Hume took an interest in wild plants and especially on invasive species although his botanical publishing was sparse with only three short notes between 1901 and 1902 including one on a variety of ''[[Bolboschoenus maritimus|Scirpus maritimus]]'', and another on the flowering of ''Impatiens roylei''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=[A.B.R.]|year=1912|title=Allan Octavian Hume, C.B. (1829-1912)|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36201423|journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|volume=50|pages=347–348}}</ref> Hume contacted W.H. Griffin in 1901 to help develop a herbarium of botanical specimens. Hume would arrange his plants on herbarium sheets in artistic positions before pressing them. The two made many botanical trips including one to Down in Kent to seek some of the rare orchids that had been collected by Darwin.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):113–115.</ref> In 1910, Hume bought the premises of 323 Norwood Road, and modified it to have a herbarium and library. He called this establishment the [[South London Botanical Institute]] (SLBI) with the aim of "promoting, encouraging, and facilitating, amongst the residents of South London, the study of the science of botany."

One of the aims of the institute was to help promote botany as a means for mental culture and relaxation, an idea that was not shared by [[Henry Groves (botanist)|Henry Groves]], a trustee for the institute.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbotanyb51londuoft#page/n89/mode/2up|title=Henry Groves (1855–1912)|author=[J.G.]|pages=73–79|volume=51|year=1913}}</ref> Hume objected to advertisement and refused to have any public ceremony to open the institute. The first curator was W.H. Griffin and Hume endowed the institute with £10,000. Frederick Townsend, F.L.S., an eminent botanist, who died in 1905, had left instructions that his herbarium and collection was to be given to the institute, which was then only being contemplated.<ref>Wedderburn (1913):118–121</ref> Hume left £15,000 in his will for the maintenance of the botanical institute.<ref name=jbot>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsoflin191215linn#page/n71/mode/1up/|pages=60–61|title=Obituary notices|author=BDJ| journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London|year=1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pages=347–348|title=Allan Octavian Hume, C.B. (1829–1912)|author= A.B.R. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36201424|journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|volume=50|year=1912}}</ref>
[[File:SLBI Herbaria2.jpg|thumb|upright|Herbarium sheets showing Hume's artistic arrangements]]
In the years leading up to the establishment of the institute, Hume built up links with many of the leading botanists of his day. He worked with [[Frederick Hamilton Davey|F. H. Davey]] and in the ''Flora of Cornwall'' (1909), Davey thanks Hume as his companion on excursions in Cornwall and Devon, and for help in the compilation of the 'Flora', publication of which was financed by Hume.<ref>{{citation |year=1922 |author1=Thurston, E |author2=Vigurs, C. C. |title=A Supplement to F. Hamilton Davey's "Flora of Cornwall" |location=Truro |publisher=Oscar Blackford |url=https://archive.org/stream/supplementtofham00thurrich#page/x/mode/1up}}</ref> The SLBI has since grown to hold a herbarium of approximately 100,000 specimens mostly of flowering plants from Europe including many collected by Hume. The collection was later augmented by the addition of other herbaria over the years, and has significant collections of ''[[Rubus]]'' (bramble) species and of the Shetland flora.

==Works==
* ''My Scrap Book: Or Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology'' (1869)
* ''List of the Birds of India'' (1879)
* ''The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds'' (3-volumes)
* {{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=Allan Octavian |last2=Marshall |first2=Charles Henry Tilson |author1-link=Allan Octavian Hume |author2-link=Charles Henry Tilson Marshall |author-mask=with |title=The Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon |date=1879 |location=Calcutta |publisher=A.O. Hume & C.H.T. Marshall |oclc=5111667 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/64912 |ref=none}} (3-volumes, 1879–1881)
* ''Hints on Esoteric Theosophy'' (1882)
* ''Agricultural Reform in India'' (1879)
* ''Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the Route and Natural History of the Countries Traversed by the Expedition of 1870 under T. D. Forsyth''
* ''Stray Feathers'' (11-volumes + index by [[Charles Chubb (ornithologist)|Charles Chubb]])

{{botanist|Hume|Hume, Allan Octavian}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bruce, Duncan A. (2000) ''The Scottish 100: Portraits of History's Most Influential Scots'', Carroll & Graf Publishers.
* {{cite book |author=Buck, E. J. |url=https://archive.org/stream/simlapastpresent00buckrich |title=Simla, Past and Present |publisher=Thacker & Spink |place=Calcutta |year=1904|ref=none}}
* Mearns and Mearns (1988) ''Biographies for Birdwatchers''. Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-487422-3}}
* [[S. R. Mehrotra|Mehrotra, S. R.]] (2005) ''Towards India's Freedom and Partition'', Rupa & Co., New Delhi.
* Mehrotra, S. R.; Edward C. Moulton (Eds) (2004) ''Selected Writings of Allan Octavian Hume: District Administration in North India, Rebellion and Reform, Volume One: 1829–1867''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-565896-5}}
* Moxham, Roy (2002) ''The Great Hedge of India''. {{ISBN|0-7567-8755-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Wedderburn, W. |year=1913 |title=Allan Octavian Hume. C.B. Father of the Indian National Congress |publisher=T.F. Unwin. London |url=https://archive.org/details/allanoctavianhum00wedduoft|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Allan Octavian Hume | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Allan Octavian Hume | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}}

;Works
* [https://archive.org/details/myscrapbookorrou00hume ''My scrap book: or rough notes on Indian oology and ornithology'' (1869)]
* [https://archive.org/details/listofbirdsofind00hume ''List of the birds of India'' (1879)]
* [https://archive.org/details/OrnithologicalCollectorsVadeMecum1874 The Indian Ornithological Collector's Vade Mecum (1874)]
* ''The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds'': [https://archive.org/details/nestseggsofindia01humerich Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/nestseggsofindia02humerich Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/nestseggsofindia03humerich Volume 3]
* ''Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon'': [https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia01hume Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia02hume Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia03hume Volume 3]
* [https://archive.org/stream/hintsonesoteric00indigoog ''Hints on Esoteric Theosophy'']
* [https://archive.org/details/agriculturalrefo00hume ''Agricultural Reform in India'' (1879)]
* [https://archive.org/details/lahoretoyrkandi00humegoog ''Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the Route and Natural History of the countries traversed by the expedition of 1870 under T. D. Forsyth'']
* ''Stray Feathers'' – volumes [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou11873hume 1] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou21874hume 2] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou31875hume 3] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou41876hume 4] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou51877hume 5] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou61878hume 6] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou71878hume 7] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou81879hume 8] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou91880hume 9] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou101887hume 10] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou11188899hume 11] [https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou111187399hume Index 1–11]
;Biographical sources
* [http://www.zoonomen.net/bio/bioh.html Biographies of ornithologists]
* [http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/hume1884.htm Hume-Blavatsky correspondence]
* [http://www.slbi.org.uk/ South London Botanical Institute]
* [http://victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/hume.html The Victorian Web]
;Botany
* [http://herbariaunited.org/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume Botanical Society of the British Isles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417224341/http://herbariaunited.org/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume |date=17 April 2019 }}
* [http://herbariaunited.org/collector/17500/ Herbarium specimens collected by Hume]
;Search archives
* [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/services/collections/zoology/birds/skins/hume.html NHM London collections information]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=4843| name=Allan Octavian Hume}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Allan Octavian Hume}}
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?adv=1&type%5b%5d=author&lookfor%5b%5d=Allan+Octavian+Hume&bool%5b%5d=AND&type%5b%5d=author&lookfor%5b%5d=&bool%5b%5d=AND&type%5b%5d=title&lookfor%5b%5d=&bool%5b%5d=AND&type%5b%5d=subject&lookfor%5b%5d=&setft=true&yop=after&fqrange-start-publishDateTrie-1=&fqrange-end-publishDateTrie-1=&fqor-publishDateTrie%5b%5d=&submit=Search Works by Allan Octavian Hume] at [[Hathi Trust]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Vegetarian Society}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hume, Allan Octavian}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Medical School]]
[[Category:Anglo-Scots]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:People associated with the British Museum]]
[[Category:People associated with the Vegetarian Society]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:People from St Mary Cray]]
[[Category:Scottish ornithologists]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarianism activists]]

Yakeen (2005 film)

2026-03-03T11:57:38Z

ShereeDrm9452: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yakeen
| image = Yakeen2005.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Girish Dhamija
| producer = Sujit Kumar Singh
| story =
| writer = [[Vikram Bhatt]] Girish Dhamija
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| music = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = Kuldeep Mehan
| distributor = Shreya Creations P R Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|7|1}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yakeen''''' (Translation: Trust) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller (genre)|romantic mystery thriller]] film co-written and directed by Girish Dhamija, starring [[Arjun Rampal]], and [[Priyanka Chopra]] while [[Kim Sharma]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], and [[Saurabh Shukla]] play supporting roles. The film's screenplay was written by [[Vikram Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7360/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208175627/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7360/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2008|title=Yakeen: Complete Cast and Crew details|publisher=IndiaFm|date=2005-06-01|access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref> The film's plot is loosely inspired by the 1991 American film ''[[Shattered (1991 film)|Shattered]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christine Haase|title=When Heimat Meets Hollywood: German Filmmakers and America, 1985-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-CAXVjNvFoC&pg=PA83|year=2007|publisher=Camden House|isbn=978-1-57113-279-6|page=83}}</ref> The film's premise centres around a man who recovers from an accident with [[amnesia]], and as he starts to piece together his former life, he feels that something is wrong.<ref name=TaranAdarshreview>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first= Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7360/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019004106/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7360/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2008|title=Yakeen: Movie Review|publisher=[[IndiaFM]]|date=2005-07-01|access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film begins with the recovery of Simar and her husband Nikhil from a car accident. Simar comes out unscathed, while Nikhil suffers most of the physical damage along with [[psychogenic amnesia]]. Simar is confident he will heal and resume his life. She brings in the best surgeons to reconstruct his damaged leg and face and helps him with his physiotherapy.

Although Nikhil is at first cautious, Simar's love and dedication win him over. After six months of therapy, he is discharged from the hospital, and the couple returns home. However, when Nikhil meets up with his old friends and goes through his personal files, he finds evidence that all was not well in his previous life. Now uncertain of his wife's true intentions, he starts retracing his steps from the night of the accident, meeting with his friend Tanya, who tells him that on the night of the accident, he had planned to divorce Simar for infidelity on her part.

Nikhil hires a private investigator named Chamanlal, who discovers that the accusation is true: Simar had been having an affair with a man named "Kabir." Nikhil secretly overhears Simar talking on the phone with Kabir, in which she insists their relationship is over because she has fallen back in love with Nikhil. She agrees to meet Kabir one last time. Nikhil follows Simar to a secluded house, where he witnesses an argument between Simar and Kabir. After a chase through the woods, it is revealed that Simar staged the entire thing: Kabir was never on the phone nor in the house because he has been dead the entire time. Simar confesses that on the night of the accident, Nikhil had found Simar and Kabir together, and in his rage, he killed Kabir. Simar wanted to protect Nikhil from the guilt and believed his amnesia had been a chance to start their relationship anew. Nikhil believes this and reconciles with Simar.

Tanya contacts Nikhil with new information, but he finds her shot dead. He informs Chamanlal that he has been having vivid flashbacks to the night of the accident and has an idea where Kabir was buried. They drive out and dig up the body, which has been preserved in the snow. The corpse's face is exactly the same as Nikhil's.

"Nikhil" realises that ''he'' is in fact Kabir and had been the one having an affair with Simar. It is revealed that the real Nikhil was emotionally abusive toward Simar. Kabir saw Simar being abandoned by Nikhil at a party one night, and they began their affair, but after a while, Simar became obsessed with him. On the night of the accident, Kabir had been trying to leave Simar, who threatened to commit suicide if he did. Nikhil had arrived and started a fight with Kabir, which ended when Simar killed Nikhil with her gun. They buried the body in the snow, but on the way back, Kabir blamed Simar for the murder and declared that they should go to the police. In the ensuing argument, Kabir lost control of the car, which resulted in the accident that changed everything.

In the present, Kabir is angry that his identity has been robbed by Simar, who took advantage of his amnesia and ordered plastic surgeons to reconstruct his face like Nikhil's. He and Chamanlal decide to bring Nikhil's body to the police but are stopped when Simar shoots Chamanlal. She still wants Kabir to accept Nikhil's identity so they can be together, but Kabir refuses. Simar tries to kill them both so they can be together in death; Kabir escapes, but Simar does not.

The final scene is of Kabir arriving at the police station, carrying Nikhil's corpse with him. The [[Closing credits|end credits]] begin over footage of Kabir explaining his story and confessing the truth to the police officers.

==Cast==
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Nikhil Oberoi / Kabir Malhotra
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Simar Oberoi
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Kabir Malhotra
* [[Kim Sharma]] as Tanya Thakur
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Siddharth Thakur
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Chamanlal
* [[Anang Desai]] as Dr. Kapadia

==Production==
The film was announced in 2003 with [[Priyanka Chopra]] in lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka in ‘Yakeen’ |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/priyanka-in-yakeen/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2025 |date=December 20, 2003}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yakeen
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">{{Start date|df=y|2005|05|16}}</div>
| recorded =
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Silsiilay]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

The music is composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] with the lyrics written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The album has eight tracks, including one instrumental and two reprise tracks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7360/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803183705/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7360/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2009|title=Yakeen: Music Review|date=2005-05-16|publisher=IndiaFm|access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

===Track listing===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Title !! Artist(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Tune Mujhko" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]] || 6:19
|-
| 2 || "Meri Aankhon Mein" || Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik || 6:29
|-
| 3 || "Tu Hi" || [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 6:02
|-
| 4 || "Bhoolna Nahin" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 6:19
|-
| 5 || "Chehra Tera" || Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik || 5:38
|-
| 6 || "Meri Aankhon Mein" || [[Instrumental]] || 6:29
|-
| 7 || "Bhoolna Nahin - II" || Sunidhi Chauhan || 5:04
|-
| 8 || "Bhoolna Nahin - III" || Shaan || 6:15
|}

==Reception==
Taran Adarsh of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 2 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, YAKEEN could've been a taut edge of the seat thriller, which it isn't thanks to its not-too-happening post-interval portions."<ref name=TaranAdarshreview/> Patcy N of [[Rediff.com]] called the film "entertaining yet very predictable." She further wrote that the "movie starts well but tends to drag later. The end, though predictable, is very dramatic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yakeen/20050701.htm|title=Yakeen: Predictable fare|first=Patcy|last=N|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222172114/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yakeen/20050701.htm|archive-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

Jaspreet Pandohar of [[BBC.com]] wrote, "Sticking closely to its [[Shattered (1991 film)|American predecessor]], Yakeen races along, delivering twist after turn until it reaches its devastating climax. Rampal and Chopra also deliver convincing performances as the traumatised husband and wife, proving they are more than just pretty faces. But Yakeen still doesn't entirely impress: as the umpteenth Hollywood-Bollywood remake to be released this year, there clearly isn't an original bone in its entire body."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/07/04/yakeen_2005_review.shtml|title=BBC - Movies - review - Yakeen (Belief)|website=[[BBC.co.uk]]|last=Pandohar|first=Jaspreet|date=4 July 2005|publisher=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518194201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/07/04/yakeen_2005_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0453978|Yakeen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yakeen (2005 Film)}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Saadhanai

2026-03-03T05:22:25Z

ShereeDrm9452: adjusted section as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Saadhanai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. S. Prakasam]]
| writer = A. S. Prakasam
| producer = {{ubl|M. K. M. Zawahir|Imayam Pragasam}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sivaji Ganesan]]|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[K. R. Vijaya]]|[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]}}
| cinematography = G. Or. Nathan
| editing = V. Rajagopal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Pragaas Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|01|10}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Saadhanai''''' ({{translation|Achievement}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. S. Prakasam]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], his son [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]. It was released on 10 January 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2024}}
Sivaji is a film director whose dream project is to make the love saga of [[Jahangir|Salim]] and [[Anarkali]]. After a long search for an apt girl to fit into the role of Anarkali, he finds it in a beggar. He starts the film with Nalini as Anarkali. K. R. Vijaya, wife of Sivaji starts suspecting Sivaji and Nalini's relationship and this results in turmoil inside their family. Nalini learns of this and feels that because of her, her mentor's life should not be in a mess, she leaves them without notice. Sivaji stops the project. Years later, Sivaji has a son and Prabhu, who is into spirituality and wishes to lead life as a bachelor. Sivaji on one occasion, watches a dance by Bhuvani and jumps in glory that he has again found his Anarkali in that danseuse. He discovers that the girl who danced was Nalini's daughter. Nalini's daughter is now chosen as Anarkali and Prabhu is selected as Salim. Prabhu and Bhuvani fall in love in real life too. As the drama unfolds, finally Prabhu and Bhuvani die by taking poison in a touching climax.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Director Ramkumar
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Babu
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Lakshmi
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Oorvashi Ganga / Kamatchi
* Bhuvani
* [[Senthil]]
* Ilaiyaraaja as himself
* Calcutta Viswanathan
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at Vijaya Studios with [[C. V. Sridhar]] switching on the camera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 1984 |title=பிரகாசம் இயக்கும் சாதனை |url=https://archive.org/details/EAP372-6-23-8-224/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240521032317/https://ia902207.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/34/items/EAP372-6-23-8-224/EAP372-6-23-8-224_jp2.zip&file=EAP372-6-23-8-224_jp2/EAP372-6-23-8-224_0002.jp2&id=EAP372-6-23-8-224&scale=4&rotate=0 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=22 June 2025|work=Anna |pages=3 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Scenes related to Salim and Anarkali were shot at Vijaya Vauhini Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1985 |title=சிவாஜி இயக்கும் அனார்கலி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_103/3.jp2/0,0,6196,8464/6196,8464/90/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103115409/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_103/3.jp2/0,0,6196,8464/6196,8464/90/default.jpg |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saadhanai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/saadhanai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024195702/https://macsendisk.com/product/saadhanai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saathanai (1986) |url=http://mio.to/album/Saathanai+(1986) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022080816/http://mio.to/album/Saathanai+%281986%29 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=21 May 2015 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soundtrack
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Lyricist
|-
| "Anbae Anbae" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Athi Mara Poovidhu" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Ingae Naan Kandaen"|| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Vani Jayaram]] || Vaali
|-
| "Oh Vaanambaadi" || S. Janaki, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Pulamaipithan]]
|-
| "Vaadi En Rukkumani" || Malaysia Vasudevan || Vaali
|-
| "Vaazhvae Vaa" || S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Vaali
|}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the film had exciting events till the interval but felt the climax was pure mess.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=26 January 1986 |title=சாதனை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jan/26-01-1986/p58.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729123353/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jan/26-01-1986/p58.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=58 |language=Tamil}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting and music but felt the film's potential to create brilliance has been put to the test as the focus given to it in the early part is slightly less in the latter part.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-83|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=6 July 2025|title=சாதனை|last=பாலுமணி |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|date=12 January 1986|page=4}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. S. Prakasam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)

