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INS Androth (2023)

2026-05-05T17:28:18Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{lead too short|date=September 2025}}{{italic title|string=Androth}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Second ship of Arnala class corvettes of ASW-SWC project of the Indian Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Androth}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image = INS Androth (P69) at sea.jpg
|image_caption = ''Androth'' during sea trials
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header =
|country = [[India]]
|flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name = INS ''Androth''
|namesake = [[Andrott|Androth Island]]
|owner = [[Indian Navy]]
|operator = [[Indian Navy]]
|registry =
|route =
|ordered = 29 April 2019<ref name=":8" />
|awarded =
|builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE)
|original_cost = {{INRConvert|789|c|0}} (FY2020)
|yard_number = 3035
|way_number =
|laid_down = 21 December 2021<ref name=":5" />
|launched = 21 March 2023<ref name=":6" />
|sponsor =
|completed =
|acquired = 13 September 2025<ref name=":3" />
|commissioned = 6 October 2025<ref name="PIB-0610252" />
|recommissioned =
|decommissioned =
|maiden_voyage =
|in_service =
|out_of_service =
|renamed =
|reclassified =
|refit =
|struck =
|reinstated =
|homeport =
|identification = [[Pennant number]]: P69
|motto =
|nickname =
|honours =
|honors =
|captured =
|fate =
|status = Active
|notes =
|badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type = [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
|displacement = {{cvt|900|t|LT}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885185 | title=LAUNCH OF 'ARNALA', FIRST SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT ON 20 DEC 22 AT M/S L&T, KATTUPALLI }}</ref>
|length = {{cvt|77.6|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro|title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro|website=Janes.com}}</ref>
|beam = {{cvt|10.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|draft = {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|propulsion = [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date=December 27, 2021|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref>
|sail_plan =
|speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
|range = {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|endurance =
|test_depth =
|boats = 1 × [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=2025-06-25 |title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|capacity =
|troops =
|complement =
|crew = 57
(7 officers + 50 sailors)
|time_to_activate =
|sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
** ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
** [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
** Fire Control System (FCS)
** Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
|armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
**1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref name=":0" />
**2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])<ref name="eurasiantimes.com"/>
**[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
** 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
** 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
|armour =
|armor =
|aircraft =
|notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the Indian Navy.
}}
}}
'''INS ''Androth''''' is the second ship of the ''Arnala'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]] (ASW SWC) of the [[Indian Navy]]. The ship was commissioned on 6 October 2025.<ref name="PIB-0610252" />

== History ==

=== Background ===
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2013-12-24 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2017-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=2013-12-25 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-16 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Purchase ===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
GRSE formed a [[Public Private Partnership]] alliance with [[Larsen & Toubro]] involving its [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] to undertake the entire ASW SWC project along with the [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Survey Vessel (Large) Project]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying ceremony for 1st warship of ASW Shallow Water Craft Project and 3rd warship of Survey Vessel Large Project |date=2021-08-06 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743323 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ship was conducted on 21 December 2021 at GRSE Main Works Unit in Kolkata.<ref name=":5">{{cite press release |title=GRSE lays the keel of 5th Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783874 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> [[Ceremonial ship launching|Christened]] ''Androth'', the ship was launched into the water of the [[Hooghly River]] on 21 March 2023. The chief guest of the event was [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]], the then [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]], or FOC-IN-C (West).<ref name=":6">{{cite press release |title=Launch of 'Androth', second ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 21 Mar 23 at M/s GRSE, Kolkata |date=2023-03-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1909308 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 3 March 2025, the Contractor Sea Trials (CST) of INS ''Androth'' was completed by GRSE along with {{INS|Himgiri|2020|6}}, a {{Sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||2019}}. As per a press release, "CST is considered the final stage of construction, when a vessel's seaworthiness is tested".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=GRSE completes Contractor Sea Trials of two warships simultaneously |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2112067 |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The ship was delivered to the Navy on 13 September 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of Androth, (Second Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft) to the Indian Navy |date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2166488 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-09-15 |title=Indian Navy gets anti-submarine warfare ship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-gets-anti-submarine-warfare-ship/article70051137.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite tweet |number=1966783567620718838 |user=OfficialGRSE |title=GRSE Adds Greater Punch To Navy's Shallow Water Anti-Submarine Capability, Delivers Second ASW SWC With Indigenous Naval Surface Gun... |date=2025-09-13 |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref>

''Andorth'' was commissioned on 6 October 2025 in [[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)]] by the [[Eastern Naval Command#List of commanders|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rajesh Pendharkar]].<ref name="PIB-0610252">{{cite press release |title=Commissioning of INS Androth, second ASW Shallow Water Craft |date=6 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175480 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Namesake ===
The ship, ''Androth'', was named after her [[INS Androth (1972)|predecessor]], a retired {{Sclass|Arnala|corvette}}, which itself was a subclass of [[Soviet]]-origin {{Sclass|Petya|frigate}}.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Indian Navy set to commission 'Androth', second in ASW-SWC series |date=23 September 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170171 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> The name of these ships are itself inspired by the [[Androth Island]] in the [[Lakshadweep]] [[archipelago]] and reflects the strategic and symbolic significance of the vast maritime territories of India.<ref name="PIB-0610252" /><ref name=":1" />

== Design ==
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Design}}

=== Weapons ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Weapons}}

=== Sensors ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Sensors}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:INS Androth Launch.jpg|INS ''Androth'' launch
File:INS Androth.jpg|''Androth'' after GRSE's contractor sea trials
File:Androth (P69) during sea trials.jpg|Androth (P69) during sea trials.
File:INS Androth (P69) at sea.jpg|INS Androth during sea trials
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Androth}}
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:2023 ships]]

Sovereign Gold Bond

2026-05-02T10:57:57Z

SheldonTopper4: Made initial page needs work

{{Short description|Indian government security linked to Gold}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
'''Sovereign Gold Bond''', abbreviated as SGB, is a government security issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) on behalf of the [[Government of India]]. It is denominated in grams of [[gold]] and is linked to the price of gold in [[India]]. It is also an interest-bearing bond, carrying an [[interest]] of 2.5% {{Abbr|p.a.|per annum}} paid in two installments every year till maturity.

The bond has an 8-year term with an option for early withdrawal through the RBI after 5 years. It is listed and traded on Indian stock exchanges, allowing eligible investors to buy or sell anytime through their [[Dematerialization (securities)|demat]] accounts. It can also be transferred to other eligible investors without redemption through the RBI.

The scheme was discontinued in 2024 due to being an expensive method of borrowing for the government. Existing bonds were not affected.

== History ==
The scheme was initially announced in the [[2015 Union budget of India|2015 Union budget]]. It was approved by the [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet]] on 9 September 2015, and was launched by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an event in [[New Delhi]] on 5 November 2015. The event was also attended by the [[Finance minister of india|Union Minister for Finance]] [[Arun Jaitley]], the Minister of State for Finance [[Jayant Sinha]] and the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce & Industry]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]. The Gold Monetisation Scheme, Indian Gold Coins and Sovereign Gold Bonds were all launched in the same event.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Sharad |date=2015-09-09 |title=Government clears two gold schemes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/government-clears-two-gold-schemes/article7633885.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606035739/https://www.thehindu.com/business/government-clears-two-gold-schemes/article7633885.ece |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2015-09-09 |title=Introduction of Sovereign Gold Bonds Scheme |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/introduction-of-sovereign-gold-bonds-scheme/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115004651/http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/introduction-of-sovereign-gold-bonds-scheme/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[Prime Minister of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Sharad |date=2015-11-05 |title=PM Modi launches 3 gold schemes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/PM-Modi-launches-3-gold-schemes/article60240647.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220205654/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/PM-Modi-launches-3-gold-schemes/article60240647.ece |archive-date=2022-02-20 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-06 |title=Ahead of Diwali, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launches three gold schemes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ahead-of-diwali-prime-minister-narendra-modi-launches-three-gold-schemes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106154630/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ahead-of-diwali-prime-minister-narendra-modi-launches-three-gold-schemes/ |archive-date=2015-11-06 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The scheme was introduced due to a [[Foreign exchange market|forex]] crisis caused by high gold imports. Most of the demand for gold in India is met through imports and it was believed that such a scheme would ultimately help in reducing the country’s [[current account deficit]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-28 |title=Union Budget 2015-16 proposes steps to monetise gold, contain imports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-201516-proposes-steps-to-monetise-gold-contain-imports/article6945325.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129003446/https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-201516-proposes-steps-to-monetise-gold-contain-imports/article6945325.ece |archive-date=2021-11-29 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabnavis |first=Madan |date=2023-11-20 |title=India wants gold, not gold bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/india-wants-gold-not-gold-bonds/article67555394.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201061119/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/india-wants-gold-not-gold-bonds/article67555394.ece |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |quote=Sovereign gold bonds (SGBs) were introduced in the country in FY16 against the backdrop of a forex crisis, which was fuelled partly by high gold imports.}}</ref>[[File:Narendra Modi launches the Gold schemes, in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Arun Jaitley, the Minister of State for Finance.jpg|alt=The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi launches the Gold schemes, in New Delhi on 5 November 2015. The Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Arun Jaitley, the Minister of State for Finance, Shri Jayant Sinha and the Minister of State for Commerce & Industry (Independent Charge), Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman are also seen.|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] launching the Gold schemes and handing over a card to a woman in November 2015|left]]

It was first notified by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Economic Affairs|Department of Economic Affairs]] on 14 January 2016 under the [[Government Securities Act, 2006]]. The initial subscription allowed investors to buy a minimum of 2 grams, and a maximum of 500 grams. It was open from 18 to 22 January 2016 and attracted ₹245.2 {{Abbr|Cr|crore}} of investments. The bonds initially paid 2.75% interest per year. This was later reduced to 2.5% per year for newer bonds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=Notification |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2016/167641.pdf#page=39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425092840/https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2016/167641.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=39–40 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=What is Sovereign Gold Bonds Interest Rate & How Its Paid? |url=https://www.icicidirect.com/ilearn/personal-finance/articles/sgb-interest-rate-and-how-its-paid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208234145/https://www.icicidirect.com/ilearn/personal-finance/articles/sgb-interest-rate-and-how-its-paid |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[ICICIdirect|ICICI Direct]]}}</ref> The bonds were sold through banks, post offices and through online securities brokers which would allow investors to hold the bonds in demat form.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rukhaiyar |first=Ashish |date=2020-05-17 |title=Sovereign Gold Bonds, a substitute for physical gold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sovereign-gold-bonds-a-substitute-for-physical-gold/article31603727.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727150420/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sovereign-gold-bonds-a-substitute-for-physical-gold/article31603727.ece |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-11 |title=Sale of Sovereign Gold Bond through post offices in Tiruchi Division |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sale-of-sovereign-gold-bond-through-post-offices-in-tiruchi-division/article67835327.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726230029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sale-of-sovereign-gold-bond-through-post-offices-in-tiruchi-division/article67835327.ece |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=The Department of Posts has announced the sale of Sovereign Gold Bonds from February 12 at the Tiruchi Head Post Office, Lalgudi Head Post Office, and 99 sub post offices under the Tiruchi Postal Division.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nallamuthu |first=Akhil |date=2023-12-20 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond FY24 Series III opens till December 22: Should you invest? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/new-sovereign-gold-bond-fy24-series-iii-open-till-december-22-should-you-invest/article67654171.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727065105/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/new-sovereign-gold-bond-fy24-series-iii-open-till-december-22-should-you-invest/article67654171.ece |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Narendra Modi addressing at the launches of the Gold schemes, in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Arun Jaitley, the Minister of State for Finance.jpg|alt=The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing at the launches of the Gold schemes, in New Delhi on 5 November 2015. The Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Arun Jaitley, the Minister of State for Finance, Shri Jayant Sinha, the Minister of State for Commerce & Industry (Independent Charge), Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman and the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Shri Shaktikanta Das are also seen.|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] addressing at the launch of the Gold schemes]]In August 2024, the investors who would have redeemed the bonds issued in August 2016 lost suffered a loss due a fall in the price of gold. This fall was linked to the slash in import duty on gold from 15% to 6% during the [[2024 Union budget of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain Kaushal |first=Teena |date=2024-07-24 |title=Budget 2024: Sharp dip in gold prices leaves Sovereign Gold Bond investors high and dry |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget/story/budget-2024-sharp-dip-in-gold-prices-leaves-sovereign-gold-bond-investors-high-and-dry-438543-2024-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724070731/https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget/story/budget-2024-sharp-dip-in-gold-prices-leaves-sovereign-gold-bond-investors-high-and-dry-438543-2024-07-24 |archive-date=2024-07-24 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Business Today (India)]]}}</ref>
After the final redemption of the 2016-I series, it was rumoured that the scheme was turning out to be very expensive for the Indian government, due to an unexpected rise in the prices of gold. The government also felt SGBs have also not served the purpose for which it was launched, which was to bring down gold imports by trying to move demand from physical gold to an electronic form. In addition, the RBI has not issued any new series after February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2024-08-15 |title=SGBs turn costly affair for govt, fail to curb imports |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sgbs-turn-costly-affair-for-govt-fail-to-curb-imports/article68529154.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821032025/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sgbs-turn-costly-affair-for-govt-fail-to-curb-imports/article68529154.ece |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en-IN |quote=The fund-raise through sovereign gold bonds (SGB) has turned out to be a costly proposition for the government as the gold prices have more than doubled compared to the issue price.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Why are SGBs giving the government second thoughts? |url=https://finshots.in/archive/why-are-sgb-sovereign-gold-bond-giving-the-government-second-thoughts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903165651/https://finshots.in/archive/why-are-sgb-sovereign-gold-bond-giving-the-government-second-thoughts/ |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Finshots |language=en |quote=The SGB scheme may have turned into a bigger challenge than the government originally planned. And if gold prices keep climbing, we won't be surprised if we just see the end of Sovereign Gold Bonds altogether.}}</ref> Physical gold purchases were made more attractive, by lowering their import duty from 15% to 6%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=2024-11-17 |title=Sovereign gold bonds losing favour with government |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/no-fresh-issue-of-sgbs-after-investors-realise-159-gain-on-2016-tranche/article68878535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117164335/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/no-fresh-issue-of-sgbs-after-investors-realise-159-gain-on-2016-tranche/article68878535.ece |archive-date=2024-11-17 |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |quote=The fate of SGB seems to have been sealed when the government lowered import duty on gold to 6 per cent from 15 per cent, making physical gold purchases more attractive than investments in SGBs.}}</ref> After the [[2025 Union budget of India|2025 Union budget]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] confirmed that the government had no plans of launching more tranches of SGBs. [[Economic Affairs Secretary]] Ajay Seth said that it had turned out to be a high cost method of borrowing for the government compared to traditional bonds and that they had not seen the expected reductions in import of gold. It made no fiscal sense to continue with a scheme that was not beneficial for both the government and the economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Meghna |date=2025-02-01 |title=Centre discontinues Sovereign Gold Bond scheme due to high cost of borrowing |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/budget/centre-discontinues-sovereign-gold-bond-scheme-due-to-high-cost-of-borrowing-article-12927498.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204200328/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/budget/centre-discontinues-sovereign-gold-bond-scheme-due-to-high-cost-of-borrowing-article-12927498.html |archive-date=2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman confirmed the decision during the post-Budget media briefing on February 1, when asked about the future of the SGB scheme. "Yes, in a way," she said, acknowledging the discontinuation of the scheme which was launched in 2015 to curb physical gold imports. “These are the decisions which are taken with the purpose of raising borrowings from the market, for the purpose of financing the Budget, and at some point of time, whether this asset class is to be supported or not. The recent past experiences have been that this has been a rather fairly high-cost borrowing for the government. As a result, the government has chosen not to follow that path,” Economic Affairs Secretary Ajay Seth explained at the briefing.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=2024-02-03 |title=Sovereign gold bonds benefitted individuals but not the economy, says DEA Secretary Ajay Seth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/sovereign-gold-bonds-benefitted-individuals-but-not-the-economy-says-dea-secretary-ajay-seth/article69176044.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204201201/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/sovereign-gold-bonds-benefitted-individuals-but-not-the-economy-says-dea-secretary-ajay-seth/article69176044.ece |archive-date=2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |quote=This may be good for people with higher levels of saving who want to diversify. But from the economy perspective, there is a hardly any gain. We import very significant part of our total consumption or the investment. This is a negative for the economy but for that individual investor, it is diversification and some returns coming up. Expectation at the time of launching the scheme was that it will moderate the import requirement. If it were to be a sizable amount out of our total import bill, it makes sense. We import about 800 tonnes in a year. If reductions were to be order of 40-50 tonnes, it makes the case. What if it is 5 or 10 tonnes? It is neither here nor there. Also, there is not much foreign exchange savings. On the other hand, this is among the costliest borrowings for the government. Otherwise, borrowings are available at 7 per cent here while the cost of gold bond is 12-15 per cent. So, neither the economy nor the government is gaining. Of course, individuals are gaining. At this point of time, it doesn’t make economic or fiscal sense to continue with this. That’s why no fresh issuance of gold bond has been done. But I’d just like to make one point – whatever commitment has already been made to gold bond holders will be met 100 per cent in terms of redemption and tax treatment.}}</ref>

The price for 10 grams of gold increased from Rs 26,300 in 2015 to about Rs 84,450 in March 2025, thus increasing the liability of the government to Rs 1.12 lakh crore, with investors holding about 132 tonnes of gold in SGBs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natti |first=Sunitha |date=2025-03-10 |title=Escaping the bear, falling to the lion: Indian government's golden blunder |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2025/Mar/12/escaping-the-bear-falling-to-the-lion-indian-governments-golden-blunder |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327173951/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2025/Mar/12/escaping-the-bear-falling-to-the-lion-indian-governments-golden-blunder |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[2026 Union budget of India|2026 Union budget]], Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the capital gains exemption would be available only if SGBs were purchased at the time of issue and held till maturity. It would not be available if someone bought these bonds from the secondary market.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-03 |title=SGB Taxation: From zero tax to Rs 2.60 lakh capital gains tax on Rs 10 lakh investment, how new Budget proposal will cost investors dearly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/tax/sgb-taxation-from-zero-tax-to-rs-2-60-lakh-capital-gains-tax-on-rs-10-lakh-investment-how-new-budget-proposal-will-cost-investors-dearly/articleshow/127876601.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203174253/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/tax/sgb-taxation-from-zero-tax-to-rs-2-60-lakh-capital-gains-tax-on-rs-10-lakh-investment-how-new-budget-proposal-will-cost-investors-dearly/articleshow/127876601.cms|archive-date=2026-02-03|url-status=live}}</ref> On the day of this announcement, several series recorded a 10% drop in value, which also coincided with a crash in global price of the metal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Navneet |date=2026-02-02 |title=SGBs fall 10% as Budget 2026 tightens tax exemption rules |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgbs-fall-10-as-budget-2026-tightens-tax-exemption-rules-13805355.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260202095338/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgbs-fall-10-as-budget-2026-tightens-tax-exemption-rules-13805355.html |archive-date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==

People residing in India, as defined in the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999]] are eligible to invest in SGBs. These include individuals, [[Hindu joint family|Hindu Undivided Families]] (HUFs), [[University|universities]], [[Trust (law)|trusts]], and [[Charitable organization|charitable institutions]]. People who become non-residents after buying an SGB can still hold it until maturity or premature redemption.

