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Article 12 of the Constitution of India

2026-05-07T02:40:55Z

Shenna87P79423: Created A Entry

{{unreliable sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Article 12 of the Indian Constitution defines the scope of "The State" in Indian Polity and laws}}
'''Article 12 of the Indian Constitution''' defines the concept of "state" in Indian Polity and laws.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Article 12 in Constitution of India |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609139/ |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> This article is only applicable to Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy). The original text says<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 12: Definitions |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-12-definitions/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>,
{{Blockquote|text=In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.|source=Article 12 of Indian Constitution}}
[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|Preamble of Constitution]]
The definition is crucial because the Fundamental Rights as guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12 to 35) are primarily claims against "The State" and protect citizens from arbitrary actions by the government. If someone claims that their Fundamental Rights have been violated, the entity violating them must fall under the definition of "The State" as per Article 12. The Article 13, clause 2 of Indian constitution uses the definition of state under Article 12 to provide the judiciary the power of judicial review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-13-laws-inconsistent-with-or-in-derogation-of-the-fundamental-rights/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KHAN |first=MOHD FAIZ |last2=HASAN |first2=SYED UMAM FATIMA |date=2020 |title=Doctrine of Judicial Review in Indian Constitution |url=https://www.ijlsi.com/wp-content/uploads/Doctrine-of-Judicial-Review-in-Indian-Constitution.pdf |access-date=5 May 2026 |publisher=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND INNOVATION |pages=83-94 |issn=2581-9453}}</ref> The main contention around Article 12 has been regarding the words in the clause, "Other authorities" several High Court and Supreme Court Rulings have clarified the position over years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Krishnendra |date=2023-09-04 |title=‘State’ under Article 12 of the Constitution of India |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/state-article-12-constitution-india/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Court Cases ==

=== University of Madras v. Santa Bai (1954) ===
In this case, the Madras High Court applied the legal doctrine of ''ejusdem generis'' (of the same kind/nature). The court ruled that "other authorities" must refer only to authorities of the ''same nature'' as those explicitly listed in Article 12 (government, parliament, legislatures). Therefore, universities or bodies not performing sovereign functions were not considered "The State."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Rajasthan State Electricity Board (RSEB) v. Mohan Lal (1967) ===
The Supreme Court rejected the ''ejusdem generis'' rule applied in ''Santa Bai''. The Court ruled that the expression "other authorities" is wide enough to include all bodies created by a statute (law) on which powers are conferred, regardless of whether they perform sovereign functions or commercial activities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Content |date=2024-10-27 |title=Meaning of “other authorities” under Article 12 Of Constitution |url=https://www.defactolaw.in/post/meaning-of-other-authorities-under-article-12-of-constitution |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=De Facto Law |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sukhdev Singh v. Bhagatram (1975) ===
The Supreme Court further expanded the scope by explicitly ruling that massive statutory corporations like the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC), Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), and the Industrial Finance Corporation (IFC) fall under the definition of "State." The Court noted that these bodies had the power to make binding rules and regulations for their employees, acting as arms of the government.<ref name=":2" />

=== Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. International Airport Authority of India (1979) ===
Justice P.N. Bhagwati laid down the "Instrumentality or Agency" test. The Court held that if a body is an agency or instrumentality of the government, it is a "State," even if it is just a registered society or a government company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Under Article 12 of Indian Constitution |url=https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/to-the-point/ttp-constitution-of-india/state-under-article-12 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Drishti Judiciary}}</ref> Instrumentality test is laid down as follows:

* State is the chief provider of Capital or funding source
* There is deep and pervasive control of the State.
* Its functions have public importance or are of a governmental character.
* A department of Government transferred to a corporation
* Enjoys monopoly status which State conferred or is protected by it.

The Instrumentality test is only illustrative in nature as laid down in this case.

=== BCCI Case ===
The Supreme Court had to decide if the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) was a "State." Despite BCCI having a monopoly over cricket in India and selecting the national team, the Court ruled that BCCI is not a "State" under Article 12. It is an autonomous body, not financially dependent on the government, and not subjected to "deep and pervasive" government control. However, because BCCI performs public duties (selecting the national team), the Court ruled it is amenable to writ jurisdiction under Article 226 (High Courts), but citizens cannot file a writ directly in the Supreme Court under Article 32 for Fundamental Right violations against it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Union of India |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ae1ee4b0149711413022 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.casemine.com}}</ref>

=== Kaushal Kishor vs The State Of Uttar Pradesh Govt. Of U.P. (2023) ===
Supreme Court ruled that Articles 19 (Freedom of Speech, etc.) and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) can be enforced against persons other than the "State" or its instrumentalities. Meaning Private Corporations and Individuals can also be sued for violating article 19 and article 21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azam Khan - Freedom of Speech and Expression |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/kaushal-kishor-uttar-pradesh-azam-khan-freedom-of-speech-and-expression-case-background/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Barsha Chatterjee

2026-05-01T08:18:45Z

Shenna87P79423: Created New Details!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Barsha Chatterjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Barsha Chatterjee
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for =
| notable_works= [[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]] [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Barsha Chatterjee''' is an Indian actress who works in Bollywood film and television industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=Kolkata girl Barsha Chatterjee is playing a pivotal character in the serial Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kolkata-girl-barsha-chatterjee-is-playing-a-pivotal-character-in-the-serial-bade-acche-lagte-hai/articleshow/101385016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She has acted in [[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]], [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]], Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and she is acting in [[Barrister Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barsha Chatterjee bags Shashi Sumeet's next on child marriage|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barsha-chatterjee-bags-shashi-sumeets-next-child-marriage-191228|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I still need to improve my performance: Barsha - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-still-need-to-improve-my-performance-barsha/articleshow/3145867.cms|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishq Ka Rang Safed actor in SAB TV's Chidiya Ghar|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ishq-ka-rang-safed-actor-sab-tvs-chidiya-ghar-160129|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Accident on the sets of Colors' Ishq Ka Rang Safed|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/accident-the-sets-of-colors-ishq-ka-rang-safed-151231|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Ishq Ka Rang Safed' actress bags another Television show!|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/ishq-ka-rang-safed-actress-bags-another-television-show_91356|access-date=2021-05-10|website=India Forums|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মুম্বইয়ে চমক দিচ্ছেন বাংলার বর্ষা, জানালেন নিজের 'বড়ে আচ্ছে লাগতে হ্যায়' অভিজ্ঞতা |url=https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/exclusive-interview-of-actress-barsha-chatterjee/868995 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref>

== Television ==
* [[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]] as Rachna
* [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]] as Maya Srinivasan
* [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]] as Shivangi Ishaan Kaul
* [[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|date=2019-02-20|title=Digvijay Purohit and Barsha Chatterjee roped in for Colors' Udaan|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/digvijay-purohit-barsha-chatterjee-roped-colors-udaan/2019/02/20|access-date=2021-05-10|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref> as Jaya Sharma
* [[Barrister Babu]] as Devoleena Jadhav
* Neeli Chatri Waale<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-09|title=Abha Parmar to enter 'Neeli Chatri Waale'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abha-parmar-to-enter-neeli-chatri-waale/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* Chidiya Ghar
* What The Folks
* The Spring
* [[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=Kolkata girl Barsha Chatterjee is playing a pivotal character in the serial Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kolkata-girl-barsha-chatterjee-is-playing-a-pivotal-character-in-the-serial-bade-acche-lagte-hai/articleshow/101385016.cms |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''[[Jhanak]]'' as Anuradha Chatterjee

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm3243221}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Barsha}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Tampere

2026-04-27T08:26:13Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating A Details

{{short description|City in Western Finland}}
{{distinguish|Tamper (disambiguation){{!}}Tamper|Tampering (disambiguation){{!}}Tampering}}
{{for|the Estonian folklorist|Herbert Tampere}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tampere
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Tampereen kaupunki}}{{br}}{{lang|sv|Tammerfors stad}} {{lang|en|City of Tampere}}
| native_name = {{native name|sv|Tammerfors}}
| nicknames = Manchester of the North, Nashville of the North, Manse (“Manchester” in Finnish),<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> Nääsville (“Nashville” in Finnish),{{efn|Pronounced in almost the same way as [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]}}<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> Sauna Capital of the World
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = File:Tampere Montage 1.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': the cityscape (viewed from [[Näsinneula]]); [[Tampere City Hall]]; [[Särkänniemi]] (from Näsinneula); [[Tampere Hall]]; the skyline with Näsinneula; [[Tammerkoski]] from [[Hämeensilta]] Bridge; and the [[Tampere Cathedral|Cathedral]].
| image_flag = Tampere.lippu.svg
| flag_size = 120x70px
| image_shield = Tampere.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = File:Pirkanmaa Tampere 2021 clean.svg
| map_caption = Location of Tampere (in black) in the [[Pirkanmaa]] [[Regions of Finland|region]]
| image_map1 = Tampere sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption1 = Location of Tampere in Finland
| coordinates = {{coord|61|29|53|N|23|45|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = city
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg|15px|link=Pirkanmaa]] [[Pirkanmaa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tampere sub-region|Tampere]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metropolitan area
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tampere metropolitan area|Tampere]]
| leader_title = Mayor<ref name=themayor_tampere/>
| leader_name = [[Ilmari Nurminen]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]])<ref name="yle-valkama"/>
| established_title = City rights
| established_date = 1 October 1779
| area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Tampere}}
| area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Tampere}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Tampere}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Tampere}}
| area_urban_km2 = 284.2
| area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Tampere}}
| population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Tampere}}
| population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Tampere}}
| population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Tampere}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Tampere}}
| population_demonym = {{lang|fi|tamperelainen}} (Finnish) {{lang|sv|tammerforsare}} (Swedish) {{lang|en|Tamperean}} (English)
| population_metro = {{#expr:
{{Data Finland municipality/population count|tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|nokia, finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|ylöjärvi}}
}}
| population_urban = 369,233
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1299.2
| population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Tampere}}
| demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Tampere}}
| demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Tampere}}
| demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Tampere}}
| demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Tampere}}
| demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Tampere}}
| demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Tampere}}
| blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Tampere}}
| blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Tampere}}
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +02:00
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Tampere'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ər|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ər|ə|,_|ˈ|t|ɑː|m|p|ər|eɪ}}<ref name=lexico/><ref name=oxford/><ref name=merriam-webster/>}}{{efn|{{IPA|fi|ˈtɑmpere|lang|fi-Tampere.ogg}}; {{langx|sv|Tammerfors}}, {{IPA|sv-FI|tɑmærˈforsː|lang|Tammerfors.ogg}}}} is a city in [[Finland]] and the [[Capital city|regional capital]] of [[Pirkanmaa]]. It is in the [[Finnish Lakeland]]. Tampere's population is about {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Tampere metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] has a population of about {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nokia, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Orivesi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vesilahti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ylöjärvi}}round -3}}}}. It is Finland's {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Tampere}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] and the second most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]] in the country after the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]].

Tampere is the most populous inland city in the [[Nordic countries]].<ref name=green/> The [[Tampere urban area|urban area]] has a population of about 370,000. Tampere is considered the most important urban, economic and cultural centre in the whole of inland Finland.<ref name=isomaki/>

Tampere and its surroundings are part of the historic province of [[Satakunta (historical province)|Satakunta]], but the area belonged to the [[Häme Province|province of Häme]] (Tavastia) from 1831 to 1997 and it has often been considered part of that province. For example, in ''[[Uusi tietosanakirja (1960)|Uusi tietosanakirja]]'', published in the 1960s, the Tampere subregion is presented as part of the then province of Tavastia.

Between 1775 and 1870, Tammerkoski rapids formed the border between the former province of Häme and the [[Turku and Pori Province|province of Turku and Pori]]. The city of Tampere was on the western side of the rapids, but the eastern bank was attached to the city in 1877.

Around the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to establish themselves as a separate province known as Pirkanmaa. Tampere became the centre of Pirkanmaa, and ''Tammermaa'' was also used several times in the province's early days, for example in the ''Suomi-käsikirja'' published in 1968.<ref name=heikkila_2/>

Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Lake [[Näsijärvi]] and Lake [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]],<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu/><ref name=thetimes/> with an {{cvt|18|m}} difference in water level, and the rapids that connect them, [[Tammerkoski]], have been an important source of power throughout history, most recently for generating electricity.<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08/> Tampere is known as the "[[Manchester]] of the North" because of its past as a centre of Finnish industry,<ref name=thetimes/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> which has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse"<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere/> and terms such as "Manserock".<ref name=tampere_fi_2008/><ref name=tibo_2007/><ref name=katko/> Tampere has also been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World"<ref name=thetimes/> because it has the most public [[sauna]]s in the world.<ref name=green/><ref name=spottedbylocals/><ref name=business_tampere/><ref name=themayor_sauna_capital/><ref name=saunafromfinland/>

[[Helsinki]] is about {{cvt|160|km|-1}} south of Tampere and can be reached by [[VR Class Sm3|Pendolino]] high-speed train in 1 hour 31 minutes<ref name=vr_2018/> and by car in two hours. The distance to [[Turku]], Finland's third most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]], is about the same. The [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] is the eighth busiest airport in Finland, with more than 230,000 passengers using it in 2017.<ref name=finavia_2018/> Tampere is also an important transit route for three [[Highways in Finland|Finnish highways]]: [[Finnish national road 3|Highway 3]] ([[European route E12|E12]]), [[Finnish national road 9|Highway 9]] ([[European route E63|E63]]) and [[Finnish national road 12|Highway 12]]. The [[Tampere light rail]] had two lines when it started operating in 2021.<ref name=irj-tampere-tram>{{cite news | url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/tampere-light-rail-network-opens-under-budget-and-ahead-of-schedule/ | title=Tampere light rail network opens under budget and ahead of schedule | work=International Railway Journal | date=2021-08-21 | access-date=2023-09-28 | archive-date=27 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220940/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/tampere-light-rail-network-opens-under-budget-and-ahead-of-schedule/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere is often rated as the most popular city in Finland.<ref name=yle_2018-03-26/><ref name=eurocities/><ref name=is_2021-07-15/><ref name=thetimes/> The development of Tampere and its metropolitan area has continued into the 21st century, largely because Tampere is one of Finland's most attractive cities.<ref name=eurocities/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23/> In 2023, Tampere won the first prize at the Smart City World Congress in [[Barcelona]], competing in the category of enabling technologies, while also receiving recognition for the use of technological solutions for the benefit of residents and businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smartcityexpo.com/world-smart-city-awards-2023/|title=World Smart City Awards|publisher=Smart City Expo World Congress|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809225840/https://www.smartcityexpo.com/world-smart-city-awards-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000009986422.html|title=Tampere tuli ykköseksi älykaupunkitapahtumassa – Ihmisten liikkumista ennustetaan viikkoja etukäteen|first=Neea|last=Virlander|work=[[Aamulehti]]|url-access=subscription|date=13 November 2023|access-date=19 July 2024|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/en/articles/breaking-news/2023/cultural-tampere-smart-city/|title=Tampere triumphs at global smart city awards|first=Eeva|last=Haaramo|work=Good News from Finland|date=17 November 2023|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=11 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811151448/https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/en/articles/breaking-news/2023/cultural-tampere-smart-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Names and etymology}}Etymology ==

{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#Tampere{{!}}Names of Tampere in different languages}}

Although the name Tampere derives from the [[Tammerkoski]] rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]), the origin and meaning of the ''Tammer-'' part of the name has been the subject of much debate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Everett-Heath |first1=John |title=Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=22 October 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-190563-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-7251 |language=en |chapter=Tampere}}</ref> Linguist [[Ante Aikio|Ánte Aikio]] accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in [[Proto-Samic language|Proto-Samic]] {{UPA|''*Tëmpël(kōškë)''}}, {{UPA|''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/tëmpël|*tëmpël]]''}} meaning "deep, slow part of a stream" and {{UPA|''*kōškë''}} "rapids" (related to the Finnish ''koski''),<ref name=heikkila_2/><ref name=ante/><ref name=heikkila_1/><ref name=rahkonen/> which has become the most accepted explanation in academia, according to the [[Institute for the Languages of Finland]].<ref name=kotus/> Other theories are that it comes from the Swedish word ''damber'', meaning [[milldam]] or that it comes from the ancient [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian]] words ''þambr'' ("fat-bellied") and ''þambion'' ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the rapids' shape. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word ''Kvatemberdagar'', or more colloquially ''Tamperdagar'', which refers to the [[Ember Days]] of the [[Liturgical year#Liturgical calendar 2|Western Christian liturgical calendar]]. The Finnish word for [[oak]], ''tammi'', has also been suggested,<ref name=utain/> although Tampere is outside the natural range of the [[Quercus robur|European oak]].<ref name=kasviatlas/>

=== Heraldry ===
{{multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|total_width=250
|header=Coat of arms of Tampere
|image1= Tampere.vaakuna.1839-1960.svg |caption1=(1839–1960)
|image2= Tampere.vaakuna.svg |caption2=(1960-)
}}
Tampere's first [[coat of arms]] was designed by Arvid von Cederwald in 1838,<ref name=vaakuna/><ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_von_cederwald/><ref name=tampere_fi_vaakuna/> while the current coat of arms, created in 1960, was designed by Olof Eriksson.<ref name=vaakuna/> Changing the coat of arms was controversial, and even after the change there were occasional calls for the old coat of arms to be restored.<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> The new coat of arms was also described in letters to the editor as [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-style because of its colours.<ref name=aamulehti_2007-02-08/>

The [[blazon]] of the old coat of arms has either not survived or was never made,<ref name=willberg/> but the current coat of arms has been described as follows: "In the red field, a corrugated counter-bar, above which is accompanied by a piled [[hammer]], and below a [[caduceus]]; all gold". Its colours are the same as in the coat of arms of Pirkanmaa. The hammer, which looks like the first letter of the city's name, T, symbolises Tampere's early [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]],<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> the caduceus its commercial activities,<ref name=valtuustoaloite/> and the wavy counter-bar the Tammerkoski rapids that divide Tampere's industrial and commercial areas.<ref name=tampere_fi_kysyttya/>

The city received its first [[seal (emblem)|seal]] in 1803, depicting the city's buildings of the time and Tammerkoski.<ref name=iltanen/>

== History ==

=== Early history ===

[[File:Messukylä Old Church.jpg|left|thumb|Messukylä Old Church, built between 1510 and 1530]]
The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in the 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region began to farm land in [[Takahuhti]],<ref name=lind/> an area largely inhabited by the [[Tavastians|Tavastian tribes]].<ref name=pirkankylat/> The population remained small for many centuries. By the 16th century, the villages of [[Messukylä]] and Takahuhti had become the area's largest settlements. Other nearby villages were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää. There had been a [[marketplace]] in the [[Pispala]] area for centuries, where the [[bourgeoisie]] from [[Turku]] in particular traded.<ref name=sinisalo/> In 1638, Governor-General [[Per Brahe the Younger]] ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski every year, the autumn market on St Peter's Day in August and the winter one on Matias's Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the outskirts of Tammerkoski to Harju, and in 1758 from there to Pispala.<ref name=louhivaara/>{{rp|p=16}} The first industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly [[watermill]]s and [[sawmill]]s. In the 18th century other industries began to develop, as several small [[ironworks]], the Tammerkoski distillery, and the Otavala [[Spinning wheel|spinning]] school were established.<ref name=pirkanmaa_teollistuminen/>

=== Founding and industrialization ===

[[File:Tampere 1837.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Tampere seen from the Messukylä side of Tammerkoski in the 1837 artwork by Pehr Adolf Kruskopf]]
Before the founding of the city of Tampere, the neighbouring parish of [[Pirkkala]] (from which the current region of [[Pirkanmaa]] takes its name) was the most administratively important parish in the area throughout the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=rasila/> This changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish [[pastor]],<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner/> proposed the establishment of a town on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in 1771–1772;<ref name=uola/> it was officially founded as a market town{{efn|Known in Sweden as ''köping'' and the Finnish word ''kauppala''.}} in 1775 by [[Gustav III]] of Sweden, and on 1 October 1779,<ref name=tampere_fi_history/> Tampere was granted full [[Town privileges|town rights]]. At that time it was rather small, founded on the lands of the Tammerkoski manor, and its inhabitants were mainly farmers. As [[Agriculture|farming]] was forbidden within the city limits, the inhabitants began to rely on other means of earning a living, mainly [[trade]] and [[handicraft|crafts]].<ref name=lind/> In 1809, when Finland became a [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants.<ref name=lind/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/>

[[File:Tampereen kaupungintalo.JPG|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Renaissance Revival]] Raatihuone ([[Tampere City Hall|City Hall]]), 1890; the [[Red Declaration]] was read from its balcony in 1905.<ref name=spottinghistory/>]]
[[File:Tampella2.jpg|left|thumb|The old [[Tampella]] factory in Tampere]]
In the 19th century, Tampere grew into an important market town and [[Industrial city|industrial centre]];<ref name=symington/> its industrialisation was greatly influenced by the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] textile factory, founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist [[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]].<ref name=green/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> By 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the city's population had grown to 4000. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the [[Tampella]] [[blast furnace]], [[machine factory]] and [[flax mill]], the Frenckell [[paper mill]] and the Tampere [[broadcloth]] factory.<ref name=lind/><ref name="nieminen-yle"/> Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from around 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women.<ref name=lind/> At the same time, the area of the city increased almost sevenfold and impressive [[apartment block]]s were built in the centre of Tampere between modest wooden houses. The stone houses gave Tampere a modern look. The construction of the [[sewerage]] and [[water supply]] networks and the introduction of [[electric light]]ing were further steps towards modernisation;<ref name=lind/> Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lighting for general use in 1882.<ref name=innovationcapital/><ref name=tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07/> The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the [[Helsinki]]-[[Hämeenlinna]] line (now part of the [[Finnish Main Line|Main Line]]) via [[Toijala]] was opened to the public on 22 June 1876. <ref name=suolahti/>{{rp|p=173}}

The world-famous [[Nokia Corporation]], a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area;<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/> the [[History of Nokia|company's history]] dates back to 1865, when mining engineer [[Fredrik Idestam]] established a pulp mill on the banks of the rapids, and a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighbouring [[Nokia, Finland|town of Nokia]], where there were better [[hydroelectric]] resources.<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/>

=== Geopolitical significance ===

[[File:Lenin at Tampere.JPG|alt=|thumb|left|Painting of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] at the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 Tampere Conference]]]]
Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century, such as the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 conference]] of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP), led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], held in the [[Tampere Workers' Hall]] during their flight from Russia, where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed insurrection that eventually led to the [[October Revolution|October 1917 revolution]] in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=green/><ref name=palonen/><ref name=brackman/> Also, on 1 November 1905, during the General Strike, the famous ''[[Red Declaration]]'' was proclaimed in [[Tampere Central Square|Keskustori]].<ref name=spottinghistory/><ref name=kaunonen/>

[[File:Tampere destroyed in Civil War.jpg|alt=|thumb|The city after the [[Battle of Tampere]] during the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]]]]
After Finland gained its full independence, Tampere played an important role in the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]], being one of the most strategically important places for the [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] (FSWR) during the Finnish Civil War (28 January - 15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, with a huge [[workforce|working population]].<ref name=voionmaa/>{{rp|pp=13–14}}<ref name="nieminen-yle">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20162648|title=Tehtaista syntyi Tampere|trans-title=Tampere was born from factories|first=Elina|last=Nieminen|work=[[Yle]]|date=4 June 2025|access-date=6 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref> Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, commanded by Hugo Salmela. White forces led by [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|General Mannerheim]] captured the city after the [[Battle of Tampere]], taking about 10,000 [[Red Guard (Finland)|Red]] prisoners on 6 April 1918.<ref name=tepora/><ref name=norum/>

During the [[Winter War]], Tampere was bombed several times by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=lammi/> The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction and was also home to the [[Valtion lentokonetehdas|State Aircraft Factory]] and the Tampella Factory, which produced [[ammunition]] and weapons, including [[grenade launcher]]s. The most devastating bombing took place on 2 March 1940, when nine people were killed and 30 wounded. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 damaged that day.<ref name=juonala/>

=== Postwar period and modern day ===

[[File:Yhteiskunnallinen korkeakoulu muuttaa.jpg|thumb|left|The Social University moves to Tampere in 1960.]]
The dominant force in Tampere's municipal politics after the [[Second World War]] was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (''aseveliakseli''), which consisted mainly of the [[National Coalition Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrats]]. While the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere.<ref name=ekman/>

[[File:Filming a television program at Frenckell’s studio in Tampere, 1.2.1965 (19746637354).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|Tamvisio's [[camera operator]]s film a [[television program]] at Frenckell's studio on 2 January 1965 in Tampere.]]
After the Second World War, Tampere was enlarged by the incorporation of some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, [[Lielahti]] in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and [[Teisko]] in 1972. Already in 1937 the most part of modern western Tampere, including Pispala, was annexed to the city from North Pirkkala (today Nokia). Tampere passed the 100,000 population mark in 1950.<ref name=antila/> Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these were largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications in the 1990s. The Hermia technology centre in [[Hervanta]] is home to many companies in these fields.<ref name=technopolis/><ref name=tampereen/> [[Yleisradio]] began broadcasting its second television channel, [[Yle TV2]], from [[Ristimäki]], Tampere, in 1965,<ref name=taavitsainen/><ref name=yle_tesvisio/> making Finland the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's [[SVT2]] began broadcasting four years later. Tampere became a [[university]] city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960, becoming the [[University of Tampere]] in 1966.<ref name=kaataja/> In 1979, the [[Tampere-Pirkkala airport]] was opened {{cvt|13|km}} from the centre of Tampere on the Pirkkala side of the city.<ref name=businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala/><ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17/>

At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on [[bilateral trade]] with the Soviet Union, but when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapsed in 1991]], the companies lost their main customers. As a result of the sudden change and the [[Early 1990s depression in Finland|depression of the early 1990s]], Finlayson and Suomen Trikoo had to scale down their operations drastically. Tampella went [[bankrupt]].<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08/> But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city centre, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, and today's Tampere cityscape is mainly characterised by strong [[Information technology|IT]] companies, most notably [[Nokia]]'s Tampere R&D units.<ref name=uusiteknologia/>

== Geography ==

[[File:Pyynikinsaaret.jpg|thumb|right|Islands of [[Pyynikki]] at the [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Lake Pyhäjärvi]]]]
Tampere is part of the [[Pirkanmaa]] region and is surrounded by the municipalities of [[Kangasala]], [[Lempäälä]], [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Orivesi]], [[Pirkkala]], [[Ruovesi]] and [[Ylöjärvi]].<ref name=paikkatietoikkuna/> Tampere has 180 lakes larger than {{cvt|10000|m2}}, and freshwater bodies cover 24% of its area.<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu/> The lakes formed as separate basins from [[Lake Ancylus]] about 7500–8000 years ago.<ref name=palomaki/> Tampere's northernmost point is in the [[Vankavesi]] [[Fjard]] of [[Teisko]], the southernmost at the eastern end of [[Hervantajärvi|Lake Hervanta]], the easternmost at the northeast corner of [[Paalijärvi|Lake Paalijärvi]] of Teisko, and the westernmost at the southeast corner of [[Haukijärvi|Lake Haukijärvi]] near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia. The city centre is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi, and the much smaller Iidesjärvi. The Tampere region lies in the basin of the Kokemäki River, which flows into the Bothnian Sea through Pori, the capital of the [[Satakunta|Satakunta region]].<ref name=palomaki/> Tampere's [[bedrock]] consists of [[schale|mica schist]] and [[migmatite]],<ref name=kahkonen/> and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to the traditional granite, there is an abundance of [[quartz diorite]], [[tonalite]], mica schist and [[gneiss|mica gneiss]].<ref name=gtk/> One of Tampere's most striking geographic features is the Pyynikki Ridge (''Pyynikinharju''), a large [[esker]] formed from [[moraine]] during the [[Weichselian glaciation]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It rises {{cvt|160|m}} above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world.<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It is also part of [[Salpausselkä]], a {{cvt|200|km}} long ridge system left over from the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/>

[[File:Tammerkoski from air.jpg|thumb|upright|Aerial view of the [[Keskusta, Tampere|city center of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the [[Tammerkoski]] [[rapids]] passing through it, {{circa|2001}}]]
The [[Keskusta, Tampere|centre of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the districts of [[Pyynikki]], [[Ylä-Pispala]] and [[Ala-Pispala]] lie on the isthmus between Lakes Pyhäjärvi and Näsijärvi. The city's location on the edge of the Tammerkoski [[Rapids]] between two long waterways was one of the main reasons for its foundation in the 1770s.<ref name=hautamaki/> The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city centre is a north–south park road, [[Hämeenpuisto]] ("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which runs from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide [[Hämeenkatu]] road runs east–west from [[Tampere Central Station]] to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the [[Hämeensilta]] bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city centre, [[Satakunnankatu]], which runs from Rautatienkatu to [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]] and crosses Tammerkoski via the Satakunnansilta bridge. Tampere's central square is located on the western bank of Tammerkoski, near Hämeensilta. The traffic centre of Tampere is the junction of [[Itsenäisyydenkatu]],{{efn|Formerly known as Puolimatkankatu}} [[Teiskontie]], [[Sammonkatu]], Kalevanpuisto park road and the [[Kaleva (Tampere)|Kaleva]] and [[Liisankallio]] districts.<ref name=tampere_fi_tresijainti/>

=== Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions ===

{{Main|Subdivisions of Tampere}}

The city of Tampere is divided into [[Subdivisions of Tampere|seven statistical areas]], each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are 111 statistical areas in Tampere, but the statistical areas created for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the division of Tampere's districts or to the way residents perceive the districts. For example, the districts of [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]], [[Kyttälä]] and [[Tammela, Tampere|Tammela]] are divided into two parts in accordance with the official district division, and Liisankallio and [[Kalevanrinne]] are often considered to belong to the district of Kaleva.<ref name=niemela/>

=== Climate ===

{{climate chart
| Tampere
|-9.7|-3.4|41
|-10.6|-3.5|29
|-6.6|1.2|31
|-1.3|8.2|32
|3.8|15.4|41
|8.6|19.5|66
|11.7|22.2|75
|10.4|19.9|72
|5.9|14.0|58
|1.9|7.5|60
|-3.0|1.5|51
|-7.6|-1.9|42
|float =
|clear =
|units = metric
}}

Tampere has a [[humid continental climate]] ''Dfb'' with clearly defined four seasons. The climate of [[Tampere-Pirkkala Airport]], which is located away from the city centre, borders on the [[subarctic climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below {{cvt|-3|°C|0}} and it can reach to {{cvt|-30|°C|0}} . Summers are cool to warm. The average snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Given the high latitude and inland location, winters are on average quite mild for the latitude, as is the average annual temperature.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

{{Weather box
| location = Tampere Härmälä (TMP), elevation: {{cvt|85|m}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present (Härmälä and Tampella)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 8.4
| Feb record high C = 9.2
| Mar record high C = 15.6
| Apr record high C = 24.3
| May record high C = 29.6
| Jun record high C = 33.2
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high C = 32.1
| Sep record high C = 26.7
| Oct record high C = 19.4
| Nov record high C = 13.3
| Dec record high C = 10.5
| year record high C = 33.1
| Jan high C = -2.5
| Feb high C = -2.5
| Mar high C = 2.1
| Apr high C = 8.8
| May high C = 15.6
| Jun high C = 19.7
| Jul high C = 22.5
| Aug high C = 20.7
| Sep high C = 14.9
| Oct high C = 7.8
| Nov high C = 2.6
| Dec high C = -0.5
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -5.2
| Feb mean C = -5.7
| Mar mean C = -1.9
| Apr mean C = 3.9
| May mean C = 10.1
| Jun mean C = 14.6
| Jul mean C = 17.3
| Aug mean C = 15.6
| Sep mean C = 10.6
| Oct mean C = 4.9
| Nov mean C = 0.7
| Dec mean C = -2.7
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -8.3
| Feb low C = -9.1
| Mar low C = -6.0
| Apr low C = -0.9
| May low C = 4.1
| Jun low C = 9.0
| Jul low C = 12.2
| Aug low C = 10.8
| Sep low C = 6.6
| Oct low C = 2.0
| Nov low C = -1.5
| Dec low C = -5.4
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -37.0
| Feb record low C = -36.8
| Mar record low C = -29.6
| Apr record low C = -19.6
| May record low C = -7.3
| Jun record low C = -2.8
| Jul record low C = 1.8
| Aug record low C = -0.4
| Sep record low C = -6.7
| Oct record low C = -14.8
| Nov record low C = -22.5
| Dec record low C = -34.2
| year record low C = -37.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41
| Feb precipitation mm = 30
| Mar precipitation mm = 29
| Apr precipitation mm = 32
| May precipitation mm = 36
| Jun precipitation mm = 66
| Jul precipitation mm = 74
| Aug precipitation mm = 65
| Sep precipitation mm = 55
| Oct precipitation mm = 57
| Nov precipitation mm = 51
| Dec precipitation mm = 46
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan snow cm = 32.3
| Feb snow cm = 31.4
| Mar snow cm = 29.5
| Apr snow cm = 13.9
| May snow cm = 1.6
| Jun snow cm = 0.1
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 3.3
| Nov snow cm = 13.1
| Dec snow cm = 27.2
| year snow cm =
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10
| Feb precipitation days = 8
| Mar precipitation days = 8
| Apr precipitation days = 7
| May precipitation days = 7
| Jun precipitation days = 9
| Jul precipitation days = 11
| Aug precipitation days = 9
| Sep precipitation days = 9
| Oct precipitation days = 10
| Nov precipitation days = 10
| Dec precipitation days = 11
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity = 90
| Feb humidity = 87
| Mar humidity = 82
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 87
| Nov humidity = 91
| Dec humidity = 92
| year humidity = 80
| source 1 = weatheronline.co.uk<ref name=weatheronline/>
| source 2 = [[Finnish Meteorological Institute|FMI]] [https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-lampotilatilastot] (precipitation, record highs and lows)<ref name=fmi/>
| date = September 2023
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1979-present)
| collapsed = Y
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 8.0
| Feb record high C = 9.4
| Mar record high C = 14.9
| Apr record high C = 24.2
| May record high C = 29.3
| Jun record high C = 33.0
| Jul record high C = 32.5
| Aug record high C = 31.3
| Sep record high C = 26.6
| Oct record high C = 18.3
| Nov record high C = 13.2
| Dec record high C = 10.3
| year record high C =
| Jan avg record high C = 3.9
| Feb avg record high C = 3.9
| Mar avg record high C = 9.0
| Apr avg record high C = 17.7
| May avg record high C = 24.4
| Jun avg record high C = 26.8
| Jul avg record high C = 28.2
| Aug avg record high C = 26.6
| Sep avg record high C = 21.2
| Oct avg record high C = 13.7
| Nov avg record high C = 8.5
| Dec avg record high C = 4.8
| year avg record high C = 29.2
| Jan high C = -2.7
| Feb high C = -2.8
| Mar high C = 1.7
| Apr high C = 8.5
| May high C = 15.2
| Jun high C = 19.6
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 20.5
| Sep high C = 14.7
| Oct high C = 7.5
| Nov high C = 2.3
| Dec high C = -0.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -5.6
| Feb mean C = -6.0
| Mar mean C = -2.3
| Apr mean C = 3.6
| May mean C = 9.8
| Jun mean C = 14.3
| Jul mean C = 17.1
| Aug mean C = 15.5
| Sep mean C = 10.4
| Oct mean C = 4.6
| Nov mean C = 0.3
| Dec mean C = -3.2
| year mean C = 4.9
| Jan low C = -8.6
| Feb low C = -9.3
| Mar low C = -6.3
| Apr low C = -1.0
| May low C = 3.9
| Jun low C = 8.9
| Jul low C = 12.1
| Aug low C = 10.8
| Sep low C = 6.5
| Oct low C = 1.7
| Nov low C = -1.9
| Dec low C = -5.8
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = -22.9
| Feb avg record low C = -22.5
| Mar avg record low C = -17.3
| Apr avg record low C = -8.5
| May avg record low C = -3.1
| Jun avg record low C = 2.1
| Jul avg record low C = 5.9
| Aug avg record low C = 4.1
| Sep avg record low C = -1.3
| Oct avg record low C = -7.1
| Nov avg record low C = -11.3
| Dec avg record low C = -17.6
| year avg record low C = -26.0
| Jan record low C = -35.8
| Feb record low C = -31.8
| Mar record low C = -29.1
| Apr record low C = -14.8
| May record low C = -7.2
| Jun record low C = -3.0
| Jul record low C = 1.5
| Aug record low C = -0.4
| Sep record low C = -7.0
| Oct record low C = -16.4
| Nov record low C = -21.9
| Dec record low C = -33.0
| year record low C = -35.8
| Jan humidity = 91
| Feb humidity = 88
| Mar humidity = 80
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 64
| Jun humidity = 68
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 88
| Nov humidity = 92
| Dec humidity = 92
| year humidity = 80
| source 1 = https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi
| source 2 = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=101118
}}

==== Temperature records of Tampere ====

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

'''Temperature Records of Tampere'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
|-
| style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere highest temperatures by month'''
|-
! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
! style="width:90px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C (°F)
! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
|-
| June || {{convert|33.2|C|F|abbr=values}} || 22 June 2021 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
|-
| July || {{convert|33.1|C|F|abbr=values}} || 9 July 1914 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
|-
| August || {{convert|32.1|C|F|abbr=values}} || 10 August 1912 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
|}

Highest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
|-
| style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month'''
|-
! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
! style="width:90px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C (°F)
! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
|-
| January || {{convert|8.0|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2007
|-
| February || {{convert|9.4|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1990
|-
| March || {{convert|14.9|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2007
|-
| April || {{convert|24.2|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1998
|-
| May || {{convert|29.3|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2014
|-
| June || {{convert|31.7|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1999
|-
| July || {{convert|32.5|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2010
|-
| August || {{convert|31.1|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1992
|-
| September || {{convert|24.8|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1999
|-
| October || {{convert|17.5|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1984
|-
| November || {{convert|12.4|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2015
|-
| December || {{convert|10.3|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2015
|}

Lowest temperatures in [[Pirkanmaa]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
|-
| style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere lowest temperatures by month'''
|-
! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
! style="width:90px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C (°F)
! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
|-
| January || {{convert|−38.5|C|F|abbr=values}} || 9 January 1987 || align=left| [[Aitoneva]], [[Kihniö]]
|-
| February || {{convert|−40.9|C|F|abbr=values}} || 3 February 1966 || align=left| [[Mouhijärvi]]
|}

Lowest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
|-
| style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month'''
|-
! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
! style="width:90px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C (°F)
! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
|-
| January || {{convert|−35.8|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1987
|-
| February || {{convert|−31.8|C|F|abbr=values}} || 2007
|-
| March || {{convert|−29.1|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1981
|-
| April || {{convert|−14.8|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1988
|-
| May || {{convert|−7.2|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1999
|-
| June || {{convert|−3.0|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1984
|-
| July || {{convert|1.5|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1987
|-
| August || {{convert|−0.4|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1984
|-
| September || {{convert|−7.0|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1986
|-
| October || {{convert|−16.4|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1992
|-
| November || {{convert|−22.0|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1990
|-
| December || {{convert|−33.0|C|F|abbr=values}} || 1995
|}

== Cityscape ==

=== Revival and nationalism ===

[[File:Näsilinna, Museo Milavida.jpg|thumb|[[Näsilinna]], the [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]] [[palace]]]]
Tampere has buildings from many architectural periods. The Old Stone Church of [[Messukylä]] is the only example of [[medieval]] architecture.<ref name=aamulehti_2020-01-09/> [[Neoclassicism]] from the early 19th century is represented by the [[Tampere Old Church|Old Church of Tampere]] and its [[Belfry (architecture)|bell tower]]. The [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] buildings in Tampere that evolved from Neoclassicism are the New Church of Messukylä and the [[Alexander Church]], while the [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] buildings are [[Hatanpää Manor]], [[Tampere City Hall]],<ref name=spottinghistory/> Ruuskanen House and [[Näsilinna]]. [[Romantic nationalism]] can be seen in the [[Commerce house]], the Tirkkonen House, the Palander House, the [[Tampere Cathedral]], the [[Tampere Central Fire Station]] and the Tampere National Bank building.<ref name=niemela/> The use of [[red brick]] as a building material in the industrial buildings along Tammerkoski, such as the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] and [[Tampella]] factories, has left a strong imaginary mark on the city.<ref name=visittampere_teollinen_perinto/><ref name=aasarchitecture/>

=== Functionalism and modernism ===

The Post-[[Art Nouveau]] was largely Nordic,<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07/> with the Laikku House of Culture, the [[Hotel Tammer]], the Tuulensuu House and the Viinikka Church built in Tampere. After [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]] became the dominant style in the 1930s, [[Tampere Central Station]], Tempo House, a bus station and Kauppi Hospital were built in Tampere. There is no single accepted term for the [[post-war]] style, but the main representatives of the reconstruction period are the Bank of Finland building, the Amurinlinna building and the Pyynikki swimming pool. The rationalist buildings of the [[Modern architecture|modernist period]] are represented by the [[University of Tampere]], [[Tampere Central Hospital]], Sampola, the School of Economics, [[Ratina Stadium]] and [[Kaleva Church]].<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07/> The modernist buildings include the [[Metso Main Library]], the Hervanta Operations Centre, the [[Tampere Hall]], the university extension and the [[Nokia]] office building in [[Hatanpää]].<ref name=niemela/>

[[File:Nokia Arena November 2021 4.jpg|thumb|The city of Tampere has shown strong growth in recent years.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/> The "Tampere Deck" and its [[Tampere Deck Arena|new multi-purpose arena]] in November 2021.]]
The [[Keskusta, Tampere|centre of Tampere]] and its western parts have been developed in a more modern direction since the 2010s,<ref name=businesswire_2019-05-15/> and the city aims to have the centre in its future form by the 2030s.<ref name=businesstampere_growth/> In particular, plans have been drawn up for the area around the central railway station in the form of the "Tampere Deck" project, which includes a [[Tampere Deck Arena|new multi-purpose arena]] and [[high-rise building]]s in the area.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref name=yle_2021-02-23/> A [[Tampere light rail|light rail network]] has also recently been built in the city centre. [[Artificial island]] projects are planned on the shores of the lakes, which would create new [[residential area]]s for several thousand people.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/> The projects are estimated to cost several billion euros.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref name=businesstampere_growth/><ref name=yle_2021-02-23/>

== Economy ==

The Tampere region, [[Pirkanmaa]], which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents,<ref name=eures_pirkanmaa/> 244,000 employed people,<ref name=statistics_finland_establishments_2015/> and a turnover of €28 billion {{As of|2014|lc=y}}.<ref name=tampere_region_2017/>

According to the [[Tampere International Business Office]], the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 9.2% in September 2023.<ref name=temtyollisyyskatsaus/> 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile, 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>

In 2014 the largest employers were [[Kesko]], Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa, [[Alma Media]] and [[Posti Group]].<ref name=yle_2015-03-02/> Tampere is headquarters for [[Bronto Skylift]], an aerial rescue and aerial work platform manufacturer.<ref name=brontoskylift/>

[[File:Hotelli Torni Tampere.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tampere's [[Hotel Torni Tampere|Hotel Torni]], the tallest hotel in Finland<ref name=visitfinland/>]]
[[File:Särkänniemi - Trombi5.jpg|thumb|right|[[Särkänniemi]] amusement park is the most popular tourist destination of Tampere.]]
According to a study carried out by the TAK Research, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2022 was more than €562 million. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region.<ref name=tampereenkauppakamarilehti/> Tampere's biggest single attraction is the [[Särkänniemi]] [[amusement park]], which had about 552,000 visitors in 2023.<ref name=sarkanniemi/> That year, 1.4 million overnight stays were made in Tampere [[hotel]]s and 300,000 in other commercial accommodations. The number exceeded the previous record year 2022 by seven percent. Tampere has Finland's second-most hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 865,000 overnight stays and occupational tourism for 551,000. Income from accommodations was €116.9 million in 2023 (up 7.2 million from 2022).<ref name=tampereenseudunvetovoima/>

Tampere's financial result in 2023 was €55.3 million.<ref name=tampere_fi_tilinpaatos_2015/> The result was heavily affected by one-off payments .<ref name=aamulehti_2020-10-14/> In the city's economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2023, the city received €477.8 million in municipal [[tax revenue]]. In addition, €98 million came from [[corporate tax]]es and €105.3 million from [[property tax]]es.<ref name=tampere_fi_talousarvio_2016/> Increase in municipal tax revenue was 6.9 percent, the highest amount among big cities. Government contributions were €58.3 million. Due to the health and social services reform, the statements of municipal and corporation tax revenue or state contributions are not comparable with previous years.<ref name=kauppalehti_2016-05-26/>

Tampere municipal tax rate in 2024 is 7.6%.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Energy ==

[[File:Lielahti power station.jpg|thumb|Lielahti Power Plant]]
In 2013, Tampereen Energiantuotanto, which is part of the [[Tampereen Energia]] (formerly ''Tampereen Sähkölaitos Group''), generated 1,254 GWh of [[electricity]] and 2,184 GWh of [[district heating]]. The two units of the [[Naistenlahti]] [[power station]] accounted for about 65% of the total electricity production and the [[Lielahti]] power station for about 30%. The Naistenlahti and Lielahti units accounted for 57% and 23% of district heating production, respectively. The ten heating centres in Tampere accounted for 21%.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=44}}

In 2023, the share of renewable energy in the district heating production was around 80%. The goal was to end the use of [[peat]] completely during that year. [[Hydropower]], wood and nuclear power were used as well as mixed waste, of which 50% is considered renewable.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=44}} Emissions from energy production have decreased in the 21st century due to the growth of renewable forms of production and the modernisation of the Naistenlahti power plant. In 2013, about 669,000 tonnes of [[carbon dioxide]] and 297 tonnes of [[sulphur dioxide]] were emitted.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|pp=46–47}}

== Water and waste management ==

75% of Tampere's domestic water is [[surface water]] and 25% [[groundwater]]. 58% of the water is diverted to economic use and 13% to industrial use. In addition to Tampere, Tampereen Vesi manages water in [[Pirkkala]]. Almost all surface water comes from [[Lake Roine]]. In addition, Tampereen Vesi has three surface water plants in Lake Näsijärvi and five groundwater intakes.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|pp=68–69}} Tampereen Vesi is responsible for 96% of wastewater from Tampere, [[Kangasala]], Pirkkala and [[Ylöjärvi]]. In 2023, a total of 33 million cubic meters of [[wastewater]] was treated in Tampere. The Viinikanlahti [[treatment plant]] treats more than 75% of wastewater.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=85}}

The new central treatment plant in Sulkavuori will open in 2025. It is a joint project of Tampere, Kangasala, Pirkkala, Ylöjärvi, Lempäälä and Vesilahti, with a treatment capacity of 100 000 cubic metres of wastewater per day.

Pirkanmaan Jätehuolto handles [[waste management]] in Tampere. It has waste treatment facilities in [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]]'s Lake Koukkujärvi and Tampere's Lake Tarastenjärvi.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=92}}

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===

{{Historical populations
| title= Historical population
| percentages = pagr
|state = collapsed
|1815|793
|1840|1819
|1850|3207
|1860|5232
|1870|6986
|1880|13645
|1890|20132
|1900|36344
|1910|45442
|1920|47830
|1930|50138
|1939|78012
|1972|163609
|1980|166228
|1990|172560
|2000|195468
|2010|213217
|2020|241009
|footnote=Source: Tilastollinen päätoimisto,<ref name="stv1940">{{Cite web | url=http://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/69230 | title=Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940 | date=1941 | publisher=Tilastollinen päätoimisto | access-date=19 September 2023 | language=fi | archive-date=16 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213444/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/69230 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Statistics Finland]] (1972-2020)<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | archive-date=7 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001445/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
The city of Tampere has {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere }}}} inhabitants, making it the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Tampere}}}} most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the [[Nordic countries|Nordics]]. The [[Tampere metropolitan area|Tampere region]], with {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nokia, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Orivesi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vesilahti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ylöjärvi}} }} }} people, is the second largest after the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]]. Tampere is home to 5% of Finland's population. 12% of the population has a foreign background, which is above the national average. However, it is lower than in the major Finnish cities of [[Helsinki]], [[Espoo]], [[Vantaa]] or [[Turku]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final">{{cite web |url= https://stat.fi/en/publication/cm1jg8tr20lco07vwvoif9s6i |title= Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024 |date= 2025-04-04 |series= Population structure |publisher= Statistics Finland |issn= 1797-5395 |access-date=2025-04-07 }}</ref>

The demographic structure of Tampere shows that the city is a very popular place to study, as the number of young adults is significantly higher than in other municipalities in the region. At the end of 2012, the old-age [[dependency ratio]] was 45. 19.2% of the population was over the age of 64 in 2024.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=13}} Just over half of the population is female, as in the country as a whole. The population is fairly well educated, with two-thirds of those over 15 having completed post-primary education.<ref name=tampere_fi_tietoa/>

At the end of 2018, there were a total of 140,039 dwellings in Tampere, of which 127,639 were permanently occupied and 12,400 were not permanently occupied.<ref name=tampere_fi_asuntokanta/> Of these, 74% were [[apartment building]]s, 14% were [[detached house]]s, 10% were [[terraced house]]s, and 2% were other residential buildings. Between 2002 and 2020, more than 40,000 new dwellings will be completed in Tampere.<ref name=tampere_fi_kaupunkiymparisto/> Living space has been growing for a long time, although after 2008 growth came to a virtual standstill. The average living space at the end of 2012 was about 36.8 m2 per inhabitant, compared with about 19.2 m2 in 1970 and about 31.8 m2 in 1990. The average dwelling had about 1.8 inhabitants in 2012.<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014/>{{rp|p=13}}

For more than ten years, Tampere has been one of the most migratory municipalities, as more than 1,930 new residents moved to Tampere in January–September 2021. [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Kangasala]] and [[Lempäälä]], which are among Tampere's neighbouring municipalities, have also been identified as the most migratory municipalities, rising to the list of the 20 most attractive municipalities.<ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04/><ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23/> Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tampere has become Finland's most attractive area for internal migration, as Tampere gained the most migration gains in 2020.<ref name=talouselama_2021-12-29/>

{{Bar chart
| title = Population size 1980–2025<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025"/>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 32
| width_units = em
| label1 = 1980
| label2 = 1985
| label3 = 1990
| label4 = 1995
| label5 = 2000
| label6 = 2005
| label7 = 2010
| label8 = 2015
| label9 = 2020
| label10 = 2025
| data_max = 270000
| data1 = 166228
| data2 = 169026
| data3 = 172560
| data4 = 182742
| data5 = 195468
| data6 = 204337
| data7 = 213217
| data8 = 225118
| data9 = 241009
| data10 = 263337
}}

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|direction = row
|caption = Population by mother tongue (2025)<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025"/>
|label1 = Finnish
|value1 = 87.5
|color1 = #002F6C
|label2 = Russian
|value2 = 1.4
|color2 = #D52B1E
|label3 = Arabic
|value3 = 1.0
|color3 = #165D31
|label4 = Persian
|value4 = 1.0
|color4 = #239F40
|label5 = English
|value5 = 0.9
|color5 = #FFFFFF
|label6 = Swedish
|value6 = 0.5
|color6 = #FFCD00
|label7 = Vietnamese
|value7 = 0.5
|color7 = #DA251D
|label8 = Other
|value8 = 7.2
|color8 = #C5C5C5
}}

Tampere is the largest monolingual [[Finnish language|Finnish-speaking]] municipality. The majority of the population, {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Tampere}}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 3|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}}}), spoke Finnish as their first language. In addition, the number of [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish speakers]] was {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Tampere }}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 1|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}}}) of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025"/> This is the second largest number of Swedish speakers in monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities after [[Kaarina]]. Kaarina and Tampere are also the only monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities with a separate Swedish-speaking community. Swedish speakers made up more than 6% of Tampere's population in 1900 and less than 2% in 1950.<ref name=tamperelainen_2018-04-14/>

Foreign languages were spoken by {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language other|Tampere}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Tampere}}|1}}}} of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025"/> As [[English language|English]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 160 different languages are spoken in Tampere. The most widely spoken foreign languages are [[Russian language|Russian]] (1.4%), [[Arabic]] (1.0%), [[Persian language|Persian]] (1.0%), [[English language|English]] (0.9%), and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (0.5%).<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025"/>

=== Immigration ===

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|colspan="3"|'''Population by country of birth (2025)'''<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2025">{{cite web |url= https://stat.fi/en/publication/cmg6f46k91y0e07w0qtdt6yl7 |title= Population growth slowed down in 2025 |date= 2026-04-01 |series= Population structure |publisher= Statistics Finland |issn= 1797-5395 |access-date=2026-04-01 }}</ref>
|-\
! Country of birth !! Population !! %
|-
| {{flag|Finland}} || 233,290 || 88.6
|-
| {{flag|Soviet Union}} || 2,750 || 1.0
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || 1,385 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 1,261 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}} || 1,245 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}} || 1,239 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}} || 1,176 || 0.4
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || 1,152 || 0.4
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}} || 1,135 || 0.4
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 1,128 || 0.4
|-
| Other || 17,556 || 6.7
|}

{{As of|2024}}, there were 29,841 people with a foreign background living in Tampere, or 12% of the population.{{refn|Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<ref name="statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background">{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2023 |title=Persons with foreign background |publisher=Statistics Finland |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084300/https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|group=note}} There were 28,352 residents who were born abroad, or 11% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Tampere was 19,576.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> Most foreign-born citizens came from the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sweden]], [[Iraq]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Iran]], [[Estonia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[Estonia]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

The proportion of immigrants in Tampere's population is slightly above the national average.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> Tampere attracts more migration from within Finland than directly from abroad. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

=== Urban areas ===

In 2019, out of the total population of 238,140, 231,648 people lived in [[Urban areas in Finland|urban areas]] and 3,132 in sparsely populated areas, while the coordinates of 3,360 people were unknown. This made Tampere's degree of urbanization 98.7%.<ref name=statistics_finland_urbanization_2019/> The urban population in the municipality was divided between three statistical urban areas as follows:<ref name=statistics_finland_population_2019/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! Urban area !! Population
|-
| align="center" | 1 || '''[[Tampere urban area]]''' || align="right" | 225,440
|-
| align="center" | 2 || [[Vuores]] ||align="right"| 5,316
|-
| align="center" | 3 || [[Kämmenniemi]] ||align="right"| 892
|}

=== Religion ===

In 2023, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 56.4% of the population of Tampere. Other religious groups accounted for 3.3% of the population. 40.3% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>[https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023] Statistics Finland</ref>

== Education ==

[[File:TUT Festia.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tampere University]], Festia building]]

The [[Primary school|comprehensive education]] is given mainly in Finnish but the city has special bilingual groups where students study in Finnish and a second language ([[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] or [[German language|German]]).<ref name=tampere_fi_vieraskielinen_perusopetus/> Furthermore, there is a private Swedish-speaking school in the [[Kaakinmaa]] district (Swedish {{ill|Svenska samskolan i Tammerfors|sv}}) that covers all levels of education from [[preschool]] to [[Gymnasium (school)|high school]].<ref name=samskolan/> A fully English-language program will begin at {{ill|Pyynikki High School|fi|Pyynikin lukio}} (''Pyynikin lukio'') in August 2026. The program is intended for young people whose language skills are not sufficient to study high school in Finnish or Swedish. English-language matriculation examinations will begin in autumn 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000011743023.html|title=Tampereelle perustetaan täysin englanninkielinen lukiolinja, jonne suomalaisen peruskoulun käyneitä ei oteta|first=Erika|last=Mäkelä|work=[[Aamulehti]]|date=12 January 2026|access-date=13 January 2026|language=fi|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Tampereen poliisiammattikorkeakoulu (15016857355).jpg|thumb|right|The campus building of the [[Police University College (Finland)|Police University College]]]]

There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions ({{langx|fi|ammattikorkeakoulu}}). [[Tampere University]] (TUNI) has over 20,000 students and two campuses, one in the [[Kalevanharju]] district, close to the city centre, and one in [[Hervanta]], in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of [[University of Tampere]] (UTA) and [[Tampere University of Technology]] (TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]] (''Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu'', TAMK), a polytechnic with about 10,000 students.<ref name=tamk/> The [[Police University College (Finland)|Police University College]], the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also in Tampere.<ref name=tuni/><ref name=tampere3/>

[[Tampere University Hospital]] (''Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala'', TAYS) in the [[Kauppi (district)|Kauppi district]], one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations.

The [[Nurmi (district)|Nurmi district]] in the northern part of city also houses the {{ill|Tampere Christian School|fi|Tampereen kristillinen koulu}} (''Tampereen kristillinen koulu''), which operates on a co-[[Christianity|Christian]] basis and is maintained by the [[Adventist Church of Finland]], offering free basic education based on Christian basic values and outlook on life for all grades of primary school.<ref name=takriko/>

== Arts and culture ==

[[File:Tammerkoski (22286032958).jpg|thumb|The Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere at night in 2015. The Festival of Light has just opened and an old, large factory chimney is lit in red on the right side of the rapids and contrasts with the blue lighting of the trees beneath it. The array of colours is reflected by the water of the rapids.|left]]

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of Finland's most popular writers, such as [[Väinö Linna]], [[Kalle Päätalo]], and [[Hannu Salama]], hail from Tampere. They are known particularly for depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet [[Lauri Viita]] of the [[Pispala]] district, which was also Salama's original home.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} On 1 October, Tampere celebrates [[Tampere Day]] ({{langx|fi|Tampereen päivä}}), which hosts a variety of public events.<ref name=tampere_fi_paiva_pahkinankuoressa/><ref name=niemela/>

=== Media ===

[[File:Aamulehden talo, Hallituskatu 14, Tampere.jpg|thumb|An office building of ''[[Aamulehti]]'' newspaper in the [[Nalkala|Nalkala district]]]]

Tampere is a strong ''media city.'' The television center in [[Tohloppi]] and [[Ristimäki]] districts has had a nationwide [[Yle TV2]] television channel since the 1970s,<ref name=niemela/> and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when [[Arvi Hauvonen]] founded the first broadcasting station in 1923.<ref name=niemela/> Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to [[Yleisradio]] (YLE, Finnish National Broadcasting Company) in 1964. ''Kakkoskanava'' ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city,<ref name=niemela/> such as TV comedies ''[[Tankki täyteen]]'', ''[[Reinikainen (TV series)|Reinikainen]]'' and ''[[Kummeli]]''. There's also a play park in central Tampere named after the channel's most famous children's programme, ''[[Pikku Kakkonen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/vapaa-aika-ja-harrastukset/leikkipaikat/pikku-kakkonen-playground|title=Pikku Kakkonen Playground|publisher=City of Tampere|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

Today, Yle operates as a tenant in its old premises, which in 2013 was transformed into a hub for visual media production companies and training institutes called Mediapolis.

The [[Ruutu+]] streaming service's popular crime drama television series ''[[Lakeside Murders]]'' ({{langx|fi|Koskinen}}), based on the ''Koskinen'' book series by [[Seppo Jokinen]], is also produced and filmed in Tampere.<ref name="hs_2020-12-10" /><ref name="aamulehti_2021-11-26" />

The [[Tampere Film Festival]], an annual international short film event, is held every March.<ref name=visittampere_film_festival/> Tampere has also served as a filming location for international film productions, most notably the 1993 British comedy film ''[[The Big Freeze (film)|The Big Freeze]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/radiotelevisio/art-2000002846675.html|title=Bob Hoskins korjasi putkia Teiskossa|trans-title=Bob Hoskins repaired pipes in Teisko|first=Henri Waltter|last=Rehnström|work=[[Yle]]|date=22 August 2015|access-date=17 December 2022|language=fi|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217103540/https://www.hs.fi/radiotelevisio/art-2000002846675.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 2022 American sci-fi film ''[[Dual (2022 film)|Dual]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/karen-gillan-sci-fi-dual-starts-production-in-finland-with-aaron-paul-beulah-koale-exclusive/5154263.article|title=Karen Gillan sci-fi 'Dual' starts production in Finland with Aaron Paul, Beulah Koale (exclusive)|first=Jeremy|last=Kay|work=[[Screen Daily]]|date=21 October 2020|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110072943/https://www.screendaily.com/news/karen-gillan-sci-fi-dual-starts-production-in-finland-with-aaron-paul-beulah-koale-exclusive/5154263.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/tampere-hosts-hollywood-production-dual/|title=Tampere hosts Hollywood production|first=Laura|last=Vanzo|work=Good News from Finland|publisher=Finnfacts|date=26 October 2020|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927144541/https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/tampere-hosts-hollywood-production-dual/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, ''[[Aamulehti]]'', which was published in Tampere and was founded in 1881,<ref name=ainamo/><ref name=almamedia/> was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' and ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]''. The circulation of the magazine was 98 408 (2016).<ref name=sanomalehdet/> In addition, a free city newspaper ''[[Tamperelainen]]'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city.<ref name=niemela/> In November 2016, the ''Tamperelainen'' was awarded the second best city newspaper in Finland.<ref name=heili/>

The city is also known as the home of the popular [[Hydraulic Press Channel]] on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.<ref name=washingtonpost_2016-04-19/>

Independent video game developer [[Colossal Order]], known for the hit [[city-building game]] ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'', is based in Tampere.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tut.fi/rajapinta/artikkelit/2011/3/vakavasti-mukana-pelibisneksessa|title=Vakavasti mukana pelibisneksessä|trans-title=Seriously in with the Games Business|language=fi|last=Eskelinen|first=Päivi|date=19 May 2011|volume=2011|number=3|journal=Rajapinta|publisher=Tampere University of Technology|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122023605/http://www.tut.fi/rajapinta/artikkelit/2011/3/vakavasti-mukana-pelibisneksessa|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Cities: Skylines II]]'' also features the city's geography as an in-game map for those who pre-ordered the game. [[Iceflake Studios]], the studio working on ''Cities: Skylines II'' since 2026, is also headquartered in Tampere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities: Skylines development moves to Iceflake Studios |url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/146853/cities-skylines-series-new-developer?amphtml=1 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.shacknews.com}}</ref>

=== Food ===

[[File:Mustamakkara2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Mustamakkara]]'' ("black sausage"), a speciality food from Tampere, is typically consumed with lingonberry jam.]]

[[File:Chicken wings meal at Siipiweikot.jpg|thumb|right|Tampere claims to be the "wings capital of Finland", consuming almost half of the [[hot wings]] in Finland. The restaurant chain [[Siipiweikot]] originates from Tampere. Almost half of the chicken wings sold in Finland are eaten exclusively in Pirkanmaa.<ref name=yle_2012-08-10/>]]

A local food speciality is ''[[mustamakkara]]'', which resembles the [[black pudding]] of northern England and blood sausages around Europe. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with [[lingonberry]] sauce. Especially [[Tammelantori]] square in the district of [[Tammela, Tampere|Tammela]] is known for its ''mustamakkara'' [[kiosk]]s, as well as [[Laukontori]] in center.<ref name=helsinkitimes_2012_11_08/>

A newer Tampere tradition are ''munkki'', fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in [[Pyynikki observation tower]].<ref name=visittampere_munkki/>

One of the specialties of Tampere's local [[barbecue]] dishes include the [[peremech]] (pärämäts in Finnish), based on traditional [[Tatars|Tatar]] food. It is a pie reminiscent of [[Karelian pasty]] with seasoned [[ground meat]] inside.<ref name=linkosuon_kahvilat/><ref name=vuosara/>

In the 1980s, in addition to ''mustamakkara'' and barley bread, the old parish dish of Tampere was also called a potato soup, home-made [[small beer]] (''kotikalja''), a sweetened lingonberry porridge and a [[sweetened potato casserole]] (''Imelletty perunalaatikko'').<ref name=kolmonen/>

Since 1991, the two-day [[fish market]] event (''Tampereen kalamarkkinat'') in [[Laukontori]] attracts as many as 80,000–100,000 visitors in year, and is held both in the spring on ''[[vappu]]'' and in the autumn on Tampere Day.<ref name=kalatalo/><ref name=visittampere_kalamarkkinat/>

=== Music ===

{{see also|Tampere Academic Symphony Orchestra}}

[[File:Judas Priest, päälava, Sauna Open Air 2011, Tampere, 11.6.2011 (30).JPG|thumb|left|[[Judas Priest]] performing as one of the headliners at the 2011 [[Sauna Open Air Metal Festival]]]]

Tampere is home to the [[Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra]] (''Tampere Filharmonia''), one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; [[Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra|the other]] is in [[Helsinki]]. The orchestra's home venue is the [[Tampere Hall]],<ref name=green/> and its concerts include classical, popular, and film music. [[Tampere Music Festivals]] organises three international music events: [[Tampere Jazz Happening|The Tampere Jazz Happening]] each November, and in alternate years [[Tampere Vocal Music Festival|The Tampere Vocal Music Festival]] and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]] and Tampere [[Music school|Conservatoire]].

''{{visible anchor|Manserock}}'' became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists include [[Juice Leskinen]], [[Veltto Virtanen]], [[Kaseva]], [[Popeda]], and [[Eppu Normaali]]. In 1977, [[Poko Rekords]], the first record company in Tampere, was founded.<ref name=yle_2007-05-29/>

In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and [[Heavy metal music|heavy/black metal]]; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the [[Sauna Open Air Metal Festival]].<ref name=sauna-open-air/> Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include [[Negative (Finnish band)|Negative]], [[Uniklubi]], and [[Lovex]]. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (''Maailmantango''),<ref name=economist_2017-10-11/> which is one of the most significant tango events in Finland next to the [[Tangomarkkinat]] of [[Seinäjoki]].

=== Theatre ===

[[File:Tampereen teatteri.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The Tampere Theatre (Finnish: ''Tampereen Teatteri'')]]

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as [[Tampere Workers' Theatre|Tampereen Työväen Teatteri]], [[Tampere Theatre|Tampereen Teatteri]], and [[Pyynikin Kesäteatteri]], which is an open-air theatre with the oldest [[revolving auditorium]] in Europe. The longest-running directors of the Tampereen Teatteri include Heikki Vihinen and Rauli Lehtonen, and the Tampereen Työväen Teatteri had Kosti Elo, Eino Salmelainen and Esko Roine.<ref name=niemela/> [[Tampere Theatre Festival|The Tampere Theatre Festival]] (''Tampereen teatterikesä'') is an international theatre festival held in the city each August. Tampere also has the [[Tampere Opera]], founded in 1946.<ref name=tampere_opera/>

Tampere's other professional theaters are Teatteri Siperia; restaurant theater Teatteripalatsi; Teatteri Telakka, known for its artistic experiments; Ahaa Teatteri, which specializes in children's and young people's plays; [[puppet theater]] Teatteri Mukamas, and Tanssiteatteri MD, specializes in [[contemporary dance]] performances.<ref name=opiskelijantampere_teatterit/> In addition, there are also three [[Movie theater|cinemas]] in Tampere: two [[Finnkino]]'s theaters, Cine Atlas and [[Finnkino Plevna|Plevna]],<ref name=finnkino_cine_atlas/><ref name=finnkino_plevna/> and private Arthouse Cinema Niagara,<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara/> which serves as the main venue for the Cinemadrome Festival, which presents [[Horror film|horror]], [[Action film|action]], [[Science fiction film|sci-fi]], [[Trash film|trash]], and other [[cult film]]s.<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara_cinemadrome/> Local cinemas also included the historic [[Imatra (cinema)|Imatra]], formerly located in the [[Kyttälä]] district, which was completely destroyed on a fire in the midst of a 1924 film ''[[Wages of Virtue]]'' on 23 October 1927, killing 21 people.<ref name=aamulehti_1927-10-24/>

=== Religious activities ===

[[File:Tampere, cattedrale, ext. 01.JPG|right|thumbnail|[[Cathedral of Tampere]] in the [[Jussinkylä|Jussinkylä district]], designed by Finnish architect [[Lars Sonck]]]]

[[File:Tamperechristmas.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Tampere Old Church|Old Church]] (Vanha kirkko) on the edge of the Tampere Central Square]]

As in most of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland]]. One Lutheran church in Tampere is [[Finlayson Church]] in the [[Finlayson (district)|district by the same name]]. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]]. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the {{ill|Tampere Pentecostal Church|fi|Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta}} (''Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta'').<ref name=tamperehelluntai/><ref name=suomenhelluntaikirkko/> English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the [[Anglican Church in Finland]] and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross<ref name=pyha_risti/> also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] [[stake (Latter Day Saints)|stake]] (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the [[Tampere Baptist Church|Baptist Church]], the Evangelical Free Church, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland]], the [[Finnish Orthodox Church]] and the [[Nokia Revival]].