2026-03-02T03:04:39Z

ShereeDrm9452: creating some entry v1 - done

{{Short description|Government department of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)
| nativename = കാര്‍ഷികവികസന കര്‍ഷകക്ഷേമ വകുപ്പ്
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r = karshika vikasana karshaka kshema vakup
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.png
| logo_width = 150px
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1956
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 = [[Department of Animal Husbandry (Kerala)|Department of Animal Husbandry]]
| superseding2 = [[Department of Dairy Development (Kerala)|Department of Dairy Development]]
| jurisdiction = [[Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[P. Prasad]]<ref name="webagri">{{cite web|last1=Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare|first1=Kerala|title=Official Website|url=http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/|website=Karshika Keralam}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Agriculture
| minister2_name = [[J. Chinchu Rani]]<ref>https://dairydevelopment.kerala.gov.in/Eng/</ref>
| minister2_pfo = Minister for Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development
| chief1_name = '''Dr.B Ashok IAS'''
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary and Agriculture Production Commissioner
| chief2_name = '''vacant'''
| chief2_position = Secretary Agriculture
| chief3_name = '''Dr. Sriram Venkitaraman IAS'''
| chief3_position = Director of Agriculture
| parent_agency = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child1_agency = Agriculture (Establishment - A) Department
| child2_agency = Agriculture (Establishment - B) Department
| child3_agency = Agriculture (planning - A) Department
| child4_agency = Agriculture (planning - B) Department
| child5_agency = Agriculture (NCA) Department
| child6_agency = Agriculture (Farms) Department
| child7_agency = Agriculture (P U) Department
| child8_agency = Agriculture (Agri.) Department
| child9_agency = Agriculture (IFA) Department
| child10_agency = Agriculture (PPM cell) Department
| child11_agency = Agriculture (PS) Department
| child12_agency = Agriculture (WTO Cell) Department
| child13_agency = Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Dairy) Department
| child14_agency = Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (AHE) Department
| child15_agency = Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (AHF) Department
| child16_agency = Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (AHG) Department<ref name="keralagovweb">{{cite web|title=www.kerala.gov.in|url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/agriculture|website=Official web portal of Government of Kerala}}</ref>
| website = http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)''' is one of the Department of [[Government of Kerala]]. The Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare is a key ministry that manages the agriculture development through promoting scientific methods of cultivation and welfare of farmers of State of Kerala through various policies and programmes. The department is headed by a senior minister who has cabinet ranking as per Indian Cabinet Protocol Laws.<ref name="webagri"/><ref name="keralagovweb"/>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Department of Agriculture Development and Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)}}
[[Category:Government departments of Kerala|Agriculture]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:State agriculture departments in India|Kerala]]

Pragun Akhil Jindal

2026-02-09T06:13:17Z

ShereeDrm9452: Done

{{short description|Indian author, speaker and entrepreneur (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pragun Akhil Jindal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pragun Jindal.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|9|13}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| alma_mater = The Shri Ram School, Delhi University, University Of Buckingham
| notable_works = The Black White & Grey
| father = Dr. CA Akhil Jindal
| website = {{URL|www.pragunjindal.com}}
}}

'''Pragun Akhil Jindal''' (born 13 September 1996) is an Indian author, speaker and entrepreneur. He is noted for his work in [[Indian black money|Black Money]] and in the [[Finance]] field.<ref name=BM1>{{Cite news|url=https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/interviews/this-author-has-decoded-black-money/7954.html|title=This Author Has Decoded Black Money |date=23 September 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Deposits-scrutiny-a-challenge-says-ex-CBDT-chief/article16900735.ece|title=Deposits scrutiny a challenge, says ex-CBDT chief|last=Dhoot|first=Vikas|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightssuccess.in/bitcoin-the-future/|title=Bitcoin: The Future|last=Success|first=Insights|date=2018-12-18|website=Insights Success|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-09}}</ref>

Pragun has been writing since the age of 16 and has presented papers, articles and solutions in various fields like Black Money, Curbing Tax Evasion, and Financial Literacy in the youth .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/students-learn-nuances-of-reporting-at-nie-meet/articleshow/57048639.cms|title=Students learn nuances of reporting at NIE meet - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://manavrachna.edu.in/latest/nie-newsmakers-meet-2017-budding-journalists/|title=NIE Newsmakers' Meet 2017 for Budding Journalists - Manav Rachna Vidyantariksha|work=Manav Rachna Vidyantariksha|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

Jindal authored ''The Black White & Grey : Recoloring The Rupiah''<ref name="Apress - Pro Android Augmented Reality">{{cite book|title=The Black White & Grey|id={{ASIN|9352654528|country=in}} |edition=First }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-9352654529}}), which was published by [[Money Worries]] the Publishing arm of JER Limited. in August 2016. The book was listed in the top #5 books on [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in the Public Administration & Finance categories for close to 2 months after publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/12/the-black-white-and-grey-a-young-author-pragun-jindals-take-on-black-money/|title=Narada News}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/literature/book-on-black-money-launched-in-delhi-1638070|title=कालाधन पर पुस्तक का विमोचन, बताए गए खतरे और रोकने के उपाय|work=NDTVIndia|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>

Jindal is a contributor in [http://thesmartartist.in/ The Smart Artist] a production by [http://artbuzz.in/studios/ Artbuzz Studios] which is a guide for creative professionals.

He is one of the new age authors on Black Money in the Indian Economic Dispora.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/kala-dhan-book-black-money-launched-delhi/76570.html|title=The Kala Dhan: Book on black money launched in Delhi {{!}} India Live Today|date=2016-12-14|work=India Live Today|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BM1" />

Jindal is the co-founder of [https://rupyo.in/ Rupyo] (one of India’s first Earned Wage Access Application) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Satin Creditcare Network to acquire ~9% stake in Rupyo; Stock gains 3%|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/satin-creditcare-network-to-acquire-9-stake-in-rupyo-stock-gains-3-121121400257_1.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2021-12-13|title=Satin Creditcare to acquire 9% stake in fintech startup Rupyo|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/satin-creditcare-to-acquire-9-stake-in-fintech-startup-rupyo-121121300739_1.html|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref>

Jindal is the third generation legacy Tax and Regulatory- Partner at Jindal & Co, Chartered Accountants - a boutique, high end tax litigation and audit, advisory forms and handles high pitched tax cases in Income Tax, Enforcement Directorate and DRI.

== The Black White & Grey ==
The Black White & Grey: Recoloring The Rupiah was e-launched by Honourable HRD Minister [[Prakash Javadekar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalindian.in/opinion/why-black-money-is-bad/|title=Why Black Money is 'Bad'? - The Digital Indian|website=www.thedigitalindian.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>
[[File:Shri Prakash Javadekar - Honourable HRD minister with Pragun Akhil Jindal.jpg|thumb|Shri Prakash Javadekar - Honourable HRD minister with Pragun Akhil Jindal.jpg]]
The book, titled 'The Black White & Grey - Re-Coloring The Rupiah', authored by Pragun Jindal and published by Money Worries, looks at the black money menace and ways to curb it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://121newsonlines.blogspot.in/2016/12/book-on-black-money-to-increase.html|title=Book on Black Money to Increase Literacy in Indian Youth on the Subject|website=121newsonlines.blogspot.in|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>

In this book, the author unfolds this dark world, which eats into an idea of an equal world where the rich get richer staying on the dark side while the poor are marginalized. There are tricks to keep the cover of darkness intact and every time an effort is made to lift the veil, the tricks become sharper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabtribune.com/news/16300-book-on-black-money-launched-in-delhi.aspx|title=Book on black money launched in Delhi|website=punjabtribune.com|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/art-and-culture/book-black-money-launched-delhi|title=Book on black money launched in Delhi|work=Weeklyvoice|access-date=2017-05-04|language=en}}</ref>

This book looks at the world that thrives in the shadows, fueled by money that exchanges hands in the dark and never gets reported – "The Kala Dhan."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gorgeouswanderer.com/book-summary-the-black-white-grey/|title=Book Summary: The Black White & Grey – Gorgeous Wanderer|date=2016-12-30|work=Gorgeous Wanderer|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/book-on-black-money-to-increase-literacy-in-indian-youth-on-the-subject-56238.aspx|title=Punjab News Express}}</ref>
[[File:The Black White & Grey being launched.jpg|thumb|The Black White & Grey being launched at Indian Habitat Centre.]]
Senior Congress Leader [[Manish Tewari]], Former [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] Chief Sudhir Chandra and political commentator [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]] on 13.12.2016 formally launched the book which attempts to debunk "a lot of lies, unknown facts and baseless rumours about Black Money".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/book-on-black-money-launched-in-delhi-116121400627_1.html|title=Book on black money launched in Delhi|last=IANS|date=2016-12-14|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailyworld.in/book-on-black-money-launched-in-delhi/|title=Book on black money launched in Delhi - Daily World|date=2016-12-14|work=Daily World|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/national/national-news/item/111198-20-yr-old-ca-pragun-jindal-authors-book-on-black-money|title=20-yr old CA Pragun Jindal authors Book on Black Money {{!}} YesPunjab.com|last=Journalist|website=www.yespunjab.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/u4uvoice-epaper-uvoice/book+on+black+money+launched-newsid-61592104|title=Book on black money launched - U4UVoice {{!}} DailyHunt|work=DailyHunt|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en}}</ref> "A delinquent like poverty only affects the poor, unemployment affects those who are unemployed, alcoholism and drug abuse affect those who devour them, black money is a hitch which does not affect persons who amass 'black dough' but it affects the common man in the populace," said the author at the launch event held at India Habitat Centre in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tricitynewsonline.blogspot.in/2016_12_22_archive.html?m=0|title=Tricitynewsonline|website=tricitynewsonline.blogspot.in|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoreindian.com/desi/newsdetail.asp?id=240394|title=Balti More Indian News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.delhionline.in/Book-on-black-money-launched-in-Delhi-1592258|title=News delhi Online}}</ref>

== The Smart Artist ==
The Smart Artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesmartartist.in/|title=thesmartartist|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Smart Artist|publisher=Artbuzz Studios|year=2020|isbn=9789353916077}}</ref> is an [https://artbuzz.in/ Artbuzz Studios]<ref>{{Cite news|last=IST|first=Last Updated at August 2, 2019 14:15|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/art-enthusiast-welcome-to-india-s-first-coworking-space-for-artists-73015.html|title=Art enthusiast? Welcome to India's first coworking space for artists|date=2018-10-23|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> production and publication launched along- side the India Art Fair 202 to promote the Art-preneurs in India.

The book aims at assisting 'Artrepreneurs' build a career as a holistic artist, guiding them through expert eyes of industry professionals and perspectives of experts. This book is a product of research that will help creative professionals to establish themselves in a more organized and informed fashion as ''it’s never too late to be a smarter artist!''

Pragun is a contributor in the book and deals with financial aspects in Art & Artists.

== Personal life ==
Jindal stays in New Delhi along with his parents and grandparents. He completed his schooling from the prestigious [[The Shri Ram School|Shri Ram School]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odishastory.com/2016/12/15/book-on-black-money-to-increase-literacy-in-indian-youth-on-the-subject/|title=Book on Black Money to increase literacy in Indian youth on the subject |access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>
[[File:Pragun Akhil Jindal with MOS Civil Aviation Shri. Jayant Sinha.jpg|thumb|Shri Jayant Sinha MOS Civil Aviation with the author.]]
Jindal graduated from the [[University of Delhi|University Of Delhi]] with a first class degree in [[Bachelor of Commerce|Bachelor Of Commerce Gt (Honours)]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]. He was conferred with a LL.M in International and Commercial Trade from the University of Buckingham. He also majored in Finance, Tax and Accountancy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/theasianchronicle/docs/tac_jan17_ist|title=The Asian Chronicle|work=issuu|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Smart Artist Book Launch.png|thumb|Pragun Jindal along with other contributors at the launch of The Smart Artist]]

== Awards and recognition ==

* Jindal was the keynote speaker at the Times Nie Newsmakers Meet held at Manav Rachna University in 2017.<ref name=":0" />
* Jindal has been invited to various platforms to portray his views on demonetisation and black money.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Pragun Akhil}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]

Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh

2026-02-07T14:11:26Z

ShereeDrm9452: added info

{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Shaikh
| popplace = India
| langs =
| rels = Islam
| related = [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]]
}}
The '''Shaikh''' are a Muslim community found in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.

==History==
Shaikh is a word or [[honorific]] term in the [[Arabic language]] that literally means "[[Elder (administrative title)|elder]]." It is commonly used to designate an elder of a [[tribe]], a revered wise man, or an [[Ulema|Islamic scholar]]. Some members of [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and [[Khatri]] communities also converted to Islam. Some [[Muslim Khatris]], [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] and [[Rajput|Rajputs]] use [[Shaikhs in South Asia|shaikh and khan]] as their surnames, and consider themselves belonging to the [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]] community.<ref name="ReferenceC">Endogamy and Status Mobility among Siddiqui Shaikh in Social Stratication edited by Dipankar Gupta</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

A community of early Shaikh are the [[Qidwai]], whose ancestor was claimed to be Qazi Qidwa, a son of the Sultans of [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum]], in what is now modern Turkey. The Qazi is said to have been sent to the [[Awadh]] region to spread Islam, where he is said to have won over fifty local villages to Islam. These fifty villages were later awarded to him, and the region became known as Qidwara. The converts of these fifty villages were called Qidwai.<ref name="ReferenceA">Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims edited by Imtiaz Ahmed page 212 Manohar 1978</ref> According to another tradition, Kazi Kidwa is said to have defeated a local ruler in the Awadh region by the name of Raja Jagdeopur. This Raja was said to have belonged to the aboriginal Tribal community. The original settlement of the tribe was Juggaur in [[Lucknow district]], from where they spread to [[Barabanki District]]. These early colonists were often required to make converts, and these converts often adopted the clan name of those at whose hand they accepted Islam, and this led to a substantial growth in the Shaikh community.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

[[File:Shuja Daulah Cavalry.png|thumb|Camp of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Awadh]]]]
The Qidwais were recruited in the household cavalry of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadgan.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sheikzadi&pg=PA73 |page=73 |author= Pradeep Barua |title=The state at war in South Asia |date=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0803213441 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ&q=They+belonged+to+the+Qidwai+clan+whose+1700+warriors+preferred+to+lay+down+their+lives+at+Buxur+rather+than+retreat+and |title= Lucknow, Fire of Grace:The Story of Its Revolution, Renaissance and the Aftermath |author=Amaresh Misra |date=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn= 9788172232887 }}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

Historically, the Siddiqui, Hashmi and Farooqui shaikhs of Awadh and Rohilkhand (Budaun and Bareilly) were substantial landowners, often [[Zamindar|zamindars]], taluqedar and jagirdar. In the urban townships, Shaikh families served as priests, teachers and administrators, with the [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial authorities giving the community a preference in recruitment as soldiers and civil officers.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257 |title=Rulers_Townsmen_and_Bazaars |author= C.A. Bayly|date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908873-7 }}</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

Notable people from the Shaikh community:

* [[Muqarrab Khan]]
* [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari]]
* [[Anwaruddin Khan]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]]
* [[Umdat ul-Umara]]
* [[FS Hussain]]
* [[Nasser Hussain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh Of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]

Harish Bhadani

2026-02-02T07:13:10Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{short description|Rajasthani poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed| date= February 2024}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Harish Bhadani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 June 1933{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Bikaner State]], [[British India]]{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}
| death_date = 2 October 2009 (aged 76){{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}
| death_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| signature =
| spouse =
}}'''Harish Bhadani''' (11 June 1933 – 2 October 2009) was a [[Rajasthani Language|Rajasthani]] poet. He was vice-president of Janvadi Lekhak Sangh. He was editor of ''Vatayan'' from 1960 to 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kavitaayen of Harish bhadani {{!}} Anjas |url=https://anjas.org/poets/harish-bhadani/kavita |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=anjas.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/a/OL2480A/Harish_Bhadani Harish_Bhadani]
* [https://harishbhadani.blogspot.com/ Harish_Bhadani's Blog]

==External links==
* [http://www.earthmusic.net/hindi-film-songs.php?lrid[]=harishbhadani&lrmtype=plus Bollywood film songs with lyrics by Harish Bhadani]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadani, Harish}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Cashew business in Kollam

2026-01-24T23:17:54Z

ShereeDrm9452: creating new post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Aspect of agriculture in the Indian city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
The '''Cashew business in Kollam''' is based in the eponymous city, which is known as the ''Cashew Capital of the World''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041217/kollam-no-more-cashew-capital.html |title=Kollam no more cashew capital |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> [[Kollam]] is the largest processed [[cashew]] exporter in the world. {{As of|2011}} there were more than 600 cashew processing units in the city. About 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported to the city for processing every year.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake - great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake]</ref> 80% of [[India]]'s export quality cashew kernels were prepared in [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/keralas-cashew-industry-survives-on-foreign-nuts-7280-3-7281.html |title=Kerala's cashew industry survives on foreign nuts |publisher=commodityonline |access-date=2014-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cashew-sector-in-a-tailspin/article8767346.ece |title=Cashew sector in a tailspin |work=The Hindu |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> Kollam has remained the cashew capital of the world since the 1930s.
[[File:Cashew @ Paravur.jpg|right|thumb|Nila Cashew packets displayed in a Supermarket at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near [[Kollam]]]]However high cost of production existing in Kollam due to limited mechanisation and higher minimum wages, stiff competition on the cost front from [[East Africa]] and [[Southeast Asia]] from an international perspective and [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[East India]] in domestic perspective are putting a lot of pressure over cashew processing sector of Kollam in recent times.