The bonds are issued in 1-gram denominations and multiples thereof. Each eligible investor can purchase up to 4 kg per financial year. A demat account is optional; bonds can be held in dematerialized form with a securities depository or tracked by the RBI.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2019-02-04 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=1658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409140146/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/english/scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=1658 |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}} </ref>

== Price ==
The issue price is the average closing price of 999 purity gold from the last 3 business days before the subscription period, as published by the India Bullion and Jewelers Association Limited (IBJA). The redemption price, for both early and maturity redemptions, is the average closing price from the 3 business days before repayment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2024-02-15 |title=New Sovereign Gold Bond tranche: Is SGB Series IV 2023-24 issue price highest ever offered? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/new-sovereign-gold-bond-tranche-is-sgb-series-iv-2023-24-issue-price-highest-ever-offered/articleshow/107649033.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224165615/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/new-sovereign-gold-bond-tranche-is-sgb-series-iv-2023-24-issue-price-highest-ever-offered/articleshow/107649033.cms |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Comparison with other forms of gold investments ==
SGBs, purely as an investment format, can be compared to other forms of investing in Gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs)? |url=https://support.zerodha.com/category/console/portfolio/holdings/articles/what-are-sgbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208234529/https://support.zerodha.com/category/console/portfolio/holdings/articles/what-are-sgbs |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Zerodha|Zerodha Support]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of SGB, physical gold, gold ETFs and mutual funds and digital gold in India
!|
!SGB
!Physical gold
!''Gold ETF and mutual funds''
!Digital gold
|-
!Storage
|Stored in government facilities. Very low risk of theft.
|Risk of theft
|Stored in vaults. Low risk of theft<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kriplani |first=Jash |date=2021-11-09 |title=Explained: All about how gold ETFs give investors the purest yellow metal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/explained-all-about-how-gold-etfs-give-investors-the-purest-yellow-metal-7693781.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109050117/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/explained-all-about-how-gold-etfs-give-investors-the-purest-yellow-metal-7693781.html |archive-date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=Fund houses appoint custodians to handle the physical gold who, in turn, appoint a vaulting agency to store the gold in vaults.}}</ref>
|Stored in vaults. Low risk of theft<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Vipul |date=2023-04-22 |title=Digital Gold in Emerging Markets: What are the opportunities and challenges for investors? |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/digital-gold-in-emerging-markets-what-are-the-opportunities-and-challenges-for-investors-11682182482298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422171508/https://www.livemint.com/web/20230422171508/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/digital-gold-in-emerging-markets-what-are-the-opportunities-and-challenges-for-investors-11682182482298.html |archive-date=2023-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |language=en |quote=Your investment in digital gold is securely held in a monitored vault under the control of reputable trustees.}}</ref>
|-
!Regulated by
|[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|Not regulated
|[[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
|Not regulated
|-
!Charges
|No making charges, GST, or expense ratio
|Making charges from 8% to 35%. GST of 3%. No expense ratio.
|No making charges or GST. Expense ratio up to 1% is allowed.
|No making charges. GST of 3% and commissions are applicable. No expense ratio.
|-
!Interest
|Fixed at 2.5% per annum
|No interest payments
|No interest payments
|No interest payments
|-
!Taxation
|No tax on capital gains if held from issue until maturity. Interest is taxed at slab.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB) |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/sgb-scheme.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003110651/https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/sgb-scheme.aspx |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Union Bank of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Basundha |date=2024-02-11 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond Series IV FY24: How are SGBs taxed? Details here |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/story/sovereign-gold-bond-series-iv-fy24-how-are-sgbs-taxed-details-here-417016-2024-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211020200/https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/story/sovereign-gold-bond-series-iv-fy24-how-are-sgbs-taxed-details-here-417016-2024-02-11 |archive-date=2024-02-11 |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=[[Business Today (India)]] |quote=The interest earned from Sovereign Gold Bonds is subject to taxation as per the regulations of the IT Act, 1961. However, when an individual redeems the SGB, they are exempted from paying capital gains tax. Additionally, investors enjoy indexation benefits on long-term capital gains, whether they choose to transfer the bond to another person or not.}}</ref>
|Tax on capital gains
|Tax on capital gains
|Tax on capital gains
|-
!Liqudity
|Can be sold on stock exchanges if held in demat form. Can be sold back to the RBI at specified intervals.
|Can be sold physically to jewelers anytime
|Units can be sold back to the [[Asset management companies|asset management company]]
|Can be liquidated instantly
|}

== Issue history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Data of Sovereign Gold Bonds (Tranche wise) issued till 23 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Data of Sovereign Gold Bonds (Tranche wise) issued till April 23, 2024 |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/DOCs/SOVERIGNGOLDBONDS.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425201657/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/DOCs/SOVERIGNGOLDBONDS.xlsx |archive-date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope=col | #
! scope=col | Tranche
! scope=col | [[International Securities Identification Number|ISIN]]
! scope=col | Issue Date
! scope=col | Issue price/unit ([[Indian rupee|₹]])
! scope=col | Units subscribed (grams)
! scope=col | Redemption price/unit ([[Indian rupee|₹]])
! scope=col | [[Compound annual growth rate|CAGR]] Returns (Absolute) (%){{efn|CAGR calculations do not include interest payments and are post-tax, since capital gains tax arising on redemption of SGB to an individual are exempted.<ref name=":2" />}}
|-
! scope=row | 1
| 2015-I
| IN0020150085
| {{Dts|30 November 2015}}
| {{formatnum:2684}}
| {{formatnum:913571}}
| {{formatnum:6132}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Abeer |date=2023-11-30 |title=SGB 2015-I series set for redemption on November 30 with 128% profit on investment; all you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/sovereign-gold-bond-first-tranche-of-sgb-matures-today-will-investors-reap-long-term-benefits-11701331927687.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130121016/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/sovereign-gold-bond-first-tranche-of-sgb-matures-today-will-investors-reap-long-term-benefits-11701331927687.html |archive-date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |quote=Redemption Value: ₹6,132 per gram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=2023-11-24 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Price for final redemption of SGB 2015-I due on November 30, 2023 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2015-i-due-on-november-30-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515102603/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2015-i-due-on-november-30-2023 |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the price for the final redemption due on November 30, 2023 shall be ₹6132/- (Rupees Six thousand one hundred thirty-two only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week November 20-24, 2023.}}</ref>
| 10.87 (128.46)
|-
! scope=row | 2
| 2016-I
| IN0020150101
| {{Dts|8 February 2016}}
| {{formatnum:2600}}
| {{formatnum:2869973}}
| {{formatnum:6271}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaul |first=Abhinav |date=2024-02-09 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond 2016-I matures; gives 13.6% return and outperforms gold funds |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2016-i-issue-delivers-xirr-of-13-6-on-maturity-beats-return-of-gold-funds-12229381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510120101/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2016-i-issue-delivers-xirr-of-13-6-on-maturity-beats-return-of-gold-funds-12229381.html |archive-date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=According to a recent Reserve Bank of India (RBI) notification, the price for the final redemption was Rs 6,271 per unit of SGB, which is based on the simple average closing price of gold for the week of January 29-February 2, 2024.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2024-02-02 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016-I due on February 08, 2024 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-i-due-on-february-08-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515105608/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-i-due-on-february-08-2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on February 08, 2024 shall be ₹6271/- (Rupees Six thousand two hundred and seventy-one only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week January 29-February 02, 2024.}}</ref>
| 11.63 (141.19)
|-
! scope=row | 3
| 2016-II
| IN0020150119
| {{Dts|29 March 2016}}
| {{formatnum:2916}}
| {{formatnum:1119741}}
| {{formatnum:6601}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2024-03-27 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB): Final redemption price of SGB 2016 Series II announced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-final-redemption-price-of-sgb-2016-series-ii-announced-investors-to-earn-10-7/articleshow/108724774.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323060542/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-final-redemption-price-of-sgb-2016-series-ii-announced-investors-to-earn-10-7/articleshow/108724774.cms |archive-date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The final redemption amount, which is due on March 28, 2024, is Rs 6601 for each SGB unit.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2024-03-22 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016 Series II due on March 28, 2024 (March 29, 2024 being a holiday) - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-series-ii-due-on-march-28-2024-march-29-2024-being-a-holiday- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515102605/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-series-ii-due-on-march-28-2024-march-29-2024-being-a-holiday- |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on March 28, 2024 (March 29, 2024 being a holiday) shall be ₹6601/- (Rupees Six thousand Six hundred and One only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week March 18-22, 2024.}}</ref>
| 10.75 (126.37)
|-
! scope=row | 4
| 2016-17 Series I
| IN0020160027
| {{Dts|5 August 2016}}
| {{formatnum:3119}}
| {{formatnum:2953025}}
| {{formatnum:6938}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Neelanjit |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond 2016-17 Series I final redemption today: Investors to gain 122%; check SGB redemption price |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-2016-17-series-i-final-redemption-today-investors-to-gain-122-check-sgb-redemption-price/articleshow/112278524.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806012949/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-2016-17-series-i-final-redemption-today-investors-to-gain-122-check-sgb-redemption-price/articleshow/112278524.cms |archive-date=2024-08-06 |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=As per the RBI press release, the final redemption price of this SGB series has been set at Rs 6,938 per unit of SGB.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2024-08-02 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016-17 Series I due on August 5, 2024 |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-i-due-on-august-5-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903165727/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=58426 |archive-date=2024-09-03 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on August 05, 2024 shall be ₹6938/- (Rupees Six thousand nine hundred and thirty eight only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week July 29 - August 02, 2024.}}</ref>
| 10.50 (122.44)
|-
! scope=row | 5
| 2016-17 Series II
| IN0020160043
| {{Dts|30 September 2016}}
| {{formatnum:3150}}
| {{formatnum:2615800}}
| {{formatnum:7517}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2024-08-28 |title=Sovereign Gold Bonds redemption: This SGB series is up for final redemption in September; check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-final-redemption-this-sovereign-gold-bond-tranche-is-up-for-final-redemption-today/articleshow/113803973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930062027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-final-redemption-this-sovereign-gold-bond-tranche-is-up-for-final-redemption-today/articleshow/113803973.cms |archive-date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The redemption price for the final redemption due on September 30, 2024 shall be Rs 7,517 per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week September 23 – September 27, 2024.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2024-09-27 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016-17 Series II due on September 30, 2024 |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-ii-due-on-september-30-2024 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on September 30, 2024 shall be ₹7,517/- (Rupees Seven thousand five hundred and seventeen only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the week September 23 – September 27, 2024.}}</ref>
| 10.80 (127.21)
|-
! scope=row | 6
| 2016-17 Series III
| IN0020160076
| {{Dts|17 November 2016}}
| {{formatnum:3007}}
| {{formatnum:3598055}}
| {{formatnum:7788}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2024-11-13 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond: Final redemption price of SGB 2016-17 Series III announced; check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/sovereign-gold-bond-final-redemption-price-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iii-announced-check-details/articleshow/115166010.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111110348/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/sovereign-gold-bond-final-redemption-price-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iii-announced-check-details/articleshow/115166010.cms |archive-date=2024-11-11 |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=As per an RBI notification dated November 8, 2024, the redemption price for the final SGB redemption due on November 16, is Rs 7,788 per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing gold price for the week November 04-08, 2024.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2024-11-08 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016-17 Series III due on November 16, 2024 (November 17, 2024 being a holiday) |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iii-due-on-november-16-2024-november-17-2024-being-a-holiday- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120151536/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iii-due-on-november-16-2024-november-17-2024-being-a-holiday- |archive-date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on November 16, 2024 (November 17, 2024 being a holiday) shall be ₹ 7,788/- (Rupees Seven thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing gold price for the week November 04-08, 2024.}}</ref>
| 12.63 (159)
|-
! scope=row | 7
| 2016-17 Series IV
| IN0020160126
| {{Dts|17 March 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2943}}
| {{formatnum:2220885}}
|8,624<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-03-17 |title=Sovereign Gold Bond: Final redemption of SGB 2016-17 Series IV; investors to make 193% profit at maturity; check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iv-investors-to-make-193-profit-at-maturity-check-details/articleshow/119104874.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410112037/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iv-investors-to-make-193-profit-at-maturity-check-details/articleshow/119104874.cms |archive-date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-05-04 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The final redemption price is Rs 8,634 per gram based on the simple average closing gold price for the three business days i.e., March 11, March 12, and March 13, 2025.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-03-13 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2016-17 Series IV due on March 17, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iv-due-on-march-17-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504144448/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2016-17-series-iv-due-on-march-17-2025 |archive-date=2025-05-04 |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on the simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of the week (Monday-Friday), preceding the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on March 17, 2025, shall be ₹8,624/- (Rupees Eight Thousand Six Hundred Twenty-Four only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing gold price for the week March 10 -13, 2025. (March 14, 2025 being a holiday).}}</ref>
|14.37 (193.03)
|-
! scope=row | 8
| 2017-18 Series I
| IN0020170018
| {{Dts|12 May 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2951}}
| {{formatnum:2027695}}
| {{formatnum:9486}}<ref name="m383">{{cite web | last=Kulkarni | first=Sneha | title=Sovereign Gold Bond 2017-18 Series I final redemption announced: What is the SGB's final redemption price and date of redemption? | website=The Economic Times | date=7 May 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sovereign-gold-bond-2017-18-series-i-final-redemption-announced-what-is-the-sgbs-final-redemption-price-and-date-of-redemption/sgb-2017-18-series-i-what-is-the-final-redemption-price/slideshow/120964740.cms | access-date=31 May 2025 |quote=According to the Reserve Bank of India press release dated May 2, 2025, the redemption price for the final redemption due on May 09, 2025 (May 12, May 11 and May 10 being holidays) shall be Rs.9486/- per unit of SGB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-05-02 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series I due on May 09, 2025 (May 12, May 11 and May 10 being holidays) - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-i-due-on-may-09-2025-may-12-may-11-and-may-10-being-holidays- |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on May 09, 2025 (May 12, May 11 and May 10 being holidays) shall be ₹9486/- (Rupees Nine Thousand Four Hundred and Eighty-six only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing gold price for the week April 28, 2025 – May 02, 2025.}}</ref>
| 15.72 (221.5)
|-
! scope=row | 9
| 2017-18 Series II
| IN0020170034
| {{Dts|28 July 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2830}}
| {{formatnum:2349953}}
| {{formatnum:9,924}}<ref name="news280825">{{cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-07-28 |title=250% return for SGB investors: RBI issues final redemption price for maturity of Sovereign Gold Bonds 2017-18 Series II |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/250-return-for-sgb-investors-rbi-issues-final-redemption-price-for-maturity-of-sovereign-gold-bonds-2017-18-series-ii/articleshow/122917739.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726131817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/250-return-for-sgb-investors-rbi-issues-final-redemption-price-for-maturity-of-sovereign-gold-bonds-2017-18-series-ii/articleshow/122917739.cms |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=The Reserve Bank of India has announced the redemption price for Sovereign Gold Bond 2017-18 Series-II at Rs 9,924 per gram, with final redemption due on July 28, 2025. Investors in this series, issued at Rs 2,830 per gram in 2017, have earned a return of 250.67% over eight years, excluding interest.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-07-25 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-II due on July 28, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-ii-due-on-july-28-2025 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for the final redemption due on July 28, 2025, shall be ₹9,924/- (Rupees Nine Thousand Nine Hundred Twenty-Four only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing gold price for the week July 21- 25, 2025.}}</ref>
|16.97 (250.67)
|-
! scope=row | 10
| 2017-18 Series III
| IN0020170059
| {{Dts|16 October 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2956}}
| {{formatnum:264815}}
| {{formatnum:12,567}}<ref name="news161025">{{cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-10-16 |title=338% return on SGBs: RBI announces final redemption price, date for Sovereign Gold Bond 2017-18 Series-III; check details|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/338-return-on-sgb-series-rbi-announces-final-redemption-price-and-date-for-this-sovereign-gold-bond-series-check-details/articleshow/124594521.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017040008/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/338-return-on-sgb-series-rbi-announces-final-redemption-price-and-date-for-this-sovereign-gold-bond-series-check-details/articleshow/124594521.cms |archive-date=2025-10-17 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=The absolute return comes to Rs 12,567 -Rs 2,866 = Rs 9,701 (without factoring in the interest). In percentage terms, it is 9,701 ÷ 2,866 × 100 = 338%.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-10-15 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-III due on October 16, 2025 |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-iii-due-on-october-16-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207162850/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-iii-due-on-october-16-2025 |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on October 16, 2025, shall be ₹12,567/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Five Hundred and Sixty-Seven Only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity for the three business days i.e., October 13, 2025, October 14, 2025, and October 15, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.82 (325.14)
|-
! scope=row | 11
| 2017-18 Series IV
| IN0020170067
| {{Dts|23 October 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2987}}
| {{formatnum:378945}}
|12,704<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-10-23 |title=325% return on SGBs: RBI announces final redemption price, date for Sovereign Gold Bond 2017-18 Series-IV; check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/325-return-on-sgbs-rbi-announces-final-redemption-price-date-for-sovereign-gold-bond-2017-18-series-iv-check-details/articleshow/124754596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207163407/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/325-return-on-sgbs-rbi-announces-final-redemption-price-date-for-sovereign-gold-bond-2017-18-series-iv-check-details/articleshow/124754596.cms |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The redemption price for the final redemption due on October 23, 2025, will be Rs 12,704 per unit of SGB.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-10-22 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of 2017-18 Series-IV due on October 23, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-iv-due-on-october-23-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207163801/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-iv-due-on-october-23-2025 |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on October 23, 2025, shall be ₹12,704/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Seven Hundred and Four only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., October 17, 2025, October 20, 2025, and October 22, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.82 (325.31)
|-
! scope=row | 12
| 2017-18 Series V
| IN0020170075
| {{Dts|30 October 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2971}}
| {{formatnum:174024}}
|11,992<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-10-31 |title=Over 4X Return in 8 Years: RBI announces redemption price, date for SGB 2017-18 series; bonds deliver 311% return |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/311-return-on-sgbs-rbi-announces-final-redemption-price-date-for-sovereign-gold-bond-2017-18-series-v-check-details/articleshow/124936586.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-10-29 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of 2017-18 Series-V due on October 30, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-v-due-on-october-30-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207164122/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-v-due-on-october-30-2025 |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on October 30, 2025, shall be ₹11,992/- (Rupees Eleven Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety Two only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., October 27, 2025, October 28, 2025, and October 29, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.04 (303.64)
|-
! scope=row | 13
| 2017-18 Series VI
| IN0020170083
| {{Dts|6 November 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2945}}
| {{formatnum:153356}}
|12,066<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-12-04 |title=SGB turns Rs 1 lakh investment into Rs 4.41 lakh: Gold bond series delivers 341% return on final redemption date |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-sovereign-gold-2017-18-series-final-redemption-date-this-bond-has-delivered-341-return-on-maturity/articleshow/125758982.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-11-04 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of 2017-18 Series-VI due on November 06, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-vi-due-on-november-06-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207164250/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-vi-due-on-november-06-2025 |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>
|19.26 (309.71)
|-
! scope=row | 14
| 2017-18 Series VII
| IN0020170091
| {{Dts|13 November 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2934}}
| {{formatnum:175121}}
|12,350<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-11-13 |title=SGB investors earn 329% return: Final redemption price for Sovereign Gold Bond 2017-18 Series-VII announced; check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-investors-earn-328-return-final-redemption-price-for-sovereign-gold-bond-2017-18-series-vii-announced-check-details/articleshow/125290394.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-11-12 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of 2017-18 Series-VII due on November 13, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-vii-due-on-november-13-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on November 13, 2025, shall be ₹12,350/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Three Hundred and Fifty only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., November 10, 2025, November 11, 2025, and November 12, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.67 (320.93)
|-
! scope=row | 15
| 2017-18 Series VIII
| IN0020170109
| {{Dts|20 November 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2961}}
| {{formatnum:135666}}
|12,300<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-04 |title=SGB returns: RBI confirms final payout for 2017 gold bond series; long-term holders gain over 340% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sgb-returns-rbi-confirms-final-payout-for-2017-gold-bond-series-long-term-holders-gain-over-340/articleshow/125765178.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-11-19 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-VIII due on November 20, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-viii-due-on-november-20-2025 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on November 20, 2025, shall be ₹12,300/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Three Hundred only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., November 17, 2025, November 18, 2025, and November 19, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.47 (315.4)
|-
! scope=row | 16
| 2017-18 Series IX
| IN0020170117
| {{Dts|27 November 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2964}}
| {{formatnum:105512}}
|12,484<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-11-28 |title=This gold bond turned Rs 1 lakh investment into Rs 4.29 lakh on final redemption |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-final-redemption-date-this-gold-bond-has-turned-rs-1-lakh-investment-into-rs-4-29-lakh/articleshow/125606000.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-11-26 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of 2017-18 Series-IX due on November 27, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-2017-18-series-ix-due-on-november-27-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on November 27, 2025, shall be ₹12,484/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Four Hundred and Eighty Four only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., November 24, 2025, November 25, 2025, and November 26, 2025.}}</ref>
|19.68 (321.19)
|-
! scope=row | 17
| 2017-18 Series X
| IN0020170125
| {{Dts|4 December 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2961}}
| {{formatnum:107380}}
|12,820<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-12-04 |title=SGB turns Rs 1 lakh investment into Rs 4.41 lakh: Gold bond series delivers 341% return on final redemption date |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/sgb-sovereign-gold-2017-18-series-final-redemption-date-this-bond-has-delivered-341-return-on-maturity/articleshow/125758982.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The final redemption price of 2017-18 Series-X will be Rs 12,820 per unit of SGB. The redemption price of SGB is based on a simple average of the closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the final redemption price for the gold bond series due on December 04, 2025, is Rs 12,820 per unit of SGB based on a simple average of the closing price of gold for the three business days, i.e., December 01, 2025, December 02, 2025, and December 03, 2025.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-12-03 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-X due on December 04, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-x-due-on-december-04-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on December 04, 2025, shall be ₹12,820/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., December 01, 2025, December 02, 2025, and December 03, 2025.}}</ref>
|20.09 (332.96)
|-
! scope=row | 18
| 2017-18 Series XI
| IN0020170133
| {{Dts|11 December 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2952}}
| {{formatnum:81614}}
|12,801<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khandpur |first=Manisha Lal |date=2025-12-10 |title=SGB 2017–18 Series XI matures on Dec 11: Rs 1 lakh investment now worth over Rs 4.3 lakh as RBI sets redemption price |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xi-matures-on-dec-11-rs-1-lakh-investment-now-worth-over-rs-4-3-lakh-as-rbi-sets-redemption-price-13720119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251210142253/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xi-matures-on-dec-11-rs-1-lakh-investment-now-worth-over-rs-4-3-lakh-as-rbi-sets-redemption-price-13720119.html |archive-date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US |quote=As per the rules, the redemption value is calculated using the simple average of the closing price of 999-purity gold, published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association (IBJA), for the three business days preceding the redemption date—December 8, 9, and 10. Based on this, the RBI has fixed the final redemption price at Rs 12,801 per gram.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-12-10 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-XI due on December 11, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xi-due-on-december-11-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105175107/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xi-due-on-december-11-2025 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on December 11, 2025, shall be ₹12,801/- (Rupees Twelve Thousand Eight Hundred and One only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., December 08, 2025, December 09, 2025, and December 10, 2025.}}</ref>
|20.11 (333.64)
|-
! scope=row | 19
| 2017-18 Series XII
| IN0020170141
| {{Dts|18 December 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2890}}
| {{formatnum:111218}}
|13,245<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=SGB 2017–18 Series XII to matures today: Investors set for four-fold gain as Gold Bond delivers 366% return |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xii-to-matures-today-investors-set-for-four-fold-gain-as-gold-bond-delivers-366-return-13731772.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251218091158/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xii-to-matures-today-investors-set-for-four-fold-gain-as-gold-bond-delivers-366-return-13731772.html |archive-date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US |quote=An investor who bought Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) 2017–18 Series XII at the issue price of Rs 2,890 per unit in December 2017 will receive Rs 13,245 per unit on final redemption on December 18, 2025. This translates into an absolute gain of Rs 10,355 per unit, or a return of about 366% from price appreciation alone—over 4.5 times the original investment. For instance, an investor holding 10 units would have invested Rs 28,900 in 2017 and will now receive Rs 1,32,450 on redemption, earning a capital gain of Rs 1,03,550. This is over and above the 2.5% annual interest paid semi-annually during the eight-year tenure, with the added benefit that capital gains on maturity are tax-free for individual investors.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-12-17 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-XII due on December 18, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xii-due-on-december-18-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105175346/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xii-due-on-december-18-2025 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on December 18, 2025, shall be ₹13,245/- (Rupees Thirteen Thousand Two Hundred and Forty-Five only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., December 15, 2025, December 16, 2025, and December 17, 2025.}}</ref>
|20.94 (358.3)
|-
! scope=row | 20
| 2017-18 Series XIII
| IN0020170158
| {{Dts|26 December 2017}}
| {{formatnum:2866}}
| {{formatnum:131958}}
|13,563<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khandpur |first=Manisha Lal |title=SGB 2017–18 Series XIII final exit today: Investors to earn nearly 5x return; Check price and details |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xiii-final-exit-today-investors-to-earn-nearly-5x-return-check-price-and-details-13742377.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251226185218/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sgb-2017-18-series-xiii-final-exit-today-investors-to-earn-nearly-5x-return-check-price-and-details-13742377.html |archive-date=2025-12-26 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US |quote=As per the government notification issued under the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, the SGB 2017–18 Series XIII — originally issued on December 26, 2017 — will mature on December 26, 2025. Sovereign Gold Bonds have a maturity period of eight years, after which investors receive the redemption amount directly in their linked bank accounts. Redemption price fixed at Rs 13,563 per unit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-12-24 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-XIII due on December 26, 2025 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xiii-due-on-december-26-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105175402/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xiii-due-on-december-26-2025 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=2. Further, the redemption price of SGB shall be based on simple average of closing price of gold of 999 purity of previous three business days from the date of redemption, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on December 26, 2025, shall be ₹13,563/- (Rupees Thirteen Thousand Five Hundred and Sixty-Three only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., December 22, 2025, December 23, 2025, and December 24, 2025.}}</ref>
|21.43 (373.24)
|-
! scope=row | 21
| 2017-18 Series XIV
| IN0020170166
| {{Dts|1 January 2018}}
| {{formatnum:2881}}
| {{formatnum:327434}}
|13,486<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khandpur |first=Manisha Lal |date=2026-01-01 |title=Gold investors ring in 2026 with massive gains: RBI announces SGB 2017–18 Series XIV redemption; check details |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/gold-investors-ring-in-2026-with-massive-gains-rbi-announces-sgb-2017-18-series-xiv-redemption-check-details-13751809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105180337/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/gold-investors-ring-in-2026-with-massive-gains-rbi-announces-sgb-2017-18-series-xiv-redemption-check-details-13751809.html |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=The redemption price of SGBs is calculated based on the simple average of the closing price of 999 purity gold for the previous three business days, as published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). The final redemption price for January 1, 2026, has been fixed at Rs 13,486 per unit of SGB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2025-12-31 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2017-18 Series-XIV due on January 01, 2026 - RBI |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xiv-due-on-january-01-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105175421/https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/press-releases/final-redemption-under-sovereign-gold-bond-sgb-scheme-redemption-price-for-final-redemption-of-sgb-2017-18-series-xiv-due-on-january-01-2026 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>
|21.26 (359.93)
|-
! scope=row | 22
| 2018-19 Series I
| IN0020180033
| {{Dts|4 May 2018}}
| {{formatnum:3114}}
| {{formatnum:650337}}
|14,901<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2026-05-01 |title=386% return on SGB final redemption date: Gold bond turns Rs 1 lakh investment into Rs 4.86 lakh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/386-return-on-sgb-final-redemption-date-gold-bond-turns-rs-1-lakh-investment-into-rs-4-86-lakh/articleshow/130671187.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502104351/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/386-return-on-sgb-final-redemption-date-gold-bond-turns-rs-1-lakh-investment-into-rs-4-86-lakh/articleshow/130671187.cms |archive-date=2026-05-02 |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The final redemption price for the SGB series due on May 4, 2026, is Rs 14,901 per unit of SGB.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ajit |date=2026-04-30 |title=Final redemption under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme - Redemption Price for final redemption of SGB 2018-19 Series-I due on May 04, 2026 |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=62666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502104336/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=62666 |archive-date=2026-05-02 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |quote=Accordingly, the redemption price for final redemption due on May 04, 2026, shall be ₹14901/- (Rupees Fourteen Thousand Nine Hundred and One only) per unit of SGB based on the simple average of closing price of gold for the three business days i.e., April 28, April 29, and April 30, 2026.}}</ref>
|21.6 (378.52)
|-
! scope=row | 23
| 2018-19 Series II
| IN0020180249
| {{Dts|23 October 2018}}
| {{formatnum:3146}}
| {{formatnum:312258}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 24
| 2018-19 Series III
| IN0020180314
| {{Dts|13 November 2018}}
| {{formatnum:3183}}
| {{formatnum:409398}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 25
| 2018-19 Series IV
| IN0020180389
| {{Dts|1 January 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3119}}
| {{formatnum:207886}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 26
| 2018-19 Series V
| IN0020180462
| {{Dts|22 January 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3214}}
| {{formatnum:243606}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 27
| 2018-19 Series VI
| IN0020180561
| {{Dts|12 February 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3326}}
| {{formatnum:207388}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 28
| 2019-20 Series I
| IN0020190073
| {{Dts|11 June 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3196}}
| {{formatnum:459789}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 29
| 2019-20 Series II
| IN0020190081
| {{Dts|16 July 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3443}}
| {{formatnum:535947}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 30
| 2019-20 Series III
| IN0020190107
| {{Dts|14 August 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3499}}
| {{formatnum:1024837}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 31
| 2019-20 Series IV
| IN0020190115
| {{Dts|17 September 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3890}}
| {{formatnum:627892}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 32
| 2019-20 Series V
| IN0020190370
| {{Dts|15 October 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3788}}
| {{formatnum:455776}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 33
| 2019-20 Series VI
| IN0020190388
| {{Dts|30 October 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3835}}
| {{formatnum:693210}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 34
| 2019-20 Series VII
| IN0020190461
| {{Dts|10 December 2019}}
| {{formatnum:3795}}
| {{formatnum:648304}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 35
| 2019-20 Series VIII
| IN0020190537
| {{Dts|21 January 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4016}}
| {{formatnum:522119}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 36
| 2019-20 Series IX
| IN0020190545
| {{Dts|11 February 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4070}}
| {{formatnum:405957}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 37
| 2019-20 Series X
| IN0020190552
| {{Dts|11 March 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4260}}
| {{formatnum:757338}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 38
| 2020-21, Series I
| IN0020200062
| {{Dts|28 April 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4639}}
| {{formatnum:1772874}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 39
| 2020-21, Series II
| IN0020200088
| {{Dts|19 May 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4590}}
| {{formatnum:2544294}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 40
| 2020-21, Series III
| IN0020200104
| {{Dts|16 June 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4677}}
| {{formatnum:2388328}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 41
| 2020-21, Series IV
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| {{Dts|14 July 2020}}
| {{formatnum:4852}}
| {{formatnum:4130820}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 42
| 2020-21, Series V
| IN0020200161
| {{Dts|11 August 2020}}
| {{formatnum:5334}}
| {{formatnum:6349781}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 43
| 2020-21, Series VI
| IN0020200195
| {{Dts|8 September 2020}}
| {{formatnum:5117}}
| {{formatnum:3190133}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 44
| 2020-21, Series VII
| IN0020200203
| {{Dts|20 October 2020}}
| {{formatnum:5051}}
| {{formatnum:1859518}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 45
| 2020-21, Series VIII
| IN0020200286
| {{Dts|18 November 2020}}
| {{formatnum:5177}}
| {{formatnum:1573457}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 46
| 2020-21, Series IX
| IN0020200377
| {{Dts|5 January 2021}}
| {{formatnum:5000}}
| {{formatnum:2869886}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 47
| 2020-21, Series X
| IN0020200385
| {{Dts|19 January 2021}}
| {{formatnum:5104}}
| {{formatnum:1214048}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 48
| 2020-21, Series XI
| IN0020200393
| {{Dts|9 February 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4912}}
| {{formatnum:1227915}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 49
| 2020-21, Series XII
| IN0020200427
| {{Dts|9 March 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4662}}
| {{formatnum:3230907}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 50
| 2021-22, Series I
| IN0020210053
| {{Dts|25 May 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4777}}
| {{formatnum:5318973}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 51
| 2021-22, Series II
| IN0020210061
| {{Dts|1 June 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4842}}
| {{formatnum:1898475}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 52
| 2021-22, Series III
| IN0020210087
| {{Dts|8 June 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4889}}
| {{formatnum:1479232}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 53
| 2021-22, Series IV
| IN0020210111
| {{Dts|20 July 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4807}}
| {{formatnum:2923762}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 54
| 2021-22, Series V
| IN0020210129
| {{Dts|17 August 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4790}}
| {{formatnum:2292743}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 55
| 2021-22, Series VI
| IN0020210145
| {{Dts|7 September 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4732}}
| {{formatnum:3520341}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 56
| 2021-22, Series VII
| IN0020210178
| {{Dts|2 November 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4761}}
| {{formatnum:3248238}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 57
| 2021-22, Series VIII
| IN0020210228
| {{Dts|7 December 2021}}
| {{formatnum:4791}}
| {{formatnum:2480493}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 58
| 2021-22, Series IX
| IN0020210236
| {{Dts|18 January 2022}}
| {{formatnum:4786}}
| {{formatnum:2333188}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 59
| 2021-22, Series X
| IN0020210319
| {{Dts|8 March 2022}}
| {{formatnum:5109}}
| {{formatnum:1539694}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 60
| 2022-23, Series I
| IN0020220045
| {{Dts|28 June 2022}}
| {{formatnum:5091}}
| {{formatnum:2557864}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 61
| 2022-23, Series II
| IN0020220078
| {{Dts|30 August 2022}}
| {{formatnum:5197}}
| {{formatnum:3360408}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 62
| 2022-23, Series III
| IN0020220110
| {{Dts|27 December 2022}}
| {{formatnum:5409}}
| {{formatnum:2811010}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 63
| 2022-23, Series IV
| IN0020220169
| {{Dts|14 March 2023}}
| {{formatnum:5611}}
| {{formatnum:3531586}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 64
| 2023-24, Series I
| IN0020230069
| {{Dts|27 June 2023}}
| {{formatnum:5926}}
| {{formatnum:7769290}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 65
| 2023-24, Series II
| IN0020230093
| {{Dts|20 September 2023}}
| {{formatnum:5923}}
| {{formatnum:11673960}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 66
| 2023-24, Series III
| IN0020230168
| {{Dts|28 December 2023}}
| {{formatnum:6199}}
| {{formatnum:12106807}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 67
| 2023-24, Series IV
| IN0020230184
| {{Dts|21 February 2024}}
| {{formatnum:6263}}
| {{formatnum:12785729}}
|
|
|- sort=bottom
!colspan=2|Total
!
!
!
!146961537 (~147 tons)
!
!
|}