There was an organized Jewish community until 1981. Though a few Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time.<ref name=jchelsinki/>

There are three registered Muslim communities in Tampere. The biggest is [[Tampere Islam Society]], with over 1500 members.<ref name=islam/>

=== City rivalry with Turku ===

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of [[Turku]],<ref name="observing">{{cite web|url=https://observingfinland.com/blog/two-cities-and-then-one-helsinki-tampere-turku|title=Two Cities and the One|work=Observing Finland|date=27 March 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827171429/https://observingfinland.com/blog/two-cities-and-then-one-helsinki-tampere-turku|url-status=usurped}}</ref> the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after [[Helsinki]].<ref name=yle_2017-06-29/><ref name=hs_2021-01-27/> This rivalry is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, ''[[mustamakkara]]'', the state of the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]] in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the [[post-glacial rebound]] and push the city back into the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=tut/><ref name="everwas">{{Cite web |title=Finnish Town Rivalries |last=Kennedy |first=Ian |work=everwas |date=2 July 2010 |url=https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091333/https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Main sights ==

[[File:Näsinneula view 18.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tammerkoski]] and [[Näsijärvi]] seen from [[Näsinneula]]]]

[[File:Kaleva Church 4.jpg|alt=|thumb|222x222px|The [[Kaleva Church]], designed by [[Reima Pietilä|Reima]] and [[Raili Pietilä]], in [[Liisankallio]]]]

[[File:Tampere market hall inside.jpg|right|thumb|Interior of the [[Tampere Market Hall]]]]

One of the main tourist attractions is the [[Särkänniemi]] [[amusement park]], which includes the landmark [[Näsinneula tower]], topped by a [[revolving restaurant]]. In addition to these, it used to house an aquarium. Other sites of interest are [[Tampere Cathedral]], [[Tampere City Hall]], [[Tampere Central Library]] ''Metso'' ("[[Western capercaillie|Capercaillie]]"), [[Kaleva Church]] (both designed by [[Reima Pietilä]]), [[Tampere Hall|the Tampere Hall]] for conferences and concerts, the [[Tampere Market Hall]] (along [[Hämeenkatu]]) and historical [[Pyynikki observation tower]].<ref name=thetimes/>

Tampere has at least seven [[hotel]]s, the most noteworthy of which are [[Hotel Tammer]], [[Hotel Ilves]], and [[Hotel Torni Tampere|Hotel Torni]], the tallest hotel building in Finland.<ref name=visitfinland/> The [[Holiday Club|Holiday Club Tampere]] [[spa]] is also located in the [[Lapinniemi|Lapinniemi district]] on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi.<ref name=holidayclubresorts/> There are also many significant [[shopping center]]s in the city center of Tampere and its suburbs; the most notable shopping centers are [[Ratina (shopping centre)|Ratina]], [[Koskikeskus (shopping centre)|Koskikeskus]], [[DUO (Tampere)|DUO]], [[Like (shopping mall)|Like]], and [[Tullintori]].

Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to [[Vladimir Lenin]]. The museum is housed in the [[Tampere Workers' Hall]] (along [[Hallituskatu (Tampere)|Hallituskatu]]) where during a subsequent [[Bolshevik]] conference in the city, Lenin met [[Joseph Stalin]] for the first time.<ref name=green/><ref name=marxists/><ref name=kotkin/> Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for [[Sweden]] in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian [[Okhrana]]. Lenin did not return to any part of the [[Russian Empire]] until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917. [[Tampere Lenin-museum]] closed on 3 November 2024 and reopened under the name Nootti (Note) in February 2025.

There are many museums and galleries, including:
* The [[Vapriikki Museum Centre]]<ref name=tampere_fi_vapriikki/><ref name=thetimes/> which includes the [[Natural History Museum of Tampere]], [[Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame]], [[Finnish Museum of Games]], Post Museum and the ''Shoe Museum''
* [[Hatanpää Manor]] and [[Hatanpää Arboretum]]
* The [[Näsilinna Palace]]
* Tampere Art Museum<ref name=tampere_fi_art_museum/>
* [[Tampere Lenin Museum]]
* The [[Moomin Museum]],<ref name=green/><ref name=muumimuseo/><ref name=thetimes/> about [[Moomins]]
* [[Rupriikki Media Museum]]
* Spy Museum in Siperia<ref name=vakoilumuseo/>
* Workers' housing museum in [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]].<ref name=tampere_fi_amuri_museum/>
* Finland's largest glass sculpture, owned by the City of Tampere, "[[Timo Sarpaneva#Glass|Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea]]" by the artist [[Timo Sarpaneva]], was installed in the entrance lobby of the downtown shopping mall [[KoskiKeskus]] until it was moved to a warehouse.<ref name=yle_2012-10-14/>

=== Pispala ===

{{Main|Pispala}}

Pispala is a ridge between the two lakes. It is divided into [[Ylä-Pispala]] ("Upper Pispala") and [[Ala-Pispala]] ("Lower Pispala"). It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising {{cvt|80|m}} above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around {{cvt|160|m}} above sea level. It housed the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of [[Pirkkala|Suur-Pirkkala]] and its successor [[Nokia, Finland|Pohjois-Pirkkala]]. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. It is now a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring [[Pyynikki]] forms an important historical area of Tampere.<ref name=green/>

== Events ==
=== Concerts ===

[[Ratina Stadium]] of Tampere, in the [[Ratina (district)|district by the same name]], has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the ''[[Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour]]'' in 2015 by the band [[Nightwish]].<ref name=metalitalia/><ref name=pallontallaajat/> Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include [[Iron Maiden]] (''[[Somewhere Back in Time World Tour]]'', 2008), [[Bruce Springsteen]] (''[[Working on a Dream Tour]]'', 2009), [[AC/DC]] (''[[Black Ice World Tour]]'', 2010), [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] (''[[I'm with You World Tour]]'', 2012), [[Bon Jovi]] (''[[Because We Can (concert tour)|Because We Can World Tour]]'', 2013), [[Robbie Williams]] (''[[The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour]]'', 2017) and [[Rammstein]] (''[[Rammstein Stadium Tour]]'', 2019).

[[Tammerfest]], Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July.<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat/> The [[Blockfest]], which also takes place in Tampere in the summer,<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat/> is the largest [[hip hop music|hip hop]] event in the Nordic countries.<ref name=visittampere_blockfest_2016/>

== Sport ==
=== Ice hockey ===
[[File:Nokia Arenan avajaiset 1.jpg|thumb|right|Opening game of [[Nokia Arena (Tampere)|Nokia Arena]]: [[Tappara]] vs [[Ilves]]]]

[[File:Fan Zone Tampere.jpg|thumb|right|Official Fan Zone in Tampere during the [[2022 IIHF World Championship]]]]

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by [[ice hockey]].<ref name=iihf_3/> The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]]. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Three exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: [[Tappara]], [[Ilves]] and [[Koovee (ice hockey)|Koovee]]. Especially both Tappara and Ilves have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland;<ref name=iihf_3/><ref name=hckhockey/> of these, Ilves was the first Tampere-based hockey team to win the [[1935–36 SM-sarja season|1935-1936 Finnish championship]].<ref name=iihf_3/> The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the [[Tampereen jäähalli|Hakametsä]] arena, are both located in Tampere.<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-7765473|title=Suomen ensimmäinen jäähalli täyttää 50 vuotta – "Hakamettä" on monelle kiekkoilijalle toinen koti|first=Kirsi|last=Matson-Mäkelä|work=[[Yle]]|date=29 January 2015|access-date=7 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407194319/https://yle.fi/a/3-7765473|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, [[Nokia Arena (Tampere)|Tampere Deck Arena]],<ref name=visittampere_deck_arena/> began in 2018, and was first opened to the public on 3 December 2021, although the official opening date was on 15 December.<ref name=srv/><ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-11-24/><ref name=iihf_2/><ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-12-15/> The name of the new arena was supposed to be ''UROS LIVE'',<ref name=yle_2020-03-05/> but due to the financial difficulties of the sponsor behind it, the name was abandoned.<ref name=yle_2021-10-28/> After that, [[Nokia Corporation]] was chosen as the new sponsor on 19 November 2021, and the arena was renamed ''Nokia Arena''.<ref name=globenewswire/> The arena served as one of the host cities for the [[2022 IIHF World Championship]] and the [[2023 IIHF World Championship]].<ref name=iihf_3/><ref name=yle_2020-08-26/><ref name=iihf_1/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Sport - Wie berichtet SRF über die Eishockey-WM 2023? |url=https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/hallosrf/publikumsfragen/sport/sport-wie-berichtet-srf-ueber-die-eishockey-wm-2023 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) |language=de |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516012558/https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/hallosrf/publikumsfragen/sport/sport-wie-berichtet-srf-ueber-die-eishockey-wm-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Football ===
Like ice hockey, [[association football|football]] is also a popular sport in Tampere. [[Ilves (football)|Ilves]], the professional football club of Tampere,<ref name=ilvesedustus/> alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams.

Tampere hosted some of the [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|football preliminaries]] for the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].

=== Basketball ===
[[Basketball]] is another popular sport in Tampere; the city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, [[Tampereen Pyrintö (basketball)|Tampereen Pyrintö]],<ref name=fibaeurope/><ref name=eurobasket/> plays on the highest level ([[Korisliiga]]) both with men's and women's team. Men's team was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014.<ref name=korisliiga/>

Tampere was a co-host of the [[EuroBasket 1967]], and the Nokia Arena will host the [[EuroBasket 2025]] as one of the host cities.

=== Batting sports ===
[[Manse PP]] is the city's [[pesäpallo]] team, the only remaining team in the men's [[Superpesis]] to be based within a major city, and who won the league in 2021, as well as the women's league in 2017.

Tampere also has a [[baseball]] and [[softball]] club, the [[Tampere Tigers]], which plays in the [[Baseball Finnish Championship Series|top division of Finnish baseball]].<ref name=tamperetigers/><ref name=baseball/>

=== American football ===
[[Tampere Saints]] is the [[American football]] club in the city, that won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the [[Vaahteraliiga|Maple League]] (division 1) in summer 2017.<ref name=tamperesaints/>

=== Speedway ===
[[Motorcycle speedway]] has been held in Tampere at several venues. The [[Eteläpuisto]] beach embankment hosted speedway from 1953 to 1988<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.speedway.fi/esittelyja.php?id=5#:~:text=Etel%C3%A4puiston%20radalla%20on%20ajettu%20kolmasti,Ratatilanne%20Tampereella%20on%20heikko. |title=Pirkan Mooottorimiehet ry |website=Speedway Finland |access-date=13 February 2024 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213123907/https://www.speedway.fi/esittelyja.php?id=5#:~:text=Etel%C3%A4puiston%20radalla%20on%20ajettu%20kolmasti,Ratatilanne%20Tampereella%20on%20heikko. |url-status=live }}</ref> and was an important venue for competitions, hosting the Nordic Final as part of the qualifying for the [[Speedway World Championship]] and the Scandinavian round of the [[Speedway World Team Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc76.htm |title=1976 World Cup |website=International Speedway |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173659/http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc76.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc79.htm |title=1979 World Cup |website=International Speedway |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222173304/http://internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc79.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it hosted the final of the [[Finnish Individual Speedway Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/tilastot_sm.html |title=Speedway Individual Finnish Championship |website=Speedway Sanomat |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112154151/http://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/tilastot_sm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When it closed the speedway moved to the Kaanaa track, out of the city to the village of Velaatta by [[Teisko Airfield]]. More recently the Ratina Stadium held various speedway meetings from 1995 to 2015, including the [[Speedway Grand Prix of Finland]] in 2014 and 2015.

=== Gymnastics ===
Tampere has long tradition in various fields of gymnastics. Finnish Gymnastics Federation office is located in Kauppi Sports Centre. Local clubs include Tampereen Voimistelijat, Elixiria Sport, Rantaperkiön Isku, TTNV. Ikuri Gymnatics centre is the main training location. Large competitions are organized in Tampere Fair Centre. Gymnaestrada Finland was held in Tampere in 2022.

=== Other sports ===
In addition to all of the above, [[volleyball]], [[wrestling]] and [[boxing]] are also among Tampere's best-known sports.<ref name=niemela/>

The city also hosted two [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|canoe sprint world championships]], in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the [[World Rowing Junior Championships]] and in 1995 the Senior [[World Rowing Championships]]. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th [[European Youth Olympic Festival]] on 17–25 July 2009<ref>''Tampereen Liikuntalehti'', 2/2007. (in Finnish)</ref> and the 2010 World Ringette Championships on 1–6 November at Hakametsä arena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-26 |title=2010 World Ringette Championship (Tampere, Finland) |url=https://www.ringette.ca/event-results/2010-world-ringette-championship-tampere-finland/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Ringette Canada |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107184613/https://www.ringette.ca/event-results/2010-world-ringette-championship-tampere-finland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere hosted the 2023 [[European Masters Games]] from 26 June to 9 July.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imga.ch/event/european-masters-games-2023-tampere/|title=European Masters Games 2023 | Masters Games Finland, Tampere|date=21 November 2019|publisher=[[International Masters Games Association]]|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117211929/https://imga.ch/event/european-masters-games-2023-tampere/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Tampere}}

[[File:Train from Helsinki to Kolari stopping at Tampere.jpg|thumb|Train from [[Helsinki]] to [[Kolari]] stopping at Tampere]]
[[File:Tampere-Pirkkala Airport 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]]. This photo was taken during COVID-19 pandemic, when the airport was nearly empty.]]
[[File:Keskustori bus terminals1.jpg|thumb|Bus terminals at the [[Tampere Central Square]] ({{langx|fi|Keskustori}})]]
[[File:Raitiovaunu Hämeenkadulla.jpg|thumb|[[Tram]] in [[Hämeenkatu]], Tampere]]

=== Roads ===
To the south of Tampere, there is the [[Tampere Ring Road]], which is important for car traffic and which is part of [[Highways in Finland|Finnish highways]] number [[Finnish national road 3|3]] (on the west side) and number [[Finnish national road 9|9]] (on the east side). The main stretch of the ring road sees over 50,000 vehicles per day,<ref name=newsnowfinland_2018-03-19/> and, according to the [[ELY Centre]] of Pirkanmaa, the western part of the ring road is the busiest road in Finland, if highway and ring road connections in the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]] are excluded.<ref name=yle_2021-08-25/> There are also plans for another ring road project that would run from Pirkkala to Tampere's [[Hervanta]] and possibly in the future to Kangasala.<ref name=aamulehti_2018-01-10/> [[Teiskontie]], which runs east of the city center, is part of [[Finnish national road 12|Highway 12]] in the direction of [[Lahti]]. This highway also runs through the center of Tampere under the name [[Paasikiven–Kekkosentie]],<ref name=louhivaara/>{{rp|pp=75, 77}} below the downtown as the [[Tampere Tunnel]], which is the longest [[road tunnel]] built in Finland for car traffic.<ref name=yle_2016-11-15/>

=== Rail ===
Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example, [[Helsinki]], [[Turku]] and the [[Port of Turku]], [[Oulu]], [[Jyväskylä]], and [[Pori]]. Every day about 150 trains with an annual total of 8 million passengers arrive and depart in the [[Tampere Central Station|Tampere Central Railway Station]], which is located in the city center.<ref name=tampere_fi_asemakeskus/> There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland.

=== Aviation ===
Tampere is served by [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]], located in neighboring municipality [[Pirkkala]] some {{cvt|13|km|0}} southwest of the city, and it replaced the former Härmälä Airport, which was closed in 1979.<ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17/> The current airport is connected to the city centre of Tampere by bus route 103, and to that of Pirkkala by bus route 39.<ref name=finavia_2021/>

=== Sea transport ===
In 2015, the Port of Tampere,<ref name=unece/> the charter port area carrying passengers on the shores of [[Lake Näsijärvi]] and [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Lake Pyhäjärvi]],<ref name=hopealinjat/> was the busiest [[inland waterway]] in Finland in terms of the number of passengers (71,750).<ref name=liikennevirasto/> A partial explanation for the high number of passengers can be found in the summer traffic to the [[Viikinsaari]] island in Lake Pyhäjärvi, where people travel for an excursion or various cultural events such as watching a summer theater.<ref name=tamperelainen_2014-04-09/> Domestic passenger and connecting vessel traffic was only busier in the Finnish sea area in the [[Helsinki Metropolitan Area]], between mainland Finland and [[Åland]] in the [[Archipelago Sea]].<ref name=liikennevirasto/>

=== Urban transport ===
The public transport network in Tampere currently consists of a bus network and two lines of [[Tampere light rail|city's light rail]], operating from 9 August 2021.<ref name=urban-transport-magazine/> The [[Tampere Bus Station]], designed by Jaakko Laaksovirta and [[Bertel Strömmer]], representing [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist architecture]], was completed in 1938,<ref name=sk_1938-12-17/><ref name=sapyska/>{{rp|pp=203–204}} being the largest bus station in the [[Nordic countries]] at the time,<ref name=uta/> and between 1948 and 1976, the city also had an extensive [[trolleybus]] network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland.<ref name=alameri/> As of 2017, [[commuter rail]] service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]] and [[Lempäälä]] is being established.<ref name=tase/>

In the 2010s, Tampere has made efforts to invest in the smooth running of [[Utility cycling|cycling]] and [[walkability]].<ref name=tampere_fi_kevytliikenne/> Thanks to it, the city was awarded the title of "Cycling Municipality of the Year" in 2013.<ref name=yle_2013-03-08/> According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015.<ref name=tampere_fi_tyytyvaisyyskysely/> In any case, during the 21st century, the growth of bicycle traffic has been clearly faster than the growth of the city's population, and the number of cycles has increased by an average of about 2% per year.<ref name=tampere_fi_liikenteen_kehitys/>

=== Distances to other cities ===

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Helsinki]] – {{cvt|180|km}}
* [[Hämeenlinna]] – {{cvt|79|km}}
* [[Joensuu]] – {{cvt|396|km}}
* [[Jyväskylä]] – {{cvt|150|km}}
* [[Kuopio]] – {{cvt|297|km}}
* [[Lahti]] – {{cvt|130|km}}
* [[Lappeenranta]] – {{cvt|276|km}}
* [[Oulu]] – {{cvt|490|km}}
* [[Pori]] – {{cvt|110|km}}
* [[Seinäjoki]] – {{cvt|177|km}}
* [[Turku]] – {{cvt|163|km}}
* [[Vaasa]] – {{cvt|240|km}}
{{div col end}}

== Government ==

[[File:Tampere city central government office building.jpg|thumb|The [[Tampere City Central Office Building|Tampere City Central Office]] (''Tampereen keskusvirastotalo''), an administrative building of the [[City Council of Tampere]] along the [[Aleksis Kiven katu (Tampere)|Aleksis Kiven katu]] street]]

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the [[City Council of Tampere|city council]]. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure.

Tampere was the first Finnish municipality to have an elected mayor.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> The mayor has no official relationship with the municipality; they serve as chair of the city board and direct the municipality's activities. The mayor's duties are defined in the city government's bylaws.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> Because the mayor and deputy mayors are trustees, they can be removed by the council if they lose the majority trust.<ref name=niemela/>

For the first two years, [[Timo P. Nieminen]], representing the [[National Coalition Party]] from 2007 to 2012, served as mayor. In 2013, [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] of the same party was elected mayor.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/> As of 1 June 2017, the number of deputy mayors decreased from four to three.<ref name=tampere_fi_johtamisjarjestelma/> [[Lauri Lyly]] ([[SDP (Finland)|SDP]]) was elected Mayor of the City of Tampere for the period 2017–2021 at the City Council meeting on 12 June 2017.<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari/>

=== Mayors over time ===

* [[Kaarle Nordlund]] 1929–1943
* [[Sulo Typpö]] 1943–1957
* [[Erkki Lindfors]] 1957–1969
* [[Pekka Paavola]] 1969–1985
* [[Jarmo Rantanen]] 1985–2007
* [[Timo P. Nieminen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2007–2012
* [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2013–2017
* [[Lauri Lyly]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]]) 2017–2021
* [[Anna-Kaisa Ikonen]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2021–2023
* [[Kalervo Kummola]] ([[National Coalition Party|kok.]]) 2023–2025
* [[Ilmari Nurminen]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|sd.]]) 2025–present<ref name="yle-valkama">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20165337|title=Pormestarin valinnasta tuli teatteria Tampereella: PS:n vaatima äänestys piti uusia, koska yksi lippu revittiin|first=Vanessa|last=Valkama|work=[[Yle]]|date=2 June 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2023}}

=== Born before 1900 ===

[[File:James Finlayson (1771-1852).jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]], Scottish Quaker and industrialist best known for founding the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] company]]

[[File:Juho Kusti Paasikivi.jpg|thumb|170px|[[J. K. Paasikivi]], the [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and later the [[President of Finland|7th President of Finland]]]]

* [[Emil Aaltonen]] (1869–1949), industrialist and philanthropist
* [[Emanuel Aromaa]] (1873–1933), politician
* [[Eero Berg]] (1898–1969), long-distance runner and Olympic gold medalist
* [[Minna Canth]] (1844–1897), author and social activist
* [[Rosa Clay]] (1875–1959), a Namibian-born Finnish American teacher, singer and choral conductor
* [[Minna Craucher]] (1891–1932), socialite and spy
* [[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]] (1772–1852), Scottish [[Quakers|Quaker]] and industrialist
* [[Väinö Hakkila]] (1882–1958), politician
* [[Gustaf Idman]] (1885–1961), diplomat and a non-partisan [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Alma Jokinen]] (1882–1939), politician
* [[Feliks Kellosalmi]] (1877–1939), politician
* [[Augusta Laine]] (1867–1949), teacher of home economics and politician
* [[Frans Oskar Lilius]] (1871–1928), politician
* [[Wivi Lönn]] (1872–1966), architect
* [[Kaapo Murros]] (1875–1951), journalist, lawyer, writer and politician
* [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] (1870–1956), the [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and the [[President of Finland|7th President of Finland]]
* [[Aaro Pajari]] (1897–1949), Major General and the [[Knight of the Mannerheim Cross]]
* [[Arvo Pohjannoro]] (1893–1963), Lutheran clergyman and politician
* [[Anders Rajala]] (1891–1957), wrestler
* [[Julius Saaristo]] (1891–1969) track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist
* [[Matti Schreck]] (1897–1946), banker and film producer
* [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] (1888–1964), author and [[Nobel laureate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1939/summary/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=NobelPrize.org |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040914/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1939/summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bertel Strömmer]] (1890–1962), architect
* [[Vilho Tuulos]] (1895–1967), triple jumper, long jumper and Olympic gold medalist
* [[August Wesley]] (1887–?), journalist, trade unionist and revolutionary

=== Born after 1900 ===

[[File:Aleksander Barkov 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aleksander Barkov]], ice hockey player]]

[[File:Vaino-Linna-1976.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Väinö Linna]], author of ''[[The Unknown Soldier (novel)|The Unknown Soldier]]'' and [[Under the North Star|''Under the North Star'' trilogy]]]]

[[File:Prime Minister of Finland Sanna Marin 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sanna Marin]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]] from 2019 to 2023.]]

* [[Jonne Aaron]] (born 1983), singer
* [[Sinikka Antila]] (born 1960), lawyer and diplomat
* [[Aleksander Barkov]] (born 1995), Finnish-Russian professional ice hockey player
* [[Anu Bradford]] (born 1975), Finnish-American author and law professor
* [[Johanna Debreczeni]] (born 1980), singer
* [[Henrik Otto Donner]] (1939–2013), composer and music personality
* [[Anna Falchi]] (born 1972), Finnish-Italian model and film actress
* [[Mauri Favén]] (1920–2006), painter
* [[Matti Haahti]] (born 1936), footballer
* [[Jussi Halla-aho]] (born 1971), politician and former leader of the [[Finns Party]]
* [[Roope Hintz]] (born 1996), professional ice hockey player
* [[Anja Ignatius]] (1911–1995), violinist and music educator
* [[Seppo Jokinen]] (born 1949), author
* [[Viljo Kajava]] (1909–1998), author and poet
* [[Tapani Kalliomäki]] (born 1970), stage and film actor
* [[Glen Kamara]] (born 1995), professional footballer
* [[Jorma Karhunen]] (1913–2002), [[Finnish Air Force]] [[Flying ace|ace]] and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross
* [[Leo Kinnunen]] (1943–2017), [[Formula One]] driver
* [[Urpo Lahtinen]] (1931–1994), journalist and magazine publisher, founder of ''[[Tamperelainen]]''
* [[Kimmo Leinonen]] (born 1949), ice hockey executive and writer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaakiekkomuseo.fi/jaakiekkoleijonat/?lang=en#1507548729934-36012474-42de|title=Ice Hockey Lions: Leinonen Kimmo|year=2011|website=[[Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame]]|language=fi|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226210635/http://www.jaakiekkomuseo.fi/jaakiekkoleijonat/?lang=en#1507548729934-36012474-42de|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mika Koivuniemi]] (born 1967), bowling coach and professional [[ten-pin bowling|ten-pin bowler]]
* [[Kiira Korpi]] (born 1988), figure skater
* [[Patrik Laine]] (born 1998), professional ice hockey player
* [[Väinö Linna]] (1920–1992), author
* [[Jyrki Lumme]] (born 1966), professional hockey player
* [[Tiina Lymi]] (born 1971), actress, director, screenwriter and author
* [[Taru Mäkelä]] (born 1959), film director and screenwriter
* [[Eeva-Liisa Manner]] (1921–1995), poet, playwright and translator
* [[Sanna Marin]] (born 1985), [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (2019–2023)
* [[Sakari Mattila]] (born 1989), professional footballer
* [[Matthau Mikojan]] (born 1982), rock musician, singer, guitarist and songwriter
* [[Pate Mustajärvi]] (1956–2025), rock singer
* [[Mikko Nousiainen]] (born 1975), actor
* [[Teppo Numminen]] (born 1968), professional ice hockey player
* [[Luka Nurmi]] (born 2004), racing driver
* [[Erno Paasilinna]] (1935–2000), author and journalist
* [[Pekka Paavola]] (1933–2023), politician and [[Minister of Justice (Finland)|Minister of Justice]]
* [[Tero Palmroth]] (born 1953), racing driver
* [[Oiva Paloheimo]] (1910–1973), author, poet and aphorist
* [[Veijo Pasanen]] (1930–1988), actor
* [[Aku Pellinen]] (born 1993), racing driver
* [[Sakari Puisto]] (born 1976), politician
* [[Raisa Räisänen]] (1983–?), still missing 16-year-old girl, who was [[Presumption of death|declared dead in absentia]] in 2007
* [[Matti Ranin]] (1926–2013), actor
* [[Leo Riuttu]] (1913–1989), actor
* [[Seela Sella]] (born 1936), actress
* [[Heikki Silvennoinen]] (1954-2024), musician and actor
* [[Kikka (singer)|Kikka]] (1964–2005), pop and schlager singer
* [[Jukka Tapanimäki]] (1961–2000), software developer and game programmer
* [[Armi Toivanen]] (born 1980), actress
* [[Jussi Välimäki]] (born 1974), rally driver
* [[Lauri Viita]] (1916–1965), poet
* [[Erika Vikman]] (born 1993), singer
* [[Sofia Vikman]] (born 1983), politician
* [[Olavi Virta]] (1915–1972), singer
* [[Hans Wind]] (1919–1995), fighter pilot, flying ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross
* [[Aki Yli-Salomäki]] (born 1972), composer, music critic and music journalist

== International relations ==

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland}}

Tampere is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with:

* [[Chemnitz]], Germany<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Essen]], Germany<ref name=ruhr_twins/>
* [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Klaksvík]], [[Faroe Islands]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Kópavogur]], [[Iceland]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Linz]], [[Austria]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Łódź]], [[Poland]] ''(since 1996)''<ref name=lodz/>
* [[Miskolc]], [[Hungary]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Norrköping]], [[Sweden]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Odense]], [[Denmark]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Olomouc]], [[Czech Republic]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Brașov]], [[Romania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]] ''(since 1946)''<ref name=trondheim/>
* [[Guangzhou]], China<ref name=guangzhou_twinnings/><ref name=hs_2013-06-20/>
* [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/organisation/international-affairs/twin-cities |title=Twin cities |website=Tampere.fi |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226095926/https://www.tampere.fi/en/organisation/international-affairs/twin-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tampere has two additional "friendship cities":

* {{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua|León]], Nicaragua<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>
* {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]]<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Finland|Europe|Geography|Cities}}
* [[Battle of Tampere]]
* ''[[Mustamakkara]]''
* [[Nokia, Finland]]
* [[Pirkkala]]
* [[Ratina Stadium]]
* [[Särkänniemi]]
* [[Tammerkoski]]
* [[Tampere Deck Arena]]
* [[Tampere Film Festival]]
* [[Tampere Tigers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=aamulehti_1927-10-24>
{{cite news
| title=Yli 20 ihmisuhria vaatinut elokuvateatteripalo
| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=1927-10-24
| issue=287
| page=1
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2007-02-08>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.aamulehti.fi/vastaa/vaakuna/
| url-status=dead
| title=Aamulehti: Kumpi Tampereen vaakunoista on parempi?
| publisher=[[Aamulehti]]
| language=fi
| archive-date=2007-02-08
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208094321/http://www.aamulehti.fi/vastaa/vaakuna/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2018-01-10>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007289170.html
| title=Moottoritien oikaisu ja uusi kehätie nostattivat kommenttivyöryn – Mahtava juttu vai asukkaiden ja luonnon laiminlyömistä?
| first=Kaisa
| last=Uusitalo
| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=2018-01-10
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=10 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203452/https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007289170.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007300435.html
| title=Pääsy kielletty: Tältä näyttää Tampere-Pirkkalan lennonjohtotornissa – 156 askelmaa johdattaa ainutlaatuisen maiseman äärelle
| first=Toni
| last=Repo
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| date=2018-05-17
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2019-06-07>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000007442372.html
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| url-status=live
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<ref name=aamulehti_2020-01-09>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/lukijalta/art-2000007501728.html
| title=Lukijalta: Pyhä Mikko on Tampereen vanhin rakennus, mutta se jää yllättävän vähälle huomiolle
| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=2020-01-09
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2020-10-14>
{{cite news
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| url-status=dead
| title=Tampereen vuoden 2017 budjettiesitys on julki: Näin käy verojen ja maksujen
| language=fi
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2021-05-04>{{cite news
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| first=Tiina
| last=Vuorimäki
| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=2021-05-04
| access-date=2021-10-24
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2021-10-23>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000008352935.html
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| first=Kati
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| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=2021-10-23
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aamulehti_2021-11-26>{{cite news
| url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000008430405.html
| title=Rikosdraama Koskinen saa paljasjalkaisen tamperelaisen punastumaan mielihyvästä – Katsoimme ennakkoon Tampereen seudulla kuvatun uutuussarjan, näitä paikkoja siitä voi bongata
| first=Nina
| last=Lehtinen
| work=[[Aamulehti]]
| date=2021-11-26
| access-date=2022-07-25
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=aasarchitecture>
{{cite web
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| url-status=dead
| title=Tulli Halls by Schauman & Nordgren Architects + MASU Planning and Schauman Arkkitehdit wins competition in the old customs area in Tampere – Aasarchitecture
| date=2018-06-21
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=ainamo>{{cite journal
| url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10227/397/HR%2cAinamo%2cTienari%26Vaara%2c2006.pdf?sequence=3
| author=Antti Ainamo
| title=Between West and East: A Social History of Business Journalism in Cold War Finland
| journal=Human Relations
| date=May 2006
| volume=59
| issue=5
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=alameri>
{{cite web
| url=http://raitio.org/trolley/tampere/tpelinja.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213012858/http://www.raitio.org/trolley/tampere/tpelinja.htm
| archive-date=2007-12-13
| title=Trolleybus City of Tampere
| last=Alameri
| first=Mikko
| work=Raitio
| publisher=Suomen Raitiotieseura
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=almamedia>
{{cite web
| title=History
| url=http://www.almamedia.com/about-us/history/
| url-status=dead
| work=Alma Media
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309001417/http://www.almamedia.com/about-us/history/
| archive-date=2015-03-09
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<ref name=ante>
{{cite book
| first=Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol
| last=Ánte
| contribution=An essay on Saami ethnolinguistic prehistory
| title=A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe
| series=Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
| volume=266
| pages=63–117
| year=2012
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<ref name=antila>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBaimAEACAAJ
| first1=Mari
| last1=Lind
| first2=Kimmo
| last2=Antila
| first3=Antti
| last3=Liuttunen
| title=Tammerkoski ja kosken kaupunki
| location=Tampere
| publisher=Tampereen museot
| year=2011
| isbn=9789516094949
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara>{{cite web
| url=https://www.arthousecinemaniagara.fi/
| title=Arthouse Cinema Niagara
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=6 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506203527/https://www.arthousecinemaniagara.fi/
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}}</ref>

<ref name=arthousecinemaniagara_cinemadrome>{{cite web
| url=https://www.arthousecinemaniagara.fi/fi/erikoisnaytokset/cinemadrome
| title=Cinemadrome – Arthouse Cinema Niagara
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=7 March 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307082442/https://arthousecinemaniagara.fi/fi/erikoisnaytokset/cinemadrome
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=baseball>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.baseball.fi/
| title=Baseball.fi - fi
| website=baseball.fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=brackman>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQL8POkFGIQC
| title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
| last=Brackman
| first=Roman
| year=2001
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| isbn=9780714650500
}}
</ref>

<ref name=brontoskylift>{{cite web
| url=https://brontoskylift.com/contact/
| title=Contact information
| website=Bronto Skylift
| date=7 March 2019
| access-date=2022-07-07
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<ref name=business_tampere>{{cite web
| url=https://businesstampere.com/finnish-sauna-society-and-international-sauna-association-tampere-is-the-sauna-capital/
| title=Finnish Sauna Society and International Sauna Association: "Tampere is the Sauna Capital"
| date=2018-05-22
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=23 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623040700/https://businesstampere.com/finnish-sauna-society-and-international-sauna-association-tampere-is-the-sauna-capital/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=businesstampere_growth>{{cite web
| url=https://businesstampere.com/investments/why-tampere/tampere-is-the-city-of-growth-and-development/
| title=Tampere is the city of growth and development
| work=Business Tampere
| access-date=2021-12-07
| archive-date=9 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209043219/https://businesstampere.com/investments/why-tampere/tampere-is-the-city-of-growth-and-development/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala>{{cite web
| url=https://businesstampere.com/fi/tampere-pirkkala-tarkea-kentta-loistava-sijainti/
| title=Tampere-Pirkkala: tärkeä kenttä, loistava sijainti
| work=Business Tampere
| date=2019-09-06
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=28 April 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428150007/https://businesstampere.com/fi/tampere-pirkkala-tarkea-kentta-loistava-sijainti/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=businesswire_2019-05-15>{{cite news
| url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190515005494/en/City-of-Tampere-an-International-Ideas-Competition-in-a-Magnificent-Finnish-Lakeside-City
| title=City of Tampere: an International Ideas Competition in a Magnificent Finnish Lakeside City
| work=[[Business Wire]]
| date=2019-05-15
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=17 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217042931/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190515005494/en/City-of-Tampere-an-International-Ideas-Competition-in-a-Magnificent-Finnish-Lakeside-City
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=economist_2017-10-11>{{cite news
| author=C.G.
| title=Explaining the Finnish love of tango
| url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/10/11/explaining-the-finnish-love-of-tango
| newspaper=[[The Economist]]
| date=2017-10-11
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=23 November 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123044316/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/10/11/explaining-the-finnish-love-of-tango
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=ekman>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWxaFCIth-4C
| first1=Marianne
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| first2=Björn
| last2=Gustavsen
| first3=Bjorn Terje
| last3=Asheim
| first4=Öyvind
| last4=Pålshaugen
| title=Learning Regional Innovation: Scandinavian Models
| year=2010
| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
| isbn=9780230304154
| page=174
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=eures_pirkanmaa>
{{cite web
| url=https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?catId=7494&acro=lmi&lang=en&countryId=FI&regionId=FI1&nuts2Code=FI19&nuts3Code=FI192&regionName=Pirkanmaa
| url-status=deviated
| title=EURES - Labour market information - Pirkanmaa - European Commission
| website=ec.europa.eu
| archive-date=2018-05-29
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529060823/https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?catId=7494&acro=lmi&lang=en&countryId=FI&regionId=FI1&nuts2Code=FI19&nuts3Code=FI192&regionName=Pirkanmaa
}}
</ref>

<ref name=eurobasket>{{cite web
| url=http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Pyrinto_Tampere/1642
| title=Pyrinto Tampere
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=1 December 2024
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201173640/https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Pyrinto_Tampere/1642
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=eurocities>{{cite web
| url=https://eurocities.eu/cities/tampere/
| title=Finland: Tampere
| website=[[Eurocities]]
| date=6 August 2020
| access-date=2021-12-10
| archive-date=10 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210054338/https://eurocities.eu/cities/tampere/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=fibaeurope>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/default.asp?cid={0FE489ED-253F-4450-A35E-989CAA4AEA4C}&inplayer=on&inteam=on&intext=on&incoach=on&infoto=on&order=0&search=Tampereen+Pyrint%C3%B6
| title=RESULTS FOR »TAMPEREEN PYRINTÖ«
| website=[[FIBA Europe]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=finavia_2018>{{cite web
| url=https://www.finavia.fi/sites/default/files/documents/Passengers%20by%20airports_0.pdf
| title=Passenger stats
| publisher=[[Finavia]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=29 May 2018
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130041/https://www.finavia.fi/sites/default/files/documents/Passengers%20by%20airports_0.pdf
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=finavia_2021>{{cite web
| url=https://www.finavia.fi/en/airports/tampere-pirkkala/parking-access/public-transport
| title=Parking and Transportation: Tampere-Pirkkala public transport
| publisher=[[Finavia]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=11 June 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611130030/https://www.finavia.fi/en/airports/tampere-pirkkala/parking-access/public-transport
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=finnkino_cine_atlas>{{cite web
| url=https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/cine-atlas/
| title=Finnkino Cine Atlas
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=18 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032259/https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/cine-atlas/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=finnkino_plevna>{{cite web
| url=https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/plevna/
| title=Finnkino Plevna
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=18 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032259/https://www.finnkino.fi/en/teatterit/plevna/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=fmi>{{cite web
| url=http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
| title=FMI open data
| publisher=[[Finnish Meteorological Institute]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=1 October 2018
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001132758/https://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=globenewswire>{{cite news
| url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/19/2337999/0/en/Finnish-Tampere-Deck-Arena-is-now-Nokia-Arena.html
| title=Finnish Tampere Deck Arena is now Nokia Arena
| work=[[GlobeNewswire]]
| date=2021-11-19
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=19 November 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119133221/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/19/2337999/0/en/Finnish-Tampere-Deck-Arena-is-now-Nokia-Arena.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=green>{{cite web
| url=https://eternalarrival.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/
| title=21 Cool Things to Do in Tampere, Finland
| first=Allison
| last=Green
| website=Eternal Arrival
| date=2019-07-25
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=7 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207050013/https://eternalarrival.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=gtk>{{cite web
| url=http://projects.gtk.fi/TAATA/kartoitus/Maaperatutkimukset/Tampere/
| title=Tampereen maaperä
| work=Tampereen seudun taajamageologinen kartoitus- ja kehittämishanke (TAATA)
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=29 October 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029142513/http://projects.gtk.fi/TAATA/kartoitus/Maaperatutkimukset/Tampere/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=guangzhou_twinnings>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx
| title=Guangzhou Sister Cities
| publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office
| archive-date=2012-10-24
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hautamaki>
{{cite book
| author=R. Hautamäki
| title=Tampereen tarina
| year=2015
| isbn=978-951-609-783-4
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hckhockey>{{cite web
| url=https://hckhockey.fi/joukkueiden-aateli/
| title=Jääkiekko Suomessa
| website=HCK Hokcey
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=19 January 2025
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119163322/https://hckhockey.fi/joukkueiden-aateli/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=heikkila_1>
{{cite journal
| first=Mikko
| last=Heikkilä
| title=Tampere–saamelaisen Tammerkosken kaupunki
| journal=Virittäjä
| volume=1
| year=2012
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=heikkila_2>
{{cite journal
| first=Mikko
| last=Heikkilä
| title=Etymologinen tapaus Tammerkoski
| journal=Sananjalka
| volume=54
| year=2012
| pages=50–75
| doi=10.30673/sja.86714
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=heili>{{cite news
| url=https://www.heili.fi/uutiset/item/2852-paras-verkkolehti-ja-finaalissa-myos-lehtikilpailussa
| title=Paras verkkolehti, ja finaalissa myös lehtikilpailussa
| work=Karjalan Heili
| date=2016-11-09
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=24 June 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201428/https://www.heili.fi/uutiset/item/2852-paras-verkkolehti-ja-finaalissa-myos-lehtikilpailussa
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2012_11_08>{{cite news
| url=http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/eat-and-drink/4311-the-black-sausage-is-the-pride-of-tampere
| title=The black sausage is the pride of Tampere
| last=Aleksandrou
| first=Anna Maria
| date=2012-11-08
| work=[[Helsinki Times]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=16 May 2019
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516212654/http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/eat-and-drink/4311-the-black-sausage-is-the-pride-of-tampere
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-11-24>{{cite news
| url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/sports/20438-tampere-deck-and-arena-a-new-home-for-hockey.html/
| title=Tampere Deck and Arena a new home for hockey
| work=[[Helsinki Times]]
| date=2021-11-24
| access-date=2021-12-04
| archive-date=8 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184404/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/sports/20438-tampere-deck-and-arena-a-new-home-for-hockey.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=helsinkitimes_2021-12-15>{{cite news
| url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/themes/themes/science-and-technology/20616-at-europe-s-newest-multipurpose-arena-nokia-arena-doors-open-with-mobile-phones.html
| title=At Europe's newest multipurpose arena, Nokia Arena, doors open with mobile phones
| work=[[Helsinki Times]]
| date=2021-12-15
| access-date=2021-12-17
| archive-date=17 December 2021
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=holidayclubresorts>{{cite web
| url=https://www.holidayclubresorts.com/en/resorts/tampereen-kylpyla/
| title=Holiday Club Tampereen Kylpylä
| date=22 October 2019
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=23 August 2021
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}}</ref>

<ref name=hopealinjat>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.hopealinjat.fi/tietoa/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tietoa meistä
| website=hopealinjat.fi
| access-date=2021-04-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=2019-03-28
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153305/https://www.hopealinjat.fi/tietoa/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hs_2013-06-20>
{{cite news
| title=Some 15 Finnish towns have twinned with friendship cities in China
| date=2013-06-20
| url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Some+15+Finnish+towns+have+twinned+with+friendship+cities+in+China/1135230364434
| url-status=dead
| work=Helsingin Sanomat International Edition
| archive-date=2013-10-23
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062159/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Some%2B15%2BFinnish%2Btowns%2Bhave%2Btwinned%2Bwith%2Bfriendship%2Bcities%2Bin%2BChina/1135230364434
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hs_2020-12-10>{{cite news
| url=https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007672870.html
| title=Kansainvälisesti kiinnostavaa Koskinen-rikosdraamaa kuvataan nyt "karuissa ja mielenkiintoisissa kohteissa" – Valokuvat näyttävät kuvausten rankan arjen
| date=2020-12-10
| work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| first=Nina
| last=Lehtinen
| archive-date=20 June 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620194219/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007672870.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=hs_2021-01-27>{{cite news
| url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000007650667.html
| title=Nyt valitaan Suomen kakkoskaupunki
| date=2020-11-30
| work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| first1=Jukka
| last1=Harju
| first2=Toni
| last2=Lehtinen
| archive-date=27 January 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127130759/https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000007650667.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=hs_2021-06-24>{{cite news
| url=https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000002690780.html
| title=Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla
| date=2013-11-22
| work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| first=Johanna
| last=Tikkanen
| archive-date=24 June 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200547/https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000002690780.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=iihf_1>{{cite web
| url=https://www.iihf.com/en/news/13211/arena-in-tampere-gets-ready-for-2022-worlds
| title=IIHF: Arena in Tampere gets ready for 2022 Worlds
| date=2019-06-17
| publisher=[[IIHF]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=27 April 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427121933/https://www.iihf.com/en/news/13211/arena-in-tampere-gets-ready-for-2022-worlds
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=iihf_2>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/wm/static/24193/tampere_deck_arena/
| title=Nokia Arena
| date=2021-01-20
| publisher=[[IIHF]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=iihf_3>{{cite web
| url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/wm/news/33601/22_great_tampere_moments
| title=22 great Tampere moments
| date=2022-05-13
| publisher=[[IIHF]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=5 April 2023
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=iltanen>
{{cite book
| first=Jussi
| last=Iltanen
| title=Suomen kuntavaakunat
| year=2013
| page=88
| publisher=Karttakeskus
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ilvesedustus>{{cite web
| url=https://ilvesedustus.fi/
| website=ilvesedustus.fi
| title=Ilvesedustus
| access-date=2021-12-09
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}}</ref>

<ref name=innovationcapital>{{cite web
| url=http://innovationcapital.fi/innovation-story/a-history-of-continuous-change-and-innovation
| title=A history of continuous change and innovation
| first=Mika
| last=Kautonen
| work=Smart Tampere Ecosystem
| date=2015-11-18
| access-date=2021-12-09
| archive-date=9 December 2021
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| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=islam>{{cite web
| title=Islam arkistot
| url=https://uskonnot.fi/yhteiso-osasto/islam/
| access-date=2022-07-25
| website=Uskonnot Suomessa
| language=fi
| archive-date=5 June 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605220903/https://uskonnot.fi/yhteiso-osasto/islam/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=isomaki>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/cp9vzLGMB/Liite10_Tampereen_tarina.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjau_e-3PDvAhVQ6qQKHW_wCc0QFjAAegQIBBAC&usg=AOvVaw3w1rXNyRPTPv1KEBhCVsha
| title=Tampereen tarina
| first=Aarno
| last=Isomäki
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=jchelsinki>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.jchelsinki.fi/en/community
| url-status=deviated
| title=About Our Community
| website=Jewish Community of Helsinki
| language=fi, en
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101082758/http://jchelsinki.fi/en/community
| archive-date=2015-11-01
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=juonala>
{{cite news
| title=Ilmahälytys!
| first=Jouko
| last=Juonala
| work=Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti
| year=2019
| publisher=Sanoma Media Finland Oy
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kaataja>{{cite web
| url=http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/arki/1940-60/yliopisto.html
| title=Korkeakoululaitos saapuu Tampereelle
| first=Sampsa
| last=Kaataja
| work=Koskesta voimaa
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=10 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203442/https://webpages.tuni.fi/koskivoimaa/arki/1940-60/yliopisto.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=kahkonen>{{cite web
| url=http://projects.gtk.fi/export/sites/projects/TAATA/kartoitus/liitteet/Taata_Tampereen_alueen_kalliopera.pdf
| title=Tampereen alueen kallioperä
| first=Yrjö
| last=Kähkönen
| date=2009
| work=GTK
| access-date=2020-10-26
| language=fi
| archive-date=23 March 2013
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323012428/http://projects.gtk.fi/export/sites/projects/TAATA/kartoitus/liitteet/Taata_Tampereen_alueen_kalliopera.pdf
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=kalatalo>{{cite web
| url=https://www.kalatalo.fi/tampereen_kalamarkkinat/index_kalamarkkinat.htm
| website=kalatalo.fi
| title=Tampereen kalamarkkinat
| language=fi
| access-date=17 December 2021
| archive-date=20 January 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120083601/https://www.kalatalo.fi/tampereen_kalamarkkinat/index_kalamarkkinat.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=kasviatlas>{{cite web
| url=http://koivu.luomus.fi/kasviatlas/maps.php?taxon=40434&year=2010
| title=Metsätammi (Quercus robur)
| website=luomus.fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=17 July 2018
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212552/http://koivu.luomus.fi/kasviatlas/maps.php?taxon=40434&year=2010
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=katko>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5pxlRx6kV/Watering_the_City_of_Tampere.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Watering the city of Tampere
| first1=Tapio S.
| last1=katko
| first2=Petri S.
| last2=Juuti
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024325/http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5pxlRx6kV/Watering_the_City_of_Tampere.pdf
| archive-date=2011-09-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kaunonen>
{{cite book
| first=Gary
| last=Kaunonen
| title=Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp9DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22
| year=2010
| publisher=MSU Press
| isbn=978-1-62895-154-7
| page=22
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kauppalehti_2016-05-26>{{cite news
| url=http://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/kasvava-tyottomyys-alentaa-tampereen-verotuottoja/tAmtsJLg
| title=Kasvava työttömyys alentaa Tampereen verotuottoja
| last=Korhonen
| first=Antti
| work=[[Kauppalehti]]
| date=2016-05-26
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=26 October 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080146/http://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/kasvava-tyottomyys-alentaa-tampereen-verotuottoja/tAmtsJLg
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=kolmonen>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiW0twAACAAJ
| author=Jaakko Kolmonen
| title=Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat
| year=1988
| publisher=Patakolmonen Ky
| isbn=9789519604749
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=korisliiga>
{{cite web
| url=http://korisliiga.fi/historia/#mbt:2-550$t&0=4
| url-status=dead
| title=Historia – Mitalistit
| publisher=Suomen Koripalloliitto
| language=fi
| archive-date=2017-05-26
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526023944/http://korisliiga.fi/historia/#mbt:2-550$t&0=4
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kotkin>
{{cite book
| last=Kotkin
| first=Stephen
| year=2014
| title=[[Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928]]
| page=81
| location=London
| publisher=Allen Lane
| isbn=978-0-7139-9944-0
}}
</ref>

<ref name=kotus>{{cite web
| url=https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kysymyksia_ja_vastauksia/nimien_alkuperasta/tampere
| title=Mistä tulee nimi Tampere?
| website=Kotimaisten kielten keskus
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=16 September 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916105036/https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kysymyksia_ja_vastauksia/nimien_alkuperasta/tampere
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=lammi>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVApAAAACAAJ
| first=Esko
| last=Lammi
| year=1990
| title=Talvisodan Tampere
| language=fi
| publisher=Häijää Invest
| isbn=9789529017072
}}
</ref>

<ref name=lexico>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/tampere
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308231402/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/tampere
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=8 March 2021
| title=Tampere
| website=lexico.com
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=liikennevirasto>{{cite web
| url=http://www2.liikennevirasto.fi/julkaisut/pdf8/lti_2016-01_kotimaan_vesiliikennetilasto_web.pdf
| title=Kotimaan vesiliikennetilasto 2015
| work=Liikenneviraston tilastoja 1/2016. Suomen virallinen tilasto, ISSN 1796-0479 (pdf), ISBN 978-952-317-241-8
| date=2016
| location=Helsinki
| publisher=[[Liikennevirasto]]
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=12 October 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012005044/http://www2.liikennevirasto.fi/julkaisut/pdf8/lti_2016-01_kotimaan_vesiliikennetilasto_web.pdf
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=lind>
{{cite book
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/t/bV6J59ALc/Tampereen_tarina.pdf
| url-status=dead
| last=Lind
| first=Mari
| year=2015
| title=Tampereen tarina
| language=fi
| isbn=978-951-609-783-4
| archive-date=2016-04-04
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404123803/http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/t/bV6J59ALc/Tampereen_tarina.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=linkosuon_kahvilat>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.digipaper.fi/psviikkolehti/5280/index.php?pgnumb=22
| url-status=dead
| title=Linkosuon kahvilat 50 vuotta
| work=Pirkanmaan Sanomat
| language=fi
| archive-date=2015-01-10
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110001237/http://www.digipaper.fi/psviikkolehti/5280/index.php?pgnumb=22
}}
</ref>

<ref name=lodz>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/
| title=Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi
| archive-date=2013-06-24
| website=City of [[Łódź]]
| language=pl
}}
</ref>

<ref name=louhivaara>
{{cite book
| author=Maija Louhivaara
| title=Tampereen kadunnimet
| year=1999
| location=Tampere
| publisher=Tampereen museot
| isbn=951-609-105-9
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=marxists>{{cite web
| url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/01/28.htm
| title=J. V. Stalin: ″Lenin: A Speech Delivered at a Memorial Meeting of the Kremlin Military School, January 28, 1924"
| website=Marxists.org
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=12 November 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023946/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/01/28.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=is_2021-07-15>{{cite news
| url=https://www.is.fi/menaiset/vapaalla/art-2000008127331.html
| title=Ratikan verran rakastettavampi! Listasimme 14 syytä, joiden vuoksi Tampere on aivan ykkösmesta
| trans-title=Why is Tampere so popular? Here's 14 reasons!
| work=[[Ilta-Sanomat]]
| date=2021-07-15
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=20 July 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720002207/https://www.is.fi/menaiset/vapaalla/art-2000008127331.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=merriam-webster>
{{cite Merriam-Webster
| Tampere
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=metalitalia>{{cite web
| url=https://metalitalia.com/intervista/nightwish-the-greatest-shows-on-earth/
| title=NIGHTWISH – The Greatest Show(s) On Earth
| language=it
| access-date=2022-07-25
| date=2016-12-20
| website=metalitalia.com
| archive-date=13 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613093445/https://metalitalia.com/intervista/nightwish-the-greatest-shows-on-earth/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=muumimuseo>{{cite web
| url=https://muumimuseo.fi/en/
| title=Moomin Museum
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=24 April 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424091227/https://muumimuseo.fi/en/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=willberg>
{{cite book
| first=Leena
| last=Willberg
| title=Pirkanmaan kuntien tunnukset
| year=1987
| publisher=Tampereen kaupungin museot, Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseo
| isbn=951-9430-21-0
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=newsnowfinland_2018-03-19>
{{cite news
| url=https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed
| url-status=dead
| title=Top Gear: Finland's Busiest Roads Revealed
| date=2018-03-19
| archive-date=2021-01-27
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127030617/https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed
}}
</ref>

<ref name=niemela>
{{cite book
| first=Jari
| last=Niemelä
| title=Tamperelaisen tiedon portaat
| year=2008
| publisher=Tampere-seura
| isbn=978-952-5558-05-0
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=norum>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jz7B4Pd0ngC&pg=PT438
| first=Roger
| last=Norum
| title=The Rough Guide to Finland
| date=2010-06-01
| publisher=Rough Guides
| isbn=978-1-84836-969-6
| page=438
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=opiskelijantampere_teatterit>{{cite web
| url=http://www.opiskelijantampere.fi/teatterit/
| title=Teatterit
| website=Opiskelijan Tampere
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=21 September 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921095308/https://www.opiskelijantampere.fi/teatterit/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=oxford>
{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tampere |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182214/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tampere |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Tampere |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
</ref>

<ref name=paikkatietoikkuna>{{cite web
| url=https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?zoomLevel=4&coord=333084.02072232927_6831034.471158184&mapLayers=801+50+default,1487+100+default&uuid=90246d84-3958-fd8c-cb2c-2510cccca1d3&noSavedState=true&showIntro=false
| title=Paikkatietoikkuna
| website=Paikkatietoikkuna.fi
| publisher=maanmittauslaitos.fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=5 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605045911/https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?zoomLevel=4&coord=333084.02072232927_6831034.471158184&mapLayers=801+50+default%2C1487+100+default&uuid=90246d84-3958-fd8c-cb2c-2510cccca1d3&noSavedState=true&showIntro=false
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=pallontallaajat>
{{cite web
| url=http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Greatest show on Earth
| website=Pallontallaajat
| language=fi
| archive-date=2020-06-13
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613093446/http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=palomaki>
{{cite book
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf
| last=Palomäki
| first=Risto
| others=Sanna Junttanen, Heli Ylinen
| title=Tampereen kaupungin alueella sijaitsevien järvien kehitys ja niiden vedenlaatu 1990-2005
| isbn=978-951-609-320-1
| archive-date=2019-09-05
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905113714/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=palonen>
{{cite web
| url=http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm
| url-status=dead
| title=Lenin ja Stalin kohtaavat - myyttejä ja historiaa
| website=uta.fi
| last=Palonen
| first=Osmo
| language=fi
| archive-date=2018-06-04
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604135051/http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=pirkankylat>{{cite web
| url=https://www.pirkankylat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Pirkanmaa-kulttuurialueena-Juha-Kuisma-2020.pdf
| title=Pirkanmaa kulttuurialueena
| publisher=Pirkan Kylät ry
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=27 September 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927183913/https://www.pirkankylat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Pirkanmaa-kulttuurialueena-Juha-Kuisma-2020.pdf
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=pirkanmaa_teollistuminen>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.pirkanmaa.fi/tutki/pirkanmaa-perustietoa/pirkanmaan-historiaa/teollistumisen-varhaisvaiheet/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Teollistumisen varhaisvaiheet
| website=Pirkanmaa
| language=fi
| archive-date=2020-09-16
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916195057/https://www.pirkanmaa.fi/tutki/pirkanmaa-perustietoa/pirkanmaan-historiaa/teollistumisen-varhaisvaiheet/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=pyha_risti>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html
| url-status=dead
| title=Pyhä Risti Seurakunta
| website=kolumbus.fi
| archive-date=2011-05-27
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527052636/http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rahkonen>
{{cite journal
| first=Pauli
| last=Rahkonen
| title=Tampere–saamelainen koskiappellatiivi
| journal=Virittäjä
| volume=2
| year=2011
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rasila>
{{cite book
| first=Viljo
| last=Rasila
| title=Pirkanmaan synty
| publisher=Tampereen historiallinen seura
| year=1985
| pages=6–25
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ruhr_twins>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd
| url-status=dead
| title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District
| work=Twins2010.com
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064042/http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd
| archive-date=2021-02-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=samskolan>{{cite web
| url=http://www.samskolan.fi/index.html
| title=Samskolan
| website=samskolan.fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=sv
| archive-date=8 October 2019
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008164323/http://www.samskolan.fi/index.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=sanomalehdet>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki
| url-status=dead
| title=Sanomalehtien levikkikehitys 2012–2014
| publisher=Sanomalehtien Liitto
| language=fi
| archive-date=2016-10-28
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028193918/http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sapyska>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu3cAQAACAA
| first=Ossi
| last=Säpyskä
| title=Autoliikenteen vaiheet Pirkanmaalla
| publisher=Pirkanmaan autoalan veteraanit
| year=1988
| isbn=9789529001934
| language=fi
}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=sarkanniemi>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.sarkanniemi.fi/sarkanniemi-yrityksena/
| url-status=dead
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| archive-date=2015-08-06
| title=Särkänniemi yrityksenä
| website=sarkanniemi.fi
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sauna-open-air>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/
| url-status=dead
| title=Sauna Open Air – Official Site
| archive-date=2007-08-14
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814003442/http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=saunafromfinland>{{cite web
| url=https://saunafromfinland.com/sauna-destinations-in-finland/tampere-sauna-capital/
| title=Tampere – the Sauna Capital of the World ~ Sauna from Finland
| date=2019-02-25
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=22 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622145524/https://saunafromfinland.com/sauna-destinations-in-finland/tampere-sauna-capital/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=sinisalo>
{{cite journal
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuUGwAACAAJ
| first=Uuno
| last=Sinisalo
| year=1947
| title=Tampereen kirja
| journal=Tampere-Seuran Julkaisuja
| language=fi
| publisher=Tampere-Seura
| issn=0356-987X
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sk_1938-12-17>{{cite news
| url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/889814/image/43
| title=Tampereen uusi linja-autoasema
| date=1938-12-17
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| work=[[Suomen Kuvalehti]]
| issue=50
| archive-date=10 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210203613/https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/889814/image/43
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=spottedbylocals>{{cite web
| url=https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/tampere-is-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world/
| title=Tampere is the Sauna Capital of the World
| date=2020-03-16
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=22 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622034953/https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/tampere-is-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=spottinghistory>{{cite web
| url=https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/145/tampere-city-hall/
| title=Tampere City Hall
| website=spottinghistory.com
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=17 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217044421/https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/145/tampere-city-hall/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=srv>{{cite web
| url=https://www.srv.fi/tiedotteet/tampereen-kannen-uusi-nokia-arena-on-valmistunut-ensimmainen-tapahtuma-tanaan/
| title=Tampereen Kannen uusi Nokia Arena on valmistunut – ensimmäinen tapahtuma tänään
| work=SRV Yhtiöt Oyj
| date=2021-12-03
| access-date=2021-12-04
| language=fi
| archive-date=3 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203132807/https://www.srv.fi/tiedotteet/tampereen-kannen-uusi-nokia-arena-on-valmistunut-ensimmainen-tapahtuma-tanaan/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_establishments_2015>{{cite web
| url=http://www.stat.fi/til/alyr/2014/alyr_2014_2015-12-18_tau_001_en.html
| title=Appendix table 1. Turnover of establishments by region in 2014
| date=2015-12-18
| website=stat.fi
| publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=7 November 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004034/http://www.stat.fi/til/alyr/2014/alyr_2014_2015-12-18_tau_001_en.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_population_2019>
{{cite web
| url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11s7.px/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Population in the urban and sparsely areas in term of age and gender, 2019
| date=2019-12-31
| publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
| archive-date=2021-04-28
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214238/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11s7.px/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=statistics_finland_urbanization_2019>
{{cite web
| url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11s6.px/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Taajama-aste alueittain, 2019
| website=StatFin
| publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]
| archive-date=2021-04-29
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429092358/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11s6.px/
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=suolahti>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61yXQgAACAAJ
| first=Gunnar W.
| last=Suolahti
| title=Suomen kulttuurihistoria 4
| publisher=Gummerus
| year=1936
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=suomenhelluntaikirkko>{{cite web
| url=https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/
| title=Seurakunnat
| work=Suomen helluntaikirkko
| access-date=2021-09-14
| language=fi
| archive-date=6 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183526/https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=symington>
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNatbAr2SFgC&pg=PA224
| first1=Andy
| last1=Symington
| first2=George
| last2=Dunford
| title=Finland
| year=2009
| publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]
| isbn=978-1-74104-771-4
| pages=224–225
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=taavitsainen>
{{cite book
| author=Iikka Taavitsainen
| title=Television musiikkiohjelmat vuosina 1958–1972. Televisio määrällisenä musiikkisivistäjänä
| page=60
| location=Jyväskylä
| publisher=[[University of Jyväskylä]]
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=takriko>{{cite web
| url=https://www.takriko.fi/
| website=takriko.fi
| title=Tampereen kristillinen koulu
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=9 July 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182106/https://www.takriko.fi/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=talouselama_2021-12-29>{{cite news
| url=https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/nurmijarvi-on-passe-nyt-jyllaa-tampere-ilmio-siedettavat-hinnat-houkuttelevat-suomen-goteborgiin/ca7cf43a-03db-4ba6-ba47-0e7f821dead0
| title=Nurmijärvi on passé, nyt jyllää Tampere-ilmiö – Siedettävät hinnat houkuttelevat "Suomen Göteborgiin"
| first=Karla
| last=Kempas
| work=[[Talouselämä]]
| date=2021-12-29
| access-date=2021-12-30
| language=fi
| archive-date=30 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230030900/https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/nurmijarvi-on-passe-nyt-jyllaa-tampere-ilmio-siedettavat-hinnat-houkuttelevat-suomen-goteborgiin/ca7cf43a-03db-4ba6-ba47-0e7f821dead0
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tamk>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tamk.fi/cms/tamken.nsf/$all/DD54E6FCC996B233C225759000250591
| url-status=deviated
| website=tamk.fi
| title=TAMK
| language=fi
| archive-date=2010-01-21
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121145125/http://www.tamk.fi/cms/tamken.nsf/$all/DD54E6FCC996B233C225759000250591
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere3>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere3.fi/en/information
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere3: A motor, developer and interpreter of an affluent society
| archive-date=2017-11-16
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190258/https://www.tampere3.fi/en/information
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_2008>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5ygWzG5ol/english_2008.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Tampere in brief
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024157/http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5ygWzG5ol/english_2008.pdf
| archive-date=2011-09-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_amuri_museum>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/amuri/startpage.htm
| url-status=dead
| title=Amuri museum of workers' housing
| publisher=City of Tampere
| date=2011-05-10
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708004043/http://www.tampere.fi/amuri/startpage.htm
| archive-date=2011-07-08
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_art_museum>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/artmuseum.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere Art Museum [City of Tampere]
| publisher=City of Tampere
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217102045/http://www.tampere.fi/english/artmuseum.html
| archive-date=2016-12-17
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_asemakeskus>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/6MdmiMB9a/Asemakeskus_kilpailuohjelma_15012014.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Tampereen asemakesuksen suunnittelukilpailu
| date=2014
| work=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-06-28
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628141358/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/6MdmiMB9a/Asemakeskus_kilpailuohjelma_15012014.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_asuntokanta>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/wGqW9yEuh/Julkinen_Tampereen_asuntokanta_ja_asuntorakentamisen_nakymat.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Tampereen asuntokanta ja asuntorakentamisen näkymät
| first=Kaisu
| last=Kammonen
| date=2019-11-14
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2022-03-10
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310201431/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/wGqW9yEuh/Julkinen_Tampereen_asuntokanta_ja_asuntorakentamisen_nakymat.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_history>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228062929/http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html
| title=The City of Tampere – Tampere in brief – History
| archive-date=2009-12-28
}}
</ref>