==History==
[[File:Ashramam Relief, Old age Cashew Processing.jpg|thumb|Cashew processing in Old Ages, Relief in Ashramam, Kollam]]
Cashews were first brought to India by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from the native [[Tupi people|Tupi]] territory (a Neotropic Divergent Evolutive Zone) in [[Brazil|North Eastern Brazil.]] [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] planted them along the coasts of [[Goa]] to prevent erosion.<ref name="Nair2010">{{cite book|author=K. P. Prabhakaran Nair|author-link=K. P. Prabhakaran Nair|title=The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Crops of the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q_XMs36hYQC|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|page=27|isbn=978-0-12-384678-5}}</ref> Cashew came to Kerala in 1505, when [[Kolathiri]] king permitted [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] to build a fort in [[Kannur]]. The Portuguese, called ''Paranki'' in [[Malayalam]] planted cashew trees around the fort. Hence cashew trees are also called ''Parankimaavu'' in Malayalam and cashew nuts are called ''Parankiyandi.'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Quick Guide to Kannur|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/quickguide_kannur/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US}}</ref> By the late 16th century Cashew trees started to spread across Kannur and also to other parts of [[Kerala]] with laterite soil such as [[Kollam]] with considerable Portuguese influence and [[Kasaragode]]. During the time of the Portuguese, [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[British people|British]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], Quilon and its old [[Kollam Port|port]] were major business hubs for [[Arab]]ian and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traders. The trees that were brought from Brazil adapted very well to their new home. In the course of time, India became the main centre of cashew cultivation along with other nations in Asia and Africa.

By 18th century the Cashew nuts getting mixed with sand and roasted in open pots (''Chattis'') became common. The processing in commercial basis of cashew started in [[Mangalore]]. In [[Kanara]] and [[Malabar region]] the business was monopolised by Messers Pierce Leslie and Co. Ltd.

But by 1920s the business was started in [[Kollam]] in Kerala State which later became the centre of the trade. As per available written records, in early days the [[Cashew]] industry in [[Kollam]] was overwhelmingly [[Cottage Industry]]. The development of industry in Kollam as industrial units were pioneered by Roch Victoria an [[Anglo-Indian]] who migrated from then [[Ceylon]] with the assistance of a [[Swaminathan family|Swaminathan]] from [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian-cashews.com/in-the-news/personsnameonfacethenation |title=History of cashew trade |author= |date=2009 |website=Swathy Enterprises |publisher=Google Sites |access-date=September 7, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> Modern roasting methods were introduced later in 1925 by an enterprising industrialist named Joseph Periera who started first cashew-nut factory in Kollam. In 1920 itself Kollam entered into world cashew exports market with export of kernels mainly to [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalaxmi Enterprises - Varieties of Cashew Kernels in Different Grades - History of the Cashew Trade in India|url=http://jayalaxmi.co.in/history_of_the_cashew_india.php#:~:text=Anderson%20who%20set%20up%20a,being%20shipped%20to%20the%20USA.|access-date=2020-09-15|website=jayalaxmi.co.in}}</ref> As per available records it was W.T. Anderson who set up a business under the name Indian Nut Company in Kollam who made the first exports.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sajithkumar|first=G.|title=National Cashew Day: Export celebrates 100 years; first export done from Kollam|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/national-cashew-day-export-celebrates-100-years-first-export-done-from-kollam-1.4301487|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> Indian Nut Company's factory was situated near [[Quilon Aerodrome|Ashramam airstrip]] and the goods were transported using [[Waterways transport in Kerala|waterways]] to export through [[Kochi Port]].

In early days of exports the cashew nuts that were fried in pans and kernels extracted, processed and sorted (blanched, graded) and packed in wooden tea chests lined with newspaper before shipping it. This packing reduced shelf life of cashew and hence soon wooden containers were replaced with metal tin containers. This tin cans were vacuumed using hand operated vacuum pumps and were sealed. In 1954 this method was replaced by storing the kernels in cans infused with carbon dioxide primarily to avoid [[weevil]] infestation. This method, known as "Vita Packing", is still in use.<ref name="Pradeepkumar2008">{{cite book|author=T. Pradeepkumar|title=Management of Horticultural Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHmokNZXbHUC|year=2008|publisher=New India Publishing|page=499|isbn=978-81-89422-49-3}}</ref> The health benefits and value of cashew nut were discovered much later. This increased fortunes of cashew in global markets.

By late 1930s the volume of processed cashew, processing capacity and international demand rose manifolds. This necessitated the imports of raw cashew from [[East Africa]] to [[Kollam]]. To smoothen the import process and ensure price stability of imports the industry leaders formed a 'Cashew Syndicate' and by 1955 this entity was replaced with an institution that had requisite legal framework i.e. the Cashew Export Promotion Council (CEPC) by [[Government of India]]. At this time [[Kollam]] wielded a monopoly over cashew processing in India. As per [[Centre for Development Studies]] a report on an Enquiry into Conditions of Labour in the Cashew-nut processing Industry in India made in 1954 highlights that 75% of cashew factory workers and 72% of cashew factories in India were concentrated at [[Kollam]]. During this period the cashew factories had lesser regulations and the workers had to spend long working hours at lesser wages.

In 1960s there were a series of labour law reforms in cashewsector which resulted in shifting of industries to nearby states with lesser regulations. This outward shift reduced Kerala's share in cashew production significantly. However within he state Kollam continued to enjoy its dominance.

Even today many of the cashew businesses in Kollam are family owned and run.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cashew Nut - Nature's Vitamin Pill|publisher=Dulce Rodrigues|url=http://www.dulcerodrigues.info/plantas/uk/acaju_uk.html|access-date=2014-11-14}}</ref> The legendary businessmen from [[Kollam]] like [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar]] were associated with the cashew industry. Nila Cashews, MARK, CDC etc. are some prominent business players currently.

==Cashew exports==
[[File:CEPCI Headquarters, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|CEPCI Headquarters in Kollam]]
India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011-12 reached Rs.4,390 crore based on statistics from the [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India]] (CEPCI). 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011-12. 90% of these export quality cashew kernels are prepared in Kollam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rise-in-earnings-from-cashew-kernel-exports/article3893095.ece|title = Rise in earnings from cashew kernel exports|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 September 2012}}</ref> CEPCI and the [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited]] work in Kollam city to promote exports of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid from India. They also protect the interest of workers and attempt to provide maximum employment to the industry's workers and give them statutory benefits such as minimum wages and bonuses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollamcity.in/cepc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014070603/http://kollamcity.in/cepc |archive-date=2014-10-14 }} CEPCI</ref><ref>[http://www.cashewindia.org/] CEPCI - BS</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051217/mechanisation-can-save-cashew-business-say-experts.html |title=Mechanisation can save cashew business, say experts |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

The industry provides a livelihood for about 600–700 thousand employees and farmers. In [[Kollam district]] alone there are more than 250,000 employees directly involved in the industry, which is about 10 per cent of the population of the district. 95 per cent of these workers are women.<ref>[http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/3380/Dyuthi-T1357.pdf?sequence=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102074545/http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/3380/Dyuthi-T1357.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2 November 2014 }} Cashew Industry in Kerala – Problems and Potentials – Thesis to CUSAT</ref> There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam with about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews imported annually to the city for processing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |title=കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖത്തെ കസ്റ്റംസ് ക്ളിയറന്‍സുകള്‍ ഓണ്‍ലൈന്‍ സംവിധാനത്തിലേക്ക്| madhyamam |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022170950/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |archive-date=2014-10-22 }} Online Customs Clearance Facility for Kollam Port to be ready in a month</ref> An average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide every year.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rise-in-earnings-from-cashew-kernel-exports/article3893095.ece] Rise in earnings from cashew kernel exports – The Hindu</ref> As a result, Kollam is known as the "Cashew Capital of the World".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake – great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake]</ref> [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India|CEPCI]] is expecting a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, growth of 120 per cent over present exports.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cashew-body-sets-target-to-double-exports-by-2020-108122901044_1.html] CEPCI – Kollam</ref>

Packing materials industrial supplies for the purpose of exports of cashews are fulfilled by different agencies like Golina agencies.

==Largest importers of cashew kernels from Kollam==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Country
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Exported Quantity
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Value
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Year
|-
| valign="center" | [[United States of America|USA]]
| valign="center" | 47,611 tonnes
| valign="center" | Rs.1,470.47 Crore
| valign="center" | 2011-12
|-
| valign="center" | [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]
| valign="center" | 14,173 tonnes
| valign="center" | Rs.606.11 Crore
| valign="center" | 2011-12
|-
| valign="center" | [[Netherlands]]
| valign="center" | 11,517 tonnes
| valign="center" | Rs.365.57 Crore
| valign="center" | 2011-12
|-
| valign="center" | [[Japan]]
| valign="center" | --
| valign="center" | Rs.237.45 Crore
| valign="center" | 2011-12
|-
| valign="center" | [[Saudi Arabia]]
| valign="center" | --
| valign="center" | Rs.207.01 Crore
| valign="center" | 2011-12
|}

==CEPCI registered cashew exporters==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=2 | CEPCI registered cashew exporters
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Place in Kollam
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Gold;"| Number of Companies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cashewindia.org/php/exporters-search-results.php |title=Expoters Directory - Cashew Exports Promotion Council of India |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220111351/http://cashewindia.org/php/exporters-search-results.php |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kilikollur]]
| valign="center" | 25
|-
| valign="center" | [[Thattamala]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kadappakada]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Chandanathoppe]]
| valign="center" | 13
|-
| valign="center" | [[Mylom]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Parameswar Nagar
| valign="center" | 5
|-
| valign="center" | [[Asramam]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | Channapetta
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Nallila]]
| valign="center" | 4
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kochupilamoodu]]
| valign="center" | 9
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kunnicode]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Pavithreswaram]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Valakom, Kottarakara|Valakam]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Odanavattam]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | Mukkoodu
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Ezhukone]]
| valign="center" | 4
|-
| valign="center" | Beach Road
| valign="center" | 6
|-
| valign="center" | [[Punalur]]
| valign="center" | 9
|-
| valign="center" | Edavattom
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kottamkara]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Kannanalloor
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kundara]]
| valign="center" | 3
|-
| valign="center" | [[Vadakkevila]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kottarakkara]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | Peroor
| valign="center" | 6
|-
| valign="center" | Decent Junction
| valign="center" | 3
|-
| valign="center" | [[Puthoor]]
| valign="center" | 11
|-
| valign="center" | Mangad
| valign="center" | 7
|-
| valign="center" | [[Ayathil]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Mundakkal West
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Mundakkal]]
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Perinad]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Pathanapuram]]
| valign="center" | 9
|-
| valign="center" | Mavadi
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | [[Thamarakkulam]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Kuttichira
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Kollam Cantonment|Cantonment]]
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Cantonment South
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Lakshminada
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | Maranadu
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | [[Downtown Kollam|Downtown]]
| valign="center" | 5
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cashew business in Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Economy of Kollam]]
[[Category:Cashew production in India]]

Shirol taluka

2026-01-23T12:21:38Z

ShereeDrm9452: added article - done

{{About|the Taluka|its eponymous headquarters|Shirol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shirol Taluka
| settlement_type = [[taluka]]
| native_name =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Shirol
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolhapur District]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Shirol]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH-4]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website =
}}
'''Shirol taluka''' is located in [[Kolhapur district]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kolhapur.gov.in/en/tehsil/ |title=Kolhapur district - Tehsils}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], India with its headquarters in Shirol.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhapur district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

{{Kolhapur-geo-stub}}

Amyt Datta

2026-01-22T07:36:37Z

ShereeDrm9452: Creating First Details W/ Infobox

{{EngvarB|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amyt Datta
| image = Amyt_Datta.JPG
| caption = Amyt Datta in concert with Pinknoise 2009.
| birth_name = Amyt Datta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|10|20}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| instrument = Electric guitar, [[Guitar Synthesizer]], Acoustic Guitar, Bass, [[Lap steel guitar]]
| genre = Rock, [[Jazz]], [[Blues]], [[Experimental music|Experimental]].
| occupation = Musician, guitarist, [[record producer|producer]], composer
| years_active = 1985–present
| website = https://soundcloud.com/amytdatta
}}

'''Amyt Datta''' (born 20 October 1960) is a guitarist, and producer from Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bruce Lee Mani |date=2008-03-01 |url=http://www.rollingstone-india.com/feature/featuredetails.php?featureid=248 |work=Rolling Stone Magazine (India) |title=India's Best Axe-Men |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630131500/http://www.rollingstone-india.com/feature/featuredetails.php?featureid=248 |archive-date=30 June 2009 |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> He toured extensively with the rock band Shiva from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. He later played with Pinknoise, the late-night alter ego to pop/rock band Skinny Alley in the early 2000s <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepinknoise.bandcamp.com/|title=Economy of Love, by The Pink Noise|website=The Pink Noise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skinnyalley.bandcamp.com/|title=Skinny Alley|website=Skinny Alley}}</ref> and has continued his own solo work, often in collaboration with Jivraj Singh of [[Parekh & Singh]]. His most recent album The Red Plant was released on 10 December 2021.

==Early life==

His father was an educationist and his mother belonged to a family with a strong musical tradition. Amyt's maternal grandfather [[Raichand Boral]] is regarded as the father of Bollywood music.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

He and his cousin started playing the guitar when they found a lap steel guitar lying around in their home. They started taking guitar lessons which were mostly in Indian classical and semi-classical music. He started taking western music theory lessons from the legendary [[Carlton Kitto]]. His first guitar was what he calls "the Trunk". It was made by his friend who took just Rs. 300 from him. It looked like a log and had a very high action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exnihilomagazine.wordpress.com/2008/06/15/tales-of-the-blue-eyed-boy-an-interview-with-amyt-dutta/ |title=Tales of the Blue-Eyed Boy: An Interview with Amyt Dutta |access-date=1 June 2013 |date=15 June 2008}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2021}}

==Discography==
*''D for Brother'' 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2010/02/12/amyt-dattas-d-for-brother-online/ |title=Amyt Datta's D For Brother Online › NH7 | Discover new music and explore alternative culture from India and around the world |publisher=Nh7.in |date=12 February 2010 |access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref>
*''Escape the Roar'', SKINNY ALLEY, 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skinnyalley.bandcamp.com/track/escape-the-roar |title=Escape The Roar | Skinny Alley |publisher=Skinnyalley.bandcamp.com |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref>
*''Songs from the Moony Boom'', SKINNY ALLEY, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.cdbaby.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726092613/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/skinnyalley |title=CD Baby Music Store|archive-date=26 July 2008|website=store.cdbaby.com}}</ref>
*''Quirkwork'', PINKNOISE, 2009
*''PINKFRAUD'', PINKNOISE, 2009
*''The Dance of the Diaspora'', PINKNOISE, 2009–2010
*''Electropink'', PINKNOISE, 2010
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724045010/http://amytdatta.com/ambiance-de-danse Ambiance de Danse]'', solo, 2013
*''[http://music.amytdatta.com/ Pietra Dura]'', solo, 2016
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060836/http://music.amytdatta.com/album/amino-acid Amino Acid]'', solo, 2016
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/amyt-dattas-guitar-is-on-song-always/cid/1835235 Roja Planta], solo, 2021

==Movie career==
In 2011, Amyt Datta appeared as a guitarist in a [[Bangla Rock|Bengali rock]] musical movie [[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]] directed by Anjan Dutt. In 2019, he appeared in ''If Not for You'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10418976/|title=If Not for You (2019)|website=[[IMDb]] |date=24 May 2019|access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> a documentary about [[Kolkata]]'s long lasting love affair with legendary singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202135632/http://itspinknoise.com/ PINKNOISE]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040430025916/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040318/asp/calcutta/story_3017581.asp Bound by fret, friendship : Jayashree Singh and Amyt Dutta]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170459/http://www.ilovekolkata.in/index.php/Beatspace/A-conversation-with-Amyt-Datta.html A conversation with Amyt Datta By Anant Shrivastava]
*[http://exnihilomagazine.wordpress.com/2008/06/15/tales-of-the-blue-eyed-boy-an-interview-with-amyt-dutta/ Tales of the Blue-Eyed Boy: An Interview with Amyt Dutta By Priyanka Roy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090630131500/http://www.rollingstone-india.com/feature/featuredetails.php?featureid=248 India's Best Axe-Men, RollingStone, India.]
*[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=123250&category=Arts&catID=6 Article on Merinews]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050506105442/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/04/26/stories/2004042601720300.htm Article in ''The Hindu'']}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626220107/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/music_details.asp?code=11&source=1 TimeOut Mumbai Article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100113094743/http://www.indiecision.com/tag/pink-noise/ Indiecision Interview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626135602/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=18826 Screen India Article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626184802/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=205353 Kolkata Newsline Article on Jayashree Singh]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Amyt}}
[[Category:Lead guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]

Suchitra Murali

2026-01-18T18:17:35Z

ShereeDrm9452: added new biography

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchitra Murali
| image =
| birth_name = Suchitra
| birth_date =
| birth_place = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| children = 
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 1990–2003
| spouse = 
| relatives = 
}}

'''Suchitra Murali''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naatyagraha.com/suchitra_about_guru.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504131159/http://www.naatyagraha.com/suchitra_about_guru.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> commonly known by her stage name '''Suchitra''', is an Indian actress. Debuting in the lead role with the 1990 film ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' at the age of 14{{According to whom|date=October 2024}}, she has appeared mostly in [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam films]] as well as a few films in Tamil.