{{noteslist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=1658 Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme FAQs - Reserve Bank of India]
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SwarnaBharat.aspx Sovereign Gold Bonds Notifications - Reserve Bank of India]

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last1=Saranya |first1=S |title=Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Customer Social Responsibility (CSR) |last2=Antony |first2=Nittymol |date=16 July 2024 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-031-50939-1 |pages=603–612 |chapter=Influence of Social Media on Investment Decisions of Women with Special Focus on Sovereign Gold Bonds |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-50939-1_46}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=S. Yadav |first1=Anitha |last2=Shetty |first2=Chetan |date=16 April 2018 |title=Gold Monetization Scheme: Issues and Challenges |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2455265820160402 |journal=FIIB Business Review |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1177/2455265820160402|url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Finance (India)]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]

Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur

2026-04-30T04:47:40Z

SheldonTopper4: added first stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| image = Ghulam Ali Khan 017b.jpg
| caption = The portrait of Mirza Fakhru
| name = Mirza Fakhru
| title = [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/595548/past-present-emperors-new-names Mughal title ''Mirza''], the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.</ref>
| full name = Fath ul-Mulk, Shahzada Mirza Muhammad Sultan Shah, Firuz Jang, Wali Ahd Bahadur
| birth_date = 1816–18
| birth_place = [[Red Fort]], [[Old Delhi]], [[Mughal Kingdom]]
| death_date = 10 July 1856 (aged 38–40)
| death_place = [[Red Fort]], [[Old Delhi]], [[Mughal Kingdom]]
| burial_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Raffat Sultan Begum
*Wazir Khanum}}
| father = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]
| mother = Rahim Buksh Bai Begum
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Mirza Abu Bakht]]
*Mirza Fakhrunda Jamal
*[[Daagh Dehlvi]] (stepson)}}
| house = [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]]
}}
'''Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur''' also known as '''Mirza Fakhru''' ({{circa}} 1816 or 1818 – 10 July 1856) was the last Crown Prince of the [[Mughal Empire]].

==Biography==
A senior Prince of the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal Imperial Family]], he was the son of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], the last [[Mughal Emperors|Mughal Emperor]], through his wife Rahim Bukhsh Bai Begum.<ref>[http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/mughal.html The House of Timur:: Delhi's Royal Family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613062308/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/mughal.html |date=2011-06-13 }}</ref>

Fath-ul-Mulk was named Crown Prince in 1853. However he predeceased his father, dying supposedly of [[cholera]] in 1856. Other sources suggest that he was poisoned by rivals with symptoms similar to those exhibited by his friend Sir Thomas Metcalfe.

==Family==
Fath-ul-Mulk was an older brother of Prince [[Mirza Mughal]] and the younger brother of former Crown Prince [[Mirza Dara Bakht]].

Fath-ul-Mulk married several wives and was the father of several children. Among his wives was Wazir Khanum, daughter of a rich jeweller and a well-known beauty of the time. Wazir Khanum had previously been married to Shamshuddin, Nawab of [[Ferozepur Jhirka]], a relative and close friend of [[Mirza Ghalib]], and she had borne Nawab Shamshuddin a son, the noted poet [[Dagh Dehlvi]]. After the Nawab was hanged for plotting and paying for the murder of British officer [[William Fraser (British India civil servant)|William Fraser]], Wazir Khanum married Fath-ul-Mulk, and he thus became the step-father of [[Dagh Dehlvi]], who would later become a famous poet.

Among Fath-ul-Mulk's own sons were [[Mirza Abu Bakht]], Mirza Fakhrunda Jamal and Mirza Mohammed baig who moved to Deccan Among his daughters was Sikander Jehan Begum, who was married to a sufi mystic and became the mother of two daughters and a son, Mirza Qutb-e-Alam.

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk}}

[[Category:1810s births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths from cholera]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:19th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Raghu Karumanchi

2026-04-29T07:56:41Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raghu Karumanchi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|05|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] , India
| death_date =
| othername = ''Adhurs'' Raghu<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sundarakanda/movie-review/123548689.cms</ref>
| yearsactive = 2002 - Present
| homepage =
| occupation = Actor
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Raghu Karumanchi''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He acted in more than 150 films.<ref name="Raghu profile on MAA">{{cite web|title=Raghu Karumanchi|url=http://www.maastars.com/raghu-karumanchi/|website=maastars.com|publisher=Movie Artists Association|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="123telugu Interview">{{cite web|title=Interview : Raghu Karumanchi – My role in Adhurs was career defining|url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-raghu-karumanchu-my-role-in-adhurs-gave-a-much-needed-break-in-my-career.html|website=123telugu.com|publisher=Mallemala Entertainments|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web|title=Telugu Movie Actor Raghu Karumanchi|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/raghu-karumanchi|website=nettv4u.com|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref> He also appeared in several television shows, including [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']].

== Personal life ==
He was born and brought up in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="123telugu Interview" /> His family hails from [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His father is a retired army officer and his mother is a housewife.<ref name="cinejosh interview">{{cite web|title=అదుర్స్ రఘు బర్త్ డే ఇంటర్వ్యూ..!|url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news-in-telugu/6/24705/karumanchi-raghava-adhurs-movie-comedian-jabardasth-show.html|accessdate=18 September 2016|website=cinejosh.com}}</ref> He completed his MBA and worked as a software engineer.<ref name="cinejosh interview"/><ref name="namaste telangana interview">{{cite web|title=అవకాశం వస్తే విలన్ పాత్ర చేస్తా|url=http://www.namasthetelangaana.com/Districts/Karimnagar/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE-18-570051.aspx|website=namasthetelangaana.com|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref> He is married and has two children.<ref name="123telugu Interview"/>

== Career ==

He made his debut as an actor with the film [[Aadi (2002 film)|''Aadi'']] starring [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web|last1=GV|title=Comedian Raghu Karumanchi new films|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/comedian-raghukarumanchi-newfilm.html|accessdate=18 September 2016|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> He got break as an actor with the film [[Adhurs]].<ref name="123telugu Interview" /> He also led a team called ''Roller Raghu'' in the popular TV comedy show [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']] on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]].<ref name="cinejosh interview" />

He appeared in 1500 TV episodes in 32 titles on various channels.<ref name="cinejosh interview" /><ref name="filmibeat">{{cite web|title=Raghu Karumanchi profile|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/raghu-karumanchi.html|accessdate=18 September 2016|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> He received an award from [[Prasar Bharati]] and [[UNICEF]] for producing the best short film on saving the girl child in 2006.<ref name="Webdunia123">{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|title=Prasar Bharati-UNICEF presents awards for short films|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060925/460772.html|website=news.webindia123.com|publisher=Webdunia123|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''|| Simhadri ||
|-
| ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]'' || Madhav's friend ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2007 || ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008 || ''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Right's henchman ||
|-
|''[[Hare Ram]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|title=Black & White: Movie Review|author=NaChiKi|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|date=28 August 2008|access-date=10 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209155620/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2009 || ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''|| priest||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010 || ''[[Adhurs]]''||Pandu's gang member ||
|-
| ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Oosaravelli]]''|| J. P.'s henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''|| Ramana ||
|-
| ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' || Henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' || Cash Reddy's friend||
|-
| ''[[Sudigadu]]'' || Thikkal Reddy's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]'' || Dorababu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Jaffa (2013 film)|Jaffa]]''
|Prison Mate
|
|-
| ''[[Naayak]]'' || Venu's friend||
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''|| U. Venkat Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2014 || ''[[Yevadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Race Gurram]]''|| Peddi Reddy's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvala Nenila]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rabhasa]]'' || Dhanunjay's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]''|| Biriyani Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Loukyam]]''|| Banti ||
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''|| Bangari's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015 || ''[[Pataas]]''|| Mahathi's colleague ||
|-
| ''[[Kick 2]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Madhav ||
|-
| ''Ketugadu''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' || Srinu ||
|-
| ''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Soukhyam]]'' ||Bavuji's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016 || ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]''|| MLA's henchman||
|-
| ''[[Oopiri]]''|| Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Speedunnodu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Banthi Poola Janaki]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2017 || ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''|| Ward Corporator ||
|-
| ''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kittu Unnadu Jagratha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shamanthakamani|Samanthakamani]]''|| Constable Satyanarayana ||
|-
| ''[[Anando Brahma]]''|| Ghost||
|-
| ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' || Chandramouli||
|-
| ''[[Raja the Great]]''||Kabaddi Team Player||
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''[[Raa Raa (2018 film)|Raa Raa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kirrak Party]]''|| Peon ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''|| Local Rowdy ||
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Premaku Raincheck]]'' || Momo ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019 ||''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
| Bulli Reddy
|
|-
|''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]'' || John Wick's henchman ||
|-
|''[[Venky Mama]]''
| Raghuramaiah
|
|-
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]''
| Arnold
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anukunnadi Okkati Ayyandhi Okati]]'' || Cult Kameshwar Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Zombie Reddy]]''
| Veera Reddy's henchmen
|
|-
|''[[Crazy Uncles]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]''
| henchmen
|
|-
| ''[[S5 No Exit]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]'' || Thief ||
|-
| ''[[7:11 PM (film)|7:11 PM]]'' || Ganda ||
|-
| ''[[Slum Dog Husband]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Slum Dog Husband review: This absurd, disjointed satirical comedy might have been inspired by an illogical WhatsApp idea |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/slumdog-husband-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 || ''[[Viraaji (film)|Viraaji]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Gorre Puranam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Viswam (film)|Viswam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|local goon
|
|-
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|Guy in stories
|
|-
|''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' || Venkatarao’s henchman ||
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|Goon
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
|
|
|}

=== Dakhini films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Angrez]]''|| Nerella Ramesh ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Hyderabad Nawabs]]''|| Arif ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Angrez 2]]''|| Nerella Ramesh ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hyderabad Nawabs 2]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || Acid Raja || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]''|| Police Officer || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Goli Soda (2016 film)|Goli Soda]]''|| || Kannada || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Evadu Thakkuva Kadu''
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role
!scope="col" |Network
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2013
|[[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']]
|Various
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|
|-
|2016{{Ndash}}2017
|''[[Alitho Saradaga]]''
|Co-presenter
|Episodes: 1{{Ndash}}23
|
|-
|2023
| scope="row" |[[Athidhi (TV series)|''Athidhi'']]
|Harsha
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|<ref name="Venu Thottempudi set to make OTT debut with Athidhi">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Venu Thottempudi set to make OTT debut with Athidhi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/aug/31/venu-thottempudi-set-to-make-ott-debut-with-athidhi-47140.html |access-date=21 September 2023 |date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921173822/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/aug/31/venu-thottempudi-set-to-make-ott-debut-with-athidhi-47140.html |archive-date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|nm5375105}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karumanchi, Raghu}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]