<ref name=tampere_fi_johtamisjarjestelma>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Tampereen kaupunki, Johtamisjärjestelmän kuvaus
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2017-03-22
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014346/http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kaupunkiymparisto>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Kaupunkiympäristö
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2019-09-01
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020211/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kevytliikenne>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Pyöräilyn ja jalankulun edistäminen
| date=2015-10-23
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-06-14
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124916/https://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_kysyttya>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Usein kysyttyä
| publisher=City of Tampere
| date=2011-10-04
| language=fi
| archive-date=2015-09-26
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926104125/http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_liikenteen_kehitys>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella vuonna 2019
| date=2020-08-13
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-01-30
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130113738/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_paiva_pahkinankuoressa>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Tampereen päivä pähkinänkuoressa
| last=Ala-Honkola
| first=Tuula
| date=1999-09-22
| location=Tampere
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-01-17
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117041359/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_pormestari>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Pormestari Lauri Lyly
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-06-03
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603144803/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html
| url-status=deviated
| date=2015-10-28
| title=Pyynikki
| website=tampere.fi
| language=fi
| archive-date=2020-09-16
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916155602/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_talousarvio_2016>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Talousarvio 2016
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2020-09-22
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922004457/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tietoa>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tietoa Tampereesta
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-06-03
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603025336/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tilinpaatos_2015>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf
| url-status=dead
| publisher=City of Tampere
| title=Tilinpäätös 2015
| language=fi
| archive-date=2020-10-17
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017040658/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tresijainti>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm
| url-status=dead
| title=Kaupungin maantieteellinen asema EUREF-FIN-koordinaattijärjestelmässä
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2016-11-05
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105054436/http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_twin_cities>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html
| url-status=deviated
| date=2016-02-15
| title=Twin Cities
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194818/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html
| archive-date=2018-10-06
| publisher=City of Tampere
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_tyytyvaisyyskysely>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella – Kävelyn ja pyöräilyn tyytyväisyyskyselyn tutkimusraportti 2015
| date=2016-04-29
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-06-14
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124924/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vaakuna>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampereen vaakunat
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2019-01-12
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195257/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vapriikki>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Museum Centre Vapriikki
| publisher=City of Tampere
| archive-date=2014-01-18
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118182519/http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Vesiensuojelu
| date=2015-10-15
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2021-08-27
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827201611/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_fi_vieraskielinen_perusopetus>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html
| url-status=deviated
| date=2015-10-15
| title=Kaksikielinen esi- ja perusopetus
| website=tampere.fi
| language=fi
| archive-date=2019-08-31
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831184516/https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_opera>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampereen ooppera
| archive-date=2007-02-07
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207025302/http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampere_records>{{cite web
| url=http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html
| title=Tampere, Härmälä keskilämpötilat 1961-
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=8 August 2019
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808134109/http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=tampere_region_2017>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere Region — The Council of Tampere Region 2017
| archive-date=2020-08-08
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003749/http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tampereenkauppakamarilehti>{{cite web
| url=https://www.tampereenkauppakamarilehti.fi/uutispoyta/matkailu-tuo-euroja-ja-tyota-luultua-enemman-74
| title=Matkailu tuo euroja ja työtä luultua enemmän
| date=2014-05-28
| work=Tampereen kauppakamarilehti
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=27 August 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827175446/https://www.tampereenkauppakamarilehti.fi/uutispoyta/matkailu-tuo-euroja-ja-tyota-luultua-enemman-74
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tampereenseudunvetovoima>
{{cite web
| url=https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200
| url-status=deviated
| title=Uusi ennätys on 1 021 151!
| date=2016-02-19
| website=Tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi
| language=fi
| archive-date=2016-11-06
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106060816/https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperehelluntai>{{cite web
| url=https://www.tamperehelluntai.fi/kv/
| title=Tampere Pentecostal Church International ministry
| website=tamperehelluntai.fi
| access-date=2021-09-14
| archive-date=14 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914110028/https://www.tamperehelluntai.fi/kv/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2014-04-09>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt
| url-status=deviated
| title=Katso miltä näyttää Viikinsaaressa juuri nyt
| first=Sakari
| last=Nupponen
| website=tamperelainen.fi
| date=2014-04-09
| language=fi
| archive-date=2016-09-11
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911175218/http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2018-04-14>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon
| url-status=deviated
| title=Vaalitulos toi poreita Tampereen ankkalammikkoon
| first=Petteri
| last=Mäkinen
| work=Tamperelainen
| date=2011-05-10
| language=fi
| archive-date=2018-04-14
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234506/https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tamperelainen_2021-12-05>{{cite news
| url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/paikalliset/4394099
| title=Ei Tampereen keskusta ole vielä valmis... – Areena ja ratikka tulivat jo, mutta jonossa on miljardien hankkeita, muun muassa nämä
| first=Petteri
| last=Mäkinen
| work=[[Tamperelainen]]
| date=2021-12-05
| access-date=2021-12-07
| language=fi
| archive-date=7 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207035036/https://www.tamperelainen.fi/paikalliset/4394099
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tamperesaints>{{cite web
| url=http://www.tamperesaints.fi/
| title=Tampere Saints
| language=fi
| access-date=14 September 2021
| archive-date=24 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924234349/https://tamperesaints.fi/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tamperetigers>{{cite web
| url=https://tamperetigers.sporttisaitti.com/
| title=Tampere Tigers
| access-date=25 July 2022
| archive-date=11 August 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022149/https://tamperetigers.sporttisaitti.com/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tase>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf
| url-status=deviated
| title=Joukkoliikennejärjestelmävaihtoehdot – Vaikutusten arviointi ja suositus Tampereen kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennejärjestelmäksi
| date=March 2007
| work=TASE 2025
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327113427/http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf
| archive-date=2009-03-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=technopolis>{{cite web
| title=Vapaat toimitilat Hermia
| url=https://technopolisglobal.com/fi/toimitilat/tampere/hermia/
| website=Technopolis
| date=2020-09-09
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=20 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520122831/https://technopolisglobal.com/fi/toimitilat/tampere/hermia/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tampereen>{{cite web
| title=Toimitilat Tampereen
| url=https://www.matchoffice.fi/vuokraus/toimitilat/tampere
| website=MatchOffice
| language=fi
| access-date=2023-01-10
| archive-date=10 January 2023
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110195043/https://www.matchoffice.fi/vuokraus/toimitilat/tampere
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08>{{cite news
| url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomen-manchesterin-sydan-on-voimaa-tuottanut-tammerkoski-alueen-menestynein-yritys-oli-ruotsin-vallan-aikana-valtion-viinanpolttimo/04cad7f3-d4f9-4cb3-9318-7a9192fbb576
| title=Suomen Manchesterin sydän on voimaa tuottanut Tammerkoski - alueen menestynein yritys oli Ruotsin vallan aikana valtion viinanpolttimo
| first=Kari
| last=Kortelainen
| work=Tekniikka & Talous
| date=2019-12-08
| language=fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=10 September 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203437/https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomen-manchesterin-sydan-on-voimaa-tuottanut-tammerkoski-alueen-menestynein-yritys-oli-ruotsin-vallan-aikana-valtion-viinanpolttimo/04cad7f3-d4f9-4cb3-9318-7a9192fbb576
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07>{{cite news
| url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pohjoismaiden-ensimmainen-sahkovalo-syttyi-tampereella-1882-eika-moni-ollut-uskoa-silmiaan/2c2fccb3-0644-4740-9ca7-716d9a122faeA
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119091652/https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pohjoismaiden-ensimmainen-sahkovalo-syttyi-tampereella-1882-eika-moni-ollut-uskoa-silmiaan/2c2fccb3-0644-4740-9ca7-716d9a122faeA
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=19 January 2025
| title=Pohjoismaiden ensimmäinen sähkövalo syttyi Tampereella 1882, eikä moni ollut uskoa silmiään
| work=[[Tekniikka&Talous]]
| date=2021-12-07
| language=fi
}}</ref>

<ref name=temtyollisyyskatsaus>
{{cite web
| url=https://www.temtyollisyyskatsaus.fi/graph/tkat/tkat.aspx?lang=en&ely=04#
| url-status=deviated
| title=Pirkanmaa Employment Bulletin August 2020
| archive-date=2021-09-10
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203440/https://www.temtyollisyyskatsaus.fi/graph/tkat/tkat.aspx?lang=en&ely=04
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tepora>
{{cite book
| title=The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100
| editor-first1=Tuomas
| editor-last1=Tepora
| editor-first2=Aapo
| editor-last2=Roselius
| date=2014-08-14
| publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]
| isbn=978-90-04-28071-7
| page=100
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=themayor_sauna_capital>{{cite web
| url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/a/view/tampere-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world-4316
| title=Tampere – the sauna capital of the world
| date=2020-02-07
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=25 July 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725133821/https://www.themayor.eu/en/a/view/tampere-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world-4316
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=themayor_tampere>{{cite web
| url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/finland/tampere
| title=Finland: Tampere
| website=TheMayor.eu
| access-date=2021-12-17
| archive-date=17 December 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217042127/https://www.themayor.eu/en/finland/tampere
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=thetimes>{{cite web
| url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/the-fairytale-finnish-city-you-ve-probably-never-heard-of-57gtr6v9v
| title=The fairytale Finnish city you've probably never heard of
| first=Michael
| last=Hodges
| work=[[The Times]]
| date=2023-01-29
| access-date=2023-01-31
| archive-date=31 January 2023
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131162645/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-fairytale-finnish-city-you-ve-probably-never-heard-of-57gtr6v9v
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tibo_2007>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=The Economy in the Tampere Region
| publisher=Tampere International Business Office
| archive-date=2008-09-09
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909222105/http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=trondheim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934
| url-status=dead
| title=Trondheims offisielle nettsted – Vennskapsbyer
| language=no
| website=trondheim.com
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054554/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934
| archive-date=2011-09-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name=tuni>{{cite web
| url=https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/together-we-are-greater
| title=Together we are greater
| website=tuni.fi
| publisher=[[Tampere University]]
| date=2018-12-13
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=22 June 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622122805/https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/together-we-are-greater
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=tut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf
| url-status=dead
| title=Kymmenettä kertaa Turkua upottamassa
| date=2006-04-21
| website=students.tut.fi
| language=fi
| archive-date=2011-10-03
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214742/http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=unece>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm
| url-status=deviated
| title=United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE)- (FI) Finland
| website=unece.org
| archive-date=2020-02-18
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025142/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm
}}
</ref>

<ref name=uola>
{{cite book
| first=Mikko
| last=Uola
| title=Mitä Missä Milloin 1979
| year=1978
| page=198
| publisher=[[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]
| isbn=951-1-04873-2
| language=fi
}}
</ref>

<ref name=urban-transport-magazine>{{cite news
| title=Below budget and on schedule: Tampere tramway inaugurated!
| url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/below-budget-and-on-schedule-tampere-tramway-inaugurated/
| website=Urban Transport Magazine
| date=2021-08-08
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=10 August 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810161845/https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/below-budget-and-on-schedule-tampere-tramway-inaugurated/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=uta>{{cite web
| url=https://webpages.tuni.fi/koskivoimaa/kaupunki/1918-40/asema38.html
| title=Pohjoismaiden suurin linja-autoasema
| last=Keskinen
| first=Jouni
| website=[[Tampere University]]
| language=fi
| access-date=25 July 2022
| archive-date=25 July 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725133819/https://webpages.tuni.fi/koskivoimaa/kaupunki/1918-40/asema38.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=utain>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere ei avaudu tutkijoille
| date=2003-11-19
| last=Kumpu
| first=Ville
| work=Utain – Tampereen yliopiston toimittajakoulutuksen viikkolehti
| publisher=[[University of Tampere]]
| language=fi
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326164055/http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html
| archive-date=2005-03-26
}}
</ref>

<ref name=uusiteknologia>{{cite web
| url=https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/07/02/nokia-kannykoiden-tutkimuskeskus-tampereelle/
| title=Nokia-kännyköiden tutkimuskeskus Tampereelle
| work=Uusi Teknologia
| date=2020-07-02
| access-date=2022-07-25
| language=fi
| archive-date=28 April 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428152024/https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/07/02/nokia-kannykoiden-tutkimuskeskus-tampereelle/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=vaakuna>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampereen vaakunat
| language=fi
| website=City of Tampere
| archive-date=2014-08-10
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164423/http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vakoilumuseo>{{cite web
| url=https://www.vakoilumuseo.fi/spy-museum/
| title=Spy Museum
| website=vakoilumuseo.fi
| access-date=2022-07-25
| archive-date=25 July 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725091207/https://www.vakoilumuseo.fi/spy-museum/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=valtuustoaloite>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm
| url-status=dead
| title=38 § Erkki Axénin ja Peter Löfbergin ym. valtuustoaloite vanhan Arvid von Cedervallin suunnitteleman vaakunan käyttöönottamiseksi
| date=2007-01-17
| publisher=City of Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929154958/http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm
| archive-date=2008-09-29
}}
</ref>

<ref name=visitfinland>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Finland's tallest hotel can now be found in Tampere
| publisher=Visit Finland
| date=2014-11-20
| archive-date=2017-09-29
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184753/http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=visittampere_blockfest_2016>
{{cite web
| url=http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest
| url-status=deviated
| title=Blockfest 2016
| publisher=Visit Tampere
| language=fi
| archive-date=2016-09-18
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918210331/http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest
}}
</ref>

<ref name=visittampere_deck_arena>
{{cite web
| url=https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere Deck Arena
| publisher=Visit Tampere
| archive-date=2020-08-09
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809000058/https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=visittampere_film_festival>
{{cite web
| url=https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/
| url-status=deviated
| title=Tampere Film Festival
| publisher=Visit Tampere
| archive-date=2021-05-17
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517083342/https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/
}}
</ref>

<ref name=visittampere_kalamarkkinat>
{{cite web
| url=https://visittampere.fi/tapahtumat/tampereen-kalamarkkinat/
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| publisher=Visit Tampere
| title=Tampereen kalamarkkinat
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| archive-date=2022-03-12
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}}
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<ref name=visittampere_kesatapahtumat>
{{cite web
| url=http://visittampere.fi/article/top-10-kesaetapahtumat
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| title=Top 10 Kesätapahtumat
| publisher=Visit Tampere
| language=fi
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}}
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| date=2018-04-27
| publisher=Visit Tampere
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| archive-date=2019-11-12
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112235018/https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/kun-pyynikilla-leivottiin-maailman-paras-munkki/
}}
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<ref name=visittampere_teollinen_perinto>
{{cite web
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}}
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<ref name=voionmaa>
{{cite book
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| year=1929
| title=Tampereen historia 2
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}}
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<ref name=vr_2018>
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}}
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<ref name=vuosara>
{{cite book
| first=Pekka
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}}
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<ref name=washingtonpost_2016-04-19>{{cite news
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<ref name=weatheronline>{{cite web
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<ref name=yle_2007-05-29>{{cite news
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| title=Poko Rekords 30 vuotta -näyttely avautuu Tampereella
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<ref name=yle_2012-10-14>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6333550
| title=Ahtojäälle ei ole helppo löytää uutta kotia
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<ref name=yle_2012-08-10>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6249419
| title=Kastike koukuttaa kanansiipien kavereita
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2013-03-08>{{cite news
| url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6529611
| title=Tampere valittiin vuoden pyöräilykunnaksi
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2015-03-02>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7839337
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2016-11-15>{{cite news
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2017-06-29>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432
| title=Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista
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| last1=Mansikka
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| last2=Koskinen
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2018-03-26>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/news/3-10133848
| title=Tampere rated Finland's most popular city
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2020-03-05>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11241911
| title=Tampereen Kannen areenasta Uros Live
| work=[[YLE]]
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2020-08-26>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11511940
| title=Tampereen areena valmistuu joulukuussa 2021
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| work=[[YLE]]
| date=2020-08-26
| language=fi
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2021-02-23>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11802551
| title=Tampere jatkaa keskustan rajua uudistamista miljardihankkeella – katso, miltä rautatieaseman seutu näyttää 15 vuoden kuluttua
| first=Mari
| last=Jäntti
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| date=2021-02-23
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2021-08-25>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12070919
| title=Kun Suomen pisimmässä tunnelissa sattuu jotain, Tampere halvaantuu, sen näki taas – näin tunnelista pelastaudutaan
| first=Anu Leena
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_2021-10-28>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12163711
| title=Uros oy sai potkut – Tampereen areena jatkaa nimellä Tampereen Kannen areena
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_elava_arkisto_tampere>{{cite news
| url=https://yle.fi/aihe/kategoria/elava-arkisto/tampere-manse-ja-naasville
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}}</ref>

<ref name=yle_tesvisio>{{cite web
| url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2011/11/21/tesvision-joutsenlaulu
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| language=fi
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| access-date=2022-07-25
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=6269
| url-status=deviated
| title=Ylioppilasmatrikkeli 1640–1852: Erik Edner
| year=2005
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| first=Yrjö
| website=[[University of Helsinki]]
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_von_cederwald>{{cite web
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| website=[[University of Helsinki]]
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| url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=ympariston_tila_2014>
{{cite book
| title=Ympäristön tila Tampereella 2014
| year=2015
| location=Tampere
| publisher=City of Tampere
| isbn=978-951-609-755-1
| language=fi
}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |author=Mari Lind, Kimmo Antila & Antti Liuttunen |title=Tammerkoski ja kosken kaupunki |location=Tampere |publisher=Vapriikki |year=2011 |language=fi}}
* {{cite book |author=Harry Lönnroth |title=Tampere kieliyhteisönä |year=2009 |publisher=SKS |isbn=978-952-222-119-3 |language=fi}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
{{Inline audio}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://visittampere.fi/en/ Visit Tampere – The official Tampere Region visitor website]
* [https://www.virtualtampere.com/eng/ Virtual City Guide: VirtualTampere.com]
* [https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/tampere-sauna-capital-of-the-world/ Tampere – so much more than the sauna capital of the world] – Visit Finland
* Megan Starr: [https://www.meganstarr.com/things-to-do-in-tampere-finland/ 15 Quirky and Alternative Things to Do in Tampere, Finland]. – Megan & Aram (''Meganstarr.com''), 1 December 2021.
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics official report] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf |date=11 April 2008 }} pp. 62–3.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719213741/http://vapriikki.net/tammerkoskenkaupunki/index.php?lang=en Tammerkoski Heritage] – Town's Industrial Heritage Portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214185608/http://sites.google.com/site/tamperecssa/ CSSA Tampere Ry]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tammerfors}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Tampere
| N = [[Ruovesi]]
| E = [[Orivesi]] [[Kangasala]]
| S = [[Lempäälä]]
| SW = [[Pirkkala]]
| W = [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]]
| NW = [[Ylöjärvi]]
}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Pirkanmaa}}
{{50 most populous Nordic urban settlements}}
{{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}
{{1952 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues football}}
{{Finland topics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tampere| ]]
[[Category:Tampere metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated lakeshore places in Finland]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Grand Duchy of Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1779]]
[[Category:1779 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in Finland]]

All Assam Minority Students' Union

2026-04-25T19:44:29Z

Shenna87P79423: Created Post!

{{Short description|Student organisation in Assam, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All Assam Minorities Students' Union (AAMSU)
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| abbreviation = AAMSU
| formation = {{Start date and age|1980|3|31|df=yes}}
| extinction =
| type = [[Student society|Student organization]]
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]]
| region_served = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Advocate Imtiaz Hussain
| leader_title2 = General Secretaries
| leader_name2 =
Minnatul Islam
Kuddus Ali Sarkar
| leader_title3 = Information and Technology Secretary
| leader_name3 = Advocate Md Aminur Rahman
}}
'''All Assam Minorities Students' Union (AAMSU)''' is a student organization from the religious and linguistic minorities communities of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/aasu-apw-aamsu-unhappy-with-exclusion-list/cid/1701682|title=AASU, APW, AAMSU unhappy with exclusion list|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> It was formed in 1980, on the eve of Assam movement, to safeguard the interest of the minorities social rights and their strangle and held rallies in [[Barpeta]] and shouting slogs of Jay Aay Asom .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=H.K. |title=North East India: Problems, Policies and Prospects |date=1998 |publisher=Spectrum Publications Guwahati: Delhi |page=60}}</ref> It claims to be fighting for the minorities facing persecution at the hands of [[Government of India|government]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stop-chasing-imaginery-figures-of-bangladeshi-people-assam-minority-students-body/article29310023.ece|title=Stop chasing imaginery figures of 'Bangladeshi' people: Assam minority students body|date=2019-09-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The union was formed on 31 March 1980. A convention took place at [[Jaleswar (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaleswar]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] from 29–30 March. Two Assamese leaders of Congress (I), Lolit Doley and Dhrubanaryan Barua, addressed the convention.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkguECp3vKEC&dq=aamsu&pg=PA115|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume|last=Mohanty|first=P. K.|date=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788182050525|language=en}}</ref>

Abdul Hai Nagori and Azghar Ali were the first President and Secretary of the union, respectively. Mukshed Ali, advocate drafted its constitution.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F46nDwAAQBAJ&dq=aamsu&pg=PT84|title=Assam: The Accord, The Discord|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=2019-08-27|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789353056223|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-org-stub}}
[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Students' unions in India]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1980]]

Muzaffar Shah II

2026-04-24T21:25:12Z

Shenna87P79423: Made entry

{{Short description|Sultan of Gujarat from 1511 to 1526}}
{{For|other people of the same name|Muzaffar Shah (disambiguation){{!}}Muzaffar Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muzaffar Shah II
| succession = 8th [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]
| image = Islamic Sultanates. Gujarat. Shams al-Din Muzaffar Shah II. 1511-1525.jpg
| caption = Coinage of Shams al-Din Muzaffar Shah II (1511-1525).
| reign1 = 23 November 1511 – 5 April 1526
| reign2 =
| coronation =
| full name = Shams-ud-Dīn Muzaffar Shah II
| predecessor1 = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| successor1 = [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Shah]]
| spouse = Bibi Rani <ref name=":34">{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Samma_Kingdom_of_Sindh/g_dtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=samma%20kingdom%20of%20sindh |title= The Samma Kingdom of Sindh|pages=60|date=2006|publisher=University of Jamshoro|isbn=9789694050782 |language=en}}</ref> Rani Rajbai<ref>{{cite book|last=Commissariat |first=M. S. |title=A History of Gujarat, including a survey of its chief architectural monuments and inscriptions |year=1938 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=Bombay|page=236|quote=Daughter of Rana Mahipat|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-gujarat-1-sultanate-period-m.-s.-commissariat/page/236/mode/2up}}</ref>
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Khan]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Khan]] Latif Khan Chand Khan Ibrahim Khan{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=314}} Nasir Khan 2 more sons{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=290}} Ayesha Bibi Ruqayya Bibi<ref name="Panhwar929">{{Cite book |author=M. H. Panhwar |url=https://archive.org/details/ChronologicalDictionaryOfSindh/page/379/mode/2up |title=Chronological Dictionary of Sindh |pages=379 |quote=Daughter of one of the Rajput wives of Muzaffar Shah II.}}</ref>
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid]]
| father = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| mother = Hirabai
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 5 April 1526
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Sarkhej Roza]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
{{Gujarat Sultanate}}
'''Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II''' or '''Muzafar II''', born '''Khalil Khan''', was a [[Sultan]] of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] from 1511 to 1526. He was the eldest son of Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]].
[[File:Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gif|thumb|Gujarat Sultanate Flag]]
He briefly subdued the [[princely state]] of [[Idar State|Idar]] but faced [[Rana Sanga#Campaign in Gujarat|a series of continuous defeats]] at the hands of [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] in which he [[Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat|lost northern part of Gujarat along with Idar]].

==Reign==
[[Mahmud Begada]] was a prominent ruler of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] dynasty. He had four sons: Khalíl Khan, Muhammad Kala, Apa Khan, and Ahmed Khan. On ascending the throne at the age of twenty-seven, Khalíl adopted the title of Muzaffar Shah.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=251–254|chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>[[File:Copper coin of Muzaffar Shah II.jpg|thumb|Copper coin of Muzaffar Shah II|alt=|left]]

For some time before his father’s death, Prince Khalíl Khan had been living at [[Baroda]] (now Vadodara), and shortly after his accession, he visited that neighborhood and founded a town named Daulatabad. In 1514, Rao Bhím, the son of Rao Bhan of [[Idar State]], defeated Ain-ul-Mulk, governor of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], who was coming to [[Ahmedabad]] to pay his respects to the king. The officer had turned aside to punish Rao for some disturbance he had created, but failing in his purpose, was himself defeated. When Muzaffar Shah approached, Rao abandoned Idar and made peace by agreeing to pay a heavy tribute. Meanwhile, the king marched to [[Godhra]], and then to [[Malwa]] via [[Dahod]] and soon after went on to [[Dhar]].<ref name="GBP"/>

In early 1514, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] general, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], sent ambassadors to Muzaffar Shah II to seek permission to build a fort on [[Diu Island]]. Although this mission returned without any agreement, [[diplomatic gift]]s were exchanged, including an Indian rhinoceros named Genda.<ref>Bedini, p. 112</ref> Alfonso further passed on Genda along with its Indian keeper to King [[Manuel I of Portugal]].<ref name="lambe">[http://www.artebr.com/lambelambe/historia.html História do famoso rhinocerus de Albrecht Dürer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218155010/http://www.artebr.com/lambelambe/historia.html |date=18 February 2009 }}, Projecto Lambe-Lambe {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> This gift caused quite a sensation in King Manuel's kingdom as nobody had seen a living rhinoceros in Europe. In late 1515, Manuel further sent Genda as a gift to [[Pope Leo X]] in [[Rome]], but the ship carrying the animal capsized. The memory of the rhino lived on due to the works of the artist [[Albrecht Dürer]].

===Idar===
{{see also|Battles of Idar}}
After a short stay in Malwa, seeking to take advantage of the distracted condition of Mahmúd of Malwa, who was at war with his nobles, Muzaffar returned to Muhammadabad ([[Champaner]]). At this time, Raimal, nephew of the late Rao Bhím of Ídar, expelled the Rao’s son Bharmal with the aid of his father-in-law, [[Rana Sanga]] of Chittor and succeeded to the chieftainship of Ídar.

The king was displeased at the interference of the Rana, and directed Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar (now [[Himatnagar]]), to expel Raimal and reinstate Bharmal. Nizam Khan took Ídar and gave it to Bharmal. Raimal betook himself to the hills where Nizam Khan, incautiously pursuing and engaging him, lost many men.

The Sultan visited Ídar. Shortly after, Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar, fell sick and was called to court. He left Ídar in charge of Zahír-ul-Mulk at the head of a hundred horse. Raimal made a sudden raid on Ídar and killed Zahír-ul-Mulk and twenty-seven of his men. On hearing this, Muzaffar Shah II ordered Nizam Khan to destroy [[Bijapur]].<ref name="GBP" />

===Malwa===
{{see also|Battle of Gagron|Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat}}
In 1517, the nobles of Malwa sought Muzaffar Shah's interference, alleging that the minister [[Medini Rai]] was planning to depose the Malwa Sultan, Mahmud Khilji II, and usurp the throne. Muzaffar Shah promised to come to their help, and shortly after, Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, escaping from the surveillance of Medani Rai, himself sought the aid of the Gujarat monarch.

In 1518, Muzaffar Shah marched by Godhra into Malwa, and on his arrival at Dhar, that town was evacuated by Medani Rai. The king besieged Mandu, and Medani Rai summoned the Chittor Rana to his aid. When the Rana reached [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], Muzaffar Shah detached a force caused the Rana to retire, while the Khan's soldiers exerted themselves so strenuously that they captured Mandu, recovering the girdle which Qutb-ud-dín [[Ahmad Shah II]] had lost at the battle of [[Kapadvanj]]. This conquest virtually placed Malwa in Muzaffar’s power, but he honourably restored the kingdom to Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, and, withdrew from Gujarat, proceeded to Muhammadabad.

In 1519, news was received of the defeat and capture of Sultan Mahmúd Khilji by the Rana of Chittor. Muzaffar Shah sent a force to protect Mandu. But, the Rana, who distinguished himself by releasing the Sultan of Malwa and keeping his son in his stead as a hostage, enjoyed continued good fortune. Sometime before these events, a bard in the presence of Nizam Khan, the governor of Ídar, boasted that the Rana of Chittor would never fail to help Rana Raimal of Ídar. The angry governor explained, "Whose dog is Rana Sanga to help Raimal while we are here?" Nizam Khan chained that bard in the fort and dared the Rana to carry him away. His successes enabled Sanga to answer the challenge.

In consequence of dissensions at headquarters, Nizam Khan withdrew to Ahmednagar and left a small garrison in Ídar. When Rana Sanga appeared before Ídar, the garrison resisted but were slain. The Rana advanced to Ahmednagar and severely defeated Nizam Khan who withdrew to [[Ahmedabad]], while the Rana plundered Vishalnagar (now [[Visnagar]]).

In 1521, Malik Ayyaz Sultani, the governor of [[Sorath prant|Sorath]], was sent with a large and carefully equipped force to revenge this inroad. Dissensions between Malik Ayyaz and the nobles of Gujarat prevented this expedition. Muzaffar Shah, greatly displeased with the result, prepared to march against Chittor, when he was dissuaded by a submissive embassy from that chief, who sent his son to Ahmedabad with valuable presents for the king.<ref name="GBP" /><ref>Bayley's Gujarat, p. 264.</ref>

===Siege of Mandsaur and Conflict with Rana Sanga===
{{Main|Siege of Mandsaur}}

In January 1521, Muzaffar Shah II dispatched an army of 100,000 horsemen and 100 elephants, led by Malik Ayaz, the governor of Sorath, to punish the Rana for his incursion into [[Gujarat]]. The towns of Bakor, Galiakot, [[Dungarpur]], Sagwara, and [[Banswara]] were pillaged and left in ruins. In Banswara, a sizable Hindu force hiding in ambush was attacked and driven off after sustaining casualties. Following this, Malik Ayaz advanced to [[Mandsaur]] and laid siege to the town. Rana Sangrama moved to relieve [[Mandsaur]], but kept a distance of twenty miles from the Muslim camp. He sent emissaries to Malik Ayaz, offering tribute to Muzaffar Shah II in exchange for lifting the siege, but his plea was disregarded. Mahmud Khalji II later joined forces with Malik Ayaz, and [[Mandsaur]] might have been captured and Sangrama defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZMrzgEACAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand & Company |pages=320 |language=en}}</ref> However, a misunderstanding arose, causing apprehension that Malik Dawam-ul-Mulk, an amir of Gujarat, might unjustly claim all credit for the anticipated victory over [[Rana Sanga]]. Consequently, despite resistance from the other amirs who harbored grievances against Malik Ayaz, when [[Rana Sanga]] dispatched a messenger offering vassalage to the Sultan, he willingly acquiesced to the terms of peace proposed by the Rajput ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Kuzhippalli Skaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRmvGS5MYcC&q=But+there+arose+some+misunderstanding+and+he+feared+that+the+entire+credit+of+the+victory+over+Rana+Sanga+would+be+claimed+by+Malik+Dawam-+ul-Mulk%2C+one+of+the+amirs+of+Gujarat.+So%2C+when+Rana+Sanga+sent+a+messenger+announcing+that+he+would+be+a+vassal+of+the+Sultan%2C+he+readily+accepted+the+terms+of+peace+proposed+by+the+Rajput+ruler%2C+even+against+the+general+feeling+of+the+other+amirs%2C+who+grieved+in+their+hearts+against+Malik+Ayaz. |title=Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573 |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>
Shortly afterwards, on the death of Malik Ayaz, Muzaffar Shah II confirmed his elder son Malik Is-hak in his father’s rank and possessions. Malik Is-hak remained in Sorath, which was confirmed as his ''jagir''. In the following year, the Sultan went about his dominions strengthening his frontier posts, especially the fort of [[Modasa]], which he rebuilt.<ref name="GBP" />

==Death and succession==
[[File:Sarkhej.JPG|thumb|The shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu at [[Sarkhej Roza]] where Muzaffar Shah II was buried.]]
Muzaffar Shah II, after formally appointing his son [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Khan]] his heir, died at Ahmedabad on 5 April 1526 at the age of 51, after a reign of fourteen years and nine months. Before his death, he traveled from Champaner to Baroda and then to Ahmedabad and lived at the palace at [[Kankaria Lake|Kankaria lake]]. He left eight sons and two daughters.{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=290}}

Muzaffar Shah was buried in the shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu at [[Sarkhej Roza]] near his father’s grave.<ref name="GBP" /><ref name="m5">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 167-9</ref>{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=281}} After Sikandar Shah had been in power for a few months, he was murdered by Imad-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated a younger brother of Sikandar’s, named Nasir Khan, on the throne with the title of Mahmúd Shah II and governed on his behalf.

The singular event of Sikandar’s reign was the destruction of an army sent against his brother Latíf Khan who was helped by Rana Bhím of Munga (now [[Chhota Udaipur]]). The nobles deserted Imad-ul-Mulk’s cause, and prince Bahadur Khan, returning to Gujarat, was joined by many supporters such as Taj Khan, the proprietor of [[Dhandhuka]]. Bahadur Khan marched to Champaner, captured and executed Imad-ul-Mulk, poisoned Nasir Khan, and ascended the throne in 1527 with the title of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]].<ref name="GBP" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffar Shah II}}
[[Category:Gujarat sultans]]
[[Category:1526 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam

2026-04-21T02:02:47Z

Shenna87P79423: put up a post from scratch

{{short description|2022 film by AR Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam
| image = Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. R. Mohan
| screenplay = A. R. Mohan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Abburi Ravi]]}}
}}
| story = A. R. Mohan
| producer = [[Razesh Danda]]
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] [[Vennela Kishore]] [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] [[Sampath Raj]] [[Sritej]]
| cinematography = Raam Reddy
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Hasya Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam''''' ({{translation|Sincerely, the people of [[Maredumilli]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[Sociology|social]] [[Drama (film and television)|thriller drama]] film remake of 2017 film [[Newton (film)|Newton]] written and directed by debutant A. R. Mohan. Produced by [[Zee Studios]] and Hasya Movies, the film features [[Allari Naresh]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]], [[Sampath Raj]] and [[Sritej]] in primary roles. The film was released on 25 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-21 |title=Four movies and 14 OTT releases lined up for this week |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/211122/four-movies-set-to-be-released-this-week.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sripada Srinivas is a humble human who always helps people in need. He works as a government Telugu teacher and understands the value of Telugu. He, along with another English teacher, are appointed as election officers for tribal villages in the Maredumilli forest area.

The tribals are initially reluctance to cast their votes as past governments haven't installed a bridge on a nearby river to ease transport and have not cared to provide basic facilities to them for the last 30 years. He meets Lachimi, the only unofficial teacher to the whole tribe, the girl who wishes to study and wants to become a teacher but does not have a bridge in their area, thus she cannot study further, so she teaches basic skills for kids in the tribe unofficially. She offers help to Srinivas in getting awareness to cast their votes. While traveling, Srinivas likes Lachimi because of her self-confidence and her worshipping nature towards teachers; finally, he proposes to marry her.

Later, Srinivas helps one of the tribal women, named Pollamma, deliver the child, thereby earning the trust of the tribals. After this incident, the tribals agreed to cast their votes, trusting Srinivas. While going back to deliver the EVMs, Srinivas and the English teacher are ambushed by the tribals, who kidnap both the officers and ask for bridges to be installed as a negotiation demand. Later, it is revealed that the mastermind behind this conspiracy is none other than Srinivas. He guides the tribals to negotiate with them and makes their issues a national-wide sensation.

After various attempts in vain, in the end, the collector Arjun Trivedi fools the tribals by giving them approval papers, then he betrays them after collecting the EVM machines. Then Srinivas reveals himself to collector and tries to stop him then the collector realizes that he is the mastermind behind the conspiracy and bashes him later takes him into custody despite the tribals pleads.

While returning, they cross paths with an Indian gaur herd (the locals treat them as Veerabhadra gods). The collector, being headstrong, asks the cops to scare the herd away, if not kill them. Herds attack and injure most of the cops, including the collector. Hearing all the ruckus, tribals come to the cops aid. They find the injured collector and carry him through the same river to the other side. Then Srinivas realizes the collector's mistake, and the collector understands the problems of the tribe. He then signs an approval for the bridge. Finally, the film ends with Lachimi responding positively to Srinivas proposal, and the two embrace.

== Cast ==

* [[Allari Naresh]] as Sripada Srinivas
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Lachimi
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Arjun Trivedi [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], the [[District Collector]] of [[East Godavari]] District.
* [[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Inspector Shanmukha Rao
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as English teacher
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Babu Garu, A Govt Pune.
* [[Sritej]] as Kanda
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Pollamma
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Market yard secretary Koteswara Rao
* Kumanan Sethuraman as Village head
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]]
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Police SP]]
* [[Khayyum]] as Police Officer
* Keshav Deepak as [[Deputy superintendent of Police| DSP]]
* Gemini Suresh as Election Officer
* Shani Salmon

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| prev_title = [[Major (film)|Major]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lachchimi
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:46
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title2 = Kolo Kolo Koyilaa
| note2 =
| length2 = 3:36
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = Javed Ali, [[Mohana Bhogaraju]], [[Yamini Ghantasala]]
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam'' was released on 25 November 2022.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

=== Home media ===
[[Zee Telugu]] and [[ZEE5]] have acquired the film's satellite and digital streaming rights respectively. It premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-21 |title=Allari Naresh's Film Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam To Premiere On Zee5 On This Date |url=
https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allari-nareshs-film-itlu-maredumilli-prajaneekam-to-premiere-on-zee5-on-this-date-6659833.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that the film is "an honest social drama narrating the plight of a tribal village", giving the same rating.<ref>{{cite news |title=Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam Movie Review: An honest social drama narrating the plight of a tribal village | first=Paul | last=Nicodemus | date=25 November 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/itlu-maredumilli-prajaneekam/movie-review/95760038.cms |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt21289032|title=Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/itlu-maredumilli-prajaneekam/0-0-1z5273932 ''Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Byomakesh Ray

2026-04-19T01:09:17Z

Shenna87P79423: starting some page with sources - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Byomakesh Ray
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Byomakesh Ray
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Byomakesh Ray''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Byomakesh Ray Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1016 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chandabali Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Byomakesh Ray of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chandabali-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917367.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Chandabali Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-chandabali-constituency-result-3009671 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Byomakesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Brahm Bhardwaj

2026-04-16T19:52:20Z

Shenna87P79423: starting basic data basic info

{{short description|Indian film actor (1920–1989)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brahm Bhardwaj
| image = File:Brahm_Bhardwaj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|10|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab, British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|07|29|1920|10|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| other_names = Bhardwaj, Braham Anand, Brahmdutt
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active =
|height =
| children = 3
| father =
| relatives =
| spouse = Kaushalya
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Brahm Bhardwaj''' (25 October 1920 — 29 July 1989) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor of [[Hindi cinema]]. He is mostly known for his role as a father of leading actors and as Judge or Lawyer.<ref>{{cite web | title=Madhumati - Bhooli Bisri Sunheri Yaadein | website=[[WordPress.com]]| date=11 December 2009 | url=https://sunheriyaadein.wordpress.com/tag/madhumati/ | access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=MAYA: THE COMPLETE SERIES | website=[[WordPress.com]]| date= | url=https://www.warnerbros.com/tv/maya-complete-series | access-date=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Daaera]]'' || Dr. Baker's Servant || Uncredited
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1954 || ''[[Mastana (1954 film)|Mastana]]'' || Presiding Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Bazooband]]'' || Bihari ||
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1955 || ''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Garam Coat]]'' || Jewellery shop owner ||
|-
| ''Andher Nagari Chaupat Raja'' || Imrati's father ||
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1956 || ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' || Doctor || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[New Delhi (1956 film)|New Delhi]]'' || Daulatram's friend ||
|-
| ''Ham Sab Chor Hain'' || Defence lawyer ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1957 || ''[[Paying Guest]]'' || Defence lawyer || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Ek Gaon Ki Kahani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Miss India'' || Hotel manager||
|-
| ''Johnny Walker'' || Mehta || Public prosecutor
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1958 || ''[[Sahara (1958 film)|Sahara]]'' || Seth ji || Uncredited
|-
| ''Panchayat'' || Goverdhan ||
|-
| ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' || Prem & Madan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Lajwanti]]'' || Doctor || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Sitaron Se Aage]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''Aakhri Dao'' || Prsecuting lawyer || Uncredited
|-
| ''Night Club'' || Jeweler ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1959 || ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kal Hamara Hai (film)|Kal Hamara Hai]]'' || Bharat's friend ||
|-
| ''Kangan'' || Prosecutor lawyer ||
|-
| ''Guest House'' || Master Radhey Shyam ||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1960 || ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' || Masterji || as Brahm Dutt
|-
| ''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kala Aadmi'' || Dr. Bali
|
|-
| ''[[Shriman Satyawadi]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Jaali Note]]'' || [[Deputy inspector general of police|D.I.G.]] Desai ||
|-
| ''Baraat'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpana (1960 film)|Kalpana]]'' || Chairman of Bharti kala kendra ||
|-
| ''Apna Haath Jagannath'' || Vrindavan ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | 1961 || ''[[Aas Ka Panchhi]]'' || Army officer ||
|-
| ''Reshmi Rumal'' || Ram Narayan ||
|-
| ''[[Maya (1961 film)|Maya]]'' || Dance announcer ||
|-
| ''Bada Aadmi'' || Thakur Loknath ||
|-
| ''Krorepati'' || Bhardwaj Film director ||
|-
|rowspan="6" | 1962 || ''Maa Beta'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Banarsi Thug]]'' || Dulare
|
|-
| ''[[Rungoli]]'' || Doctor||
|-
| ''[[Anpadh]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
|''Bombay Ka Chor''|| Advocate ||
|-
|''Nakli Nawab''|| Mushaira announcer||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1964 || ''Khooni Khazana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Majboor (1964 film)|Majboor]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Ishaara (1964 film)|Ishaara]]'' || Textile emporium's manager
|
|-
| ''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aap Ki Parchhaiyan]]'' || Rekha's father ||
|-
| ''[[April Fool (1964 film)|April Fool]]'' || Ashok's brother||
|-
| ''[[Shehnai (1964 film)|Shehnai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganga Ki Lahren]]'' || Thakur||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1965 || ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' || Dr. Benerjee ||
|-
| ''[[Arzoo (1965 film)|Arzoo]]'' || Rai Bahadur ||
|-
| ''[[Bahu Beti]]'' || [[Colonel]] ||
|-
| ''[[Neela Aakash]]'' || Seth ji ||
|-
|rowspan="10" | 1966 || ''[[Gaban (film)|Gaban]]'' || Munshi Dindayal||
|-
| ''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]'' ||Suresh Bakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Patthar]]'' || Public Prosecutor
|
|-
| ''[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Devar]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''Hum Kahan Ja Rahe Hain'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''Chhota Bhai'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Biwi Aur Makan]]'' || Mishra||
|-
| ''Biradari'' || Mr. Diwan ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'' || Amjad & Ashok's Boss ||
|-
|rowspan="6" | 1967 || ''[[Diwana (1967 film)|Diwana]]'' ||Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Raat Aur Din]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. 909]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Aman (film)|Aman]]'' || Bhola ||
|-
|''[[Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan]]''|| Dr. Dixit ||
|-
|''[[Naunihal]]''|| Rakesh's father||
|-
|rowspan="11" | 1968 || ''[[Haseena Maan Jayegi]]'' || Defence lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'' ||College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Maya (American TV series)|Maya]]'' || Majid Gambler || Episode 1
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' || Razdan ||
|-
| ''[[Duniya (1968 film)|Duniya]]'' || Advocate Mehta ||
|-
| ''[[Anokhi Raat]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]'' || Chopra ||
|-
| ''[[Jhuk Gaya Aasman]]'' || Devilal ||
|-
| ''Spy in Rome'' || Dr. Sharma ||
|-
| ''Anchal Ke Phool'' || Sarita's father ||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1969 || ''[[Yakeen (1969 film)|Yakeen]]'' || Dr. Sharma||
|-
| ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Phool Do Mali]]'' || Mr. Kumar||
|-
| ''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]'' || Sudha's father||
|-
| ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' || Lawyer||
|-
| ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' || Police commissioner||
|-
| ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]'' || Deepak's father ||
|-
| ''[[Dupatta (1970 film)|Dupatta]]'' || Postmaster||
|-
|rowspan="14" | 1970 || ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' || Santram Das Sisodia||
|-
| ''[[Maa Aur Mamta]]'' ||Marie's father ||
|-
| ''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawaan]]'' || Naval Doctor||
|-
| ''[[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1970 film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' || Judge||
|-
| ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' || Politician||
|-
| ''[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]'' || Raju||
|-
| ''[[Man Ki Aankhen]]'' || Rai Bahadur ||
|-
| ''[[Pehchan (1970 film)|Pehchan]]'' || Maya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]'' || S.K. Mehta Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Pushpanjali (1970 film)|Pushpanjali]]'' ||Dr. Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Sharafat]]'' || Principal||
|-
| ''[[Naya Raasta]]'' || Surja's father||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1971 || ''[[Haseenon Ka Devata]]'' || Raja Sahab||
|-
| ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand ]]'' ||Mute saint ||
|-
| ''[[Upaasna]]'' ||Doctor||
|-
| ''[[Elaan (1971 film)|Elaan ]]'' || Mr. Mehta||
|-
| ''[[Mela (1971 film)|Mela]]'' || Choudhary ||
|-
| ''[[Preetam]]'' || Judge B.N. Sinha||
|-
| ''[[Nadaan (1971 film)|Nadaan]]'' || Ram Prasad Jain ||
|-
| ''[[Buddha Mil Gaya]]'' || Bhagat||
|-
|rowspan="11" | 1972 || ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' || Rakesh's employer||
|-
| ''[[Apradh]]'' ||Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Lalkar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jawani Diwani]]'' || Mr. Sinha||
|-
| ''[[Roop Tera Mastana]]'' || Kiran's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]'' || Painting buyer||
|-
| ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' || Sampat Lal||
|-
| ''[[Aan Baan]]'' || Saudagarmal||
|-
| ''[[Mome Ki Gudiya]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Babul Ki Galiyaan]]'' || Defence lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Anokha Milan]]'' || Voice ||
|-
|1990
|''[[Vidrohi (1990 film)|Vidrohi]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/vidrohi-am283722/cast-crew |title=Vidrohi (1990) - Harmesh Malhotra {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2024-12-08 |via=www.allmovie.com}}</ref>
|Judge
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0080231|name=Brahm Bhardwaj}}

{{India-actor-stub}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Brahm}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]

Madrasa Hussainia, Kadru

2026-04-16T15:24:28Z

Shenna87P79423: Made new stub

{{Infobox university
| name = Madrasa Hussainia, Kadru
| native_name = مدرسہ حسینیہ، کڈرو
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = Hussainabad, Kadru, [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|29|04|1958}}
| founder = [[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]]
}}
'''Madrasa Hussainia, Kadru''' (Urdu: مدرسہ حسینیہ، کڈرو) is an [[Madrasa|Islamic seminary]] located in Kadru, [[Ranchi]], in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It was established on 29 April 1958 by [[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]], who served as its ''muhtamim'' (rector) until his death on 13 May 2017.

== History ==
Madrasa Hussainia founded by [[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]] in 1958 in the [[suburban area]] of Kadru, [[Ranchi]], with the aim of promoting Islamic education among the local Muslim population.<ref name="Khalili">{{Cite book |last=Khalili Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2/page/n74/mode/1up |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |trans-title=Comprehensive and Concise History of Darul Uloom Deoband |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd |date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur |oclc=1345466013 |page=669}}</ref><ref name="Zikr">{{Cite book|last=Mansoorpuri|first=Muhammad Salman|author-link=Salman Mansoorpuri|title=Zikr-e-Raftagāñ|publisher=Al-Markaz al-ʿIlmī li al-Nashr wa al-Taḥqīq|location=Lalbagh, [[Moradabad]]|page=501|date=April 2020 |chapter=Hazrat Maulana Azhar Sahab Ranchi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/1_20240124_20240124_1615/%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1%20%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA%203/page/501/mode/1up |volume=3|language=ur}}</ref>

The foundation of the madrasa was laid on 29 April 1958 on a small plot of land in Kadru. The institution began with a single student and gradually expanded through public donations.<ref name="livehindustan">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-14 |title=दिल का दौरा पड़ने से कडरू मदरसा के मौलाना अजहर का निधन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-maulana-azhar-passed-away-due-to-heart-attack-1102706.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=[[Live Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref> The madrasa began with three students initially enrolled.<ref name="Bhaskar1000">{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/1000-children-receive-education-in-madrasa-husseinia-of-kadru-074005-4978031.html |title=कडरू के मदरसा हुसैनिया में 1000 बच्चे प्राप्त करते हैं शिक्षा |date=12 July 2019 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=8 March 2026|language=hi}}</ref>

Nomani remained the rector of the institution until his death on 13 May 2017.<ref name="Zikr" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=May–June 2017|editor-last=Bijnori|editor-first=Muhammad Salman|editor-link=Salman Bijnori|last=Khalili Qasmi|first=Muhammadullah|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|title=Wafiyāt: Rukn-e Majlis-e Shūrā Ḥaẓrat Maulana Azhar Sahib Ranchi kā intiqāl|trans-title=Obituary: Maulana Azhar Sahib of Ranchi, Member of the Majlis-e Shura, Passes Away|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2580 |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]|language=ur|volume=101|issue=5–6|page=108}}</ref> After his death, the madrasa's governing council ([[Majlis-e-Shura]]) appointed his son, Maulana Muhammad, who had been serving as deputy rector since 1996, as ''muhtamim'' (rector).<ref name="Obaidullah">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Obaidullah |date=2025-01-31 |title=حضرت مولاںا ازھر صاحب علیہ الرحمہ کی شخصیت اور ان کی خدمات|trans-title=The Life and Contributions of Maulana Azhar Sahib|url=https://khabaronly.com/%d8%ad-flourism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213065756/https://khabaronly.com/%D8%AD-flourism/ |archive-date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Khabar Only |language=ur}}</ref>

== Campus and facilities ==
The madrasa campus covers approximately 4.5 acres. It includes academic buildings, administrative offices, hostels, and the Madani Mosque located within the premises.<ref name="Bhaskar1000" />

Three hostels—Saikhul Islam Manzil, Mahmood Manzil, and Rashid Manzil—accommodate students. The Madani Mosque within the campus is used for daily and Friday congregational prayers.<ref name="Bhaskar1000" />

== Academics ==
The madrasa provides instruction in Islamic studies, including Qur’anic recitation (''[[qira'at]]'') and memorization (''[[hifz]]''), as well as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Additional subjects such as English, Hindi, mathematics, and computer studies are also taught.<ref name="Bhaskar1000" />

As of 2019, approximately 1,000 students were enrolled at the madrasa, including students from Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.<ref name="Bhaskar1000" /> The madrasa provides education without charging fees.<ref name="livehindustan" />

In February 2025, the madrasa organized its 32nd ''Jalsa-e-Dastarbandi'', during which 849 students participated in a graduation ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/ranchi/news/32nd-jalsa-e-dastarbandi-organized-at-madrasa-hussainia-kadru-134464125.html |title=मदरसा हुसैनिया कडरू में 32वां जलसा ए दस्तारबंदी का आयोजन |date=12 February 2025 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=10 March 2026|language=hi}}</ref>

== Administration and funding ==
The madrasa is administered under the guidance of a [[Majlis-e-Shura]] (governing council).<ref name="Obaidullah" /> Its expenses are met through public donations.<ref name="livehindustan" />

== Events ==
In April 2024, an Eid Milan gathering was organized at the madrasa premises under the leadership of its ''muhtamim''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khabaronly.com/eid-meeting-ceremony-was-organized-at-madrasah-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81-%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88-ranchi/ |title=مدرسہ حسینیہ کڈرو رانچی میں عید ملن تقریب کا اہتمام کیا گیا |date=17 April 2024 |work=Khabar Only|language=ur|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Suhaib |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SQsGEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT280 |title=Dalīl al-mu'assasāt al-mu'niyah bi-al-lughah al-'Arabiyyah fī al-Hind |date=2024-04-01 |publisher=[[King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language]] |isbn=978-603-8444-25-2 |pages=280–281 |language=ar |trans-title=A Guide to Institutions Concerned with the Arabic Language in India}}
* {{Cite journal |year=1982 |editor-last=Qaiser |editor-first=Azhar Shah |editor-link=Azhar Shah Qaiser |title=About Madrasa Hussainia, Kadru |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0DA1AAAAIAAJ&q=%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%81+%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C&dq=%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%81+%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc6OuV6JWTAxW4nK8BHbiEG-8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%81%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81%20%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |volume=62 |page=18 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

{{coord|23.3485|85.3110|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Deobandi madrasas]]
[[Category:Education in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Bihar]]

Radikaa Sarathkumar

2026-04-16T06:25:34Z

Shenna87P79423: made new biography.

{{Short description|Indian actress, film producer, film director, politician (born 1962)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Radikaa|Sarathkumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Radikaa Sarathkumar
| image = R Sarath Kumar and Radhika At The Vaanam Kottatum Audio Launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Radhika at Vaanam Kottatum Audio Launch
| office = Primary Deputy General Secretary of the [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]]
| term_start = 3 March 2021
| term_end = 12 March 2024
| president = [[R. Sarathkumar]]
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024{{nbnd}}present)
| other_party = {{ubl
| [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi|AISMK]] (2007{{nbnd}}2024)
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (2006-2007)
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (1990{{nbnd}}2005)
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|08|21}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|[[Actress]]|[[film producer]]|[[film director]]|[[politician]]}}
| children = 2
| father = [[M. R. Radha]]
| mother = 
| spouse = {{Ubl
| {{Marriage|[[Pratap Pothan]]|1985|1986|end=div}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms |title=Heroines who fell for their directors |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
| {{marriage|Richard Hardy|1990|1992|end=div}}<ref name="A">{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/accidental-actress-inside-life-tv-queen-radikaa-sarathkumar-38996 | title=The Accidental Actress: Inside the life of TV queen Radikaa Sarathkumar | date=15 February 2016 }}</ref>
| {{marriage|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|2001}}
}}

| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Radha family|Radha family]]
| awards = {{indented plainlist|
* [[National Film Award]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]]
* [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award]]
* [[Nandi Award]]
}}
}}

'''Radikaa Sarathkumar''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|ð|ɪ|k|ɑː}}) is an Indian actress, film producer, film director and politician who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema, TV serials and web series as well as in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/radhika-sarathkumar-acting-is-my-first-priority/article31299765.ece |title=Radhika Sarathkumar: 'Acting is my first priority' |first=S. r Ashok |last=Kumar |date=9 April 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She is a recipient of a [[National Film Award]], two [[Nandi Awards]], three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and six [[Filmfare Award South]].

==Personal life==

Radikaa is the daughter of actor [[M. R. Radha]] and Geetha.<ref name="RIP Geetha Radha: Veteran actress Radhika Sarathkumar’s mother passes away at the age of 86; tributes pour in">{{cite news |title=RIP Geetha Radha: Veteran actress Radhika Sarathkumar's mother passes away at the age of 86; tributes pour in |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rip-geetha-radha-veteran-actress-radhika-sarathkumars-mother-passes-away-at-the-age-of-86-tributes-pour-in/articleshow/124038542.cms |access-date=22 September 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=22 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922070053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rip-geetha-radha-veteran-actress-radhika-sarathkumars-mother-passes-away-at-the-age-of-86-tributes-pour-in/articleshow/124038542.cms |archive-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Her father is a Telugu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJmZ5iCfkD4&t=884s|title=Alitho Saradaga | Raadhika (Actress) | 18th April 2022 | Full Episode | ETV Telugu|date=18 April 2022 |via=www.youtube.com|time=14:44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NA908Gd-H9s&t=820s | title=Raadhika Sarathkumar Open Heart with RK || Full Episode || Season-3 || OHRK | website=[[YouTube]]| date=3 April 2022 |time=13:40 }}</ref> from Chennai and her mother is a Tamil from Sri Lanka, native of [[Wennappuwa]].<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy birthday Nirosha: lesser-known facts about the actress |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/30/nirosha-birthday-actress-lesser-known-facts.html/1000 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref> Radikaa did her education in India, Sri Lanka and a course in London, which she discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJmZ5iCfkD4&t=594s|title=Alitho Saradaga | Raadhika (Actress) | 18th April 2022 | Full Episode | ETV Telugu|date=18 April 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> She has a younger sister [[Nirosha]], who is also an actress and two younger brothers, Raju and Mohan. She also has two half-brothers [[Radha Ravi]] and [[M. R. R. Vasu]].

Radikaa married actor [[Sarathkumar]] on 4 February 2001. They had been friends before their marriage and had been paired in two films: ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' (1994) and ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1997). The couple has a son named Rahhul born in 2004. Radikaa has a daughter Rayane born in 1992.

[[File:Sarathkumar with Raadhika at 62nd Britannia Filmfare South Awards 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Radhika with her husband at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]] in 2015]]

Her daughter Rayane married cricketer [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] in 2016. Radikaa has a grandson and a granddaughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/raadhika-sarathkumars-daughter-rayane-hardy-gets-married-to-ipl-team-rcb-player-abhimanyu-mithun-1442025/|title=Raadhika Sarathkumar's daughter Rayane Hardy gets married to IPL team RCB player Abhimanyu Mithun! | India.com|website=www.india.com|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India NEWS entertainment desk |date=29 August 2016 |title=Rayane gets married to IPL team RCB player Abhimanyu Mithun! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/raadhika-sarathkumars-daughter-rayane-gets-married-to-ipl-team-rcb-player-abhimanyu-mithun-1442025/ |access-date= |website=India News}}</ref>

==Film career==
Radikaa made her cinematic debut in the 1978 Tamil movie ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]'' after accidentally meeting [[Bharathiraja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJmZ5iCfkD4&t=602s|title=Alitho Saradaga | Raadhika (Actress) | 18th April 2022 | Full Episode | ETV Telugu|date=18 April 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Thereafter, she acted in several Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi and Malayalam films.

She has also produced a film titled ''[[Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai]]'' (1985), which won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/indira-gandhi-award-528.html |title=Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film |website=Awardsandshows.com}}</ref>

She was awarded [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Telugu Actress]] for ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' (1981), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] for ''[[Dharma Devathai]]'' (1986), ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' (1987) and ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/nyayam-kavali/movieawards/65198874.cms |title=Nyayam Kavali Awards: List of Awards won by Telugu movie Nyayam Kavali |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2017 |title=35th Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners |url=https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205141932/https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=35th Annual Filmfare Winner Tamil Raadhika Special |url=https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareWinnerTamilRaadhikaSpecial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170206133440/https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareWinnerTamilRaadhikaSpecial |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=}}</ref>

In 1994, she started a TV film production under her own banner, Radaan Mediaworks, in which she produced several TV serials hits, and also played a leading role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radhika Sarathkumar |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actress/radhika-sarathkumar |work=Nettv4u}}</ref>

She produced serials such as ''Idi Katha Kadu'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chitti]]'', ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]'', ''Selvi'', ''Arasi'', ''[[Chellamay]]'', ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]'', ''Thamarai'' and ''[[Chithi 2]]''.

She was a judge on [[Vijay TV]]'s ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' Season 4.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.southdreamz.com/27216/vijay-tvs-jodi-no-1-season-4-grand-finale/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920023226/http://www.southdreamz.com/27216/vijay-tvs-jodi-no-1-season-4-grand-finale/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=Vijay TV's Jodi No.1 Season 4 Grand Finale |date=25 August 2010 |website=South Indian Cinema Magazine}}</ref>

In September 2019, she was awarded as "Nadigavel Selvi" during audio launch of ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/actress-radhika-sarathkumar-felicitated-with-nadigavel-selvi-title-during-market-raja-mbbs-audio-launch/5783/ |title=Actress Radhika Sarathkumar felicitated with 'Nadigavel Selvi' title during Market Raja MBBS Audio Launch |first=Bryce J. |last=Winters |date=24 September 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
She joined the AIADMK before the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assembly elections]] along with her husband [[R. Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Starry blow to DMK, Sarath Kumar joins AIADMK |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_starry-blow-to-dmk-sarath-kumar-joins-aiadmk_1023443 |author=Arun Ram |date=11 April 2006 |access-date=12 January 2014 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> On 18 October 2006, she was dismissed from AIADMK for anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarath Kumar, Radhika face different problems |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/20/stories/2006042005080500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421150940/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/20/stories/2006042005080500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2006 |author=V. Jayanth |date=20 April 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> She was the vice president of [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]] from 2007 until recently when she tendered her resignation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarathkumar roped into AIADMK front |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/Mar/11/sarathkumar-roped-into-aiadmk-front-234493.html |access-date=2012-05-16 |work=The new Indian Express}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], Radhika contested as the BJP candidate from the [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bjp-fields-radhika-sarath-kumar-from-tamil-nadus-virudhunagar-2949537 |title=BJP fields Radhika Sarath Kumar from Tamil Nadu's Virudhunagar |date=23 March 2024 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> She lost the election and finished third. Vijaya Prabhakaran (son of Late Vijayakanth) finished with 214,606 votes higher than Radhika.

== Legal issues ==

=== Cheque bounce case ===
In 2014, Radiance Media Private Ltd. filed a petition claiming that Magic Frames, a company where Radhika and her husband Sarathkumar are partners, borrowed ₹1.50 crore and later her husband Sarathkumar took an additional loan of ₹50 lakhs in an agreement that the amount would be returned by March 2015. In 2017, Radiance media alleged that Magic Frames issued seven cheques as repayment and all of the [[Dishonoured cheque|cheques bounced]] for which seven cases were filed.<ref name="nm146719">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-04-07 |title=Actors Radikaa, Sarath Kumar sentenced to one year in jail for financial fraud |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actors-radikaa-sarath-kumar-sentenced-one-year-jail-financial-fraud-146719 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sarathkumar, wife sentenced to one year imprisonment in cheque bounce case |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/04/07/actor-sarathkumar-radhika-sentenced-one-year-imprisonment.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Madras High Court]] had declined to quash the criminal proceedings in the pending cases after the couple moved the high court to quash them.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-05-09 |title=Cheque-bounce case: Prosecution proceedings against Sarath Kumar upheld |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/May/09/prosecution-proceedings-against-actor-upheld-1974438.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Radikaa and Sarathkumar were convicted in the case by the Special Court on 7 April 2021. The court sentenced them to one year in prison and a fine of ₹3.3 crore.<ref name="nm146719" /> On the same day, her husband, Sarathkumar, received relief from the court for the sentence and the court issued [[arrest warrant]] to Radikaa since she had not appeared in court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Big relief for Sarathkumar, but his wife Raadhika gets arrest warrant...Here's what happened! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/big-relief-sarathkumar-his-wife-raadhika-gets-arrest-warrantheres-what-happened |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Stuff |language=en}}</ref>

=== Income tax raid ===
The [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax department]] conducted a raid on Radaan Mediaworks India Limited, a media company owned by Radikaa Sarathkumar, in Chennai on 11 April 2017, days after the department interrogated her husband Sarathkumar and searched his house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Money trail sees I-T men knock on Raadhika's doors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120417/money-trail-sees-i-t-men-knock-on-raadhikas-doors.html |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=RK Nagar cash-for-votes scam: IT raids at actor Radhika's media company |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rk-nagar-cash-for-votes-scam-it-raids-at-actor-radhika-s-media-company/story-MyvYg9sXz6iGWfoNxpi4aI.html |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Award category
!Work
! Result
! Reference
|-
| 1981 || [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] ||''[[Nyayam Kavali]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4biAAAAMAAJ&q=Radhika+Nyayam+Kavali |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |year=1983}}</ref>
|-
| 1985 || [[National Film Awards]] || [[Film producer|Producer]] || ''[[Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=32NFA.pdf |title=32 National Film Awards |website=Directorate of Film Festivals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072238/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=32NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|1986 || rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] || ''[[Dharma Devathai]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=1986++Radhika+Dharma+Devatha |title=Collections |year=1991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/34thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170528093416/https://archive.org/details/34thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |url-status=dead |title=34th Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners |date=28 May 2017 |via=Internet Archive |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987 ||''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' ||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=live }}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]|| ''Karthika Pournami''||{{Won}}||<ref name="archive.org"/> <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988 || [[Cinema Express Awards]] ||[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] || ''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]'' & ''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''||{{Won}}|| <ref>{{Citation |author=Express News Service |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 March 1989 |access-date=3 October 2016 |page=4 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]|| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Award]] ||''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''||{{Won}}||
|-
|1989 ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 1990 |title=State film awards |page=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>
|-
|1990 ||[[Filmfare Awards South]]||Best Actress – Tamil ||| ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 38th Annual Filmfare Awards |date=11 July 2021 |url=https://archive.org/details/38th-annual-filmfare-awards-winners-south-tamil |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1993 || [[Cinema Express Awards]] ||[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] || ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]] ''||{{Won}}|| <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |page=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339%2C511626}}</ref>
|-
|1995 ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]|| Special Award for Best Actress || ''[[Pasumpon]]'' ''& Rani Maharaani''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm#awards |title=1997 Highlights |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224113/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm#awards |archive-date=5 January 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|1999 ||[[Nandi Awards]]||[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] || ''[[Prema Kadha]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/radikaa-returns-to-telugu-films-after-a-decade-113102800453_1.html |title=Radikaa returns to Telugu films after a decade |date=28 October 2013 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|2008 || [[ITC Limited|Vivel Chinnathirai Award]] ||[[ITC Limited|Best Actress]]|| rowspan="2" |''Arasi''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/14285/winners-list-of-vivel-chinna-thirai-awards-2008/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905200710/http://www.southdreamz.com/14285/winners-list-of-vivel-chinna-thirai-awards-2008/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 September 2013 |title=Winners List of VIVEL CHINNA THIRAI AWARDS 2008 |author= |work=South Indian Cinema}}</ref>
|-
|2010 || rowspan="3" | [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] ||[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal for Best Actress|Best Overall Performance Award]]||{{Won}}||<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/sunkudumbam/index.html |title=Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal 2014 |website=sunnetwork.in |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017220003/http://www.sunnetwork.in/sunkudumbam/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2012 ||[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal for Best Actress|Special Jury Award for Best Actress]]||''[[Chellamay]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metromasti.com/kollywood/news/Sun-TV-Sun-Kudumbam-Awards-2012-Sun-Kudumbam-Awards-Jan-6-2013/23704 |title=Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal 2012 Winner List |website=metromasti.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 ||[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''||{{Won}}||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]||[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] || Overall Contribution to Tamil Cinema||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]''||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thangamagan/movieawards/61294311.cms |title=Thangamagan Awards: List of Awards won by Tamil movie Thangamagan |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]||[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] ||{{Won}}||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2016-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/53017745.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Tamil winners list |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || Provoke Lifestyle Awards || TV Sensation of the Year || Various Serials || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/provoke-lifestyle-awards-imagegallery-kollywood-qiiqVFiedbfad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811225855/http://www.sify.com/movies/provoke-lifestyle-awards-imagegallery-kollywood-qiiqVFiedbfad.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2016 |title=Provoke Lifestyle Awards |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
{{main|Radhika Sarathkumar filmography}}

==Elections contested and positions held==
===Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#FFF4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"rowspan=2|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:black"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]||[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||15.66%||[[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||[[File:Hand INC.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||36.28%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0704654}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}
{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian people of Sri Lankan descent]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil television producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi politicians]]

Barkhera Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:53Z

Shenna87P79423: Created A Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barkhera
| constituency_no = 128
| map_image = 128-Barkhera.svg
| mla = [[Swami Pravaktanand]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 235039 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Barkhera Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the "DPACO (1967)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1967.<ref name="DPACO (1967)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 128.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/barkhera.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Barkhera Assembly constituency is KCs Neoria, Pauta Kalan & Nyoria Husainpur NP of Pilibhit Tehsil; KC Barkhera & Barkhera NP of Bisalpur Tehsil; PCs Athkona, Abhaipur M.Shahgarh, Karnapur, Itauria J.Biharipur, Dhakia Kesherpur, Shivnagar, Piparia Karam, Pachpera Prahladpur, Pachpera Garha, Prasadpur, Lalpur T.Madhautanda, Burhia J.Itauria, Raipur M.Rampur, Rampura M. Bhabsi, Shahgar & Sandai of West KC of Puranpur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="4" | Kishan Lal || rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || – ||<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || – ||<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || – ||<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || – ||<ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Baboo Ram || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || – ||<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kishan Lal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || – ||<ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sannu Lal || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || – ||<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Kishan Lal || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || – ||<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || – ||<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Peetam Ram || [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || – ||<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || – ||<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=7 November 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sukh Lal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || – ||<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=7 November 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Hemraj Verma]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || – || – ||<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=7 November 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Kishan Lal Rajpoot]] || [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || – || – ||<ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=elections in|access-date=7 November 2018|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/barkhera.html}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Swami Pravaktanand]] || [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || – || – ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkhera<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Swami Pravaktanand]]
|votes = {{formatnum:151771}}
|percentage = 63.8
|change = +14.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Hemraj Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70299}}
|percentage = 29.55
|change = +7.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Swaroop
|votes = {{formatnum:9383}}
|percentage = 3.94
|change = -9.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harpreet Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2702}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1863}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:81472}}
|percentage = 34.25
|change = +6.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:237878}}
|percentage = 73.46
|change = +3.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Barkhera<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kishan Lal Rajpoot
|votes = {{formatnum:104595}}
|percentage = 49.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Hemraj Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:46665}}
|percentage = 22.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Shailendra Singh Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:28674}}
|percentage = 13.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Jaidrath Alias Prabaktanand
|votes = {{formatnum:22631}}
|percentage = 10.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2307}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:57930}}
|percentage = 27.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:211878}}
|percentage = 69.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Barkhera<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Hemraj Verma]]
|votes = 69,256
|percentage = 35.27
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swami Pravaktanand
|votes = 38,882
|percentage = 19.8
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arshad Khan
|votes = 29,823
|percentage = 15.19
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 19 candidates
|votes = 58,418
|percentage = 29.75
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,374
|percentage = 15.47
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 196,379
|percentage = 69.75
|change = –
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Pilibhit district]]
*[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Amrapali

2026-04-03T15:27:27Z

Shenna87P79423: Created Biography!