==Personal life==

Suchitra received her primary education from [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite interview |author=Suchitra |publisher=asianetnews |title=Suchitra , Interview with actress Suchitra |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCv4Sm08fRc |date=6 August 2015}}</ref>


==Career==
Suchitra, who debuted as a heroine in the film ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]],'' did numerous films in Malayalam in the 90s, mostly with heroes like [[Mammootty|Mammooty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagadeesh]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. Widely regarded as one of the most beautiful actresses in the 90s, Suchitra was very popular amongst the youth due to her eye-catching physique and her versatility in acting{{According to whom|date=October 2024}},. By the time she left the industry at the young age of 26 {{According to whom|date=October 2024}},she had already acted in 38 movies. She also acted in a handful of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. The 1991 release ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'', along with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Bhanupriya]], was her most popular Tamil movie{{According to whom|date=October 2024}},.

Suchitra is also a trained Indian Classical dancer. She was trained in [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Mohiniyattam]], and [[Kuchipudi]] by Guru V. Mythili.

==Other activities==

Suchitra was the ''Joint Secretary'' twice (1997-2000 & 2000–2003) in the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]]. Her versatility and application during her tenure was well appreciated by the other members.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malayalam.com |title=PREVIOUS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES |url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/Content-58/PREVIOUS++EXECUTIVE+COMMITTEES.html |accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref>
Suchitra was also seen recently as a celebrity judge in episodes of the popular reality shows ''[[Idea Star Singer]]'' and ''Vodafone Comedy Stars'', both on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. She also represented Kerala in the "Miss World Pageant" held in Bangalore in 1997.

In 2022, she appeared on an episode of the game show, Panam Tharum Padom alongside actor and host Jagadish on Mazhavil Manorama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Suchitra is elated about sharing screen space with Jagadish in 'Panam Tharum Padom' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/16/actor-suchitra-elated-screen-space-jagadish-panam-tharum-padom.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1978|| ''[[Aaravam]]'' || || [[Aaravam|Malayalam]]|| Child Artist
|-
|1978|| ''[[Adimakkachavadam]]''|| || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1979|| ''[[Ente Sneham Ninakku Mathram|Ente Sneham Ninakku Mathrem]]''|| || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1980|| ''[[Angadi (film)|Angaadi]]'' || || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1981|| ''Aambalpoovu'' || || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1981|| ''[[Oothikachiya Ponnu]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] || Child Artist
|-
|1984|| ''[[Swarna Gopuram|Swarnagopuram]]'' || || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1987|| ''[[Vrutham]]'' ||Usha || Malayalam || Child Artist
|-
|1990|| ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]''|| Devi R. Nair || Malayalam || ''Debut Film as Heroine (Aged only 14)''
|-
|1990|| ''[[Kuttettan]]''|| Nurse || Malayalam ||
|-
|1990|| ''[[Kshanakkathu]]'' || Sales girl || Malayalam||
|-
|1990|| ''Commander'' ||||Malayalam||
|-
|1990|| ''Enquiry'' || ||Malayalam||
|-
|1990|| ''Paadatha Veenayum Paadum'' || || Malayalam||
|-
|1991|| ''Chakravarthy''|| || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]''||Radha|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Mimics Parade]]''||Latha || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Ezhunnallathu]]'' ||Sunanda || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Mookkillarajyathu]]''||Dance Teacher || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]''||Ramani || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]''||Rosili || Malayalam ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Athirathan (film)|Athirathan]]'' ||Nimmy|| Malayalam||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]''||Kasthuri || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Bharatham]]''||Radha|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]] ''|| Gayathri|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Thalastaanam]]''||Supriya|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Mantrikacheppu]]''||Mercy || Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Neelakurukkan]]''|| Meera|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Mr & Mrs (1992 film)|Mr & Mrs]]'' || Ashwathi|| Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''||Latha || Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Makkal Mahatmyam]]''||Ammu || Malayalam ||
|-
|1992|| ''Maarathon (Aayaraam Gayaaraam) ''|| || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Kavadiyattam]]''||Thankamani || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Bhagyavaan]]''||Meena || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Sthreedhanam]]''||Sushamma || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Sowbhagyam]]'' ||Rejini || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]''||Gouri || Malayalam ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha]]''|| Annice|| Malayalam || Glamour Role
|-
|1993|| ''[[Cheppadividya]]''||Inspector's wife||Malayalam||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]''|| Uma|| Tamil||
|-
|1994|| ''Tharavadu''||Rajani || Malayalam ||
|-
|1994|| ''[[Kashmeeram]]''||Mithra || Malayalam ||
|-
|1994|| ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]] /Ipadikku Kaadhal''||Stella|| Malayalam/Tamil ||
|-
|1994||''Padhavi''||Unknown ||Malayalam||
|-
|1995|| ''[[Thakshashila]]''||Motti|| Malayalam||
|-
|1995|| ''Aavarthanam''|||| Malayalam||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]''|| Gayathri || Malayalam ||Sister role
|-
|1996|| ''Ammuvinte Aangalamar'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Shibiram]]''||Shiney || Malayalam||
|-
|1998|| '' Thikkurissi The Golden Miracle''|| Herself|| Malayalam||Documentary
|-
|1998|| ''Aattuvela''|| || Malayalam||
|-
|1999|| ''[[Rishivamsham]]''|| Drama artist||Malayalam||
|-
|2000|| ''[[Snegithiye]]'' ||Adv. Soumini || Tamil ||
|-
|2000|| ''[[Puraskaaram]]''|| Bhargavi||Malayalam||
|-
|2001|| ''[[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]''||Sofia || Malayalam ||
|-
|2001|| ''[[Kakkakkuyil]]'' ||Madhavan's daughter ||Malayalam ||
|-
|2001|| ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]'' ||Maya||Malayalam ||
|-
|2001|| ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' || Valli|| Tamil||
|-
|2002|| ''[[Aabharanacharthu]]'' ||Savithrikutty ||Malayalam||
|-
|2007|| ''[[Raakilipattu]]'' ||Adv. Soumini || Malayalam ||Shot in 2000 Bilingual with ''[[Snegithiye]]''
|-
|2011|| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''||Latha||Malayalam||Archive footage Cameo
|-
|}

==Television==
*''Sambavami Yuge Yuge'' ([[Surya TV]]) - Serial
*''Panam Tharum Padam'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]]) - Game show

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0837072|name=Suchitra}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Suchithra&limit=26 Suchithra at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suchitra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actress (musician) albums]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shiv Nath Prasad

2025-12-19T18:07:48Z

ShereeDrm9452: added a article - done

{{Short description|Indian architect (born 1922)}}
{{Indian name|Shiv Nath|Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
'''Shiv Nath Prasad''' (1922–{{circa|2002}}) was an Indian architect and urban planner known for his [[Brutalist architecture]] designs.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Random Delhi |url=https://therandomdelhi.wordpress.com/2020/05/11/shiv-nath-prasad-and-delhis-brutalist-architecture/ |title=Shiv Nath Prasad and Delhi's Brutalist Architecture – The Random Delhi |publisher=Therandomdelhi.wordpress.com |date=2020-05-11 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref> He was also called the "[[Le Corbusier]] of India".<ref name="worldarchitecture1">{{Cite web|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmzgp/an_ode_to_shivnath_prasad_the_le_corbusier_of_india.html|title=An Ode To Shivnath Prasad: The Le Corbusier Of India|website=World Architecture Community}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Akbar Hotel New Delhi (cropped) Ummu 06 00680 full 3669 2416 0 default.jpg|thumb|Akbar Hotel in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi constructed 1965–1969]]
Shiv Nath was born in [[Varanasi]], [[British Raj|British India]] in 1922.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-186376-1521996644|title=The Fortress of Komalemér – Photograph XII|first1=Burgess|last1=James|first2=Charles|last2=Shepherd|first3=Samuel|last3=Bourne|date=22 July 1874|journal=Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana}}</ref>

His work is influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], even though it is not completely clear if the two have ever worked together or not.<ref name="worldarchitecture1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/sarbjitbahga/remembering-shivnath-prasad-the-torchbearer-of-corbusierism-in-india |title=Remembering Shivnath Prasad: The Torchbearer Of Corbusierism In India |publisher=Slideshare.net |date= 3 March 2018|accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/presentation/482978300/Shivnath-prasad |title=Shivnath Prasad | PDF | Architectural Design | Architecture |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2021-08-05 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref>

His works include the [[Akbar Bhawan|Akbar Hotel]] in [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi, which was constructed between 1965 and 1969 with [[Mahendra Raj]] for the [[India Tourism Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|author=site admin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850930-mea-to-house-its-new-offices-in-itdc-prestigious-akbar-hotel-801986-2014-01-10 |title=ITDC: Akbar's loss – Economy News – Issue Date: Sep 30, 1985 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=1985-09-30 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sosbrutalism.org/sixcms/detail.php?id=16961549|title=Akbar Hotel (today: South Asian University / Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA))|website=#SOSBRUTALISM}}</ref> It has elements of Le Corbusier's ''[[Unité d'habitation]]''.<ref name="worldarchitecture1"/> The [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]] was constructed from 1966–69 and [[Tibet House]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sosbrutalism.org/sixcms/detail.php?id=15889751|title=Shri Ram Center for Art and Culture|website=#SOSBRUTALISM}}</ref><ref name="worldarchitecture1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/1996525|title=Architect Shivnath Prasad-His contribution to Modern Indian Architectture|first=Momin|last=Zaki|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

He was professor of architecture at the School of architecture, University of Illinois, at Champaign-Urbana in the 1980' and moved back to Delhi after retirement.

Prasad died in the early 2000s.<ref name="worldarchitecture1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Shiv Nath Prasad |url=https://www.mplus.org.hk/en/collection/makers/shiv-nath-prasad/ |website=M+ |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jugal Kishore Choudhury]]
* [[Kuldip Singh (architect)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Shiv Nath}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2000s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Brutalist architects]]
[[Category:Indian urban planners]]

{{India-architect-stub}}

Bahar Dutt

2025-12-11T18:33:31Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{short description|Indian journalist (born 1975)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bahar Dutt
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1975
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<ref name=meet>{{cite web |title=Meet Bahar Dutt |publisher=Sanctuary Asia |date=February 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1456:meet-bahar-.. |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032402/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1456:meet-bahar-.. |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| monuments =
| education = [[University of Delhi]]; [[University of Kent]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Television journalist and environmental editor
| years_active =
| employer = CNN-IBN Live
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for = environmental journalism
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Vijay Bedi]]<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/we-bought-a-farm-the-story-of-one-delhi-couple-s-adventures-with-the-simple-life/story-wRjWF4mEVjD8YlYXW6siPO.html We bought a farm: The story of one Delhi couple's adventures with the simple life]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.</ref>
| partner = 
| children = 1
| father = SP Dutt
| mother = Prabha Dutt
| relatives = [[Barkha Dutt]] (sister)
| awards =
| website = {{URL|1=ibnlive.in.com/blogs/author/258/bahardutt.html|2=Beasts in My Belfry}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bahar Dutt''' (born 20 June 1975)<ref>{{Cite twitter |title=First #FathersDay without my dad first birthday without my father. #COVID19 has scarred so many of us in so many ways |user=bahardutt |number=1406483550547812354 |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian television journalist and environmental editor and columnist for [[CNN-IBN]].<ref name=ibnlive>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/author/258/bahardutt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129152014/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/author/258/bahardutt.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2009 |title=Bahar Dutt's Blog - Beasts in my Belfry: IBNlive.com |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bahar Dutt is the daughter of SP Dutt and Prabha Dutt, who was among India's first female journalists and influenced Bahar's career path.<ref name="meet"/> Bahar Dutt is the sister of well-known journalist [[Barkha Dutt]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prabha Dutt fellowship goes to Express journalist |publisher=Express India |date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/Prabha-Dutt-fellowship-goes-to-Express-journalist/245028/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620021630/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/Prabha-Dutt-fellowship-goes-to-Express-journalist/245028/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref>

Bahar is the only Indian environmental journalist to have won Green Oscar for her reporting on environment issues in India.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/earth-heroes/9356-bahar-dutt-and-cnn-ibn.html |title=Bahar Dutt and CNN-IBN |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509130052/https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/earth-heroes/9356-bahar-dutt-and-cnn-ibn.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pragyan.org/16/home/lectures/crossfire/bahar_dutt/ | title=Pragyan 16 - Bahar Dutt | access-date=9 May 2019 | archive-date=26 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526020237/https://www.pragyan.org/16/home/lectures/crossfire/bahar_dutt/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dutt is a [[wildlife]] conservationist by training.<ref name=ibnlive /> She first earned a degree in social work from [[University of Delhi]]. Dutt then pursued wildlife conservation at the [[Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology]] from the [[University of Kent]] and earned her MSc degree.<ref name=meet /><ref name=wild>{{cite news|first=Proyashi |last=Barua |title=In the wild |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/In-the-wild/articleshow/5283401.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620023513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/education/28112170_1_snake-charmers-conservation-drive-wildlife|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Before turning to journalism, Dutt worked on her own conservation projects.<ref name=jeevika>{{cite news|title=A Different Charm: Bahar Dutt comes to rescue of Delhi snake charmers |work=India Today|date=1 January 2007 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20070101-bahar-dutt-of-jeevika-friends-of-snakes-shows-a-alternative-way-of-livelihood-to-snake-charmers2007-749164-2006-12-31}}</ref> She spent seven years with the Bahelias, or snake charmers, across [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]] in northern India.<ref name=meet /> India's [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]] made wild animals public property, which made the snake charmers' practice of catching snakes and training them illegal.<ref name=nature>{{cite news|title=Charm offensive |publisher=Nature |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020715/full/news020715-5.html}}</ref> Dutt worked with them to combine their knowledge of snakes and musical abilities into public performances and education without the use of snakes.<ref name=jeevika /><ref name=nature /> In that project she merged wildlife conservation and heritage preservation.<ref name=wild /> Her work with the snake charmers was featured in media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian snake-charmers |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corp. |work=Science Show |date=29 August 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/indian-snake-charmers/3128798}}</ref>

She was hired in 2005 to be an environmental journalist by [[Rajdeep Sardesai]].<ref name=meet /> For CNN-IBN she is the Environment Editor, she has done undercover investigations, news reports. Her reportage has influenced policy and led to the stoppage of many illegal projects coming up on wetlands and forests

==Notable works of journalism==
In 2006, she directed ''Last Dance of the Sarus''. This was an award-winning investigative news piece about the drainage of wetlands in eastern India that are the habitat of almost a third of the world's [[sarus crane]]s. The drainage project was for the proposed development of an airport.<ref name=Sarus1>{{cite news|title=TV 18 shines at the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2006 |publisher=Indian Television |date=17 July 2007 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/july/july220.php}}</ref><ref name=Sarus2>{{cite news|title=India bags two Pandas at Bristol wildlife film fest |work=The Indian Express|date=19 October 2006 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-bags-two-pandas-at-bristol-wildlife-film-fest/14998/1#sthash.DgpNo6iX.dpuf}}</ref><ref name=Sarus3>{{cite news|first=Narayani |last=Ganesh |title=Green oscars: 2 Indian films win top prizes |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Green-oscars-2-Indian-films-win-top-prizes/articleshow/2210438.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-20/rest-of-world/27808074_1_sarus-indian-entries-film|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

Bahar recently released her book, ''Green Wars''. The book draws on Dutt's experience as a conservationist to look at how the tension between a modernising economy and saving the planet can be resolved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=4682 |title=HarperCollins Publishers India Ltd |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002724/http://harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=4682 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2006 [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Award for excellence in environmental reporting]] for ''Last Dance of the Sarus''<ref name=Sarus1 />
* 2006 Wildscreen Award (International). Dutt was awarded a "Red Panda" in 2006 for ''Last Dance of the Sarus'' in the news category by the [[Wildscreen Festival]].<ref name=Sarus2 /><ref name=Sarus3 />
* 2007 Young Environment Journalist Award<ref>{{cite news|title=Assam youth bags Forum of Environment Journalist award |work=The Hindu|date=18 September 2007 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200709181040.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620021558/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200709181040.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref>
* 2009 Sanctuary-RBS Wildlife Awards. Dutt was awarded the Wings award for raising the stature of environmental journalism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bahar Dutt conferred with RBS Wildlife Awards |publisher=ibnlive |date=31 January 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bahar-dutt-conferred-with-rbs-wildlife-awards/84115-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814190017/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bahar-dutt-conferred-with-rbs-wildlife-awards/84115-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>
* 2009 Sanskriti award<ref>{{cite news|title=Young achievers get this year's Sanskriti Awards |work=Hindustan Times|date=20 November 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Young-achievers-get-this-year-s-Sanskriti-Awards/Article1-478573.aspx |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023095804/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/young-achievers-get-this-year-s-sanskriti-awards/article1-478573.aspx |archivedate=23 October 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* IBN Live channel, "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ke0_3ZhGtEY CJ Show: Bahar Dutt takes viewers questions]" (9 June 2013)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129152014/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/author/258/bahardutt.html Beast in My Belfry], columns by Bahar Dutt
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120903192815/http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/downloads/India2009.pdf International wildlife and environmental film festival 2009]
* [https://archive.today/20130411034410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-20/rest-of-world/27808074_1_sarus-indian-entries-film Green oscars: 2 Indian films win top prizes], First ever news journalist to win Green Oscar
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062911/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/world-environment-day-saving-the-sacred-ganga/264338-3.html World Environment Day: Saving the sacred Ganga]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Bahar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Kent]]
[[Category:Environmental journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Nuruddin Farah

2025-12-09T21:18:35Z

ShereeDrm9452: Done

{{Short description|Somali novelist (born 1945)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nuruddin Farah نورالدين فارح
| image = 3Nuruddin Farah.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Farah in 2010 before a lecture at [[Simon Fraser University]].
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Nuuradiin Faarax
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baidoa]], Somalia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[essay]]ist, [[professor]]
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]] among many
| period =
| genre =
| subject = [[Nationalism]], [[colonialism]], [[feminism]]
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[From a Crooked Rib]]'' (1970) ''Sweet and Sour Milk'' (1979) ''Maps'' (1986) ''Gifts'' (1993) ''Secrets'' (1998)
| spouse = Chitra Muliyil (1982–1992) [[Amina Mama]] (1992–2006)
| children = Koshin (born 1983) Abyan (born 1994) Kaahiye (born 1995)
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kurt Tucholsky Prize]], [[Lettre Ulysses Award]], [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]], [[Premio Cavour]], [[St. Malo Literature Festival Prize]]
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}'''Nuruddin Farah''' ({{langx|so|Nuuradiin Faarax}}, {{langx|ar|نورالدين فارح}}) (born 24 November 1945)<ref name=Encyclopedia>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/nuruddin-farah#3482800054 |title=Farah, Nuruddin 1945–|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> is a [[Somali people|Somali]] [[novelist]]. His first novel, ''[[From a Crooked Rib]]'', was published in 1970 and has been described as "one of the cornerstones of modern East African literature today".<ref>{{cite news|last=Makokha|first= Justus|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/entertainment/2020-02-22-nuruddin-farah-celebrates-jubilee-anniversary-of-debut-novel/ |title=Nuruddin Farah celebrates jubilee anniversary of debut novel|newspaper= The Star|location=Kenya|date= 22 February 2020}}</ref> Farah has also written plays both for stage and radio, as well as short stories and essays. Since leaving Somalia in the 1970s, he has lived and taught in numerous countries, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Sudan, India, Uganda, Nigeria and South Africa.