Vijay Jasper

2026-04-29T00:09:53Z

SheldonTopper4: Made first data initial version

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Jasper
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|2|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| height =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2004-present
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Vijay Jasper''' is an Indian [[actor]], who is known for his negative roles in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chennai's spirit is in me, you'll feel it too!' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jun/21/chennais-spirit-is-in-me-youll-feel-it-too-1619361.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Career==
Jasper was a software engineer before choosing to opt for a career in films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/Jun/22/5-things-of-chennai-which-actor-jasper-like-to-live-with-this-anywhere-in-the-world-2725494.html|title=pure chennaite- vijay jasper|சென்னையைப் பொறுத்த வரை ஜாஸ்பருக்குப் பிடித்த 5 விசயங்கள்!|date=22 June 2017|website=தினமணி}}</ref> He made his acting debut in ''[[Gambeeram]]'' (2004) and appeared alongside actor [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], who later also recommended him to feature in his next films ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' and ''[[Jithan]]'' (2004). He continued portraying supporting antagonistic roles throughout the late 2000s and won acclaim for his role as a gang member in ''[[Naanayam]]'' (2011), with a critic reporting he "gets noted".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article223704.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107042143/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article223704.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2015|title=Nanayam|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Gambeeram]]'' || Naaga ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review : Gambeeram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gambeeram-review-tamil-13425529.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417061702/http://www.sify.com/movies/gambeeram-review-tamil-13425529.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |accessdate=7 January 2015 |work=Sify}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || Velumani ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Attagasam]]'' || Thoothukudi Fernandez ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Jithan]]'' || Dharma || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Anniyan]]'' ||Henchman|| Uncredited role
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thalainagaram]]'' || Right's gang member ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2008 || ''[[Anjathe]]'' || Anti Kidnapping Team Member ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'' || Renigunta investigative officer ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Naanayam]]'' || Fareed's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Paiyaa]]'' || Goon chasing Charulatha ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Thambikottai]]'' || Amirthalingam's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' || Muslim Priest ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' || Doraisingam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Burma (film)|Burma]]'' || Don ||
|-
|''[[Vingyani]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Ghost ||
|-
|''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || Jalatharangan's assistant ||
|-
|''[[Vedalam]]'' || Manimaran's brother ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 ||''[[Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham]]'' || Thug ||
|-
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' || Billy Murali ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025 || ''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' || Gaja ||
|-
| ''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Sebatti || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Amayakudu'' || Pooja's father || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Rajani Kantha]]'' || Henchman || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai Express]]'' || Durgeshwara's henchman || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Ragini IPS]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Vajra Kavachadhara Govinda]]'' || Swamy || Telugu ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Laxmii]]'' || Muslim Priest || Hindi ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jasper}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Aishwarya Khare

2026-04-26T08:35:37Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Khare
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|04|17|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhagya Lakshmi's Aishwarya Khare Flaunts Diamond Ring in Birthday Photo -Is She Engaged|date=2025-04-19|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/bhagya-lakshmis-aishwarya-khare-flaunts-diamond-ring-in-birthday-photos-is-she-engaged/2025/04/19https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/bhagya-lakshmis-aishwarya-khare-flaunts-diamond-ring-in-birthday-photos-is-she-engaged/2025/04/19|access-date=2026-04-24|website=IWMBuzz.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday, Aishwarya Khare!:5 reasons we love the talented actress|date=2025-04-17|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2023/04/happy-birthday-aishwarya-khare-5-reasons-we-love-the-talented-actress/|access-date=2026-04-24|website=Urban asian.com|language=English}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]],India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| parents = {{ubl|''Ravi Khare'' (father)|''Shubhra Khare'' (mother)}}
| relatives = ''Pratishtha Khare'' (sister)
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''|''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''|'' [[Dr. Aarambhi]]''}}
}}

'''Aishwarya Khare''' is an Indian actress who works in Hindi television. She is best known for her role as Mahima Srinivasan Khurana in [[Star Plus]]'s romantic drama ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'' and Lakshmi Bajwa in [[Zee TV]]'s romantic drama ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''.

==Early life==
Aishwarya Khare hails from [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a beauty pageant winner and a theatre artiste.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/acting-is-truly-a-challenging-job-aishwarya-khare-101634822787992-amp.html Acting is truly a challenging job:. Aishwarya Khare]</ref>

==Career==
Khare made her acting debut in 2014 through producer director Lal Vijay Shahdeo's drama series ''Yeh Shaadi Hai Ya Sauda'' on [[DD National]]. The series ran for more than 300 episodes.

In 2016, Khare played the parallel lead in drama series ''[[Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re]]'' which aired on [[Life OK]]. In 2016, she played the role of Aparajita in [[Zee TV]]’s supernatural drama series ''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]''.

She then went on to play the role of a police officer in ''Beta Bhagya Se Bitiya Saubhagya Se'' aired in Doordarshan. Later on, she played the lead in political drama ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]'' as Bulbul Namdhari, Vijay's wife and love interest.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

In 2019, she was roped in by [[Ekta Kapoor]] for cameo in her drama series ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'' on [[StarPlus]] where she played the role of Mahima Srinivasan, sister of the [[protagonist]], later on her role turned into an antagonist. It was her first noticeable role on Indian television and her performance as an antagonist was appreciated by audience. In 2020, she was cast as Meera Sharma, Bani's adoptive sister in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

From August 2021 to June 2025, Khare is portraying the role of [[protagonist]] ''Lakshmi Oberoi'' in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s drama series ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]'' on [[Zee TV]]. It was her third collaboration with [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/actor-aishwarya-khare-speaks-up-about-her-role-lakshmi-exist-in-reality Aishwarya Khare speaks about her role in Ekta Kapoor's new drama series 'Bhagya Lakshmi']</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhagya-lakshmi-actress-aishwarya-khare-draws-inspiration-from-covid-19-heroes-of-india-for-her-title-role/articleshow/84857901.cms Aishwarya Khare takes inspiration from CoVid warriors for her role in 'Bhagya Lakshmi']</ref>

In August 2025 she participated in her first reality show ''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon''. However after three weeks, she quit due to overwhelming physical and mental stress from the challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Neolin |date=2025-08-25 |title=Aishwarya Khare’s short yet impactful journey on Chhoriyan Chali Gaon leaves fans proud! |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2025/08/aishwarya-khares-short-yet-impactful-journey-on-chhoriyan-chali-gaon-leaves-fans-proud/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=UrbanAsian.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Aishwarya Khare bids farewell to Chhoriyan Chali Gaon; says ‘This journey has been one of the toughest yet most rewarding experiences of my life’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aishwarya-khare-bids-farewell-to-chhoriyan-chali-gaon-says-this-journey-has-been-one-of-the-toughest-yet-most-rewarding-experiences-of-my-life/articleshow/123483170.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! refrence
|-
| 2014
|''Yeh Shaadi Hai Ya Sauda''
| Ambika
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2016
|''[[Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re]]''
| Rashmi
|
|
|-
|''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]''
| Aparajita Mittal
|Lead Role
|
|-
| ''Beta Bhagya Se Bitiya Saubhagya Se''
| Mamata
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]''
| Bulbul Namdhari
|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Shatada Prem Karave''
| Asmita Patil
| Marathi Series
|
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| Mahima Srinivasan Khurana
|Antagonist
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Maya
| Episode: "Mundi Ka Tandav"
|-
| Radha
| Episode: "Ashtabhuji Danav"
|-
| Roshni
| Episode: "Shikari Kauwa"
|
|-
| 2020–2021
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''
| Meera Sharma Singhania
|Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2021–2025
|''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
|Lakshmi Oberoi
|Lead Role
|
|-
|2023
|''Bollystar Vacation''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon''
| Contestant
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Muskaan |title=Chhoriyan Chali Gaon contestants list out: Anita Hassanandani, Aishwarya Khare, and others join Rannvijay Singha's show |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-chhoriyan-chali-gaon-contestants-list-out-anita-hassanandani-aishwarya-khare-and-others-join-rannvijay-singha-s-show-3168889 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Mannat - Har Khushi Paane Ki]]''
|rowspan="2"| Dr. Aarambhi Chaudhary Tandon
|Guest appearance
|
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Dr. Aarambhi]]''
| Lead role
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9892326}}
* {{Instagram| aishwarya_khare}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khare, Aishwarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dinesh Thakor

2026-04-24T23:51:20Z

SheldonTopper4: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician from Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dinesh Thakor
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor]]
| constituency = [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
}}
'''Dinesh Thakor''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]], India. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He contested in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]] as an INC candidate defeating his nearest rival and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા ચૂંટણી પરિણામઃ કોંગ્રેસના સૂપડા સાફ, માંડ 17 સીટ જીતી, આપ પાર્ટીનો 5 બેઠક પર વિજય |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/gujarat-election-result-2022-congress-winner-only-17-seats-aap-party-gets-5-seat/28453/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Indian Express Gujarati |date=8 December 2022 |language=gu-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=ભાજપના ગઢમાં ગાબડું: કોંગ્રેસ ઉમેદવાર દિનેશ ઠાકોર ચાણસ્મા વિધાનસભા સીટ પર જીત્યા |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/gujarat/victory-of-congress-candidate-dinesh-thakor-on-chansma-assembly-seat-rp-1297199.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakor, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-politician-stub}}

Madhusudan Ghose

2026-04-20T01:36:19Z

SheldonTopper4: added first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhusudan Ghose
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2017
| constituency = [[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
| predecessor = [[Manju Basu]]
| successor = [[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 1938
| death_date = 18 August 2017
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhusudan Ghose''' (1938 - 18 August 2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ক্যানসারে মৃত্যু নোয়াপাড়ার কংগ্রেস বিধায়ক মধুসূদন ঘোষের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/noapara-congress-mla-madhusudhan-ghosh-passes-away/|date=2017-08-18|access-date=2025-05-25|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Bharatpur, as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MADHUSUDAN GHOSE (Winner) NOAPARA (NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1291|access-date=2025-05-25|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Noapara Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/noapara-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=West Bengal by-election: Amid tight security, Noapara, Uluberia go to polls today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-by-election-amid-tight-security-noapara-uluberia-go-to-polls-today-5043020/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Godhra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:40Z

SheldonTopper4: put up

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Godhra
| mla = [[C.K Raulji]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Gujrat state|Gujrat]]
| district = [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:279773}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 126
}}

'''Godhra''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] district and a part of [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]] Loksabha seat.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Godhra Taluka (Part) Villages – Sampa, Bakhkhar, Tarvadi, Chhavad, Pipaliya, Bodidra Bujarg, Dholi, Vansiya, Khajuri Sampa, Mor Dungara, Nasirpur, Chhabanpur, Samli, Padhiyar, Vinzol, Daruniya, Dhanol( Jangle), Govindi, Kanku Thambhla, Chanchopa, Kanajiya, Orwada, Kevadiya, Chanchelav, Erandi, Kotda, Jafrabad, Bhamaiya, Pandva, Betiya, Vavadi Khurd, Veganpur, Tuwa, Gusar, Goli, Bhima, Gavasi, Harkundi, Ambali, Vavadi Bujarg, Paravdi, Chundadi, Gadh, Ladpur, Vadelav, Sankali, Angaliya, Bamroli Khurd, Gadukpur, Dayal, Lilesara, Chikhodra, Hamirpur, Rupanpura, Nani Kantadi, Raisingpura, Ranipura, Chanchpur, Ratanpur (Reliya), Kalyana, Asardi, Bhalodiya, Reliya, Ankadiya, Veraiya, Vatlav, Tarboradi, Pratappura, Rampura (Jodka), Dhanol, Isrodiya, Mahelol, Bhanpura, Karanpura, Popatpura, Vanakpur, Mahuliya, Chhariya, Kaliya Kuwa, Rinchhiya, Tajpur, Thana Garjan, Sarangpur, Jitpura, Bhalaniya, Bhatpura, Torna, Ladupura, Achhala, Godhra (M).

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan=4|[[C.K Raulji]] || rowspan=4|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Godhra]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C.K. Raulji
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 96,223
|percentage = 51.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rashmitaben Dhushyantsinh Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,025
|percentage = 32.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeshbhai Somabhai Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 11,827
|percentage = 6.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mufti Hasan Kachaba
|party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 9,508
|percentage = 5.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = NOTA
|votes = 3,548
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,198
|percentage = 18.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,767
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Godhra]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C.K Raulji]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,149
|percentage = 42.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmar Rajendrasinh Balvantsinh
|party =Indian National Congress
|votes = 74,891
|percentage = 41.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Parmar Jashvantsinh Salamsinh
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 18,856
|percentage = 10.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party =None of the above
|votes = 3,050
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =258
|percentage =0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,204
|percentage =70.97
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Godhra]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C K Raulji
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73,367
|percentage = 45.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravinsinh Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70,499
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Patel Rameshbhai Ravjibhai

|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 5,744
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mayurkumar Jashvantlal Patel

|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 5,233
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,868
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,711
|percentage = 72.54
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Panchmahal district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|22.78|73.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Shilpkar

2026-04-19T16:21:07Z

SheldonTopper4: Made new info from scratch

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}

{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = THAKUR
| poptime =
| popplace = • [[Uttarakhand]] • [[Uttar Pradesh]] • [[Nepal]]
| langs = • [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] • [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] • [[Hindi]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]
}}

'''Shilpkar''' are an artisan community mainly associated with Intaglio techniques and painting. They are largest among [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] communities of [[Uttarakhand]].

== History ==
Shilpkars are not a single caste but a collection of different castes who used to do artistic works from paper, ironsmith. They originated from Uttarakhand are considered as lower caste, as they used to make things from rope. In Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and South India, are not considered a lower caste , but have their category mention in OBC, depending upon the State list. In 1925, they were officially recognized as "Shilpkars" by the British government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Anil K.|title=Dalit Reform Movement in British Kumaon|date=2000|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=61|pages=976–985|jstor=44148173|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

They are mainly engaged as Intaglio on stone and gems, Painting, crafting, bronzesmiths, with others engaged in and cultivating, or working as, blacksmiths, weavers. [[Bhankora]] is a native musical instrument and is handmade from copper by them. They used to perform with it at folk festivals or marriages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiol|first=Stefan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYM4DwAAQBAJ&q=shilpkar+caste&pg=PT17|title=Recasting Folk in the Himalayas: Indian Music, Media, and Social Mobility|date=2017-09-11|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09978-6|language=en}}</ref>

In 1913, [[Shilpkar Sudharini Sabha]], held a convention for the uplifting of Dalits and oppressed people of the area, known as the [[Shilpkar Mahasabha]] in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Brij Kishore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlsPnV87QLoC&q=shilpkar+mahasabha&pg=PA30|title=Social, Economic and Political Contribution of Caste Associations in Northern India: A Case Study of All India Jat Mahasabha|date=2008|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1412-4|language=en}}</ref>

[[Arya Samaj]] influenced a lot of them, especially in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region, and many of them dropped their caste surnames and adopted 'Arya' as a last name. Jayananda Bharati and Baldev Singh Arya were those who promoted "Arya Samaj" in Dalits of Uttarakhand. They started '[[Dola Palki Movement]]' and in 1928 he also organised "Garhwal Sarvadalit Parishad".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kafaltia |first1=Himanshu |last2=Kafaltia |first2=Gunjan Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEOwDwAAQBAJ&q=jayanand+bharti+uttarakhand&pg=PT51|title=A Comprehensive Study of Uttarakhand|date=2019-09-18|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64650-605-7|language=en}}</ref>

He also stood with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] during the Round Table Conference in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Namishray|first=Mohandas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baFxDwAAQBAJ&q=munshi+hariprasad+tamta&pg=PA77|title=Dr. Ambedkar & Press|publisher=Neelkanth Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
They form 52% of the total population of the Scheduled caste population in Uttarakhand and are a beneficiary of the reservation policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC_Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_uttaranchal.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=censusindia.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721062805/https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_uttaranchal.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-21|access-date=}}</ref>

About 68.5 percent of Shilpkars are cultivators by profession.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sati|first=Vishwambhar Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsiSDwAAQBAJ&q=bhankora+shilpkar|title=Himalaya on the Threshold of Change|date=2019-04-16|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-14180-6|language=en}}</ref> They are mainly found in the hill region of [[Uttarakhand]] and Terai regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They are also called [[Tamrakar]] in Nepal are one of the biggest communities of the country.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Muzzini|first1=Elisa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjMimn7zYeYC&q=tamrakar+caste+nepal&pg=PA114|title=Urban Growth and Spatial Transition in Nepal: An Initial Assessment|last2=Aparicio|first2=Gabriela|date=2013-04-02|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-9661-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable Shilpkars ==

* [[Yashpal Arya]], former speaker of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Would a Dalit make it to the high chair in Uttarakhand? {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Would-a-Dalit-make-it-to-the-high-chair-in-Uttarakhand/articleshow/12223706.cms|last1=Chandra Donia|first1=Mahesh|date=March 11, 2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Chamar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhaskar Madhei

2026-04-18T23:48:52Z

SheldonTopper4: created a info more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhaskar Madhei
| image =
| caption = Bhaskar Madhei
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|6|5}}
| birth_place = Nachhipur, [[Udala]], [[Mayurbhanj District]], [[Odisha]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Udala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udala]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Golak Bihari Nayak
| successor1 =
| term_start3 = 2000
| predecessor3 = Rabaneswar Madhei
| term_end3 = 2009
| successor3 = Shrinath Soren
| other_party =
| spouse = Basanti Madhei
| father = Bhukila Madhei <ref name="Bhaskar Madhei">{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=10 |title=Shri Bhaskar Madhei |website=odishaassembly.nic.in|publisher=Odisha Assembly|access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006163934/https://www.odishagovt.com/people/sri-bhaskar-madhei/ |archive-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
| occupation = Agriculturist, Politician
| children =
| education = [[Matriculation#India|Matriculation]]
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bhaskar Madhei''' is an Indian politician, serving as 11th, 12th and 15th [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Udala Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-28 |title=Mayurbhanj's PVTG struggle to meet basic necessities |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/mayurbhanjs-pvtg-struggle-to-meet-basic-necessities/articleshow/69076370.cms |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhaskar was born on 5 June 1969, and belongs to the [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi tribe]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-14 |title=Tribal votes may not go en bloc to any party |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-votes-may-not-go-en-bloc-to-any-party/article5910663.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father's name is Bhukil Madhei, and he has completed his education up to Matriculation in Arts. Bhaskar is married to Basanti Madhei and has four children including two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio-data of Present Member of Legislative Assembly in Orissa |department=Orissa reference annual - 2005|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/Bio_data_of_MLAs_Orissa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728025642/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/Bio_data_of_MLAs_Orissa.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=magazines.odisha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bhaskar Madhei commenced his political journey at the age of 26 as a candidate for the Udala assembly constituency's MLA in 1995.<ref name=V1995>{{Cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995; to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa|work=Election commission of India, New Delhi|page= 166 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-orissa-1995/}}</ref> He was then elected twice as an MLA in the Odisha Legislative Assembly in 2000 and 2004 and is currently holding the same position in the 16th Odisha Legislative Assembly from 2019.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

During his political career he was member of Committee on Government Assurances, Committee on Members' Amenities, Standing Committee on Works, Tourism & Culture, H& UD, I & PR (No.3), Standing Committee on PR & RD (No.9), Subject Committee on Water Resources and Library Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members profile - Bhaskar Madhei |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=10 |url-access=limited |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Udala}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Madhei
|votes = 66,401
|percentage = 42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Srinath Soren
|votes = 59,884
|percentage = 37.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Durga Charan Tudu
|votes = 15,857
|percentage = 10.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Chakradhar Sing
|votes = 7,017
|percentage = 4.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,517
|percentage = 4.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,081
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,98,170
|ref =<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency wise Information on EPIC & Photo Coverage in Current Rolls – Odisha |url= https://ceoodisha.nic.in/docs/EROLL_ANALYSIS/FORMAT1TO8_SUP1_2024/FORMAT5B.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525071126/https://ceoodisha.nic.in/docs/EROLL_ANALYSIS/FORMAT1TO8_SUP1_2024/FORMAT5B.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2024|website=ceoodisha.nic.in}}</ref>
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Electoral history of Bhaskar Madhei
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! colspan="2"| Party
! Votes
! %
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|66,401
|42
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 — Assembly Constituency 31 - Udala (Odisha) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1831.htm |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| 69,725
| 45.48
| {{won}}
| <ref name=V2019>{{cite report |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 41,099
| 29.79
| {{Lost}}
| <ref name=V2014>{{cite report |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| 32,755
| 22.06
| {{won}}
| <ref name=V2004>{{cite report |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| 43,539
| 53.42
| {{won}}
| <ref name=V2000>{{cite report |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| 10,144
| 10.78
| {{Lost}}
| <ref name=V1995/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhei, Bhaskar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]

Nambol Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:04Z

SheldonTopper4: added the info needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nambol
| mla = [[Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:33399}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 24
}}

'''Nambol Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bishnupur district]].