{{short description|Ancient Indian royal courtesan who figured in early Buddhism}}
{{About|the courtesan and Buddhist disciple|the 1966 Hindi film|Amrapali (film)|the Indian television series|Amrapali (TV series)|the mango cultivar|Amrapali (mango)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrapali
| image = Amrapali greets Buddha Roundel 36 buddha ivory tusk.jpg
| caption = Amrapali greets Buddha", ivory carving, National Museum of New Delhi
| birth_date = {{circa|500 BCE}}
| birth_place = [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
| occupation = [[Nagaravadhu]] (royal [[courtesan]]) of the republic of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
| known_for = Early follower of [[Gautama Buddha]]
}}

'''Āmrapālī''', also known as "Ambapālika", "Ambapali", or "Amra" was a celebrated ''[[nagarvadhu]]'' (royal [[courtesan]]) of the [[Gaṇasaṅgha|Republic]] of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] (located in present-day Bihar) in [[ancient India]] around 500 BC.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081214/spectrum/main6.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090429004610/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Districts-of-Bihar/History-of-Vaishali.html History of Vaishali]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081214/spectrum/main6.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Amrapali also won the title of rajnartaki (court dancer).<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081214/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Amrapali: Buddha's gorgeous disciple}}</ref> Following the [[Buddha]]'s teachings, she became an [[arahant]]. She is mentioned in the old [[Pāli|Pali]] texts and [[Buddhist]] traditions ([[Āgama (Buddhism)|āgama sutras]]), particularly in conjunction with the Buddha staying at her mango grove, ''Ambapali vana'', which she later donated to his order and wherein he preached the famous ''Ambapalika [[Sūtra|Sutra]]''.<ref>[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambapaalivana.htm Ambapaali vana] Pali dictionary</ref><ref>[[#Ka|Khanna, p. 45]]</ref><ref>[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambapaali_sutta.htm Ambapaali Sutta] Pali dictionary</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amrapali's Encounter with The Handsome Renunciate|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1690425.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=June 30, 2006}}</ref>

==Early life==
In Myanmar Buddhism, she was born numinously under a mango tree without birth by human. So, she is called by Amrapali (mean the mango tree born lady).

Amrapali was born around 600-500 BCE, to Mahanama & an unknown mother. [[Etymologically]], the variants on her name derive from a combination of two [[Sanskrit]] words: ''amra'', meaning [[mango]], and ''pallawa'', meaning young leaves or sprouts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.women-philosophers.com/Ambapali-Amrapali.html|title=Ambapali or Amrapali c 600 BC - India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209174038/http://www.women-philosophers.com/Ambapali-Amrapali.html|archive-date=2013-02-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that she was spontaneously born at the foot of a mango tree in one of the royal gardens in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] — hence her name.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081214/spectrum/main6.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

Even as a young maiden, Amrapali was exceptionally beautiful and ethereal. It is said that a [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] lord by the name of Mahanaman was so enchanted by the young Amrapali's beauty that she abandoned his kingdom and moved to Ambara village, a small hamlet in Vaishali presently in [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800200400.htm|title=Here's something different|work=thehindubusinessline.in|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

== As a courtesan ==
Vaishali was the capital city of the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi tribe]], one of the eight Khattiya (Sanskrit ''Kshatriya'') clans that had united to form the Vajjian confederacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/15/stories/2002071500710200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060339/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/15/stories/2002071500710200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-21|title=Another historical serial on DD|date=2002-07-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The king was elected by an electoral college consisting of princes and nobles from the Kshatriya clans. It was customary that the most beautiful women in the land, rather than marrying one man, dedicated themselves to the pleasure of many.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gender in South Asia: Social Imagination and Constructed Realities|last=Channa|first=Subhadra Mitra|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-04361-9|location=Daryaganj|pages=21–22}}</ref>

Amrapali grew up to be a lady of extraordinary charm and grace, and was talented in many art forms.<ref name=":0" /> Many young nobles desired her company. When Manudev, king of Vaishali, saw Amrapali perform a dance in the city, he plotted to "own" her. He murdered Amrapali's childhood love and would-be-groom, Pushpakumar, on the day of their wedding, and afterwards made an official announcement declaring Amrapali as the 'bride' of Vaishali — i.e. the ''[[Nagarvadhu]]''. She was also bestowed with the title of ''[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] Janpad Kalayani'', given to the most beautiful and talented girl of the kingdom for a period of seven years. Amrapali had the right to choose her lovers, but according to the aforementioned custom, she could not be committed to any one man.

After being declared a ''Nagarvadhu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/prog/locat/y2k2/aamwri.htm|title=Inside programming: On the sets of Aamrapali|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> Her talent and beauty attracted so many men that the glory of Vaishali during this period is often attributed to Amrapali's fame.<ref name=":0" /> The price to see Amrapali's art form was fifty [[Karshapana]]s per night, and her treasury grew much larger than the treasuries of some kings.<ref name=":0" />

It is said that Amrapali was declared the "most beautiful" girl at the age of 11 and was later made nagarvadhu. She was also a celebrated rajnartaki (court dancer) in the ancient Vaishali. Amrapali was proficient in music, dance, hunting, archery, horse handling, and had great love for classical songs and dance.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wordictpost.com/biography/amrapali-life-history-vcwpd |title=Amrapali - Life History}}</ref>

==Legends associated with Amrapali ==

=== Amrapali and Bimbisara ===
Stories of her beauty travelled to the ears of [[Bimbisara]], king of the hostile neighbouring kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. He attacked Vaishali, and took refuge in Amrapali's house. Bimbisara was a good musician. Before long, Amrapali and Bimbisara fell in love. When she learned his true identity, Amrapali asked Bimbisara to leave and cease his war. Bimbisara, smitten with love, did as she asked. In the eyes of the people of Vaishali, this incident made him a coward. Later, Amrapali bore him a son named Vimala Kondanna.

[[Ajatashatru]], Bimbisara's son by Queen Chellana (according to Jaina traditions) or Queen Kosala Devi (according to Buddhist traditions), later invaded Vaishali due to a dispute with his brothers. He was so moved by her beauty that when Amrapali was imprisoned, he burned the whole of Vaishali. Almost everyone died in the massacre, except his beloved Amrapali, but when she saw the condition of her motherland, she renounced her love for him.

=== Amrapali and the Buddha ===
In Buddhist records, Amrapali is noted as having had the opportunity to serve food to the Buddha during his last visit to Vaishali, shortly before his death.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|last=Buswell Jr.1, Lopez Jr.2|first=Robert E.1, Donald S.2|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|location=Oxfordshire|pages=36–37}}</ref> Amrapali attended his sermon at a nearby grove and was so deeply moved by it that she invited him for a meal at her quarters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Stars at Dawn: Forgotten Stories of Women in the Buddha's Life|last=Garling|first=Wendy|publisher=Shambhala Publications, inc.|year=2016|isbn=9781611802658|location=Boulder|pages=268–269}}</ref> In other accounts, it is stated that the Buddha himself took shelter in her mango groves and was visited by Amrapali who paid her obeisance to him and then extended the invitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Performance and Culture: Narrative, Image and Enactment in India|last=Verma|first=Archana|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4438-2735-5|location=Newcastle|pages=109}}</ref> He consented to her proposal with silence.<ref name=":1" /> On her way back, her chariot collided with that of the princely nobles of Vaishali who were also heading to invite the Buddha to dine with them. They berate her by calling her a 'mango-woman' and ask her, a woman of ill repute, to move aside and let her superiors pass. It is then that she announces that the Buddha was coming to her house for a meal. The princes were upset and offered her gold in return of the privilege of hosting the Buddha but she refuses.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/buddha00john|url-access=registration|last=Strong|first=John S.|publisher=One World Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-1-78074-054-6|location=Oxford}}</ref> Buddha also turns them down, having already committed to Amrapali.

Buddha recognised her beauty and advised his disciples to be mindful in her presence lest they become infatuated with her.<ref name=":3" /> Amrapali received the Buddha with her retinue in her grand residence which had been specially decorated for the occasion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Women Education Through the Ages|last=Gupta|first=N.L.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7022-826-4|location=New Delhi|pages=92}}</ref> It was no less than the palace of any king;<ref name=":4" /> such was the wealth she commanded. At the conclusion of the meal, she offered to the Buddha and his order her entire property including her groves which became the venue for several sermons on mindfulness.<ref name=":4" /> Soon thereafter, she renounced her position as courtesan or court dancer, accepted the Buddhist way, and remained an active supporter of the Buddhist order. She dedicated her life to the service of the poor and the destitutes.<ref name=":4" />

On growing up, Amrapali's son, Vimala Kondanna also became a Buddhist monk and a renowned elder.<ref name=":02" />

== Attitudes towards courtesans in scriptures ==
The story of Amrapali is significant for understanding contemporary attitudes of courtesans. Though she received much fame as a talented artist,<ref name=":0" /> she was also berated by the noble princes of Vaishali by calling her "[[Gaṇikā]]" which carried derogatory connotations.<ref name=":2" /> However, unlike them, Buddha did not share that kind of prejudice towards her. He ate at her residence and accepted her grove for the Buddhist order. This is often quoted as an example for his unbiased regard towards women.<ref name=":1" /> However, what has been noticed is that with the passage of time and as the [[Therīgāthā]] was collated, this bias also entered the Buddhist fold.<ref name=":2" />

Amrapali's possible alliance with Bimbisara has also survived mainly through an oral tradition and has not found its way into the [[Pali Canon]] of Buddhism. This is because Bimbisara was a great royal patron of Buddhism and his links with Amrapali may throw a negative light on him.<ref name=":2" /> Amrapali's mention in the canon also focuses mostly on the later part of her life when she converted to Buddhism.<ref name=":2" /> However, records of Chinese travellers who came to India in search of Buddhist texts have made note of Amrapali's early life and her relationship with Bimbisara. The latter is found in the Chinese Recension of the [[Buddhist canons|Buddhist tripitaka]].<ref name=":2" /> This narrative has been written in the [[Mahayana]] tradition and therefore did not have the onus of representing Bimbisara in a positive light.<ref name=":2" />

A third set of scriptures which refer to the story of Amrapali, and do so most elaborately, come from the [[Gilgit]] area of [[Kashmir]] and are therefore known as the Gilgit Manuscripts.<ref name=":2" /> These are the Tibetan-Sanskrit scriptures of the [[Mulasarvastivada]] branch of Buddhism which hold her in high esteem. However, the negative connotation of being a courtesan is still present.<ref name=":2" /> Thus, the cultural memory of a courtesan shows a complex pattern, varying across time and place.

==In popular culture==
* Amrapali has been the subject of three biographical films: ''Amrapali'' (1945) starring Sabita Devi, Jagdish Sethi, Prem Adeeb, ''Amrapali'' (1959) starring [[Supriya Devi]] as Amrapali and [[Asit Baran]] as King Ajatashatru,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amrapali-33536|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235118/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amrapali-33536|url-status=live|archive-date=January 22, 2018|title=Amrapali (1959) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> and ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' (1966), starring [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Amrapali and [[Sunil Dutt]] as Emperor Ajatashatru.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* Bollywood actress [[Hema Malini]] produced, directed, and starred in a television series called ''Women of India'', which depicted the story of Amrapali. The music for the Amrapali segment of the series was composed by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] along with [[Ravindra Jain]].
* Amrapali has been the subject of various books, including ''[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] Ki Nagarvadhu,'' a 1948 [[Hindi]] novel by [[Acharya Chatursen]], and ''Ambapali'', a 1962 novel by Vimala Raina.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071101000300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630180757/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071101000300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2003-06-30 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=An artiste set to dazzle | date=2002-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6092662-vaishali-ki-nagarvadhu|title=Vaishali Ki Nagarvadhu|work=goodreads.com|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crossword.in/books/vaishali-ki-nagarvadhu-hindi-acharya-chatursen/p-books-9788170282822.html |title=Vaishali Ki Nagarvadhu (Hindi) - Crossword.in |access-date=2013-09-16 |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110350/http://www.crossword.in/books/vaishali-ki-nagarvadhu-hindi-acharya-chatursen/p-books-9788170282822.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A recent work in [[English language|English]], ''The Legend of Amrapali: An Enchanting Saga Buried Within the Sands of Time'', was completed by author [[Anurag Anand]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/books/31281015_1_amrapali-nagarvadhu-woman-warrior | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517013817/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/books/31281015_1_amrapali-nagarvadhu-woman-warrior | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-05-17 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Amrapali was more than a luscious courtesan | date=2013-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/Amarapali-an-inspiration-for-many/articleshow/11685586.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921101621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/books/31004952_1_amrapali-first-title-fiction | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-09-21 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Amarapali, an inspiration for many | date=2012-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120209/jsp/entertainment/story_15110438.jsp#.UjjRYNJi2aU | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=From humour to horror | date=2012-02-09 | access-date=2013-09-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707085507/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120209/jsp/entertainment/story_15110438.jsp#.UjjRYNJi2aU | archive-date=2014-07-07 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* A television series, [[Aamrapali (TV serial)|Amrapali]], was telecast on [[Doordarshan|DD National]] in 2002.
* Amrapali is also mentioned in the book 'Heroines' by historian writer Ira Mukhoty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600030200.htm |title=A rarity called professionalism|work=thehindubusinessline.in|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/prog/locat/y2k2/aamra.htm |title=Inside programming: On the sets of Aamrapali|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nagarvadhu]]
* [[Buddha (TV series)]]
* [[Fa-Hien]]
* [[Upagupta]]
* [[List of Amar Chitra Katha comics]]
* [[Amar Chitra Katha]]
* [[Vasavadatta]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
* {{cite book |title=Stories Of The Buddha|last=Khanna|first=Anita |year=2004 |publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7011-913-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3Uph1xLa74C&q=Amrapali&pg=PA45 |ref=Ka }}
* Vyasa & Vigneswara Malayalam Novel written by Anand
* Novel: ''Vaishali ki Nagarvadhu'' by [[Acharya Chatursen]], 1948
* Khuddaka Nikaya, part 9 (Therigatha) Canto 13
* Digha Nikaya 16 (Mahaparinibbanasutta - part 2, 16-26)
* Malalasekera: Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names (s.v.)
* The Legend of Amrapali by Anurag Anand [http://www.anuraganand.in/index.php?option=com_books&Itemid=3]
* Rev. Osho - A story on Buddha and Amrapali

==External links==
* [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambapaalii.htm Ambapālī (Ambapālikā) in Buddhist Dictionary of Pali names]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xjubrg_amrapali-1_shortfilms Amrapali DD1 serial 1st episode-2002]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Prostitution in India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrapali}}
[[Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist nuns]]
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:Ancient dancers]]
[[Category:5th-century BC women]]
[[Category:People from the Vajjika League]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Buddhist female saints]]

Nishan-i-Phul

2026-03-30T20:13:02Z

Shenna87P79423: made new entry

{{Short description|Dynastic order of Patiala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox order
|title = Nishan-i-Phul
|image =
|caption =
|awarded_by = [[File:Coat of Arms of Patiala.png|60px|alt=]] the [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
|type = [[Order (distinction)|Order]]
|established ={{circa|1911}}
|country = [[Patiala State]]
| higher =
| same =
| lower =
|ribbon =
|motto=Tera Ghar Mera Aseh|status=Dormant since 1947|founder=[[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]]|head_title =Sovereign
|head = [[Amarinder Singh]]
|head2_title =
|head2 =
|notes =
}}
'''Nishan-i-Phul''' ({{langx|ur|نشانِ پھول|4=Order of Phul}}) was an order conferred by the [[Maharaja of Patiala]].

==Description==
Like the rulers of [[Jind State|Jind]] and [[Nabha State|Nabha]], the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] also claimed descent from Phul.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296/ |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=350}}</ref> As such, they were collectively referred to as the [[Phulkian States|Phulkian states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ala Singh]], the progenitor of the [[Patiala State|Patiala]] royal family, was a grandson of Phul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldBNAAAAMAAJ |title=The Rajas of the Punjab: Being the History of the Principal States in the Punjab and Their Political Relations with the British Government |date=1870 |publisher=Punjab Printing Company |pages=1–8 |language=en}}</ref> The order takes its name from the founding father of the dynasty.

This order was instituted by [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] around 1911.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Sainty |first1=Guy Stair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiYYAQAAMAAJ |title=World Orders of Knighthood & Merit |last2=Heydel-Mankoo |first2=Rafal |date=2006 |publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |isbn=978-0-9711966-7-4 |pages=1224–1225 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPYvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> It was conferred upon male members of the [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":0" /> The Order comprises two classes: First and Second.<ref name=":0" /> It bore the following inscription in [[Gurmukhi]] script: Tera Ghar Mera Aseh ({{Translation|Your home is my refuge/abode}}).<ref name=":1" />

It was manufactured by the [[London]]-based jewellers [[Garrard & Co|Garrard & Co. Limited]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=210–212 |language=en}}</ref> Bhagwan Singh Harika was awarded it in October 1934.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231280/ |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters Thos |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1492 |title=Who's Who In India Burma Ceylon (1938) |date=1938 |publisher=The Sun Publishing House, Poona |pages=289}}</ref> Sardar Narain Singh also received the order in recognition of his loyal service and the merits of his family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=248–249}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Padshahi Phuli Manya Mandal]]
* [[Yadu Vansha Manya Mandal]]
* [[Guru Ghar Manya Mandal]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category: Awards established in 1911]]
[[Category: 1911 establishments in India]]
[[Category: Orders, decorations, and medals of former countries]]
[[Category:Patiala State]]

IIT Bombay

2026-03-25T16:06:43Z

Shenna87P79423: minor edit

{{short description|Research Institute in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
| image = Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright = .7
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = ''Jñānam paramam dhyeyam'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = ''Knowledge is the Supreme Goal''<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Facebook Page |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/iitbombay/about/?ref=page_internal |website=IIT Bombay}}</ref>
| established = {{start date and age|1958}}
| type = Technical institute
| affiliation =
| budget = {{INRConvert|896|c}} (2025–2026)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report 2022-2023 | url=https://alumni.acr.iitb.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Annual-Report_2022-2023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102026/https://alumni.acr.iitb.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Annual-Report_2022-2023.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-07}}</ref>
| chairman = [[Koppillil Radhakrishnan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Former ISRO chief K Radhakrishnan is IIT Bombay's new Board of Governors chair |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-appoints-former-isro-chief-k-radhakrishnan-as-new-bog-chairperson-2824299-2025-11-22 |work=indiatoday|date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| director = Shireesh Kedare<ref>{{cite web |title = IITB institute functionaries | url=https://www.iitb.ac.in/institute-functionaries |website=IIT Bombay}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 732 faculty members (January 2025)<ref name="IITBStatsA">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/facultystas |title=Faculty Strength Statistics: IIT Bombay |website=[[IIT Council]]}}</ref>
| students = 13,282 (2023–2024)<ref name="IITBStatsB">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in/sites/www.iitb.ac.in/files/2025-01/Pocket%20Statistics%202023_24.pdf |title=IIT Bombay In Brief |website=iitb.ac.in}}</ref>
| undergrad = 6,276 (2023–2024)<ref name="IITBStatsB" />
| postgrad = 3,319 (2023–2024)<ref name="IITBStatsB" />
| doctoral = 3,687 (2023–2024)<ref name="IITBStatsB" />
| address = Adi Shankaracharya Marg
| city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|19|08|01.09|N|72|54|55.29|E|type:edu|display=title}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|545|acre}}
| sports_nickname =
| colours = {{color box|blue}} {{color box|silver}} Prussian Blue & Silver
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Technology Bombay''' ('''IIT Bombay''' or '''IITB''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] and [[Institute of technology|technical institute]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The institute has 17 academic departments, 35 additional academic centres, and three schools.<ref name="IITBStatsB" />
Established in 1958, IIT Bombay was designated as an [[Institutions of Eminence|Institution of Eminence]] in 2018.

==History==
[[File:Nehru - rope FoundationStone IITBombay 1959.jpg|thumb|left|160px|IIT Bombay's foundation stone being laid by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1959]]
IIT Bombay, established in 1958, was the second [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] to be founded. Its establishment was supported by [[UNESCO]], with funding provided by the [[Soviet Union]]. The proposed site for the institute, allocated by the government of [[Bombay State]], was [[Powai]] in what is now [[Mumbai]], then known as Bombay. The institute's first batch, composed of 100 male students, commenced their studies in a temporary facility in [[Worli]] during their first year due to the construction of the campus in Powai. They graduated in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smart |first=Pallavi |date=5 January 2023 |title=First batch of IIT Bombay comes back to campus to reflect on the journey — and mark road ahead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/first-batch-of-iit-bombay-comes-back-to-campus-to-reflect-on-the-journey-and-mark-road-ahead-8351477/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230021118/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/first-batch-of-iit-bombay-comes-back-to-campus-to-reflect-on-the-journey-and-mark-road-ahead-8351477/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="worli">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/iit-b-s-first-batch-to-have-50-yr-reunion/story-grj8Z0DQRRskkobFuYLIpI.html |title=IIT-B's first batch to have 50-yr-reunion |date=28 December 2012 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

On 9 July 2018, [[Prakash Javadekar]], the [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Human Resources Development]], announced that IIT Bombay would be granted the status of [[Institutions of Eminence|Institution of Eminence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Priyanka |date=10 July 2018 |title=IIT-Bombay becomes 'Institute of Eminence' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-bombay-becomes-institute-of-eminence-5252696/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710003552/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-bombay-becomes-institute-of-eminence-5252696/ |archive-date=10 July 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunju S |first=Shihabudeen |date=10 July 2018 |title=Matter Of Great Pride And Reflection Of Excellence: IIT Bombay On Institute of Eminence Tag |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-bombay-on-institute-of-eminence-tag-a-matter-of-great-pride-and-reflection-of-the-excellence-1880964 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="PR6">{{cite press release |title=Government declares 6 educational 'Institutions of Eminence'; 3 Institutions from Public Sector and 3 from Private Sector shortlisted |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1538188 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] |date=9 July 2018}}</ref> The decision came into effect on 11 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutions of Eminence: Date of Notification |url=https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=ioe.ugc.ac.in |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723182512/https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Ishita |date=24 November 2018 |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Uploads/pdf/Gazette-Notification-IIT-B.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524084039/https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Uploads/pdf/Gazette-Notification-IIT-B.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg|thumb|Main Building of IIT Bombay]]
[[File:IITB main road in the morning.JPG|thumb|IIT Bombay's Main Road]]
The 545-acre IIT Bombay campus is located between [[Powai Lake|Powai lake]] and [[Vihar Lake|Vihar lake]], roughly 15 kilometres away from the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/college-details/35/indian-institute-of-technology-bombay-iit-bombay |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The institute has a total of 21 hostels, of which three hostels (Hostels 7, 10, 11, and 15) and a wing of the newly constructed hostel (Hostel 16) are for female students.

Due to its proximity to the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], the campus has enjoyed significant green cover. The proximity of the campus to the national park has also led to occasional sightings of [[leopard]]s and [[mugger crocodile]]s. On rare occasions, they have strayed into the campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title='Bro came to take his degree': Crocodile spotted wandering inside IIT-Bombay campus, video goes viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/crocodile-spotted-wandering-inside-iit-bombay-campus-video-goes-viral-9906797/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330050902/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/crocodile-spotted-wandering-inside-iit-bombay-campus-video-goes-viral-9906797/ |archive-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Crocodile spotted on IIT-Bombay Powai Campus road |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/crocodile-spotted-on-iit-bombay-powai-campus-road/article69368598.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324123626/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/crocodile-spotted-on-iit-bombay-powai-campus-road/article69368598.ece |archive-date=24 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Leopard Spotted Inside IIT-Bombay Campus: Forest Official |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/leopard-spotted-inside-iit-bomaby-campus-forest-officials-on-alert-3543965 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

[[File:IITB from Sameer Hill.jpg|thumb|View of IIT Bombay's Hostels]]

The institute has two swimming pools; [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], and [[cricket]] grounds; as well as [[lawn tennis|tennis]], [[basketball]], [[squash tennis|squash]], and [[volleyball]] courts. It also has a Students' Activity Center (SAC) for various cultural and extracurricular activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-13 |title=Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay |url=https://www.educationworld.in/indian-institute-of-technology-bombay/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=EducationWorld |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
At the institutional level, IIT Bombay is governed by a [[Board of directors|Board of Governors]]. The chairman is nominated by the [[President of India]], under the guidance of the [[IIT Council]]. The [[Director (education)|Director]], appointed by the [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]], is also a member of the Board, while the [[Registrar (education)|Registrar]] acts as its secretary. The Director, the executive head, chairs the institute's Senate, which comprises professors and nominated members. The Senate is IIT Bombay's highest academic body.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IIT Bombay Functional Organisation |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in/about-iit-bombay/iit-bombay-functional-organisation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818131934/https://www.iitb.ac.in/about-iit-bombay/iit-bombay-functional-organisation |archive-date=18 August 2016 |website=iitb.ac.in}}</ref>

The Director and two Deputy Directors are the principal figures responsible for executing the institute's activities. They are supported by seven [[Dean (education)|Deans]] as well as the heads of departments, centres, and schools.<ref name=":1" />

===Academic Office===
The Academic Office of the institute exists to facilitate, initiate and co-ordinate the academic work of the institute, particularly the teaching and assessment of students. It acts as a repository of grades and academic records of all students, both former and current. It provides administrative support to the Senate.

===Departments, centres, and schools===
[[File:IITB Large hall in lecture hall complex.JPG|right|thumb|Lecture hall complex]]
IIT Bombay has 17 departments, 35 additional academic centres, and three schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divisions |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in/divisions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504121856/https://www.iitb.ac.in/divisions |archive-date=4 May 2025 |website= |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref>

====Academic departments====
* [[Aerospace Engineering]]
* [[Bioengineering|Biosciences and Bioengineering]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer science|Computer Science & Engineering]]
* [[Earth Sciences]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Energy Engineering|Energy Science and Engineering]]
* [[Environmental Engineering|Environmental Science and Engineering]] (ESED)
* [[Humanities]] & [[Social Science]]
* [[Industrial Engineering]] & [[Operations Research]] (IEOR)
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Mechanical engineering]]
* [[Metallurgical Engineering]] & [[Materials Science]]
* [[Physics]]

====Academic centres====
* Application Software Centre (ASC)
* Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies (ADCPS)
* Biomedical Engineering and Technology Incubation Centre (BETiC)
* Computer Centre (CC)
* Centre for Climate Studies
* Centre for Defence Technology Innovations and Strategies (CDTIS)
* Centre for Distance Engineering and Education Programme (CDEEP)
* Centre for Educational Technology
* Centre for Liberal Education (CLE)
* Centre for Machine Intelligence and Data Science (C-MinDS)
* Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS)
* Centre for Semiconductor Technologies (SemiX)
* Centre for Systems and Control Engineering
* Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)
* Centre for Traditional Indian Knowledge and Skills (CTIKS)
* Centre of Excellence in Oil, Gas and Energy (CoE-OGE)
* Centre of Excellence in Quantum Information, Computing, Science and Technology (CoE-QuICST)
* Centre of Excellence in Steel Technology (CoEST)
* Centre of Excellence on Membrane Technologies for Desalination, Brine Management, and Water Recycling
* Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE)
* DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE)
* Geospatial Information Science and Engineering
* [[IITB-Monash Research Academy]]
* Koita Centre for Digital Health (KCDH)
* National Centre for Mathematics (NCM)
* National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education (NCPRE)
* National Centre of Excellence in Carbon Capture and Utilization (NCoE-CCU)
* National Centre of Excellence in Technology for Internal Security (NCETIS)
* Parimal and Pramod Chaudhari Centre for Learning and Teaching (PPCCLT)
* Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF)
* Sunita Sanghi Centre of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases (SCAN)
* Tata Centre for Technology and Design (TCTD)
* Technocraft Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence (TCAAI)
* Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering (WRCB)
* Water Innovation Centre: Technology, Research and Education (WICTRE)

====Schools====
* Desai Sethi School of Entrepreneurship (DSSE)
* [[IDC School of Design]]
* [[Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management]] (SJMSoM)

==Academics==
===Programmes===
IIT Bombay is chiefly recognised for its extremely competitive [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) programme. It also offers [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc) and [[Bachelor of Design]] (B.Design) programmes at the [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate level]]. At the postgraduate level, it offers a wide range of programmes, such as [[Master of Technology]] (MTech), [[Master of Research|Master of Science by Research]] (MS by Research), [[Master of Science]] (MSc), [[Master of Design]] (M.Design), [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA). The institute also offers [[Doctorate|doctoral]] (PhD) programmes and [[dual degree]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anupama |date=14 April 2025 |title=IIT Bombay Admission 2025: Dates, Fees, Eligibility, and Selection Criteria |url=https://education.indianexpress.com/university/iit-bombay-indian-institute-of-technology-iitb-admissions |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Programmes |url=https://acad.iitb.ac.in/admissions/masters |website=acad.iitb.ac.in}}</ref> Additionally, the institute further offers short-term courses through continuing education and [[distance education]] programmes.<ref name="system">{{cite web |title=The Institute grow at first hand. |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/history_book/News%20Item.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201193243/http://www.iitb.ac.in/history_book/News%20Item.html |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=3 October 2012 |publisher=IIT Bombay |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university is a member of Links to Asia by Organising Traineeship and Student Exchange (LAOTSE), an international network of leading universities in Europe and Asia exchanging students and senior scholars.

Every year, IIT Bombay awards degrees to more than a thousand students. The undergraduate students at IIT Bombay are selected through the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE). The graduate students are selected through [[Joint Admission Test for Masters]] (JAM) and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE). The institute currently holds more than 13,000 students and employs over 700 faculty members.

In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first United States-India joint [[Executive Master of Business Administration]] (EMBA) programme alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins|last=Source|first={{!}} The|date=2015-04-23|website=Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-23|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2015 and January 2016, the ''National Virtual Academy for Indian Agriculture'' launched a free online agriculture course in collaboration with [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] and IIT Bombay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Syed |date=19 November 2015 |title=ICRISAT, IIT Bombay launches free online agriculture course |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ICRISAT-IIT-Bombay-launches-free-online-agriculture-course/articleshow/49846798.cms |access-date=27 November 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Research===
Faculty members at IIT Bombay engage in industry-sponsored research and consultancy projects facilitated through the institute. These initiatives receive funding from a [[List of central agencies in India|various national agencies]], such as the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Department of Space]], [[Department of Atomic Energy]], among others. Several projects are of national significance, while some are supported by international funding bodies. On average, around 400 sponsored projects are active in a given year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/academic/rsrchprgm.html |title=iitb.ac.in | IIT Bombay |publisher=iitb.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720015120/http://www.iitb.ac.in/academic/rsrchprgm.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college

| QS_W_2025 = 129
| QS_A_2023 = 48
| U.S News & World Report = 635

| NIRF_O_2024 = 3
| NIRF_R_2024 = 4
| NIRF_E_2024 = 3
| NIRF_B_2024 = 10
| QS_INDIA_2024 = 1

| OUTLOOK_E_G_2022 = 3
| IT_E_2022 = 2

}}
Internationally, IIT Bombay was ranked 129 in the [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Ranking 2025 - India - Results |url=https://www.universityrankings.ch/results/QS/2025?ranking=QS&year=2025&region=&q=India |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=universityrankings.ch |language=en}}</ref> and 36th in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

Nationally, IIT Bombay was ranked 3rd overall,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Overall |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> 4th among research institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Research Institutions |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ResearchRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> 3rd among engineering colleges,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> and 10th among management schools,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Management |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ManagementRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024. ''[[Outlook India]]'' ranked IIT Bombay 3rd among government engineering colleges in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2023: Top 25 Government Engineering Institutes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/outlook-icare-rankings-2023-top-25-government-engineering-institutes-magazine-299108 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> IIT Bombay was ranked 1st in the [[QS World University Rankings|QS India Rankings]] of 2025 and 118th in the [[QS World University Rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=IIT Bombay, Delhi listed under top 150 in QS World University Ranking 2025; MIT remains best varsity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/study-abroad/iit-bombay-delhi-maintain-top-spots-in-qs-world-university-ranking-2025-mit-remains-best-varsity-9367389/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> IIT Bombay was ranked 2nd by [[India Today]], for engineering colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Top Engineering Colleges in India 2024, Courses, Fees, Admission - India Today |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/engineering |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Student activities==
IIT Bombay's ''Gymkhana'' serves as the overarching body for all student councils and institutional committees responsible for coordinating student activities and organising events and festivals throughout the year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gymkhana, IITB |url=https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=gymkhana.iitb.ac.in}}</ref> The institute hosts several notable student festivals, such as [[Mood Indigo (festival)|Mood Indigo]] and [[Techfest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-bombay-to-host-four-day-mood-indigo-festival/article66285679.ece |title=IIT-Bombay to host four-day Mood Indigo festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220174306/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-bombay-to-host-four-day-mood-indigo-festival/article66285679.ece |date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aisa's largest science and tech festival|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/robotics-virtual-betting-at-iit-techfest/article8032036.ece|website=The Hindu|date=27 December 2015|access-date=19 April 2016|last1=Saigal|first1=Sonam Rakesh}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of IIT Bombay people}}
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Notable Alumni of IIT Bombay people">
File:Parag Agrawal in 2005.jpg|[[Parag Agrawal]] - Former CEO of [[Twitter]]
File:Manoj Bhargava.jpg|[[Manoj Bhargava]] - Founder of Innovations Ventures LLC that produces the [[5-hour Energy]] drink
File:The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg|[[Manohar Parrikar]] - Eighth Chief Minister of Goa and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
File:Nandan M. Nilekani.jpg|[[Nandan Nilekani]] - Co-founder of [[Infosys]]
File:K. Sivan.jpg|[[K. Sivan]] - Former chair of the [[ISRO]]
</gallery>
* [[Bhavish Aggarwal]] (co-founder of Ola Cabs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/from-iit-bombay-to-iisc-ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-to-begin-hiring-the-best-and-brightest-455582-2024-11-29|title=From IIT Bombay to IISc: Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal to begin hiring the 'best and brightest'|date=29 November 2024|website=Business Today}}</ref>
* [[Jairam Ramesh]] (member of the [[Rajya Sabha]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/rs/members?party=Indian+National+Congress&partyCode=INC|title=Digital Sansad|first=National Informatics|last=Centre|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
* [[K. Sivan]] (former chairman of ISRO)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2025 |title=Ex-ISRO chief Dr K Sivan is now chairman of IIT Indore's board of governors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/education/news/ex-isro-chief-dr-k-sivan-is-now-chairman-of-iit-indore-s-board-of-governors-123083101028_1.html%5B%5D |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
* [[Nandan Nilekani]] (non - executive chairman, [[Infosys]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/iit-bombay-vs-iit-madras-infosys-co-founder-nandan-nilekani-call-his-choice-small-act-of-rebellion/articleshow/115867556.cms|title=IIT Bombay vs IIT Madras: Infosys co-founder Nandan Nilekani call his choice "small act of rebellion"|work=The Times of India |date=1 December 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Nitesh Tiwari]] (film director, screenwriter, lyricist)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-on-chhichhore-life-at-iitb-and-how-he-discovered-the-joy-of-writing/articleshow/70830912.cms|title=Nitesh Tiwari on Chhichhore, life at IITB and how he discovered the joy of writing|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
* [[Satyendra Pakhale]] (designer, architect, artist)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acr.iitbombay.org/awards/mr-satyendra-pakhale-3/title=Satyendra Pakhale, M.Des.IDC School of Design, IITB, 1991|website=List of Awardees}}</ref>
* [[Parag Agrawal]] (former CEO of [[Twitter]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/bright-student-well-organized-how-teachers-remember-iit-bombay-alumnus-twitter-ceo-parag-agarwal-4503176.html|title=Bright Student, Well Organized: How Teachers Remember IIT Bombay Alumnus, Twitter CEO Parag Agarwal|website=News18}}</ref>
* [[Raghu Raghuram]] (CEO, VMware)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-rangarajan-raghu-raghuram-iit-ceo-rs-551848-crore-vmware-member-elite-club-sundar-pichai-satya-nadella-3051964|title=Meet IITian CEO of Rs 5,51,800 crore US giant, lesser-known member of elite club with Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella|first=DNA Web|last=Team|website=DNA India}}</ref>
* [[Manohar Parrikar]] (former Union Minister Of Defense and Ex CM, Goa)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manohar-parrikar-iit-bombay-alumni-goa-chief-minister-332380-2016-07-31|title=When a frantic IIT-B could not trace Parrikar's records!|date=31 July 2016|website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Vipul Goyal]] (stand up comedian)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/one-for-the-laughs/article6144973.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment|title=One for the laughs|work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Colin Gonsalves]] (Senior Advocate of the [[Supreme Court of India]])<ref>{{Cite news |title=Democracy Dies in Darkness |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/10/24/indias-pioneer-of-public-interest-law/9df39cf4-a118-4d7a-b51b-0c06f84f8d14/%5B%5D}}</ref>
* [[Viral Acharya|Viral V Acharya]] (Former Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/viral-acharya-rbi-deputy-governor-appointment-4448456/|title=Viral Acharya appointed as deputy governor of RBI|date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Dhirendra Nath Buragohain]], founder director of [[IIT Guwahati]]
* [[Raj Subramaniam]] (CEO, FedEx)

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[National Institutes of Technology]]
* [[National Testing Agency]]
* [[Joint Seat Allocation Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|www.iitb.ac.in}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Asian Universities Alliance}}
{{BRICS Universities League}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay}}
[[Category:IIT Bombay| ]]
[[Category:Institutes of Eminence]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Bombay]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]

Kite Victers

2026-03-24T15:19:49Z

Shenna87P79423: put up the data more to come

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language educational entertainment television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Kite Victers
| logo = Victers TV Logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2005
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| network =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2005|07|28|df=yes}}
| owner = [[Department of General Education]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = [[India]]
| timeshift_service = Kite Victers Plus
| website = {{URL|https://victers.kite.kerala.gov.in}}
}}
'''Kite Victers''' is an Indian state-owned free-to-air children's [[Educational entertainment]] television channel owned and operated by [[KITE Kerala]] under the [[Department of General Education]] and is wholly owned by the [[Government of Kerala]]. The channel is headquartered in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].

Kite Victers is an acronym for "Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education - Versatile Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Enabled Resource for Students". Along with [[Sun TV Network]]'s [[Surya TV|Kochu TV]], it is one of the two children's television channels in [[Malayalam]] (excluding Malayalam audio feeds in pan-India channels). The channel is broadcast on the state-operated [[GSAT-18]] communications satellite.

==Kite Victers Plus==
[[File:VICTERSPLUS - 2023-01-28T115110.460.png|200px|centre]]

'''Kite Victers Plus''' is the Second channel owned by [[KITE Kerala]]. It was launched in September 2021.
As part of the First Bell, Digital Classes for Pre- Primary to 12th Standard are being aired through Kite Victers channel. Despite being telecast 24/7 even with the repeats, the demand for more air-time for classes was felt significantly. It was in this context, it was decided to explore the possibility of a Second channel of Kite Victers using the existing bandwidth.

==Establishment==
[[KITE Kerala|Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education]] is the nodal agency for implementing the EDUSAT network and runs KITE VICTERS, the exclusive channel for education which is aired from 6 am to 11 pm. India's epoch making first broadband network on EDUSAT for schools, KITE VICTERS inaugurated by A P J Abdul Kalam, the president of India, on 28 July 2005 in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers|title=KITE}}</ref>

The telecast of programs started in August 2006 through the assistance of [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] network. The channel is telecasted for 17 hours a day from 6 am to 11 pm. KITE VICTERS offers interactive virtual classrooms that enable the school students as well as the teachers to directly communicate with the subject experts and educationists. It also ensures the dissemination of high-quality education to the students and teachers from the original source.

==Programming and shows==
* [[First Bell]]
* Shastra vicharam
* Keralam Mannum Manushyanum
* Jeevante thudippu
* Kaliyum karyvum
* Kerala yathra
* Paithrukam
* Vijnanadhaara
*Padanakauthukam, Shastrakauthukam educational programmes
*Examination oriented programme for SSLC and Plus 2 level<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2017/05/05/sslc-results-declared.html|title=എസ്.എസ്.എല്‍.സി ഫലം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; 95.98 ശതമാനം വിജയം|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>
*Beyond the text
*Deutsche Welle Time
*Drishya paadam
*Global Three Thousand
*Haritha Vidhyalayam
*IT for All
*Innalekalile Innu
*Kadhaparayum Neram
*Kerala Sree
*Magic fingers
*Mozhimuthukal
*Naadavismayam
*Ormayile Malayalam
*Pusthakangalkkoppam
*Shasthramuthukal
*Tomorrow Today
*Vazhikaatti

==See also==
{{portal|India|TV|Lists}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language television channels]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Television stations in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Kerala]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Municipal corporation

2026-03-24T13:45:19Z

Shenna87P79423: basic rework formatting for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Legal term for a local governing body}}
'''Municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city|cities]], [[county|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> The term can also be used to describe [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal|last1 = Voorn| first1 = Bart|first2= Marieke L.|last2=Van Genugten|first3=Sandra| last3 = van Thiel|year=2017|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=43|issue=5|pages=820–841|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360|hdl=2066/176125|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal|last1=Tavares|first1=Antonio F.|first2=Pedro J.|last2=Camoes|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=33|issue=4|pages=535–553|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544|year=2007|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal|last1=Grossi|first1=G.|last2=Reichard|first2=C.|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy|journal=Public Management Review|volume=10|issue=5|pages=597–617|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275|year=2008|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>

==Municipal corporation as local self-government==

Municipal incorporation occurs when such [[municipality|municipalities]] become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a [[municipal charter]]. A '''city charter''' or '''town charter''' or '''municipal charter''' is a [[legal document]] establishing a municipality, such as a [[city]] or [[town]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

===Bangladesh===
{{main article|List of city corporations in Bangladesh}}
{{main article|List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh}}
There are 12 city corporations in [[Bangladesh]]. Two of them are located in the capital [[Dhaka]] and the remaining 10 are located in the most populous [[cities]] of the eight divisions.{{Clarify|date=January 2025}} They carry out major works in the cities and perform socio-economic and civic functions. In addition, there are 330 municipalities in the eight [[Administrative division|divisions]] of [[Bangladesh]]. A city corporation is a much stronger and larger [[Local governing body]] than a municipal corporation. This is because a city corporation consists of a [[Metropolitan municipality|metropolitan city]] of a [[district]] and a municipal corporation consists of a [[municipal]] area in a [[Upazila|sub-district]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/making-city-corporation-effective-1649869161#google_vignette | title=Making City Corporation effective }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/603y478vyh | title=Facilities of city corporations' councilors being increased by manifold | date=12 February 2023 }}</ref>

===Canada===

{{main article|Municipal government in Canada}}
In Canada, charters are granted by [[provinces and territories of Canada|provincial authorities]].

===India===

{{Main|Municipal corporation (India)}}
[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]

Municipal corporations are the local bodies responsible for governing large urban areas in India. Their establishment is mandated by the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ConsAct74.pdf |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |year=1992}}</ref> and each municipal corporation is established through and governed by municipal acts passed by [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act? |url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Nagrika |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest municipal corporation in India.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-28|title=The first corporation |date=2003-04-02|access-date=14 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

===Ireland===

The title "corporation" was used in [[borough]]s from soon after the [[Norman conquest of Ireland|Norman conquest]] until the [[Local Government Act 2001]]. Under the 2001 act, [[county borough]]s were renamed "cities" and their corporations became "city councils"; other borough corporations were renamed "borough councils".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|title=Local Government Act, 2001|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014|page=§11(3), §11(4), Schedule 2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040438/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of Ireland]], the corporations in the [[Irish Free State]] were Dublin, [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Limerick]] and [[Waterford]] (county boroughs) and [[Drogheda]], [[Kilkenny]], [[Sligo]], [[Clonmel]], and Wexford (non-county boroughs). [[Dún Laoghaire]] gained borough status in 1930 as "The Corporation of Dun Laoghaire".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1930/en/act/pub/0027/sec0003.html#sec3|title=Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1930, Section 3|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> [[Galway]]'s borough status, lost in 1840, was restored in 1937; it was formally styled "the Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Galway",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0003.html |title=Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 3 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> but referred to as "the Corporation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0002.html |title=Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 2 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

===New Zealand===

The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new [[provinces of New Zealand]]. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the provinces in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection|title=New Zealand Constitution Act 1852|access-date=2 April 2019|date=30 June 1852|ref={{sfnref|Constitution Act|1852}}}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

{{main article|Municipal Corporation (Pakistan)}}
Municipal corporations are local government bodies responsible for running the city system of [[Pakistan]]. They have been established under their respective [[Local government in Pakistan|Local Government Acts]] of the provinces.
Article 140-A of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], introduced by the
18th Amendment in 2010, mandates that each province must establish a local government system by law and devolve political, administrative, and financial power to elected local representatives.

===United Kingdom===

{{main|Borough status in the United Kingdom}}
The [[ancient borough]]s of [[England and Wales]] were typically incorporated by a [[royal charter]], though some were boroughs by [[Customary law|prescription]]. The [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] and [[Municipal Corporations Act 1882]] abolished the corporations of [[rotten borough]]s and other small rural areas. The [[Local Government Act 1888]] aligned the powers of the remaining borough corporations with those of the new [[Urban district (England and Wales)|urban district council]]s. All borough corporations were replaced under the [[Local Government Act 1972]] with councils not designated as "corporations", with the exception of the [[City of London Corporation]].

The corporations of the [[burgh]]s of Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]]. The Irish borough corporations within what is now [[Northern Ireland]] were reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840]] and [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]] and replaced by the [[Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972]].

===United States===

{{main|Local government in the United States}}

Most [[U.S. state]]s and territories have at least two tiers of local government: [[County (United States)|counties]] and [[Municipality|municipalities]]. [[Louisiana]] uses the term [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parish]], [[Alaska]] uses the term [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|borough]], and [[Connecticut]] uses the term [[Councils of governments in Connecticut|planning region]] for what the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] terms [[county equivalent]]s in those states. [[Civil township]]s or towns are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.

Population centers may be organized into incorporated municipalities of several types, including the [[city]], [[town]], [[Borough (United States)|borough]], and [[Village (United States)|village]]. The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also create [[Special district (United States)|special-purpose]] local governments. Depending on the state, local governments may operate under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered local governments have more local autonomy and home rule. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as [[Consolidated city-county|consolidated city-counties]]. In [[Virginia]], cities are completely [[Independent city (United States)|independent]] from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New England, [[New England town|towns]] form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level.

In addition to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose authorities, such as [[school district]]s and districts for fire protection, [[sanitary sewer]] service, [[public transport]]ation, [[Public library|public libraries]], public parks or forests, water resource management, and [[conservation district]]s. Such special purpose districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties. According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were 89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007.{{update inline|date=July 2025}}

Each of the five permanently inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] is also subdivided into smaller entities. Puerto Rico has [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] has four municipalities. [[Guam]] has [[List of populated places in Guam#List of villages|villages]], the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] has [[Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands|districts]], and [[American Samoa]] has [[Administrative divisions of American Samoa|districts and unorganized atolls]].

Each [[Indian Reservation]] is subdivided in various ways. For example, the [[Navajo Nation]] is subdivided into agencies and [[Chapter house (Navajo Nation)|chapter houses]], while the [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation|Blackfeet Nation]] is subdivided into [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation|communities]].

==Municipal corporations as enterprises==

According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<ref name=Voornetal /> Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<ref name=TavaresCamoes /> although this is not always the case.<ref name=Voornetal /> Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes{{clarify|date=February 2022}} in the institutional landscape of public services.<ref name=GrossiReichard /> They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, having been observed as generally more successful in providing most public goods and services, despite seeming to have higher failure rates initially, hypothetically because of their legal and managerial status.<ref name=Voornetal />

==See also==
* [[German town law]]
* [[Unincorporated area]]
* [[Municipality]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Cities}}'''''

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

===Municipal incorporation===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020110606/https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/pdfs/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf "Characteristics and State Requirements for Incorporated Places"] - United States Census

===Municipal disincorporation/dissolution===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181117014943/http://www.californiacityfinance.com/DisincorporationKnox2010.pdf "Municipal Disincorporation in California"] - California City Finance

{{Cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government corporations]]
[[Category:Municipalities]]
[[Category:Types of business entity]]
[[Category:Urban planning]]

Sivakasi Municipal Corporation

2026-03-23T20:34:31Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating basic data basic info

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2021}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Sivakasi]]
| leader1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/
| motto =
|last_election1=}}

'''Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing city of [[Sivakasi]] in [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Sivakasi Municipal Corporation in Virudhunagar district was formed in year 2021 and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="si ref1">{{cite news |last1=Sundar |first1=S. |title=Sivakasi will be upgraded as municipal corporation: CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sivakasi-will-be-upgraded-as-municipal-corporation-cm/article19907285.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 October 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="si ref4">{{cite news |title=Ordinances promulgated for upgrading four TN municipalities to corporations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/22/ordinances-promulgated-for-upgrading-four-tn-municipalities-to-corporations-2374271.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The place is known majorly for manufacturing fire crackers.

Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.<ref name="si ref6">{{cite news |last1=Sundar |first1=S. |title=Labour-oriented industries in Kutti Japan face challenges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/labour-oriented-industries-in-kutti-japan-face-challenges/article34152599.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=24 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="si ref7">{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=M. K. |title=Sivakasi sleepless as states ban firecrackers this Diwali {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sivakasi-sleepless-as-states-ban-firecrackers-this-diwali/articleshow/79073413.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Currently the Municipal Commissioner is .

== Factors driving Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation ==

Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:<ref name="si ref2">{{cite news |title=Steps to declare Sivakasi as a corpn initiated, says Edappadi {{!}} Madurai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/steps-to-declare-sivakasi-as-a-corpn-initiated-says-edappadi/articleshow/74431608.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="si ref8">{{cite news |title=Singara Chennai 2.0: Rs 500 crore to be allocated for infrastructure upgrade in 42 local bodies |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/08/24150903/1313855/Singara-Chennai-20-Rs-500-crore-to-be-allocated-for-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204100726/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/08/24150903/1313855/Singara-Chennai-20-Rs-500-crore-to-be-allocated-for-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=dtNext.in |date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Population Growth.
* Increase in annual Income.
* Improvement of Roads.
* Providing drinking water.
* Improving landscape.
* Improving employment opportunities.<ref name="av ref11">{{cite news |title=TN govt set to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-govt-urban-employment-scheme-7572428/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Improving relations between police and public.
* Waste Management.
* Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
* Establishing industrial units.
* Providing sewage connection.

== Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation local body polls ==

Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation will get a mayor and municipal council through local body polls.<ref name="si ref4"/><ref name="si ref5">{{cite news |title=Ahead of polls to urban local bodies, TN to have six more corporations, 28 new municipalities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/24/ahead-of-polls-to-urban-local-bodies-tn-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-new-municipalities-2349214.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://virudhunagar.nic.in/directory/commissioner-sivakasi-municipality/ official website]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]

Mazhavilkavadi

2026-03-19T07:03:34Z

Shenna87P79423: quick cleaned up formatting after review further and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mazhavilkavadi
| image = Mazhavilkavadi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = Siyad Koker
| writer = [[Raghunath Paleri]]
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Sreeja]] [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Mamukkoya]] [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Philomina]] [[Sankaradi]] [[Krishnankutty Nair (actor)|Krishnankutty Nair]] [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = [[Kokers Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mazhavilkavadi''''' ({{Translation|Rainbow [[Kavadi Aattam|Burden]]}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language comedy drama film directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Raghunath Paleri]]. It stars [[Jayaram]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Krishnankutty Nair]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] in the lead roles. This is one of the very few films where Innocent plays a negative role. It won four [[Kerala State Film Awards]] that year, the awards for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Urvashi), [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Innocent), [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Johnson), and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer]] ([[K. S. Chithra]]).

The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]'' with [[Pandiarajan]].

==Plot==
Velayudhankutty is in love with his cousin, Amminikutty, but her father, Kalarickel Kizhamkamthudiyil Shankarankutty Menon, opposes their union. Shankarankutty Menon has a compulsive obsession to [[assault]] those who do not obey him. To make money, Velayudhankutty goes to [[Palani]]. He tries to find a man named Kunjikhader who claims to be the supervisor of a leather factory for help after being told by his father, Nanukuttan. After searching for a few days at [[Palani]] with the help of a horse-cart driver Murukan, he finds that Kunjikhader is a pickpocket currently in prison. He claims to be the supervisor of a leather factory because he has many stolen leather purses. Kunjikadher comes out of jail by fooling the police, claiming to be going to [[Madurai]]. Velayudhankutty steals a bag from a Tamil barber and starts his own business as a barber. The barber's daughter falls in love with him. Meanwhile, Kunjikhader causes chaos in Velayudhankutty's village by picking pockets. Kunjikhader and his associates kidnap Amminikutty to take her to [[Palani]], but none of them know how to drive a car, and they end up with the police. Velayudhankutty lies to Amminikutty about being employed in the leather factory claimed by Kunjikhader. When Shankarankutty Menon refuses their marriage again, Amminikutty attempts suicide but is saved. Later, Shankarankutty Menon's family arrives in [[Palani]] and finds out the truth. In the end, Velayudhankutty marries Amminikutty.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jayaram]] as Panadaravalappil Velayudhankutty
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Amminikutty
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Anandavalli
* [[Krishnan Kutty Nair (actor)|Krishnan Kutty Nair]] as Kaleeswaran Kavalayil Kali Muthu
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Bhairavi
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kalarickel Kizhakamthudiyil Shankarankutty Menon
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Nangeli
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Nanukuttan
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Velayudhankutty's mother
* [[Sreeja]] as Vilasini
* [[Philomina]] as Velayudhankutty's grandmother
* [[Mammukkoya]] as Kunjikhader
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Murukan
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Vasu
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Kunjappu
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Ubaid
* [[Sankaradi]] as Kuriya Varkey
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film had musical score composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Mainakaponmudiyil
| length1 = 3:58
| extra1 = [[G. Venugopal]], [[Choir]]
| title2 = Pallitherundo
| length2 = 4:29
| extra2 = G. Venugopal, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title3 = Thankathoni
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

==Awards==
; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm "Kerala State Film Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |date=19 November 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer]] - [[K. S. Chithra]]

==Box office==
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-jayaram-mamta-in-kadha-thudarunnu/20100330.htm|title=Jayaram, Mamta in Kadha Thudarunnu|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 March 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0308563}}
* [http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4284 ''Mazhavilkavadi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222645/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4284 |date=21 July 2011 }} at the Malayalam Movie Database
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080659/http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=1032-Mazhavil%20Kavadi '' Mazhavilkavadi''] at Metromatinee.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180432/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/5753/mazhavil-kavadi.html ''Mazhavilkavadi''] at [[Oneindia.in]]
{{Sathyan Anthikad}}

[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1989 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]

Caturvyūha

2026-03-17T00:23:45Z

Shenna87P79423: small add citations for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Four emanations of Narayana in Hinduism}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=''Caturvyūha'' The "Four emanations"
| image1 = Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum.jpg
| caption1 = The ''Caturvyūha'', showing the four emanation of [[Nārāyaṇa]],<ref name="DS209"/> or later [[Vishnu]].<ref name="CV">{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |pages=132–136, for the photograph p.138 |jstor=29756891 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> 2nd century CE, [[Art of Mathura]], [[Mathura Museum]]. '''Front''': [[Vāsudeva]] (center) and his kinsmen emanating from him. [[Vāsudeva]] is four-armed, and is fittingly in the center with his decorated heavy mace on the side and holding a conch, his elder brother [[Balarama]] to his right under a serpent hood, his son [[Pradyumna]] to his left (lost), and his grandson [[Aniruddha]] on top.<ref name="CV"/>
| image2=Vishnu image rear view, background, Mathura Museum.jpg
| caption2 = '''Back''': [[Kadamba tree]] and branches showing their relationship. The back of the statue shows the trunk of a tree with branches, thus highlighting the genealogical relationship between the divinities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |page=136 [26] |jstor=29756891 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>
| footer=
| footer_align = center
}}

'''''Caturvyūha''''' or '''''Chatur-vyūha''''' ({{Langx|sa|चतुर्व्यूह|lit=four emanations|translit=Caturvyūha}}), is an ancient Indian religious concept initially referring to the four earthly emanations ([[vyūha]]s) of the Supreme deity [[Nārāyaṇa]],<ref name="DS209"/> and later [[Viṣṇu]].<ref name="US439">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |page=439 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439 |language=en}}</ref> The first of these emanations identified with the hero-god [[Vāsudeva]], with the other emanations being his kinsmen presented as extensions of Vāsudeva himself.<ref name="DS209"/> From around the 1st century CE, the Vyuha doctrine (''Vyūhavāda'') developed out of the earlier ''Vīravāda'' cult of the [[Vrishni heroes]], in which the five heroes [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Pradyumna]], [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] and [[Aniruddha]] had remained mostly human in character.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=A222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA222 |language=en}}</ref> Still later, around the 4th century CE, it evolved into the ''Avatāravāda'' system of incarnations of [[Vishnu]], in which Vishnu was the primordial being and the Vrishni heroes had become his avatars.<ref name="JS73">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |pages=73–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR73 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="US439"/>

==Concept and evolution==
The four earthly emanations, or ''"[[Vyuha]]s"'', are identified as [[Samkarshana]] ([[Balarama]]-Samkarshana, son of [[Vasudeva]] by [[Devaki]]),<ref name="US437">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jgw127">{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-06498-2|pages=127–131}}</ref> [[Vāsudeva]] [[Krishna]] (son of [[Vasudeva]] by [[Devaki]]),<ref name="US437"/><ref name="jgw127"/> [[Pradyumna]] (son of Vasudeva Krishna by [[Rukmini]]),<ref name="US437" /> and [[Aniruddha]] (son of Pradyumna).<ref name="US436">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–440 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA436 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Joanna Gottfried |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref> They are probably similar the legendary [[Vrishni heroes]] of the [[Mathura]] region, minus [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] (son of Vasudeva by [[Jambavati]]).<ref name="US437"/>

Originally, several of these earthly deities, particularly [[Vāsudeva]], seem to have formed one of several major independent cults, together with the cults of [[Narayana]], [[Shri]], and [[Lakshmi]], before they later coalesced to form [[Vishnuism]].<ref name="US"/> The actual cult of [[Vishnu]] only developed after these initial cults were established.<ref name="US">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=436 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA436 |language=en}}</ref>

The heroes would then have evolved into Vaishnavite deities through a step-by-step process: 1) deification of the Vrishni heroes 2) association with the God [[Narayana]]-[[Vishnu]] 3) incorporation into the [[Vyuha]] concept of successive emanations of the God.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=50 |jstor=20111096 }}</ref> Epigraphically, the deified status of Vāsudeva in particular is confirmed by his appearance on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] (190-180 BCE) and by the devotional character of the [[Heliodorus pillar]] inscription (circa 110 BCE).<ref name="DS51"/> Later, the association with [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]) is suggested by the [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions]] of the 1st century BCE.<ref name="DS51">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=51 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref>

==Kushan Caturvyuha (2nd century BCE)==
By the 2nd century CE, the "''avatara'' concept was in its infancy", and the depiction of Vishnu with his four emanations (the ''Chatur-vyūha''), consisting in the Vrishni heroes minus Samba, starts to become visible in art at the end of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period.<ref name="US439"/> Starting with the [[art of Mathura]], Vāsudeva (avatar of [[Vishnu]]) fittingly appears in the center of the sculptural compositions, with his decorated heavy mace on the side and a conch shell in the hand, his elder brother [[Balarama]] to his right under a serpent hood and holding a drinking cup, his son [[Pradyumna]] to his left, and his grandson [[Aniruddha]] on top.<ref name="CV"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Caturvyuha, Vasudeva with ornate crown and flower necklace, making the Abhaya Mudra.jpg|Vasudeva with ornate crown and flower necklace, making the [[Mudra|Abhaya Mudra]]
File:Caturvyuha, Balarama under his snake hood holding a cup.jpg|[[Samkarsana]]-[[Balarama]] under his snake hood holding a cup
File:Caturvyuha, vasudeva's mace held by one of his supplementary hands.jpg|Vasudeva's mace held by one of his supplementary hands
</gallery>

==Possible Bhita Caturvyuha (2nd century BCE)==
[[File:Bhita Caturvyuha Lucknow Museum.jpg|thumb|The Bhita statue in the [[Lucknow Museum]], with four characters standing around a central axis, has also been proposed as a ''Caturvyuha'',.<ref name="DS39">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=39–54 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> Vasudeva is standing at the front, and the seated lion, symbol of [[Samkarsana]], is visible on the left.]]
An ancient statue from [[Bhita]] near [[Allahabad]] ({{coord|25.308|81.794|display=inline}}), with four figures facing in four directions, now in the [[Lucknow Museum]], has been proposed to represent the ''Caturvyuha'' concept,<ref name="DS39"/> although interpretations vary.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harle |first1=James C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |page=490, note 34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA490 |language=en}}</ref> It is dated to the 2nd century BCE on stylistic grounds, being quite similar in style to the monumental [[Yaksha]] statues.<ref name="DS39"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=N. P. |title=Some Unnoticed Finds of Iconographic Interest |journal=East and West |date=1972 |volume=22 |issue=1/2 |pages=41–49 |jstor=29755743 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

The main figure is bigger than the others, wears a crown and earrings, as well as an ornate necklace and bracelets, and raises his hand in "[[mudra|abahaya mudra]]", a symbol of deification, and holds jar in the left hand.<ref name="DS39"/> The figure would be [[Vāsudeva]].<ref name="DS39"/><ref name="DS209">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |pages=209–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> To the proper right side of the crowned figure appears an unidentifiable face, and below it a seated lion.<ref name="DS39"/> This part could identified with [[Samkarsana]], combining anthropomorphic and [[theriomorphic]] characteristics, and later associated with [[Narasimha]].<ref name="DS39"/> On the proper left side of the crowned figure also appears an unidentifiable face, and below it a boar on a pedestal, standing on its hind legs, with the front legs joint in the ''[[namaskara|namaskāra]]'' gesture of prayer and devotion.<ref name="DS39"/> This could be [[Aniruddha]], later identified with [[Varaha]].<ref name="DS39"/> The figure on the reverse is devoid of ornamentation, the hair is parted in the middle and falls loosely, but both arms are broken, making it impossible to identify their attributes.<ref name="DS39"/> This could be [[Pradyumna]], later associated with [[Rudra]] and the fierce-looking Kāpila.<ref name="DS39"/>

This sculpture of the Caturvyuha shows the Vrishni heroes, but already associates them with their animal form.<ref name="DS39"/> This seems to prefigure the [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti|Vishnu Chaturmurti]], in which [[Vishnu]], crowned with a halo, is also flanked by the images of [[Narasimha]] and [[Varaha]], with [[Kāpila]] in back as seen in the examples from [[Kashmir]].<ref name="DS39"/>

The general style of the figures is quite similar to that of the early [[Yaksha]]s, and it has been suggested that their role might have been understood as parallel: just as the Yakshas are considered as emanations of the Supreme deity [[Brahman]], the four Vyuhas are similarly emanations of [[Narayana]].<ref name="DS209"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mathura Museum}}

[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]

Vox (website)

2026-03-16T21:34:18Z

Shenna87P79423: updated page

{{Short description|American news website}}
{{italic title}} 
{{Use American English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = ''Vox''
| logo = [[File:Vox logo.svg|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_size = 150px
| screenshot = Vox homepage.PNG
| caption =The homepage of Vox as of April 21, 2017
| url = {{URL|vox.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = News and opinion website
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| owner = [[Vox Media]]
| founder = {{ubl|[[Ezra Klein]]|[[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]]|[[Matthew Yglesias]]}}
| editor = [[Swati Sharma (journalist)|Swati Sharma]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|04|06}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''''Vox''''' ({{etymology|la|vōx|voice}}) is an American news and opinion website owned by [[Vox Media]]. The website was founded in April 2014 by [[Ezra Klein]], [[Matt Yglesias]], and [[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]], and is noted for its concept of [[explanatory journalism]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bercovici |first1=Jeff |title=Why Do So Many Journalists Hate Vox? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2014/05/12/why-do-so-many-journalists-hate-vox |website=Forbes |access-date=June 9, 2019 |date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> Vox's media presence also includes a [[YouTube]] channel, several podcasts, and a show presented on [[Netflix]]. ''Vox'' has been described as left-leaning and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Steffen W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBBEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=American Government and Politics Today, Brief |last2=Shelley |first2=Mack C. |last3=Bardes |first3=Barbara A. |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-67017-3 |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2020-07-08|title=Bonfire of the Liberals|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bonfire-of-the-liberals-11594249492|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Liberalism US|media}}
Prior to founding ''Vox'', [[Ezra Klein]] worked for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' as the head of [[Wonkblog]], a [[public policy]] blog.<ref name="usatoday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/07/klein-launches-vox/7420053/ |title=Ezra Klein launches news site Vox.com |date=April 7, 2014 |first=Roger |last=Yu |work=USA Today |access-date=July 26, 2018}}</ref> When Klein attempted to launch a new site using funding from the newspaper's editors, his proposal was turned down and Klein subsequently left ''The Washington Post'' for a position with [[Vox Media]], another communications company, in January 2014.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="NYT: joining Vox">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html |access-date=December 26, 2014 |title=Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself |last1=Carr |first1=David |author-link=David Carr (journalist) |date=January 26, 2014 |website=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216173600/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html?_r=0 |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} [[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]] associated Klein's exit for ''Vox'' with other "big-name journalists" leaving newspapers for digital start-ups, such as [[Walter Mossberg]] and [[Kara Swisher]] (of ''[[Recode]]'', which was later acquired by and integrated into Vox), [[David Pogue]], and [[Nate Silver]].<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> He described Vox Media as "a technology company that produces media" rather than its inverse, associated with "Old Media".<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> From his new position, Klein worked towards establishing ''Vox'', including hiring new journalists for the site.<ref name="usatoday" /> Klein expected to "improve the technology of news" and build an online platform better equipped for making news understandable.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> The new site's 20-person staff was chosen for their expertise in topic areas and included ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''{{'s}} [[Matthew Yglesias]], [[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]], and Klein's colleagues from ''The Washington Post''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /><ref>[https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/voxcom_is_going_to_be_a_great_test_ezra_klein_critique_journalism.php Vox.com is going to be a great test of Ezra Klein's critique of journalism], ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (April 7, 2014).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348212/ezra-klein-vox-is-our-next|title=Vox is our next|first=Ezra|last=Klein|date=January 26, 2014|website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/pages/about-us|title=About us|author=Vox Staff|date=April 3, 2017|website=Vox}}</ref> ''Vox'' was launched on April 6, 2014, with Klein serving as editor-in-chief.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/04/understanding-the-newly-launched-voxcom.html |title=Understanding Ezra Klein's Newly Launched Vox.com |last=Hartmann |first=Margaret |work=New York Media LLC Money|access-date=January 21, 2018}}</ref>