Farah has garnered acclaim as one of the greatest contemporary writers in the world,<ref name="Llcterttwgw"/> his prose having earned him accolades including the Premio Cavour in Italy, the [[Kurt Tucholsky Prize]] in Germany, the [[Lettre Ulysses Award]] in [[Berlin]], and in 1998, the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]. In the same year, the French edition of his 1993 novel ''Gifts'' won the St Malo Literature Festival's prize.<ref name="Luaftaornf">[http://www.lettre-ulysses-award.org/authors03/farah.html "Nuruddin Farah"], Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage, 2006.</ref> In addition, Farah is a perennial nominee for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eldridge|first1= Michael|title=The Novels of Nuruddin Farah (review)|journal=[[Africa Today]]|volume= 52|issue= 1|date= Fall 2005|pages= 141–143|doi=10.1353/at.2005.0055|s2cid= 144230302}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nuruddin Farah was born in 1945 in [[Baidoa]], in [[Italian Somaliland]].<ref name=jaggi>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/sep/21/nuruddin-salah-life-in-writing |title=Nuruddin Farah: a life in writing |work=[[The Guardian]] |author-link=Maya Jaggi |first=Maya|last=Jaggi|date=21 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> His father Hassan Farah was a merchant and interpreter and his mother Aleeli (née Faduma) an oral poet.<ref name=Encyclopedia /><ref name=jaggi /><ref name="another">{{Cite web |title=Nuruddin Farah (1945–) |website= Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s |url=https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/nuruddin-farah-1945 |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en|first1=Andrew |last1=Nyongesa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809013925/https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/nuruddin-farah-1945|archive-date=August 9, 2020|url-status=live|publisher=Leverhulme Trust}}</ref> Farah was the fourth eldest boy in a large family.<ref name="Llcterttwgw">{{cite book | title=Literature Lover's Companion: The Essential Reference to the World's Greatest Writers – Past and Present, Popular and Classical | publisher=[[Prentice Hall Press]] | author=((The Editors of Prentice Hall ))| year=2001 | pages=200 | isbn=073520229X}}</ref><ref name="Tnonf">{{cite web|last1=Wright|first1=Derek|title=The Novels of Nuruddin Farah|url=http://www.wardheernews.com/html/nur.htm|publisher=Wardheernews|access-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820192458/http://www.wardheernews.com/html/nur.htm|archive-date=20 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

As a child, Farah frequented schools in Somalia and adjacent [[Ethiopia]], attending classes in [[Kelafo|Kallafo]] in Ogaden (now the [[Somali Region]]). He studied English, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Amharic language|Amharic]]. In 1963, he was forced to flee the region following the [[1963 Ogaden Rebellion|Ogaden Rebellion]] and subsequent border conflicts between Somalia and Ethiopia. He settled in independent Somalia, where he found work as a typist in the Ministry of Education.<ref name="another" />

From 1966 to 1970, he pursued a degree in [[philosophy]], [[literature]] and [[sociology]] at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]], India,<ref name="Llcterttwgw"/> where he met his first wife,<ref name=jaggi /> Chitra Muliyil Farah, with whom he had a son (the marriage later ended in divorce).<ref name=Encyclopedia /> Farah subsequently went to England, attending [[London University]] (1974–75) and studying for a master's degree in theatre at [[Essex University]] (1975–76). His mother died in 1990, and in 1992 he married British-Nigerian academic [[Amina Mama]] and they have a son and a daughter.<ref name=Encyclopedia /><ref name=jaggi />

In 1990, he received a grant from the [[German Academic Exchange Service]] and moved to Berlin. In 1996, he visited Somalia for the first time in more than 20 years.<ref>[http://www.penguinspeakersbureau.com/speakers/page/nuruddin_farah The Penguin Speaker's Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718125100/http://www.penguinspeakersbureau.com/speakers/page/nuruddin_farah |date=18 July 2012 }}. Penguin Group.</ref>

Farah's sister Basra Farah Hassan, a diplomat, was killed in a bombing in January 2014 while working with the [[United Nations]] in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Safferz, [https://archive.today/20140124101205/http://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/basra-farah-sister-of-nuruddin-farah-among-casualties-of-kabul-attack/ "Basra Farah, sister of Nuruddin Farah, among casualties of Kabul attack"], Somalia Online, 18 January 2014.</ref><ref>Charles, Ron, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/nuruddin-farah-lost-a-sister-to-terrorism-his-new-novel-shows-the-pain-left-behind/2018/12/17/5f4306f8-021c-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html "Nuruddin Farah lost a sister to terrorism. His new novel shows the pain left behind"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 December 2018.</ref>

Farah currently resides in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], and [[Cape Town]], South Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Farah|first1=Nuruddin|title=Crossbones|date=2012|publisher=[[Granta Books]]|isbn=9781847086099|url=http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781847086099|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195659/http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781847086099|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Literary career==
[[File:Nuruddin Farah.jpg|thumb|left|Farah at the [[Festivaletteratura]] in [[Mantua]], September 2008.]]
After releasing an early short story in his native [[Somali language]], Farah shifted to writing in English while still attending university in India. His books have been translated into 17 languages.<ref name="Luaftaornf" />

His debut novel, ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), told the story of a [[nomad]] girl who flees from an [[arranged marriage]] to a much older man. Published by [[Heinemann Educational Books]] (HEB) in their [[African Writers Series]], the novel earned him mild but international acclaim. On a tour of Europe following the publication of ''[[A Naked Needle]]'' (HEB, 1976), Farah was warned that the Somali government planned to arrest him over its contents. Rather than return and face imprisonment, Farah began a self-imposed exile that would last for 22 years, during which time he taught in the United States, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Sudan, India and Nigeria.

Farah describes his purpose for writing as an attempt "to keep my country alive by writing about it", and for [[Nadine Gordimer]] he was one of the continent's "true interpreters".<ref name=jaggi/> His [[trilogy|trilogies]] of novels – "Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship" (1980–83) and "Blood in the Sun" (1986–99) – form the core of his work. First published by [[Allison and Busby]], "Variations" included ''Sweet and Sour Milk'' (1979), ''Sardines'' (1981) and ''Close Sesame'' (1983), and was well received in a number of countries. Farah's reputation was cemented by his most famous novel, ''Maps'' (1986), the first volume of his "Blood in the Sun" trilogy. ''Maps'', which is set during the [[Ogaden War|Ogaden conflict]] of 1977, employs the innovative technique of [[second-person narrative|second-person narration]] for exploring questions of cultural identity in a post-independence world. Farah followed this with ''Gifts'' (1993) and ''Secrets'' (1998), both of which earned awards. His subsequent "Past Imperfect" trilogy comprises ''Links'' (2004), ''Knots'' (2007) and ''Crossbones'' (2011). His most recent novels are ''[[Hiding in Plain Sight (novel)|Hiding in Plain Sight]]'', published in 2014,<ref>[[Laila Lalami|Lalami, Laila]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/books/review/nuruddin-farahs-hiding-in-plain-sight.html "Nuruddin Farah’s ‘Hiding in Plain Sight{{'"}}], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 November 2014.</ref> and ''North of Dawn'' (2018).<ref>Charles, Ron, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/north-dawn-nuruddin-farah-book-review-terrorism-sister-novel-a8694206.html "North of Dawn by Nuruddin Farah, review: The Somali novelist channels the pain of his sister's death in a terror attack"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 21 December 2018.</ref><ref>Finn, Melanie, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/04/books/review/north-of-dawn-nuruddin-farah.html "A Novel of Culture Clash Grapples With the Grief of a Suicide Bomber’s Family"], ''The New York Times'', 4 January 2019.</ref> Writing in the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', [[Bhakti Shringarpure]] observed: "The most prolific writer Somalia has ever produced, Farah has indeed kept his country alive in our collective imaginations for the past 40 years. ... ''North of Dawn'' beautifully articulates the pervasive anxiety and nervous condition of being a migrant."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/norway-somalia-and-the-specters-of-terror/|title=Norway, Somalia, and the Specters of Terror|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=4 December 2018|first=Bhakti |last=Shringarpure|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>

Farah is also a playwright, whose plays include work for the stage — ''A Dagger in Vacuum'' (produced [[Mogadiscio]], 1970), ''The Offering'' (produced [[Colchester, Essex]], 1975), ''Yussuf and His Brothers'' (produced [[Jos, Nigeria]], 1982) — and for radio: ''Tartar Delight'', 1980 (Germany), and ''A Spread of Butter''.<ref name=Encyclopedia />

Besides literature, Farah is an important scholar within [[Somali Studies]]. He serves on the International Advisory Board of ''Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies'', published by [[Macalester College]].<ref name="Mcbeb">{{cite web|title=Bildhaan - Editorial Board|url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan/editorialboard.html|publisher=Macalester College|access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

==Selected awards and honours==

* 1974–76: [[UNESCO]] fellowship
* 1980: [[English-Speaking Union]] Literary Award (for ''Sweet and Sour Milk'')
* 1990: Corman Artists fellowship{{cn|date=August 2022}}
* 1991: [[Kurt Tucholsky]] Prize, Stockholm, Sweden<ref name=Wright719>Wright, Derek (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IEDpL41t3oC&dq=nuruddin+farah+Premio+Cavour+Italy&pg=PA719 "Chronology"], in ''Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Farah'', Africa World Press, 2002 (pp. 717–20), p. 719.</ref>
* 1993: Best Novel Award, Zimbabwe (for ''Gifts'')<ref name=Wright719 />
* 1994: Premio Cavour, Italy (for Italian translation of ''Close Sesame'')<ref>Wright, "Chronology", ''Emerging Perspectives'' (2002), p. 718.</ref>
* 1998: Neustadt International Prize for Literature<ref name=Wright719 />
* 1998: St Malo Literary Festival award (for French edition of ''Gifts'')<ref name=Wright719 />
* 2024: [[Royal Society of Literature]] International Writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bronasbooks.com/2024/12/10/royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-2024/|title=Royal Society of Literature International Writers 2024|date=10 December 2024|access-date=2 January 2025|website=bronasbooks.com}}</ref>

==Works==
===Novels===
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=[[From a Crooked Rib]]|location=London|publisher=[[Heinemann Educational Books]]|year=1970|series=African Writers; 80}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=[[A Naked Needle]]|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational|year=1976|series=African Writers; 184}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Territoires|location=Paris|publisher=Serpent à Plumes|year=2000}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=[[Hiding in Plain Sight (novel)|Hiding in Plain Sight]]|location=New York|publisher=Riverhead Books|year=2014 }}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=North of Dawn|publisher=Riverhead Books|year=2018|isbn=978-0735214231}}
====''Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship'' trilogy====
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Sweet and Sour Milk|location=London|publisher=[[Allison & Busby]]|year=1979}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Sardines|location=London|publisher=Allison & Busby|year=1981}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Close Sesame|location=London|publisher=Allison & Busby|year=1983}}
====''Blood in the Sun'' trilogy====
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]|location=London|publisher=Pan|year=1986}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Gifts|location=London|publisher=[[Serif (publisher)|Serif]]|year=1993}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Secrets|url=https://archive.org/details/secrets00fara|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Arcade|year=1998|isbn=9781559704274}}
====''Past Imperfect'' trilogy====
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Links|location=Cape Town|publisher=Kwela Books|year=2003}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Knots|url=https://archive.org/details/knots00fara|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Riverhead Books|year=2007|isbn=9781594489242}}
*{{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Crossbones|location=New York|publisher=Riverhead Books|year=2011}}

===Short fiction===
* {{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Why Die So Soon?|year=1965}} Novella
* {{cite magazine|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|date=22–29 December 2014|title=The start of the affair|magazine=[[The New Yorker (magazine)|The New Yorker]]|volume=90|issue=41|pages=130–139}}

===Plays===
* {{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=A Dagger in Vacuum|year=1965}}
* ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶— (1976) "The Offering". ''Lotus'' (Afro-Asian Writings), vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 77–93.

===Non-fiction===
* {{cite book|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|title=Yesterday, Tomorrow: Voices from the Somali Diaspora|location=London|publisher=Cassell|year=2000 }}
* {{cite magazine|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|date=16 December 2013|title=Nelson Mandela|department=The Talk of the Town. Postscript|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=89|issue=41|pages=26–27|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/16/nelson-mandela-3 }}
* {{cite web|author=Farah, Nuruddin|author-mask=1|date=12 August 2017|title=This Is What Hunger Looks Like — Again|department=Sunday Review|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/12/opinion/sunday/this-is-what-hunger-looks-like-again.html}}

===Essays===
====Autobiographical and literary essays====
* "Celebrating Differences: The 1998 Neustadt Lecture", ''Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Farah'', edited by Derek Wright, Africa World Press, 2002, pp. 15–24.
* "Childhood of My Schizophrenia", ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', 23–29 November 1990, p. 1264.
* "A Country in Exile", ''[[World Literature Today]]'', vol. 72, no. 4, 1998, pp. 713–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/40154257.
* "The Creative Writer and the Politician". ''The Classic'', vol. 3, no. 1, 1984, pp. 27–30.
* "Do Fences Have Sides?", ''The Commonwealth in Canada: Proceedings of the Second Triennial Conference of CACLALS, Part 2'', edited by Uma Parameswaran, Writers' Workshop, 1983, pp. 174–82.
* "Do You Speak German?!", ''Okike: An African Journal of New Writing'', vol. 22, 1982, pp. 33–8.
* "Germany—And All That Jazz", ''Okike: An African Journal of New Writing'', vol. 18, 1981, pp. 8–12.
* "Ibsen, In Other Words", ''Nordlit'', vol. 34, 2015, pp. 15–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3350.
* "In Praise of Exile", ''Literature in Exile'', edited by [[John Glad]], [[Duke University Press]], 1990, pp. 64–77.
* "Savaging the Soul of a Nation", ''The Writer in Politics'', edited by William Glass and Lorin Cuoco. [[Southern Illinois University Press]], 1996, pp. 110–5.
* "Why I Write". ''Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Farah'', edited by Derek Wright. Africa World Press, 2002

====Social and political essays====
* "Bastards of Empire", ''[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]]'', vol. 65, 1995, pp. 26–35.
* "Centuries-long War for Somali Peninsula", ''WardheerNews'', 12 April 2018. 
* "Country Cousins", ''[[London Review of Books]]'', 3 September 1998, pp. 19–20.
* "False Accounting", ''[[Granta]]'', vol. 49, 1994, pp. 171–81.
* "My Life as a Diplomat", ''[[The New York Times]]''. 26 May 2007. 
* "Of Tamarind and Cosmopolitanism", ''African Cities Reader'', edited by [[Ntone Edjabe]] and Edgar Pieterse. [[Chimurenga (magazine)|Chimurenga]], 2010, pp. 178–81.
* "People of a Half-Way House", ''London Review of Books'', 21 March 1996, pp. 19–20.
* "Praise the Marines? I Suppose So", ''The New York Times'', 28 December 1992, pp. 14–17.
* "The Family House". ''Transition'', vol. 99, 2008, pp. 6–15.
* "The Women of Kismayo", ''The Times Literary Supplement''. 15 November 1996, p. 18.
* "Which way to the Sea, Please?" ''Horn of Africa'', vol. 1, no. 4, 1978, pp. 31–6. Republished by WardheerNews, 4 March 2015.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Alden, Patricia, and Louis Tremain. ''Nuruddin Farah''. Twayne's World Authors Series v. 876. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1999.
* Jaggi, Maya, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233724/http://docsfiles.com/pdf_a_betrayed_nation.html "Bitter crumbs and sour milk - a nation betrayed"] (profile of Nuruddin Farah), ''The Guardian'', 18 April 1993. Accessed 27 June 2012.
* {{cite book|last1=Masterston|first1=John|title=The Disorder of Things: A Foucauldian Approach to the Work of Nuruddin Farah|date=2013|publisher=Wits University Press|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781868145706|oclc=940629153}}
* Moolla, Fatima Fiona, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122071832/http://uctscholar.uct.ac.za/PDF/4783_Moolla_FF.pdf "Individualism in the Novels of Nuruddin Farah"], PhD. thesis, Department of English, University of Cape Town, August 2009.
* Moolla, F. Fiona, [https://books.google.com/books?id=88zCAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Bitter+crumbs+and+sour+milk+--+a+nation+betrayed%22 ''Reading Nuruddin Farah: The Individual, the Novel & the Idea of Home''], James Currey, 2014.
* Wright, Derek (ed.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7IEDpL41t3oC&dq=nuruddin+farah ''Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Farah''], [[Africa World Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|9780865439191}}.
* Wright, Derek. ''The Novels of Nuruddin Farah''. Bayreuth African Studies, Vol. 32, 2nd edition, Bayreuth: 2004.
{{commons category}}