== Extent ==
Nambol is the 24th among 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 45 parts namely: 1 - Utlou (A), 2 - Utlou Mayai Leikai Mamang, 3 - Utlou (B), 4 - Utlou (C), 5 - Kakyai Langpok (A), 6 - Kakyai Langpok (B), 7 - Kakyai Langpok (C), 8 - Thiyam, 9 - Thiyam Awang, 10 - Lourembam, 11 - Pukhrabam Maning, 12 - Pukhrabam Mamang, 13 - Sanjenbam (A), 14 - Sanjenbam (B), 15 - Waheng Khuman (A), 16 - Waheng Khuman (B), 17 - Leimapokpam Makha Khunpham Mamang, 18 - Leimapokpam Khunpham, 19 - Leimapokpam Mayai Leikai (A), 20 - Leimapokpam Mayai Makha Leikai, 21 - Leimapokpam Awang Mamang, 22 - Leimapokpam Mayai Leikai (B), 23 - Khathong, 24 - Laitonjam, 25 - Phoijing Makha, 26 - Khori Leikai and Phoijing Tongba Kabui, 27 - Nambol Awang, 28 - Nambol Awang Makha, 29 - Nambol Makha, 30 - Kongkham (A-1), 31 - Kongkham (A-2), 32 - Senapati Sabal, 33 - Kongkham (B), 34 - Sabal Leikai Maning, 35 - Sabal Leikai Mamang, 36 - Balram Khul, 37 - Kabowakching Khunou, 38 - Kabowakching, 39 - Maibam Chingmang, 40 - Maibam Chingning, 41 - Naorem Utrapat (A), 42 - Naorem Utrapat (B), 43 - Ishok Awang Maning Leikai, 44 - Ishok Awang Leikai, and 45 - Ishok Mamang Maning Makha Leikai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO, Manipur {{!}} Electoral Roll |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=ceomanipur.nic.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Y. Yaima || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||rowspan=5| [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Nameirakpam Loken Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Thounaojam Bira Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=4|Nameirakpam Loken Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|40.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|35.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|34.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|50.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|53.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|45.70}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,885 |percentage=54.76% |change=5.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=13,825|percentage=44.84%|change=-5.44%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,060 |percentage=9.92% |change=8.97% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=30,834|percentage=92.32%|change=-1.94%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,399 |change =7.42% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,736 |percentage=50.28% |change=-1.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=14,456|percentage=49.33%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=280 |percentage=0.96% |change=-2.06% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=29,307|percentage=94.26%|change=2.40%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,092 |change =6.87% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,708 |percentage=51.29% |change=-0.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]|party=Manipur Peoples Party|votes=12,902|percentage=48.28%|change=2.65%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=806 |percentage=3.02% |change=-3.39% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,724|percentage=91.83%|change=0.71%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,094 |change =4.95% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,147 |percentage=52.03% |change=6.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]|party=Manipur Peoples Party|votes=11,528|percentage=45.63%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maibam Bijoy Singh|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=317|percentage=1.25%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Kumarjit Singh|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=222|percentage=0.88%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,619 |percentage=6.41% |change=2.33% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=25,266|percentage=91.14%|change=-1.88%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,721 |change =11.23% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,599 |percentage=46.02% |change=35.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Bira Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=9,661 |percentage=41.95% |change=1.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konjengbam Kumarjit Singh |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=2,769 |percentage=12.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=938 |percentage=4.07% |change=-0.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,029 |percentage=93.02% |change= -1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,922 |change =6.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 10.11% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Bira Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=8,990 |percentage=40.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=8,070 |percentage=36.76% |change=0.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kongkham Jadumani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,398 |percentage=10.92% |change=-22.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saikhom Tikendra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,435 |percentage=6.54% |change=-2.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Irabot Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=4.84% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=920 |percentage=4.19% |change=1.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,955 |percentage=94.48% |change= -0.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,478 |change =13.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 5.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Loken Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,003 |percentage=35.91% |change=12.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,521 |percentage=33.44% |change=-15.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kongkham Jadumani Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,129 |percentage=16.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saikhom Tikendra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,831 |percentage=9.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Toijam Ibemhal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,015 |percentage=5.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=482 |percentage=2.47% |change=-18.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,499 |percentage=94.93% |change= 1.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,771 |change =7.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,759 |percentage=48.90% |change=16.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=4,939 |percentage=27.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Chandreshwor Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,177 |percentage=23.32% |change=-0.92% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,820 |percentage=21.33% |change=21.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,911 |percentage=93.42% |change= -0.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,365 |change =17.41% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,916 |percentage=32.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,870 |percentage=32.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Chandreshwor Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,685 |percentage=24.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Bhubonsana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,729 |percentage=11.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46 |percentage=0.30% |change=-0.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,200 |percentage=94.13% |change= 2.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,494 |change =6.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -1.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=4,678 |percentage=34.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,506 |percentage=32.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Chandreshwor Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,215 |percentage=30.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaujam Achou |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitonghbam Herando |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=135 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=172 |percentage=1.25% |change=0.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,760 |percentage=91.34% |change= -0.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,417 |change =28.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -16.19% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,396 |percentage=50.19% |change=-2.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,355 |percentage=49.81% |change=2.83% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41 |percentage=0.38% |change=-5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,751 |percentage=91.91% |change= 6.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,001 |change =6.74% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -2.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Chaoba Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,007 |percentage=53.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,436 |percentage=46.98% |change=18.79% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=571 |percentage=6.05% |change=-11.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,443 |percentage=85.28% |change= 3.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,243 |change =-32.94% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Yaima |party=Independent politician |votes=6,084 |percentage=45.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,753 |percentage=28.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Keitombi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,135 |percentage=16.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. L. Roton |party=Independent politician |votes=757 |percentage=5.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Angahal |party=Independent politician |votes=585 |percentage=4.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,331 |percentage=17.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,314 |percentage=82.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,765 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bishnupur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.69|93.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Dakuaan Da Munda 2

2026-04-15T10:34:40Z

SheldonTopper4: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dakuaan Da Munda 2
| image = Dakuaan Da Munda 2 poster_1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mandeep Benipal]]
| producer = Ravneet Kaur Chahal Rajesh Kumar Arora Ashu Munish Sahni
| story = Manga Singh Antal
| screenplay = Narinder Ambersaria
| based_on = Shararti Tatt by Manga Singh Antal
| starring = {{startplainlist}}
*[[Dev Kharoud]]
*[[Japji Khaira]]
*Nishawn Bhullar
*Raj Singh Jhinger
*Lucky Dhaliwal
*Preet Baath
{{endplainlist}}
| music = Nick Dhammu Haakam
| cinematography = Dharendra Shukla
| editing = Omkar Nath Bhakri
| released = {{Film date|2022|05|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| studio = Dream Reality Movies
| distributor = Omjee Group
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dakuaan Da Munda 2''''' (English: The Bandits’ Son 2)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dakuaan-da-munda-2/ET00311381|title=Dakuaan Da Munda 2 (2022) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref> is a 2022 Indian [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] autobiographical film based on the life of a drug addict Manga Singh Antal. The film is an adaptation of a Punjabi book named Shararti Tatt, which narrates the life and hardships faced by Manga Singh Antal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/dev-kharoud-and-japji-khera-start-shooting-for-the-sequel-of-daakuan-da-munda-174389|title=Dev Kharoud and Japji Khera start shooting for the sequel of Daakuan Da Munda|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> The film is directed by [[Mandeep Benipal]] under the banner of Dream Reality Movies. The film is produced by Ravneet Kaur Chahal, Rajesh Kumar Arora and Ashu Munish Sahni. The film features [[Dev Kharoud]], [[Japji Khaira]], Nishawn Bhullar, and Raj Singh Jhinger in lead characters along with Lucky Dhaliwal and Karanveer Khullar. The film is a sequel to 2018 film [[Dakuan Da Munda]]. The film was released worldwide in cinemas on 27 May 2022.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/dakuaan-da-munda-2/movieshow/81586962.cms|title=Dakuaan Da Munda 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Premise==
An autobiography of the famous writer and teacher ''Manga Singh Antal'', a young Kabaddi and Volleyball player Manga became a drug addict which introduced him to crime.

==Cast==
* [[Dev Kharoud]] as Manga Singh Antal
* [[Japji Khaira]]
* Nishawn Bhullar
* Raj Singh Jhinger
* Lucky Dhaliwal
* Karanveer Khullar
* Preet Baath
* Balwinder Bullet
* Deep Mandeep
* Sahib Singh
* Anita Meet
* Gurmukh Ginni
* Bobby Aujla

==Production==
The film was announced in 2019. The shooting of the film started in November 2020 near [[Ambala]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/pollywood-sequels-and-threequels-to-look-forward-to/shoot-of-dakuaan-da-munda-2-begins/photostory/79318010.cms|title=Shoot of 'Dakuaan Da Munda 2' begins - Pollywood sequels and threequels to look forward to|website=The Times of India |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>
The teaser of the film was released on 10 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/teaser-of-dev-kharouds-daakuan-da-munda-2-to-release-on-april-10-2022/articleshow/90711593.cms|title=Teaser of Dev Kharoud's 'Daakuan Da Munda 2' to release on April 10, 2022 - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2022 }}</ref> The trailer was released on 1 May 2022.

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by Nick Dhammu and Haakam and lyrics are written by Veet Baljit and Gill Raunta. The film's background score is composed by Salil Amrute.

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| total_length = 16:04
| title1 = Gundagardi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = Veet Baljit
| music1 = Nick Dhammu
| extra1 = Himmat Sandhu
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Shy-Sang Lagdi Aa
| lyrics2 = Veet Baljit
| music2 = Nick Dhammu
| extra2 = [[Shipra Goyal]], Veet Baljit
| length2 = 2:58
| title3 = Balle Balle
| lyrics3 = Veet Baljit
| music3 = Nick Dhammu
| extra3 = [[Nachhatar Gill]]
| length3 = 3:16
| title4 = Most Wanted
| lyrics4 = Gill Raunta
| music4 = Haakam
| extra4 = Himmat Sandhu
| length4 = 3:15
| title5 = Khang Khang
| lyrics5 = Veet Baljit
| music5 = Nick Dhammu
| extra5 = [[Nachhatar Gill]], Gurlez Akhtar
| length5 = 3:14
}}

== Release ==
The film was released worldwide in cinemas on 27 May 2022.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Home Media Release ===
The movie was also Release on the [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]] OTT platform for the Digital audiences,.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14888342}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:2020s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about outlaws]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Biographical films about gangsters]]
[[Category:Kabaddi in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on autobiographies]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Kabaddi films]]

Onko Ki Kothin

2026-04-08T12:50:48Z

SheldonTopper4: created entry

{{Short description|2025 Bengali drama film}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Onko Ki Kothin
| image = Onko Ki Kothin poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Saurav Palodhi
| producer = Rana Sarkar
| writer =
| starring = {{ubl|Riddhiman Banerjee|Gitashree Chakraborty|Tapomoy Deb|[[Parno Mittra]]|Prasun Shome|[[Ushasie Chakraborty]]|Sankar Debnath}}
| music = Debdeep Mukhopadhyay
| cinematography = Ankkit Sengupta
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta
| studio = Dag Creative Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|6|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross = ₹0.84 crore<ref>{{cite web | last=ঘোষ | first=সুদীপ | title=অধুনা সময়ের এক সৎ ও সহজবোধ্য চিত্রলেখ, হৃদয়তন্ত্রীতে চাবুক মেরে বিক্ষত করে 'মায়ানগর' | website=Anandabazar | date=2025-02-07 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-new-bengali-film-mayanagar-directed-by-aditya-vikram-sengupta-dgtl/cid/1580015 | language=bn | access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref>
}}

'''''Onko Ki Kothin''''' ({{lit|''Unequal Equations''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language drama film directed by Saurav Palodhi and produced by Rana Sarkar. Starring [[Parno Mittra]] and [[Ushasie Chakraborty]], the film explores themes of systemic corruption in teacher recruitment and the resilience of marginalized youth. It premiered at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) and received critical acclaim for its [[social commentary]].

== Plot ==
Set against the backdrop of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], ''Onko ki Kothin'' explores the lives of three underprivileged children in Kolkata as they navigate the challenges posed by systemic failures.

Babin is an aspiring doctor whose father suffers from severe lung disease caused by working in a brick kiln, while his mother works as a housemaid. Tyre dreams of becoming an engineer and is raised by his mother, a sex worker, who seeks social acceptance. Dolly aspires to be a nurse and is supported by her single mother, who works as a nurse's assistant.

Despite the harsh realities of poverty, where parents are often too focused on survival to nurture their children's ambitions, these children maintain a sense of hope. They believe that Babin will heal the sick, Dolly will assist him, and Tyre will build their hospital. Their makeshift medical practice, created from discarded supplies, reflects a blend of childhood innocence and the starkness of their environment.

The children's lives take a dramatic turn when Babin's father's health deteriorates due to unsafe working conditions. In a moment of desperation, the children steal an oxygen cylinder in an attempt to save him. This act leads to the exposure of various issues, including corruption in the teacher recruitment process that hampers their access to education, healthcare disparities that prevent slum residents from receiving essential medical care, and the cycle of intergenerational poverty that confines families to a bleak existence.

A significant scene depicts Dolly's mother sacrificing her own meal, dividing a single fish fry into three portions for the children while she remains hungry, symbolizing both deep love and the effects of systemic deprivation. The children's journey highlights their resilience as they confront bureaucratic indifference and strive to reclaim their futures.<ref name="DigitSynopsis">{{cite web |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/onko-ki-kothin-884296.html |title=Onko Ki Kothin Movie (2025) |website=Digit Binge |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="AajkaalReview">{{cite web |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/48289/anko-ki-kothin-film-review-a-heartfelt-tale-of-kids-who-won-t-give-up |title=সাহসের কাছে হার মানে জটিল বাস্তবও, 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন' দেখায় সেই সাহসের সরলরেখা |website=Aajkaal |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Riddhiman Banerjee as Babin, a slum child dreaming of becoming a doctor
* Gitashree Chakraborty as Dolly, who aspires to be a nurse
* Tapomoy Deb as Tyre, an aspiring engineer
* [[Parno Mittra]] as Kajol, a compassionate nurse who aids the children
* Prasun Shome as Shah Rukh, a biscuit delivery man who becomes their ally
* [[Ushasie Chakraborty]] as Dolly's mother
* Sankar Debnath as Babin's father, an incense factory worker
* Saurav Palodhi as a doctor (cameo)<ref name="CineKolkataCast">{{cite web |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/upcoming-bengali-movies/onko-ki-kothin-2025-bengali-drama-movie-cast-plot-release-info/ |title=Onko Ki Kothin (2025) – Bengali Drama Movie, Cast, Plot & Release Info|website=Cine Kolkata |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== Production ==
Director Saurav Palodhi conceived the project following his experience as an Assistant Director on [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev's]] '''<nowiki>'Dhumketu.''</nowiki>'' The screenplay, which he co-wrote with Soumit Deb, thoughtfully weaves in real-life accounts of corruption within the education system and the healthcare crises that emerged in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="AnandabazarCorruption">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-saurabh-palodhis-onko-ki-kothin-movie-showting-teacher-recruitment-corruption-dgtl/cid/1595906 |title=শিশুরাও জানে রাজ্যে কী ঘটছে, 'শিক্ষক দুর্নীতি' ওদের কাছে নতুন কী! সৌরভ হঠাৎ কেন সোচ্চার? |website=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The project was filmed in the Rajarhat area, specifically in the Thakdari slum. The shooting lasted approximately 14 to 15 days, following extensive pre-production planning and workshops. The emphasis on thorough preparation contributed to ensuring that all aspects of the project were well-organized. Palodhi described the process as "''A courageous effort to amplify marginalized voices through authentic settings''".<ref name="DurantBarta">{{cite web |url=https://durantbarta.com/entertainment/hospital-in-abulishs-house-a-unique-film-made-with-courage-and-dreams-ank-ki-kathir |title=Onko Ki Kothin Film Review: আব্বুলিশ বাড়িতে হাসপাতাল! সাহস ও স্বপ্নে গড়া এক অনন্য সিনেমা 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন' |website=Durant Barta |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Soundtrack ===
The soundtrack of ''Onko ki Kothin'' includes a powerful and emotional song performed by [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]], which resonates deeply with the film's themes. Additionally, the soundtrack features a rap number that has received acclaim for its unique blend of innocence and social relevance, capturing the essence of the children's experiences and challenges. Furthermore, veteran singer [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]] has also contributed to the film by recording a track, adding to the overall musical depth and emotional layer of the narrative.<ref name="T2Lagnajita">{{cite web |url=https://t2online.in/screen/streaming/lagnajita-chakraborty-sings-an-emotional-song-for-the-soundtrack-of-saurav-palodhi%E2%80%99s-upcoming-film/1078442 |title=Lagnajita Chakraborty sings an emotional song for the soundtrack of Saurav Palodhi's upcoming film |website=T2 Online |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="T2Rap">{{cite web |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-rap-song-from-the-upcoming-film-onko-ki-kothin-wins-hearts-for-its-innocence/1009063 |title=A rap song from the upcoming film Onko Ki Kothin wins hearts for its innocence |website=T2 Online |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="AajkaalNachiketa">{{cite web |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/3889/_nachiketa_chakraborty_records_new_song_of_sourav_palodhi%E2%80%99s_new_film_onko_ki_kothin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602204427/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/3889/_nachiketa_chakraborty_records_new_song_of_sourav_palodhi%25E2%2580%2599s_new_film_onko_ki_kothin |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2025 |title=কঠিন অঙ্ক সহজ করতে নচিকেতার ডাক! সৌরভের ছবিতে ন'য়ের নস্টালজিয়া |website=Aajkaal |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
Initially scheduled for 5 September 2024, the release was postponed due to the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|RG Kar Movement]] and Later released on 23 June 2025.<ref name="ABPPostpone">{{cite web |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/new-film-onko-ki-kothin-release-postponed-due-to-rg-kar-issue-entertainment-news-abp-ananda-1090054 |title=RG Kar effect on Tollywood: 'ছবি মুক্তির পরিস্থিতি নেই', আরজি কর কাণ্ডের জেরে অনির্দিষ্টকালের জন্য পিছিয়ে যাচ্ছে এই সিনেমা রিলিজ |publisher=ABP Ananda |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref> It had a wide theatrical release in 2025. The film was screened at the Indian Panorama section of IFFI 2024 in Goa and received community screenings in [[Siliguri]] organized by local police.<ref name="IFFI">{{cite web |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/ammas-pride-and-onko-ki-kothin-two-films-sharing-marginalised-voices-screened-at-55th-iffi/ |title=Amma's Pride and Onko Ki Kothin- two films sharing marginalised voices screened at 55th IFFI |website=Nagaland Tribune |date=2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Siliguri">{{cite web |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/50058/siliguri-police-commissionerate-undet-the-community-policing-service-is-screening-onko-ki-kothin |title=শিলিগুড়ির পুলিশকর্তাদের উদ্যোগে দুস্থ শিশুদের স্বপ্নপূরণ, উত্তরবঙ্গে আয়োজন 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন'-এর স্পেশাল স্ক্রিনিং |website=Aajkaal |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Piracy issues ===
Producer Rana Sarkar filed official complaints against digital piracy after unauthorized copies surfaced online during its theatrical run.<ref name="PiracyComplaint">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/producer-rana-sarkar-has-filed-a-written-complaint-to-stop-piracy-of-onako-ki-kothin-dgtl/cid/1606688 |title=পাইরেসি না হলে 'অঙ্ক কী কঠিন'-এর বাণিজ্য বাড়ত, সাইবার শাখায় লিখিত অভিযোগ রানা-সৌরভের |website=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Poorna Banerjee'' from [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] reviewed: Directed by Saurav Palodhi, known for the web series <nowiki>''</nowiki>Kholamkuchi,<nowiki>''</nowiki> <nowiki>''</nowiki>Onko Ki Kothin<nowiki>''</nowiki> follows three inseparable friends—Babin (Riddhiman Banerjee), Dolly (Gitashree Chakraborty), and Tyre (Tapomoy Deb)—who dream of becoming a doctor, a nurse, and an engineer. Their lives take a turn when they are forced out of school and face challenges, leading them to take matters into their own hands by attempting to build a hospital. The film explores innocence and imagination through a child's perspective, highlighting the strong bond between the trio amid their struggles. The young actors deliver natural performances that bring warmth to their roles, ensuring that poverty doesn't overshadow their dignity and joy. Ushasie Chakraborty impresses as Dolly’s mother, and Sankar Debnath provides a poignant portrayal of Babin’s ailing father. While the narrative occasionally diverges with unnecessary subplots and some jokes that fall flat, the overall humor generally resonates. Ankkit Sengupta’s cinematography effectively captures the urgency of the children's mission, though the editing could be tighter. The music, featuring Lagnajita Chakraborty’s haunting <nowiki>''</nowiki>Amake Golpo Bolo<nowiki>''</nowiki> and the energetic rap <nowiki>''</nowiki>Chaap Niye Laabh Nei,<nowiki>''</nowiki> adds to the film's charm with its reflective lyrics. Despite minor flaws, <nowiki>''Onko Ki Kothin''</nowiki> is a heartfelt story of resilience and friendship, told with sincerity and humor, making it worthwhile for family audiences."<ref name="TOIReview">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/onkokikothin/movie-review/121394527.cms |title=Onko Ki Kothin Movie Review: Kids shine in this heartwarming tale about dreams, friendship, and love |work=The Times of India |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' poetically reviewed and described: In contrast to the sea of big-budget Bengali films featuring popular directors and stars, Saurav Palodhi's 'Onko ki Kothin' (How Tough is Math) emerges as a refreshing breath of air. Rather than depicting the polished, urban landscapes that dominate Bengali cinema, this film presents a starkly realistic setting deeply rooted in the challenges faced by its characters.<ref name="AnandaReview">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-onko-ki-kothin-directed-by-saurav-palodhi-starring-parno-mittra-ushasie-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1605914 |title=অসম্ভব স্বপ্ন নিয়ে বোনা হলেও বাস্তবতায় ডুবে থাকা এক সতেজ ছবি 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন'|website=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

''Sujoy Bandyopadhyay'' from ''Sangbad Pratidin'' reviewed: 'How tough is counting? Life's calculations are challenging, yet with the strength of love and solidarity, solutions become attainable.' Director Saurav Palodhi effectively conveys this simple yet profound truth through his storytelling. <nowiki>''</nowiki>Onko ki Kothin<nowiki>''</nowiki> is ultimately a narrative centered on individuals who experience 'not having' far more than 'having'—and who fiercely fight to survive against all odds."<ref name="SangbadReview">{{cite web |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/sourav-palodhi-helmed-onko-ki-kothin-film-review/ |title=সমাজে ঘৃণার চাষাবাদের আবহে তিন শিশুর 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন' যেন টাটকা বাতাস|website=Sangbad Pratidin |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