Klein's opening [[editorial]] essay, "How politics makes us stupid", explained his distress about political polarization in the context of [[Yale Law School]] professor [[Dan Kahan]]'s theories on how people protect themselves from information that conflicts with their core beliefs.<ref name="Klein-Politics"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/04/journalism-and-democracy |title=Ezra Klein's strangled Vox |date=April 11, 2014 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2016, ''Vox'' suspended contributor [[Emmett Rensin]] for a series of tweets calling for anti-Trump [[riots]], including one on June 3, 2016, that urged, "If Trump comes to your town, start a riot." The tweets drew attention after violent [[Protests of the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|anti-Trump protests]] took place in [[San Jose, California]], on the day of Rensin's tweet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/06/03/media/vox-editor-suspended-trump-riots/index.html |title=Vox suspends editor for encouraging riots at Donald Trump rallies |date=June 3, 2016 |publisher=CNN |last1=Byers |first1=Dylan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trailguide-vox-suspends-editor-1464984232-htmlstory.html |title=Vox suspends editor who called for anti-Trump riots |date=June 3, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |last1=Halper |first1=Evan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/emmettrensin/status/738583628855156742 |title=Advice: If Trump comes to your town, start a riot |date=June 2, 2016 |type=[[Twitter]] post|access-date=June 2, 2016 |author=Emmett Rensin [emmettrensin]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/06/03/what-will-a-suspension-do-for-a-vox-editor-who-urged-anti-trump-riots/ |title=What will a suspension do for a Vox editor who urged anti-Trump riots? |date=June 3, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=Wemple |first1=Eric|access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Plank]] was hired in 2016 as a political correspondent,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vox-snags-mics-elizabeth-plank-871624 |title=Vox Snags Mic's Elizabeth Plank for Election Coverage |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> and in 2017, launched her own series with Vox Media, called ''Divided States of Women''.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vox-media-launching-video-series-focused-women-1046001 |title=Vox Media Launching New Video Series Focused on Women |first=Jeremy |last=Barr |date=October 5, 2017 |journal=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=July 26, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, Klein announced that he was taking on a new role as editor-at-large, and that [[Lauren Williams (journalist)|Lauren Williams]], who joined ''Vox'' a few months after its founding, was the new editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/26/media/ezra-klein-vox-lauren-williams/index.html |title=Lauren Williams named editor in chief of Vox; Ezra Klein to be editor at large |last=Stelter |first=Brian |work=CNN Money|access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/9/26/16363796/lauren-williams-allison-rockey-ezra-klein-vox-editor |title=Lauren Williams is the new editor-in-chief of Vox |last=Klein |first=Ezra |work=Vox Media, Inc |access-date=January 21, 2018}}</ref> In late 2020, Klein, Williams, and Yglesias left the site. While ''Vox'' had been founded with prominent journalists, Vox Media CEO Jim Bankoff said that their brands had mature, mainstream audiences that no longer relied on personalities.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Edmund |title=Ezra Klein Leaves Vox for The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2020-11-20 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/business/media/ezra-klein-leave-vox.html |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

[[Swati Sharma (journalist)|Swati Sharma]] was named editor-in-chief in February 2021. A managing editor of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' at the time of her appointment, she was expected to assume the position in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tracy|first=Marc|date=2021-02-16|title=Vox Finds Its Next Top Editor at The Atlantic|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/business/media/vox-editor-swati-sharma.html|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In November 2022, it was reported by ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine that [[Sam Bankman-Fried]]—founder of bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange [[FTX (company)|FTX]]—had issued major grants to a number of predominantly [[left-wing politics|left-leaning]] political media outlets, including ''Vox''.<ref name="Reason, Soave, Nov. 21st, 2022">{{cite web |last1=Soave |first1=Robby |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Did Sam Bankman-Fried's Millions Buy the Media's Loyalty? |url=https://reason.com/2022/11/21/sam-bankman-fried-journalism-funding-crypto-fraud-media/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=Reason |publisher=}}</ref>

== Content ==
According to ''Vox''{{'s}} founding editors, the site seeks to explain news by providing additional contextual information not usually found in traditional news sources.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Ezra |last2=Bell |first2=Melissa |last3=Yglesias |first3=Matt |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/3/28/5559144/nine-questions-about-vox |title=Nine questions about Vox |website=Vox |date=March 9, 2014 |access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> To reuse work from authors prior to the relaunch in 2014, ''Vox'' creates "card stacks" in bright canary yellow that provide context and define terms within an article. The cards are perpetually maintained as a form of "wiki page written by one person with a little attitude".<ref name="NYT: melding">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=0 |access-date=December 26, 2014 |title=Vox Takes Melding of Journalism and Technology to a New Level |last1=Kaufman |first1=Leslie |date=April 6, 2014 |website=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506053843/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=1 |archive-date=May 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> As an example, a card about the term "insurance exchange" may be reused on stories about the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref name="NYT: melding" />

''Vox'' uses Vox Media's Chorus [[content management system]], which enables journalists to easily create articles with complex visual effects and transitions, such as photos that change as the reader scrolls.<ref name="NYT: melding" /> Vox Media's properties target educated households with six-figure incomes and a head of house less than 35 years old.<ref name="NYT: melding" />

In 2018, Vox launched ''Future Perfect'', a reporting project that examines the world through [[philanthropy]] and [[effective altruism]], initially funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schwab|first=Tim|date=2020-08-21|title=Journalism's Gates keepers|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/gates-foundation-journalism-funding.php|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Christine |date=2018-10-15 |title=Will Vox's new section on effective altruism…well, do any good? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/10/will-voxs-new-section-on-effective-altruism-well-do-any-good/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422085104/https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/10/will-voxs-new-section-on-effective-altruism-well-do-any-good/ |archive-date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=Nieman Lab |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Video ===
''Vox'' has a YouTube channel by the same name where they have regularly posted videos on news and informational subjects since 2014.<ref name="VoxYTabout"/> These videos are accompanied by an article on their website. The themes covered in the videos are usually similar to the themes covered in the regular, written articles on the website.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://digiday.com/media/vox-com-tripled-youtube-viewership-one-year/ |title=How YouTube latecomer Vox beat the odds and built a big channel |last=Patel |first=Sahil |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[Digiday]] |access-date=July 26, 2018}}</ref> The channel has over 12.5 million subscribers and over 3.6 billion views {{as of|2025|2|05|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name="VoxYTabout">{{Cite web |title=Vox Channel About Page |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/about |access-date=Feb 5, 2025 |website=youtube.com}}</ref> Content surrounds current affairs, timelines of certain events, and interesting facts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/featured |title=Vox Channel Home Page |website=youtube.com |access-date=April 21, 2019}}</ref>

In May 2018, ''Vox'' partnered with [[Netflix]] to release a weekly TV show called ''[[Explained (TV series)|Explained]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.recode.net/2018/5/24/17386554/vox-netflix-explained-ezra-klein-explainer-video-youtube-peter-kafka-media-podcast |title=Why Vox's Netflix show 'Explained' is different from Vox's YouTube videos, explained (by Ezra Klein) |work=Recode |access-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428131112/https://www.recode.net/2018/5/24/17386554/vox-netflix-explained-ezra-klein-explainer-video-youtube-peter-kafka-media-podcast |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40575395/voxs-netflix-ambitions-are-just-the-beginning |title=Vox's new Netflix show is just the start of its video ambitions |date=May 23, 2018 |first=Cale Guthrie |last=Weissman |journal=Fast Company |access-date=July 26, 2018}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
[[File:Michael Bennet with Zack Beauchamp on Wordly - 2019.jpg|thumb|Zack Beauchamp interviewing [[Michael Bennet]] for the ''Worldly'' podcast in 2019]]
''Vox'' distributes numerous podcasts, all hosted by ''Vox'' staff, as part of the ''[[Vox Media Podcast Network]]'':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vox Media Podcasts Network|url=https://podcasts.voxmedia.com/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=podcasts.voxmedia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Podcasts">{{cite web |title=Podcasts |url=https://www.vox.com/pages/podcasts |website=Vox |date=June 10, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Weeds'' is a twice-weekly [[round table (discussion)|roundtable]] podcast, hosted by Yglesias and immigration correspondent Dara Lind, focusing on U.S. national news with a focus on the fine details of public policy.<ref name="Podcasts" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Weeds |url=https://www.vox.com/the-weeds |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vox's The Weeds |url=https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/voxs-the-weeds |website=Stitcher |access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Senior politics reporter Jane Coaston was a regular co-host before joining the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-06|title=Jane Coaston Named New Host of "The Argument"|url=https://www.nytco.com/press/jane-coaston-named-new-host-of-the-argument/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The New York Times Company|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''The Gray Area with [[Sean Illing]]'' (formerly the "Vox Conversations" podcast) is a weekly interview podcast in which Sean Illing and other hosts across the Vox newsroom interview guests in politics, media, science, and culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vox Conversations |url=https://www.vox.com/vox-conversations-podcast |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
* ''I Think You're Interesting'' is a weekly interview podcast about the arts, entertainment, and pop culture, hosted by ''Vox''{{'}}s "critic at large" [[Emily St. James]].<ref name="Podcasts" /><ref>{{cite web |title=I Think You're Interesting |url=https://www.vox.com/i-think-youre-interesting |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208183116/https://www.vox.com/i-think-youre-interesting |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Worldly'' (2017–21) was a weekly roundtable podcast focusing on U.S. foreign policy and international affairs, hosted by ''Vox'' foreign-and-security-policy writers Jennifer Williams, Zack Beauchamp, and Alex Ward; [[Yochi Dreazen]] also previously hosted.<ref name="Podcasts" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Worldly |url=https://www.vox.com/worldly |website=Vox |date=June 10, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Impact'' is a weekly narrative podcast hosted by Kliff investigating the effects of policy decisions in practice.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact |url=https://www.vox.com/the-impact |website=Vox |date=June 10, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Today, Explained'' is a daily podcast, hosted by Sean Ramaswaram and [[Noel King (broadcast journalist)|Noel King]], providing short explanations of items in the news.<ref name="Podcasts" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Today, Explained |url=https://www.vox.com/today-explained |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=The Ambies: 2021 Winners|url=https://www.ambies.com/2021winners#BestNewsPodcast|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107195300/https://www.ambies.com/2021winners|archive-date=November 7, 2021|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=[[Ambies]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022|title=Noel King|url=https://www.vox.com/authors/noel-king|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>
* ''Future Perfect'' is a weekly podcast, hosted by [[Dylan Matthews]], exploring provocative ideas with the potential to radically improve the world, often discussing ideas associated with [[effective altruism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/15/17924288/future-perfect-explained|title=Future Perfect, explained|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=October 15, 2018|website=Vox|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/15/17962134/future-perfect-podcast-kidney-donation|title=How to save a stranger's life (Future Perfect Podcast Ep. 1)|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=October 15, 2018|website=Vox|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/28/18114601/future-perfect-podcast-career-choice|title=How to pick a career that counts|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=November 28, 2018|website=Vox|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Primetime'' is a short-run podcast hosted by Emily St. James. Season 1 (six episodes) focused on TV's relationship with the presidency and was released on a weekly schedule.<ref name="Podcasts" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/primetime-podcast|title=Primetime|website=vox.com|access-date=2019-06-08|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605071307/https://www.vox.com/primetime-podcast|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Unexplainable'' is a weekly science podcast hosted by Noam Hassenfeld and a panel of experts exploring unanswered questions and the ways scientists are trying to answer them.<ref name="Podcasts" />
*''Land of the Giants'' is a weekly podcast hosted by Shirin Ghaffary and Alex Kantrowitz where each season covers a tech giant like [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Uber]], [[Netflix]], and [[Amazon Prime Video]] and their dominance in their respective technology sector.<ref name="Podcasts" />
*''Vox Quick Hits'' was a daily podcast consisting of short episodes covering topics in news, politics, and pop culture. Vox Quick Hits ended on September 10, 2021.<ref name="Podcasts" />

== Reception ==
In March 2014, before it had officially launched, ''Vox'' was criticized by [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] media commentators, including [[Erick Erickson]], for a video<ref>{{cite web |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |title=Stop freaking out about the debt |date=March 28, 2014 |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/3/28/5559052/stop-freaking-out-about-the-debt |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> it had published arguing the [[U.S. public debt]] "isn't a problem right now".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/ezra-kleins-vox-is-already-being-labeled-left-wing-propaganda-by-conservatives/359709/ |title=Ezra Klein's Vox Is Already Being Labeled 'Left-Wing Propaganda' by Conservatives |last=Cosman |first=Ben |newspaper=The Atlantic |language=en-US|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

The website's launch received significant media attention.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/vox-explains-it-all/ |title=How Vox is going to make its way to the top |date=April 7, 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Dot|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Websites noted that the launch came around the same time as other data and explainer websites like ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]'' and the ''[[New York Times]]''{{'}} [[The Upshot]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age |title=The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: data journalism's golden age, or TMI? |date=April 22, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/07/klein-launches-vox/7420053/ |title=Ezra Klein launches news site Vox.com |newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> ''Vox'' was described as trying to act as a "[[Bharatpedia]] for ongoing news stories".<ref name=":5" />

Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry at ''[[The Week]]'' argued that the website produced "partisan commentary in question-and-answer disguise" and criticized the site for having a "starting lineup [that] was mostly made up of ideological liberals".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theweek.com/articles/445880/vox-derp-intellectual-stagnation-left |title=Vox, derp, and the intellectual stagnation of the left |website=[[The Week]]|date=June 26, 2014 |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Week]]''{{'}}s Ryu Spaeth described the site's operations as "...essentially tak[ing] the news (in other words, what is happening in the world at any given moment in time) and fram[ing] it in a way that appeals to its young, liberal audience."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Ryu |last=Spaeth |url=https://theweek.com/articles/567586/gawker-meltdown-voxification-news-media |title=The Gawker meltdown and the Vox-ification of the news media |date=July 21, 2015|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> Damon Linker also criticized them, calling them "a parody of liberal faux-neutrality," and that "partisanship is so obvious," in an Obama interview they conducted, "that it's hard to imagine anyone being fooled."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theweek.com/articles/557588/isis-still-losing-why-vox-keeps-getting-news-wrong | title=Is ISIS still losing? Why Vox keeps getting the news wrong | website=[[The Week]] | date=May 29, 2015 }}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'', commenting on Klein's launching essay "How politics makes us stupid",<ref name="Klein-Politics">{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Ezra |title=How politics makes us stupid |date=April 5, 2014 |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/4/6/5556462/brain-dead-how-politics-makes-us-stupid |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> said the website was "bright and promising" and site's premise of "more, better, and more lucidly presented information" was "profoundly honourable", and positively compared the site's mission to [[John Keats]]'s [[negative capability]].<ref name=":4" /> In an opinion piece in ''[[The Washington Times]]'', [[Christopher J. Harper]] criticized the site for numerous reporting mistakes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/christopher-harper-vox-news-website-needs-to-take-/?page=all |title=Vox news website needs to take serious look at how it 'reinvents' journalism |last=Harper |first=Christopher |date=January 7, 2015 |website=The Washington Times |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref>

The co-founder of ''Vox'', [[Matthew Yglesias]], after leaving the company, stated in an interview for ''[[The Atlantic]]'' that he was at odds not just with those at ''Vox'', but mainstream media as a whole, saying {{"'}}The people making the media are young college graduates in big cities, and that kind of politics makes a lot of sense to them,' he said. 'And we keep seeing that older people, and working-class people of all races and ethnicities, just don't share that entire worldview.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/11/substack-and-medias-groupthink-problem/617102/ | title=Why Matthew Yglesias Left Vox | website=[[The Atlantic]] | date=November 13, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
In 2015, the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] presented [[Julia Belluz]] the Robert B. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for her work on ''Vox''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fidalgo |first1=Paul |title=CSI's Balles Prize in Critical Thinking Awarded to Julia Belluz of Vox.com |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2016 |volume=40 |issue=5 |page=6}}</ref>

Original programming by ''Vox'' has been recognized by the [[News & Documentary Emmy Award]]s, which are presented by the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]]. In 2017, the documentary ''2016 Olympics: What Rio Doesn't Want the World to See'' was nominated in the "Outstanding News Special" category, ''Vox Pop'' was nominated in the "Outstanding Arts, Culture and Entertainment Report" and "Outstanding Graphic Design and Art Direction" categories,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Tim |title=Vox Entertainment is developing a TV show with Vox.com's Emmy-nominated YouTube producer |url=https://digiday.com/media/vox-entertainment-developing-tv-show-vox-coms-emmy-nominated-youtube-producer/ |access-date=September 5, 2018 |work=Digiday |date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> and ''The Secret Life of Muslims'' was nominated in the "Outstanding Short Documentary" category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for the 38th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards Announced |url=http://emmyonline.com/download/news_38th_nominations_Final.pdf |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230144/http://emmyonline.com/download/news_38th_nominations_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018, ''Borders'' was nominated in the "Outstanding Video Journalism: News" category,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Caroline |title=How Vox expanded its network by crowdsourcing for its latest documentary series |url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/vox-continues-to-expand-its-network-crowdsourcing-for-its-latest-documentary-series/s2/a726572/ |access-date=September 5, 2018 |work=[[Journalism.co.uk]] |date=August 23, 2018}}</ref> and ''Earworm'' received nominations in the "Outstanding Graphic Design and Art Direction" and "Outstanding New Approaches: Arts, Lifestyle and Culture" categories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdn.emmyonline.org/news_39th_nominations_v03.pdf |publisher=[[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] |title=Nominees for the 39th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards Announced |date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164000/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/news_39th_nominations_v03.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 2017 and 2021, Vox journalists David Roberts, Umair Irfan, and Rebecca Leber won five [[SEAL Awards]] for environmental journalism.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sealawards.com/environmental-journalism-award-winners-seal-2017/ | title=2017 SEAL Environmental Journalism Award Winners| website=[[SEAL Awards]] | date=2017-09-17 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sealawards.com/environmental-journalism-award-2018/ | title=2018 SEAL Environmental Journalism Award Winners Announced | website=[[SEAL Awards]] | date=2018-11-12 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sealawards.com/environmental-journalism-award-2019/ | title=2019 SEAL Environmental Journalism Award Winners Announced | website=[[SEAL Awards]] | date=2020-02-13 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sealawards.com/environmental-journalism-award-2021/ | title=Twelve Journalists Recognized as 2021 SEAL Environmental Journalism Award Winners | website=[[SEAL Awards]] | date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>

== Readership ==
''Vox'' received 8.2 million unique visitors in July 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weigel |first=David |date=August 23, 2014 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Politico's Coverage of Vox, in Two Charts |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2014/08/23/here_s_what_you_need_to_know_about_politico_s_coverage_of_vox_in_two_charts.html |access-date=July 26, 2018 |website=Slate}}</ref> In October 2021, readership was estimated to be 19.7 million visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/vox.com|title=vox.com Traffic Statistics|website=SimilarWeb|language=en|access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>

In a 2017 interview on [[Nieman Lab]], Klein stated: "We watch our audience data pretty closely, and our audience data does not show or suggest to us that we are overwhelmingly read on one side or the other of the political sphere, which is good.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/01/ezra-klein-hopes-vox-can-change-the-fact-that-people-who-are-more-into-the-news-read-the-news-more/ |title=Ezra Klein hopes Vox can change the fact that 'people who are more into the news read the news more' |work=Nieman Lab|access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Portal-inline|Journalism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Vox Media}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Progressivism in the United States]]
[[Category:Vox Media]]

M. G. Vallabhan

2026-03-14T21:58:51Z

Shenna87P79423: Made a pg

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ta|otherarticle=எம். ஜி. வல்லபன்|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_date = 23 March 1943<ref name=jm>{{Cite web |last=jeyamohan |author-link=B. Jeyamohan |date=8 September 2021 |title=சென்றவரும் நினைப்பவரும் |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/139001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524095818/https://www.jeyamohan.in/139001/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=jeyamohan.in |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=kamadenu />
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = 2004<ref name=jm />
| occupation = Journalist Poet Screenwriter
| years_active = 1979–1989
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''M. G. Vallabhan''' (1943–2004) was an Indian journalist, poet and screenwriter. Though born in Kerala, he wrote primarily in Tamil.<ref name=hindu />

== Early life and career ==
Vallabhan was born in 23 March<ref name=kamadenu /> [[Perinjanam]] in [[Thrissur]] at Kerala.<ref name=hindu /> When his family shifted to Chennai, he studied and learnt Tamil despite Malayalam being his mother tongue.<ref name=hindu /> He made his debut as lyricist with the film ''[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]'' (1979) where he wrote his first song "Solaikkuyile".<ref name=hindu /><ref name=kamadenu />

Vallabhan worked as a journalist for the film magazines ''Cinemalaya'' and ''Pesum Padam'' and also worked as editor for ''Bhagya'' magazine.<ref name=kungumam /><ref name=hindu /><ref name=kamadenu /> He directed a film ''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]'' (1980) and wrote screenplay and dialogues for many films.<ref name=hindu /><ref name=jm />

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Songs
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|1979||''[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]''||Solaikuyile||
|-
|1979||''[[Poonthalir]]''||Njan Njan, Kannin Mani||
|-
|1979||''Karumbu Vil''||Meenkodi Theril||
|-
|1979||''[[Dharma Yuddham]]''||Aagaya Gangai||
|-
|1979||''[[Agal Vilakku]]''||Nee Kannil||
|-
|1979||''[[Uthiripookkal]]''||Naan Paada||
|-
|1980||''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]''||all songs||
|-
|1981||''[[Nenjil Oru Mull]]''||My Name||
|-
|1983||''[[Bhagavathipuram Railway Gate]]''||Kaalai Nera||
|-
|1983||''[[Urangatha Ninaivugal]]''||all songs||
|-
|1983||''[[Mann Vasanai]]''||Vangadi Vangadi||
|-
|1984||''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]''||Poove Pani Poove||
|-
|1984||''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' ||Unnai Kaanum||
|-
|1984||''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''||Mella Mella||
|-
|1985||''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]''||Rajamanam Senkarumbu||
|-
|1985||''[[Udaya Geetham]]''||Ennodu Paattu Paadungal||
|-
|1986||''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]''||Aatha, Madiyinil||
|-
|1986||''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' ||Ododi Vilayadum, Kavithaigal ||
|-
|1987||''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]''||Neeradi Vaa||
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Director ===
*''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]'' (1980)

=== Writer ===
*''[[Udaya Geetham]]'' (1985)
*''[[Idaya Kovil]]'' (1985)
*''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' (1986); dialogues only
*''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]'' (1987)
*''[[Paadu Nilave]]'' (1987)
*''[[Chinnappadass]]'' (1989)

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web |last=அருள்செல்வன் |first=ஆர்.கே. |date=23 March 2018 |title=மீன்கொடி தேரில் 'வல்லப' ராகம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/166073-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424182536/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/166073-.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name=kamadenu>{{Cite web |last=யுகபாரதி |first=கவிஞர் |author-link=Yugabharathi |date=23 March 2018 |title=உதயகீதன் எம்.ஜி.வல்லபன்! (23.3.2018– பாடலாசிரியர் எம்.ஜி.வல்லபன் பிறந்த நாள்) |url=http://www.kamadenu.in/news/special-articles/1051-mg-vallaban-birth-day.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327031519/http://www.kamadenu.in/news/special-articles/1051-mg-vallaban-birth-day.html |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name=kungumam>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=மீன்கொடி தேரில் வலம் வந்த மன்மதராஜனின் நினைவலைகள்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8122&id1=40&issue=20171103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104054315/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8122&id1=40&issue=20171103 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm12827794}}

{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

South Asian languages in Singapore

2026-03-14T17:57:30Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating basic post w/ infobox...

{{Short description|none}}
{{main|Indian Singaporeans}}

[[File:A construction in Hillview (2025) - img 01.jpg|thumb|A "Danger-Keep Out" sign at a roadwork in [[Hillview, Singapore|Hillview]] showing four languages: English, [[Chinese language|Chinese (in Traditional Script)]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; the latter two languages are South Asian]]

'''South Asian languages in Singapore''' are mainly used by the country's 348,119 Indian Singaporean residents, who form about 9.2% of Singaporean citizens and permanent residents.<ref>{{Citation |last=Singapore Department of Statistics |title=Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore, October 2007 |date=2007 |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/mds.pdf |access-date=2008-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124143811/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/mds.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-11-24 |via=singstat.gov.sg |mode=cs1}}</ref> As a result of historical migration and settlement patterns, Indian Singaporeans came to the island from various parts of [[South Asia]] speaking a variety of [[Languages of India|South Asian languages]], mostly [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Today, most ethnic Indians in Singapore are locally born second, third, fourth or even fifth generation descendants of immigrant forefathers. In addition, a substantial minority are recent immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.

In Singapore, a distinction is made between the ancestral ethno-linguistic identity of a person and the actual language that he or she uses or is able to use. Singapore's census takers make this distinction by capturing both types of data. Ancestral ethno-linguistic identity is captured under the category of 'dialect group' (although this term may be more appropriate for describing the linguistic composition of the majority Chinese, rather than Indians). In contrast, actual language use is captured by the term 'language most frequently spoken at home'.

The various government statistics only refer to residents (citizens and permanent residents) and exclude those classed as "non-residents" who represent about 25% of the total population (mostly foreign students and workers).

==Ethno-linguistic profile==
In 2010, the [[Singapore]] census categorised 237,473 [[Indian Singaporeans|Singaporeans]] and 110,646 permanent residents into a number of '[[dialect]]' groups. However, these groups included [[Sikh]]s, who are a religious rather than linguistic group. Virtually all of the Sikhs are [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], which was also captured as a separate 'dialect' category (comprising mainly Hindu Punjabis). Given their small absolute and relative numbers, the following table adapts the 2010 census data by combining the 'Sikh' (12,952) and 'Punjabi' (5,672) category under 'Punjabi'.

The percentages in the table refer to the proportion of each language group within the larger Resident Indian community in Singapore.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|+ '''Population Profile of Singapore Indian Dialect Groups'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |title=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |date=2011 |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |isbn=978-981-08-7808-5 |access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213154440/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Residential population; Singaporeans and permanent residents'')
|-
!Ethno-linguistic background
!Ancestral home
!Religion
!2010 census
!Percentage
|-
|[[Tamil people|Tamil]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]] [[Sri Lanka]] [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|align=right |[[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]
|align=right |188,591
|align=right |54.18%
|-
|[[Malayali]]
|[[Kerala]] [[Lakshadweep]]
|align=right |[[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]
|align=right |26,348
|align=right |7.57%
|-
|[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]
|[[Punjab region|Punjab]]
|align=right |[[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]]
|align=right |18,624
|align=right |5.35%
|-
|[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|align=right |[[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Jainism]]
|align=right |4,124
|align=right |1.18%
|-
|[[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]
|[[Sindh]]
|align=right |[[Hinduism]]
|align=right |3,971
|align=right |1.14%
|-
|[[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|align=right |[[Buddhism]]
|align=right |3,140
|align=right |0.90%
|-
|[[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Luso-Indian|Indo-Portuguese]] ([[Kristang people|Kristang]]) [[Hindustani people|Hindustani]] [[Parsi]] Other Indians/Mixed<ref group=Note>Singaporeans of mixed ethnicity typically identify with their paternal ethnic group.</ref>
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telangana]] [[Bengal]] [[Goa]] ''Various''
|align=right |[[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]]
|align=right |103,321
|align=right |29.68%
|-
|
|
|
|align=right |348,119
|align=right |100%
|}

<references group=Note/>
Singapore's Indian community is characterised by an ethnic Tamil majority (54.18%) and a large number of smaller groups. Ethnic [[Tamils]] in Singapore include both [[Tamil people|Tamils from India]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] (sometimes referred to as '[[Ceylon]]ese'). [[Malayalee]]s from [[Kerala]] in South India form the second largest community, making up 7.57% of the Indian population. Tamils and Malayalees are the two main [[South Indian]] communities in Singapore, forming two-thirds of the Indian population. Meanwhile, the three main [[North Indian]] groups in Singapore (the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], and [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] communities) constitute 7.67% of all Indians. The remaining 29.68% consists of many smaller groups from both South India (such as the [[Telugu people|Telugus]]), East India (such as the [[Bengalis]]), and North India ([[Hindustani people|Hindustanis]]).

==Language use==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2015}}
According to the 2005 General Household Survey, Tamil was spoken at home by 3.1% of all Singapore residents. Among Indians residents, 38.8% used Tamil at home. As 58.3% of Indians were deemed to be ethnic Tamils in the 2000 census, this suggests that two-thirds of ethnic Tamils in Singapore used it as the main language in their homes.

11.4% of Indians spoke 'other languages' at home (including non-Tamil Indian languages). In contrast, 41.7% of Indians were deemed to be non-Tamil Indians in 2000. Assuming that most Indians who reported speaking 'other languages' were referring to their (non-Tamil) ancestral languages, this would imply that up to a quarter of non-Tamil Indians in Singapore use mainly their ancestral language in the home.

About half of Indians in Singapore predominantly use a non-Indian language in the home. 39% spoke mainly [[English language|English]], in contrast to 28.1% nationally. This made English the most spoken language in Indian homes, by a small margin. A further 10.6% of Indians reported speaking mainly Malay in their homes. It is likely that most are Indian Muslims married to ethnic Malays. Although they are counted as Indian in official statistics, a substantial number of these people consider themselves to be ethnically and culturally Malay, and many of them may be racially mixed.

==Tamil language in Singapore==
[[File:Quadrilingual danger sign - Singapore (gabbe).jpg|thumb|200px|Official languages (from top): [[English language|English]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malay language|Malay]].]]

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the most spoken Indian language in Singapore and the only Indian language among Singapore's [[Languages of Singapore|four official language]]s, alongside [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Singapore English|English]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Profile |url=http://www.sg/explore/profile_people.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213104245/http://www.sg/explore/profile_people.htm |archive-date=2007-12-13 |access-date=2007-12-13 |website=www.sg}}</ref> and 3.1% of Singapore residents speak Tamil at home.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation |title=Key Indicators of the Resident Population |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |access-date=September 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2007 |via=singstat.gov.sg |mode=cs1}}</ref> Singapore is one of the three countries in the world to make Tamil an official language, the others being [[Republic of India|India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].

As part of Singapore's bilingual education policy, Tamil is offered as a second language option in most public schools. As part of a policy to subsidise minority-language television programming, the government subsidises a [[free-to-air]] Tamil television channel ([[MediaCorp TV12#Vasantham|Vasantham]]). Similarly, as part of the policy of the [[National Library Board]], community lending libraries in Singapore, as well as the national-level [[Lee Kong Chian Reference Library]], maintain sections of books in all four official languages, including Tamil.

Singapore has a commercially run Tamil language daily newspaper, [[Tamil Murasu]]. Although Tamil Murasu was founded as an independent private newspaper by [[Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani]], it has since become part of the [[Singapore Press Holdings]] group, which includes the [[Straits Times]] as part of its stable. Other Tamil media include the ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]) cable television channel, provided by the main [[cable television]] operator in Singapore, [[StarHub]], and the local Tamil-language radio station ([[MediaCorp Radio#Tamil|Oli 96.8FM]]), which is run by the state-owned [[MediaCorp]] broadcasting company.

Tamil movies are screened in some cinemas, with the Rex Cinemas chain specializing in them. Major blockbusters are occasionally shown in selected [[Cathay Organisation|Cathay]] and [[Golden Village]] cinemas. The country also has a Tamil theatre scene in the form of groups like [[Agni Koothu]] and the [[Ravindran Drama Group]]. There is also a small Tamil literary scene. Two Tamil language writers and two Tamil language theatre practitioners have won [[Cultural Medallion]]s, the nation's highest arts award. Tamil is used in temples, mosques and churches catering to the community. Some business and non-profit groups, especially those in the [[Little India, Singapore|Little India]] neighbourhood, use Tamil on a daily basis.

==Other Indian languages==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2008}}

Since 1990, public school students were able to take Hindi or some other Indian languages as their second language in major examinations, whereas previously only official languages like Tamil were offered.<ref>Lal, p.187.</ref> Students of other non-Tamil Indian language communities can choose to offer Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Punjabi or Urdu as their Mother-Tongue at the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) and the GCE ‘N’, ‘O’ and ‘A’ level examinations [https://web.archive.org/web/20110307064106/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/returning-singaporeans/mother-tongue-policy/ Mother-Tongue Language Policy]. As with the Tamil community, the other Indian communities also support a number of community groups for the promotion of social and cultural activities catering to each community. For more on this, see Jain & Wee (2018, 2019).

==Influence on other local languages==
Given the long period of contact between India and the region, as well as the multifarious contact over the centuries between [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[India]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] and [[China]] (especially [[Hong Kong]]), Indian influences have crept into a variety on non-Indian Singapore languages through a number of paths -

* [[Malay language#Vocabulary and borrowed words|Loan words]] in the [[Malay language]] (during the 'Indianisation' of ancient Southeast Asia). There are a very large number of such words, but a few examples include 'bumi' (or 'earth', from the Sanskrit 'bhumi'), 'kapal' (or 'ship', from the Tamil 'kappal') and 'katil' (or 'bed', from the Tamil 'kattil'). Also, some Malay words that have entered into [[Singlish]] (and sometimes Singapore [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]), are terms which were originally Indian loan words. These include 'suka' (or 'happiness'), '[[roti]]' (or 'bread'), and 'sama' (or 'same'). In addition, there are words in the English that are derived from Malay, but which in turn are derived from Sanskrit originals{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}. These include such words as [[camphor]] and [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]].
* Ancient and colonial-era [[List of English words of Indian origin|Indian loan words in Standard English]]. Examples include [[candy]], [[cash]], [[shampoo]], [[bungalow]] and [[pyjama]]. Some colonial-era Indian loan words entered into Malay and/or [[Chinese language|Chinese]], in addition to English. Some of these may be considered archaic in Standard English today. These include [[congee]], [[godown]], [[Amah (occupation)|amah]], [[karang guni]] / [[gunny]] sack, [[coolie]].
* The influence of Indian teachers of English in Singapore schools, who brought elements of Indian English pronunciation, syntax, etc. into Singapore English. Dr Adam Brown, a professor of phonetics and linguistics, writes "It may surprise many readers to think that Singapore English is heavily influenced by Indian English. However, English had been spoken in India for at least a century before Raffles established Singapore for the East India Company in 1819, and Singapore was administered as part of India for most of the 19th century. Also, as Ho & Platt (1993) and Gupta (1994) note, many teachers in Singapore were of Indian origin. Between 1920 and 1940, for example, there were similar numbers of Indian and European teachers in English-medium schools in Singapore, and Indians have always been well represented in the teaching profession."<ref>Brown, p. viii</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Jain, R., & Wee, L. (2019). Diversity management and the presumptive universality of categories: the case of the Indians in Singapore. Current Issues in Language Planning, 20(1), 16–32.
* Jain, R. & Wee. L. (2018). Cartographic mismatches and language policy: The case of Hindi in Singapore. Language Policy, 17 (1), 99–118.
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Adam|title=Singapore English in a Nutshell: An Alphabetical Description of its Features|location=Singapore|publisher=Federal Publications|year=1999|isbn=981-01-2435-X}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Lal |editor-first=Brij V. |editor2=Peter Reeves |editor3=Rajesh Rai |title=The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora|location=Singapore|publisher=Editions Didier Millet in association with [[National University of Singapore]]|year=2006|isbn=981-4155-65-9}}
{{refend}}
{{Languages of Singapore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Languages In Singapore}}
[[Category:Indian languages in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]

Siege of Seringapatam (1799)

2026-03-10T12:44:38Z

Shenna87P79423: revised

{{short description|Mysorean-British battle}}
{{for|the 1792 siege of Seringapatam that ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War|Siege of Seringapatam (1792)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Seringapatam
| partof = the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image = Tipu death.jpg
| caption = ''[[The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun]]'' [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], {{circa|1800}}
| date = {{start and end dates|1799|4|5|1799|5|4|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=05|year1=1799|month2=05|day2=04|year2=1799}})}}
| place = [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapatam]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|25|26.3|N|76|41|25.04|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| result = British victory
* Fall of the Mysore Kingdom
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[East India Company]]
*[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Tipu Sultan]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} Diwan [[Purnaiah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Abdul Ghaffar Sahib|Abdul Sahib]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Mir Golam Hussain|Mir Hussain]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Hulleen]]
| strength1 = 50,000 total
:22,000 Sepoys
:4,000 Europeans
:16,000 Nizam's horsemen
:10 battalions of Hyderabadi infantry (~8,000)
100{{ndash}}120 guns
| strength2 = 20,000 soldiers 10,000 volunteers
| casualties1 = 1,400 killed or wounded
| casualties2 = 6,000 to 10,000 killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}
}}
[[File:A Qajar Persian copy of a British painting of the assault.jpg|thumb|A Qajar Persian copy of a British painting of the assault]]
[[File:The Siege of Seringapatam by Joseph Mallord William Turner.jpg|thumb|''The Siege of Seringapatam'' by Joseph Mallord William Turner]]

The '''siege of Seringapatam''' (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. The British, with the allied [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], achieved a decisive victory after breaching the walls of the fortress at [[Seringapatam]] and storming the citadel. The leader of the British troops was Major General [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]], among the lesser known allies were the [[British rule in Portuguese India|Portuguese in Goa and Damaon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lJFAAAAYAAJ&dq=Seringapatam+1799+Goa+allied+British&pg=PA428|last1 = Burton|first1 = Lady Isabel|year = 1879}}</ref> [[Tipu Sultan]], the ruler after the death of [[Hyder Ali|his father]], was killed in the action.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=178–181}}</ref> The British restored the [[Wodeyar]] dynasty back to power after the victory through a treaty of [[subsidiary alliance]] and [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] was crowned the King of Mysore. However, they retained indirect control ([[British paramountcy]]) of the kingdom's [[external affairs]].

==Opposing forces==
The battle consisted of a series of encounters around Seringapatam (the anglicised version of [[Srirangapatna]]m) in the months of April and May 1799, between the combined forces of the [[British East India Company]] and their allies, numbering over 50,000 soldiers in all, and the soldiers of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], ruled by [[Tipu Sultan]], numbering up to 30,000. The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] came to an end with the defeat and death of Tipu Sultan in the battle.

==British troop composition==
When the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War broke out, the British assembled two large columns under General [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]]. The first consisted of over 26,000 British East India Company troops, 4,000 of whom were European while the rest were local Indian [[sepoys]]. The second column was supplied by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and consisted of ten battalions and over 16,000 cavalry. Together, the allied force numbered over 50,000 soldiers. Tipu's forces had been depleted by the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and the consequent loss of half his kingdom, but he still probably had up to 30,000 soldiers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

The British forces consisted of the following:<ref name=battleorder/>

*[[19th Light Dragoons|19th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons]]
*[[25th Light Dragoons|25th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons]]
*[[Suffolk Regiment|12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot]]
*[[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|33rd (1st Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot]]
*[[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot|73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]
*[[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]
*[[75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot|75th (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]
*[[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot|77th Regiment of Foot]]
*Scotch Brigade [later [[94th Foot|94th Regiment]]]
*[[Regiment de Meuron]] (Swiss mercenaries in British pay)

The Indian (sepoy) forces consisted of the following:<ref name=battleorder>Macquarie University {{cite web |url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/regiments.html |title=Seringapatam 1799: British Regiments |access-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007081409/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/regiments.html |archive-date=7 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlkIAAAAQAAJ&q=%222nd+madras%22&pg=PA313|title=History of the Madras Army|date=27 July 1882|publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[61st Pioneers|1st Madras Native Infantry]]
*[[80th Carnatic Infantry|2nd Madras Native Infantry]]
*[[1st Madras Native Cavalry]]
*[[2nd Madras Native Cavalry]]
*[[7th Light Cavalry|3rd Madras Native Cavalry]]
*[[4th Madras Native Cavalry]]
*[[Madras Pioneers]]
*[[Madras Artillery]]
*[[Bengal Regiment|1st Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[Bengal Regiment|2nd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[Bengal Artillery]]
*[[71st Coorg Rifles]]

==Siege==
[[File:The assault of Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|right|The assault of Seringapatam]]

Seringapatam was besieged by the British forces on 5 April 1799. The [[Kaveri River|River Cauvery]], which flowed around the city of Seringapatam, was at its lowest level of the year and could be forded by infantry – if an assault commenced before the monsoon. When letters were exchanged with [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]], it seemed that he was playing for time. He requested two persons to be sent to him for discussions and also stated that he was preoccupied with hunting expeditions. Tipu Sultan's Chief Minister, [[Mir Sadiq]], is alleged to have been bought over by the British.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mysorean Military Commanders and Officials|work=Seringapatam 1799|url=http://www.mq.edu.au/macquarie-archive/seringapatam/mysoreans.html|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

==The breach==
[[File:Plan of Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the attack on the north-west angle of Seringapatam]]

The Governor-General of India, [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], planned the opening of a breach in the walls of Seringapatam.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The location of the breach, as noted by Beatson, the author of an account of the Fourth Mysore War, was 'in the west curtain, a little to the right of the flank of the north-west bastion. This being the old rampart appeared weaker than the new.' The Mysorean defence succeeded in preventing the establishment of a battery on the north side of the River Cauvery on 22 April 1799. However, by 1 May, working at night, the British had completed their southern batteries and brought them up to the wall. At sunrise on 2 May, the batteries of the [[Nizam Ali Khan|2nd Nizam of Hyderabad]] succeeded in opening a practical breach in the outer wall. In addition, the mines that were laid under the breach were hit by artillery and blew up prematurely.

The leader of the British troops was Major General [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]], an implacable enemy of Tipu Sultan: twenty years earlier, he had been held captive for 44 months. The storming troops, including men of the [[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot|73rd]] and [[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot|74th regiments]], clambered up the breach and fought their way along the ramparts.

On the night of 3 May some officers crossed over to the glacis, examined the breach and the manner of attacking the fort.<ref>Lushington, ''Life of Harris'', p. 325</ref> It was probably on this occasion that it was arranged between the English officers and Mir Sadiq that the assault should take place at midday.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=History of Tipu Sultan|last=Hasan, Mohibbul 1908–1999|date=2009|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-8187879572|edition=Reprint|location=Delhi|oclc=985562987|pages=313–314}}</ref>

==Storming of Seringapatam==
[[File:The storming of Seringapatam - John Vendramini, 1802 - BL P779.jpg|thumb|left|The storming of Seringapatam, John Vendramini, 1802]]

The assault was to begin at 1:00 p.m. to coincide with the hottest part of the day when the defenders would be taking refreshment. Led by two [[forlorn hope]]s, two columns would advance upon the defences around the breach, then wheel right and left to take over the fortifications. A third reserve column, commanded by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], would deploy as required to provide support where needed.

At 11:00 a.m., on 4 May 1799, the British troops were briefed and whiskey and a biscuit issued to the European soldiers, before the signal to attack was given. The forlorn-hopes, numbering seventy-six men, led the charge. The columns quickly formed, were ordered to fix bayonets, and began to move forward.

As the hour approached, Mir Sadiq withdrew the troops stationed at the breach under the pretext of distributing their pay. There was no one to protest against such a measure. Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar, who was very loyal to the Sultan, was killed by a cannon ball. Immediately after the Sayyid was killed, the traitors made a signal from the fort holding out a white handkerchief to the English troops who were assembled in the trenches, waiting for such a signal.<ref name=":0" />

The storming party dashed across the River Cauvery in water four feet deep, with covering fire from British batteries, and within 16 minutes had scaled the ramparts and swept aside the defenders quickly. The British follow-up columns turned right and left, sweeping along the inside of the walls until they met on the far side of the city.

==Death of Tipu==
[[File:General Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tippoo Sahib.jpg|thumb|''[[Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib]]'' by [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]], 1839.]]
[[File:The spot where Tipu Sultan died in Srirangapatna (c. 1880s).JPG|right|thumb|The spot where Sultan died (1880s)]]

The column that rounded the northwest corner of the outer wall was immediately involved in a serious fight with a group of Mysorean warriors under a fat officer, which defended every traverse. The officer was observed to be discharging hunting weapons loaded and passed to him by servants. After the fall of the city, in the gathering dusk, some of the British officers went to look for the body of [[Tipu Sultan]]. He was identified as the fat officer who had fired hunting weapons at the attackers, and his body was found in a choked tunnel-like passage near the Water Gate.

Benjamin Sydenham described the body as:

{{blockquote|wounded a little above the right ear, and the ball lodged in the left cheek, he had also three wounds in the body, he was in stature about {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}} and not very fair, he was rather corpulent, had a short neck and high shoulders, but his wrists and ankles were small and delicate.
He had large full eyes, with small arched eyebrows and very small whiskers. His appearance denoted him to be above the Common Stamp.
And his countenance expressed a mixture of haughtiness and resolution. He was dressed in a fine white linen jacket, chintz drawers, a crimson cloth round his waist with a red silk belt and pouch across his body and head.
He had lost his turban and there were no weapons of defence about him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tipu-sultan-throne-finial-to-be-auctioned/657350/|title=Tipu Sultan throne finial to be auctioned - Indian Express}}</ref>}}

==Legacy==
All members of the British-led forces who took part in the siege were awarded a [[Seringapatam medal|medal]] by the Governor-General of India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayo|first1=John Horsley|title= Medals and Decorations of the British Army and Navy, Volume 1|date=1897|publisher= A. Constable & Co |page=[https://archive.org/details/medalsdecoration01mayouoft/page/134 134]|url=https://archive.org/details/medalsdecoration01mayouoft|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

[[File:0147 Seringapatam (1803).jpg|thumb|right|Seringapatam, by [[James Welsh (East India Company officer)|James Welsh]], 1803.]]

Two cannon captured by the British during the battle are displayed at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], now standing in front of the officers' mess. [[Tipu's Tiger]], an [[automaton]] now in the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]], was captured at Seringapatam.

Much of the site of the battle is still intact including the ramparts, the Water Gate where the [[Tipu Sultan]]'s body was found, the area where the British prisoners were held, and the site of the destroyed palace.

Around 80 men of the Swiss ‘[[Regiment de Meuron|de Meuron Regiment]]’, who fell during the siege, and their family members are buried in the [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]].<ref name=Hindu-Garrision>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=M T Shiva|title=There is life at the cemetery|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/there-is-life-at-the-cemetery/article4489629.ece|access-date=3 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

==Depictions in literature==
[[Wilkie Collins]]'s novel ''[[The Moonstone]]'' begins with the looting of the jewels removed from Seringapatam in 1799 from Tipu's treasury. The siege was also depicted in H.M. Milner's play "Tippo Saib, Or The Storming of Seringatam" in 1823 at the Royal Colburg Theatre on the South Bank, London. The siege and Tipu's death also received considerable attention in France, as Tipu had been viewed as an ally of the French, with the most prominent being Étienne de Jouy's "Tippo-Saëb, tragédie" which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1813 with Talma in the lead role.

The Battle of Seringapatam is the main conflict in the novel ''[[Sharpe's Tiger]]'', by [[Bernard Cornwell]].

The siege and subsequent looting are depicted in [[Tania James]]'s 2023 novel ''Loot''.

==Memorial by the Mysore government==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Memorial the Siege of Seringapatam (1799) by the Mysore Government, Seringapatam.JPG|Memorial the siege of Seringapatam (1799) by the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore government]], Seringapatam
File:European Office killed in the Siege of Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam.JPG|European officers killed in the siege of Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam
File:Forces Engaged in the Siege of Seringapatam (1799) Seringapatam.JPG|Forces engaged before Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam
File:Forces Engaged in the Siege of Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam.JPG|Forces engaged before Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam
File:Memorial to the Siege of Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam.JPG|Memorial to the siege of Seringapatam (1799), Seringapatam
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
* [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]]
* [[Regiment de Meuron]]
* [[Seringapatam medal]]

== References ==
'''Cited sources'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
* Jac Weller, 2006, ''Wellington in India'', [http://www.greenhillbooks.com/ Greenhill Books, London], {{ISBN|978-1-85367-397-9}}. ([http://www.napoleon-series.org/greenhill/library/c_weller_india.html Review].)
* [[Elizabeth Longford]], 1996, ''Wellington: The Years of the Sword'', Smithmark Pub, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-8317-5646-8}}.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://livelystories.com/2015/02/16/fall-seringapatam-final-enemy/ A detailed analysis of the war with Tipu]

[[Category:1799 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Seringapatam 1799]]
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Great Britain|Seringapatam 1799]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1799|Seringapatam]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Seringapatam]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]

List of Malayalam films of 1991

2026-03-07T04:46:03Z

Shenna87P79423: expanded content

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1991.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:25%;" | Title !! style="width:18%;" | Director !! style="width:18%;" | Screenplay !! style="width:18%;" | Cast
|-
|''[[Souhrudam]]''||[[Shaji Kailas]]||[[Kaloor Dennis]]
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Abhayam (1991 film)|Abhayam]]''||[[Sivan]]|| ||[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
|-
|''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]''|| Kala Adoor ||[[S. N. Swamy]]
|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]]
|-
|''[[Njan Gandharvan]]''||[[P. Padmarajan]]||[[P. Padmarajan]]
|[[Nitish Bharadwaj]], [[Suparna Anand]]
|-
|''[[Chavettu Pada]]''||Sekhar|| ||
|-
|''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||[[Raghunath Paleri]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Santhi Krishna]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|-
|''[[Eagle (1991 film)|Eagle]]''||[[Ambili (director)|Ambili]]|| ||P Sukumar, Poonam Dasgupta
|- jagathy
|''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]''||[[Ajayan (director)|Ajayan]]||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|[[Thilakan]], [[Prashanth Thiagarajan|Prashanth]], [[Monisha Unni]], [[Vinaya Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Ganamela]]''||[[Ambili (director)|Ambili]]||[[Jagadish]]
|[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Geetha Vijayan]]
|-
|''[[Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal]]''|| Paul Babu || ||[[Kakka Ravi]], [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]]
|-
|''[[Amaram]]''||[[Bharathan]]||[[A. K. Lohithadas]]||[[Mammootty]], [[Maathu]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
|-
|''[[Raid (1991 film)|Raid]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Dhanam (1991 film)|Dhanam]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]||[[A. K. Lohithadas]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Charmila]]
|-
|''[[Kakkathollayiram]]''||[[V. R. Gopalakrishnan]]|| ||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]''||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]||[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] - [[P. R. Nathan]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Rekha]], [[Baby Shamili]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]]
|-
|''[[Parallel College (film)|Parallel College]]''||[[Thulasidas]]|| ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Maathu]]
|-
|''[[Oru Tharam Randu Tharam Moonu Tharam]]''|| P. K. Radhakrishnan || ||[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Chithra]]
|- Sai Kumar, innocent, mamukoya
|''[[Kuttapathram]]''||[[R. Chandru]]|| ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sreeja]], [[Babu Antony]]
|-
|''[[Aakasha Kottayile Sultan]]''||[[Jayaraj]]||[[Renji Panicker]]
|[[Sreenivasan]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|-
|''[[Poonthenaruvi Chuvannu]]''||[[Balu Mahendra|Balu]]|| ||
|-
|''Agni Nilavu''||[[N. Sankaran Nair]]|| ||[[Jagadish]], [[Ranjini]]
|-
|''[[Raagam Anuragam]]''|| Nikhil || ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]
|-
|''[[Mizhikal]]''||[[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Ezhunnallathu]]''||[[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]]|| ||[[Jayaram]], [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
|-
|''[[Arangu (film)|Arangu]]''||[[Chandrasekharan]]|| ||[[Thilakan]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
|-
|''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]''||[[Ashokan (film director)|Ashokan]]-[[Thaha]]||B. Jayachandran
|[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Thilakan]], [[Jagathy]], [[Vinaya Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]''||[[Balachandra Menon]]||[[Balachandra Menon]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Shanthi Krishna]]
|-
|''[[Bharatham]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]||[[A. K. Lohithadas]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|-
|''[[Omana Swapnangal]]''||[[P. K. Balakrishnan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Vishnulokam]]''||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]||[[T. A. Razzaq]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
|''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]''||[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]||[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
|[[Srividya]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
|''[[Nattu Vishesham]]''|| Paul Njarackel || ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
|-
|''[[Thudar Katha]]''||[[Dennis Joseph]]||[[Dennis Joseph]]
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Maathu]], [[Srinivasan (Malayalam actor)|Srinivasan]]
|-
|''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]''||[[K. K. Haridas]]||[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Thilakan]],
|-
|''[[Amina Tailors]]''||[[Sajan (director)|Sajan]]|| ||[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Rajan P. Dev]]
|-
|''[[Teenage Love (film)|Teenage Love]]''|| J. Krishnachandra || ||
|-
|''[[Inspector Balram]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]||[[T. Damodaran]]||[[Mammootty]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
|''[[Kankettu]]''||Rajan Balakrishnan||[[Sreenivasan]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Shobana]], [[Geetha Vijayan]]
|-
|''[[Sundhari Kakka]]''||Mahesh Soman|| ||[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Jagadish]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
|''[[Mahazar]]''||C. P. Vijayakumar|| ||[[Sukumaran]], [[M. G. Soman|M G Soman]]
|-
|''[[Vasthuhara]]''||[[G. Aravindan]]|| ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Shobana]]
|-
|''[[Adayalam]]''||[[K. Madhu]]||[[S. N. Swamy]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Shobana|Shobhana]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[Kalamorukkam]]''||B. S. Indran|| ||[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Jalaja]]
|-
|''[[Innathe Program]]''||[[P. G. Viswambaran]]||[[Kaloor Dennis]]
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddhique]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
|''[[Cheppukilukkana Changathi]]''||Kaladharan|| ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Jagadish]]
|-
|''[[Miss Stella]]''||[[I. V. Sasi|Sasi]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Keli (film)|Keli]]''||[[Bharathan]]||[[John Paul (writer)|John Paul]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Charmila]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[Daivasahayam Lucky Centre]]''||Rajan Chevayoor|| ||[[Risabava]], [[Sreeja]]
|-
|''[[Mimics Parade]]''||[[Thulasidas]]||[[Kaloor Dennis]]||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Jagadish]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]], [[Suchitra]]
|-
|''[[Koodikazhcha]]''||[[T. S. Suresh Babu]]|| ||[[Jayaram]], [[Jagadish]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Babu Antony]]
|-
|''[[Manmadha Sarangal]]''||[[Baby (director)|Baby]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Kanalkkattu]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||[[A. K. Lohithadas|A K Lohithadas]]||[[Mammootty]], [[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[Mukha Chithram]]''||[[Suresh Unnithan]]||[[J. Pallassery|J.Pallassery]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Jagadish]]
|-
|''[[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]||[[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|-
|''[[Vashyam]]''||[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Uncle Bun]]''||[[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]|| ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Charmila]]
|-
|''[[Anaswaram]]''||[[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]||[[T. A. Razzaq]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Shweta Menon|Shwetha Menon]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|-
|''[[Kilukkam]]''||[[Priyadarsan]]||[[Venu Nagavally]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Revathi]], [[Jagathy]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
|''[[Ottayal Pattalam]]''||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]||[[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
|[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Madhoo]]
|-
|''[[Aadhyamayi]]''||J. Vattoli|| ||
|-
|''[[Nagarathil Samsara Vishayam]]''||[[Prashanth]]|| ||[[Jagadish]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Chithra (actress)|Chitra]]
|-
|''[[Ulladakkam]]''||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]||[[P. Balachandran]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Shobhana]]
|-
|''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]''||[[Rajasenan]]||[[Reghunath Paleri]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Suchitra]], [[Jagadish]]
|-
|''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]''||[[G. S. Vijayan]]||[[T. Damodaran]]
|[[Sreenivasan]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]],
|-
|''[[Venal Kinavukal]]''||[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|[[Sudheesh]], [[Monisha]]
|-
|''[[Post Box No. 27]]''||[[P. Anil]]|| ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]]
|-
|''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]''||[[Venu Nagavalli]]||[[Venu Nagavalli]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]
|-
|''[[Sandhesam]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||[[Sreenivasan]]
|[[Thilakan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
|-
|''[[Kalari (1991 film)|Kalari]]''||Prassi Mallur|| ||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Rizabawa]]
|- jagadheesh, mamukoya
|''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]''||Rahim Chelavoor|| ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
|-
|''[[Naagam (1991 film)|Naagam]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''||[[Siddique–Lal|Siddique-Lal]]||[[Siddique-Lal]]
|[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[N. N. Pillai]], [[Thilakan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[Jagadish]], [[Philomina]]
|-
|''[[Nettippattam]]''||Kaladharan||[[Sasidharan Arattuvazhi]]
|[[Sreenivasan]], [[Jagadish]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
|''[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]]''||A. Sreekumar|| ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
|-
|''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]||[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Madhoo]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]]
|-
|''[[Kadalora Kattu]]''||[[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]|| ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Koumara Swapnangal]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Premolsavam]]''||M. S. Unni|| ||
|-
|''[[Sandhwanam]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]|| ||[[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
|-
|''[[Kilukkampetti]]''||[[Shaji Kailas]]|| ||[[Jayaram]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]
|-
|''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]''||[[Priyadarsan]]||[[T. Damodaran]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|-
|''[[Oru Prathyeka Ariyippu]]''||R. S. Nair|| ||[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
|''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|Santhosh Antony, [[Balan K. Nair]]
|-
|''[[Yamanam]]''||[[Bharath Gopi]]||[[George Onakkoor]]
|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Santha Devi]], [[Syama]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|''[[Achan Pattalam]]''||Noranadu Ramachandran|| ||
|-
|''[[Bali (1991 film)|Bali]]''||[[V. K. Pavithran]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Aparaahnam]]''||M. P. Sukumaran Nair|| ||[[Babu Antony]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]]''||[[Kaviyoor Sivaprasad]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Neduveerppukal]]''||[[Suresh Heblikar]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Vasavadatta (film)|Vasavadatta]]''|| || ||
|-
|''[[Athirathan (film)|Athirathan]]''||[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|-
|''[[Karppooradeepam]]''||George Kithu
| ||[[Siddique (actor)|Sidhique]], [[Shanthi Krishna]]
|-
|''[[Aviraamam]]''|| || ||
|-
|''[[Oru Yaathrayude Anthyam]]''|| || ||
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"| Title !! style="width:18%;"| Director !! style="width:18%;"| Story !! style="width:18%;"| Screenplay !! style="width:18%;"| Cast
|-
| ''[[Kattu Veeran]]'' || [[Jabir Mubin]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Moordhanyam]]'' || [[Sunilkumar Desai]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Goodbye To Madras]]'' || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Ina Pravukal]]'' || [[Suraj R. Barjathya]] || || ||
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1991 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1991}}
[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films| 1991]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1991]]
[[Category:Lists of 1991 films by language]]
[[Category:1991 in Indian cinema]]

Talvar (film)

2026-03-07T03:20:19Z

Shenna87P79423: added info

{{short description|2015 film by Meghna Gulzar}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Talvar
| image = TalvarFilmPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| writer = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| based_on = [[2008 Noida double murder case]]
| producer = [[Vineet Jain]] Vishal Bhardwaj
| starring = [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] [[Neeraj Kabi]]
| cinematography = [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha '''Songs:''' Vishal Bhardwaj
| studio = [[Junglee Pictures]] VB Pictures
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{film date|2015|9|14|[[2015 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2015|10|02|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Talvar (15) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/talvar-film |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053502/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/talvar-film|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|15 crore}}<ref name=portrait>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151101/jsp/graphiti/story_50521.jsp |title=Portrait of a crime |last=Sen |first=Sarbani |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 November 2015 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004442/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151101/jsp/graphiti/story_50521.jsp|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|45.9 crore }}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|title=Talvar Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/talvar/box-office/|access-date=15 February 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Talvar''''' ({{Translation|Sword}}), released internationally as '''''Guilty''''', is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime]]-[[Thriller film|thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]] and written by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]. Produced by Bhardwaj and [[Vineet Jain]], the film is loosely based on the [[2008 Noida double murder case]] involving a teenage girl and her family's servant. Starring [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] and [[Neeraj Kabi]], the film follows the investigation of a case from three different perspectives in which her parents are either guilty or innocent of the murder charges by the police investigation, the first [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) probe and an investigation by a different CBI team.

It was conceived by Bhardwaj after he met some of the police officials who were investigating the case. He later met Meghna, and expressed his desire to produce a film with her; they then came up with the idea of making a film about the real-life case. They researched the case for two years and found several contradictions, with each view having some validity. Bhardwaj's script was an example of the [[Rashomon effect]]. Pankaj Kumar was the film's director of photography, and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] was its editor.

''Talvar'' premiered at the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]] in the special-presentation section, and was screened at the 2015 [[BFI London Film Festival]] and the [[Busan International Film Festival]]. It was released theatrically in India on 2 October 2015 to mostly positive reviews, with particular praise for its writing and performances; however, many of the critics felt that the film was very biased towards the parents. The film was a moderate box-office success, grossing {{INRConvert|45.9|c}}. Bhardwaj received the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay Award]] for ''Talvar'' at the [[63rd National Film Awards]], and Prasad received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Award for Best Editing]] at the [[61st Filmfare Awards]].

== Plot ==
Fourteen-year-old Shruti Tandon has been found dead at her home in Sameer Vihar in [[Noida]] by her parents, Ramesh and Nutan, during the night of 15–16 March 2008. The local police initially look for Khempal, the missing servant but his decomposed body is later found on the terrace of the building where the Tandons live. The police question Kanhaiya, Khempal's close friend and the Tandons' assistant who says that Khempal might have been involved in a sexual relationship with Shruti. They begin to suspect the Tandons, and declare the murders a clear case of [[Honor killing|honour killing]].

On 25 March, the Noida police arrest Ramesh for the murders. The police chief organises a press conference, at which he says that Ramesh murdered Shruti and Khempal after he found them in a compromising position attributing this to honour killing. The [[victim blaming]] of Shruti leads to public outrage, and the case is given to Joint Director Ashwin Kumar of the Central Department of Investigation (CDI) and [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Vedant. Kumar is contemptuous of the sloppy first responders, who botched the initial crime-scene investigation. He believes that the parents are innocent, and methodically builds a case against the father's resentful assistant. His team uses [[Truth serum|narco tests]] in their attempt to prove that the assistant (and two accomplices) committed the murders.