An issue of the journal ''[[Tydskrif vir Letterkunde]]'' [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tvl/issue/view/18952 (vol. 57, no. 1, 2020)] contained 17 articles about Nuruddin Farah and his work.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Books and Writers |id=farah |name=Nuruddin Farah}}
*[http://www.lettre-ulysses-award.org/authors03/farah.html "Nuruddin Farah"], Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage, 2006.
*Geetha Ganga, [http://afrikansarvi.fi/issue5/52-artikkeli/142-somalia-in-the-fiction-of-nuruddin-farah "Somalia in the fiction of Nuruddin Farah"], Afrikan Sarvi.
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/books/review/nuruddin-farah-by-the-book.html?_r=0 "Nuruddin Farah: By the Book"], ''The New York Times'', 13 November 2014.
*[https://www.npr.org/2014/10/25/358322551/novelist-nuruddin-farah-facing-a-blank-page-is-bravest-thing-a-writer-does "Novelist Nuruddin Farah: Facing A Blank Page Is 'Bravest Thing' A Writer Does"] (interview), [[NPR]], 25 October 2014.
*Brittany Vickers, [http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/somali-author-nuruddin-farah-speaks-truth-to-power-333 "Somali Author Nuruddin Farah Speaks Truth to Power"] (interview), ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'', 14 January 2015.
*Lebohang Mojapelo, [https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2020/04/10/the-majority-of-writers-in-africa-of-us-confine-ourselves-rather-than-having-great-ambition-an-interview-with-nuruddin-farah-by-lebohang-mojapelo/ "'The majority of writers in Africa, of us, confine ourselves, rather than having great ambition'—An interview with Nuruddin Farah"], ''[[Johannesburg Review of Books]]'', 10 April 2020.

{{Navboxes
|title=Awards received by Nuruddin Farah
|list1=
{{Neustadt International Prize for Literature}}
{{Mondello Prize}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farah, Nurruddin}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Essex]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Ethnic Somali people]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Somalian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Somalian novelists]]
[[Category:Somalian writers]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]

Iraj Masjedi

2025-11-07T10:52:21Z

ShereeDrm9452: starting a entry initial version - done

{{Short description|Iranian military personnel}}
{{Infobox Governor
| honorific-prefix = [[Sardar (IRGC)|Sardar]]
| name = Iraj Masjedi
| image = Iraj Masjedi by Tasnim (2))).jpg
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of Iran to Iraq|Ambassador of Iran to Iraq]]
| term_start1 = 18 April 2017
| term_end1 = 11 April 2022
| president1 = [[Hassan Rouhani]]{{-}}[[Ebrahim Raisi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hassan Danaeifar]]
| successor1 = [[Mohammad-Kazem Ale-Sadegh]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|60|2017|01|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/17012017|title='Moderate deal-broker' to run Iran's embassy in Baghdad|work=Rudaw|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=17 January 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]], [[Iran]]<ref name="mei">{{citation|title=Tehran's Controversial Ambassador Pick Sign of I.R.G.C.'s Expanding Influence in Iraq|url=https://www.mei.edu/content/article/io/tehran-s-controversial-ambassador-pick-sign-irgc-s-expanding-influence-iraq|author=Ahmad Majidyar|date=8 March 2017|work=Middle East Institute|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>
| allegiance = [[Iran]]
| branch = [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Revolutionary Guards]]
| unit = [[Quds Force]]<ref name="AA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/generational-change-in-the-iranian-revolutionary-guards-corps-quds-force-brigadier-general-iraj-masjedi/|author=Ali Alfoneh|title=Generational change in the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps Quds Force: Brigadier General Iraj Masjedi|publisher=Middle Eastern Outlook|via=American Enterprise Institute|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
| commands = Quds Base<ref name="AA"/> Ramazan Base<ref name="mei"/>
| serviceyears = 1982–2017
| rank = [[Brigadier general]]<ref name="AA"/>
| battles = {{Unbulleted list|[[Iran–Iraq War]]<ref name="mei"/>|[[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)]]<ref name="AA"/>}}
}}
'''Iraj Masjedi''' ({{langx|fa|ایرج مسجدی}}) was the former [[Iran]]ian ambassador to [[Iraq]], having previously served in the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Revolutionary Guards]] for 35 years.<ref name="r"/> A veteran of [[Iran–Iraq War]], Masjedi was a senior [[Quds Force]] commander and served as a top advisor to [[Qasem Soleimani]].<ref name="r">{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN17L2EC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032226/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN17L2EC|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2017|title=Revolutionary Guard general takes over as new Iranian ambassador in Iraq|work=Reuters|author=Babak Dehghanpisheh|editor=Hugh Lawson|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=19 April 2017}}</ref> He was designated as the ambassador to Iraq in January 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/iran-appoints-seasoned-qods-force-operative-as-ambassador-to-iraq|title=Iran Appoints Seasoned Qods Force Operative as Ambassador to Iraq|agency=Reuters|author=Farzin Nadimi|type=Policy Analysis|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> and assumed office in April 2017.<ref name="r"/> On October 22, 2020, the U.S. designated Masjedi under [[Executive Order 13224]], imposing sanctions on him “for acting for or on behalf of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]]-QF.“<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Treasury Sanctions Iranian Ambassador to Iraq |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1159 |website=treasury.gov}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{iran-mil-bio-stub}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hassan Danaeifar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Iranian Ambassador to [[Iraq]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masjedi, Iraj}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Quds Force personnel]]
[[Category:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier generals]]
[[Category:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps personnel of the Iran–Iraq War]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Iran to Iraq]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

V. Thiruselvam

2025-11-03T15:31:50Z

ShereeDrm9452: added article - done

{{Short description|Indian television director and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thiruselvam Velusamy
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|02|11|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-thiruselvams-joyous-48th-birthday-celebration/articleshow/107662536.cms|title=Here's how actor Thiruselvam celebrated his birthday|website=Times of India|date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = Nadiyam, Peravurani Taluk, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation =Television director
Actor
| birth_name = Thiruselvam Velusamy
| years_active = 2001 – present
| parents =
| children = Priyadarshini<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2024/ethirneechal-director-thriruselvams-daughter-priyadarshini-is-all-set-to-tie-the-knot-deets-399363.html|title=Director Thriruselvam's Daughter Priyadarshini Is All Set To Tie The Knot|website=Filmibeat|date=June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Thiruselvam Velusamy''' known professionally as '''V. Thiruselvam''' is an Indian television director and actor. Thiruselvam is best known for director and playing the role of 'Tholkapian' in the Tamil-language Family television series [[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=மீண்டும் சன் டிவியில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் கோலங்கள் 'தொல்ஸ்'.. சீரியல் பேர் என்ன தெரியுமா?|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/director-thiruselvam-re-enters-in-sun-tv-with-a-new-serial/articleshow/88824844.cms|website=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="கோலங்கள் 400 எபிசோடில் பண்ணத 'எதிர் நீச்சல்' 150-ல பண்ணிடுச்சு".. - இயக்குனர் திருச்செல்வம் EXCLUSIVE|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/serial-director-thiruchelvam-exclusive-about-kolangal-ethirneechal.html|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
During early 2012, Thiruselvam making his debut as a Television producer in 'Pokkisham' serial, That serial aired on [[Kalaignar TV]] from 2012 to 2013. He also played the role of the lead actor. In 2013 Writer and director another serial [[Chithiram Pesuthadi (2013 TV series)|Chithiram pesuthadi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/tv-actress-rathi-wants-love-marry-her-lover-188992.html| title= காதல் திருமணம் செய்ய ஆசை: மனம் திறக்கும் ரதி| publisher= tamil.filmibeat.com| date=6 December 2013}}</ref> in 2015 [[Kairasi Kudumbam]] for [[Jaya TV]].

He also writes and screenplay the Vikatan TV YouTube channel's drama, 'Vallamai Tharayo' in 2021. It was [[India]]'s first digital daily <ref>{{cite web |title=Vikatan launches India's first digital daily series - 'Vallamai Tharayo'|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/vikatan-launches-indias-first-digital-daily-series-vallamai-tharayo-108846.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|date=4 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> series. He had another breakthrough in 2022 by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s serial [[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Thiruselvam making comeback to Tamil TV with Ethir Neechal|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-thiruselvam-making-comeback-to-tamil-tv-with-ethir-neechal-4734995.html|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=கோலங்கள் திருச்செல்வம் இயக்கும் எதிர்நீச்சல் தொடர்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/feb/01/after-kolangal-director-thiruchelvam-directs-new-serial-called-ethir-neechal-3784343.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=February 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Actor
! Producer
!Role
! Networks
! Notes
|-
| 2002{{endash}}2004
| ''[[Metti Oli]]''
| {{no}} (Co-Director)
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|Gnanaraj a.k.a. Santhosh
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2003{{endash}}2009
| ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|Tholkaapiyan "Thols"
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2005{{endash}}2006
| ''Alli Rajiyam''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2009{{endash}}2011
| ''[[Madhavi (TV series)|Madhavi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2012{{endash}}2013
| ''Pokkisham''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|Vasanthan
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Pokkisham is a television serial starring Meera Krishna and Thiruselvam|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/pokkisham|website=nettv4u.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013{{endash}}2014
| ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi (2013 TV series)|Chithiram pesuthadi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|Arunmozhi
| [[Jaya TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/chithiram-pesuthadi-new-serial-on-jaya-tv-188541.html| title= ரதி, ரம்யா நடிக்கும் சித்திரம் பேசுதடி: 5 சகோதரிகளின் கதை| publisher= tamil.filmibeat.com| date=30 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2015{{endash}}2017
| ''[[Kairasi Kudumbam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/karasi-kudumbam-on-jaya-tv-035694.html| title=Kairasi Kudumbam on Jaya TV | publisher= tamil.filmibeat.com | date=14 July 2015| accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2021
| ''Vallamai Tharayo''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| Vikatan TV
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |title=How Tamil web-series 'Vallamai Tharayo' bridges the gap between digital and TV content|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-tamil-web-series-revolving-around-patriarchy/article33739537.ece|website=www.thehindu.com|date=3 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022{{endash}}2024
| ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Jeevanantham
| rowspan="2" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruselvam directed TV show 'Ethir Neechal' to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thiruselvam-directed-tv-show-ethir-neechal-to-launch-soon/articleshow/89298888.cms|website=Times of India|date=2 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024{{endash}}present
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/metti-oli-fame-actor-thiruselvam-joins-the-cast-of-ethirneechal-2/articleshow/122198701.cms|title='Metti Oli' fame actor Thiruselvam joins the cast of 'Ethirneechal 2'|website=Times of India|date=2 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Films and Television Serials !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
|2006
|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards
|Best Achiever
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|Rowspan="8"|Tholkappiyan
|{{Won}}
|-
|2007
|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards
|Best Television Serial (First Prize)
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|

|{{Won}}
|-
|2008
|Vivel Chinnathirai Awards
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|{{Won}}
|-
|2009
|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards
|Best Story
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam P.R. Balasubramanian (Devi Bala)
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|2010
|rowspan="4"|[[Sun Network|Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
||Best Supporting Actor
||[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Screenwriter
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Director (Special Prize)
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
|V.Thiruselvam
|{{Won}}
|-
|2010
Mylapore Academy Television Awards
|K.Balachander Silver Rolling Trophy for All Rounder
| Best Screenplay Award
|
|V.Thiruselvam
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|2010
Mylapore Academy Television Awards
|K.Balachander Silver Rolling Trophy for All Rounder
|Best Director
|
|V.Thiruselvam
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|2023
|[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal|Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
|Best Director
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|V.Thiruselvam
|Jeevananthan
| {{Won}}
|-
|2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Vikatan Awards|Ananda Vikatan Television Awards]]
|Best Director
|V.Thiruselvam
|Best Director - Critic's choice
|{{Won}}
|-
|2025
|Best Screenplay
|V. Thiruselvam
|Jeevananthan
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]
[[Category:Tamil television producers]]
[[Category:Tamil television writers]]

Science of Spirituality

2025-10-30T09:58:07Z

ShereeDrm9452: fixed issues

{{Short description|Sant Mat Radha Soami derived organization}}
'''Science of Spirituality''' is a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] non‑profit organization<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/allSearch.do?ein1=&names=Science+Of+Spirituality+Inc.&resultsPerPage=25&indexOfFirstRow=0&dispatchMethod=searchAll&city=&state=All+States&country=US&postDateFrom=&postDateTo=&exemptTypeCode=al&deductibility=all&sortColumn=orgName&isDescending=false&submitName=Search|title=Results for Tax Exempt Organization Search|website=apps.irs.gov|access-date=2018-06-26}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/04/18/spirituality_feature.shtml|title=Science of Spirituality in Birmingham|last=About organization|date=18 April 2008|work=BBC|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/news-Sant_Rajinder_Singh_Ji_Maharaj_opens_the_Science_of_Spirituality_Center_in_Perth_Amboy_NJ-129942-new%20york-112.html|title=Science of Spirituality Center in Perth Amboy|last=About|first=Science of Spirituality|date=1 May 2016|work=The South Asian Times|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> founded in 1979. The spiritual head of Science of Spirituality is [[Rajinder Singh (spiritual master)|Rajinder Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-alumnus-sets-up-sanskrit-chair-at-iit-madras-for-science-vedas-5056821/|title=Rajinder Singh Ji sets the Sanskrit Chair in IIT Madras|last=Science of Spirituality Head|date=9 February 2018|work=Indian Express|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> He teaches meditation on the inner Light and Sound so people can experience for themselves the spiritual riches within.<ref name=":4" /> The international headquarters for Science of Spirituality (SOS), also known as ''Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission'' (SKRM), are based in [[Delhi]], [[India]], and the Western Headquarters in [[Lisle, Illinois|Lisle]]/[[Naperville, Illinois|Naperville]], [[Illinois]], in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theunn.com/2016/05/sant-rajinder-singh-ji-maharaj-inspires-thousands-in-new-york-region/|title=Rajinder Singh Ji in New York|last=Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission|first=SKRM|date=17 May 2016|work=The Universal News Network|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042734/http://theunn.com/2016/05/sant-rajinder-singh-ji-maharaj-inspires-thousands-in-new-york-region/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{{Infobox organization
| image = Science_of_Spirituality_Logo.jpg
| type = Spiritual, Non-Profit Organization
| headquarters = [[Delhi]], [[India]] and [[Lisle, Illinois|Lisle]]/[[Naperville]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| leader_name = [[Rajinder Singh (spiritual master)|Rajinder Singh]]
| name = Science of Spirituality
| website = www.sos.org
}}

== Overview ==
Science of Spirituality has over 2,800 meditation centers in around 54 countries including [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Australia]], [[Oceania]], and North, South, and Central [[United States|America]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Sant_Rajinder_Singh_Ji_meets_India_President-516624/Community/54|title=Rajinder Singh Ji meets the President|last=Science of Spirituality centers|date=8 July 2016|work=IANS Live|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>

The new Science of Spirituality International Meditation Center, located in Lisle, Illinois was inaugurated in July 2018. The event was attended by thousands of visitors from over thirty countries. Situated on 9 acres of land, the building, in both form and function, embodies the message of peace, community and universality. The official ribbon cutting ceremony took place in front of the “Meditator” statue on the reflecting pool at the front entrance to the Center. Helping Rajinder Singh cut the gold ribbon, were representatives from the US Congress as well as mayors from the Village of Lisle and the City of Wheaton. Also present among the 60-member delegation of dignitaries, were representatives from Gensler and Skender, the architectural firm and contractors respectively, that helped bring the vision of the Center to life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.desitalkchicago.com/2018_08_17/29/#zoom=z|title=Science of Spirituality Meditation center opens In Chicagoland|last=New Headquarters|date=17 August 2018|work=Desi Talk Chicago|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/sant-rajinder-singh-ji-maharaj-head-of-science-of-spirituality-inaugurates-spectacular-new-national-headquarters-in-chicago/|title=Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj, Head of Science of Spirituality, inaugurates spectacular new Meditation centre.|last=New Headquarters|date=24 August 2018|work=The Indian Panorama|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

Science of Spirituality focuses on global peace and human unity through [[meditation]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/375500924/Vol-10-Issue-48-April-7-13-2018|title=The South Asian Times|last=Spiritual Awareness - Page 30|first=Science of Spirituality on mission of Spiritual and Humanitarian Service|date=7 April 2018|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/09/01/meditate-and-make-the-world-slow-down/|title=Meditate and make the world slow down|last=Meditation|date=1 September 2013|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>

== Organization ==
The organization is dedicated to spirituality, peace, and service to humanity. Science of Spirituality (SOS) organizes and facilitates seminars, talks, classes, and programs and provides a setting where people from around the world can learn to meditate.<ref name=":0" />

== Balancing meditation with outer responsibilities in the world ==
Science of Spirituality helps people learn how to balance meditating and developing spiritually with fulfilling duties and responsibilities towards society, work, and family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/article/boost-your-meditation-time-step-by-step|title=Boost your Mediation time step by step|last=Article|website=Speaking Tree|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

== Ethical living and vegetarianism ==

According to Science of Spirituality, ''"Ethical living is the stepping stone to Spirituality" as'' Ethical living is an indispensable foundation for spiritual progress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/ethical-living-a-stepping-stone-to-spirituality|title=Ethical Living|last=Stepping stone to Spiituality|website=Speakintree.in|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> It includes nonviolence, truthfulness, compassion, selfless service, observance of a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet and avoidance of alcohol and recreational drugs. By transformation of one's self, one can be a positive influence on others and make a difference in the world.