''Durant Barta'' emphasizes that Saurav Palodhi's 'Onko Ki Kothin' offers a refreshing perspective by portraying the dreams and struggles of three schoolchildren aspiring to be a doctor, nurse, and engineer amid societal challenges, conveying a powerful message about love, friendship, and resilience through imaginative storytelling and heartfelt performances.<ref name="DurantBarta"/>

''[[Aajkal]]'s Review of the film'' emphasized that "innocence disarms harsh reality," particularly highlighting Riddhiman Banerjee’s standout performance and the pivotal oxygen cylinder heist sequence as a metaphor for community resistance. They described <nowiki>''Onko ki Kothin''</nowiki> as "a heartfelt tale that demonstrates how courage can simplify life’s toughest challenges."<ref name="AajkaalReview"/>

=== Audience response ===
The film emerged as a surprising success largely through word-of-mouth promotion, with numerous reports indicating that audiences were traveling from suburban areas to urban centers specifically to attend screenings. This overwhelming interest exemplifies the film's ability to resonate with viewers and highlights its impact across a wider community.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/a-surprise-hit-how-onko-kee-kothin-won-kolkatas-heart-t99430ff |title=A surprise hit; How Onko Kee Kothin won Kolkata's heart |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="AnandaWordOfMouth">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/the-film-onko-ki-kothin-is-spreading-from-city-to-suburbs-through-word-of-mouth-from-viewers-dgtl/cid/1608732 |title=এ বার শহরতলিতেও সৌরভের 'অঙ্ক'! কারচুপি ছাড়াই ছবি হিট, বললেন বাণিজ্য বিশ্লেষক পঙ্কজ Success |website=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* '''Best Feature Film (Jury Award)''' at Indian World Film Festival<ref name="Award">{{cite web |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/saurav-palodhi-directed-film-onko-ki-kothin-got-best-feature-film-jury-award-in-the-indian-world-film-festival-131888 |title=কঠিন অঙ্ক সহজ করে 'ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়ার্ল্ড ফিল্ম ফেস্টিভ্যাল'-এ সেরার শিরোপা জিতল রাণা সরকার প্রযোজিত সৌরভ পালোধির 'অঙ্ক কি কঠিন' |website=Aajkaal |date=2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt34365614}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Dag Creative Media films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]

Kshetrimayum Santa

2026-04-04T15:06:40Z

SheldonTopper4: Put Up Basic Info W/ Sources.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Kshetrimayum Santa
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = 
|alt =
|caption =
|order =
|office1 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Manipur]]
|term_start1 = 26 November 2017
|alongside = 
|deputy =
|lieutenant =
|monarch =
|president =
|taoiseach =
|chancellor =
|governor =
|governor-general =
|governor_general =
|succeeding = 
|predecessor1 = Sarat Salam
|successor =
|majority =
|birth_date =
| office2 = Convenor of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]], [[Manipur]]
| term_start2 = 2023
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|other_party = 
|occupation = Politician
}}
'''Kshetrimayum Santa''' is an Indian [[communist]] politician from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/bjp-spread-false-propaganda-like-adolf-hitler-kshetrimayum-santa/amp/|title=BJP spread false propaganda like Adolf Hitler - Kshetrimayum Santa|first=Aribam|last=Bishwajit|date=27 October 2023|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times}}</ref> He is the secretary of Manipur state committee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was first elected to the post on 26 November 2017 and got reelected in the two subsequent state conferences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2017/1203_pd/cpim-manipur-state-conference-held|title=CPI(M) Manipur State Conference Held | Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2024/1124_pd/manipur-cpim-state-conference-calls-restoration-peace-state|title=Manipur: CPI(M) State Conference Calls for Restoration of Peace in the State | Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref> He also serves as the convenor of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.facebook.com/share/v/19mxyMjiTz/|title =Shri Kshetrimayum Santa, Convenor, INDIA BLOC briefing Media in connection with the declaration of consensus Candidate of INDIA Alliance.|website = Official [[Facebook]] page of [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee|Indian National Congress - Manipur]]}}</ref> Under his leadership, [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc managed to win both Lok Sabha seats in Manipur in [[2024 Indian general election]].

==Manipur violence==
He led the group of leaders from [[CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] and [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] which met Manipur Governor [[Anusuiya Uikey]] on 8 May 2023 to make suggestions in bid to restore normalcy in state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delegation-of-left-parties-meets-manipur-governor-in-bid-to-restore-normalcy-in-state20230509213043/|title=Delegation of Left parties meets Manipur Governor in bid to restore normalcy in state}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santa, Kshetrimayum}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mahanadi Shankar

2026-04-04T13:52:34Z

SheldonTopper4: added basic details w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian stage and film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahanadi Shankar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|1|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1992 –present
| spouse = Selvi
| children = 3
}}

'''Mahanadi Shankar''' is an Indian actor and stuntman who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films and television serials, playing mostly supporting and negative roles. He has starred in films such as ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994), ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995), ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997), ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999), and ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001). The success of the former film meant that he used the title as a prefix to his stage name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html |title=The most famous unknowns! - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Slide Shows - Varadakkutti Ennattha Kannaiya Trouser Paandi Saamiii Mayavi Suriya Michael Madana Kamarajan Kameswaran |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-10 |archive-date=15 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200545/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Angry-Crazy-Gemini-and-Cho/articleshow/4949730.cms?prtpage=1|title = Angry, Crazy, Gemini and Cho |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=30 August 2009 }}</ref>

==Career==
Shankar was introduced to the film industry initially as a stuntman and action choreographer in 1986. He focused on fight sequences in film portions while working as a stuntman from 1986 to 1993.<ref>{{Citation |title=Stunt நடிகர்களின் போராட்ட வாழ்க்கை {{!}} Mahanadi Shankar Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI |access-date=2023-12-23 |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI |url-status=live }}</ref> He worked as an assistant to established stunt masters, including [[FEFSI Vijayan]], [[Vikram Dharma]], and [[Raju Sundaram]] during this time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Navaneethakrishnan |first=Stalin |title=Mahanadi Shankar: 'காதல் தோல்வி: என் இளமையின் வலி' -மகாநதி சங்கர் சங்கடம்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108|date=8 November 2019|access-date=14 June 2024|website=Kungumam|language=ta|title=மகாநதி - மகாநதி சங்கர்|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200707155955/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shankar received the opportunity to act in the film ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994) through his stunt master guru Vikram Dharma, who pushed Shankar to the core. It was Vikram Dharma who convinced Shankar to gain weight in order to make a noteworthy appearance in the film. By this time, Shankar weighed only 66 kilograms (143 pounds), and within three months, he had pushed it to 82 kilograms (180 pounds) in order to cash in on the opportunity to act in the film.<ref name=":0" /> During the film's shooting, filmmakers planned to rope in a dubbing artist to give a voiceover to the role to be played by Shankar, but the film's lead actor [[Kamal Haasan]] insisted that there was no need for a dubbing artist and recommended that Shankar himself has a fine slang and urged filmmakers to utilize Shankar's voice throughout the film for Shankar's portions.<ref name=":0" />

Shankar eventually made his fully-fledged acting debut in ''Mahanadhi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting Mahanadhi: A look-back at arguably the most poignant Tamil film ever; lesser-known facts, rare pics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his notable performance, he has worked in several Tamil films in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s as a supporting actor, often as an antagonist or a comic villain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vindhai/movie-review/47390209.cms|title=Vindhai Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vindhai by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece|title = Audio Beat: Sankarapuram - Good vs. Evil|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 November 2013|last1 = Kumar|first1 = S. R. Ashok|access-date = 14 April 2017|archive-date = 3 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200303051242/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

In the film ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001), Shankar referred to the film's lead actor [[Ajith Kumar]] as "Thala" in a song. Subsequently, Ajith was called "Thala" by all his fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=When Mahanadi Shankar Met Ajith Kumar On The Sets of Thunivu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615034910/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அஜித் உடன் இணையும் 'மகாநதி' சங்கர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made a reunion with Ajith after a gap of 22 years with the film ''[[Thunivu]]'' (2023), in which he played a police constable.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-20 |title=அஜித் 61 அப்டேட்: 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இணையும் 'தல' காம்போ! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/mahanadi-shankar-to-play-a-role-in-ajith-61-directed-by-h-vinoth |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Amma Vanthachu]]'' (1992)
*''[[Singaravelan]]'' (1992)
*''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994)
*''[[Namma Annachi]]'' (1994)
*''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1994)
*''[[Aasai]]'' (1995)
*''[[Baashha]]'' (1995)
*''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' (1995)
*''[[Ragasiya Police]]'' (1995)
*''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996)
*''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]'' (1996)
*''[[Senathipathi]]'' (1996)
*''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' (1996)
*''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]'' (1996)
*''[[Abhimanyu (1997 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1997)
*''[[Pagaivan]]'' (1997)
*''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' (1997)
*''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997)
*''[[Thadayam]]'' (1997)
*''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' (1998)
*''[[Dhinamdhorum]]'' (1998)
*''[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]'' (1998)
*''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' (1998)
*''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999)
*''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Malabar Police]]'' (1999)
*''[[Unnai Thedi]]'' (1999)
*''[[Kann Thirandhu Paaramma]]'' (2000)
*''[[Manu Needhi]]'' (2000)
*''[[Dheena]]'' (2001)
*''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' (2001)
*''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' (2001)
*''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' (2002)
*''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' (2002)
*''Amaiyappan'' (2002)
*''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (2002)
*''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' (2002)
*''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' (2002)
*''[[Arputham]]'' (2002)
*''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002)
*''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' (2002)
*''[[Ramanaa]]'' (2002)
*''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' (2003)
*''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]'' (2003)
*''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' (2003) as Kulithalai Samy
*''[[Ottran]]'' (2003)
*''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' (2004)
*''[[Arasatchi]]'' (2004)
*''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004)
*''[[Jaisurya]]'' (2004)
*''[[Jananam]]'' (2004)
*''[[Iyer IPS]]'' (2005)
*''[[Sukran]]'' (2005)
*''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' (2005)
*''[[Mazhai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kusthi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vanjagan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006)
*''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' (2007)
*''[[Thiru Ranga]]'' (2007)
*''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' (2007)
*''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' (2007)
*''[[Tharagu]]'' (2008)
*''[[Vasool]]'' (2008)
*''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Brahmadeva (film)|Brahmadeva]]'' (2009)
*''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]'' (2009)
*''[[Engal Aasan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Sindhanai Sei]]'' (2009)
*''[[Vedappan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Munnar (film)|Munnar]]'' (2009)
*''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010)
*''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012)
*''[[Mirattal]]'' (2012)
*''[[Etho Seithai Ennai]]'' (2012)
*''[[Aachariyangal]]'' (2012)
*''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013)
*''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014)
*''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' (2014)
*''[[Kalkandu]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vindhai]]'' (2015)
*''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' (2015)
*''Vandha Mala'' (2015)
*''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' (2016)
*''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' (2016)
*''[[Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham]]'' (2016)
*''[[Jackson Durai]]'' (2016)
*''[[Azhahendra Sollukku Amudha]]'' (2016)
*''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' (2017)
*''[[Julieum 4 Perum]]'' (2017)
*''[[Senjittale En Kadhala]]'' (2017)
*''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' (2017)
*''[[Padaiveeran]]'' (2018)
*''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' (2018)
*''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' (2019)
*''Shree Atharvana Prathyangira'' (2019; Kannada)
*''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]'' (2019)
*''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2019)
*''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' (2019)
*''[[Butler Balu]]'' (2019)
*''Sollunganne Sollunga'' (2020)
*''Chithirame Solladi'' (2020)
*''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021)
*''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021)
*''[[IPC 376]]'' (2021)
*''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' (2022)
*''[[Thunivu]]'' (2023)
*''[[Pallu Padama Paathukka]]'' (2023)
*''[[Kulasami]]'' (2023)
*''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023)
*''Tha Naa'' (2024)
*''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]'' (2024)
*''[[Kadaisi Ulaga Por]]'' (2024)
*''[[Maargan]]'' (2025)
*''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025) as a narrator
*''[[Gandhi Kannadi]]'' (2025; uncredited)
*''[[Lucky the Superstar]]'' (2026)
*''[[Sandakkari]]'' (2026; unreleased)<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=Shooting of Sandakkari now happening in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shooting-of-sandakkari-now-happening-in-kerala/articleshow/70203636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716124614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shooting-of-sandakkari-now-happening-in-kerala/articleshow/70203636.cms |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' (2026)
{{div col end|3}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2013–2015 || ''[[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|Nadhaswaram]]'' ||Neliandavar||rowspan=2| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2018 || ''[[Maya (2018 TV series)|Maya]]''||Pasupathi (Saalappaa)
|-
|''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' ||Sathyanarayan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2020–2024||''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]''||Sankarapandi||rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024–Present||''[[Annam (TV series)|Annam]]''||Saamydurai
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4787137}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Mahanadi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Devasimha

2026-03-28T23:55:04Z

SheldonTopper4: new

{{Short description|King of Mithila from 1355 to 1410}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Devasimha
| title = King of Mithila
| reign = 1355 AD - 1410 AD
| predecessor = [[Bhavasimha]]
| successor = [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]]
| birth_name = Deva
| birth_place = Mithila
| spouse = Hasini Devi
| spouse-type = Wife
| house = Mithila Kingdom
| house-type = Kingdom
| father = [[Bhavasimha]]
| occupation = King of Mithila
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = Tirhut Sarkar
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}
'''Devasimha''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: देव सिंह) was the sixth king of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0f898HDLAYC&q=Devasimha+of+Mithila |title=A Survey of Maithili Literature |date=1976 |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-36-5 |language=en}}</ref> He ruled the kingdom during the early period of the 15th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Letters |first=University of Calcutta Department of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nycOAAAAIAAJ |title=Journal of the Department of Letters |date=1927 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |language=en}}</ref> He ascended the throne of the Mithila Kingdom after the King [[Bhavasimha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&q=bhavasimha |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bwBAAAAMAAJ |title=Mithilā in the Age of Vidyāpati |date=1976 |publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Devasimha was born in the royal family of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. He was a [[Maithil Brahmin]] and belonged to [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] [[Gotra]]. He was the eldest son of the [[Bhavasimha|King Bhavasimha]]. His younger brothers were ''Harasimha'' and ''Tripurasimha''.<ref name=":0" />

== Rule ==
According some historical accounts, he ascended the throne of Mithila in 1355 AD. He lived before 1410 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |date=1953 |title=Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303873 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=200–210 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He established his capital at [[Dekuli]] also known Devakuli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Civilizational_Regions_of_Mithila_Mahako.html?id=bu61AAAAIAAJ#dekuli%20in%20mithila |title=Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal |date=1982 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{India-royal-stub}}

[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]

History of English cricket (1726–1750)

2026-03-28T19:39:26Z

SheldonTopper4: fixed section for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Slindon Cricket Sign - geograph.org.uk - 2680307.jpg|thumb|[[Slindon]] Cricket Sign]]
In the years from 1726 to 1750, [[cricket]] became an established sport in [[London]] and the south-eastern counties of England. In 1726, it was already a thriving sport in the south east and, though limited by the constraints of travel at the time, it was slowly gaining adherents elsewhere with references being found in other southern counties. Having been essentially a rural pastime for well over a century, cricket became a focus for wealthy patrons and gamblers whose interests funded its growth throughout the 18th century.

Patrons such as the [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|2nd Duke of Richmond]] sought to ensure order both on and off the field of play. The earliest known written rules were deployed in 1727, but it was not until 1744 that the first [[Laws of Cricket|code of laws]] was enacted. Ground enclosure began in 1731 and, later in the decade, admission fees were introduced. Media interest grew as the newspaper industry developed, a lead being taken by two new publications. London's [[Artillery Ground]] became the sport's showcase venue with important matches played in front of large crowds. The [[single wicket cricket|single wicket]] form enjoyed huge popularity through the 1740s until reaching its zenith in 1748. Leading players of the period included [[Thomas Waymark]] of [[Sussex county cricket team (pre-1839)|Sussex]]; [[Robert Colchin|Robert "Long Robin" Colchin]] of [[Bromley Cricket Club|Bromley]] and [[Kent county cricket team (pre-1843)|Kent]]; and [[Richard Newland (cricketer)|Richard Newland]] of [[Slindon Cricket Club|Slindon]] and Sussex.

==Continuing growth of cricket==
===Regional, but also colonial===
Cricket was still a regional sport in England, albeit a very popular one, as the constraints of travel limited its introduction to the rest of the country. It thrived on the funds provided by patronage, gambling, and large, enthusiastic crowds.{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|p=23}}{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=11}}<ref name="W65">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152818.html |title=Wisden 1965 : Cricket in the 17th and 18th centuries |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |year=1965 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226104450/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152818.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As its popularity grew, cricket began to spread outwards from its south-eastern heartland.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=27}} The earliest references have been found of games being played in the traditional counties of [[Berkshire]] (1727),{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=262}} [[Gloucestershire]] (1729),{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=262}} [[Buckinghamshire]] (1730),{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=3}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=46}} [[Hampshire]] (1733),{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=59}} [[Essex]] (1737),{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=14}} [[Hertfordshire]] (1737),{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=87}} [[Dorset]] (1738),{{sfn|Major|2007|p=116}} [[Bedfordshire]] (1741),{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=27}} [[Huntingdonshire]] (1741),{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=67}} [[Northamptonshire]] (1741),{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=27}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=106}} [[Suffolk]] (1743),{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=263}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=128}} and [[Norfolk]] (1745).{{sfn|Buckley|1937|p=1}}{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=264}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=152}}

Even so, cricket had already reached the Americas and India as confirmed by references to it being played overseas by English sailors and colonists in the first quarter of the 18th century.{{sfn|Haygarth|1996|p=vi}}{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=50}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-of-cricket-in-the-united-states-132185661/ |last=Worrall |first=Simon |title=The History of Cricket in the United States |work=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington DC |date=October 2006 |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226141950/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-of-cricket-in-the-united-states-132185661/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Byrd|1941|pp=144–146}}

===Women's cricket===
As in all fields of endeavour, it was difficult for women to get involved in male-dominated pursuits. The earliest report of a women's match appeared in ''The [[Reading Mercury]]'' on 26 July 1745. The match was played on Gosden Common, near [[Guildford]], between "XI Maids of Bramley" and "XI Maids of Hambledon". They all dressed in white but the Hambledon girls wore red ribbons on their heads and the Bramley girls wore blue. The report says: "The Bramley girls got 119 notches and the Hambledon girls 127. There was of both sexes the greatest number that ever was seen on such an occasion. The girls bowled, batted, ran and catched as well as most men could do in that game". The villages were [[Bramley, Surrey|Bramley]] and [[Hambledon, Surrey|Hambledon]], both near [[Godalming]] in Surrey.<ref name="C5323537">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/41/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=532 |pages=35–37 |date=29 March 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref>{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=36}} A further report says the ladies played a return match at Hambledon, in Surrey, on 6 August.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=20}}

On 13 July 1747, the [[Artillery Ground]] staged a match between a team from [[Charlton, West Sussex|Charlton]] and another from [[West Dean, West Sussex|West Dean]], two neighbouring villages in [[West Sussex]]. There was crowd trouble which caused play to be abandoned. The intention was to continue next morning but no further reports have been found.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=19}}

===Educational links===
A key factor in the growth of cricket was its introduction to schools and universities. In 1727, [[Horace Walpole]] commented that it was already "common" at [[Eton College]]—the earliest reference to it both at Eton and in the county of Berkshire.{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=262}} Earlier, the first mentions of the sport in each of [[Cambridgeshire]], Hampshire, and [[Oxfordshire]] had related to its being played at, respectively, the [[University of Oxford]],{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=15}} [[Winchester College]],{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=10}} and the [[University of Cambridge]].{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|pp=24–25}} There were matches at Oxford in the summer of 1729 on the testimony of Dr [[Samuel Johnson]], who was then a student. This was mentioned in [[James Boswell]]'s ''Life of Samuel Johnson''.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=38}}

A schoolteacher in [[New Romney]] is credited with coining the word "cricketer" when completing a diary entry. He bestowed the accolade upon one William Pullen of [[Cranbrook, Kent|Cranbrook]] but it was in connection with Pullen's death. He had just been hanged on [[Penenden Heath]] near [[Maidstone]] for stealing a sheep and five bushels of wheat.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=113}}

==Coverage in the media and the arts==
No cricket had been reported in the infant newspaper industry before 1697 due to the [[Licensing of the Press Act 1662]] which controlled the press until 1696, but notices were becoming more frequent by the mid-1720s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp428-435 |title=Charles II, 1662: An Act for preventing the frequent Abuses in printing seditious treasonable and unlicensed Bookes and Pamphlets and for regulating of Printing and Printing Presses |work=Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5 |publisher=British History Online |year=1662 |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309011806/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp428-435 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=1}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=xli}}

[[File:London-Evening-Post-Original-Newspaper-Oct-1746- 57.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Front page of the ''London Evening Post'' for 21–23 October 1746]]
Early notices tended to be either the announcement of a scheduled match or a brief summary of the gambling odds rather than the actual play. It was not until 1726 that players were first mentioned by name in a newspaper report.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=33}} Only three notices were published in 1726 but this increased to nineteen in 1730. The ''[[London Evening Post]]'' was founded in 1726 and the ''[[Daily Gazetteer|Daily Advertiser]]'' (which had several changes of title) began publication in 1735; they carried a good many cricket notices until both ceased publication in 1797. Other newspapers included the ''General Evening Post'', ''London Daily Post'', ''St James Evening Post'', and the ''[[Whitehall Evening Post]]''.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|pp=ix–x; 1–20}} The early newspapers were not always correct, however, as in 1732 when twelve games were recorded, eleven involving the prominent [[London Cricket Club]]. A newspaper report in September stated that London played thirteen matches in all and were unbeaten, but that claim contradicted a report in May stating that [[Croydon Cricket Club|Croydon]] defeated London "by great odds".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=6}}