Kumar exonerates the parents on 22 June 2008, and Ramesh is released from jail. As Kumar is about to conclude his investigation, his senior officer retires and is replaced by a new CDI chief. ACP Vedant, eager to receive a promotion, begins working against Kumar. This leads to an altercation between the two officers, which results in Kumar's suspension. The CDI gives the case to a new investigative team led by Kumar's former superior, Paul, who concludes that the parents committed the murders. Both investigative teams, with opposing hypotheses, make their cases to the CDI chief. The CDI files a closure report in the [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] court naming the parents as prime suspects, but the evidence is insufficient to prosecute. The Tandons file a protest plea against the CDI report. The judge rejects the closure report, and accuses the parents in the case. The trial begins on 8 June 2012, and the Tandons are convicted of the murders several months later.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Ashwin Kumar, Joint-Director of CBI
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Nutan Tandon
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Ramesh Tandon
* [[Sohum Shah (actor)|Sohum Shah]] as Vedant Chaudhary
* Alisha Parveen Khan as Shruti Tandon
* [[Gajraj Rao]] as Inspector Dhaniram Chaurasia
* Atul Kumar as Paul
* Sumit Gulati as Kanhaiya
* Jaspal Sharma as Rajpal
* [[Neyha Sharma]] as a youngster providing a sound bite (cameo appearance)
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Ramshankar Pillai
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as J. K. Dixit
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Reema Kumar, wife of Ashwin Kumar (cameo appearance)
}}


== Production ==
=== Development ===
Filmmaker and composer [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] was impressed by director [[Meghna Gulzar]] after seeing the 2007 anthology film, ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' (in which she directed one segment), and expressed his wish to produce a film with her. Meghna said that she was "beginning to wonder what to do next" when she had the conversation with Bhardwaj, and they came up with the idea of making a film about the [[2008 Noida double murder case]].<ref name=gulf>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/talvar-a-complete-detour-as-director-says-meghna-gulzar-1.1583256 |title='Talvar' a complete detour as director, says Meghna Gulzar |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=13 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001610/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/talvar-a-complete-detour-as-director-says-meghna-gulzar-1.1583256|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhardwaj and Meghna researched the case for nearly two years and found "several bizarre contradictions and each view had their own conviction". They decided to present three perspectives in the story: the police investigation, the first [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe and an investigation by a different CBI team.<ref name=gulf /><ref name=permission>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/we-didnt-take-permission-from-talwars-vishal-meghna-irrfan-and-konkona-talk-about-the-challenges-of-making-talvar-2404682.html |title=We didn't take permission from Talwars: Vishal, Meghna, Irrfan and Konkona talk about the challenges of making Talvar |work=Firstpost |date=25 August 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001724/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/we-didnt-take-permission-from-talwars-vishal-meghna-irrfan-and-konkona-talk-about-the-challenges-of-making-talvar-2404682.html|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhardwaj and Meghna did not yet obtain permission from the Talwar family for the film.<ref name=permission /> Meghna was fascinated by the idea of exploring the "unfinished-ness" of the case.<ref name=drain>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-meghna-gulzar-making-talvar-was-hugely-draining-2124641 |title=Meghna Gulzar: Making 'Talvar' was hugely draining! |last=KBR |first=Upala |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=13 September 2015 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116044647/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-meghna-gulzar-making-talvar-was-hugely-draining-2124641|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2015, it was announced that the Talwar couple (who were in prison) had approved the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nyodda-gets-approved-by-aarushi-talwars-parents/20150116.htm |title=Nyodda gets approved by Aarushi Talwar's parents |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907154237/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nyodda-gets-approved-by-aarushi-talwars-parents/20150116.htm|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhardwaj, who wrote and produced the film, said that he was influenced by the [[Rashomon effect]] (in which the same event is given different interpretations by the individuals involved). According to Meghna, she tried to keep the narrative as objective as possible to let the viewer interpret it on their own.<ref name=laundry />

The names of individuals and organisations were changed in the film to avoid legal issues. At a screening, lawyer and politician [[Ram Jethmalani]], said that the trial depicted in the film was inaccurate. Meghna responded, "[The film] is more about the investigation than about the trial. In fact, the trial is not part of the film at all. It tracks the many investigations."<ref name=laundry>{{cite web |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/29/murder-most-foul-talvar-stays-close-to-real-life-and-is-gripping-from-start-to-finish |title=Murder most foul: Talvar stays close to real life and is gripping from start to finish |last=Sekhri |first=Abhinandan |publisher=News Laundry |date=29 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001446/https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/29/murder-most-foul-talvar-stays-close-to-real-life-and-is-gripping-from-start-to-finish|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The first draft of the screenplay was written in a year, and it took more time to convince those involved in the investigation to participate.<ref name=huff>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/01/talvar-meghna-gulzar-irrfan_n_8224922.html |title='Talvar' Seeks To Tell All Sides of the Aarushi Story, Says Director Meghna Gulzar |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=1 October 2015 |work=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184453/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/01/talvar-meghna-gulzar-irrfan_n_8224922.html|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Aarushi's aunt, Vandana Talwar (who began a campaign to prove the parents' innocence), provided some material to Bhardwaj.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nyodda-gets-approved-by-aarushi-talwars-parents/20150116.htm |title=Nyodda gets approved by Aarushi Talwar's parents |date=16 January 2015 |work=Rediff.com|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803101122/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nyodda-gets-approved-by-aarushi-talwars-parents/20150116.htm|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the documents provided to Bhardwaj were firsthand accounts by Rajesh and Nupur Talwar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-film-aarushi-talwar-parents-story-20110.html |title=Meghna Gulzar's film 'Nyoda' to show Aarushi Talwar's parents' perspective |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=20 January 2015|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085743/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-film-aarushi-talwar-parents-story-20110.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier entitled ''Nyodda'', the film was renamed ''Talvar''. The title was initially registered with Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC), but was purchased by Bhardwaj. PNC was the film's initial co-producer, but the company withdrew from the project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/meghna-gulzar-s-film-on-aarushi-talwar-s-murder-case-retitled-talvar/15973194 |title=Meghna Gulzar's Film on Aarushi Talwar's Murder Case Retitled 'Talvar' |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071646/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/meghna-gulzar-s-film-on-aarushi-talwar-s-murder-case-retitled-talvar/15973194|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> About the film's title, Meghna said that it referred to justice: "''Talvar'' alludes to the sword that is held in the hand of the lady of justice."<ref name=west>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/meghna-gulzar-on-talvar-film-will-serve-its-purpose-if/article_a5791f4a-5c9d-11e5-ab44-c3668ea48386.html |title=Meghna Gulzar on 'Talvar': Film Will Serve Its Purpose If a Debate Can Inspire Relook at Case |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |work=India West |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001827/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/meghna-gulzar-on-talvar-film-will-serve-its-purpose-if/article_a5791f4a-5c9d-11e5-ab44-c3668ea48386.html|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She also said that the film would serve its purpose if it begins a debate about re-examining the case.<ref name=west />

Bhardwaj was driven to write the script after an encounter with the case's first investigating officer: "There was a kind of black humour that was coming out of this tragedy. I am a great fan of ''[[Rashomon]]''. I found the best way to write the script in it".<ref name=pain>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/making-talvar-was-a-painful-journey-vishal-bhardwaj/ |title=Making 'Talvar' was a painful journey: Vishal Bhardwaj |work=The Indian Express |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001338/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/making-talvar-was-a-painful-journey-vishal-bhardwaj/|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He was troubled by the fact that people talked about Aarushi's death, but paid little attention to her parents.<ref name=pain /> Meghna and Bhardwaj began researching the case in mid-2012, during the trial.<ref name=fragile>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/talvar-is-the-most-fragile-film-i-will-make-meghna-gulzar/story-OnhE8xTcQduQr4Yna5FGVO.html |title=Talvar is the most fragile film I will make: Meghna Gulzar |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004430/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/talvar-is-the-most-fragile-film-i-will-make-meghna-gulzar/story-OnhE8xTcQduQr4Yna5FGVO.html|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhardwaj said that although he took "some liberties with the script", he did not meddle with the story.<ref name=west /> About the film's purpose, Meghna said that a number of people "knew something about the case, but they didn't know everything about it or remember it".<ref name=week>{{cite news |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/meghna-gulzar-tastes-success-with-talvar.html |title=Turning point |last=Thakker |first=Namrata |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=25 October 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113133730/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/meghna-gulzar-tastes-success-with-talvar.html|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She said that the film brings out the different aspects of the case.<ref name=week /> Research continued while the film was being shot because of changes on the set or in a scene.<ref name=week /> Meghna obtained the Talwars' side of the story from a meeting with Rajesh Talwar's brother and sister-in-law, Dinesh Talwar and his wife Vandana; afterwards, she said that she "did not feel the need to meet the Talwars".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/exclusive-why-meghna-gulzar-made-talvar/20151002.htm |title=Why Meghna Gulzar made Talvar |last=Daniel |first=Vaihayasi Pande |work=Rediff.com |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119080738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/exclusive-why-meghna-gulzar-made-talvar/20151002.htm|archive-date=19 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Alisha Parveen Khan played Shruti Tandon, a role based on Arushi Talwar.<ref name=huff /> [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] was approached by ''Talvar''{{'s}} casting director, who told her about a role based on Nupur Talwar which attracted her. She said she enjoyed the script, and agreed to do the film after meeting Meghna.<ref name="ibt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/interview-it-was-wonderful-working-meghna-gulzar-irrfan-khan-says-talvar-actress-konkona-sen-648738 |title=Interview: It was wonderful working with Meghna Gulzar and Irrfan Khan, says 'Talvar' actress Konkona Sen Sharma |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=1 October 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124752/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/interview-it-was-wonderful-working-meghna-gulzar-irrfan-khan-says-talvar-actress-konkona-sen-648738 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> Sharma did not research her role (she felt that the script was "well researched"),<ref name="ibt" /> and said that her character was about "portraying guilt and innocence according to perceptions."<ref name=pain /> In November 2013, it was announced that [[Irrfan Khan]] was cast in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://post.jagran.com/meghna-gulzar-to-direct-film-starring-irrfan-khan-1383641469 |title=Meghna Gulzar to direct film starring Irrfan Khan |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116005838/http://post.jagran.com/meghna-gulzar-to-direct-film-starring-irrfan-khan-1383641469|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khan did not know about the case in detail before the film.<ref name=west /> His character was based on CBI officer Arun Kumar, whom he met in preparation for the film,<ref name=pain /> and he was the only actor approached to play the role.<ref name=drain /> Khan agreed to do the film because he considered the story "near and frightening", and the film was not sensationalised: "It is an important case, and whatever you may think about the verdict, the film gives us a chance to look at our system and how different departments deal with a crisis."<ref name=pain /> [[Neeraj Kabi]], who played Aarushi's father (Rajesh Talwar) in the film, said: "You are making a film about people who are alive and are suffering, you have to be extremely sensitive".<ref name=permission /> [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] made a three-minute appearance in the film as Khan's wife.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150921/entertainment-bollywood/article/why-did-tabu-sign-3-minute-role-talvar |title=Why did Tabu sign up for a 3-minute role in Talvar? |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115002451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150921/entertainment-bollywood/article/why-did-tabu-sign-3-minute-role-talvar|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Principal photography began a year later (in June 2014) on location in Mumbai, Delhi and Noida, and lasted almost a year.<ref name=drain /> According to Meghna, filming was a "hugely draining" experience.<ref name=drain /> The script was based on material in the public domain, and she called it her "most fragile film".<ref name=fragile /> Several scenes were filmed in a house identical to the Talwars', a few blocks away.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Making of Talvar: Irrfan Khan, Konkona Sen Sharma, Neeraj Kabi, Atul Kumar, Gajraj Rao |publisher=Junglee Pictures |work=YouTube |date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Meghna said that the most difficult part for her was filming the murder scenes; although there were different weapons and different killers from different perspectives, the "one[s] to die w[ere] always the girl and the man, which did not change".<ref name=pain /> Pankaj Kumar was ''Talvar''{{'s}} director of photography, and A. Sreekar Prasad edited the film.<ref name=thr>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/guilty-tiff-review-827256 |title='Guilty': TIFF Review |last=Young |first=Deborah |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=25 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520120654/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/guilty-tiff-review-827256|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Talvar (soundtrack)}}
The film's music was composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. The album consisted of four songs, with vocals by [[Arooj Aftab]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Arijit Singh]]. It was released on 16 September 2015 on the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/talvar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1071897652 |title=Talvar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919134243/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/talvar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1071897652|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The score was composed by Ketan Sodha.<ref name=sen>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-talvar-is-a-bloody-sharp-film/20151002.htm |title=Review: Talvar is a bloody sharp film |last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207135909/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-talvar-is-a-bloody-sharp-film/20151002.htm|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Talvar'' premiered under the title ''Guilty'' at [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]]'s special presentation on 14 September 2015,<ref name=joe>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/guilty-review-irrfan-khan-toronto-film-festival-1201593970/ |title=Toronto Film Review: 'Guilty' |last=Laydon |first=Joe |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=17 September 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005945/https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/guilty-review-irrfan-khan-toronto-film-festival-1201593970/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/talvar-we-have-not-taken-permission-from-talwar-family-says-vishal-bhardwaj-289766-2015-08-23 |title=Talvar: We have not taken permission from Talwar family, says Vishal Bhardwaj |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 August 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071704/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/talvar-we-have-not-taken-permission-from-talwar-family-says-vishal-bhardwaj-289766-2015-08-23|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and was screened at the 2015 [[BFI London Film Festival]] and the [[Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/irrfan-s-talvar-on-film-fest-spree-115090800921_1.html |title=Irrfan's 'Talvar' on film fest spree |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=8 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920012506/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/irrfan-s-talvar-on-film-fest-spree-115090800921_1.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 22 August 2015,<ref name=indiatv>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/talvar-official-trailer-23494.html |title='Talvar' trailer releases: Film backs parents in Aarushi murder case (Watch Video) |publisher=India TV |date=22 August 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011259/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/talvar-official-trailer-23494.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by two posters featuring [[Lady Justice]] and Khan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-in-first-poster-of-aarushi-murder-case-film-talvar/story-gteKuOjFInc0IpHRaSZJ4K.html |title=Irrfan Khan in first poster of Aarushi murder case film, Talvar |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 August 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-in-first-poster-of-aarushi-murder-case-film-talvar/story-gteKuOjFInc0IpHRaSZJ4K.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Exclusive-New-poster-of-Talvar/articleshow/48914332.cms |title=Exclusive: New poster of Talvar |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923042036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Exclusive-New-poster-of-Talvar/articleshow/48914332.cms|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 625 screens throughout India on 2 October 2015.<ref name="BOIndia_surprises">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/talvarsurprisesondayone#.Vg-Osq5Viko |title=Boxoffice |work=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006141633/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/talvarsurprisesondayone#.Vg-Osq5Viko|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/talvar-takes-a-surprising-start-on-day-1/ |title=Talvar Takes A Surprising Start on Day 1 |publisher=Koimoi |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920012419/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/talvar-takes-a-surprising-start-on-day-1/|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Paid previews were organized a day before its public release.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Paid-previews-for-Talvar-a-day-before-its-release/articleshow/49178947.cms |title=Paid previews for ''Talvar'' a day before its release |date=1 October 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004031522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Paid-previews-for-Talvar-a-day-before-its-release/articleshow/49178947.cms |archive-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A special screening for celebrities was presented several days after its release.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidhu-vinod-chopra-deepika-padukone-attend-special-screening-of-talvar-2460484.html |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Deepika Padukone attend special screening of 'Talvar' |work=Firstpost |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920020959/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidhu-vinod-chopra-deepika-padukone-attend-special-screening-of-talvar-2460484.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Talvar'', the second 2015 film based on the case (the first was ''[[Rahasya]]''),<ref name=indiatv /> was released on DVD on 24 November 2015 and is also available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Talvar-Irrfan-Khan/dp/B017CQID6M |title=Talvar |date=24 November 2015 |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011454/https://www.amazon.in/Talvar-Irrfan-Khan/dp/B017CQID6M|archive-date=20 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80080618 |title=Guilty |website=Netflix |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421201535/https://www.netflix.com/title/80080618 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Talvar'' received a positive critical reception.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-top-5-talvar-reviews-what-do-critics-think-of-meghna-gulzar-s-film-2131006 |title=Top 5 'Talvar' reviews: What do critics think of Meghna Gulzar's film? |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204004226/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-top-5-talvar-reviews-what-do-critics-think-of-meghna-gulzar-s-film-2131006|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=91|count=22|average=6.9|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=25 February 2024}}

Rajyasree Sen of Firstpost called the film a "must see whodunnit" with a "gritty documentary feel".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/talvar-review-hats-off-to-meghna-gulzar-vishal-bharadwaj-irrfan-for-this-must-see-whodunnit-based-on-aarushi-hemraj-murders-2451358.html |title=Talvar review: A must see whodunnit based on Aarushi-Hemraj murders |last=Sen |first=Rajyasree |work=Firstpost |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101184140/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/talvar-review-hats-off-to-meghna-gulzar-vishal-bharadwaj-irrfan-for-this-must-see-whodunnit-based-on-aarushi-hemraj-murders-2451358.html|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] praised its writing and performances, calling it a "gripping, genre-defying and non-exploitative cinematic examination" of the murder case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/talvar-movie-review-1182 |title=Talvar Movie Review |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001062357/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/talvar-movie-review-1182|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, " ... ''Talvar'' is super-sharp, a sword swipe at Bollywood's song-and-dance, mehendi-fuelled escapism."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/talvar/movie-review/49176473.cms |title=Talvar Movie Review |last=Mitra Das |first=Srijana |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925110309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Talvar/movie-review/49176473.cms|archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] called the film a "gripping, then baffling, and ultimately disturbing account" of the murder, "deliberately unsentimental and melodrama-free".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/the-justice-league/ |title=The Justice League |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |publisher=RajeevMasand.com |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324163501/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/the-justice-league/|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Sneha May Francis of ''[[Emirates 24/7]]'' praised Sharma and Kabi, expressing that they "play the parents impressively, with restrained perfection".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-review-irrfan-khan-lends-grit-dignity-and-wit-to-the-haunting-talvar-2015-10-01-1.605307 |title=Bollywood review: Irrfan Khan lends grit, dignity and wit to the haunting 'Talvar' |last=May Francis |first=Sneha |work=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001132431/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-review-irrfan-khan-lends-grit-dignity-and-wit-to-the-haunting-talvar-2015-10-01-1.605307|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shilpa Jamkhandikar of [[Reuters]] noted that it is a "well-constructed, gripping film", but the filmmakers' bias about the case left a "bitter aftertaste".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/10/01/movie-review-talvar/ |title=Movie Review: Talvar |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002212945/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/10/01/movie-review-talvar/|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] felt the film was a "slickly produced, tightly written and beautifully performed true crime documentary"; she also called ''Talvar'' a "legal petition disguised as a movie", whose sole purpose was to request the authorities to reconsider the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/759103/film-review-the-gripping-partisan-talvar-lends-its-weight-to-the-justice-for-talwars-campaign |title=Film review: The gripping, partisan 'Talvar' lends its weight to the Justice For Talwars campaign |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128223730/http://scroll.in/article/759103/film-review-the-gripping-partisan-talvar-lends-its-weight-to-the-justice-for-talwars-campaign|archive-date=28 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Aseem Chhabra of [[Rediff.com]] observed: "very uncomfortable film to watch": "A good film should be able to get into our skin, challenge us, shake us up and ''Talvar'' does all of that."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/talvar-riveting-and-extremely-disturbing/20150930.htm |title=Talvar: Riveting and extremely disturbing |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |work=Rediff.com |date=1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222135/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/talvar-riveting-and-extremely-disturbing/20150930.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jai Arjun Singh]] praising Khan's performance, said that his character's "commitment and comic timing" were rare in Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pXew2YaJhcDL8SREog5FpO/Holmes-in-the-dark.html |title=Holmes in the dark |last=Singh |first=Jai Arjun |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=10 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722141915/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pXew2YaJhcDL8SREog5FpO/Holmes-in-the-dark.html|archive-date=22 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' described its "solid writing, sharp dialogue and the spot-on performances" as the strengths. She praised its humour in the face of a serious investigation, which gave the film a "nice touch".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/talvar/295464 |title=Talvar |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=12 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206215836/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/talvar/295464|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarit Ray of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' mentioned ''Talvar'' "shakes you up and forces you to think". He praised the "believable and flawed" character of Ashwini, who "drinks on the sly, out of bottles wrapped in paper bags, and distractedly plays Snakes on his phone while a parent sobs" instead of being a "punchline-spewing hero figure".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/talvar-review-the-razor-sharp-film-forces-you-to-think/story-gl5BIH354NgP0KSOpYlbgK.html |title=Talvar review: This razor-sharp film forces you to think |last=Ray |first=Sarit |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028233930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/talvar-review-the-razor-sharp-film-forces-you-to-think/story-gl5BIH354NgP0KSOpYlbgK.html|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' thought that it was "a brave film that devastates, and despite its flaws, makes for a compelling watch."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/talvar-movie-review/ |title=Talvar movie review: The Irrfan-Konkona starrer make us question our precepts about crime and punishment |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108095120/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/talvar-movie-review/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] wrote in his review: "A tightly-coiled procedural made with such dryness that it seems, in parts, documentarian – resembling a reenactment more than a feature film".<ref name=sen /> Deepanjana Pal said that ''Talvar'' was more of a "much-needed social document than a film", and its "direction lacks imagination".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood-fwire/talvar-review-vishal-bharadwajs-retelling-of-the-aarushi-hemraj-murders-will-leave-you-shaken-and-heartbroken-2452594.html |title=Talvar review: Vishal Bharadwaj's retelling of Aarushi-Hemraj murders will leave you heartbroken |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |work=Firstpost |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724040226/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood-fwire/talvar-review-vishal-bharadwajs-retelling-of-the-aarushi-hemraj-murders-will-leave-you-shaken-and-heartbroken-2452594.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed, "Its intentions might be blunt but as a piece of cinema Talvar is a sharp procedural."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talvar-review-doubleedged/article7715689.ece |title=Talvar: Double-edged |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221183151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talvar-review-doubleedged/article7715689.ece|archive-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' praised its performances and Bhardwaj's screenplay: "A taut film on the Noida double homicide, built around an exceptional screenplay".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/19acVYBOMhlKymvD3wyoaK/Film-review-Talvar.html |title=Film review: Talvar |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |work=Mint |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205032945/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/19acVYBOMhlKymvD3wyoaK/Film-review-Talvar.html|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]], the film was a "perfect balance of sobriety and cruelly dark humour."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/talvar-review-sharp-and-incisive-review-bollywood-pkbrk6aiijcjb.html |title='Talvar' review: Sharp and Incisive! |last=Chopra |first=Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123211110/http://www.sify.com/movies/talvar-review-sharp-and-incisive-review-bollywood-pkbrk6aiijcjb.html|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Among overseas reviewers, [[Joe Leydon]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' labelled the screenplay "solidly constructed" and the film's narrative flow "satisfyingly brisk".<ref name=joe /> J. Hurtado of [[Screen Anarchy]] wrote, "''Talvar'' makes for gripping, infuriating, and at times illuminating viewing, and it's a film that will translate just as well to those ignorant with the case as to those intimately involved."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2015/09/toronto-2015-review-talvar-guilty-is-an-indictment-of-indian-justice.html |title=Toronto 2015 Review: Talvar (Guilty), An Indictment Of Indian Justice |last=Hurtado |first=J |publisher=[[Screen Anarchy]] |date=19 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128223725/https://screenanarchy.com/2015/09/toronto-2015-review-talvar-guilty-is-an-indictment-of-indian-justice.html |archive-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> Deborah Young of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' gave the film a positive review, naming it "gripping from start to finish."<ref name=thr /> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted Khan's performance as the "movie's best weapon": "Playing a familiar character type, the world-weary detective, he gives a performance, full of small, sly details, that doesn't seem familiar at all."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/movies/review-talvar-with-irrfan-khan-depicts-a-double-murders-muddied-waters.html?referrer=google_kp |title=Review: 'Talvar,' With Irrfan Khan, Depicts a Double Murder's Muddied Waters |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015072939/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/movies/review-talvar-with-irrfan-khan-depicts-a-double-murders-muddied-waters.html?referrer=google_kp|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Talvar'' was filmed on a budget of {{INRConvert|15|c}}.<ref name=portrait /> Released with ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]'' and ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]'', the film made {{INRConvert|3|c}} at the box office on the opening day.<ref name="bo" /><ref name=ib>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/talvar-opening-day-box-office-collection-irrfan-khan-starrer-surprises-first-day-649012 |title='Talvar' opening day box office collection: Irrfan Khan starrer surprises on first day |work=International Business Times |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052114/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/talvar-opening-day-box-office-collection-irrfan-khan-starrer-surprises-first-day-649012|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and earned {{INRConvert|5|m}} from the paid preview before its theatrical release.<ref name=ib /> It earned {{INRConvert|2.7|c}} and {{INRConvert|3.3|c}} on Saturday and Sunday, respectively, for a total of {{INRConvert|9|c}} on its opening weekend.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/talvar-starring-irrfan-khan-mints-over-rs-9-crore-in-opening-weekend/ |title='Talvar' starring Irrfan Khan mints over Rs. 9 crore in opening weekend |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2015 |access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923011636/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/talvar-starring-irrfan-khan-mints-over-rs-9-crore-in-opening-weekend/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Talvar'' grossed {{INRConvert|22.6|c}} during its first ten days and, by the end of its theatrical run, earned a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|45.9|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-singh-bling-7th-highest-grosser-2015-talvar-earns-rs-22-crore-10-day-650252 |title=Box office collection: 'Singh Is Bling' is 7th highest grosser of 2015; 'Talvar' earns Rs 22 crore in 10-day |date=12 October 2015 |work=International Business Times|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123231928/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-singh-bling-7th-highest-grosser-2015-talvar-earns-rs-22-crore-10-day-650252|archive-date=23 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/talvar/box-office/ |title=Talvar: Box office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923010141/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/talvar/box-office/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the [[63rd National Film Awards]], Bhardwaj received the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay Award]] and Sanjay Kurian the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |title=63rd National Film Awards for 2015 |date=7 October 2016|access-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2016}}</ref> At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]], A. Sreekar Prasad received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] award and [[Shajith Koyeri]] the [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=16 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165017/http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rashomon effect]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4934950}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|guilty_2015|Talvar}}
* {{Mojo title|talvar}}

{{Meghna Gulzar filmography}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in 2008]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Works about unsolved crimes]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films about child death]]
[[Category:Films directed by Meghna Gulzar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Pakal (film)

2026-03-03T21:35:03Z

Shenna87P79423: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakal
| image = Pakal(film).jpg
| caption = ''Pakal'' film poster
| alt =
| director = [[M. A. Nishad]]
| producer = Santhosh Mathai Biju John
| writer = Susmeth Chandroth
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] [[Jyothirmayi]] [[Thilakan]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Shwetha Menon]] [[Jagadish]] [[Sudheesh]] [[T. G. Ravi]]
| music = G. Radhakrishnan
| cinematography = Vipin Mohan
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pakal''''' is a 2006 [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[M. A. Nishad]], starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] and [[Jyothirmayi]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pakal/20061212.htm|title=Pakal has good intentions|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3467/malayalam/pakal/967/review.htm|title = Pakal Review | Pakal Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair|date = 5 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pakal-review-malayalam-movie-8923|title=Pakal review. Pakal Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Pakal'' takes us into the world of farmers, of the high ranges of Wayanad District of Kerala, who are forced to commit suicide following financial problems. The story has a lot of potential with a relevant political issue and there are some political comments too—like hints at the failure of the government machinery and religious institutions, which ought to come to the aid of the peasants. The film opens with the protagonist Nandakumar, who is a reporter of the television channel ''Kerala Today'', being sent to ''Pannakamkudi '' to do a regular series on the plight of the farmers of the area. He alights on the mission with his cameraman Abu to the high ranges, delivering daily reports in the prime time news about the crop failure, low prices for agricultural products, inability to repay loans issued by banks and cut-throat interest rates charged by private financiers, which eventually force the peasants to commit mass suicides.

Nandakumar and his crew meet 87-year-old Kochuthekkethil Kunjappan in the verandah of the village office. He is one of the early settlers of the region and has been demonstrating before the village office since 14 years seeking justice from the authorities who seize his farmland, branding him a millionaire. And from the directives of the old man and the local priest Abraham Thekkilakkaadan, they meet Thenginthottathil Joseph and his family members, who are in the grip of severe financial problems and on the brink of desperation and even suicide. Joseph's eldest daughter Merlin works for a private exporting company and his second daughter Celine is a medical student who is currently pursuing her final year house surgeonship. The family and the villagers pin all their hopes on Celine, who will be the first doctor from the village. Joseph who had to borrow loans from four different banks for his daughter's educational expenses finds it hard to settle the accounts.

Slowly the media team becomes a part of the village, and their serialized investigative reports on Kerala Today, start to cause many people in the government circles and the local heartless money lender Ummachan, to lose their sleep. The crew faces many hardships in the village as many even manhandle the team. The media management goes a step further and asks Nandakumar to stop reporting on the issue and to return to the city. But he turns down the request and continues there. But as days pass, the villagers’ plights become more hapless as many more suicides follow, including that of Merlin and Joseph. What follows in the film is how Nandakumar, with the support of Celine and other villagers, find ways to rescue the villagers from the chaos they face.

==Cast==
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] as Nandakumar
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Celine
* [[Sudheesh]] as Abu
* [[Thilakan]] as Kunjappan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Jagadish]] as Ummachan
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Joseph
* [[Shwetha Menon]] as Latha Mohankumar
* [[Sreeja Chandran]] as Merlin
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Panchayat President
* [[Zeenath]]
* [[Kanakalatha]]
* Maya Viswanath
* [[Lishoy]]
* Anoop
* Ibrahim Vengara
* Althara
*[[Jijoy Rajagopal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1102295|Pakal}}

[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Nishad]]

Chilli grenade

2026-02-11T23:10:18Z

Shenna87P79423: starting the info more to come - done

{{Short description|Non/less-lethal weapon used for incapacitation and crowd control purposes}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Chilli grenade
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Less lethal weapon]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| is_explosive = Yes
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
}}

A '''chilli grenade''' is a type of [[non-lethal weapon]] developed by [[India]]n military scientists.

== Design ==
Being similar to [[tear gas]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |date=23 March 2010 |title=India's Military Weaponizes World's Hottest Chili |url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/hottest-chili-weapon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325200432/http://news.discovery.com/tech/hottest-chili-weapon.html |archive-date=25 March 2010 |website=Discovery News}}</ref> chilli grenades use one of the world's spiciest [[chili pepper|chilli pepper]] cultivars, [[bhut jolokia]], in weaponised form.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 December 2008 |title=Now, 'Chilli smoke' grenades to dig out terrorists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/now-chilli-smoke-grenades-to-dig-out-terrorists/story-OWTJAfGGlesNgotabmWNzO.html |access-date=16 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Chilli grenades emit a powerful skin and eye irritant as well as pungent smell that causes the afflicted to leave their cover or become physically incapacitated by the grenade's load.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8119591.stm|title=India plans hot chilli grenades|date=25 June 2009|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117153050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8119591.stm|archive-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

The thumb-sized bhut jolokia (or ghost chilli) had previously been recognised by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the [[Hottest chili pepper|hottest pepper in the world]] with more than 1,000,000 [[Scoville scale|Scoville units]], but has since been superseded by three other pepper cultivars, the [[Trinidad moruga scorpion]] (1,463,700 SHU),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili|title=Hottest chilli pepper|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm|title=India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=24 March 2010|work=BBC|access-date=2018-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107143213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> [[Carolina Reaper]] (1,641,183 SHU)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hottest chilli pepper |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128091737/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/ |archive-date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> and in 2023 by [[Pepper X]] (2,693,000 SHU).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pepper X dethrones Carolina Reaper as world's hottest chilli pepper |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/10/pepper-x-dethrones-carolina-reaper-as-worlds-hottest-chilli-pepper-759706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720004021/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/10/pepper-x-dethrones-carolina-reaper-as-worlds-hottest-chilli-pepper-759706 |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en}}</ref>

== Adoption ==
While being developed for the [[Indian Armed Forces]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-03-23 |title=Indian military to weaponize world's hottest chili - Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100323/ap_on_re_as/as_india_chili_grenades |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324222353/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100323/ap_on_re_as/as_india_chili_grenades |archive-date=2010-03-24 |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=15 August 2016 |title=Army backs pepper shots, chilli grenades over pellet guns in Kashmir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-army-backs-pepper-over-pellets-in-kashmir/story-Vvc2Y3zkcuISfxxKk7pWrJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052855/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-army-backs-pepper-over-pellets-in-kashmir/story-Vvc2Y3zkcuISfxxKk7pWrJ.html |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> in 2016, civilian variants were used for [[crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2016 |title=Chilli-filled grenades to replace pellet guns in J&K |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Chilli-filled-grenades-to-replace-pellet-guns-in-JampK/article14621960.ece |access-date=2018-12-31 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Users ==

* {{Flag|India}}

== See also ==

* [[Riot control]]
* [[Pepper spray]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Non-lethal weapons]]
[[Category:Grenades]]

{{law-enforcement-stub}}

Mayuri Wagh

2026-02-08T12:12:37Z

Shenna87P79423: Made a article

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayuri Wagh
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|12|1|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/actress/3031-mayuri-wagh-marathi-actress-biography-wiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303082043/http://marathicineyug.com/actress/3031-mayuri-wagh-marathi-actress-biography-wiki |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 March 2020 |title=Mayuri Wagh - Marathi Actress Biography Wiki - MarathiCineyug.com - Marathi Movie News - TV Serials - Theatre |first=Ajay |last=Kulye |work=marathicineyug.com |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dombivali]], [[Maharashtra]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Piyush Ranade]]|2018|end = separated}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=मालिकेच्या सेटवरच प्रेमात पडले पियुष-मयुरी, पाहा कसा रंगला सुंदर विवाहसोहळा|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/BOL-MB-wedding-photos-of-mayuri-wagh-and-piyush-ranade-5758950-PHO.html/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
}}
'''Mayuri Wagh''' is a [[List of Marathi television actors|Marathi television]] and [[List of Marathi cinema actresses|film actress]]. She is known for her performances in ''[[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]'' and in ''Ti Phulrani''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snword.in/biography-of-mayuri-wagh-marathi-actress/ |title=Mayuri wagh Marathi Actress Biography, Photos, Serials, Movies |date=14 July 2016 |work=snword.in |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516161620/http://snword.in/biography-of-mayuri-wagh-marathi-actress/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicelebs.com/mayuri-wagh-actress-latest-photos-bio-wiki-birthday/ |title=Mayuri Wagh - MarathiCelebs.com |first=Divya |last=Thakur |date=17 November 2016 |work=marathicelebs.com |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Mayuri is originally from the town of [[Dombivali]] near Mumbai. She started her career as a side dancer and theater artist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.megamarathi.com/marathi-actress/mayuri-wagh-marathi-actress-biography/ |title=Mayuri Wagh Marathi Actress Biography Photos Pics Images Wiki Age Marriage Husband Name Asmita |date=10 April 2017 |work=megamarathi.com |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> Mayuri Wagh debuted in Marathi television with the serial ''Vachan Dile Tu Mala'' [[Star Pravah]]. Later she played the role "Detective Asmita" in the popular [[Zee Marathi]] crime-based series ''Asmita''. Apart from serials, Wagh has also appeared in television adverts such as [[Glow & Lovely]], [[Tupperware]], [[Harpic]], Dabur Chyawanprash and Magnum Ice Cream. She has also appeared in reality shows such as ''Housefull'', and ''Sugaran & Mejwani Paripoorna Kitchen''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Personal life==
Mayuri Wagh completed her education from [[Kelkar College]] in Mumbai, followed by a post graduation in HR from Wellingkar college.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Channel
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|''Vachan Dile Tu Mala''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Rama
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2010-2011
|''Hi Vaat Door Jate''
|[[Saam TV]]
|Lead role
|
|-
|2011-2012
|''Ya Valnawar''
| rowspan="3" |[[ETV Marathi]]
|Renuka's sister
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Comedy Express]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|''Mejwani Paripoorna Kitchen''
| rowspan="2" |Host
|
|-
|2013
|''Sugran''
|[[Saam TV]]
|
|-
|2014-2017
|''[[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Asmita Agnihotri
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The onscreen detective - Asmita|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv/news/marathi/can-you-recognize-these-tv-actresses-from-their-throwback-pictures/photostory/65646399.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2018
|''[[Love Lagna Locha]]''
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|Rutu
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-15|title='लव्ह लग्न लोचा'मध्ये मॉर्डन मुलीची भूमिका साकारणार मयुरी, खासगी आयुष्यातही आहे ग्लॅमरस|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-mayuri-wagh-to-enter-in-marathi-serial-love-lagna-locha-5695069-PHO.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018-2019
|''Ti Phulrani''
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|Manju
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi TV show Ti Phulrani to go off-air soon; all set for a relaunch in Hindi as 'Tara from Satara' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-show-ti-phulrani-to-go-off-air-soon-all-set-for-a-relaunch-in-hindi-as-tara-from-satara/articleshow/70700157.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ladies Zindabad: Chala Hawa Yeu Dya to launch a special season featuring Marathi actresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ladies-zindabad-chala-hawa-yeu-dya-to-launch-a-special-season-featuring-marathi-actresses/articleshow/77460096.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Aashirvad Tuza Ekvira Aai ''
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|[[Ekvira|Ekvira Aai]]
|
|}

===Film===
*''Manyaa-The Wonder Boy''

===Theater===
* ''Sohala Gosht Premachi''
* ''Mangalyach Lena''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4495182/ Mayuri Wagh] on [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagh, Mayuri}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]

Musafirkhana

2026-02-04T01:54:20Z

Shenna87P79423: Made new pg

{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Musafirkhana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Musafir Khana block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Musafirkhana CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|27|N|81|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 102
| population_total = 7999
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 =
[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 227813
| registration_plate = UP-36
| website = {{URL|https://amethi.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Musafirkhana''' is a town and [[tehsil]] in [[Amethi district]] in [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The word "Musafirkhana" means "[[Caravanserai|Sarai]]," or "[[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]]". Musafirkhana is located 32 km northwest of district headquarters [[Amethi]].

As of 2011, Musafirkhana's population is 7,999 people, in 1,276 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=112–28, 758–73 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
At the turn of the 20th century, Musafirkhana was described as a small and run-down village that was of no importance besides being the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Why it was chosen as the seat of a tehsil is unclear — it was originally all the way in the corner of the tehsil, and was possibly chosen so that officials could keep an eye on the Kandu nala, which was formerly affected by bandits and [[dacoit]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=196–201 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Musafirkhana was originally a bazar — or rather sarai, as the name indicates — built on the village lands of [[Bhanauli]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Their combined population in 1901 was 2,058, a quarter of whom were Muslims.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At that time, Musafirkhana had a police station, pound, school, and dispensary.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

==Geography==
Musafirkhana is located at {{coord|26.37|N|81.8|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Musafirkhana.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Musafirkhana]</ref> It has an average elevation of 102 metres (334 feet). Musafirkhana is 32 km northwest of district headquarters [[Amethi]], 20 km from [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
| align = left
| source = 2011 Census of India<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| 1991 | 5731
| 2001 | 7366
| 2011 | 7999
}}
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Musafirkhana had a total population of 7,999, of which 4,143 were males and 3,856 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,018. The total number of literates in Musafirkhana was 5,876, which constituted 73.5% of the population with male literacy of 79.7% and female literacy of 66.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Musafirkhana was 84.2%, of which male literacy rate was 91.2% and female literacy rate was 76.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 414 respectively. Musafirkhana had 1276 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Musafirkhana |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=194412 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

According to the Census of India conducted in 2001, Musafirkhana had a population of 7,373. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Musafirkhana has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 57%. In Musafirkhana, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= [[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

The official languages of speak Musafirkhana are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="langoff"/>

==Transport==
[[File:Musafirkhana.jpg|thumb|Musafirkhana Railway Station]]
Musafirkhana has a railway station on the [[Varanasi]]-[[Lucknow]] rail route.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amethi district|Places India]]

Lacto vegetarianism

2026-01-21T18:51:05Z

Shenna87P79423: edit

{{Short description|Vegetarian diet allowing dairy products}}
[[File:Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg|thumb|Lacto-vegetarians consume dairy products and honey, but not eggs or meat.]]
A '''lacto-vegetarian''' (sometimes referred to as a '''lactarian'''; from the [[Latin]] root '''lact-''', meaning ''milk'') diet abstains from the consumption of [[Egg as food|eggs]] as well as [[meat]], while still consuming [[dairy product]]s such as [[milk]], [[cheese]] (without animal [[rennet]], i.e., from microbial sources), [[yogurt]], [[butter]], [[ghee]], [[cream]], and [[kefir]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian|title=Becoming a vegetarian|date=Oct 2009|access-date=18 Nov 2017|website=Harvard Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609172502/https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian|archive-date=2017-06-09 }}</ref> as well as [[honey]].

==History==

The concept and practice of lacto-vegetarianism among a significant number of people comes from [[ancient India]].<ref>Spencer, Colin: ''The Heretic's Feast. A History of Vegetarianism'', London: Fourth Estate 1993, p. 69–84. {{ISBN|1-85702-078-2}}.</ref>

An early western advocate of lacto-vegetarianism was the Scottish physician [[George Cheyne (physician)|George Cheyne]] who promoted a milk and vegetable-based diet to [[Treatment of obesity|treat obesity]] and other health problems in the early 18th century.<ref>Kiple, Kenneth F; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè. (2000). ''The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 1556. {{ISBN|0-521-40215-8}}</ref><ref>Beatty, Heather R. (2012). ''Nervous Disease in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: The Reality of a Fashionable Disorder''. Routledge. pp. 103-104. {{ISBN|978-1-84893-308-8}}</ref>

During the 19th century, the diet became associated with [[naturopathy]]. German naturopaths [[Heinrich Lahmann]] and [[Theodor Hahn]] promoted lacto-vegetarian diets of raw vegetables, [[whole wheat bread]], and dairy products such as milk.<ref>Bergdolt, Klaus. (2008). ''Wellbeing: A Cultural History of Healthy Living''. Polity Press. p. 286. {{ISBN|978-07456-2913-1}}</ref><ref>Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret. (2010). ''Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism''. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. {{ISBN|978-0-313-37556-9}}</ref><ref name="Treitel 2017">Treitel, Corinna. (2017). ''Eating Nature in Modern Germany: Food, Agriculture and Environment, c.1870 to 2000''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77-81. {{ISBN|978-1-107-18802-0}}</ref>

In the 20th century, lacto-vegetarianism was promoted by the American biochemist [[Elmer McCollum]] and the Danish physician and nutritionist [[Mikkel Hindhede]].<ref name="Treitel 2017"/><ref name="Iacobbo 2004">Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). ''Vegetarian America: A History''. pp. 138-140. {{ISBN|0-275-97519-3}}</ref> In 1918, McCollum commented that "lacto-vegetarianism should not be confused with strict vegetarianism. The former is, when the diet is properly planned, the most highly satisfactory plan which can be adopted in the nutrition of man."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/newerknowledgen02mccogoog|author=McCollum, Elmer Verner|year=1918|publisher=Macmillan Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/newerknowledgen02mccogoog/page/n74 52]}}</ref>

Hindhede became a food advisor to the [[Danish government]] during [[World War I]] and was influential in introducing a lacto-vegetarian diet to the public.<ref name="Treitel 2017"/><ref name="Iacobbo 2004"/><ref name="Sebastia 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Briesen |author-first=Detlef |chapter=What is a healthy diet? Some ideas about the construction of healthy food in Germany since the nineteenth century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |editor-last=Sebastia |editor-first=Brigitte |year=2017 |title=Eating Traditional Food: Politics, Identity and Practices |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |series=Routledge Studies in Food, Society and The Environment |page=172 |isbn=978-1-138-18700-9 |lccn=2016021306}}</ref> The system of rationing restricted meat and alcohol so the [[Danes|Danish population]] were mostly living on a diet of milk and vegetables.<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> During the years of food restriction from 1917 to 1918, both [[Mortality rate|mortality]] and [[morbidity]] decreased;<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> the mortality rate dropped by 34%, the lowest death rate ever reported for Denmark.<ref name="Iacobbo 2004"/> Hindhede's dieting ideas expressed in his scientific publications, along with those written by other Scandinavian scientists, were translated in German and well received amongst the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing political spectrum]] in [[Weimar Republic|post-war Germany]].<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> Subsequently, lacto-vegetarianism was strongly supported by [[Lebensreform|German life reformers]] (''Lebensreform'') and became influential on some of the leading exponents of the [[National Socialist movement]].<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/>

The uric-acid free diet of [[Alexander Haig (physician)|Alexander Haig]] was lacto-vegetarian. On this diet only cheese, milk, nuts, certain vegetables, and [[white bread]] could be eaten.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1908|title=Reviewed Work: Uric Acid As A Factor In The Causation Of Disease by Alexander Haig|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=2483|page=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Whorton, James C.|year=1981|title=Muscular Vegetarianism: The Debate Over Diet and Athletic Performance in the Progressive Era|journal=Journal of Sport History|volume=8|issue=2|pages=58–75|pmid=11614819}}</ref><ref>Barnett, L. Margaret. (1995). ''Every Man His Own Physician: Dietetic Fads, 1890-1914''. In Harmke Kamminga, Andrew Cunningham. ''The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940''. p. 165. Rodopi. {{ISBN|90-5183-818-2}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was a notable lacto-vegetarian, who drank milk daily.<ref name="Phelps 2007">Phelps, Norm. (2007). ''The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA''. Lantern Books. pp. 165-166. {{ISBN|978-1-59056-106-5}}</ref> In 1931, Gandhi commented that:

{{blockquote|I know we must all err. I would give up milk if I could, but I cannot. I have made that experiment times without number. I could not, after a serious illness, regain my strength, unless I went back to milk. That has been the tragedy of my life.<ref name="Phelps 2007"/><ref>[https://ivu.org/news/evu/other/gandhi2.html "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism"]. Speech delivered by Gandhi at a Social Meeting organised by the London Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931.</ref>}}

In 1936, [[Narasinh Narayan Godbole]] authored ''Milk: The Most Perfect Food'', a book defending lacto-vegetarianism and [[Ethics of eating meat|promoting the consumption of dairy products in opposition to meat]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=1937|title=Reviewed Work: Milk, The Most Perfect Food by N. N. Godbole, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=5|issue=11|pages=600–601|jstor=24204292}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A. C. D.|year=1938|title=Milk the Most Perfect Food. N. N. Godbole, Benares Hindu Univ., Dipawali, India, 1936|journal=[[Journal of Dairy Science]]|url=https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(38)93006-1/pdf|volume=21|issue=9|page=242}}</ref>

==Rennet==

Historically most commercial cheese was made with calf [[rennet]], making this an issue for lacto-vegetarians. Fig and thistle rennet were used in ancient times but such plant-based rennets were not suitable for the manufacture of long-ripened cheese varieties so calf rennet became the standard until there was a shortage of supply.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fox, Patrick F; McSweeney, Paul L. H; Cogan, Timothy M; Guinee, Timothy P. |date=2004 |title=Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, Third Edition, Volume 1: General Aspects |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/General_Aspects_vol_1/vz-2Y7npqj0C |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |pages=1-3 |isbn=0-1226-3652-X}}</ref>

[[John Smith (vegetarian)|John Smith]] in his book ''The Principles and Practice of Vegetarian Cookery'' in 1860 wrote about a "vegetable rennet" made from the flowers of ''[[Galium verum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Smith |date= 1860|title=The Principles and Practice of Vegetarian Cookery |url=https://archive.org/details/b21531080/page/26/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Co |page=26}}</ref> In 1898, W. A. Macdonald in ''[[The Vegetarian (magazine)|The Vegetarian]]'' magazine commented that fig and thistle rennet had been successful in experiment but only calf rennet had commercial significance.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1898|title=Is Cheese a Vegetarian Food?|journal=The Vegetarian|url=https://archive.org/details/vegetarianmonthl00unse_1/page/106/mode/2up|volume=3|issue=7|pages=106-110}}</ref> In India in the late 19th-century, the berries from ''[[Withania coagulans]]'' were used as a vegetarian rennet and sold in powdered capsules.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0002598%2F18830728&page=2 |title=Vegetarian Cheese Rennet|newspaper=The Examiner |date=July 28, 1883|page=2}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000452%2F18830802&page=4 |title=Vegetarian Cheese|newspaper=The Edinburgh Evening News |date=August 2, 1883|page=4}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kothavalla, Z. R; Khubchandani, P. G.|year=1940|title=Withania Coagulans as a Vegetable Rennet|journal=Indian Journal of Veterinary Science|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19420400357|volume=10|issue=3|pages=284-288}}</ref>

Most commercial cheese in the United States is currently made using [[chymosin]]. Some vegetarians consider this an acceptable alternative, whilst others do not as the gene used to make microbial chymosin originated from calves.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yacoubou, Jeanne|date=2012|title=Microbial Rennets and Fermentation Produced Chymosin (FPC): How Vegetarian Are They?|url=https://www.vrg.org/blog/2012/08/21/microbial-rennets-and-fermentation-produced-chymosin-fpc-how-vegetarian-are-they/|website=The Vegetarian Resource Group|language=en-GB|archive-date=March 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306032254/https://www.vrg.org/blog/2012/08/21/microbial-rennets-and-fermentation-produced-chymosin-fpc-how-vegetarian-are-they/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{See also|Ahimsa|Ethical vegetarian|Environmental vegetarianism}}

Lacto-vegetarian diets are popular with certain followers of the [[Dharmic religion|Dharmic]] religious traditions such as [[Jainism|Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]]. The core of their beliefs behind a lacto-vegetarian diet is the law of [[ahimsa]], or non-violence.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=Your explanation here}}

===Hinduism===
According to the [[Vedas]] (Hindu holy scriptures), all living beings are equally valued.<ref>[http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/5/18/en1 Bhagavad Gita 5.18] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917212912/http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/5/18/en1 |date=2009-09-17 }} "The humble sages, by virtue of true knowledge, see with equal vision a learned and gentle brahmana, a cow, an elephant, a dog and a dog-eater [outcaste]."</ref><ref name="hinduwebsite.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/animals.asp |title=Animals in Hinduism, second paragraph |publisher=Hinduwebsite.com |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> Hindus believe that vegetarianism is vital for spiritual progress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Filippini |first1=Massimo |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Suchita |date=2019-10-01 |title=Impact of religious participation, social interactions and globalization on meat consumption: Evidence from India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988319303457 |journal=Energy Economics |series=Eighth Atlantic Workshop on Energy and Environmental Economics |language=en |volume=84 |article-number=104550 |doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104550 |s2cid=211301067 |issn=0140-9883|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It takes many more vegetables or plants to produce an equal amount of meat,<ref name=feed800>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug97/livestock.hrs.html |title=U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat |publisher=News.cornell.edu |date=1997-08-07 |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> many more lives are destroyed, and in this way more suffering is caused when meat is consumed.<ref name=Gabriel001>Gabriel Cousens, Spiritual Nutrition: Six Foundations for Spiritual Life and the Awakening of Kundalini, North Athlantic Books, page 251</ref> Although some suffering and pain is inevitably caused to other living beings to satisfy the human need for food, according to ahimsa, every effort should be made to minimize suffering.<ref name=Gabriel001/> This is to avoid [[Karma|karmic consequences]] and show respect for living things, because all living beings are equally valued in these traditions,<ref name="hinduwebsite.com"/> a vegetarian diet rooted in [[ahimsa]] is only one aspect of environmentally conscious living, relating to those beings affected by our need for food.<ref name=Gabriel001/> However, this does not apply to all Hindus; some do consume meat, though usually not any form of beef.

In India, lacto-vegetarian is considered synonymous to vegetarian, while eggs are considered a meat product.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/indian-girl-confronts-hindu-nationalists-in-row-over-school-eggs-p00jngjmv "Eggs off menu at schools in Hindu row"]. thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</ref> However, in other parts of the world, vegetarianism generally refers to [[lacto-ovo vegetarianism|ovo–lacto vegetarianism]] instead, allowing eggs into the diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mariotti |first1=François |last2=Gardner |first2=Christopher D. |title=Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review |journal=Nutrients |date=2019 |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=2661 |doi=10.3390/nu11112661 |pmid=31690027 |pmc=6893534 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many Hindu [[Wrestling in India|wrestlers]] are strict lacto-vegetarians and follow a [[Sattvic diet]]. A large part of their diet is milk, ghee, almonds and chickpeas.<ref>Alter, Joseph S. (1992). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110192418/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6n39p104&chunk.id=s1.5.3&toc.id=&brand=ucpress "The Discipline of the Wrestler's Body"]. In ''The Wrestler's Body Identity and Ideology in North India''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0520076976}}</ref>

===Jainism===

In the case of [[Jainism]], the vegetarian standard is strict. It allows the consumption of only fruit and leaves that can be taken from plants without causing their death. This further excludes from the diet [[list of root vegetables|root vegetables]] like [[carrot]]s, [[potato]]es, [[onion]]s, [[garlic]], [[radish]], [[turnip]]s, [[turmeric]], etc since uprooting plants is considered as bad [[karma]] in Jainism.<ref name="Shah2004">{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2|pages=249–251}}</ref> Jains also do not consume [[honey]] since it is considered as stealing food and also because honey collecting destroys [[bee hive]]s and bee eggs and bee larvae inside it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.atmadharma.com/shastras/vegetarian_food_and_jain_conduct_eng_txt/vfjcmp08.html | title=VEGETARIAN-FOOD AND JAIN-CONDUCT, Honey }}</ref>

===Sikhism===

The [[Namdhari]]s, a Sikh sect, follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet and have quoted verses from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] endorsing vegetarianism; they also advocate for cow protection.<ref>Clarke, Peter B. (2004). ''Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 425–426. {{ISBN|978-1134499700}}</ref><ref>[http://www.namdhari-world.com/vegetarianism.html "Vegetarianism"]. namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref><ref>[http://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/namdhari2.html "A Namdhari Sikh's Testimony"]. ivu.org. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref> The [[Damdami Taksal]] also cite the Guru Granth Sahib and advocate a strict lacto-vegetarian diet.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nesbitt, Eleanor|year=2015|title=The Fools Argue about Flesh and Meat': Sikhs and Vegetarianism|journal=Religions of South Asia|volume=9|issue=1|pages=81–101|doi=10.1558/rosa.v9i1.22123}}</ref><ref name="Vegetarian">[https://www.damdamitaksal.com/code-of-conduct#h3-11-3-halaal-ndash-eating-meat-fish-and-eggs "The Fools Argue about Flesh and Meat': Sikhs and Vegetarianism"]. damdamitaksal.com. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref> Eating meat is not allowed in any form including eggs, [[Fish as food|fish]] and [[gelatine]].<ref name="Vegetarian"/>

==Lacto-vegetarians and vegans==

The primary difference between a [[veganism|vegan]] and a lacto-vegetarian diet is the avoidance of dairy products and honey. Vegans do not consume dairy products and honey, believing that their production causes the animal suffering or a premature death,<ref name=marcus>{{cite book|title=Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating|author=Erik Marcus|date=2000|publisher=McBooks Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-59013-344-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hHjqs43t8oC}}</ref> or otherwise abridges [[animal rights]].

==Comparison==
{{Comparison of vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets}}

==See also==

{{div col}}
* [[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|Lacto–ovo vegetarianism]]
* [[List of butter dishes]]
* [[List of cheese dishes]]
* [[List of dairy products]]
* [[List of diets]]
* [[List of vegetable dishes]]
* [[Ovo vegetarianism]]
* [[Sentient foods]]
* [[Vegetarianism]]
* [[VeggieBoards]], a vegetarian forum
{{div col end}}


==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vegetarianism}}

* [http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/nutshell.htm The Vegetarian Resource Group]

{{Vegetarianism}}

[[Category:Diets]]
[[Category:Vegetarian diets]]
[[Category:Intentional living]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]

[[pt:Vegetarianismo#Lactovegetarianismo]]

Merahi

2026-01-21T13:24:27Z

Shenna87P79423: Made stub

{{Short description|Village in Siwan, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Merahi
| native_name = मेरही
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in Siwan district|Village]]
| image_skyline = East Front of Merahi Village.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = East Front of Merahi Village
| image_map = Map of Hasanpura.pdf
| map_caption = Merahi (#578) in [[Hasanpura]] block map
| map_alt = to
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|26.422|N|84.241|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal_of_Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hasanpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = [[Pakari Bihar|Pakari]]<ref name="Pakari Panchayat">{{Cite web |title= Pakari Panchayat|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 = Late Prabhunath Yadav
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name3 = [[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="Merahi Area">{{Cite web |title=Area of Merahi Village|url=https://vill.co.in/bihar/siwan/hasanpura-218012450/merahi-012452325780 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=vill.co.in}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.58
| elevation_footnotes =<ref name="Merahi Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Merahi Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 61.9
| population_total = 1829
| population_as_of = 2,011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Population of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Population of Merahi Village|url=https://vill.co.in/bihar/siwan/hasanpura-218012450/merahi-012452325780/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=vill.co.in}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & English
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in Bihar|Literacy]]<ref name="Summary Report of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Summary Report of Merahi Village|url=https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/bihar/siwan/hasanpura/merahi#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villagedatabase}}</ref>
| demographics2_info2 = 63%
| demographics2_title3 = [[Demographics of Bihar|Sex ratio]]
| demographics2_info3 = 1233 (Males: 819 - 44.78%, Females: 1010 - 55.22%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841240
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =Reference<ref name="Story of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Story of Merahi Village|url=https://www.localguidesconnect.com/t/story-of-small-village-of-bihar-merahi/467580 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=localguidesconnect.com|date=29 December 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Merahi''' is a village located in the [[Hasanpura]] block of [[Siwan district]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It falls under the [[Pakari, Bihar|Pakari]] gram panchayat and is approximately 7 km from the sub-district headquarters in Hasanpura and about 15 km from the district headquarters in Siwan.<ref name="Overview of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Merahi Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232578#overview |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>
[[File:Brahm Baba Merahi.jpg|thumb|Brahm Baba from West side of Merahi]]

==Demographics==


The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded Merahi village in [[Bihar]] with a population of 1829, including 819 males and 1010 females, spread across 291 households. The village has a notable literacy rate of 63.04%, with 566 literate males and 587 literate females. The average household size is approximately 6 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1016_PART_B_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - Census of India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[Government of India|government records]],<ref name="Report on Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Report of Merahi Village|url=https://sites.google.com/view/merahivillage/report-on-merahi-village |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> the village code of Merahi is 232578. The village has 291 houses. Agriculture is the main profession of this village. The total geographical area of village is 258.8 hectares.

== Administration==
Merahi Village is geographically located within the Hasanpura subdivision of the
[[Siwan district|Siwan]] district in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].
[[File:Pakari Siwan Bihar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pakari, Bihar|Pakari Panchayat]] Bhavan, Siwan, Bihar.]]

The village's administrative affiliation extends to the local self-governance bodies, falling under the [[Pakari, Bihar|Pakari]] [[gram panchayat]], and the Hasanpura Block Panchayat.<ref name="Report on Merahi Village"/>

==Education==

Rajkiya Prathmik Vidhyalaya is also known as '''Merahi Primary School''',<ref name="About Primary School Merahi Village">{{Cite web|title=About Primary School of Merahi Village|url=https://www.localguidesconnect.com/t/accessible-bihar-primary-school-merahi-siwan/480706|access-date=2025-06-07|website=Local Guides Connect|date=7 June 2025}}</ref> established in 1960<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary School, Merahi - Know Your School |url=https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/2444950/12 |website=kys.udiseplus.gov.in |access-date=7 July 2025 |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321144759/https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/2444950/12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and managed by the Education Department, Government of Bihar, is located in a rural area within the Hasanpura Block of Siwan district.
[[File:Primary School Merahi.jpg|thumb|right|Primary School, Merahi]]
It's a co-educational institution serving students from Class 1 to 5, with instruction solely in Hindi.

== See also ==
* [[Pakari Bihar|Pakari Gram Panchayat]]
* [[Dibi, Siwan|Dibi]]
* [[List of villages in Siwan district]]
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]]
* [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|MerahiVillage}}
* {{Instagram|MerahiVillage}}
* {{YouTube|c=UCzDexeImbwZedYocmEnVy_A}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Geographic location
|North = [[Mandrauli]]
|Northeast = [[Mandrapali]]
|West = [[Hasanpura]]
|Northwest = [[Karmasi]] |Center = Merahi
|South = [[Dibi, Siwan|Dibi]]
|Southwest = [[Jalalpur]]
|Southeast = [[Pakari, Bihar|Pakari]]
|East = [[Shekhpura]]
|}}

{{Siwan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district|Siwan|Siwan, Bihar]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

Sher Khanji Babi

2026-01-03T01:08:32Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating the data with sources

{{short description|Founder of the Babi Dynasty of India (17th century)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammad Sher Khan Babai
| title = [[Nawab|Nawāb]]
| image =
| succession =
| reign =
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|17th century}} 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| queen =
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]]
| dynasty = [[Babi dynasty|Babi]]
| father = Bahadur Khan Babai
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Shēr Khānji Babi''' was the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] founder of the [[Babi dynasty]] of [[Hindustan]].

Muhammad Sher Khan [[-ji|Ji]] hailed from the [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]] clan of [[Pashtuns]]. He served as a distinguished officer in the [[Mughal Empire|Imperial]] service in [[Delhi]].<ref>''The Golden Book of India - A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire'' by Sir Roper Lethbridge (1893)</ref> His forefather was Adil Khan Babi of [[Kandahar]] who came to [[Indian subcontinent|India]] with [[Humayun]].<ref name="Babai">''[https://books.google.com.au/books?redir%20esc=y&id=OgRuAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=babi+dynasty Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan: pangs of birth] (2000) M. Akram Shaheedi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Z. H. Zaidi''</ref> Sher Khanji was a deputy governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] who would go on to establish the [[Babi dynasty]].<ref name="Babai"/><ref>''Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I'' (1996)</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html JUNAGADH (Princely State)]'' Royal House</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]

Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005–06

2026-01-02T02:13:32Z

Shenna87P79423: expanded content

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005–06
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 22 October 2005
| to_date = 22 December 2005
| team1_captain = [[Marvan Atapattu]]
| team2_captain = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (255)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Irfan Pathan]] (202)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (16)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Anil Kumble]] (20)
| player_of_test_series = [[Anil Kumble]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 7
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 6
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] (296)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] (346)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Ajit Agarkar]] (12)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] (Ind)
}}
The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] toured India for [[cricket]] matches in October, November and December 2005. The tour was split into two legs, as [[Indian cricket team|India]] hosted [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] for a [[One Day International]] series in between the India–Sri Lanka ODIs (which were played between 25 October and 12 November) and the Tests, which took place in December. Before the ODI series, India were ranked seventh on the [[ICC ODI Championship]] table, while [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] were second, and the Indian team had officially changed [[captain (cricket)|captains]] with [[Rahul Dravid]] taking over from [[Sourav Ganguly]]. However, India defied the rankings, winning the first four ODIs of seven to secure the series, and ended up with a 6–1 win despite resting captain Dravid and letting opener [[Virender Sehwag]] take over the helm for the sixth ODI. [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], Sri Lanka's opener with 100 Tests and 345 ODIs, was dropped for the Tests<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/indvsl/content/story/227461.html Jayasuriya vows to return] from Cricinfo, published 28 November 2005</ref> after tallying 86 runs in the six ODIs, while Rahul Dravid moved up 18 places on the [[ICC player rankings]] with 312 runs for twice out.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/STATS/SL_IN_IND_OCT-DEC2005_ODI_AVS.html Sri Lanka in India, 2005-06 One-Day Series Averages] from Cricinfo</ref> India's [[wicket-keeper]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] also made his mark, being the second highest averaging batsman of the series, and he made 183 [[not out]] in 3rd ODI matches at [[Jaipur]], which was at the time the sixth-highest innings by a batsman in an ODI.

The Test series was won by India as well, this time 2–0, with three and a half days of play of the first Test lost due to rain. In the second Test, India took a 60-run lead on first innings after [[Anil Kumble]] took six for 72, and four half-centuries (from [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Rahul Dravid]] and MS Dhoni) gave India 375 more runs before declaring. Kumble then completed a ten-for in the match as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 247, losing by 188 runs. In the second match, the margin of victory was even more convincing, Kumble getting seven wickets and [[Harbhajan Singh]] ten as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 206 and 249 on their way to a 259-run loss.