''Veggie Fest'', a vegetarian food and lifestyle festival organized by Science of Spirituality focuses on spreading the idea of vegetarianism and how it can make a difference in the quality of life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/naperville-sun/ct-nvs-veggie-fest-st-0722-20160719-story.html|title=Veggie Fest returns to promote vegetarian lifestyle|last=Vegetarianism from an ethical point of view|date=19 July 2016|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

== Spiritual teachings ==
According to Science of Spirituality, the teachings consist of two parts: theory and practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/informational-knowledge-vs-practical-experience-674958|title=Informational Knowledge vs Practical Experience|last=Two sides of Spirituality|first=Information and Practice|date=31 October 2017|website=Speaking Tree|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> The theoretical side describes the process for self-knowledge and God-realization. The practical side provides a technique by which aspirants can practice the method of meditation and experience for themselves the spiritual teachings. At the core of these teachings, is the belief that: a) there is God; b) we are soul, a part of God; c) the highest goal of life is to know God; d) we can experience God by going within through meditation; and e) we gain spiritually by leading an ethical life and serving others selflessly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sos.org/location/|title=Location|website=Science of Spirituality|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

== Selfless service projects ==
Science of Spirituality also participates in humanitarian efforts globally. The mission has raised and provided humanitarian aid for victims of natural disasters worldwide by collecting and distributing medicine and clothing and building new schools and villages in affected areas.

The mission also participates in blood donation drives, free eye-operation camps,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thesouthasiantimes.info/epaper.html|title=Over Thousand benefit from free cataract operation camp in India|date=23 February 2019|work=The South Asian Times|access-date=27 February 2019|issue=42|volume=11|page=6}}</ref> as well as free allopathic, homeopathic, and ayurvedic medical services for everyone.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hero-TOI-Green-Drive-3k-turn-up-sow-new-hope/articleshow/55281580.cms|title=Hero TOI Green Drive|last=Science of Spirituality in environment protection|date=7 November 2016|work=Times of India|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sos.org/ Science of Spirituality home page]

{{Sant Mat}}

[[Category:Charities based in Illinois]]
[[Category:Contemporary Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:New religious movements in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Spiritual organizations]]

Magesh Chandran Panchanathan

2025-10-25T20:42:41Z

ShereeDrm9452: enhanced information per sources and corrected details

{{short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1983)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Magesh Chandran|Panchanathan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox chess player
|name = Magesh Chandran Panchanathan
|image = magesh.jpg
|caption = World Open 2004
|country = India
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|8|10}}
|birth_place = [[Madurai]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2006)
|worldchampion =
|peakrating = 2586 (September 2011)
|FideID = 5007429
}}

'''Magesh Chandran Panchanathan''' (born 10 August 1983) is an Indian [[chess]] player. He was awarded the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] by [[FIDE]] in 2006.

==Biography==
Magesh Chandran was born in [[Madurai]]. In 2003 he won the [[Asian Junior Chess Championship]] in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crowther|first=Mark|date=28 July 2003|title=TWIC 455: 26th Asian Junior Championships|url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic455.html#20|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Week in Chess}}</ref> In 2005 he shared first place with [[Kamil Mitoń]] in the 33rd [[World Open chess tournament|World Open]], played in [[Philadelphia]] over the [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2496|title=Live 8 and chess in Philadelphia|date=2005-07-06|publisher=ChessBase|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref> In the same year he came first in the UTD GM Invitational Tournament in [[Richardson, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=34668|title=Tournament report April 2006: UTD GM Invitational|publisher=FIDE|accessdate=21 May 2010|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015113831/http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=34668|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008 he tied for 3rd–6th with [[Nguyen Anh Dung (chess player)|Nguyen Anh Dung]], [[Sadikin Irwanto]] and [[Susanto Megaranto]] in the Kuala Lumpur Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=17070|title=Tournament report April 2009: KL Open 2008 - Malaysia|publisher=FIDE|accessdate=25 May 2010|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015114025/http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=17070|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009 he tied for 1st–4th with [[Alexander Areshchenko]], [[Koneru Humpy]] and [[Evgenij Miroshnichenko]] in the [[Mumbai]] Mayor Cup<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5432|title=Areshchenko triumphs in Mayor's Cup – Jai Ho Mumbai!!|last=Zaveri|first=Praful|date=2009-05-15|publisher=ChessBase|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> and in 2010 tied for 3rd–6th with [[Vladimir Malaniuk]], [[David Smerdon]], and [[Saptarshi Roy Chowdhury]] in the [[Doeberl Cup]] in [[Canberra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic805.html#9|title=TWIC 805: Doeberl Cup|last=Crowther|first=Mark|date=2010-04-12|publisher=London Chess Centre|accessdate=2020-08-07}}</ref> In 2011 he tied for 2nd–4th with [[Tigran L. Petrosian]] and [[Abhijeet Gupta]] in the 3rd Orissa International GM Open Chess Tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tournaments.chessdom.com/news-2011/aleksandrov-orissa-international-gm-open|title=GM Aleksej Aleksandrov victorious in Orissa|publisher=Chessdom|accessdate=7 June 2011|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707101535/http://tournaments.chessdom.com/news-2011/aleksandrov-orissa-international-gm-open|url-status=dead}}</ref> and came third at [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-results.com/tnr44276.aspx?art=1&lan=1|title=2011 Berkeley International|website=chess-results.com|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref> In 2012 he won the Philadelphia Open outright with 7/9 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results are in at the Philadelphia Open|url=http://main.uschess.org/content/view/11681/654/|publisher=The United States Chess Federation|accessdate=10 April 2012}}</ref> In 2015 he won, tied with [[Sergei Azarov]], the New Jersey Open tournament, which took place in [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]]; both players scored 5/6.<ref>Tamburro, Pete (8 September 2015). [http://www.uschess.org/content/view/13189/141/ "Magesh Panchanathan Wins New Jersey Open"]. The United States Chess Federation. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</ref>

Magesh Chandran completed both undergraduate and graduate degrees at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]].

==Notable games==
{{chess notation|pos=secleft}}
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Fink vs. Panchanathan, Philadelphia 2005
| | | rd | | kd | | |rd
| pd| pd | | | pd | pd | |pd
| qd | | | | | | |
| | bd | | pl | pd | | |
| | pl | nl | | pl | | |pd
|pl | ql | | | | bl | bd |
| | | | | kl | | pl |
| | | rl | | | | |rl
|reverse=true
| Final position
}}
Below is an excerpt from an article by [[Lubomir Kavalek]] in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' on 11 July 2005:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/10/AR2005071000917.html|title=Chess|last=Kavalek|first=Lubomir|date=2005-07-11|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Sharing first place at the World Open is Panchanathan's best career result. He can play sharply, as a local Virginia master, Stanley Fink Jr., found out in a messy line of the Trompowsky Opening.

Fink–Panchanathan '''1. d4 Nf6 2. Bg5 Ne4 3. Bh4''' (This old line of the Trompowsky opening has been resurrected by Spanish grandmaster [[Juan Manuel Bellón López|Juan Bellon Lopez]]. ) '''3... g5!?''' (Leading to a sharp double-edged position. Black can avoid it with the solid 3...d5.) '''4. f3 gxh4 5. fxe4 c5 6. e3 Bh6''' (White can't oppose this strong bishop.) '''7. Nd2!?''' (Bellon's discovery. He first tried 7.d5 and only after 7...Bxe3 8.Nd2. Another promising try is 7.Bc4. Protecting the pawn on e3 with 7.Kf2 can be met with 7...d5!) '''7... Bxe3 8. Ngf3?!''' (Allowing black to reign on the dark squares. Bellon prefers to close the position with 8.d5.) '''8... cxd4 9. Nc4 Nc6 10. c3''' (Now 10.Nxe3 dxe3 11.Qe2 Qb6 12.0-0-0 d6 is better for black.) '''10... d6 11. cxd4 Bf4 12. d5''' (Conceding the dark squares, but holding the center was difficult. White's position collapses quickly after 12.Nxh4 d5! 13.exd5 Qxd5 14.Nf3 Bg4.) '''12... Ne5 13. Ncxe5?''' (White might have missed black's next move; otherwise he would play 13.Nfxe5 dxe5 14.Qb3.) '''13... Qa5+! 14. Nd2 dxe5 15. a3''' (Losing more time trying to get out of black's grip.) '''15... Bd7 16. b4 Qb6 17. Nc4 Qg6 18. Be2?''' (A blunder, but white has difficulties even after 18.Qf3 Rc8!, for example 19.Be2 h5! 20.h3 Bg3+ 21.Kf1 f5.) '''18... Bxh2!?''' (Winning a pawn immediately, but even stronger was 18...b5!, for example 19.Nb2 Qxg2 20.Rf1 Bxh2; or 19.Na5 Qxg2 20.Bf3 Qb2 and black should win.) '''19. Bf3''' (On 19.Rxh2 Qg3+ nets the rook.) '''19... Bg3+ 20. Ke2 Rc8 21. Rc1 Bb5 22. Qb3 Qa6''' (The pin together with the dominance on dark squares decides, for example: 23.Kd3 Qb6 24.Qb2 Bf2 threatening 25...Qe3+.) White resigns.
</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{365Chess.com player|Magesh_Chandran_Panchanathan}}
* {{chessgames.com player|122535}}
* {{Chessclub player|id=thamizhan}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panchanathan, Magesh Chandran}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Dallas alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League

2025-10-19T03:22:18Z

ShereeDrm9452:

{{Short description|10th Season of Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox tournament
|name=Pro Kabaddi League 2023-2024 Season 10
|start_date= 2 December 2023
|end_date= 1 March 2024
|image = File:Pro Kabaddi League Season 10 Logo.jpg
|caption =
|tournament_format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|host=India
|champion=[[Puneri Paltan]] (1st title)
|runner-up1=[[Haryana Steelers]]
|teams=[[#Participating teams|12]]
|previous=[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|2022]]
|next=[[2024 Pro Kabaddi League season|2024]]
|administrator=Mashal Sports
|matches=137
|website={{URL|prokabaddi.com}}
|best_player=
|stat1_label=Most tackle points
|stat2_label=Most successful raid
|stat3_label=Most successful tackle
|stat2= {{flagicon|IND}} Ashu Malik ([[Dabang Delhi]]) (228)
|stat1= {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammadreza Chiyaneh]] (99) ([[Puneri Paltan]])
|stat3= {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammadreza Chiyaneh]] (97) ([[Puneri Paltan]])
|top_scorer={{flagicon|IND}} Ashu Malik (276) ([[Dabang Delhi]])
}}
{{Pro Kabaddi League seasons}}
The '''2023–2024 Pro Kabaddi League''' was the tenth season of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], a franchise based [[kabaddi]] league in India. [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] were the defending champions.

In the final, [[Puneri Paltan]] defeated [[Haryana Steelers]] to win their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 March 2024 |title=Puneri Paltan crowned PKL Season 10 champion; beats Haryana Steelers in low-scoring final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/videos/pkl-10-puneri-paltan-wins-title-beats-haryana-steelers-aslam-inamdar-shadloui-manpreet-singh-highlights/article67905174.ece |website=SportStar}}</ref>

==Background==
The fixtures of the tournament were announced on 19 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2023|title=Pro Kabaddi Season 10 Schedule Announced|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pro-kabaddi-season-10-schedule-release|access-date=6 November 2023|publisher=Pro Kabaddi League|language=en}}</ref> The league returned to its original traveling caravan format returning after the [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]] season.<ref>{{Cite news|access-date=19 October 2023 |title=Pro Kabaddi League: Season 10 to start on December 2; competition returns to 12-city caravan format|url=https://scroll.in/field/1057855/pro-kabaddi-league-season-10-to-start-on-december-2-competition-returns-to-12-city-caravan-format|publisher=Scroll}}</ref> Each team plays against all the other teams twice, and the top 6 teams proceed to the play-offs with the season beginning on 2 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2023|title=Pro Kabaddi League 2023 to begin on Dec. 2|url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38695631/pro-kabaddi-league-2023-new-season-10-december-2|access-date=6 November 2023|publisher=[[ESPN]]|language=en}}</ref> All the playoff matches were played in [[Hyderabad]] and final was played on 1 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 February 2024 |title=Pro Kabaddi League season 10 playoffs and final to be held in Hyderabad |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-pkl-10-playoffs-final-to-be-held-in-hyderabad-february-26-to-march-1-kabaddi-news/article67799799.ece |website=SportStar}}</ref>

==Participating teams==
{{location map+ |India3
|width=350
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|alt=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9716|long=77.5946 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengaluru Bulls]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[U Mumba]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Puneri Paltan]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengal Warriors]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |long=75.82 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.61 |long=85.14 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Patna Pirates]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |long=78.48 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Telugu Titans]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Dabang Delhi]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:65%;">[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.8467 |long=80.9462 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[UP Yoddha]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=29.0588 |long=76.0856 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Haryana Steelers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.0827 |long=79.2707 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Tamil Thalaivas]]</div>|position=right}}
}}

The same 12 teams from the previous season returned with few changes to the team personnel.<ref>{{Cite news|access-date=9 October 2023|title=Pro Kabaddi League Season 10: Full list of players bought and for what price |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38613079/pro-kabaddi-league-season-10-auction-2023-full-list-players-bought-team-price-pawan-shadlou-maninder|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=9 October 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Teams
! Head coach<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league-2023-complete-list-of-coaches-for-pkl-season-10-1637205|title=Pro Kabaddi League 2023: Complete List Of Coaches For PKL Season 10|date=20 October 2023|access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>
! Captain
! Kit Manufacturer
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kasinatha Baskaran]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]]
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Randhir Singh Sehrawat
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Nandal
| Vats
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rambir Singh Khokha
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]]
| Omtex
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ram Mehar Singh
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Fazel Atrachali]]
| Shiv-Naresh
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Manpreet Singh
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaideep Dahiya
| Puma
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sanjeev Kumar Baliyan
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]]
| TYKA Sports
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Narender Kumar Redhu
| {{flagicon|IND}} Neeraj Kumar
| Pace
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} BC Ramesh
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aslam Inamdar]]
| Shiv-Naresh
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashan Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sagar Rathee
| Trak-Only
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Srinivasreddy Lingampally
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Sehrawat]]
| Pace
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Gholamreza
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Surinder Singh
| Nivia Sports
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Jasveer Singh
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pardeep Narwal]]
| Shiv-Naresh
|}

==Personnel==
The player auction happened on 9 and 10 October 2023 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pro-kabaddi-league-announces-revised-dates-for-season-10-player-auction---9th-to-10th-october-2023|title=Pro Kabaddi League Announces Revised Dates for Season 10 Player Auction - 9th to 10th October, 2023|website=Pro Kabaddi|date=8 May 2023|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029054005/https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pro-kabaddi-league-announces-revised-dates-for-season-10-player-auction---9th-to-10th-october-2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/sports/highlights-pro-kabaddi-league-auction-2023-day-2-check-sold-unsold-base-price-players-list-pkl-10-nilami-team-wise-schedule-6394821/|title=Pro Kabaddi (PKL-10) 2023 Auction Day 2: Pawan Sehrawat-Maninder Singh Steals Show|publisher=India}}</ref> The salary purse available to each franchise was increased from {{INRconvert|4.4|c}} to {{INRconvert|5|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pro-kabaddi-season-10-complete-squads-of-12-franchises|title=Pro Kabaddi Season 10: Complete squads of 12 franchises|publisher=Pro Kabaddi|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|access-date=10 October 2023|title=PKL 2023: Full squad list of all 12 teams after Pro Kabaddi League season 10 auction |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pkl-auction-2023-pro-kabaddi-league-season-10-auction-12-team-squads-players-list-expensive-buy/article67403659.ece|publisher=SportStar}}</ref>

===Foreign players===
Each team can sign a maximum of three non-Indian players.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! Team
! Player 1
! Player 2
! Player 3
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| {{flagicon|TPE}} Chai-Ming Chang
| {{flagicon|SL}} Aslam Thambi
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| {{flagicon|POL}} Piotr Pamulak
| {{flagicon|BAN}} Md. Liton Ali
|
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} Felix Li
| {{flagicon|ENG}} Yuvraj Pandeya
|
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Fazel Atrachali]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammad Esmaeil Nabibakhsh]]
|
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| {{flagicon|NEP}} Ghanshyam Magar
| {{flagicon|IRQ}} Hasan Balbool
|
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Amir Hossein Mohammadmaleki
|
|
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| {{flagicon|TPE}} Zheng-Wei Chen
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Daniel Odhiambo
|
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammadreza Chiyaneh
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Vahid Reza Eimehr
|
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Amirhossein Bastami
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammadreza Kaboudrahangi
|
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Milad Jabbari
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Hamid Nader
|
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Amirmohammad Zafardanesh
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Alireza Mirzaeian
|
|-
| [[UP Yoddhas]]
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Helvic Simuyu Wanjala
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Samuel Wanjala Wafula
|
|}

==Sponsorship==

;Associate Sponsor
* [[Dream11]]
* [[Patanjali Ayurved|Patanjali]]
* [[Pidilite Industries|Roff]]
* [[UltraTech Cement]]

;Broadcast Sponsor
* [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]