Surviving [[Scoring (cricket)|match scorecards]] have provided much-needed information about cricket in the last quarter of the eighteenth century but only two are known to have been completed prior to 1750. These came from [[1744 English cricket season|two matches in 1744]].<ref name="W65"/>{{sfn|Bowen|1970|pp=263–264}} Without a scorecard, it is difficult to assess the quality of a particular match, but there was no "[[first-class cricket|first-class]] status" in the eighteenth century.{{refn|group=note|name=status|Some eleven-a-side matches played from 1772 to 1863 have been rated "[[first-class cricket|first-class]]" by certain sources.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/Seasonal_Averages/ENG/1772_f_Match_List.html |title=First-Class Matches in England in 1772 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=29 November 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, the term only came into common use around 1864, when [[overarm bowling]] was legalised. It was formally defined as a standard by a meeting at [[Lord's]], in May 1894, of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the [[county cricket|county clubs]] which were then competing in the [[County Championship]]. The ruling was effective from the beginning of the [[1895 English cricket season|1895 season]], but pre-1895 matches of the same standard have no ''official'' definition of status because the ruling is not retrospective.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |editor-last=Preston |editor-first=Hubert |editor-link=Hubert Preston |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |edition=85th |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |year=1948 |page=813 |oclc=851705816}}</ref> Matches of a similar standard since the beginning of the 1864 season are generally considered to have an ''unofficial'' first-class status.{{sfn|ACS|1982|pp=4–5}} Pre-1864 matches which are included in [[The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|the ACS]]' "Important Match Guide" may generally be regarded as important or, at least, historically significant.{{sfn|ACS|1981|pp=1–40}} For further information, see [[First-class cricket]].}} However, the matches which are listed in ''A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles, 1709–1863'', published in 1981 by the [[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]] (ACS), may generally be regarded as important or, at least, historically significant.{{sfn|ACS|1981|pp=1–40}}

Generally agreed to be the "first modern representation of cricket", a series of engravings, ''The Game of Cricket'', was made by [[Hubert-François Gravelot]] in 1739. The six engravings show groups of children playing cricket,<ref name="HFG">[https://www.invaluable.co.uk/auction-lot/hubert-francois-gravelot-1699-1773-49-c-vsn7zj7ia7 Lot 49 – Hubert-François Gravelot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175619/https://www.invaluable.co.uk/auction-lot/hubert-francois-gravelot-1699-1773-49-c-vsn7zj7ia7 |date=11 January 2019}}. Christie's. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</ref> with a [[wicket]] of the "low stool" shape, probably {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=on}} wide by {{convert|1|ft|m|adj=on}} tall, with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] and a single [[bail (cricket)|bail]]. The engravings were used on porcelain.<ref name="HFG"/> Gravelot helped to establish the French [[Rococo]] style in English publishing and was one of the most celebrated illustrators of the time.{{sfn|Major|2007|pp=95, 299}}

[[Image:FrancisHayman.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Francis Hayman'', by [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]]. Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter.]]
The well known painting ''A Game of Cricket as played in the Artillery Ground'' by [[Francis Hayman]] (1708–1786) is now lost but it dated from this period. A 1743 engraving of it by [[Antoine Benoist (engraver)|Antoine Benoist]] has survived and now hangs at [[Lord's]]. It is widely thought to depict a game at the Artillery Ground, but that is not so because the Artillery Ground was walled around and this game is obviously being played on a common somewhere. The title is fair comment in that the painting shows cricket ''as played'', not ''played''. The picture shows a batsman with a bat shaped like a modern hockey stick. He is defending a two-stump wicket and is ready to try and hit the ball, which has been bowled using an underarm action. In the foreground is a scorer notching the tally.<ref name="ECP">{{cite web |url=https://www.earlycricket.uk/index.php/paintings/ |title=1743 – Cricket at the Artillery Ground – Benoist, after Hayman |work=Early Cricket |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=2 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810122415/https://www.earlycricket.uk/index.php/paintings/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Also from 1743 comes ''An Exact Representation of the Game of Cricket'' by [[Louis Philippe Boitard]] (c. 1733 – c. 1767). It is a birdseye view showing all eleven fielders as well as two batsmen, two umpires and two scorers. This now hangs in the [[Tate Gallery]].<ref name="ECP"/>

The England v Kent at the Artillery Ground match on 18 June 1744 was described by the ''London Daily Advertiser'' as the "greatest cricket match ever known".{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|p=34}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=138, 140}} It was a noted social occasion as the spectators included the Prince of Wales and his brother, [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]]. Also present were the 2nd Duke of Richmond and [[Admiral Vernon]].{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=139}} The poet [[James Love (poet)|James Love]] (1722–1774) commemorated the match in his ''Cricket: An Heroic Poem'' (1745), written in rhyming couplets. The poem is one of the first substantial pieces of literature about cricket.{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|p=32}}{{sfn|Major|2007|p=297}}

==Patronage and players==
[[File:Joshua Reynolds - 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706-58) 1757 - (MeisterDrucke-569874).jpg|thumb|Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]]

The most prominent patrons in the 1720s were [[Edwin Stead]] (Kent), who died on 28 August 1735;{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=6}}{{sfn|Major|2007|pp=46–48}} the [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|2nd Duke of Richmond]], [[Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet|Sir William Gage]] (both Sussex);{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=lii–liii}}{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=18}}{{sfn|Major|2007|pp=46–50}}{{sfn|Underdown|2000|p=38}} and [[Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton|Alan Brodrick]] (Surrey).{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=liii}}{{sfn|Marshall|1961|pp=47–48}} Gage and Richmond continued to support cricket through the 1730s when additional patrons were [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]],{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=22}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=10}} and [[Lord John Sackville]].{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=23}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=7}} Richmond, having adopted the famous [[Slindon Cricket Club|Slindon team]] of the 1740s, continued his patronage through that decade until his death on 8 August 1750.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=206}}

Patrons of the 1740s included [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]];{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=18}} [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford]], who organised matches at [[Woburn Abbey]];<ref name="C5358385"/> [[George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax]], in [[Northamptonshire]];{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=106–107}} [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], in [[Huntingdonshire]];{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=106–107}} [[Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple|Richard Grenville]], in Buckinghamshire;{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=108}} and [[Henry Bromley, 1st Baron Montfort|Lord Montfort]], who led a combined London, Middlesex and Surrey in 1743.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=13}} In a 1742 letter to Mr Richard West, the poet [[Thomas Gray]] (1716–1771) said: "There is my Lords *** and ***, they are Statesmen; Do not you remember them dirty boys playing at cricket"? The two "noble lords" are believed to have been Bedford and Sandwich.<ref name="C5300406">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/10/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=530 |pages=4–6 |date=25 January 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref>

Following [[William Bedle]] in the first quarter of the century,{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=48}} an outstanding player of the 1720s and 1730s was [[Thomas Waymark]]. He was a groom employed by Richmond, and was perhaps the first great [[all-rounder]].<ref name="C5358385">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/89/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=535 |pages=83–85 |date=26 April 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref>{{sfn|Marshall|1961|p=52}}{{sfn|Major|2007|p=47}} Other players named in the 1730s include "the famous" [[Tim Coleman (18th-century cricketer)|Tim Coleman]];{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=10}} Cook, of [[Brentford Cricket Club]], described as "one of the best bowlers in England";{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=10}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=10}} Ellis, of London, who was their "best bowler";{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=10}} and John Bowra, of [[Bromley Cricket Club]], known as the "Kentish Shepherd" and believed to be the father of [[William Bowra]].{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=15}}

Wider coverage in the 1740s, especially the two 1744 scorecards, has meant a substantial increase in the number of known players from that decade. Foremost among them were [[Robert Colchin|Robert "Long Robin" Colchin]] of Bromley and [[Richard Newland (cricketer)|Richard Newland]] of [[Slindon Cricket Club|Slindon]]. Other highly rated players included Newland's brothers, John and Andrew.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=99}} Brothers were a common feature of 1740s cricket. There were two London players called Bennett, known as "Little" and "Tall", who were probably brothers. Both were "reckoned as good a bat as Colchin".<ref name="C5358385"/> Two of Colchin's Bromley colleagues were John Bryant and his brother James.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=17}} John and [[Joe Harris (cricketer)|Joe Harris]] played for [[Addington Cricket Club]] and [[Surrey county cricket team (pre-1846)|Surrey]];{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=26–27}} John and Thomas Bell for [[Dartford Cricket Club|Dartford]] and [[Kent county cricket team (pre-1843)|Kent]].<ref name="C5358385"/>

Other top players were [[Edward Aburrow Sr]], known as "Cuddy", a notorious smuggler who was also an outstanding bowler for Slindon;{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=26–27}} [[Stephen Dingate]], who was a [[barber]] by trade;{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=26–27}} [[Tom Faulkner]], also well known as a prizefighter called "Long Tom";{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=26–27}} and [[William Sawyer (cricketer)|William Sawyer]] of [[Richmond Cricket Club (18th century)|Richmond]].{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=121}} Players from Kent included John Cutbush of Maidstone; [[William Hodsoll]] of Dartford; and [[Val Romney]] of [[Sevenoaks Cricket Club|Sevenoaks]].{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=121}} There was also [[John Frame (cricketer)|John Frame]], only 16 when his career began in 1749, who went on to become one of the first great [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]].{{sfn|Haygarth|1996|pp=18–19}}

==Single wicket==
===1726–1740===
[[File:Moulsey.JPG|thumb|350px|right|The [[River Thames]] at [[Moulsey Hurst]], a popular sporting venue in the 18th century.]]
The ''London Evening Post'' dated Saturday, 27 August 1726 carried an advertisement for a [[single wicket cricket|single wicket]] match between players called "the noted Perry" (of London) and "the famous Piper" (of [[Hampton Cricket Club|Hampton]]), playing "for twenty pounds a side". The match was played at [[Moulsey Hurst]], a multi-sport venue near [[Molesey]] in [[Surrey]]. This is the first time that players are known to have been named in a newspaper and the match itself is the earliest known to have been played under single wicket rules.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=33}}

There were four single wicket matches in the 1730 season, three of which involved four-man Kent led by Edwin Stead in matches against four of Brentford Cricket Club. The other game was between three of Surrey and three of Sussex. The stake was usually [[Pound sign|£]]50.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=4}} In August 1735, there was a three against four match (result unknown) on [[Kennington Common]], all the players being members of the London club.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=11}}

In 1736, there were two significant matches. In one of them, cricket's earliest known [[tie (cricket)|tied match]] result occurred. The teams, three of London and three of Surrey, aggregated 23 runs each.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=13}} The other match was between two London players, named as Wakeland and George Oldner, and an unnamed pair from Richmond who were "esteemed the best two in England". One of the Richmond players suffered a serious facial injury when hit by the ball.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=13–14}}

In August 1737, two unnamed players, one from [[Wandsworth]] and one from Mitcham, described as "two of the most celebrated sportsmen in the game", played a match on Kennington Common. The Mitcham man was hit by the ball in his first innings and concussed for a time. He continued but was "beaten by a considerable number of notches".{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=89}}

===1741–1746===
A three-a-side match at the Artillery Ground on 11 July 1743 featured six players billed as "the best in England". Richard Newland, William Sawyer, and John Bryant played as Three of England; William Hodsoll, John Cutbush, and Val Romney as Three of Kent. Hodsoll and Newland were the team captains. A notice in the ''Daily Advertiser'' of 7 July said that [[Ridgeway (Sussex cricketer)|Ridgeway]] of Sussex was to play alongside Hodsoll and Romney.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=17}} Then, on 8 July, Cutbush was named instead of Ridgeway.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=30}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=17}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=25}} Three of Kent won the match by 2 runs. The ''London Evening Post'' says the crowd was computed to be 10,000. A return match was arranged at [[Sevenoaks Vine]] a few days later but it was cancelled.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=121}}

[[File:The Vine cricket ground, Sevenoaks - geograph.org.uk - 856401.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Sevenoaks Vine]] today]]
In August 1743, "considerable sums" were at stake for two five-a-side games between Five of Richmond and Five of London. The first was on Richmond Green, and the return on the Artillery Ground. The match results are unknown.<ref name="C5312022">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/26/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=531 |pages=20–22 |date=22 February 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref>

In June 1744, there was a one-a-side match between two unnamed players "for a considerable sum of money, in order to determine finally who is the best player".{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=138}} In August, there was another one-a-side match "for a large sum" between a Sevenoaks player and a London player.<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=143}} On 17 September, a three-a-side match was billed as "Long Robin's Side v R. Newland's Side". The participants were described as the six best players in England. The teams were Robert Colchin ("Long Robin"), Val Romney, and John Bryant against Richard Newland, Edward Aburrow Sr and Joe Harris. Aburrow replaced John Mills, called the "famous Kent bowler", who was originally chosen. The stake was two hundred [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]].<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=147}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=30–31}} There was another "threes" match on 1 October, again "for a considerable sum" – Robert Colchin, James Bryant, and Joe Harris played against John Bryant, Val Romney and Thomas Waymark.<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=148}}

On 24 June 1745, in the Artillery Ground, a "threes match" was played by William Hodsoll, Val Romney, and Richard Newland ''versus'' Robert Colchin, John Bryant, and one of the Harris brothers. Hodsoll's three won by 7 runs.<ref name="C5323537"/>

On 6 August 1746, a three-a-side game in the Artillery Ground involved "six players esteemed the best in England". The teams were Robert Colchin, John Bryant, and Joe Harris ''versus'' Stephen Dingate, Val Romney, and Richard Newland. Dingate's team won the match and it was said that "hundreds of pounds were lost and won over the game".{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=38}} Newspapers pre-announcing the event named John Harris in Colchin's team but it was his brother Joe who actually played.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=35}}

===1747–1750===
[[File:Bromley Common - geograph.org.uk - 1224595.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Bromley Common]] in 2009]]
Slindon were involved in four five-a-side matches at the Artillery Ground in July 1747. They played a match each against Dartford and Bromley, followed by two matches against [[Hadlow Cricket Club|Hadlow]]. Slindon had challenged "five of any parish in England, for their own Sum". It is known that the three Newland brothers were expected to play against Dartford, but no further details have been found. The Duke of Richmond organised two matches in early August 1747 and, in September, there was a three-a-side match between Long Robin's Three and Stephen Dingate's Three. It was ruled before the September match that "all Strokes behind as well as before Wickets" counted and in this respect the contest "differs from any Three Match ever play'd".{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=37–42}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=21}}

Records of eighteen matches have survived from the 1748 season when the single wicket format reached its zenith. Apart from one match on Addington Hill and another on Bromley Common, all of the known matches took place on the Artillery Ground. The format varied from one-a-side, as when Faulkner defeated Colchin in June on Bromley Common,<ref name="C5335153">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/57/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=533 |pages=51–53 |date=12 April 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref> to "twos", "threes", and "fives". On 6 June, Addington played a "fives" match against a team called "[[The Rest cricket team|The Rest]]", the first time that this name was specifically used.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=22}}

Records have survived of five matches in 1749, three of which were five-a-side between Addington and England; England won two, Addington one.<ref name="C5335153"/> There were also five matches in 1750, all five-a-side and three were between teams led by Tom Faulkner and Stephen Dingate. Faulkner's team won the first and third matches. The second match resulted in a tie in which both sides totalled nine. Joe Harris, playing for Faulkner's team, was the last man in and was caught while trying to hit the winning run.<ref name="C5346769"/>

==Club cricket==
[[File:Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, by circle of Jean Marc Nattier.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond]].]]
While London Cricket Club presented an urban face of cricket, there were several famous rural clubs like Dartford,{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=6}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=38–39}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=3}} [[Chertsey Cricket Club|Chertsey]],{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=13–15}} and Croydon{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=5}} which could challenge London. Perhaps the most famous was Slindon, the Duke of Richmond's team, which is first recorded in a letter dated 30 July 1740 from Richmond to [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]], a future [[Prime Minister of Great Britain|prime minister]].{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=99}} Clubs of this calibre provided the main strength in their respective county teams which, in this period, were Kent,{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=7}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=4}}{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|pp=31–38}} [[Middlesex county cricket team (pre-1864)|Middlesex]],{{sfn|Buckley|1935|pp=1–6}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=51–52}}<ref name="C19282">[https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1882/297/index.html "Middlesex Cricket"], ''Cricket'', issue 19, 14 September 1882, pp. 282–283.</ref> Surrey,{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=39}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=1}} and [[Sussex county cricket team (pre-1839)|Sussex]].{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=37}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=6}}

===London===
In terms of surviving records, London was easily the most prolific team of the period from 1726 to 1750. For example, the 1731 season has the highest number of known eleven-a-side matches (30) and sixteen of them involved London; no other team played in more than six.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=47–55}} In 1743, there were 21 known eleven-a-side matches and nineteen involved London, while no other team played in more than three.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=117–122}}

Matches between London and Dartford were first recorded in 1722 and this rivalry, albeit sporadic, continued into the 1750s. They met twice in 1729. The first match in Dartford was for a stake of £50, but the result is unknown.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=38–39}} The return was on Kennington Common a few days later. The ''London Evening Post'' reported it as "a great cricket match on Kennington Common between the Londoners and the Dartford men for a considerable sum of money, wagers and bets, the latter beat the former very much".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=39}} In 1731, they met five times between 5 June and 5 July—three times on the Artillery Ground and twice on [[Dartford Brent]]. London won the first match at home by 15 runs, the two in Dartford were drawn, and the other two results are unknown.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=8}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=5}}

London were generally successful, especially in the 1730s, and had the strength to play against county teams. In 1734, they defeated Kent twice, in one match by an innings and 25 runs.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=9}} In 1735, they played Surrey four times and won twice; one match was drawn and the other is an unknown result.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=8–10}}

In the 1740s, London faced stronger opposition from clubs like Addington, Bromley, Slindon, and Woburn. In 1742, London met Bromley at the Artillery Ground on 14 June and the match ended in a tie, the second known instance of this result in eleven-a-side cricket.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=12}}<ref name="C5300406"/> In 1743, they played Woburn five times with mixed success, winning three and losing two.<ref name="C5312022"/> On 25 July 1743, London were heavily beaten on the Artillery Ground by Addington, who had Robert Colchin as a [[given man]]. London batted first and were all out for 32. Addington scored 110 in reply and then dismissed London for 74 to win the match by an innings and 4 runs. The village of [[Addington, London|Addington]] is about three miles south-east of Croydon and this was the club's first game in London. They did have a strong eleven for a few years in the 1740s.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=10}}<ref name="C5312022"/> London's most famous matches were probably the three against Slindon between 1742 and 1744. They won the first two in September 1742<ref name="C5300406"/> but lost the 1744 match.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=145–146}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=28–29}}<ref name="C5323537"/>

[[File:Goodwood House.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Goodwood House]] in Sussex, where the oldest known scorecard was kept.]]
On 2 June 1744, London played in the match that has left the earliest known scorecard. The card, which was kept by the Duke of Richmond at [[Goodwood House]], contains individual scores but no details of [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissals]].{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=26–27}} The match was played at the Artillery Ground between London and a combined Surrey and Sussex.<ref name="W65"/><ref name="C5312022"/> Surrey & Sussex won by 55 runs after scoring 102 and 102/6. London scored 79 and 70. The top scorer in the match was [[John Harris (Surrey cricketer)|John Harris]], playing for the combined XI, with 47 in the second innings. The card gives surnames only, although it does differentiate between the two pairs of brothers (the Harrises and Newlands) who were playing.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=137}} As well as leaving the earliest scorecard, this was the first game at which tickets for readmission are known to have been issued to the spectators.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=14}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=136–137}}

In 1745, London played four matches against Addington and three against Bromley.{{sfn|ACS|1981|p=21}} Few details are known other than five of the results. Addington defeated London at [[Addington Hills]] on 23 May, and then London won a return match at the Artillery Ground on the 27th.<ref name="C5323537"/> The results of the other two Addington matches are unknown. London's first match against Bromley was on 24 May, "behind the Bell Inn" on [[Bromley Common]]. Bromley won that match.<ref name="C5323537"/> There was a return on 10 June—postponed from 3 June because of rain—at the Artillery Ground which London won by 10 runs after scoring 23 and 75; Bromley scored 52 and 36.<ref name="C5323537"/> There was then a "decider" on the 17th, also at the Artillery Ground for a prize of 200 guineas. Bromley scored 65 and 29; London scored 48 and then, as a contemporary newspaper reported it, "got the match and had only three hands out"—they must have scored 47/3 to win by 7 wickets.<ref name="C5323537"/>

===Chertsey===
Chertsey, famous in the second half of the century for [[Lumpy Stevens]] and [[William Yalden]], was first recorded in 1736 when the team played five matches—three against Croydon, and two against London. Their matches against Croydon resulted in one win at their [[Laleham Burway]] home ground, one defeat at Croydon's [[Duppas Hill]], and a draw in the third match on [[Richmond Green cricket ground|Richmond Green]]. In the last match, Chertsey scored 88 and 55; Croydon 58 and 25/9. Croydon with one wicket standing were 60 behind when the clock struck eight to end the match as a draw.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=14}} Against London, Chertsey lost "by a very few notches" at Laleham Burway, and then won by 8 wickets on the Artillery Ground. In the second match, London scored 48 and 60; Chertsey replied with 97 & 12/2. Chertsey's team in the two London matches was unchanged from the one which played Croydon on Richmond Green, but none of the names were recorded.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=13–15}}