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:85%; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|[[One Day International|ODI]]
!colspan=2|[[Test (cricket)|Test]]
|-
! {{cr|SRI}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2012/content/squad/571022.html|title=Sri Lanka v India/Sri Lanka Squad}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2012/content/squad/572639.html|title= Sri Lanka v India/India One-Day Squad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Team-India-for-Sri-Lanka-tour-Virender-Sehwag-Zaheer-Khan-stage-comeback-Ravindra-Jadeja-axed/articleshow/14670872.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705152331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-04/top-stories/32536189_1_odi-series-asia-cup-sachin-tendulkar|url-status=live|archive-date=5 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Team India for Sri Lanka tour: Virender Sehwag, Zaheer Khan stage comeback; Ravindra Jadeja axed|access-date=4 July 2012}}</ref>
! {{cr|SRI}}
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2012/content/squad/571023.html|title= Sri Lanka v India/India Twenty20 Squad}}</ref>
|-
|
*[[Marvan Atapattu]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Russel Arnold]]
*[[Upul Chandana]]
*[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
*[[Dilhara Fernando]]
*[[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Dilhara Lokuhettige]]
*[[Farveez Maharoof]]
*[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
*[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
*[[Upul Tharanga]]
*[[Chaminda Vaas]]
*[[Nuwan Zoysa]]
|
*[[Rahul Dravid]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Ajit Agarkar]]
*[[Gautam Gambhir]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Murali Kartik]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[R. P. Singh]]
*[[S. Sreesanth]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]
*[[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
|
*[[Marvan Atapattu]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]] (vc)
*[[Avishka Gunawardene]]
*[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
*[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
*[[Rangana Herath]]
*[[Chamara Kapugedera]]
*[[Lasith Malinga]]
*[[Jehan Mubarak]]
*[[Sajeewa Weerakoon]]
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Malinga Bandara]]
*[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
*[[Dilhara Fernando]]
*[[Chaminda Vaas]]
|
*[[Rahul Dravid]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Ajit Agarkar]]
*[[Gautam Gambhir]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Murali Kartik]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[R. P. Singh]]
*[[S. Sreesanth]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]
*[[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Wasim Jaffer]]
|}
For the sixth and seventh ODI matches [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]] and [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]] was originally replaced by [[Mohammad Kaif]] and [[V. R. V. Singh]] [[V. R. V. Singh]] failed a fitness test and Yadav was called up again.[3]
Ganguly was replaced by Wasim Jaffer for the third Test.[5]
[[Chamara Kapugedera]] was originally selected for the Test squad, but suffered a lateral ligament and was replaced by Mubarak.[4]

==Tour matches==
===50-over: Mumbai Cricket Association President's XI v Sri Lankans===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI|name=Sri Lankans}}
| team2 = Mumbai Cricket Association President's XI
| score1 = 267/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 64[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Abhishek Nayar]] 3/40 (10 overs)
| score2 = 268/7 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vinayak Mane]] 75 (110)
| wickets2 = [[Nuwan Zoysa]] 2/41 (9 overs)
| result = Mumbai Cricket Association President's XI won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/222732.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sameer Bandekar]] (Ind) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai Cricket Association President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Indian Board President's XI v Sri Lankans===
{{Test match
| date = 26–28 November
| team1 = Indian Board President's XI
| team2 = {{cr|SRI|name=Sri Lankans}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 317/4[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (75 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 76 (96)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Malinga Bandara]] 2/61 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 171/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (59 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 43 (84)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 4/64 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/227398.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Tej Handu]] (Ind) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lankans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No play was possible on day 1 and play did not commence until 13:30 on day 2.
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 October
| time = 09:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 350/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 198 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 93 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 2/40 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 43 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 152 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223018.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[S. Sreesanth]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 October
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 122 (35.4 overs)
| score2 = 123/2 (20.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 27 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 4/37 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 67[[not out|*]] (69)
| wickets2 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 1/19 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223334.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Irfan Pathan]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 October
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 298/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 303/4 (46.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 138[[not out|*]] (147)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/62 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[MS Dhoni]] 183[[not out|*]] (145)
| wickets2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223634.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Krishna Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) made the highest individual score by a wicket-keeper in ODIs.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 November
| time = 09:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 261 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 262/6 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 87 (100)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 5/44 (9.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 63 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/35 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223902.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ajit Agarkar]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 November
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score1 = 285/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 103 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 4/20 (5 overs)
| score2 = 286/5 (47.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 81[[not out|*]] (67)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/59 (9.4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/224231.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Krishna Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===6th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 November
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 196 (42.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 59 (63)
| wickets1 = [[R. P. Singh|RP Singh]] 4/35 (8.5 overs)
| score2 = 197/3 (34.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 79[[not out|*]] (67)
| wickets2 = [[Dilhara Fernando]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/224556.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[R. P. Singh|RP Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===7th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 November
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 244/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Russel Arnold]] 68 (69)
| wickets1 = [[R. P. Singh|RP Singh]] 3/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 245/5 (39.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] 80 (73)
| wickets2 = [[Nuwan Zoysa]] 2/47 (7 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/225437.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Krishna Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Irfan Pathan]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 167 (73.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 36 (28)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 4/20 (21 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 168/4 (43 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 71 (80)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226361.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chaminda Vaas]] (SL)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain delayed play on days 1, 2 and 3.
| notes = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 10–14 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 290 (96.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 109 (196)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 7/100 (38.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 230 (83.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 88 (202)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 6/72 (28 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 375/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (105 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 93 (143)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/65 (21 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 247 (91.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 67 (129)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/85 (36 overs)
| result = India won by 188 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226362.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Anil Kumble]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 18–22 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 398 (122.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 104 (237)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 3/113 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 206 (63.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 65 (109)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/62 (22.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 316/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (71 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 75 (83)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Malinga Bandara]] 3/84 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 249 (92.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 65 (123)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 5/89 (34.3 overs)

| result = India won by 259 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226363.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Gujarat Stadium]], [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL) made his Test debut.
* [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind) [[List of India national cricket captains|captained India]] for the first time in Tests.
* [[Anil Kumble]] (Ind) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|title=An old-style centurion|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/an-old-style-centurion-229952|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 December 2005|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket in 2005–06}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005-06}}
[[Category:2005 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2005 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005–06]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket tours of India|2005]]

Changthang language

2026-01-01T10:54:52Z

Shenna87P79423: refined intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Ladakhi dialect of Ladakh, India and Tibet, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Changthang
|nativename=ཆངཐང་སཀད
|states=[[India]], [[China]]
|ethnicity=[[Changpa]]
|region=[[Changthang]]
|speakers={{sigfig|10100|2}}
|date=2000
|ref=e21
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
|fam4=[[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
|fam5=[[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
|fam6=[[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]
|fam7=[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
|script=[[Tibetan script]]
|iso3=cna
|glotto=chan1309
|glottorefname=Changthang
}}

'''Changthang Skad''', also known as '''Byangskat''' and '''Upper Ladakhi''', is a dialect of [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] language spoken in a [[Changthang]] region on the border of Tibet and Ladakh. Speakers of the language are known as [[Changpa]] and identify ethnically with the Ladakhis, but mutual intelligibility of the languages is not high.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |access-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |archive-date=5 June 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Bodish languages]]

Banu Subramaniam

2025-12-25T06:45:57Z

Shenna87P79423:

{{short description|Professor}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Banumathi Subramaniam<ref name="Rausher">{{cite web|title=Rausher Lab|url=https://people.duke.edu/~mrausher/formstud.htm|website=Duke University|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Stanford">{{Cite book | chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-science/ | title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy| chapter=Feminist Perspectives on Science| publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University| year=2018}}</ref>
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| field = Plant biology, feminist science studies<ref name="Stanford"/>
| work_institutions = [[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]], [[Duke University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Mark D. Rausher]]
| awards = [[Michelle Kendrick Prize]] (2020), [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]] (2016), [[Outstanding Academic Title]] (2015)
}}

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kd4PnKBdf1U “Life (Un) Ltd: Banu Subramaniam”], [[UCLA Center for the Study of Women]] }}

'''Banu Subramaniam''' is a professor of women, gender and sexuality studies at the [[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Banu Subramaniam|url=https://www.umass.edu/wgss/member/banu-subramaniam|website=www.umass.edu|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Originally trained as a plant evolutionary biologist, she writes about social and cultural aspects of science as they relate to experimental biology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=4S Prizes {{!}} Society for Social Studies of Science|url=https://www.4sonline.org/prizes/fleck2016|website=www.4sonline.org|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> She advocates for activist science that creates knowledge about the natural world while being aware of its embeddedness in society and culture.<ref name="UCLA2">{{cite web|title=Banu Subramaniam|url=https://uclacsw.blogspot.com/2014/10/banu-subramaniam.html|date=October 16, 2014|website=UCLA Center for the Study of Women}}</ref> She co-edited ''Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties'' (2005) and ''Feminist Science Studies: A New Generation'' (2001).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Hartmann|first1=Betsy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RxvAAAAQBAJ|title=Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties|last2=Subramaniam|first2=Banu|last3=Zerner|first3=Charles|date=2005-11-01|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4616-6574-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Mayberry|first1=Maralee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhBjLRHkCBkC|title=Feminist Science Studies: A New Generation|last2=Subramaniam|first2=Banu|last3=Weasel|first3=Lisa H.|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92696-6|language=en}}</ref> Her book ''Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity'' (2014) was chosen as a [[Choice Reviews|''Choice'' Outstanding Academic Title]] in 2015 and won the [[Society for Social Studies of Science]] [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]] for [[science and technology studies]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=4S Prizes {{!}} Society for Social Studies of Science|url=https://www.4sonline.org/prizes/fleck2016|website=www.4sonline.org|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Ghost Stories for Darwin awarded Fleck Prize|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/wordpress/ghost-stories-for-darwin-awarded-fleck-prize/|website=Illinois Press Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> Her most recent book, ''Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism'' (2019),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Banu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLyLvQEACAAJ|title=Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism|date=2019|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-74558-9|language=en}}</ref> won the Michelle Kendrick Prize for the best book from the [[Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts]] in 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |title=Award Winners {{!}} Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts |url=https://litsciarts.org/award-winners/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Subramaniam grew up in India<ref name="Hammonds2">{{cite journal|last1=Hammonds|first1=Evelynn|last2=Subramaniam|first2=Banu|date=2003|title=A Conversation on Feminist Science Studies|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=28|issue=3|pages=923–944|doi=10.1086/345455|s2cid=146221022}}</ref> and received a baccalaureate degree from Stella Maris College at the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Appoint20015">{{cite news|date=December 13, 2001|title=Four New Faculty Join UMass Amherst College of Humanities and Fine Arts|work=News|agency=UMass Amherst|url=https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/four-new-faculty-join-umass-amherst-college-humanities-and-fine-arts|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> She then attended [[Duke University]], where she studied evolutionary plant biology, receiving a Ph.D. in evolutionary genetics.<ref name="Hammonds2"/> Her Ph.D. thesis was ''Maintenance of the Flower Color [[Polymorphism (biology)|Polymorphism]] at the W Locus in the Common [[morning glories|Morning Glory]], Ipomoea purpurea'' (1994).<ref name="Subramaniam2">{{cite book|last1=Subramaniam|first1=Banu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|title=Ghost stories for darwin : the science of variation and the politics of diversity.|date=2014|publisher=Univ Of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252080241|page=266|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=temp\formstud|url=https://people.duke.edu/~mrausher/formstud.htm|website=people.duke.edu|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> While completing her Ph.D., she also earned a graduate certificate in [[women's studies]].<ref name="Appoint20015"/>

==Career==
Subramaniam has held academic appointments at [[Harvard University]], [[Northeastern University]], the [[University of Arizona]], the [[University of California, Irvine]], and the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], where she directed the Women in Science program.<ref name="Appoint20015"/> In 1995, she was awarded a [[National Science Foundation]] grant for a faculty-student action project for graduate women in science and mathematics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSF Award Search: Award#9553439 - MPWG: Breaking the Silences: A Faculty-Student Action Project for Graduate Women in Science and Mathematics|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9553439&HistoricalAwards=false|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> In 2000, she received a [[National Science Foundation]] grant to study soil communities and their effects on [[invasive plant species]].<ref name="NSF2000">{{cite web|title=POWRE: Impact of Soil Communities on Invasive Plant Species in Southern California|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0075072|website=National Science Foundation|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> In 2001, she joined the department of women's studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst as an assistant professor.<ref name="Appoint20015" /> While at the University of Massachusetts, she was named a Distinguished Faculty Lecturer and awarded the Chancellor's Medal, which is the highest faculty honor for service to the university.<ref name=":22"/>

She has co-edited the books ''Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties'' (2005) and ''Feminist Science Studies: A New Generation'' (2001).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Her book ''Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity'' (2014) is a "radically interdisciplinary feminist treatment" that examines the experimental practices of science through the histories of [[eugenics]] and [[genetics]], and the ways in which historical ideas have informed our thinking about [[Difference (philosophy)|difference]].<ref name="Illinois2">{{cite web |title=Ghost Stories for Darwin The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity |url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/24mxq3dr9780252038655.html |access-date=14 February 2017 |website=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> ''Ghost Stories for Darwin'' explores the ghosts of racism and sexism that work to place limitations on who can be a knower, how one can come to know, and what can be known.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=4S Prizes {{!}} Society for Social Studies of Science |url=https://www.4sonline.org/prizes/fleck2016 |access-date=2020-05-04 |website=www.4sonline.org}}</ref> She writes at the intersection of the social and the scientific to question how we understand variation and diversity, and her work encourages disruption of binary disciplinary thinking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shattuck-Heidorn |first=Heather |date=2016 |title=Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=209–211}}</ref> Her most recent book is ''Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism'' (2019), which explores the interactions of [[religious nationalism]] and science in India.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Banu Subramaniam's New Book Published|url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/news/banu-subramaniams-new-book-published|website=wgs.fas.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> ''Holy Science'' includes case studies that consider the interconnections of science and religion, how they are shaped by their social contexts and structures of power, and how their aims can converge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/holy-science/|last=Subramaniam|first=Banu|website=Public Seminar|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perur|first=Srinath|date=2019-07-24|title=Science and the rise of nationalism in India|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02243-x|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=571|issue=7766|pages=476–477|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02243-x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Her current work in feminist science studies is focused on decolonizing botany by looking at post-colonial studies and biology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=Banu|last2=Rivers|first2=Daniel Lanza|date=2019|title=Feminist Science Studies and the University: A Conversation with Banu Subramaniam and Daniel Lanza Rivers|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00497878.2019.1603986?journalCode=gwst20|journal=Women's Studies|volume=48|issue=3|pages=246–260|doi=10.1080/00497878.2019.1603986|s2cid=202250516|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Awards==
Subramaniam received the 2016 [[Society for Social Studies of Science]] [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]] for [[science and technology studies]] for ''Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity'' (2014).<ref name=":0" /> ''Ghost Stories for Darwin'' was also selected by ''[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]]'' as an [[Outstanding Academic Title]] in 2015.<ref name=":12"/> ''Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism'' (2019) was awarded the Michelle Kendrick Prize for the best book from the [[Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts]] in 2020.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, Banu}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historians of science]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]

Jamai Raja (2017 TV series)

2025-12-16T19:48:09Z

Shenna87P79423: put up basic info w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Bengali-language television Romance-Comedy-Drama soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox television
| image = Jamai Raja (2017 TV series).jpg
| caption = Official poster of Jamai Raja
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Comedy]] [[Detective]]
| creator = [[Surinder Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[N.K. Salil]]
| director = Babu Banik
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]] [[Chaiti Ghoshal]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Jamai Raja by Sayam Paul
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 345
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Surinder Singh [[Nispal Singh]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|8|12}}
| related = ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
}}

'''''Jamai Raja''''' is an Indian [[Bengali-language]] television [[Comedy]] [[soap opera]] that premiered on 5 June 2017, and airs on Bengali [[Zee Bangla]]. It stars [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] and [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]] in lead roles, and [[Chaiti Ghoshal]] as the main antagonist. It's an official remake of Hindi TV serial ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]].''<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2022-07-05|title=TV serial 'Jamai Raja' to be shelved soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-jamai-raja-to-be-shelved-soon/articleshow/65260025.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jamai-raja-actress-shreema-bhattacharjee-juggles-between-shoot-and-studies/articleshow/68126477.cms|title='Jamai Raja' actress Shreema Bhattacharjee juggles between shoot and studies|website= The Times of India|date=23 February 2019 |accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title='রাশি' ও 'অগ্নিপরীক্ষা'র পর 'জামাই রাজা' |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/582087.details |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Before Marriage===
The story revolves around Ishan, who completed he studies in abroad. After completing, he returned to India. While returning, he met BB in plane. Observing BB's arrogant attitude, he started to make fun with BB, pretending like a middle class guy. BB got angry with him and left her seat. On the other hand, BB's daughter Nilasha, who manages an NGO; came to the airport to meet BB. Her grandma was also present there. BB came and talk to her mother. Then she hugged Nilasha and took her to task for her attire. It broke Nilasha's heart. When she sat in the car, Ishan also got into the car. Ishan requested her to give a lift to him. All at once, Ishan told the driver to stop the car. He got off the car and purchased two Hawai-Mithai. Nilasha also got off the car and asked him that he was pretending. Ishan admitted that truth as well as told her that Nilasha lost a valuable thing. That was her precious smile. After saying, he wished her happy birthday, gifted the Hawai-Mithai and left the place. When Ishan left the place, Nilasha stared at him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drama galore in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/drama-galore-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-170614 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ishan went to his residence and his parents welcomed and congratulated him as the new chairperson of 'Chatterjee and Chatterjee Group'. Nilasha didn't attend at her birthday party which was arranged by BB. She celebrated her birthday with the orphan children of NGO. She returned at night, pretending to be drunken to quarrel with BB. She demanded affection of BB over and over again. Finally, BB slapped Nilasha and went to her room. In the next morning, Nilasha came to know that 'Chatterjee and Chatterjee Group' would build a hotel at Indiragar slum where Nilasha's NGO is located. She went to her NGO and saw the notice of leaving the slum. She intended to talk to Mr. Ishan Chatterjee about this matter. Therefore she decided upon meeting him at his office. On her way, she again met Ishan and fell foul of a trifling matter. However Ishan made up their quarrel in a smart way and went away. When he entered into his office, he was welcomed by his employees and then he joined a meeting. In the mean time, Nilasha entered into his office and became desperate to meet Mr. Ishan Chatterjee. None allowed her to meet him. However they gave the e-mail address of him. After the meeting, Ishan got an awkward e-mail from the unknown lady. He got angry with his manager for his irresponsibility. Nilasha went to her home and got ready for going to a hotel with BB. In which hotel BB went that was Ishan's father's hotel & Ishan went there. When Ishan went to the hotel, he got a message from the unknown lady. On the other hand, Nilasha was sending message to him in that hotel. All at once, they again met with each other and fell foul of a trifling matter. Nilasha decided upon disposing of her car to file a case against Ishan Chatterjee. On her way to the court, Ishan came across Nilasha and give a lift to her on a cycle. When they reached, Nilasha thanked Ishan and told him that her name is Nilasha not Nayantara. In the next morning, Ishan got angry with his manager because the unknown lady filed the case against them. Seeing Ishan restless, Ranadev took him to go for a walk. At park, Ranadev went to bring sugarcane juice and Ishan sat on a bench. Nilasha also came here with the children of her NGO. Observing Ishan annoyed, she decided upon making him happy. Therefore she went to him accompanied by her children and made fun with him. Eventually, she advised him not to ponder over his problem and take everything easy. After that, she left the and Ranadev came. Observing Ishan happy, Ranadev asked him what the reason of his being happy. Ishan hugged Ranadev and felt that he truly fell in love in Nilasha. As Nilasha came home, BB started to scold her for disposing of the car at a low rate. BB grounded Nilasha in her bedroom. On the other hand, Ishan sent an e-mail to the unknown lady to meet at his site. After getting the e-mail, Nilasha became tense. In the next morning, she came to know that Ishan Chatterjee had changed the time but actually the manager of Ishan's company did it to kill her. She left her house in association with her maternal grandmother. As soon as she had reached, some hooligans came and intended to kill her. All on a sudden, the children of her NGO came and rescued her. However they got into a scrap as they rescued Nilasha. She took a stick and started to beat the hooligans. When the hooligans were trying to flee, she chased them. When Nilasha was about to fall, Ishaan caught her and they stared at each other. When Mahadev, the servant of her NGO called them, they let go of each other.

She and her children suspected that the guy who was present at that moment he was Ishan Chatterjee because Ishan Chatterjee was supposed to be present here, however the guy was present here. Eventually Ishan's lawyer came here and called him as Ishan. Somehow he played tricks with Nilasha that he was Ishan Roy, a material supplier, who was linked to Ishan Chatterjee's site. Nilasha believed his words. Ishan came to his office and slapped his manager for this heinous incident. Manager got angry and delivered bulldoger to bring her NGO to the ground. She requested him not to do it. However manager said that Ishan Chatterjee ordered to do it. Ishan went there to call a spade a spade but in vain. He came to blows with his manager and the hooligans. After sometime, Ishan told Nilasha that Ishan Chatterjee wasn't connected. She didn't believe it. Ranadev came at his office and after talking to Ishan, Ranadev realised that Ishan had fallen in love with Nilasha. Ranadev asked Ishan about it. At first hand, Ishan didn't express. Then he confessed the truth and also told his father that he had held back his identity from Nilasha. Ranadev advised Ishan to pretend to be a middle-class guy. Then Ishan went to meet Nilasha by an auto. On his way to go to NGO, he came across BB. As BB's car broke down, she went with Ishan on an auto. However BB was too late to confirm the deal with Jagmohon Jalan. Ishan reached there at night. When he reached, Nilasha repaired the NGO with the children. He gave them a check and told them that it was given by Mr. Ishan Chatterjee. Nilasha thanked and hugged him. He was taken aback. After that they let go of each other and bade adieu to each other. Nilasha entered into the NGO and he stood outside. All at once, it started raining. Suddenly, Nilasha came towards him with an umbrella. She requested him to repair the roof of the house. Ishan repaired the roof. While getting off the ladder, he fell down along with Nilasha. After staring at each other, they and the group of children had a blast of time while raining. All on a sudden, Mintu phoned Nilasha and urged upon reaching home before BB. Nilasha bade adieu to Ishan and left the place. After reaching home, BB started to behave well with Nilasha because she had agreed with Mr. Jalan for Avishek and Nilasha's wedding. In the next morning, Ishan went to Nilasha's NGO and told Nilasha to hang out with him along children. They had a blast of time and decided upon meeting each other on the next day at a coffee shop. However when Nilasha was in a taxi, she came to know that BB had a heart attack. Nilasha reached there and cast down. When BB recovered from it, doctor suggested them to go on a trip. On the other hand, Ishan had been waiting for Nilasha for three hours. Then he went back home and sat beside the swimming pool. Ranadev came there and pushed Ishan. As a result, Ishan's phone fell down in the swimming pool and they started to blame each other. On the other hand, Nilasha phoned him but in vain. After sometime, they started for their trip. On the other hand, Aparna came to them and wanted to know the reason that how can an earring be found in Ishan's shirt pocket. Father and son started to tell a pack of lies. After listening, Aparna decided upon casting away the earring. However Ishan stopped her and said that the earring is Nilasha's. After listening the story of their meeting and friendship, Aparna hit upon a plan. In the next morning, Ishan came at Nilasha's home in disguise of a travel agent in conformity with Aparna's plan. Eventually, he came to know that Nilasha went to Mirik along her mother. After reaching, Nilasha and BB enjoyed the place on the first day.

On the second day of their trip, when they had their breakfast, Avishek came there, sat on a chair, took Nilasha's hand and kissed her hand in conformity with BB and Mr. Jalan's plan. Nilasha was taken aback and felt irritated. On the other hand, Ishan went there to find Nilasha. BB sent Nilasha along Avishek to hang out. However Nilasha tried to flee from Avishek on and on. She came to her mother and wondering with her. On the other hand, Ishan tried to find her hither and thither. Again Avishek joined them and took Nilasha with him. Finally Ishan found Nilasha. However he saw that Nilasha was with Abhishek. Then he realized that she was disturbed by Abhishek. When Abhishek started to juggle, Ishan hit upon a plan. Ishan threw some stones towards a group of girls. They thought that Abhishek was throwing. Therefore they picked a quarrel with Abhishek. Ishan went to Nilasha. Nilasha was astonished at his appearance. At one stage, those girls pushed him into water. Ishan and Nilasha burst out into a roar of laughter. Then they ran away from there. After that he intended to tell her his identity. However BB phoned Nilasha and she had to go away. On the other day, Ishan and Nilasha were wondering here and there. All on a sudden, Abhishek went there. Therefore Ishan started to pretend to be a guide. At one stage, Ishan tripped Abhishek up and Abhishek fell down into mud. Therefore Ishan and Nilasha cut jokes at him. Abhishek went to change his dress and Ishan and Nilasha had a wonderful time with each other. When they walked hand in hand, Ishan again intended to reveal his identity. At that moment Abhishek came there and picked a quarrel with Ishan and took Nilasha with him. At night, Ishan made a video call with his parents and after listening to his problem, Ranadev advised him to pretend to be angry with Nilasha. On the other hand, Nilasha, BB and Abhishek were at a disco. Abhishek requested Nilasha to dance with him and BB compelled her to go with him. While dancing, Abhishek started to touch her badly. At one stage, Nilasha left him. She met Ishan and asked him why he didn't respond to her phone call and message. Ishan started to reply to her questions. The picked a quarrel with each other and went away. She was cut to the quick and he was frustrated. In the next morning, BB and Abhishek asked Nilasha why she was late and where she was. Nilasha didn't reply and suddenly her grandma phoned her. Nilasha left the place and received the phone call. Nilasha told her everything and then her grandma told her that she fell in love with someone. After that, Nilasha recalled every memory with Ishan and decided upon telling Ishan. On the other hand, Ishan left the hotel. Nilasha reached there at last moment. She tried to call Ishan. However he didn't hear. Finally when Ishan reached on the bridge, he saw Nilasha standing on the opposite side. He got off the car and stood in front of the car. Nilasha ran towards him and hugged him. Then she told him that she loved him. After expressing her emotion, she again hugged him. After that they decided upon meeting her mother on that day in a banquet hall. At night, BB arranged a party and revealed that Nilasha and Abhishek would be engaged at that moment. Nilasha was taken aback and refused to be engaged. Nilasha left the place and sat outside the banquet hall and still crying. As Ishan came to her, she hugged him and told him everything. Nilasha decided that she would never marry a rich man and Ishan was left stunned upon hearing this.

After this incident, all of them came back to Kolkata. Ishan told his parents that he was unable to tell Nilasha his identity. They planned to continue to behave like middle-class. Nilasha intended to meet his parents. In the next morning, when she was going to meet his parents, her paternal aunt came to their house. She told her aunt that she loved Ishan, a middle-class guy. According to their plan, she met his parents and started to like them. Her aunt, Nilanjona revealed this to BB and BB intended to meet Ishan. As Nilasha came back, BB told Nilasha that she would meet Ishan. On the next day, Ishan came at Nilasha's home. On the other hand, Avishek was also present there. Ishan, BB and Avishek were astonished. They recalled their memories with each other. Then Nilasha introduced Ishan with everyone. BB pretended to like Ishan. Ishan felt that BB didn't like him. After that BB went to meet his parents and insulted them. After coming out of their house, Mintu lied BB that he didn't find his mobile phone. The mobile phone might be in their house. BB let Mintu go there. Ishan decided upon telling the truth to Nilasha. At that moment, Mintu entered the house and told them that Mintu was known to their real identity. Then he told Ishan many things and finally requested him not to reveal the truth to Nilasha. Ishan promised Mintu. When Mintu arrived, Nilasha asked Mintu about BB's agreement. He hesitated at telling Nilasha the truth. At that moment, BB came and told her she agreed with his parents. Nilasha was so glad.

Later, when Nilasha went to BB's shop with her paternal aunt to buy jewelry, she came across Ishan there. BB asked Ishan about a certain list. Ishan handed it to BB and left. Nilasha asked BB and came to know that Ishan had actually asked for dowry. Being furious, Nilasha informed Ishan’s family of the matter. That time, Ishan realized that BB had switched the wedding guest list with a dowry list. Ishan explained to Nilasha that he had mistakenly given BB the household shopping list instead of the wedding guest list. Realizing the misunderstanding, Nilasha returned home and convinced BB that it was just a mistake—his family was not greedy. On the day of the engagement, BB falsely claimed that Ishan's father took 2 million rupees from her as dowry. Seeing this, Nilasha became disheartened and mistreated Ishan and his parents, asking them to leave. The next day, when Ishan tried to explain the situation to Nilasha, she returned the engagement ring to Ishan and called off the engagement. When Nilasha returned home, her aunt was surprised not to find the engagement ring on her finger, while BB was pleased that Nilasha was following her own path. Nilasha's aunt came to know about all of BB's conspiracies. When Nilasha went to speak with BB, she discovered that BB had faked a heart attack. Her aunt gradually revealed everything to her & Nilasha deeply hurt. As a result, she decided to leave the house.
Meanwhile, Ishan decided to tell Nilasha the truth and prove that they were not greedy. To do so, he planned to meet her. Nilasha informed BB that she had come to know her conspiracy and intended to leave. At that moment, Ishan arrived and Nilasha apologized to him. Ishan told BB that he would marry Nilasha, and even if BB wanted to stop it, she would not be able to. After that, Nilasha left her house with Ishan. Ishan then called his parents and informed them that Nilasha had discovered BB's false schemes and now wanted to stay with them. At night, Nilasha went to Ishan's house and apologized to his parents for her misbehavior. However, since they were not angry with her, they easily accepted her apology. To portray his family as middle-class, Ishan pretended to stay at Sudip's house, while Sudip started living at Ishan's house with his mother.

BB continuously conspired in various ways during the pre-wedding rituals and other ceremonies to prevent Ishan and Nilasha's marriage. However, all her schemes failed. On the wedding day, BB and Abhishek devised a plan to kidnap Ishan so that Abhishek could marry Nilasha in his absence. Abhishek successfully kidnapped Ishan, and BB arrived at the wedding venue to falsely claim that Ishan had fled, insisting that Abhishek should now marry Nilasha. Meanwhile, Ishan overpowered Abhishek and his goons, defeated them, and arrived at the wedding venue just in time. Seeing Ishan’s unexpected arrival, BB was left speechless. In her presence, Ishan and Nilasha's wedding took place successfully.

===After Marriage===
After their wedding, Ishan and Nilasha went to receive blessings from BB, but she rejected them. Nilasha immediately left the house, but Ishan stayed there, hoping to receive BB’s blessings. They spent the night separately. The next day, when Ishan went to meet his parents, he explained why he had stayed there. However, Nilasha ignored him and walked away. As she was leaving, the police entered the house and arrested Ishan on charges of attempting to murder Abhishek Jalan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What? Ishaan to be arrested on Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/what-ishaan-be-arrested-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-170801 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Nilasha then went to Abhishek and came to know that BB had falsely accused Ishan. She was unable to arrange the money to free him. At that time, BB arrived according to her plan and bribed the police with 1 million rupees, making Ishan her servant. She also forced Nilasha to go to her house. After reaching there, they decided to rent the house from BB.

After Ishan became a live-in son-in-law at Nilasha's house, both he and Nilasha began to face various challenges and adversities. Even after their marriage, BB continued to plot to separate Ishan from Nilasha. On one hand, BB made Ishan work like a servant at home, and on the other hand, treated him as just another employee in her office. Meanwhile, a girl named Preeti suddenly joined BB’s office. Soon, Nilasha and the rest of the family began to suspect that there was an extramarital affair between Ishan and Preeti. Ishan kept helping Preeti in different ways, which only intensified the suspicion. Around the same time, Nilasha started working at Randev’s office, where a man named Rohan Roy arrived from Delhi for a project. Rohan started liking Nilasha and began treating her kindly. Nilasha, seeing Rohan as a good person like Ishan, agreed to go out for coffee with him. During their coffee meeting, Rohan shared his life story with her and hoped to get closer to her. Nilasha, as a kind human being, only expressed sympathy. But while leaving, Rohan suddenly grabbed her and forcefully kissed her on the cheek. Nilasha immediately slapped him in front of everyone at the cafeteria. When she returned home, Rohan phoned her and said that she had done the wrong thing and would have to suffer for it. Then he sent the photos of the incident where he had grabbed and kissed her. Nilasha became very scared and decided to keep everything hidden from Ishan. Meanwhile, the distance between Ishan and Nilasha began to grow due to Preeti. At the same time, Rohan kept blackmailing Nilasha. One day, Nilasha went to BB’s office to find Preeti’s address, hoping to resolve the issue. Mintu found out about it and immediately informed Ishan, urging him to go there. Ishan reached the place before Nilasha and saw some goons harassing Preeti. He saved her from them, but one of the goons hit her on the head with a heavy object. As she was about to fall, Ishan caught her. Nilasha arrived at the scene and, witnessing this, assumed there was indeed a relationship between Ishan and Preeti. Being heartbroken, she walked away absentmindedly on the road and got hit by Rohan’s car. Rohan took Nilasha to the same hospital where Ishan had taken Preeti. When Nilasha didn’t return home that night, everyone became very worried. Ishan’s mother phoned him to say that Nilasha was missing. Meanwhile, Rohan brought Nilasha back home. At the hospital, Ishan noticed Nilasha’s signature in the register and was shocked, realizing that she too had been in the same hospital, and he hadn’t known. He rushed home immediately. When he tried to speak to Nilasha, she went to her room and argued with him. Meanwhile, BB mocked Ishan in front of Rohan, saying that sometimes outsiders can fulfill responsibilities better than family members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drama around accident and hospital in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/drama-around-accident-and-hospital-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-170923 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

The next morning, Ishan woke up and found that Nilasha was not by his side and had left a letter. After reading it, he realized that Nilasha had gone to his parents' house. Later, he went to his own home and brought her back. Before Durga Puja, everyone traveled to Nilasha's ancestral village to celebrate the festival. During Shashthi and Saptami, Nilasha increasingly suspected Ishan. On Ashtami, although Ishan tried to appease her, Nilasha refused to speak to him. Suddenly, Rohan appeared at their village home. Seeing him, Nilasha became extremely frightened. Rohan had previously asked Nilasha about her Puja plans and had learned that she would be in her village. He showed up there and falsely claimed that Nilasha had invited him. Ishan was shocked, while Rohan made various attempts to prove that Nilasha liked him, which made BB very happy. Nilasha, however, was terrified and disheartened. Rohan told Nilasha that she had to spend the night with him. When she refused, he reminded her of the compromising photos he possessed and threatened to blackmail her. He then proposed that he would call off his demand if Ishan defeated him in the Dhunuchi dance competition. Preeti overheard their entire conversation and realized that Rohan was blackmailing Nilasha. She informed Ishan, but BB misunderstood the situation and assumed that Ishan and Preeti were romantically involved. In the Dhunuchi dance competition, Rohan cheated and defeated Ishan, which left Nilasha deeply frightened. The next morning, at the Puja pavilion, BB and Rohan proudly mocked Ishan. Rohan falsely claimed that Nilasha had wanted him to win the competition and had promised to give him a gift if he did. BB playfully asked where Nilasha was, at which point Preeti said she would go and bring Nilasha there.

When Preeti went to call Nilasha, she found her attempting to commit suicide. Preeti stopped her and reminded her of Ishan, asking what would happen to him if she ended her life. Ishan then used Nilasha’s phone to send a message to Rohan, asking him to come to the roof. Upon receiving the message, Rohan went to the roof, while Preeti brought Nilasha to the Puja pandal. Seeing this, BB was slightly surprised. At the roof, Rohan searched for Nilasha but unexpectedly saw Ishan. When Ishan asked for the phone, Rohan arrogantly claimed that Nilasha belonged to him now and that he would treat her however he wanted. Ishan slapped him and demanded the phone, asking him to stop talking nonsense. Being enraged, Rohan tried to attack Ishan, but Ishan beat him up and brought him to the Puja pandal. Everyone present was shocked to see Ishan and Rohan in such a state. When Ishan attempted to stab Rohan with a knife, Aparna intervened and stopped him. BB then started acting and falsely accused Ishan of attacking Rohan because he had lost the competition. Aparna silenced BB, saying that she was the one who constantly lied and created unnecessary drama, not her son. To prove BB wrong, Aparna asked Ishan for an explanation. Before Ishan could respond, Nilasha stepped in and said that she would explain the reason. She revealed that Rohan was a terrible person and began to describe everything he had done to her. After hearing Nilasha’s account, Aparna slapped Rohan, and BB threw him out of the house. Nilasha apologized to Ishan for trying to commit suicide. Ishan forgave her and embraced her lovingly.

On Dashami, another problem arose. BB accused Ishan of having an illicit relationship with Preeti and claimed that Preeti was his mistress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibi taunts Priti; calls her Ishaan's mistress in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/bibi-taunts-priti-calls-her-ishaan-s-mistress-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171016 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> She went on to insult Ishan and his mother. At that moment, Nilasha spoke up and declared that BB was completely wrong. She revealed that Preeti was actually Mintu’s wife. Mintu had been too afraid of BB to reveal this truth and had asked Ishan to help resolve the situation. Nilasha explained that on Ashtami, she had seen Preeti applying sindoor and later found a photograph of Mintu in her room with 'My Sweet Husband' written on the back. Eventually, Mintu admitted that he and Preeti had legally married. He had gifted Preeti a ring, but the receipt was in Ishan’s name. Following Mintu’s request, Ishan had taken Preeti to a restaurant to celebrate their wedding anniversary. Mintu explained that he had been unable to inform Nilasha about the marriage due to BB’s intimidating nature and apologized for the misunderstanding that had caused distance between Ishan and Nilasha. Nilasha reassured him that she was not angry. In the end, BB, feeling humiliated and exposed, angrily left the Puja pandal.

===Mintu & Preeti's Weeding===
BB threw money on the faces of Preeti and Mintu and told them to leave the house. But Nilasha wouldn't let them go away. So, Ishan told them to stay at their room as guests. And then Nilasha and Ishan would plan for their social marriage against the wishes of BB. However, BB devised several schemes to prevent the marriage. Nevertheless, Ishan and Nilasha successfully overcame these challenges and arranged the wedding of Mintu and Preeti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilasha to fall in love with Ishaan again in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nilasha-fall-love-ishaan-again-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171023 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Enraged by this, BB terminated their employment and ordered them to vacate the house. Subsequently, Ranadev and Aparna offered Mintu and Preeti shelter in their own residence.

===Abduction of Nilasha & Visit to BB's ancestral home===
On the day of Diwali, everyone went to Nilasha's NGO to celebrate the festival with the children. During the event, a moment of closeness developed between Nilasha and BB. However, the sudden arrival of the media created a distance between them, leading to misunderstandings. Later, Nilasha and Ishan left the NGO together, talking. While Ishan was on a phone call with Aparna, Nilasha overheard him saying that money isn't a factor. Just as she began to walk away, a group of goons appeared and kidnapped her, taking her to their hideout. Meanwhile, Ishan received news that his father had suffered a brain stroke. When he returned to the NGO, he found out that Nilasha was missing. Suspicion arose among the others that Ishan might have orchestrated Nilasha’s kidnapping to demand one [[crore]] rupees from Bibi, taking advantage of his father’s medical emergency. However, Ishan ignored BB’s accusatory questions and rushed to the hospital. Later, when BB returned home, Abhishek came to meet her. She broke down and told him about Nilasha’s disappearance. After hearing everything, Abhishek assured BB that he would find Nilasha. This made Ishan suspect that Abhishek might be behind the kidnapping. Ishan then left his parents in the care of Sudip and started searching the entire city for Nilasha. Meanwhile, Nilasha managed to escape from the goons’ hideout using her wit, but they soon captured her again. On the other hand, Abhishek tricked BB and managed to seize control of her business. Despite Ishan’s warning, BB signed the papers without reading them, believing they were related to a bank loan.

In the evening, when Abhishek set off for his hideout with one crore rupees, Ishan began following him. However, Abhishek arrived there a little earlier and started acting dramatically, saying, “Nilasha, I’ve come to save you.” Nilasha was surprised by his behavior. When Ishan reached there, he saw Abhishek putting on a strange act. As Ishan started beating up Abhishek's goons, Abhishek continued his drama and falsely claimed that Ishan was actually the boss of those goons. Nilasha was shocked to hear this, and loud music was played so that she couldn’t hear anything clearly. Meanwhile, Ishan fought off the goons and slowly approached Nilasha to untie her. At that moment, Abhishek fired at Nilasha. Being enraged, Ishan attacked Abhishek. A physical struggle followed, during which the gun ended up in Ishan’s hands. Just then, BB and Bivas entered and assumed that Ishan was the one who had kidnapped Nilasha. However, Nilasha realized the truth — that it was Abhishek, not Ishan. BB took Nilasha away and ordered Abhishek to kill Ishan. A fight broke out, and they left Ishan beaten and unconscious in a field.

When Ishan returned home at night, BB and Abhishek were surprised. Ishan showed Abhishek a video in which Abhishek was seen revealing his conspiracies against Ishan. Meanwhile, Nilasha suspected that Ishan might be outside, so she stepped out and approached the balcony upon seeing him. Suddenly, she felt dizzy and collapsed onto the floor. Shubho, Labanga, and others rushed upstairs, but BB did not allow Ishan to go up. She kept Abhishek standing near the stairs. After a while, BB asked Abhishek what Ishan had shown him. Abhishek lied, saying that Ishan had recorded a video where BB was instructing him to kill Ishan, and that Ishan was planning to show it to Nilasha. BB scolded Abhishek for being incompetent, blaming him for one failure after another, even letting Ishan and Nilasha get married. Abhishek assured BB that he would steal the phone and delete the video. Although Ishan had mixed sleeping pills into BB’s dinner, it did not make her fall asleep. Ishan tried various ways to meet Nilasha. Though they managed brief encounters, they could not meet properly. Later, Ishan climbed up a spiral staircase with a rose to meet Nilasha. He woke her up from sleep, and after a short conversation between the two, BB woke up again. Ishan then left the scene.

The next morning, Ishan saw BB signing some papers and warned her not to sign without reading them. However, BB refused to listen. Ishan then brought Nilasha to intervene, but by that time BB had already signed the papers. Ishan tried to snatch the papers from Abhishek and tear them up. In the struggle, Abhishek attacked Ishan, and Nilasha rushed to his aid. A scuffle broke out among them. At one point, Ishan showed everyone a video he had secretly recorded on his phone, surprising everyone. However, Abhishek smashed the phone and again started attacking Ishan. When Nilasha tried to stop him, Abhishek hit her as well. This enraged BB, who ordered Abhishek to leave the house. In response, Abhishek revealed that the house no longer belonged to BB, as the papers she signed that morning were actually the property transfer documents. As a result, the house now legally belonged to Abhishek. Abhishek then tried to forcefully drag Nilasha, intending to enslave her. He pushed Ishan away and tried to pull Nilasha toward him. After a moment, Ishan got back on his feet and fought back against Abhishek. BB supported Ishan. Shortly after, the police arrived and informed everyone that because of BB's mistake, the house was now legally Abhishek’s, and they would all have to vacate it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police to throw Bibi out of her house in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/police-throw-bibi-out-of-her-house-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171107 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> They all set out for BB’s ancestral village. Upon arriving there, Nilasha asked BB if she had the house keys, but BB said she did not. When they reached the house, they found some local boys playing cards under a signboard reading 'Bekar Pallament.' After a heated argument, Ishan and Nilasha found out from grandmother where the keys were hidden. They retrieved the keys and entered the house with everyone. Everyone began cleaning the house. Ishan brought molasses and bread for everyone. During the meal, Nilasha accidentally choked on her food. As BB went to fetch water from a distant hand pump, she got into a quarrel with a local village woman. Meanwhile, Ishan managed to save Nilasha by giving her diluted yogurt to drink. Later, Ishan and Nilasha tactfully rescued BB from the quarrel as well.

Later, Ishan and Subhomoy went fishing in the pond. When BB struggled to light a fire in the clay oven, Nilasha helped her learn how to do it. Meanwhile, Labango and Sangeeta suggested they would bathe using tap water, but Nilasha rejected the idea, saying she would bathe in the pond and left. While fishing, after Sunhomoy left Ishan alone for a while, Ishan’s fishing line caught something. Thinking it might be a fish, he pulled it up, only to realize that his hook had snagged Nilasha’s towel, as she was bathing in the pond. Gently, Ishan pulled her toward him, and they spent a close, intimate moment together. Meanwhile, BB, while searching for Nilasha, accidentally fell into the pond. Hearing her cries, Ishan and Nilasha rushed to rescue her, but seeing BB struggling, they both started laughing, which made BB scold them. After Nilasha helped pull BB out of the water, BB forcefully dragged Nilasha away, and Ishan resumed fishing.

On his way back home after fishing, Ishan was threatened by a group of local boys armed with a machete. Using his wit, he tricked them and sent one of the boys home with the bag of fish to hand over to Nilasha. The boy delivered the bag and told Nilasha that Ishan was discussing something important with the group. Hearing this, BB began speaking negatively about Ishan, which enraged Nilasha and she went inside silently.
Meanwhile, Ishan handled the boys and returned home safely. That night, a quarrel broke out between Ishan and BB. When the boys arrived at the house later that night, BB scolded them, and Ishan cleverly drove them away. However, BB didn’t allow Ishan to sleep in the same room with Nilasha, so he tricked Bibi and locked himself in with Nilasha. This led to more conflict when BB found out. The next morning, another argument occurred between BB and Ishan. Later, as Ishan left for the market, he saw the boys loitering and invited them home, which once again made BB angry. The next day, Shubhomoy approached Abhishek and claimed that Ishan was plotting against him. He offered to help Abhishek in exchange for money. The following day, Ishan announced that he was going to Kolkata with the boys for a film shoot. Meanwhile, an income tax officer arrived at Abhishek's business. Meanwhile, Shubhamoy went to the godown and retrieved everything from the factory. In a hurry, Abhishek signed some documents and tried to leave, but the officer stopped him. When Abhishek turned around, he realized the officer was actually Ishan in disguise. Ishaan revealed that he had tricked Abhishek into signing documents that legally returned BB’s property, along with a humorous paper that read “Bolo Hari Hari Bol.” As soon as Ishan left, Abhishek angrily called BB and threatened to kill him, which scared everyone in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek threatens to kill Ishaan in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja! |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/abhishek-threatens-kill-ishaan-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171128 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> That night, everyone waited for Ishan’s return. Upon arrival, he playfully scared them, then surprised everyone by organizing a birthday celebration for BB.

The next day, Ishan visited Abhishek, requesting him to return Bibi to their home. Initially, they exchanged a few words, after which Abhishek instructed his servants to prepare noodles for Ishan. While waiting, Ishan went upstairs to inspect the house. When he returned and began eating, Abhishek noticed a locket around Ishan’s neck and suspected that he had brought a hidden camera to record everything. In a fit of rage, Abhishek ripped the locket off. Meanwhile, in the village, Nilasha grew increasingly anxious and called Ishan. However, Abhishek answered the call instead and began harassing Nilasha. Ishan tried to stop him, but Abhishek ordered his goons to assault Ishan. On the other end of the line, Nilasha pleaded with Abhishek to stop, but he continued harassing her and physically attacking Ishan. Eventually, Abhishek shot Ishan. Hearing the gunshot, Nilasha was initially shocked and then fainted. Upon regaining consciousness, Nilasha told Bibi that Abhishek had murdered Ishan. Bibi began to cry, but Nilasha harshly told her not to pretend to grieve for someone she never truly valued and accused her of being secretly happy. Nilasha then left the village house and returned to their city home. There, she frantically searched for Ishan and eventually discovered his lifeless body behind the sofa. She broke down in tears. Soon, other family members arrived and snapped her out of her trance—because in reality, Ishan was not there. Suddenly, they heard Ishan's voice. When he appeared in front of everyone, Nilasha rushed to embrace him. Ishan began to explain everything. In truth, while inspecting the upper floor earlier, Ishan had hidden a camera on the balcony. The locket was merely a decoy to divert Abhishek's suspicions. After Abhishek shot him, a video was automatically sent to Abhishek’s phone, showing that all his threatening dialogues and the act of shooting Ishan had been recorded. Shocked, Abhishek wonders how this happened. At that moment, Ishan opened his eyes and stood up, surprising Abhishek and his men. Ishan confronted them, and when he called out for Sudip, the latter arrived with several villagers. Together, they explained the entire plan. When Abhishek tried to shoot Ishan again, the villagers restrained him. As Abhishek’s goons attempted to retaliate, Ishan and Sudip fought back, eventually forcing them to flee. Ishan then revealed how he survived the gunshot: he had hidden a steel plate under his clothes, which deflected the bullet. Interestingly, this was the same plate Nilasha had used earlier that morning for her prayers. Ishan had taken it with him and used it cleverly. He then slapped Abhishek for insulting Nilasha and forced him to sign all the necessary legal documents. Witnessing all this, Bibi broke down in tears and finally accepted Ishan as her son-in-law.

===Ishan & Nilasha's second marriage===
After Ishan’s parents arrived, BB apologized to them. Ishan then expressed his desire to marry Nilasha again, as BB had not been able to enjoy their first wedding. However, from that day onward, Abhishek began to plot against them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliving wedding moments, medicine exchange and more in Jamai Raja… |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/reliving-wedding-moments-medicine-exchange-and-more-jamai-raja-171204 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> He placed one of BB’s former employees inside Nilasha’s house to carry out his schemes. But Ishan consistently managed to overcome every danger and challenge. On the day of their wedding, Abhishek appeared and exposed Ishan’s true identity, leaving Nilasha deeply hurt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan's real identity to get revealed in Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ishaans-real-identity-get-revealed-jamai-raja-171212 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilasha finds Ishaan unfaithful in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nilasha-finds-ishaan-unfaithful-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171219 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> The next day, when Nilasha could not be found, Ishan went to her NGO. There, the two had an argument and left in opposite directions. Suddenly, Ishan was hit by a car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan to meet with an accident in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ishaan-meet-accident-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-171224 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Before Nilasha could reach the scene, some people had already taken Ishan to the hospital. When Ishan recovered, Nilasha handed him divorce papers. However, Ishan refused to sign and went to court. The court ordered the couple to live together for three months. During this time, Nilasha joined a new job and discovered that Ishan was actually her boss. Their daily encounters at the office led to frequent lighthearted banter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilasha to puncture the tire of Ishaan's car in Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nilasha-puncture-the-tire-of-ishaan-s-car-jamai-raja-180122 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan to compel Nilasha to keep maun-vrat in Zee Bangla's Jamai Raja |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ishaan-compel-nilasha-keep-maun-vrat-zee-banglas-jamai-raja-180129 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> At the Valentine’s Day party, Nilasha willingly danced with Ishan.

==Reception==
[[Arjun Chakrabarty]] made his return to television after a long time through the Zee [[Bangla TV]] series '''''Jamai Raja'''''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-11 |title=Arjun Chakraborty is back on television |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/arjun-chakraborty-is-back-on-television/articleshow/62871848.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was paired opposite [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]], and their on-screen chemistry was well received by viewers. Their characters gained considerable popularity,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-17 |title=Actress Shreema Bhattacharjee gets nostalgic about her 'Jamai Raja' days; take a look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-shreema-bhattacharjee-gets-nostalgic-about-her-jamai-raja-days-take-a-look/articleshow/67126552.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which was reflected in the TRP ratings that week. According to 15+ Urban TRP data, '''''Jamai Raja''''' managed to impact the viewership of [[Star Jalsha]]’s '''''[[Rakhi Bandhan]]''''' in the 10 PM slot. Within a week, '''''[[Rakhi Bandhan]]'s''''' TRP rating dropped from 7.4 to 4.4, while '''''Jamai Raja''''' achieved a rating of 4 in its debut week. The show went on to become one of the top-rated programs during its run.

==Cast==
===Main===
{{multiple image
| upright=1.1
| perrow=3
| align=right
| image1=Arjun Chakrabarty 4.jpg
| image2=Shreema bhattacherjee.jpg
| image3=Chaiti Ghosal Jan 2024.jpg
|| footer='''Top row:''' [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]], [[Chaiti Ghoshal]].
 '''Bottom row:''' [[Chaiti Ghoshal]], [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]].
}}
*[[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Ishan Chatterjee
** An Industrialist; Chairperson of Chatterjee & Chatterjee Group; Son of Industrialist Ranadev Chatterjee & Aparna Chatterjee, Husband of Nilasha Banerjee & Son-in-law of Style Icon & Fashion Designer BB
*[[Shreema Bhattacherjee]] as Nilasha Banerjee aka Neel
** Daughter of Style Icon and Fashion Designer BB & Wife of Industrialist Ishan Chatterjee
*[[Chaiti Ghoshal]] as Basabdatta Banerjee aka BB
** Style Icon & Fashion Designer; Mother of Nilasha Banerjee & Mother-in-law of Industrialist Ishan Chatterjee
*Geetashree Roy as IPS [[Damini]] Sen

===Recurring===
*[[Bharat Kaul]] as Ranadev Chatterjee
**An Industrialist; Father of Industrialist Ishan Chatterjee, Husband of Aparna Chatterjee & Father-in-law of Nilasha Banerjee
*Moyna Mukherjee as Aparna Chatterjee
**Mother of Industrialist Ishan Chatterjee, Wife of Industrialist Ranadev Chatterjee & Mother-in-law of Nilasha Banerjee
*[[Alokananda Roy]] as Madhobi Banerjee
**Mother of Style Icon & Fashion Designer BB & Grandma of Nilasha Banerjee
*Sumit Samaddar as Shuvomoy Banerjee
**Brother of Style Icon & Fashion Designer BB & Husband of Labango
*Sayantani Sengupta as Labango Banerjee
**Wife of Shuvomoy
*Riyanka Dasgupta as Preeti
**Wife of Mintu
*Uday Pratap Singh as Abhishek Jalan
**An Businessman; Son of Businessman Jagmohon Jalan & the business partner of Style Icon & Fashion Designer BB
*Prriyam Chakraborty as Megha
*[[Manali Dey]] as Paromita
*Aditya Roy as Alokesh
*[[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Alokesh's father
*Mou Bhattacharya as Alokesh's mother
*Elfina Mukherjee as Alokesh's sister
*Prapti Chatterjee as Antara
*Shiddharta Banerjee as Indroneel
*Kaushambi Chakrabarty as Mohini
*[[Lovely Maitra]] as Riya
*Raj Bhattacharya as Raj
*[[Debolina Dutta]] as Purba Dutta
*[[Solanki Roy]] as Tania Sen

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:LightGreen; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:LightGreen; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' जमाई राजा
| 4 August 2014
| [[Zee TV]]
| 3 March 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Jamai Raja'' জামাই রাজা
| 5 June 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 12 August 2018
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Jawai Ji'' ਜਵਾਈ ਜੀ
| 28 October 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.zee5.com/global/tvshows/details/jamai-raja-bangla/0-6-353/}} at [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamai Raja Tv Series}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

INS Jatayu

2025-12-03T05:23:54Z

Shenna87P79423: put up basic data v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian naval base}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = INS Jatayu
| native_name =
| partof =
| location = [[Minicoy]], [[Lakshadweep Islands]]
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Emblem]] of INS '''Jatayu'''
| pushpin_map = India Lakshadweep#India
| pushpin_label = '''INS Jatayu'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of INS Jatayu
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| type = Naval station
| coordinates = {{coord|8.271900|N|73.021280|E|region:IN_type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| code =
| built = {{Start date|2024}}
| builder =
| materials =
| height =
| used = 2024–present
| demolished =
| condition = Active
| ownership =
| open_to_public = no
| controlledby = [[Indian Navy]]
| garrison =
| current_commander = [[Commander]] Sudhanshu Bhardwaj
| commanders =
| occupants = [[Southern Naval Command]]
| battles =
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

'''INS Jatayu''' is a [[naval base]] of the [[Southern Naval Command]] of the [[Indian Navy]] located on [[Minicoy]] island in the [[Lakshadweep]] archipelago. It was commissioned on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 March 2024 |title=Navy to commission a new base INS Jatayu on Minicoy Island on March 6 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/navy-to-commission-a-new-base-ins-jatayu-on-minicoy-island-on-march-6/article67907217.ece |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Positioned on the southernmost island of Lakshadweep, Minicoy is located between 8° 15’ to 8° 20’ N and 73° 01’ to 73° 05 E and spans 4.4 square km, including [[Viringili (Maliku Atoll)|Viringili atoll]]. It is an autonomous oceanic island separated from the rest of Lakshadweep by the [[Nine Degree Channel]] and from the [[Maldives]] by the [[Eight Degree Channel]], which overlooks crucial [[sea lines of communication|Sea Lines of Communication]] (SLOC).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86ffAAAAMAAJ&dq=Minicoy+Island+between+9+Degree+channel+and+8+degree+channel&pg=PA104 |title=Sailing Directions (enroute) for India and the Bay of Bengal |date=2002 |publisher=[[Defense Mapping Agency]], Hydrographic Center, [[National Imagery and Mapping Agency]] |edition=7th |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kulshrestha |first1=Sanatan |last2=Guhathakurta |first2=Rahul |title=Proactive Defense Infrastructure Planning of Indian Island Territories |url=https://www.indrastra.com/2016/04/ANALYSIS-Proactive-Defense-Infrastructure-Planning-of-Indian-Island-Territories-Lakshadweep-Minicoy-Suheli-Par-002-04-2016-0015.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=IndraStra Global |language=en |issn=2381-3652 |oclc=923297365}}</ref> To boost its role in India's maritime security, in the early 1980s, a Naval Detachment Minicoy was established under the operational command of the Naval Officer-in-Charge (Lakshadweep).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2024 |title=INDIAN NAVY TO ENHANCE ITS OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY WITH COMMISSIONING OF INS JATAYU AT MINICOY ISLAND (LAKSHADWEEP) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2010884 |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=3 March 2024 |title=Navy to enhance operational capability with commissioning of INS Jatayu at Lakshadweep's Minicoy Island |url=https://theprint.in/defence/navy-to-enhance-operational-capability-with-commissioning-of-ins-jatayu-at-lakshadweeps-minicoy-island/1986629/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2024, the detachment was elevated to a naval base to support the Indian Navy's operations concerning [[Anti-piracy measures|anti-piracy]] and anti-narcotics domains in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The base was equipped with requisite infrastructure and resources. INS Jatayu is the second naval base in Lakshadweep after [[INS Dweeprakshak]]. The base will function under Nava Officer-in-Charge (Lakshadweep), [[Southern Naval Command]].<ref name=":0" /> The first Commanding Officer of the independent naval unit is [[Commander]] Vrat Baghel. Maritime Operations Center at Minicoy was also inaugurated after commissioning the base.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2024 |title=INDIAN NAVY COMMISSIONS INS JATAYU AT MINICOY, STRENGTHENING FOOTHOLD IN LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012143 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

According to the reports, the base is expected to provide comparable capabilities in the Arabian Sea, mirroring the role of [[INS Baaz]] located in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the eastern region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |title=New Navy base in Lakshadweep soon for 'better coverage of Indian Ocean' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-jatayu-navy-lakshadweep-vikrant-vikramaditya-minicoy-indian-ocean-2508922-2024-03-01 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indian Air Force]] is also building an [[air base]] on the island to support the operations from here as of December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2025-12-02 |title=Military presence in Lakshadweep to go up with new naval detachment on Bitra: Vice Admiral Sameer Saxena |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/military-presence-in-lakshadweep-to-go-up-with-new-naval-detachment-on-bitra-and-air-force-expansion-vice-admiral-sameer-saxena/article70348966.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{Indian Navy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatayu}}
[[Category:Indian Navy bases|Jatayu]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 2024]]

Chowallur Krishnankutty

2025-10-08T02:06:36Z

Shenna87P79423: starting basic post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian lyricist (1936–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{family name hatnote|Chowallur|Krishnankutty|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chowallur Krishnankutty
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chowallur Warriath Krishnankutty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|07|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chowallur, [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] (present-day [[Thrissur district]], Kerala, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|06|26|1936|07|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Lyricist, journalist, screenwriter, actor
| alma mater = [[Sree Kerala Varma College]]
| years_active = 1959–2022
| website = {{URL|chowallurkrishnankutty.com}}
}}
'''Chowallur Krishnankutty''' (11 July 1936 – 26 June 2022) was an Indian lyricist, journalist, screenwriter and actor. He has penned hundreds of [[Malayalam]] devotional songs. The song ''Oru neramenkilum'', from the [[Tharangini Records|Tharangini]] album ''Thulasi Theertham'' is the most popular of his lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ravi |date=2021-08-30 |title=ഒരു നേരമെങ്കിലും |trans-title=The song which took birth in Guruvayur, which even the atheists too love. |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/oru-neramenkilum-devotional-song-chowalloor-krishnankutty-lyricist-yedudas-ts-radhakrishnan-1.5956686 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826192006/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/oru-neramenkilum-devotional-song-chowalloor-krishnankutty-lyricist-yedudas-ts-radhakrishnan-1.5956686 |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> Krishnankutty had written screenplays and acted in several Malayalam films and also wrote the dialogues for the film ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''. A recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], Krishnankutty also served as the vice-chairman of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name='new'>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=Writer Chowalloor Krishnankutty passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Jun/26/writer-chowalloor-krishnankutty-passes-away-2470075.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Nijeesh |date=2022-06-28 |title=Chowallur Krishnankutty redefined the style of devotional songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/he-redefined-the-style-of-devotional-songs/articleshow/92503481.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishnankutty was born on 11 July 1936 to Kodungalloor Kavil Warriath Sankunny Warrier and Chowallur Warriath Parukkutty Warrasyar at his maternal home, Chowallur Warriam, near [[Guruvayur]].<ref name="mm">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Renowned devotional songwriter Chowalloor Krishnankutty dies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/27/song-writer-chowalloor-krishnankutty-dies.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> Krishnankutty completed his education from [[Iringaprom|Iringapuram]] Makkunni Memorial School, Mattom St. Francis High School and [[Sree Kerala Varma College]].<ref name='bio'>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://chowallurkrishnankutty.com/biography/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=chowallurkrishnankutty.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Chowallur Krishnankutty began his career as a journalist in 1959 as the sub-editor at Navajeevan, a [[Newspaper|daily newspaper]] published from [[Thrissur]], under [[Joseph Mundassery]].<ref name='mm' /> The Guruvayur Arts Club, of which he was one of the founding members, was a pioneer in stage plays which saw accomplished artists like [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|KPAC Lalitha]] join the artistic hub and perform. In the early 1960s, Chowallur did research in [[folk arts]] in Kerala with a scholarship from the [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]. Later he submitted the work under the supervision of
Dr. K. N. Pisharody, the then chairman of Kerala Kalamandalam and [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], the then secretary of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]. He then moved to Guruvayur in 1963 as the [[Editor-in-chief|editor]] of Swathanthra Mandapam, the first evening daily from the town. Later he joined [[All India Radio]], [[Kozhikode]], working as a staff artist for two years under [[Uroob]].<ref name='bio' /><ref name='times' /> When [[Malayala Manorama]] launched its unit in Kozhikode in 1966, he joined the editorial team and retired in 2004.<ref name='mm' /> He was also a percussionist.<ref name='new' />

Krishnankutty's first film as a screenwriter was ''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]'', produced by [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]].<ref name="mm1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=ഇനി, ഗാനമുദ്ര! ഓർമകളിൽ ചൊവ്വല്ലൂർ കൃഷ്ണൻകുട്ടി |trans-title=Memories of Chovvalloor Krishnankutty.html |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2022/06/27/memories-of-chovvalloor-krishnankutty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202113505/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2022/06/27/memories-of-chovvalloor-krishnankutty.html |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> The base story for ''[[Oru Katha Oru Nunakkatha]]'' was penned by Krishnankutty. He wrote the dialogues for the 1992 film ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Kerala CM condoles death of noted devotional songwriter andscribe Chowalloor Krishnankutty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-cm-condoles-death-of-noted-devotional-songwriter-and-scribe-chowalloor-krishnankutty/articleshow/92494196.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Thereafter he wrote scripts for ''[[Naaraayam (film)|Naaraayam]]'', ''Chaithanyam'', ''Sasinas'' and ''[[Sreeragam]]''. He had done documentaries on [[Chembai|Chembai Viadyanadha Bhagavathar]], [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]], [[Ramankutty Nair|Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]], [[Appukutty Poduval|Kalamandalam Appukutty Pothuval]], [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]], [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]] and [[Champakulam Pachu Pillai]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Tearful adieu to Chovvallur Krishnankutty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tearful-adieu-to-chovvallur-krishnankutty/article65573259.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628003532/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tearful-adieu-to-chovvallur-krishnankutty/article65573259.ece |archive-date=2022-06-28 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He also acted in films like ''[[Maram (film)|Maram]]'', ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]'', ''[[Thiruvonam (film)|Thiruvonam]]'', ''[[Srishti (film)|Srishti]]'', ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' and ''[[Anyarude Bhoomi]]''.

He entered into [[filmi]] lyricist field in 1976 by writing the song ''Swapnadanam njan thudarunnu'' for the movie ''[[Thulavarsham]]'', composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ravi |date=2020-07-10 |title=വയലാര്‍ മുങ്ങി; അങ്ങനെ ചൊവ്വല്ലൂര്‍ പാട്ടെഴുത്തുകാരനായി |trans-title=Chowallur becomes the lyricist in the absence of [[Vayalar Ramavarma|Vayalar]] |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/ravi-menon-paatuvazhiyorathu-column-chowallur-krishnankutty-birthday-1.4894880 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> He then wrote songs for the 1981 film ''[[Kalopasana]]'', composed by [[K. Raghavan]], his long-time associate in [[Akashavani]].<ref name="mm1" />

Krishnankutty's association with [[K. J. Yesudas]] and his [[Tharangini Records]] made some of the most popular Malayalam [[Hindu]] devotional albums including ''Thulasi Theertham'', composed by [[T. S. Radhakrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-09 |title=Top 10 devotional songs in Malayalam by Yesudas |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/01/09/k-j-yesudas-top-10-devotional-songs.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> and ''Ayyappa Bhakthiganangal Vol. 6'', composed by [[Gangai Amaran]], both released in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyappadas |first=P. |date=2022-12-06 |title=അയ്യനു മുന്നിലുണരുന്ന ഭക്തിയുടെ ഉഷസ്സ്; അതിലുദിക്കുന്ന ഊർജം: ആ പാട്ടിന്റെ കഥ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/features/2022/12/06/story-about-tharanginis-ayyappa-songs-and-chovvalloor.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Chowalloor Krishnankutty: ഉദിച്ചുയർന്നു…: ഓർമ്മയായത് മലയാളികൾ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കേട്ട അയ്യപ്പ ഗാനങ്ങളുടെ സൃഷ്ടാവ് |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/art-culture/story/farewell-creator-most-listened-ayyappa-songs-418114-2022-06-27 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He had written around 3500 devotional songs and 27 books in various genres.<ref name='bio' /><ref name='hindu' />

Krishnankutty served as a member of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and as the vice-chairman of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name="hindu" /> He also served in the editorial boards of ''Bhakthapriya'', a [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board|Guruvayur Devaswom]] publication, ''Sree Guruvayurappn Masika'', published by Guruvayurappn Sankeertana Trust, ''Nostagia Lifestyle'' magazine etc.<ref name='bio' />

==Accolades==
Krishnankutty had won numerous awards and honours in his career. It includes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://chowallurkrishnankutty.com/awards/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=chowallurkrishnankutty.com}}</ref><ref name='bio' /><ref name='hindu' />

* 1953 – Gold Medal for Poetry in the competition organised by [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literature |url=https://chowallurkrishnankutty.com/literature/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=chowallurkrishnankutty.com}}</ref>
* 1991 – Best Professional Drama Music Lyricist Award by the [[Government of Kerala]] for the play ''Agraharam''.
* 2009 – Sree Nagaraja Award for Literature instituted by Pambady Sree Pambumkavu<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-06 |title=Sree Nagaraja Awards presented |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Oct/06/sree-nagaraja-awards-presented-94052.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] [[:ml:മണക്കുളം മുകുന്ദ രാജ|Mukunda Raja]] Memorial Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Kalamandalam Awards |url=https://www.kalamandalam.ac.in/awards |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Kerala Kalamandalam]]}}</ref>
* 2013 – ''Guruvandanam'' honour by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] at [[Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam 2012]].
* 2013 – [[Jnanappana]] Award by [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board|Guruvayur Devaswom]]
* 2017 – [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour]] for ''Ezuthanukaranam Anurananangalum''.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-24 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article26073815.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426000541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article26073815.ece |archive-date=2023-04-26 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Krishnankutty was married to Thrissilassery Warriath Saraswathy Warassyar and they had two children, Usha and Unnikrishnan.<ref name='mm' />

==Death==
Krishnankutty died on 26 June 2022 at [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=സാഹിത്യകാരൻ ചൊവ്വല്ലൂർ കൃഷ്ണൻകുട്ടി അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Writer Chowalloor Krishnankutty has passed away |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/writer-chowalloor-krishnankutty-has-passed-away-182755 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[MediaOne TV]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://chowallurkrishnankutty.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|2567537}}
* [https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=lyricist&artist=Chowalloor%20Krishnankutty Chowallur Krishnankutty] at MalayalaSangeetham.Info Database
* [https://m3db.com/chowalloor-krishnankutty Chowallur Krishnankutty] at [[:ml:മലയാളം മൂവി & മ്യൂസിക് ഡാറ്റാബേസ്|Malayalam Movie and Music Database]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnankutty, Chowallur}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]

Senapathi

2025-09-23T03:11:18Z

Shenna87P79423:

{{short description|2021 film by Pavan Sadineni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{for2|the Indian military title|Senapati|the Indian Bengali film|Senapati (film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Senapathi
| image = Senapathi poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Pavan Sadineni
| writer = Hussain Sha Kiran Vasant Jurru Pavan Sadineni
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[8 Thottakkal]]''|Sri Ganesh}}
| producer = Vishnu Prasad [[Allu–Konidela family|Sushmitha Konidela]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|Naresh Agastya|Gnaneswari Kandregula}}
| cinematography = Vivek Kalepu
| editing = Goutham Nerusu
| music = Shravan Bharadwaj
| studio = Gold Box Entertainment
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|31}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Senapathi''''' ({{translation|[[General officer|General]]}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] film directed by Pavan Sadineni. It is a remake of the 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]''. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Naresh Agastya, and Gnaneswari Kandregula. ''Senapathi'' premiered on 31 December 2021 on the Telugu and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] streaming service [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].

==Plot==
The film begins with an orphaned boy, Krishna, who works as a servant in a house. The owner incriminates him for the homicide of his wife by bribing a bent cop, which penalizes him to [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile]]. Krishna befriends the warden, who inspires him to turn into a sincere police officer to clean the system and avoid duplication of injustice happening to him. Years roll by, and Krishna becomes the [[Inspector]] and advances as per his warden's guidance. Out of the blue, he works under vicious [[Inspector|Circle Inspector]] Purushotham and the remaining outcasts. Krishna is currently opening the way for [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] to acquire high power to control the delicts. Once, a typist, Sarma, complaints that one has invective him, but Purushotham closes the case with kickback. So, Sarma approaches the media with a journalist, Satya, when Purushotham enrages, batters him, and destroys his type machine. Krishna feels remorseful, so he purchases a new one for Sarma to resolve the issue calmly. At that moment, Satya appreciates his virtue and the two crushes.

Purushotham begrudges when he assigns him to be behind a gangster with a revolver of 8 bullets, which slips in the chase. Purushotham allows one day to find it. Then, he realizes this arms smuggling is a giant circle that fails to break through. Anyhow, Krishna traces his roots in the ring of a Don Babloo Yadav—additionally, he captures the boy Siva, who pickpocketed his gun with the aid of Satya. Still, Siva hands it over to a gun dealer, and Krishna grabs him, too, but jinxed, a guy purchased it. Krishna Murthy, who gains the revolver, triumphs in a bank robbery, mingling two men, Raju, a call taxi driver & Husain, Babloo's acolyte. Tragically, a little girl, Shreya, dies through an entity of a blunder. The postmortem identifies that the bullet is from the Police gun. Simultaneously, Satya's reputation is at stake, compels her to leak Krishna's case, and it bedlams the media. Hence, Krishna has to pay a suspension penalty, and the department appoints the case to a jester, Paramjyothi. He discerns Krishna's honesty and unofficially joins him. They interrogate Siva, but he is futile when Krishna offers to civilize him, which Siva denies on account of his envisaging becoming a gangster like Babloo.

Indeed, Krishna Murthy is a constable who spent his service with integrity. Once, he clutches a deadly terrorist, but foxy Purushotham absconded him by impeaching him. Accordingly, Krishna Murthy did not benefit from the provident fund & bank loan, and it led to his wife's death—likewise, Krishna Murthy is dependent on his progeny, Prakash & Gayatri, and neglected & mortified by them. Raju aspires to settle in [[Dubai]], so he engages in crime. As a glimpse, Husain holds an affair with Babloo's wife, Mahalakshmi / Maha. Both intend to elope and live a blissful life, which fuses him too in the theft.

On the eve of Maha's birthday, Husain accessed fresh note bundles to bestow a necklace, despite Krishna Murthy's objection. In the jewelry shop, the serial numbers expose Husain when he flees, but Krishna confirms him as Babloo's gang. Ergo, Paramjyoti advances to Babloo, and Krishna hunts Husain. Subsequently, Paramjyoti minds the link between Husain & Maha and mocks Babloo. Being furious, he attacks and dies in the encounter. The incident impacts Siva to reform facing reality. Husain attempts to elude with totality by backstabbing Krishna Murthy when he slays him. Spotting it, terrified Raju runs off and converts into an approver, surrendering to the police. Now, Paramjyoti & Krishna sketch to capture the actual killer by baiting Raju, but he also becomes a victim of the next bullet.

Once, an atypical incident made Krishna Murthy & Krishna acquainted unbeknownst to each other at the departmental inquiry. Whereat, Krishna Murthy faints, creating a conversation with Krishna and sharing all his grief with him. At that point, Krishna Murthy observes the dealer is tailing him for a share, and he slaughters him with the same gun. Following this, he equally divides a little of the stolen sum among his kids when Krishna Murthy laughs at their feigned love. Today, Krishna Murthy seeks vengeance and assassinates the Provident Fund officer who annoyed him. In quest of clues, Krishna perceives Krishna Murthy's application as sanctioned and approaches to endorse it. However, Prakash states that they have already received it when Krishna feels fishy and unwraps that Krishna Murthy is the master of the crimes.