;Digital Streaming Partner
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
==Venues==
The league stage was scheduled in 12 cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/schedule-fixtures-results|title=Fixtures and Results|publisher=Pro Kabaddi League|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Location
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|12,000}}
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|4,200}}
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi|Dabang Delhi KC]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|4,494}}
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|4,000}}
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
| [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|Tau Devilal Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|2,000}}
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|2,000}}
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| [[Patliputra Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|3,500}}
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|4,200}}
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
|}

==Points table==
{{2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==League Stage==
=== Leg 1 – [[EKA Arena]], [[Ahmedabad]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 1
|date = 2 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 38 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3029-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] Won
|raid1 = Sonu Jaglan (11)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 2
|date = 2 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 34 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3030-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] Won
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (12)
|raid2 = Surender Gill (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 3
|date = 3 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 42 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3031-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] Won
|raid1= Ajinkya Pawar (21)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (14)

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 4
|date = 3 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 34 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3032-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] Won
|raid1= Sonu Jaglan (12)
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (7)

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 5
|date = 4 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 37 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3033-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (10)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (17)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 6
|date = 4 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 30 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3034-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = Bharat Hooda (6)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 7
|date = 5 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 39 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3035-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Sonu Jaglan (11)
|raid2 = Guman Singh (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 8
|date = 6 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 28 – 50
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3036-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (11)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 9
|date = 6 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 57 – 27
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3037-scorecard Report]
|result = [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|raid1 = Surender Gill (13)
|raid2 = Vinay (5)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 10
|date = 7 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 28 – 28
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3038-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Shrikant Jadhav (7)
|raid2 = Bhavani Rajput (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 11
|date = 7 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 30 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3039-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = H.S. Rakesh (11)
|raid2 = M. Sudhakar (6)
}}

=== Leg 2 – [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 12
|date = 8 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 31 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3040-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Bharat Hooda (12)
|raid2 = [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 13
|date = 8 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 43 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3041-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Mohit Goyat (12)
|raid2 = Visvanath V (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 14
|date = 9 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 32 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3042-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Bharat Hooda (14)
|raid2 = Vinay (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 15
|date = 9 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 48 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3043-scorecard Report]
|result = [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|raid1 = Surender Gill (14)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 16
|date = 10 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 48 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3044-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (16)
|raid2 = Narender (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 17
|date = 10 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 33 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3045-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (16)
|raid2 = [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 18
|date = 11 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 35 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3046-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Arjun Deshwal (15)
|raid2 = Sonu Jaglan (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 19
|date = 11 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 38 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3047-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Vikash Khandola (11)
|raid2 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 20
|date = 12 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 60 – 42
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3048-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (15)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (14) Sudhakar M(15)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 21
|date = 13 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 38 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3049-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Narender (10)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 22
|date = 13 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 32 – 30
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3050-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Bharat Hooda (9)
|raid2 = V Ajith Kumar (9)
}}

=== Leg 3 – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 23
|date = 15 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 42 – 40
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3051-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (13)
|raid2 = Sachin Tanwar (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 24
|date = 15 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 39 – 44
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3052-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (8)
|raid2 = Vinay (15)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 25
|date = 16 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 49 – 19
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3053-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Mohit Goyat (10)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 26
|date = 16 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 40 – 51
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3054-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (14)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (15)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 27
|date = 17 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 28 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3055-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (7)
|raid2 = V. Ajith Kumar (15)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 28
|date = 17 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 46 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3056-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|raid1 = Guman Singh (11)
|raid2 = Narender (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 29
|date = 18 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 37 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3057-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Nitin Kumar (10)
|raid2 = Surender Gill (18)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 30
|date = 18 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 30 – 23
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3058-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Mohit Goyat (7)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 31
|date = 19 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 31 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3059-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Vinay (8)
|raid2 = Rohit Gulia (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 32
|date = 20 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 41 – 24
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3060-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Arjun Deshwal (12)
|raid2 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 33
|date = 20 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 43 – 18
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3061-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Mohit Goyat (7)
|raid2 = Vikash Khandola (4)
}}

=== Leg 4 – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 34
|date = 22 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 33 – 46
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3062-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = Himanshu (7)
|raid2 = Sudhakar M (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 35
|date = 22 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 36 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3063-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Telugu Titans]] won
|raid1 = Shivam Patare (12)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 36
|date = 23 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 24 – 25
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3064-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Himanshu (8)
|raid2 = Arjun Deshwal (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 37
|date = 23 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 38 – 30
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3065-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = H. S. Rakesh (14)
|raid2 = Surender Gill (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 38
|date = 24 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 39 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3066-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (8)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 39
|date = 24 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 33 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3067-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Bharat Hooda (6)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 40
|date = 25 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 29 – 38
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3068-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Nitin Kumar (9)
|raid2 = [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 41
|date = 25 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 29 – 42
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3069-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Himanshu (8)
|raid2 = Vinay (5)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 42
|date = 26 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 46 – 28
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3070-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Pankaj Mohite (10)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 43
|date = 27 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 32 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3071-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (12)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 44
|date = 27 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 30 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3072-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Ajinkya Pawar (10)
|raid2 = H.S. Rakesh (9)
}}

=== Leg 5 – Noida Indoor Stadium, [[Noida]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 45
|date = 29 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 46 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3073-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = Manjeet (13)
|raid2 = Vinay (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 46
|date = 29 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 34 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3074-scorecard Report]
|result = [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|raid1 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (10)
|raid2 = Sushil (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 47
|date = 30 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 34 – 52
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3075-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|raid1 = Rajnish Dalal (8)
|raid2 = Guman Singh (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 48
|date = 30 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 25 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3076-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (7)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 49
|date = 31 December 2023
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 51 – 42
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3077-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Parteek Dahiya (25)
|raid2 = Nitin Kumar (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 50
|date = 31 December 2023
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 37 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3078-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Narender (12)
|raid2 = Bharat Hooda (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 51
|date = 1 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 18 - 54
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3079-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Sanjeevi S (3)
|raid2 = Mohit Goyat (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 52
|date = 1 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 41 – 48
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3080-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (21)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 53
|date = 2 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 28 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3081-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Parteek Dahiya (9)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 54
|date = 3 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 34 – 45
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3082-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Chandran Ranjit (11)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 55
|date = 3 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 31 – 40
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3083-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (6)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (11)
}}

=== Leg 6 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 56
|date = 5 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 37 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3084-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (10)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 57
|date = 5 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 40 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3085-scorecard Report]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|raid1 = Guman Singh (7)
|raid2 = Sachin Narwal (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 58
|date = 6 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 31 – 41
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3086-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Guman Singh (13)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (17)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 59
|date = 6 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 30 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3087-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (8)
|raid2 = H.S. Rakesh (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 60
|date = 7 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 29 – 26
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3088-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Aslam Inamdar (4)
|raid2 = Narender (4)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 61
|date = 7 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 35 – 41
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3089-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Shrikant Jadhav (10)
|raid2 = Chandran Ranjit (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 62
|date = 8 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 35 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3090-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Sachin Narwal (8)
|raid2 = Manjeet (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 63
|date = 8 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 34 – 40
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3091-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (9)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 64
|date = 9 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 26 – 46
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3092-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (11)
|raid2 = Vaibhav Garje (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 65
|date = 10 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 27 – 46
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3093-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Vijay Malik (10)
|raid2 = Narender (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 66
|date = 10 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 44 – 44
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3094-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (11)
|raid2 = [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Sirish]] (7)
}}

=== Leg 7 – [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 67
|date = 12 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 38 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3095-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (14)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 68
|date = 12 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 37 – 17
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3096-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (9)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (3)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 69
|date = 13 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 36 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3097-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (16)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 70
|date = 13 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 37 – 42
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3098-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (16)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 71
|date = 14 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 36 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3099-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Vinay (10)
|raid2 = Ajinkya Pawar (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 72
|date = 14 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 39 – 39
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3100-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (14)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 73
|date = 15 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 35 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3101-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (9)
|raid2 = Bharat Hooda (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 74
|date = 15 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 31 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3102-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (11)
|raid2 = Guman Singh (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 75
|date = 16 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 25 – 41
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3103-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Sudhakar M (8)
|raid2 = Ajinkya Pawar (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 76
|date = 17 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 26 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3104-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (13)
|raid2 = Sonu Jaglan (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 77
|date = 17 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 37 – 27
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3105-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (9)
|raid2 = Shivam Patare (8)
}}

=== Leg 8 – [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 78
|date = 19 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 26 – 42
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3107-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (7)
|raid2 = Akshit Dhull (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee
|match = 79
|date = 19 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 34 – 31
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3106-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (6)
|raid2 = Shivam Chaudhary (7)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 80
|date = 20 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 39 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3108-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (17)
|raid2 = Guman Singh (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee
|match = 81
|date = 20 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 49 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3109-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Telugu Titans]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (15)
|raid2 = [[Pardeep Narwal]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 82
|date = 21 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 28 – 45
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3111-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Akshit Dhull (12)
|raid2 = Narender (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee
|match = 83
|date = 21 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 24 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3110-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Esmaeil Nabibakhsh (6)
|raid2 = Mohit Goyat (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 84
|date = 22 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 42 – 25
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3112-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (15)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 85
|date = 22 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 30 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3113-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Sanjeevi S (6)
|raid2 = Vinay (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 86
|date = 23 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 32 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3114-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Guman Singh (15)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 87
|date = 24 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 32 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3115-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (11)
|raid2 = Ashu Malik (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 88
|date = 24 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 29 – 54
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3116-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (10)
|raid2 = Ajinkya Pawar (10)
}}

=== Leg 9 – [[Patliputra Sports Complex]], [[Patna]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 89
|date = 26 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 44 – 28
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3117-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = Manjeet (10)
|raid2 = Nitin Kumar (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 90
|date = 26 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 35 – 44
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3118-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Guman Singh (11)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 91
|date = 27 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 32 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3119-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (8)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 92
|date = 27 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 36 – 27
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3120-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (11)
|raid2 = Gagan Gowda (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 93
|date = 28 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 28 – 28
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3121-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (6)
|raid2 = Akshit Dhull (5)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 94
|date = 28 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 50 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3122-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Narender (11)
|raid2 = Guman Singh (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 95
|date = 29 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 41 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3123-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (11)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 96
|date = 29 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 32 – 20
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3124-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = Sandeep Kumar (7)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 97
|date = 30 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 60 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3125-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Akash Shinde (11)
|raid2 = Sanjeevi S (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 98
|date = 31 January 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 29 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3126-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Sandeep Kumar (14)
|raid2 = Sushil (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 99
|date = 31 January 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 42 – 27
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3127-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (13)
|raid2 = Narender (12)
}}

=== Leg 10 – [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]], [[New Delhi]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 100
|date = 2 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 38 – 45
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3128-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (17)
|raid2 = Nitin Kumar (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 101
|date = 2 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 30 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3129-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Parteek Dahiya (6)
|raid2 = Vinay (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 102
|date = 3 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 39 – 23
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3130-scorecard Report]
|result = [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|raid1 = Gagan Gowda (6)
|raid2 = Shivam (5)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 103
|date = 3 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 44 – 33
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3131-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (20)
|raid2 = Robin Chaudhary (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 104
|date = 4 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 42 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3132-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Sushil (10)
|raid2 = Jai Bhagwan (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 105
|date = 4 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 42 – 30
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3133-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = H.S. Rakesh (14)
|raid2 = Narender (8)
|tackle1 =
|tackle2 =
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 106
|date = 5 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 33 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3134-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (12)
|raid2 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 107
|date = 5 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 30 – 30
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3135-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (8)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 108
|date = 6 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 32 – 25
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3136-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Narender (10)
|raid2 = Gagana Gowda (6)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 109
|date = 7 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 31 – 40
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3137-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Sushil (9)
|raid2 = [[Aslam Inamdar]] (11)
|tackle1 =
|tackle2 =
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 110
|date = 7 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 22 – 27
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3138-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (9)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (10)
|tackle1 =
|tackle2 =
}}

=== Leg 11 – [[Netaji Indoor Stadium|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 111
|date = 9 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 32 – 41
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3139-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Nitin Kumar (12)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 112
|date = 9 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 50 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3140-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Shivam Patare (12)
|raid2 = Mahipal (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 113
|date = 10 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 44 – 23
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3141-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = [[Sachin Tanwar]] (9)
|raid2 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (12)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 114
|date = 10 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 55 – 35
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3142-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = Nitin Kumar (13)
|raid2 = Prafull Zaware (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 115
|date = 11 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 29 – 56
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3143-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Himanshu Narwal (5)
|raid2 = Pankaj Mohite (10)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 116
|date = 11 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 28 – 50
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3144-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Rakshith (6)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 117
|date = 12 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 30 – 67
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3145-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Gagan Gowda (10)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (20)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 118
|date = 12 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 46 – 34
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3146-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|raid1 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (10)
|raid2 = Shivam (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 119
|date = 13 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 38 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3147-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1 = Sandeep Kumar (7)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (16)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 120
|date = 14 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 45 – 43
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3148-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (18)
|raid2 = Narender (18)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 121
|date = 14 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 26 – 29
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3149-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Nitin Kumar (5)
|raid2 = Akash Shinde (10)
}}

=== Leg 12 – [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|Tau Devilal Sports Complex]], [[Panchkula]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|match = 122
|date = 16 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 39 – 32
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3150-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (12)
|raid2 = Anuj Kumar (5)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 123
|date = 16 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 44 – 51
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3151-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (18)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (16)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 124
|date = 17 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 46 – 40
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3152-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1 = Vishal Tate (15)
|raid2 = Jai Bhagwan (8)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 125
|date = 17 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|score = 29 – 36
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3153-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|raid1 = Gagana Gowda (9)
|raid2 = Parteek Dahiya (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 126
|date = 18 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 74 – 37
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3154-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|raid1 = Vishal Chahal (18)
|raid2 = [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 127
|date = 18 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 46 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3155-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|raid1 = Ashu Malik (17)
|raid2 = Sushil (11)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 128
|date = 19 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 36 – 45
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3156-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|raid1 = Parteek Dahiya (14)
|raid2 = [[Arjun Deshwal]] (13)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 129
|date = 19 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 36 – 51
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3157-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Vinay (8)
|raid2 = Mohit Goyat (9)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 130
|date = 20 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 45 – 45
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3158-scorecard Report]
|result = Match drawn
|raid1 = Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (11)
|raid2 = [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (14)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|bg=#eee|match = 131
|date = 21 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|score = 40 – 38
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3159-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1 = Pankaj Mohite (12)
|raid2 = Gagana Gowda (16)
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|match = 132
|date = 21 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 39 – 53
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3160-scorecard Report]
|result = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|raid1 = Tejas Patil (11)
|raid2 = Sushil (22)
}}

==Playoffs==
'''''{{Hatnote|All playoff matches were played at [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]}}'''''

{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=no
|skipmatch=1;3
|omit_blanks=yes
|RD1=Eliminators
|RD2=Semi-finals
|RD3=Final


|'''Eliminator 1'''|[[Dabang Delhi]]|35 |'''[[Patna Pirates]]'''|'''37'''
|'''Eliminator 2'''|[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]|25 |'''[[Haryana Steelers]]'''|'''42'''

|'''Semi-final 1'''|'''[[Puneri Paltan]]'''|'''37''' |[[Patna Pirates]]|21
|'''Semi-final 2'''|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|27
|'''[[Haryana Steelers]]'''|'''31'''

| |'''[[Puneri Paltan]]'''|'''28''' |[[Haryana Steelers]]|25

| [[Puneri Paltan]] |Winner Final|
}}

===Eliminator 1===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 133
|score = 35 – 37
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3161-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1= Ashu Malik (19)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (9)
}}

===Eliminator 2===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 134
|score = 25 – 42
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3162-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1= Parteek Dahiya (5)
|raid2= Vinay (12)
}}

===Semi Final 1===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 February 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 135
|score = 37 – 21
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3163-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1= [[Aslam Inamdar]] (7)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (5)
}}

===Semi Final 2===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 28 February 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 136
|score = 27 – 31
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3164-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (14)
|raid2= Vinay (11)
}}

===Final===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 1 March 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 137
|score = 28 – 25
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3165-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|raid1= Pankaj Mohite (9)
|raid2= Shivam Patare (6)
}}

==Broadcasting==
The matches were broadcast by [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] in India. It was also [[streaming media|streamed]] live by [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/features/pkl-season-10-start-date-schedule-fixtures-broadcast-live-streaming-details|title=All you need to know about the Pro Kabaddi Season 10 fixtures, live streaming and broadcast details |publisher=Pro Kabaddi League|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Statistics==
===Most raid points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text- align: center;"
!# !!Player !!Team !!Matches !! Raid Points
|-
| 1 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashu Malik ||[[Dabang Delhi]] || 23 || 276
|-
| 2 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]] ||[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 23 || 276
|-
| 3 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Sehrawat]] || [[Telugu Titans]] || 21 || 202
|-
| 4 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] || [[Bengal Warriors]] || 21 || 197
|-
| 5 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Narendar || [[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 21 || 186
|-
|- class=sortbottom
|colspan=5|{{updated| 1 March 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/44-22-player-raid-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points |Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

===Most tackle points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
!#!!Player !!Team !!Matches !! Tackle Points
|-
| 1 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammadreza Chiyaneh || [[Puneri Paltan]] || 24 || 99
|-
| 2 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishan || [[Patna Pirates]] || 24 || 78
|-
| 3 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Yogesh || [[Dabang Delhi]] || 23 || 74
|-
| 4 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Rahul Sethpal || [[Haryana Steelers]] || 23 || 73
|-
| 5 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankush (Kabaddi player) | Ankush]] || [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 22 || 70
|-
|- class=sortbottom
|colspan=5|{{updated|1 March 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/44-103-player-tackle-points-statistics |title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points |Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.prokabaddi.com/}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League}}
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport]]