Meanwhile, Krishna Murthy follows Purushotham to a bank, attempts another robbery, and kills him, after which he throws the money on the street. Suddenly, the police surround him after returning home when Paramjyoti keeps Krishna Murthy's grandson Rakesh at gunpoint. Cross-firing occurs in the room, and Krishna exits with his gun. Later, the investigating chamber announces Krishna not guilty, who has shot Krishna Murthy in secure Paramjyoti and retrieves his job. Yet, in fact, in the room, Paramjyoti trips a bullet on Rakesh, which falls under. Krishna Murthy injures Paramjyoti, and Krishna nabs him. Being regretful, Krishna Murthy pleads with Krishna to shoot him, proclaiming that he is unable to tolerate his family's pettiness, even being unaware that he has cancer. Thus, he schemed this robbery to lead a royal life in his last. Krishna Murthy is also penitent in the bloodshed of an infant, which he did not mean, and the excess money he has submitted to her family. Still, Krishna Murthy is so smug about eliminating delinquents like Purushotham and the provident Fund officer. Eventually, Krishna Murthy grabs a gun in Krishna's hands and commits self-sacrifice. At last, it is shown Maha continues as a roadside canteen by losing her husband & boyfriend, Siva advances to school by Krishna's motivation, and Paramjyoti admires Krishna, who questions the name of the one his 8th bullet is for. Finally, the movie ends with Krishna riding with Satya, and at the stoplight, he sees the employer who framed him on the side of the street.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Krishna Murthy
* Naresh Agastya as [[Inspector]] Krishna
* Gnaneswari Kandregula as Satya
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Paramjyoti
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as CI Purushotham
* [[Rakendu Mouli]] as Husain
* Josh Ravi as Raju
* A. Jeevan Kumar as Babloo Yadav
* [[Pavani Reddy]] as Mahalakshmi / Maha
* Rocky as Siva

== Production and release ==
Director Pavan Sadineni, who is known for his 2013 [[romcom]] ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'', was signed to helm the remake of the crime thriller ''[[8 Thottakkal]]''. Sadineni, however, prefers it to be called a "semi-remake" because they added new characters and changed several aspects while retaining the crux of the original.<ref name="hin">{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-12-23|title=Pavan Sadineni: Casting Rajendra Prasad changed everything for us|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-pavan-sadineni-discusses-the-telugu-crime-drama-senapathi-starring-rajendra-prasad/article38019708.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film marks the digital debut of veteran actor [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]].<ref name="ie">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-29|title=Senapathi trailer: Rajendra Prasad's OTT debut promises an intense thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/senapathi-trailer-rajendra-prasad-aha-7695832/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Filming began in September 2021 and took place in the neighbourhoods of [[Hyderabad]] including [[Kavadiguda]], [[Sainikpuri]], [[Moosapet]], [[Quthbullapur]] and the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]].<ref name="hin" /> ''Senapathi'' released digitally on 31 December 2021 on the streaming service [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref name="ie" />

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the performances of Prasad and Agasthya and wrote: "''Senapathi'' begins with the promise of an edge-of-the-seat crime drama but gradually becomes an emotional tale. The emotional portions feel lengthy and stretched; had it been shorter, it would have added to the slow-burn atmosphere of the crime drama."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-12-31|title='Senapathi' movie review: Rajendra Prasad unleashes his darker side|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/senapathi-movie-review-rajendra-prasad-naresh-agastya-impress-in-this-fairly-engrossing-crime-drama/article38079039.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Eenadu]]'' appreciated the screenplay and stated that Sadineni had succeeded in adapting the Tamil film ''8 Thottakkal'' to [[Telugu people|Telugu]] nativity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=Senapathi Review రివ్యూ సేనాపతి|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/telugu-news-rajendra-prasad-senapathi-telugu-movie-review-in-telugu/0201/122001437|access-date=|website=Eenadu|language=te}}</ref> In another positive review, Rajitha Chanti of [[TV9 Telugu]] also echoed the same, praising the performances and direction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chanti|first=Rajitha|date=2021-12-31|title=Senapathi Review: ఊహించని మలుపులతో సేనాపతి.. రాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్ నటన అద్భుతం.. రివ్యూ..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/actor-rajendra-prasad-senapathi-movie-in-aha-review-here-608253.html|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref> On technical aspects, [[Asianet News Network|Asianet News]]' Surya Prakash called Kalepu's cinematography a "highlight" while opining that Nerusu's editing could have been better. Production designed and score were also appreciated by Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Surya|date=2021-12-31|title=Senapathi:రాజేంద్రప్రసాద్ 'సేనాపతి' రివ్యూ|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/rajendra-prasad-s-senapathi-movie-review-r4z327|website=[[Asianet News Network]]|language=te}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Remakes of films by Akira Kurosawa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|15710168}}
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/senapathi ''Senapathi''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

[[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Akira Kurosawa]]

Saptha Stana Temples

2025-09-18T11:17:42Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating a location and citations...

{{Short description|Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu, India}}
'''Saptha Stana Temples''' are a group of seven temples. In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], such groups of temples are found in many places, particularly in and around [[Thanjavur District]].
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|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Tiruvaiyaru Saptha Stana Temples''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | The seven important temples in and around [[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Temple'''||style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Location'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Aiyarappar temple]]||[[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Apathsahayar Temple, Thirupazhanam|Apathsahayar Temple]] ||Thirupazhanam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai|Odhanavaneswarar Temple]]||[[Tiruchotruturai]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]] ||[[Thiruvedhikudi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kandeeswarar Temple, Kandiyur|Kandeeswarar Temple]] ||[[kandiyur|Thirukkandiyur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] ||Thirupanturuthi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam|Neyyadiappar Temple]] ||[[Tillaistanam]]
|-
|}

== Saptha Stana ==
Saptha + Stana means seven sacred places. The temples found in these places are known as Saptha Stana Temples.

==Tiruvaiyaru Saptha Stana Temples==
Having [[Tiruvaiyaru]] as the primary temple, seven temples belonging to seven places are also referred as the ashramas of seven Munipunkavars ([[Saptarishi]]). These [[rishi]]s are [[Agastya]], [[Atri]], [[Bhardwaja]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautam]], [[Jamadagni]], [[Vashistha]] and [[Vishvamitra]]. They set up ashrams in [[Aiyarappar temple]], [[Apathsahayar Temple, Thirupazhanam|Apathsahayar Temple]], [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai|Odhanavaneswarar Temple]], [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]], [[Kandeeswarar Temple, Kandiyur|Kandeeswarar Temple]], [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] and [[Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam|Neyyadiappar Temple]]. Ayyarappa, the main deity of Thiruvaiyaru took with them Nandhidevar-Suyasambikai to these seven ashrams in order to get the blessings of the rishis.<ref>[http://kungumam.co.in/APArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=3392&id1=50&id2=18&issue=20160801 சித்ரா மூர்த்தி, வேலவன் வில்லேந்தியது ஏன்?, ஆன்மிகம்]</ref>

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===Nandikeswara Festival===
[[File:Tirumalapadi nandimarriage5.jpg|left|thumb|Nandikeswara wedding Festival]]
Just before the festival wedding festival of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandikeswara]] took place. Nandikeswara was the son of Silakitha Munivar. In order to get married off him to Suyasambikai of Tirumazhapadi, Ayyarappar along with His consort go to Tirumazhapadi on a glass palanquin. On that night itself Ayyarappar along with newly wedded couples crosses Kollidam and reaches Thiruvaiyaru.<ref name="dinamani">[https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/apr/17/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-2902034.html கோவை.கு.கருப்பசாமி, சப்தஸ்தான விழா சிறப்புகள், தினமணி, 17 ஏப்ரல் 2018]</ref>

=== Saptha Stana Festival ===
[[File:Bommai offer flowers in tiruvaiyaru.JPG|left|thumb|''Poochorithal'' (flower festival)]]
In the decorated palanquin Ayyarappar along with His consort will leave Thiruvaiyaru and go to the other six connected temples during the festival of Saptha Stana. At that time, the palanquins of the respective temples will join with the Ayyarappar Palanquin.<ref name="dinamani"/> This festival is conducted at Tiruvaiyaru during April every year. As per Hindu legend, it is the wedding festival of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandikeswara]], the sacred bull of Shiva on the Punarpoosa star during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|page=1601|publisher=Government Press|volume=10|issue=2|year=1999|editor-last=B. S. |editor-first=Baliga}}</ref> The festival deity of Aiyarappar temple of Thiruvaiyaru is carried in a decorated glass palanquin along with the images of Nandikeswara and Suyasayambikai to the temples in Thirupazhanam, Thiruchottruthurai, Thiruvedhikudi, Thirukandiyur and Thirupoonthurthi. Each of the festival deities of the respective temples mounted in glass palanquins accompany Aiyarppar on the way to the final destiny, Thillaistanam. There is a grand display of fireworks in Cauvery riverbed outside Thillaistanam temple. The seven palanquins are carried to Aiyarappar temple in Thiruvaiyyaru. Hundreds of people witness the convergence of seven glass palanquins carrying principal deities of respective temples from seven places at Tiruvaiyaru. The devotees perform ''Poochorithal'' (flower festival) in which a doll offers flowers to the principal deities in the palanquins. After the ''Poochorithal'', the palanquins leave for their respective temples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sapthasthanam-festival-begins/article26904458.ece|title='Sapthasthanam' festival begins|date=21 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=aiyarappar+temple&pg=PT172|page=182|first=Sekar|last=Venkatraman|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|ref=Venkatraman}}</ref>

== Other Saptha Stana Temples ==
There are other Saptha Stana Temples in and around Thanjavur district. They are known as [[Chakkarapalli]] Saptha Stana Temples, [[Mayiladuthurai]] Saptha Stana Temples, [[Kumbakonam]] Saptha Stana Temples, Karanthai (near Thanjavur) Saptha Stana Temples, [[Tirunallur]] Saptha Stana Temples, Tiruneelakkudi Saptha Stana Temples, [[Kanjanur]] Saptha Stana Temples and [[Nagapattinam]] Saptha Stana Temples. <ref> ஏழுர்த் திருவிழாக்கள், முனைவர் ஆ.சண்முகம், அகரம், தஞ்சாவூர், 2002 </ref> As the palanquin of the Kumbeswara Temple was in a damaged condition the festival did not take place for some time. Later the trial run was held on 7 February 2016<ref> கும்பகோணம் ஆதிகும்பேஸ்வரசுவாமி கோயிலில் சப்தஸ்தான பல்லக்கு வெள்ளோட்டம், தினமணி, 8 பிப்ரவரி 2016 </ref> Following the Tirttavari in Mahamaham tank in Kumbakonam during [[2016 Mahamaham]] the festival was held on 23 April 2016. <ref> [http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2016/04/22/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE/article3393484.ece ஆதி கும்பேஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் ஏழூர் பல்லக்கு பெருவிழா, மகாமகக்குளத்தில் தீர்த்தவாரி, தினமணி, 22 ஏப்ரல் 2016] </ref> It is learnt that the Karanthanttankudi festival was not held for some years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2022/03/22095542/3604452/chakravageswarar-temple-Poochorithal-festival.vpf சக்கராப்பள்ளி சக்கராவேகேஸ்வரர் கோயில் சப்தஸ்தான விழாவில் பொம்மை பூப்போடும் நிகழ்ச்சி, மாலை மலர், 22 மார்ச் 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530145733/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2022/03/22095542/3604452/chakravageswarar-temple-Poochorithal-festival.vpf |date=2022-05-30 }}
* [https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/news/thiruneelakudi-yelur-pallakku-festival-celebrated-in-a-grand-manner மு.இராகவன், ஆயுள் தோஷம் போக்கிடும் சப்தஸ்தான பல்லக்கு விழா, சிறப்புகள் என்னென்ன? விகடன், 19 ஏப்ரல் 2022]
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

S. Srinivasa Iyengar

2025-09-13T22:18:46Z

Shenna87P79423: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician (1874–1941)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = S. Srinivasa Iyengar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = S. Srinivasa Iyengar.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| smallimage =
| caption = Portrait of S. Srinivasa Iyengar
| order1 = Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
| term_start1 = 1916
| term_end1 = 1920
| governor1 = [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland]], [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]],
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 = Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
| term_start2 = 1912
| term_end2 = 1920
| predecessor4 = [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]]
| successor4 = [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
| birth_date = 11 September 1874
| birth_place = [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1941|05|19|1874|09|11}}
| death_place = [[Madras]]
| nationality =
| party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Madras]]
| occupation = Lawyer
| profession = [[Attorney-General]], [[politician|Statesman]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name =
}}

{{Indian name|Srinivasa Iyengar|Seshadri}}'''Seshadri Srinivasa Iyengar''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (11 September 1874 – 19 May 1941), also seen as '''Sreenivasa Iyengar''' and '''Srinivasa Ayyangar''', was an Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. Iyengar was the [[Advocate-General]] of [[Madras Presidency]] from 1916 to 1920. He also served as a member of the bar council from 1912 to 1920, the law member of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920 and as the president of the madras province Swarajya Party faction of the Indian National Congress from 1923 to 1930. Srinivasa Iyengar was the son-in-law of renowned lawyer and first Indian Advocate-general of Madras, [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar|Sir Vembaukum Bhashyam Aiyangar]]. Iyengar's followers called him '''Lion of the South'''.

Iyengar was born in the [[Ramanathapuram district]] of Madras Presidency. He graduated in law and practised as a lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]] rising to become Advocate-General in 1916. He also served as a member of the bar council and was nominated as the law member of the Governor's executive council. He resigned his Advocate-General post, his seat in the Governor's executive council and returned his [[Order of the Indian Empire|C. I. E.]] in 1920 in protest against the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] and joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. He participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. However, in 1923, he broke away along with other leaders as [[Motilal Nehru]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]] due to differences with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] over participating in elections. The breakaway faction later formed the Swarajya Party. Iyengar served as the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and later, the Madras Province Swarajya Party and was the leader of the party when it refused to form the government in the province despite winning a majority in the 1926 elections. In later life, he established the Independence of India league and organised protests against the [[Simon Commission]]. He retired from politics due to differences with other Congress politicians over the goal of Dominion status. He briefly returned to politics in 1938. On 19 May 1941, Iyengar died in his house in Madras.

Iyengar remains the youngest lawyer from the Madras bar to be made Advocate-General. Srinivasa Iyengar was also the mentor of freedom-fighters [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]] and [[Sathyamurthy]]. [[K. Kamaraj]], who later became the president of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and served as the [[Chief Minister of Madras|chief minister of Madras]] from 1954 to 1962, is believed to be his greatest find. Iyengar's 1939 book on "Mayne's Hindu laws" is a much-acclaimed and well-read book.

During Iyengar's tenure as leader, the Congress was often criticised by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|EV Ramaswamy]] and other politicians of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] as a party dominated by [[Brahmin]]s. This was because top Congress leaders as Iyengar, Sathyamurthy and [[C. Rajagopalachari]] were all Brahmins.

==Early life==
[[File:Srinivas_Iyengar.jpg|thumb|left]]
Srinivasa Iyengar was born on 11 September 1874 to Seshadri Iyengar, a prominent landowner of Ramanathapuram district.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2007|id={{ISBN|0810853795}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-5379-9}}|pages=93}}</ref><ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61">{{cite book|title=Pillars of Modern India|pages=61|author=Sayed Jafar Mahmud|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1994|id={{ISBN|8170245869}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7024-586-5}}}}</ref><ref name="aicc_bio">{{cite web|title=Indian National Congress-Past Presidents:S Srinivasa Iyengar, President-Gauhati, 1926|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/s_srinivasa_iyengar.php|publisher=Indian National Congress|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093727/http://www.aicc.org.in/s_srinivasa_iyengar.php|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> His parents were orthodox [[Iyengar|Sri Vaishnava Brahmins]] of Madras Presidency.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93" /> Srinivasa Iyengar had his schooling in [[Madurai]] and graduated from [[Presidency College, Madras]].<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="toi_whoswhop813">{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book, including who's who|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co|year=1923|pages=813}}</ref> His early schooling was in his [[mother tongue]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="greatindiansp204">{{cite book|title=The great Indians|pages=204|publisher=One India One People Foundation|id={{ISBN|8172733186}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7273-318-6}}}}</ref>

==Legal career==

Srinivasa Iyengar commenced practice as lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]] in 1898.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="aicc_bio" /><ref name="toi_whoswhop813" /> He had an extensive knowledge of [[Hindu]] [[Dharmasastra]] and this helped him make a mark for himself.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Soon, Iyengar became the right-hand for [[C. Sankaran Nair]].<ref name="madrasleadersp11">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 11</ref> During this time, the Indian freedom-fighter [[Sathyamurthy|S. Satyamurthi]] worked as a junior under Iyengar.<ref name="satyamurthip15">{{cite book|title=S. Satyamurti, a political biography|pages=15|publisher=Satvahan|author=Saroja Sundararajan|year=1983}}</ref> Later, he followed Iyengar into the Indian National Congress and the Indian independence movement. Satyamurthi worked under Iyengar while he was the president of the Swarajya Party.<ref name="marchtofreedomp358">{{cite book|title=March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947|pages=358|author=Saroja Sundarrajan|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1989}}</ref> He later referred to Iyengar as his "political mentor".<ref name="marchtofreedomp358" />

In 1911, Bhupendranath Basu introduced the Civil Marriages Bill in the Imperial legislature.<ref name="press_nationalism_p127">{{cite book|title=The press and the national movement in South India, Andhra, 1905–1932|author=K. Subrahmanyam|publisher=New Era Publications|year=1984|pages=127}}</ref> This bill was heavily criticised. Iyengar led agitations for the bill. When [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] was criticised by extremists after his death, Iyengar defended him.<ref name="madrasleadersp11" />

In 1912, Iyengar was appointed to the Madras Bar Council and he served from 1912 to 1916.<ref name="panislamp468">{{cite book|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924|pages=468|author=M. Naeem Qureshi|publisher=Brill|year=1999|id={{ISBN|9004113711}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-11371-8}}}}</ref> In 1916, he became the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency, the youngest ever to occupy the post.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93" /><ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="congresscommp204">{{cite book|title=To the gates of liberty: Congress commemoration volume|pages=204|author=G. C. Sondhi|publisher=G. C. Sondhi|year=1948}}</ref> He also served as a member of the Madras Senate from 1912 to 1916.<ref name="congresscommp204" />

In recognition of his services, Srinivasa Iyengar was appointed Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the 1920 New Year Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |page=5 |supp=y}}</ref><ref name="krsrinivasa iyengarp5">[[#K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar|K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar]], Pg 5</ref> Iyengar also served as the Law member on the executive council of the Governor of Madras from 1916 to 1920.<ref name="krsrinivasa iyengarp5" />

==Political activities==

=== Indian independence movement ===

Right from his younger days, Srinivasa Iyengar displayed an interest, though trivial, in politics. He attended the historically significant 1907 session of the Indian National Congress held at Surat which is remembered for the split between the moderates and the extremists.<ref name="sastryp5">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 5</ref> In 1908, V. Krishnaswamy Iyer introduced him to [[Rash Behari Bose]] "as the son-in-law of Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar and in some ways greater than him".<ref name="sastryp5" /> However, Iyengar took politics seriously only after the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh episode]].<ref name="sastryp5" />

In 1920, Srinivasa Iyengar resigned as the Advocate-General of Madras and from the Governor's executive council protesting the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="sastryp102">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 102</ref> In February 1921, he also returned his C.I.E in protest.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="sastryp102" /> He joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. In 1927, Iyengar chaired the reception committee of the 29th session of the Indian National Congress which met in Madras.<ref name="sastryp25">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 25</ref>

Iyengar presided over the 1920 Madras Provincial Conference held at Tinnevely and participated in the Congress sessions held at Ahmedabad(1921), Gaya(1922), Kakinada(1923), Delhi(1923), Belgaum(1924), Kanpur(1925), Gauhati(1926), Madras (1927), Calcutta(1928) and Lahore (1929). His work is believed to have given an unparalleled lead to the Congress in Madras for about ten years.

Srinivasa Iyengar presided over the [[Guwahati]] session of the Congress in 1926. Iyengar worked hard to deliver a resolution upholding Hindu-Muslim unity, bringing about a temporary political agreement between the political leaders of the two communities. He published ''Swaraj Constitution'', in 1927, outlining a federal scheme of government for future India.

=== Madras Province Swarajya Party ===

When the Congress split in 1923 between the Gandhians and those in support of Council entry, Srinivasa Iyengar was in the non-Gandhian camp and founded the Madras Province Swarajya Party. The Madras Province Swarajya Party contested in the elections to the provincial legislature held between 11 September 1923 and 10 November 1923.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=184| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref><ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=185| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Though, as expected, the performance of the Swarajya Party wasn't by any means remarkable, its presence had a major impact on the fortunes of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] whose majority was considerably reduced compared to the 1920 elections.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184" /> The Swaraj Party won 20 seats in the 98 member assembly and was the leading opposition party. More importantly, however, the Justice Party won just 44 seats in the 1923 elections compared to the 1920 elections when it had won 64 seats.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184" /> The [[Raja of Panagal]] was elected for a second term as Premier while Iyengar was elected leader of opposition in the assembly.

A little later, a few prominent members of the Justice Party broke off to form the [[United Nationalist Party (India)|United Nationalist Party]] and projected themselves as "Democrats".<ref name="noconfidencemotion">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124085602/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2005|title=When the postman knocked|first=S.|last=Muthiah|date=25 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The dissidents were led by [[C. R. Reddy]], a leader of the Justice Party,<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185" /><ref name="noconfidencemotion" /><ref name="crreddy">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623122924/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2004|title=Go-betweens left in the lurch|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Narasimha|last=Rao|date=27 April 2004}}</ref> who complained of the dictatorial rule of the Raja<ref name="ssatyamurthip41">{{cite book|title=S. Satyamurti|first=R.|last=Parthasarathi|pages=41|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1971}}</ref> and his insensitive, unimaginative policies.<ref name="crreddyp16">{{cite book|title=Dr. C. R. Reddy|first=D.|last=Anjaneyulu|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1973|pages=16}}</ref> Backed by Srinivasa Iyengar and the Swarajists, Reddy introduced a [[no-confidence motion]] against the government of the Raja of Panagal on 27 November 1923.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185" /><ref name="noconfidencemotion" /> The no-confidence motion was, however, defeated by a margin of 65 votes to 44.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp186">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=186| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref>

The Swarajya Party won 44 seats in the 1926 elections and emerged as the single largest party in the house.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=189| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Comparatively, the Justice Party had won just 20 seats.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Raja of Panagal stepped down as Premier.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Governor [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] invited Srinivasa Iyengar as leader of opposition to form the government.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> However, Iyengar refused.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> As a result, the Governor set up an independent government under [[P. Subbarayan]] and nominated 34 members to the assembly to support it.<ref name="kumaramangalam">{{cite news|title=Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119213301/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|date=17 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090644/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>

Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=190| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> In March 1927, [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=191| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref>

The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp191" /> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=192| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Subbarayan resigned as Chief Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. To obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterward, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=193| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=194| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the commission a warm reception.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />

===Nehru report===
''See Also'': [[Simon Commission]]

In the Congress session held at Madras in November 1927, decision was made to draw up a "Labour Constitution of the future Government of India".<ref name="communistp122">{{cite book|title=History of the communist movement in India|author=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|author-link=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|publisher=LeftWord Books|year=2005|id={{ISBN|8187496495}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-49-6}}|pages=122}}</ref> Motilal Nehru was elected as the convenor of the Constitution Drafting Committee.<ref name="communistp123">{{cite book|title=History of the communist movement in India|author=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|author-link=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|publisher=LeftWord Books|year=2005|id={{ISBN|8187496495}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-49-6}}|pages=123}}</ref> On 10 August 1928, the committee submitted its report declaring dominion status as the goal of the Congress.<ref name="communistp123" /> The report was presented at the [[All Parties Conference|Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress]] held between 28 August 1928 and 31 August 1928.<ref name="communistp123" />

On 30 August 1928, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Srinivasa Iyengar and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] formed the Indian Independence League.<ref name="communistp123" /> This league declared ''purna swaraj'' or complete independence from British rule as its ultimate goal and not dominion status.<ref name="communistp123" /> Iyengar was elected President of the league with Nehru and Bose as its secretaries.<ref name="communistp123" />

When the All-Parties Report (known as the Nehru Report) was published in 1928 outlining a constitution for India in terms of ''[[Dominion]] status'', Srinivasa Iyengar organised the Independence League with himself as president and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] as leading members.

Srinivasa Iyengar was elected President of the Congress Democratic Party with Subhas Chandra Bose as its Secretary.<ref name="sastryp47">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 47</ref> Iyengar, however, announced his retirement from active public life early in 1930.<ref name="sastryp47" />

== Later life ==

Srinivasa Iyengar briefly returned to politics in 1938 and supported Subhas Chandra Bose as president of the Congress. However, when Bose formed the [[Forward Bloc]], he described it as a "leaky boat."<ref name="sastryp65">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 65</ref> He was also upset with the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].<ref name="sastryp65" /> While presiding over a session of the Tyagaraja Bakajana Sabha in 1938, Iyengar spoke:

{{blockquote|Lawyers do not ask musicians to preside over their deliberations, but it had become a fashion to invite a man who knew nothing about music, like myself, to preside over musical events. As a body of self-respecting men and women, musicians should conduct their affairs without outside interference, and communal politics<ref name="thehindu_carnaticmusic">{{cite news|title=Concerted support for carnatic music|url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091301031300.htm|date=13 September 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref>}}

==Death==
Iyenger made a brief return to political life in 1939, upon the outbreak of [[World War II]] and the debate of whether Indians should back the British effort, banking on their goodwill later to deliver independence, or oppose the entry of Indian army into the war without consultation of the Indian people. He died suddenly on 19 May 1941, at his residence in [[Madras]].

Iyengar died at his residence in Madras on 19 May 1941. He was 66 years old at the time.

== Family ==
Srinivasa Iyengar was married to the third daughter of Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar.<ref name="madrasleadersp11" /> He had a son, S. Parthasarathy,<ref name="thehindu_parthasarathy">{{cite news|title=Book Review:On men and matters|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/08/31/stories/2004083100061400.htm|date=31 August 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="parthasarathy">{{cite web|title=Sri Vaishnavi shrine, Aavadi|url=http://murugan.org/temples/vaishnavi.htm}}</ref> and a daughter, [[Ambujammal]] who was the founder of the Srinivasa Gandhi Nilayam.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> Parthasarathy studied law and practised as a lawyer before becoming an entrepreneur.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> He served as the founder and director of the Industrial Development Commission of [[Madras state]] and founded the Prithvi Insurance company.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> In his later life, he became a Hindu [[monk]] and adopted the name Swami Anvananda.<ref name="parthasarathy" />

== Legacy ==
Besides law, Srinivasa Iyengar's other interest were education, social reform, and politics.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar's 1939 book Mayne's Hindu Law is considered to be a [[masterpiece]].<ref name="sastryp100">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 100</ref> Among his early influences were Sir Sankaran Nair and C. Vijayaraghavachariar, two former Congress leaders.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was also an admirer of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] (in whose name he endowed a prize) and later of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar was the personal lawyer and a family friend of Muthuramalingam Thevar whom he encouraged to participate in the 1927 Congress session that was held in Madras.<ref name="thevar_tamilnation">{{cite web|title=One Hundred Tamils of the 20th century: Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/thevar.htm|publisher=tamilnation}}</ref> Thevar was eventually drawn to the Congress and participated in agitations against the British rule.<ref name="thevar_tamilnation" /> Iyengar was also close to Swami Suddhananda Bharathi.<ref name="thehindu_eternity">{{cite news|title=Pilgrim of eternity|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R.|date=16 October 2001|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/1316017c.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232457/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/1316017c.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>

One British CID officer described Srinivasa Iyengar as a "political ideas factory".<ref name="madrasleadersp12">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 12</ref> He was described as frank and generous<ref name="madrasleadersp13">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 13</ref> and having brought a fresh and young look to his political ideas. He was known for making brave and outspoken comments on the Governor or Government officials.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /><ref name="madrasleadersp14">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 14</ref> A contemporary remarks that Iyengar's opinions were as clear cut as his legal arguments.<ref name="madrasleadersp12" /> His proficiency in the legal profession was supposedly noticeable right from his early days.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /> In politics, Iyengar was considered to be a champion of the [[Mylapore clique]] in Madras politics.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /> Iyengar tried to bring reforms in Indian society. He worked for the elevation of depressed sections of society and educated underprivileged children on his own expense.<ref name="madrasleadersp14"/> He also a fine writer and frequently wrote columns for ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' and ''Indian Patriot''.<ref name="madrasleadersp15">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 15</ref>

Srinivasa Iyengar is credited with having popularised the Congress at the village level in South India.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was a staunch believer in the concept of "linked leadership".<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was responsible for the induction of [[K. Kamaraj]] and Muthuramalinga Thevar in the Indian National Congress.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar's followers and colleagues called him "Lion of the South".<ref name="greatindiansp204" />

== Criticism ==
At the 1920 session of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, E. V. Ramasamy, a leader of the Congress desired to propose a resolution introducing communal representation in education and employment.<ref name="periyar">{{cite web|title=Political Philosophy of Periyar|author=Louis Anthony|url=http://snphilosophers2005.tripod.com/louis.pdf|access-date=17 March 2009|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024191305/http://snphilosophers2005.tripod.com/louis.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Srinivasa Iyengar who presided over the session refused to permit it reasoning that it would cause unnecessary communal tension.<ref name="periyar" /> Periyar criticised Iyengar along with the rest of the Brahmin leadership of the Congress and declared that non-Brahmins can never hope to get justice from the Congress.<ref name="ethno_salem_p93">{{cite book|title=Salem City: An Ethnohistory (1792–1992)|author=Ka Ilakkumi Nārāyaṇan̲|author2=T. Gangadharan |author3=N. Chandrasekar |pages=93|year=1999|publisher=Vysya College}}</ref>

== Works ==
* {{cite book|title=Mayne's Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage|author=S. Srinivasa Iyengar|author2=John D. Mayne|author2-link=John D. Mayne|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]|year=1939|place=Madras}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | title=Some Madras Leaders| year=1922|ref=Some Madras Leaders}}

== Biographies ==
* {{cite book|title=S. Srinivasa Iyengar: the story of a decade in Indian politics|author=K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar|publisher=Basel Mission Press (Canarag, Ltd.)|year=1939|ref=K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar}}
* {{cite book|title=S. Srinivasa Iyengar|author=Kadayam Ramachandra Ramabhadra Sastry|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1972|ref=Sastry}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]
[[Category:Mylapore clique]]

Khullja Sim Sim

2025-09-10T22:55:14Z

Shenna87P79423: Improved wording and formatting

{{for|the fictional magical phrase|Open Sesame (phrase)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khulljasimsim.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Game show]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] (season 1,3) [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] (season 2)
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country =
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 49 minutes
| company = Optimystix Entertainment (Seasons 1) BAG Films (Season 2) BIG Productions (Season 3)
| channel = [[STAR Plus]] (season 1-2) [[BIG Magic]] (season 3)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2001|7|27}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Khullja Sim Sim''''' (transl. '''''Open Sesame''''') is an Indian television game show which originally aired on [[STAR Plus]] for the first two seasons, premiered on 27 July 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010722/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Khullja Sim Sim on STAR Plus|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] - Spectrum|date=22 July 2011}}</ref> The first season was hosted by [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] and the second season by [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep68.htm|title=Now Hussain to say 'Khullja Sim Sim' on Star Plus|publisher=Hetal Adesara - Indiantelevision.com|date=7 September 2004}}</ref> The third season of the series premiered on [[BIG Magic]] on 17 September 2012, also hosted by [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]], produced by [[4 Lions Films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/tv/32495570_1_aman-verma-game-show-khul-ja-sim-sim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131183232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/tv/32495570_1_aman-verma-game-show-khul-ja-sim-sim|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Aman Verma back with season 3 of Khullja Sim Sim|date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/apr/apr101.php|title=BIG Magic brings back Khullja Sim Sim|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Host
* [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] as Host
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Himself

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/07/big-productions-to-produce-khullja-sim-sim-for-big-magic/ Khullja Sim Sim News Article on BestMedia Info]

{{SP Shows}}
{{BIG Magic Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Big Magic original programming]]
[[Category:2001 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Sunil Kumar Sinha

2025-07-21T05:08:51Z

Shenna87P79423:

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
'''Sunil Kumar Sinha''' (born 7 July 1954) is an Indian judge and former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Shri Justice Sunil Kumar Sinha Appointed as Chief Justice Of The Sikkim High Court {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal|url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/shri-justice-sunil-kumar-sinha-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-the-sikkim-high-court/|access-date=2021-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Sinha was born at [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]] in 1954 in a lawyer family. He studied in Government Multipurpose Higher Secondary School, Ambikapur and passed [[LL.B]]. in 1980 from Government P.G. College of Ambikapur. He was enrolled as an [[advocate]] under [[Madhya Pradesh]] Bar Council on 3 September 1980. Initially, he started practice in District Court of Ambikapur, later in the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=FormerChiefJustice {{!}} High Court of Sikkim|url=https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/formerchiefjustice|access-date=2021-08-10|website=hcs.gov.in}}</ref> In May 2003, [[Sinha]] was appointed an Additional Advocate General of [[Chhattisgarh]]. On 1 December 2004, he became a permanent judge of the [[Chhattisgarh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Justice Sunil Kumar Sinha appointed as Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-sunil-kumar-sinha-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-the-sikkim-high-court-1427961533-1|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> On 14 July 2014, Sinha was transferred as a judge of the Sikkim High Court and on 30 March 2015 he was elevated to the post of the Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon’ble Justice Sunil kumar sinha sworn-in as Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court|url=https://www.kanoonreview.com/honble-justice-sunil-kumar-sinha-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-sikkim-high-court.html|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.kanoonreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SLSA, Sikkim|url=http://sikkimslsa.nic.in/patron-in-chief.html|access-date=2021-08-10|website=sikkimslsa.nic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Sunil Kumar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Chhattisgarh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Ambikapur, India]]

Ram Vishnun Singh

2025-07-05T07:41:53Z

Shenna87P79423: Page updated with additional details

#REDIRECT [[Ram Vishun Singh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

USV (company)

2025-07-03T19:23:41Z

Shenna87P79423: Creating the entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = USV Private Limited
| logo = USV (company).svg
| logo_size = 200px
| caption =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1961}}
| founder = [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Leena Tewari]] ([[Chairperson]])
Prashant Tewari ([[Managing Director]])
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = [[Medication|Pharmaceutical drugs]], [[generic drug]]s, [[antiviral drug]]s, [[over-the-counter drug]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=API List: Active Parmaceutical Ingredients, Api pharma, USVIndia|url=https://www.usvindia.com/product-apis.php|website=www.usvindia.com|accessdate=31 Dec 2020}}</ref>
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|4564|c}} (FY24)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1377|c}} (FY24)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |title=USV Private limited |url=https://www.crisilratings.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/USVPrivatelimited_August%2001_%202024_RR_348417.html |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=CRISIL}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 5,000
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.usvindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''USV Private Limited''' (formerly '''USV Limited''') is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=USV>{{cite web|title=USV Limited: Private Company Information – Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23021152|website=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=14 May 2016}}</ref> The company operates across 75 countries globally,<ref>{{cite web|title=Uniquely Positioned|url=https://www.usvindia.com/uniquely-positioned.php|website=www.usvindia.com|accessdate=31 Dec 2020}}</ref> and is a leading producer of [[Metformin]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's top-10 selling drugs dominated by diabetes products|url=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/india-s-top-10-selling-drugs-dominated-by-diabetes-products|website=www.thepharmaletter.com|accessdate=31 Dec 2020}}</ref>

The company was founded by [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]. [[Leena Tewari]], his granddaughter, is the chairperson of the company,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business-wire-india-section/beyond-pipes-and-dreams-by-mrs-leena-gandhi-tewari-an-inspirational-worth-reading-life-story-of-vithal-balkrishna-gandhi/215544|title=Beyond Pipes and Dreams – by Mrs. Leena Gandhi Tewari, an Inspirational Worth Reading Life Story of Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi|work=The Free Press Journal|date=16 July 2013|accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> and Prashant Tewari is the managing director.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prashant Tewari, Usv Pvt Ltd: Profile and Biography – Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/17673934|website=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=31 Dec 2020}}</ref>

The company is focused on the development of small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients along with custom research services for drug development.<ref name=USV />

USV is also the producer and retailer of [[Sebamed]] products in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/german-skincare-brand-sebamed-cuts-prices-to-use-sachets-for-indian-market-122022000582_1.html | title=German skincare brand Sebamed cuts prices, to use sachets for Indian market | date=20 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/hul-wipro-enterprises-get-hc-relief-in-ad-spat-with-sebamed-distributor/articleshow/92270344.cms | title=HUL, Wipro Enterprises get HC relief in ad spat with Sebamed distributor | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=17 June 2022 | last1=Vyas | first1=Maulik }}</ref> It is also the [[Drug marketing|marketer]] of some of Fujix Corp's products in all global markets outside Japan and United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-usv-to-take-fujix-cures-worldwide-1065135 | title=USV to take Fujix cures worldwide }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development

2025-06-29T13:04:03Z

Shenna87P79423:

{{Short description|Government Institute in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development
| image =
|native_name =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1993}} {{start date and age|2012}} (Institute of National Importance)
| type = [[Central university (India)|Institute of National Importance]]
| director = Sarah Jayal Sawkmie
| city = [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| campus = 42 acres
| website = [http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/ rgniyd.gov.in]
}}

The '''Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development''' (RGNIYD), Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, is an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institution of National Importance]] by the Act of Parliament No. 35/2012 under the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, Government of India. The RGNIYD was established in 1993 under the Societies Registration Act (XXVII of 1975).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/node/95|title=About RGNIYD {{!}} Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development|website=www.rgniyd.gov.in|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref><ref name=" Press Information Bureau 2024 p740">{{cite web | title=Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Celebrates World Social Work Day 2024 | website= Press Information Bureau | date=20 March 2024 | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2015864 | ref={{sfnref | Press Information Bureau | 2024}} | access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Education 2023 k831">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Creative Arts Education Society partners with Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development | website=Financialexpress | date=15 September 2023 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education/creative-arts-education-society-partners-with-rajiv-gandhi-national-institute-of-youth-development/3244428/ | access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 q829">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=CAES partners with RGNIYD to offer Bachelor's and Master's degrees | website=Hindustan Times | date=18 September 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/pearl-academys-caes-partners-with-rgniyd-to-offer-bachelors-and-masters-degrees-101695037868295.html | access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2024 z530">{{cite web | title=CUET PG 2024 application window closes tomorrow: Participating Central and State Universities | website=The Times of India | date=23 January 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/cuet-pg-2024-application-window-closes-tomorrow-participating-central-and-state-universities/articleshow/107090032.cms | access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Rgniyd Director.jpg|thumb]]

The RGNIYD offers postgraduate academic programs in youth development, conducts research in this field, and coordinates training programs for state agencies and youth organization officials. It actively participates in extension and outreach initiatives nationwide. The institute serves as a think-tank for the Ministry and as an organizer of youth-related activities. It collaborates with the NSS, NYKS, and other youth organizations to implement training programs.

The institute also provides postgraduate degree programs in fields such as Gender Studies, Development Studies, Local Governance, Counselling Psychology, Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship, and Social Work. It additionally offers PhD programs in various social science disciplines.

RGNIYD is India’s first institute focused on youth development, with a vision to enhance the potential of the nation’s youth.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} RGNIYD is South Asia’s first institute dedicated to addressing youth issues and promoting youth development prospects.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} The institute has developed India’s first "India Youth Development Index", which was entirely prepared by RGNIYD.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/ Official website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Assam Forest Department

2025-05-23T23:41:31Z

Shenna87P79423: Created New Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

The '''Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Assam''' is a department under the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://assamforest.in/mission/mission.php |title=Department of Environment & Forests(Government of Assam) |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320204712/http://assamforest.in/mission/mission.php |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Activity: Envis Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. Of India |url=http://asmenvis.nic.in/ViewMajorActivity.aspx?Id=1107&Year=2013 |website=asmenvis.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://envfor.nic.in |website=envfor.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra|Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)]] Forest Science Centres
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://forest.assam.gov.in/}}

[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India|Assam]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{forestry-agency-stub}}

Baikunth Lal Sharma

2025-03-29T19:22:00Z

Shenna87P79423: minor fix content to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician (1929–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. L. Sharma (Prem)
| image =
| office = [[Member of parliament|Delhi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|12|17|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|09|28|1929|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ferozepur|Ferozepur (Punjab)]]
| education = Graduate
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Krishna Sharma
| children = One Son, Two Daughters
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baikunth Lal Sharma (Prem)''' (17 December 1929 – 28 September 2019) was an Indian politician from Delhi. He was a member of Parliament during 10th and 11th Lok Sabha from [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] as a [[BJP]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former BJP MP Baikunth Lal Sharma passes away |url=http://www.uniindia.com/former-bjp-mp-baikunth-lal-sharma-passes-away/india/news/1743549.html}}</ref>

Sharma was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1991 from [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North-East Delhi]], when he defeated [[HKL Bhagat]] of Indian National Congress. For this, he was called a giant killer in the media. In 1996, he retained his seat, defeating the Congress candidate [[Deep Chand Bandhu]]. He lost the [[2009 Indian general elections|2009 General Election]] from the same constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-am-being-framed/88698|title=I am being framed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Baikunth Lal}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from East Delhi district]]

Pallava coinage

2025-02-17T05:28:10Z

Shenna87P79423: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

The [[Pallava dynasty]] ruled [[Tondaimandalam|Thondai Nadu]], the northern part of [[History of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] country, from 275 CE to 897 CE. Early studies about Pallava coins were made by [[Walter Elliot (naturalist)|Walter Elliot]].

The Pallava coins were minted in [[lead]], [[copper]] and [[bronze]]. [[Silver]] and [[gold]] coins have not been discovered, but in Pallava inscriptions there is a note about [[gold coin]]s. The coins were mostly round, and a very few were square. They weigh about 0.450 to 9.8 grams and size is about 1 cm to 2.5 cm. The basic symbols in Pallava coins are [[bull]] and [[lion]]. The bull is the royal emblem of Pallavas and the emblem of the Hindu god [[Lord Siva|Shiva]]. Apart from bull and lion, symbols such as the [[swastika]], [[chakra]], flag, twin-masted ship, elephant, and crescent were also seen in Pallava coins. The ship design found on coins is believed to represent the successful invasion and control of the rich eastern seaport of Kaviripaddinam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=American Oriental |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4zSAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1913 |publisher=American Oriental Society |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjMKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Pallava%20coinage%22%20-wikipedia |title=The Gazetteer of India: History and culture |date=1965 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |pages=xxxviii |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204065715/http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/02/01/stories/2005020100281500.htm The Hindu book review on ''The Pallava Coins'' by R. Krishnamurthy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090918184602/http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/chapter04.xml Pallava coins on Tamil net]

{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
[[Category:Pallava Empire]]
[[Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8

2025-02-03T15:14:52Z

Shenna87P79423: put up the stub basic info

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name =
| season_number = 8
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = lightgreen
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Manish Paul]]
| judges = [[Ganesh Hegde]] [[Lauren Gottlieb]] [[Shahid Kapoor]] [[Karan Johar]] [[Malaika Arora]]
| num_contestants = 16
| celebrity_winner = Faisal Khan
| professional_winner = Vaishnavi Patil
| winner_mentor = Vivek Chachere
| runner_up = [[Sanaya Irani]]
}}
| num_episodes = 27
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|7|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|10|10}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8''' also known as '''''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded''''' is the eighth season of the dance reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-starts-tonight/articleshow/48020102.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded starts tonight|date=11 July 2015}}</ref> It premiered on 11 July 2015 on Colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sneak-peek-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-grand-premiere-subhreets-performance-brings-tears-in-shahid-kapoors-eyes-457101/|title=Sneak Peek: Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded Grand Premiere: Subhreet’s Performance Brings Tears To Shahid Kapoor’s Eyes|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The series is hosted by [[Manish Paul]] yet again. [[Karan Johar]], [[Shahid Kapoor]], and [[Ganesh Hegde]] and [[Lauren Gottlieb]] judged the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-judges-of-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-8/20150702.htm|title=Meet the judges of Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 8|date=2 July 2015}}</ref> [[Malaika Arora]] replaced Johar later. The finale took place on 10 October 2015 declaring [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]] and Vaishnavi as the winners while popular actress [[Sanaya Irani]] and Jai was the first runners-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-grand-finale-mohit-malik-sanaya-irani-shamita-shetty-or-faisal-who-deserves-the-jhalak-trophy-600762/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8 grand finale: Mohit Malik, Sanaya Irani, Shamita Shetty or Faisal- Who deserves the Jhalak trophy?|date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-08|title=Faisal Wins Jhalak + 11 Facts About The Boy Who Danced His Way Into The Hearts Of A Bn Indians|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/faisal-khan-wins-jhalak-11-facts-about-the-boy-who-danced-his-way-into-the-hearts-of-a-billion-indians-246021.html|access-date=2021-08-13|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Format==
{{Further|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Format}}
The couples dance each week while the judges score each performance out of ten. This time as there are four judges the scores will be up to forty.

With the judges scores and public votes added all together, judges them decide which two couples are in the bottom and will have to do a face off. One contestant gets eliminated each week.

==Production==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400

| header = Judges for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Series 8

| image1 = Shahid Kapoor at Big Star Awards.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Shahid Kapoor|Shahid Kapoor]]

| image2 = Karan Johar.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Karan Johar|Karan Johar]]

| image3 = LaurenGottlieb04.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = [[Lauren Gottlieb|Lauren Gottlieb]]

| image4 = Ganesh Hegde cropped.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = [[Ganesh Hegde]]
}}
The series was announced to be back in April 2015. The press conference and launch was held on 3 July. [[Colors TV]] released the first promo featuring judges [[Karan Johar]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]] in June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/from-bheed-ka-hissa-to-jhalak-judge-shahid-kapoor-is-on-a-roll/|title=From ‘bheed ka hissa’ to ‘Jhalak’ judge: Shahid Kapoor is on a roll|date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shahid-kapoor-karan-johar-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-teaser-judges-colors-udta-punjab-shaandaar-260051-2015-06-28|title=Watch: Karan Johar introduces Shahid Kapoor in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa promo|date=28 June 2015}}</ref> The shooting started from 2 July where host, judges and contestants were spotted at the sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/shahid-kapoor-starts-shooting-for-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8/articleshow/48085746.cms|title=Shahid Kapoor starts shooting for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-ashish-chowdhry-vivian-dsena-radhika-madan-dipika-samson-others-637873|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8': Ashish Chowdhry, Vivian Dsena, Radhika Madan, Dipika Samson and Others Start Shooting|date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

In April 2015, it was revealed that [[Manish Paul]] will be retained as host.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-manish-paul-offered-1-5-crore-host-dance-show-629997|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8': Manish Paul Offered ₹1.5 Crore to Host the Dance Show?|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, it was announced that RJ and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'' finalist, Pritam Singh was roped in to present the series replacing [[Ranvir Shorey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-kavita-aka-chandramukhi-chautala-fir-sargun-sanaya-approached-rj-632684|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8': Kavita aka Chandramukhi Chautala of 'FIR', Sargun, Sanaya Approached? RJ Pritam to Host Show|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> He later walked out of the series in June due to differences with the production managers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-rj-pritam-pyare-not-to-host-the-show-shahid-kapoor-karan-johar-ganes-hegde-judges-259635-2015-06-25|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: RJ Pritam Pyare walks out of the show|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

In May 2015, it was announced that [[Karan Johar]] would not return as judge and that [[Farah Khan]] will replace him but later it was he decided to stay back.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/farah-khan-replac-karan-johar-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reload-23620.html|title=Is Farah Khan replacing Karan Johar on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded?|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> Later it was also announced that [[Madhuri Dixit]] won’t be returning as judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-madhuri-dixit-nene-not-judge-reality-show-630496|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8': Madhuri Dixit Nene Not to Judge Reality Show?|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, it was revealed that [[Remo D'Souza]] has quit the show after judging the show for the last four years as he announced to judge [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'s dance show ''[[Dance Plus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/remo-dsouza-quits-jhalak-for-star-plus/|title=Remo D’Souza quits ‘Jhalak’ for Star Plus?|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Shahid Kapoor]] was announced to join as a judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/shahid-kapoor-to-judge-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-8-madhuri-dixit-karan-johar-remo-dsouza-255771-2015-06-05|title=Shahid Kapoor to judge Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8?|date=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood-confidential/shahid-kapoor-approached-to-judge-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8/|title=Shahid Kapoor approached to judge ‘Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8’?|date=6 June 2015}}</ref> [[Ganesh Hegde]] and season 6 runner-up [[Lauren Gottlieb]] were later added as the other two judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ganesh-hegde-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-8-dance-reality-show-shahid-kapoor-colors-karan-johar-257239-2015-06-12|title=Ganesh Hegde roped in as judge on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8?|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/madhuri-dixit-not-part-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-shahid-kapoor-lauren-gottlieb-karan-johar-ganesh-hegde-will-judge-the-show-258997-2015-06-22|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Madhuri Dixit out, Shahid Kapoor, Lauren Gottlieb in|date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

In September 2015, Johar announced his departure from the series as a judge as he had to shoot for his film ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/malaika-arora-khan-to-replace-karan-johar-on-jhalak-reloaded/|title=Malaika Arora Khan to replace Karan Johar on ‘Jhalak Reloaded’|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>

The grand finale shooting was held on 7 October 2015 in [[Mumbai]] where judges, finalists, host and guest celebrities were spotted at the sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/catch-pics-videos-shahid-alias-shaandaar-night-at-grand-finale-of-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-reloaded/|title=Catch Pics & Videos : Shahid – Alia’s Shaandaar Night At Grand Finale Of Jhalak Dikhla Jaa Reloaded|date=8 October 2015}}</ref> [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Salman Khan]] had attended the shoot to promote film ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]'' and reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/alia-bhatt-to-light-up-jhalak-reloaded-finale/|title=Alia Bhatt to light up ‘Jhalak Reloaded’ finale|date=3 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'' cast including [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Bharti Singh]], [[Adaa Khan]], [[Puja Banerjee]] and [[Karan Wahi]] also were at the finale shoot for more entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/in-pics-highlights-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-finale/photostory/49306502.cms?picid=49306540|title=In Pics: Highlights of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa finale|date=11 October 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
This series features twelve celebrity contestants. In May 2015, [[Kavita Kaushik]] and [[Sanaya Irani]] were revealed as the first contestants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-kavita-sargun-sanaya-to-participate-and-pritam-to-host/articleshow/47283885.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Kavita, Sargun, Sanaya to participate|date=15 May 2015}}</ref> The full line up was revealed in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/contestants-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-shamita-shetty-sanaya-irani-radhika-madan-vivian-dsena-ashish-choudhry-dipika-samson-kavita-kaushik-sargun-mehta-375475-2015-06-15|title=Meet the final contestants of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8|date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

In August 2015, cricketer [[Irfan Pathan]] and actor [[Vishal Karwal]] were roped in as wild card entries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricketer Irfan Pathan, Bigg Boss fame Vishal Karwal to enter 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8' as a wild card entry|date=25 July 2015 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/cricketer-irfan-pathan-to-enter-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-as-a-wild-card-entry-1025357.html|publisher=Sahil|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508135829/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/cricketer-irfan-pathan-to-enter-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-as-a-wild-card-entry-1025357.html|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Irfan was selected to go ahead in the competition while Vishal was straight away eliminated.

Irfan withdrew himself from the series later due to cricket commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-irrfan-pathan-quits-the-show-ashish-chaudhry-subhreet-evicted-515244/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded: Irrfan Pathan Quits The Show; Ashish Chowdhry & Shubreet Kaur EVICTED|date=22 August 2015}}</ref>

In September 2015, the series brought four new wild card entries, [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Neha Marda]], [[Roopal Tyagi]] and [[Sukirti Kandpal]].<ref name=":11">{{cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Jhalak Wild Card entries: Sukirti Kandpal, Neha Marda, Roopal Tyagi and Anita Hassanandani to enter? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/Jhalak-Wild-Card-entries-Neha-Marda-Roopal-Tyagi-and-Anita-Hassanandani-to-enter/articleshow/48709161.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Neha to join reel hubby Mohit on Jhalak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-to-join-reel-hubby-mohit-on-jhalak/articleshow/48731712.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anita, Neha and Roopal were selected to go ahead in the competition while Sukirti was straight away eliminated.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Celebrity
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notability
! scope="col" | Professional partner
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! [[Dipika Kakar]]
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' actress
| Vaibhav Ghuge
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 1st {{small|on 25 July 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-dipika-samson-gets-eliminated-from-the-show-476872/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded: Dipika Kakar Gets Eliminated From The Show|date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Kavita Kaushik]]
| Actress
| Rajiv Dev
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 2nd {{small|on 2 August 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kavita-kaushik-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-shahid-kapoor-karan-johar-285776-2015-07-31|title=Kavita Kaushik eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8|date=31 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Vishal Karwal]]
| Actor and ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]'' winner
| Shampa Gopikrishna
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected {{small|on 2 August 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-think-tv-has-a-negative-impact-movies-are-a-better-option-vishal-karwal/|title=Irfan Pathan enters Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8 as wild card, Vishal Karwal does not get selected|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Radhika Madan]]
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'' Actress
| Rishikaysh Jogdande
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 3rd {{small|on 16 August 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Radhika Madan aka Ishani of Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi eliminated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=India Today |date=13 August 2015 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015738/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! [[Irfan Pathan]]
| Cricketer
| Suchitra Sawant
| style="background:lightgreen" |Withdrew {{small|on 21 August 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/irfan-pathan-quits-jhalak-dikhhla-ja-reloaded-289495-2015-08-21|title=Irfan Pathan quits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8|date=21 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Ashish Chaudhary]]
| Bollywood actor and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6|Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]'' winner
| Vrushali Chavan (later Falon Netto)
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 4th {{small|on 22 August 2015}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-subhreet-kaur-ashish-chowdry-irfan-pathan-eliminated-289708-2015-08-22|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8 shocker: Dancing wonder Subhreet Kaur eliminated|date=22 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Subhreet Kaur Ghumman|Subhreet Kaur]]
| ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' star
| Diwakar Nayal
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 5th {{small|on 22 August 2015}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
! [[Vivian Dsena]]
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' actor
| Bhawna Khanduja
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 6th {{small|on 29 August 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajani |first=Snehal |date=29 August 2015 |title=Vivian DSena's journey comes to an end on Jhalak! |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-episode-recap-vivian-dsena-eliminated-from-the-show-524991/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708104551/http://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-episode-recap-vivian-dsena-eliminated-from-the-show-524991/ |archive-date=8 July 2017 |access-date=5 June 2018 |website=india.com}}</ref>
|-
! [[Raftaar]]
| Rapper
| [[Sneha Kapoor]]
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 7th {{small|on 5 September 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/revealed-raftaar-to-get-eliminated-ends-his-journey-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-this-week-528029/|title=Raftaar Nair eliminated in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8|date=1 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Scarlett Wilson
| Actress and dancer
| Dhiraj Bakshi
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 8th {{small|on 12 September 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-scarlett-wilson-eliminated-262443-2015-09-11|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Scarlett Wilson eliminated|date=11 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Sukirti Kandpal]]
| Actress and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' star
| Jack Samuel
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected {{small|on 13 September 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/irfan-pathan-quits-jhalak-dikhhla-ja-reloaded-289495-2015-08-21|title=Roopal, Anita, Neha selected while Sukirti gets eliminated in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8|date=21 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Roopal Tyagi]]
| Actress and dancer
| Rishikaysh Jogdande
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 9th {{small|on 19 September 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-roopal-tyagi-leaves-the-show-559918/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Roopal Tyagi eliminated!|website=india.com|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Neha Marda]]
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' actress
| Rajit Dev
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 10th {{small|on 26 September 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2015 |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: Neha Marda eliminated|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-neha-marda-eliminated-264752-2015-09-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
! {{nowrap|[[Anita Hassanandani]]}}
| Actress
| Sanam Johar
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 11th {{small|on 3 October 2015}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/wild-card-entry-anita-hassanandani-out-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-due-to-injury-265487-2015-09-29|title=Anita Hassanandani out of Jhalak Reloaded due to injury|date=29 September 2015|access-date=20 June 2022|publisher=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mohit Malik]]
| Actor and model
| Marischa Fernandes
| style="background:#d1c571;" |Fourth place {{small|on 10 October 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohit-malik-dances-away-to-judges-heart/|title=Mohit Malik dances away to judges’ heart|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Shamita Shetty]]
| Bollywood actress and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]'' star
| Deepak Singh
| bgcolor="tan" | Third place {{small|on 10 October 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Shamita Shetty to Participate in 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8'; Actress to be Judged by Sister Shilpa Shetty? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/shamita-shetty-participate-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-actress-be-judged-by-sister-shilpa-shetty-631115|date=2 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Sanaya Irani]]
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]'' actress
| Jai Kumar Nair
| bgcolor="silver" |Runners-up {{small|on 10 October 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-don-t-act-for-fame-jhalak-participant-sanaya-irani/story-euTrrt9LOkbLAOIcUIhoxL.html|title=I don’t act for fame: Jhalak participant Sanaya Irani|date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]]
| Dancer and actor
| Vaishnavi Patil
| bgcolor="gold" |'''Winners''' {{small|on 10 October 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/small-screens-maharana-pratap-faisal-khan-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/|title=Faisal Khan wins ‘Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8’|date=11 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Score chart==

<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width:8%;" |
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 1
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 2
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 3
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 4
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 5
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 6
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 7
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 8
! colspan="2" style="width:6%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 9
! colspan="2" style="width:6%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 10
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 11
! colspan="3" style="width:6%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 12
! style="width:8%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 13
! colspan="3" style="width:9%; white-space:nowrap;" | Week 14
|-
!Faisal
|36
|'''39'''
|34
|'''40'''
|'''32'''
|'''40'''
|'''40'''
|'''40'''
|38
|'''40'''
|39
|48
|37
!Akshat
|39
|40
|{{n/a}}
|40
|10
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner'''''
|-
!Sanaya
|32
|34
|32
|36
|'''40'''
|37
|30
|35
|36
|'''40'''
|'''39'''
|46
|36
!Drashti
|33
|35
|{{n/a}}
|37
|8
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''''{{nowrap|1st runner-up}}'''''
|-
!Shamita
|34
|'''39'''
|32
|38
|'''40'''
|38
|28
|37
|'''40'''
|37
| style="background:lightgreen;" |37
|47
|36
!Sanjeeda
| '''39'''
| '''40'''
|{{n/a}}
| '''40'''
|9
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}'''''
|-
!Mohit
|32
|31
|'''39'''
|35
|37
|38
|27
|'''40'''
|36
|34
|'''40'''
|'''40'''
|'''40'''
!Gautam
|'''37'''
|37
|{{n/a}}
|40
|{{n/a}}
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''''{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}'''''
|-
!Anita
| colspan="10" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
|33
|38
|39
!Vishal
| style="background:lightgreen;" | '''37'''
|35
|{{n/a}}
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon; text-align:center; " |'' Eliminated''
|-
!Neha
| colspan="10" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
|35
|43
| style="background:lightgreen;" |35
!Amruta
| {{n/a}}
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Roopal
| colspan="10" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
|30
|37
|{{n/a}}
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Sukirti
| colspan="10" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
| '''29'''
|{{n/a}}
| colspan="8" style="background:#FF91AF; text-align:center;" |''Not Selected''
|-
!Scarlett
|34
|38
|34
|34
| style="background:lightgreen;" |39
|'''40'''
|30
|'''30'''
|'''40'''
|{{n/a}}
| style="background:orange;" |36
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Raftaar
|36
|34
|29
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''40'''
|'''40'''
|35
|27
| style="background:lightgreen;" |35
| style="background:orange;" |38
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Vivian
|32
|32
|38
|'''40'''
|33
|'''40'''
| style="background:lightblue;" |27
| style="background:orange;" |37
| colspan="12" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Ashish
|32
|'''26'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |31
|'''32'''
|33
|34
| style="background:orange;" |23
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Subhreet
|'''39'''
|37
|'''39'''
|39
|36
|37
| style="background:orange;" |26
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Irfan
| colspan="3" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
|36
| style="background:lightgreen;" |39
|'''33'''
| {{n/a}}
| colspan="13" style="background:#fcf; text-align:center;" |Quit
|-
!Radhika
|37
|31
|34
|36
|35
| style="background:orange;" |37
| colspan="14" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Vishal
| colspan="3" style="background:beige;" | '''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
| '''32'''
| colspan="16" style="background:#FF91AF; text-align:center;" |''Not Selected''
|-
!Kavita
|33
| style="background:lightgreen;" |36
|34
| style="background:orange;" |36
| colspan="16" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Dipika
|'''29'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |36
| style="background:orange;" |—
| colspan="17" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |''Eliminated''
|-
| colspan="21" bgcolor="000" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF" |
! rowspan="1" | Bottom
| {{n/a|None}}
|Dipika Kavita
|Ashish Dipika
|Kavita Raftaar
|Irfan Scarlet
|Faisal Radhika
|Ashish Irfan Subhreet Vivian
|Raftaar Vivian
| colspan="2" |Raftaar Scarlett
| colspan="2" |Scarlett Shamitta
|Neha Roopal
| colspan="3" |Anita Neha
| Anita Mohit
| colspan="3" | Faisal Mohit Sanaya Shamita
|-
!Quit
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Irfan'''
| colspan="13" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Eliminated
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |'''''No Elimination'''''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |'''''No Elimination'''''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Dipika'''
| style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Kavita'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |'''''No Elimination'''''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Radhika'''
| style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Ashish'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Vivian'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Raftaar'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Scarlett'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF91AF;" |'''Sukirti'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Roopal'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Neha'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8072;" |'''Anita'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Mohit'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Shamita'''
|-
| style="background:#FF91AF;" |'''Vishal'''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Subhreet'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Sanaya'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Faisal'''
|}
</blockquote>
:''green numbers'' indicates the highest score.
:''red numbers'' indicates the lowest score.
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} indicates the winning couple.
:{{Color box|yellow|border=silver}} indicates the runner-up couple.
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} indicates the second runner-up couple
:{{Color box|lightgrey|border=silver}} indicates the fourth-place couple
:{{Color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates the couple eliminated that week.
:{{Color box|FF91AF|border=silver}} indicates the contestant was not selected.
:{{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three.
:n/a indicates the couple did not get any scores

== Dance chart ==
The couples performed the following each week:

: {{Color box|#ccff99|border=silver}} Highest scoring dance
: {{Color box|#ffc5c5|border=silver}} Lowest scoring dance
: {{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} Non-scoring dance
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%; line-height:20px"
|+''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' (season 8) - Dance chart
! rowspan="2" | Couple
! colspan="19" | Weeks
|-
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
! colspan="2" |9
!10
! colspan="2" |11
! colspan="2" |12
! colspan="2" |13
! colspan="2" |14
|-
! scope="row" | Faisal & Vishnavi
| Hip-hop
| style="background:#cf9;"| Rock and Roll & Lindy Pop
| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Robotics
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Lavani
| style="background:#cf9;"| Lyrical Hip-hop
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| Kalaripayattu & Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Contemporary
| Freestyle
| colspan="2" | Freestyle
| Classical
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Krumping{{efn|No scores were given for this dance.|name=NoScore2}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| rowspan="3" | Freestyle relay
|-
! scope="row" | Sanaya & Jai
| Bollywood
| Waltz
| Freestyle
| Freestyle & Afro
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood
| Bollywood & Mujra
| Freestyle
| Rock and Roll & Jazz
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Contemporary
| Freestyle
| colspan="2" | Contemporary
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Lyrical Hip-hop{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
|-
! scope="row" | Shamita & Deepak
| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
| Broadway Jazz
| Waltz
| style="background:#cf9;"| Cabaret & Samba
| Bollywood & Tollywood
| Bollywood
| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood
| Afro Jazz
| Contemporary
| colspan="2" | Semi Classical
| style="background:#cf9;"| Hip-hop
| style="background:#cf9;"| Latin
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
|-
! scope="row" | Mohit & Marischa
| Afro & Krumping
| Street Jazz & Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestye
| Kalaripayattu
| Freestyle
| Freestyle
| Hip-hop & Bhangra
| style="background:#cf9;"| Paso Doble
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"|Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| colspan="2" | Freestyle
| Bollywood
| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Hip-hop & Krumping{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Anita & Sanam
| colspan="10" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| Bachata
| colspan="2" | Contemporary
| Freestyle
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |—{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Neha & Rajit
| colspan="10" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| Semi Classical
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Afro{{efn||name=NoScore2}}
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |—{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Roopal & Rishikaysh
| colspan="10" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="7" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Sukirti & Jack
| colspan="10" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |—{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="7" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Scarlett & Dhiraj
| Jazz
| Hip-hop & Salsa
| Bollywood
| Paso Doble
| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle & Krumping
| Contemporary
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood
| Freestyle
| Urban Hip-hop
| colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Raftaar & Sneha
| Hip-hop
| Jive
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood
| style="background:#cf9;"| Lyrical Hip-hop
| style="background:#cf9;"| Rhumba
| Tandav
| Hip-hop & Tollywood
| Hip-hop
| Kalaripayattu & Freestyle
| Kathak
| colspan="9" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Vivian & Bhawna
| Freestyle
| Robotics
| Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| Jazz
| style="background:#cf9;"| Contemporary
| Freestyle & Tango
| Bollywood
| colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Ashish & Falon
| Freestyle
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood
| Bollywood
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle
| Rock and Roll
| Freestyle
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle & Aerial
| colspan="12" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|Subhreet & Diwakar}}
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle
| Freestyle & Bhangra
| Freestyle
| Freestyle
| Freestyle
| Freestyle
| Freestyle & Waltz
| colspan="12" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Irfan & Suchitra
| colspan="3" bgcolor=darkgrey|
| Freestyle
| Bollywood
| Garba & Bollywood
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="12" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Radhika & Rishikaysh
| Lyrical Contemporary
| Contourtion & Hip-hop
| Tango
| Street Jazz
| Bollywood
| Bharatnatyam
| colspan="13" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! Vishal & Shampa
| colspan="3" bgcolor=darkgrey|
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Contemporary
| colspan="15" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Kavita & Rajit
| Freestyle
| Bollywood
| Freestyle
| Freestyle
| colspan="15" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|-
! scope="row" | Dipika & Vaibhav
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"|Cabaret
| Freestyle
| bgcolor="lightblue" |—{{efn|No scores were given for this dance as contestant was eliminated.|name=NoScore}}
| colspan="16" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
|}
</blockquote>
;Note
{{notelist}}

==Themes==
The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week:
* Grand Opening Week: Introduction
* Week 1: Motion
* Week 2: Party
* Week 3: Team War
* Week 4: Dance on Favourite Superstar Song
* Week 5: Made In India
* Week 6: Andaaz Apna
* Week 7: Background Dancer
* Week 8: Costume Dhamaka
* Week 9 : Usage of Props & Wild Card Entry
* Week 10: Films Masala
* Week 11: 90's theme and Teen Ka Tadka
* Week 12: Dance with India's Got Talent contestants
* Week 13: Grand finale

===Teen Ka Tadka guest partners===
* Shamita & Deepak - [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
* Sanaya & Jai - [[Drashti Dhami]]
* Mohit & Marischa - [[Gautam Gulati]]
* Faisal & Vaishnavi - [[Akshat Singh]]
* Anita & Sanam - [[Vishal Singh (TV actor born 1985)|Vishal Singh]]
* Neha & Rajit - [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/ ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8''] at [[Colors TV]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Dancing with the Stars}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}

[[Category:2015 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa seasons]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]