===Slindon===
[[File:Sarah Cadogan.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and Duchess Sarah]]
The 1741 season saw the emergence of Slindon, whose team was recorded in four matches. Among the main primary sources for the events of the 1741 season are letters written by the 2nd Duke of Richmond and his wife, [[Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox|Duchess Sarah]] (1706–1751). She was formerly Lady Sarah Cadogan, daughter of [[William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan]]. They married on 4 December 1719 at [[The Hague]] and had eight children including [[Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond]] (1733–1806). It seems that the marriage of Richmond to Duchess Sarah was a success, not always the case among the Georgian aristocracy. The Duchess took a keen interest in all the Duke's doings including his cricket. Several references and letters written by her, including some financial accounts, have survived. For example, a letter from Sarah to her husband on 9 July 1741 mentions a conversation with John Newland about a Slindon match against a team from [[East Dean, West Sussex|East Dean]] at Long Down, near [[Eartham]], a week earlier.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=19}}

Thanks to letters written by the Richmonds, Slindon are known to have played [[Portsmouth Cricket Club|Portsmouth]] on 15 June 1741 at [[Stansted Park]], near [[Chichester]]. That is the earliest known match involving Slindon, though the club must have been playing for some time beforehand. Richmond said that "above 5,000 people" were present; in a second letter, he gave the result which was a win for Slindon by 9 wickets.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=18}} Slindon played an unnamed team on 28 July and Richmond said in a letter that it ended in a brawl.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=20}}

Slindon's most famous match that season was against Surrey at [[Merrow Down]], [[Guildford]], on 7 September. Richmond, in a letter to his friend the Duke of Newcastle before the game, spoke of "poor little Slyndon (''sic'') against almost your whole county of Surrey". Next day he wrote again, saying that "wee (''sic'') have beat Surrey almost in one innings". The Duchess of Richmond wrote to her husband on 9 September, and said she "wish’d..... that the Sussex mobb (''sic'') had thrash'd the Surrey mob". She had "a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you" (apparently, a reference to the Richmond Green fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke "had won more of their moneys".{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=20–21}}

In September 1742, Slindon played London twice on the Artillery Ground and lost both times. The source says London won the first match "with great difficulty" and that Slindon came into the match "having played forty-three games and lost but one". The second match a few days later was a disaster for Slindon who were beaten by "over 180 runs", a huge margin in 18th century conditions. Apparently, the match had been postponed because of rain. The Duke of Richmond challenged London to play Slindon at either Guildford or on the South Downs for £100, but London did not accept the challenge.<ref name="C5300406"/>

[[File:Artillery Ground in 2008.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The [[Artillery Ground]]—ready for cricket in 2008]]
On Monday, 10 September 1744, London hosted Slindon again at the Artillery Ground. Play continued into the Tuesday and, after winning the match by an unknown margin, Slindon issued a challenge to play "any parish in England". They received immediate acceptances from Addington and Bromley.<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=145–146}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=28–29}} These matches were arranged to take place at the Artillery Ground over the next few days and it is known that Slindon v Addington began on Wednesday, 12 September. It was impacted by bad weather and Slindon led by two runs at close of play. There are no surviving reports of play on the 13th.<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=146–147}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=29–30}} Slindon's match against Bromley was scheduled for Friday, 14 September, but there are no surviving reports of it taking place.<ref name="C5323537"/>{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=147}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=29–30}}

==County cricket==
There was an increasing use of county names in the 1720s. Teams called Kent and Surrey had been recorded as far back as 1709, though they were probably not representative of the whole counties.{{sfn|Buckley|1937|p=1}} In August 1726, a combined London and Surrey hosted Edwin Stead's Kent on Kennington Common, playing for a stake of 25 [[guinea (British coin)|guineas]].{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=6}} In 1728, Middlesex played London and then, in 1729, there was the first known use of [[Hampshire county cricket team (pre-1864)|Hampshire]] and Sussex in a team title, albeit not individually. In 1730, the first match took place between teams titled Surrey and Middlesex.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}}

===1726–1730===
In June 1728, the Swiss traveller [[César-François de Saussure]] noted in his journal the frequency with which he saw cricket being played while he was making his journeys across southern England. He referred to county matches as "a commonplace" and wrote that "everyone plays it, the common people and also men of rank".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=van Muyden |editor-first=Anne |last=de Saussure |first=César-François |author-link=César-François de Saussure |title=A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II. The Letters of Monsieur César de Saussure to his Family |chapter=Letter XII |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1902 }}</ref> If they were a commonplace, they were also keenly contested to the point where winning teams would proclaim their county's superiority. In August of the same year, a game at [[Penshurst Park]] (near [[Tonbridge]]) between Kent and Sussex was won by Kent. The teams were organised by Edwin Stead (Kent) and Sir William Gage (Sussex). [[Edwin Stead's XI]] had earlier won two games against the [[2nd Duke of Richmond's XI]] (also representing Sussex), and their victory over [[Sir William Gage's XI]] was reported as "the third time this summer that the Kent men have been too expert for those of Sussex".{{sfn|ACS|1981|p=19}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=37}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=7}}

In August 1729, there was a return match, again at Penshurst Park, between Stead's XI and Gage's XI – alternatively titled Kent (Stead's XI) v Sussex, Surrey & Hampshire (Gage's XI). This was won by Gage's team, apparently by the earliest known [[innings|innings victory]]. A match report singled out Thomas Waymark of Sussex for special praise, saying that he "turned the scale of victory, which for some years past has been generally on the Kentish side".{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=7}} It is from 1729 that sources tended to use county names instead of a patron's XI. A match on 24 June between Kent and Sussex is the first to feature a team that is expressly called Sussex, though the teams raised by Gage and Richmond in earlier seasons are understood to have been composed mainly, if not entirely, of Sussex players.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=38}} On 26 August, the ''Daily Journal'' announced a Kent v Surrey match as "Mr Steed (''sic'') of Kent and his Company, against the best Players in the County of Surrey".{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=39}}

[[File:Cricket pavilion, Penshurst Park (geograph 2771833).jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Penshurst Park]] cricket pavilion in 2012]]
In 1730, the ''St James Evening Post'' said of a match between Kent and London on 5 August that the "Kentish champions would have lost their honours by being beat at one innings if time had permitted", but the context is unclear and it may not mean that Kent were claiming to be the champion county. In any event, there was no county championship until well over a century later. Although unconfirmed, the match probably ended in a draw, time having run out.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=4}} In all, there were ten matches involving county teams in 1730, but three were between Kent and London, plus three more between Surrey and London. In the four inter-county matches, Surrey played Middlesex three times and Sussex once. Middlesex against Surrey on 10 August, which Middlesex won, is the earliest known match on the Artillery Ground.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} According to a contemporary newspaper, the match between London and Surrey at Kennington Common on 17 August was "thought to be one of the completest matches that ever was played". London won by a single run.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=2}}

===1731–1740===
London continued to play against county opposition and, for many years, there were few inter-county matches. On 6 July 1732, the London team travelled to a location in [[Epping Forest]] to play against a combined [[Essex county cricket team (1732–1794)|Essex]] and Hertfordshire XI. The result is unknown. The match is the earliest known reference to Essex in county cricket; and also the earliest recorded mention of cricket in connection with the county of [[Hertfordshire]].{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=7}}

[[File:Horace Walpole by Rosalba Carriera.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Horace Walpole]]]]
Having been probably the best county team for many years, Kent faced a strong challenge from Sussex in 1735. In a match at [[Lewes]] on 13 August, Sussex won and, according to a letter from John Whaley to Horace Walpole, were "as much pleased as if they had got an Election".{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=15}} Kent, however, won a return match at Sevenoaks Vine a week or so later.{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=15–16}} The ''London Evening Post'' speculated that "the Conqueror" (i.e., a decider) between the Kent and Sussex, led by Lord John Sackville and Sir William Gage respectively, would be played in a few days, but there is no record of a further match.{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=15–16}} Kent cricket suffered a huge blow on 28 August when its main patron Edwin Stead died. He was a compulsive gambler, and it seems he died in reduced circumstances.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}}

Surrey were prominent in 1736, playing four matches against Middlesex, three against London, and two against Kent. They won four and lost three; one was drawn and the last is an unknown result. There was apparently some crowd trouble when Surrey played London on [[Barnes Common]] in August, as efforts were made to ring the field for the return match at [[Lamb's Conduit Field]] a few days later. In the Surrey v Kent match on Kennington Common in September, there was some drama when three soldiers tried to apprehend a deserter. This interruption incensed the crowd who turned on the soldiers, rescued the deserter, and "after a severe discipline let them go about their business".{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=13–17}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|pp=12–14}}

In 1737, [[Essex county cricket team (1732–1794)|Essex]] played two matches against London. The first was in July on the Artillery Ground, where London won by 45 runs. The return match was at an unknown venue in [[Ilford]], Essex winning by 7 runs. The July match is the first in which a team expressly called Essex is known to have played. The match at Ilford is the earliest that was definitely played in the county of Essex.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=14}}

Kent had a strong team in 1737, twice defeating a combined London & Surrey. The first match in June, on Kennington Common, was marred by serious crowd trouble. Kent, sponsored by Lord John Sackville, won by 40 runs after scoring 99 and 70/7 declared; the London & Surrey, sponsored by the Prince of Wales, were dismissed for 31 and 98. One report says: "the Mob outrageously threw Dirt, Dung, etc. on Account of the people's entering within the Line".{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=86}} A week later, a man called John Smith died from complications of a wound caused when he was hit by one of the stones being thrown.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=19}} Another report says that "the Press (i.e., crowd pressure) was so great" that a woman suffered a broken leg "by the Crowd bearing upon her".{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=86}} The Prince of Wales gave her ten [[guinea (British coin)|guineas]] compensation.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=17–19}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=86}} In the return match on [[Bromley Common]], Kent "maintained their honour, and beat their adversaries at one hands" (an innings victory).{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=86–87}}

===1741–1750===
The earliest known tie in an eleven-a-side match occurred on 22 July 1741 when Surrey played London on Richmond Green. The scores were not recorded but a contemporary report said the result was "a Tye (''sic''), which occasioned the Betts (''sic'') to be drawn on both Sides". Coincidentally, the same two teams had played in the September 1736 single wicket match which resulted in the earliest known tie in all forms of cricket.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=27}}

There were few inter-county matches during this decade as the county teams tended to play London for the most part, and England teams were increasingly formed, but there were three Surrey v Sussex matches in August 1745.{{sfn|ACS|1981|p=21}} The first of these took place at the Artillery Ground on Monday, 19 August, which was a significant date in British history as that [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") raised his standard at [[Glenfinnan]] to formally begin the [['45 Rebellion]]. It is known that Richard Newland was playing for Sussex but Surrey won by " several notches", according to the ''St James Evening Post''.<ref name="C5323537"/> The second match was played two days later on the 21st at Moulsey Hurst. The result is unknown but a flavour of the occasion is gained from a notice in that day's ''Daily Advertiser'': "The Streatham Captain (George Williams), with his Flying Squadron of Red Caps, will attend at his grand Tent, to entertain Gentlemen with a cold Collation, the best French Wines, and other Liquours".<ref name="C5323537"/> It is possible that Sussex won this game because a third match, perhaps a decider, was arranged for 26 August at [[Bury Hill, Arundel]], which was also called Berry Hill. The result is unknown but it would seem that Surrey might have won in view of a comment made by Lord John Sackville in a letter dated Saturday, 14 September to the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sussex's patron: "I wish you had let [[Ridgeway (Sussex cricketer)|Ridgeway]] play instead of your stopper behind it might have turned the match in our favour".<ref name="C5323537"/>

[[File:The Cricketers, The Green, Richmond, Surrey.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''The Cricketers'' pub commemorates cricket on [[Richmond Green]].]]
Kent played Surrey in 1746 but the result is unknown.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=16}} There were no more inter-county matches for four years until the three Kent v Surrey matches in 1750.{{sfn|ACS|1981|p=22}} Kent were handicapped by the loss of Robert Colchin, who had died of [[smallpox]] on 29 April 1750.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=203}} The first match was on 6 July at Dartford Brent with a return on the 9th at the Artillery Ground. Kent won by 3 wickets on the Brent after Surrey had scored 57 and 36, and Kent had replied with 54 and 40/7. There is no surviving scorecard but the name of all 22 players are known: Hodsoll, Romney, the Bryant brothers, and the Bell brothers all played for Kent; Dingate, Faulkner, the Harris brothers, and John Frame all played for Surrey.<ref name="C5346769">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1900/73/ |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt & Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=XIX |issue=534 |pages=67–69 |date=19 April 1900 |via=ACS}}</ref> The teams were unchanged for the return which Surrey won by 9 wickets after Kent had scored 53 and 55; Surrey replied with 80 and 29–1 to win with some ease.<ref name="C5346769"/> The third match, probably arranged as a decider, was at the Artillery Ground on 20 July. Surrey scored 55 and 42; Kent replied with 63 and 35/9 to win a very tight contest by 1 wicket. Five runs were still needed when the penultimate wicket fell. The teams were unchanged from the two previous matches but again there are no individual scores. All three matches were won by the team batting second. The London Club ruled beforehand that players must reside in the county they play for. The Frames still lived at [[Warlingham]] in 1750, so John Frame could play for Surrey, but he was latterly associated with Dartford.<ref name="C5346769"/>

==England teams==
Among seven known matches in 1739 are the first two to involve teams representing what may be called the [[Rest of England cricket teams|Rest of England]]. Although these were by no means international teams, being composed of players from a handful of southern counties only, they were generally called England. The first match at Bromley Common on 9 July was billed as "eleven gentlemen of that county (Kent) and eleven gentlemen from any part of England, exclusive of Kent". The newspaper report described Kent as "the Unconquerable County" and said they won by "a very few [[run (cricket)|notches]]". Two weeks later, the teams held a return match on the Artillery Ground before a crowd of over 10,000. This game was declared a draw after a furious dispute arose about whether one of the England players had been unfairly dismissed.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=95–96}}

The next match featuring a team that has been called England was in August 1742 on Moulsey Hurst; they were defeated by Surrey. However, the original notice of the match described Surrey's opponents as "London, Westminster, Middlesex, Southwark and Part of Kent".<ref name="C5300406"/>

England teams played six matches in May and June 1744, four against Kent and two against Surrey. They were not successful as they lost all four of the matches with a known result. On 18 June, England met Kent at the Artillery Ground in a celebrated match which left the second known scorecard and became the opening entry in [[Arthur Haygarth]]'s ''[[Scores & Biographies]]'', although he gave the year as 1746 instead of 1744. The scorecard is the first that includes dismissal information. England, batting first, totalled 40 and 70 in their two innings; Kent responded with 53 and 58 for 9 to win by one wicket. Details of the dismissals are only partially complete; it is known that Kent bowler [[William Hodsoll]] took at least eight wickets.{{sfn|Haygarth|1996|p=1}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=33}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=15}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=139}}

England played Kent twice in 1745, on [[Bromley Common]] and the [[Artillery Ground]]. Little is known about the first match on 12 July except that Kent won, and the stake was 1,000 guineas.<ref name="C5323537"/> The second match, played 15 & 16 July, is remembered for a score of 88 by [[Richard Newland (cricketer)|Richard Newland]]. England won the match, also played for a stake of 1,000 guineas, by 119 runs. Newland's 88 is the highest individual innings on record until at least 1768 when [[John Small (cricketer)|John Small]] scored "above seven score notches"—however, it is not known if Small achieved that in one innings or if it was his match total.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=66}} The earliest known definite century was 107 by [[John Minshull]] in August 1769, but the match was a minor one only.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-first-centurion-398161 |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=Cricket's first centurion |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 April 2009 |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810123437/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-first-centurion-398161 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first century definitely scored in an important match was by Small for Hampshire against Surrey in July 1775.{{sfn|Haygarth|1996|p=25}}

Although neither team was called England, there were two other big matches in 1745 which involved players from a wide spread of counties. The teams being led by the game's top two players, the matches were billed [[Long Robin's XI]] v [[Richard Newland's XI]]. Both were played at the Artillery Ground in June and won convincingly by Colchin's team, the first by "over 70 runs", and the second by 5 wickets. Besides Colchin and Newland, leading players who took part included [[William Hodsoll]]; [[Val Romney]]; [[Tom Faulkner]]; [[John Bowra]]; [[Robert Lascoe]]; [[George Jackson (cricketer)|George Jackson]]; [[William Anderson (18th-century cricketer)|William Anderson]]; [[Little Bennett|Little]] and [[Tall Bennett]]; [[James Bryant (Kent cricketer)|James]] and [[John Bryant (cricketer)|John Bryant]]; and [[Joe Harris (cricketer)|Joe]] and [[John Harris (Surrey cricketer)|John Harris]].<ref name="C5323537"/>

Kent met England again in 1746, two matches being played on 2 and 4 August at Bromley Common and the Artillery Ground. The result of the first is unknown, but England won the second.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=38}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=17}}

[[File:Dartford Brent.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Dartford Brent]]. The windmill was demolished in 1901.]]
The [[General Election|Parliamentary Election]] of 1747 caused some disruption to cricket matches scheduled for the end of June and early July. Kent were again due to meet England at Bromley Common and the Artillery Ground but, as the source reported it, matches "are deferred on account of the gentlemen subscribers being engaged at several Elections". The Parliamentary Election resulted in a [[British Whig Party|Whig]] government under [[Henry Pelham]] (1694–1754). It is not known if the Bromley Common match was eventually played, but England did meet Kent on 31 August at the Artillery Ground.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=42}} Before the match took place, the Artillery Ground keeper, [[George Smith (cricketer, died 1761)|George Smith]], announced: "The Town may be certain that the taking Six-pence Admittance is out of no avaricious Temper. Two-pence being greatly insufficient to the Charge that attends the Matches, which Mr Smith is ready and willing to make appear to any Gentleman".{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=42}} The advertised teams in the ''Daily Advertiser'' on 31 August were:<ref name="C5335153"/>
* Kent – [[Robert Colchin]], [[James Bryant (Kent cricketer)|James Bryant]], [[John Bryant (cricketer)|John Bryant]], [[Val Romney]], [[Robert Eures]], [[John Larkin (cricketer)|John Larkin]], [[Kipps (Kent cricketer)|Kipps]] (wicket-keeper), [[John Mansfield (cricketer)|John Mansfield]], [[John Bell (Kent cricketer)|John Bell]], [[Thomas Bell (cricketer)|Thomas Bell]], [[Jones (Kent cricketer)|Jones]].
* England – [[Richard Newland (cricketer)|Richard Newland]], [[William Sawyer (cricketer)|William Sawyer]], [[Tom Faulkner]], [[Stephen Dingate]], [[Little Bennett]], [[Thomas Jure]], [[Joe Harris (cricketer)|Joe Harris]], [[Broad (Surrey cricketer)|Broad]], [[George Jackson (cricketer)|George Jackson]], [[Green (Sussex cricketer)|Green]], [[Maynard (Surrey cricketer)|Maynard]].

England played Kent twice in 1748 but lost both times. Both matches were in June at Dartford Brent and the Artillery Ground. Kent won by 11 runs on the Brent and a newspaper report said: "It was esteemed all of a curious match, the odds being two to one on each side playing". Nothing is known of the second match except that Kent won it.<ref name="C5335153"/> England played Surrey twice in June 1749. The first match was on [[Dartford Brent]] and Surrey won by 2 wickets. England scored 89 and 42; Surrey replied with 73 and 59/8. No individual performances are known. England had [[Durling (Surrey cricketer)|Durling]] of [[Addington Cricket Club|Addington]], which is in Surrey, as a given man; Surrey had [[James Bryant (Kent cricketer)|James]] and [[John Bryant (cricketer)|John Bryant]] (of Bromley) as given men. In the second match on the Artillery Ground, the result was a draw after England scored 71 and 47. Surrey scored 89 in their first innings but bad light prevented them chasing their target of 30. Presumably the match had to be finished (or left unfinished) on the one day. A report said the two teams were unchanged from the previous match.<ref name="C5335153"/>

==Venues==
Well-known venues of the time included Dartford Brent,{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=9}}{{sfn|Buckley|1937|p=1}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=6}} Kennington Common,{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=6}} [[Laleham Burway]],{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=12}} Moulsey Hurst,{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=27, 33}} Richmond Green,{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=6}}{{sfn|Major|2007|p=56}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=51–52, 106, 121}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=1–4, 27}} and Sevenoaks Vine.{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=7}} The most famous, as the sport's focal point through the mid-18th century, was the Artillery Ground in Bunhill Fields, [[Finsbury]], London.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=9}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} Around 1730, this became the preferred home venue of London Cricket Club,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/honourable-artillery-club-london-234526 |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=Artillery Ground |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225124450/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/honourable-artillery-club-london-234526
|url-status=live }}</ref> and the stage for numerous important matches, including lucrative single wicket contests.<ref name="C5335153"/>{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=22}}{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=21}}

Some matches in the 1720s were arranged at places like [[Peper Harow]] and Penshurst Park which have long been [[horse racing]] locations (today, both house [[point-to-point (steeplechase)|point-to-point]] racecourses), while Moulsey Hurst was perhaps better known as a [[bare-knuckle boxing|prizefighting]] venue. There were strong gambling connections between cricket, racing, and prizefighting throughout the 18th century.{{sfn|Bowen|1970|p=47}}{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=1}}{{sfn|Major|2007|p=33}}{{sfn|Webber|1960|p=10}}

[[File:Frederick, Prince of Wales, by Jacopo Amigoni.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]]]
A London v Surrey match on 31 August 1730 took place at the Artillery Ground. London won by 6 runs.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} It is the earliest definite match at the venue, referenced in contemporary reports as the "old" Artillery Ground, although that may have been because of frequent use for other forms of sport or entertainment.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} It was generally used for matches involving the original London Club and also became the feature venue of all London cricket until the mid-1760s.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} In 1748, [[George Smith (cricketer, died 1761)|George Smith]], keeper of the Artillery Ground and landlord of the adjoining ''Pyed Horse'' in Chiswell Street, declared bankruptcy. A number of notices appeared in the press during the first six months of 1748 but Smith eventually resolved his problems, perhaps through the sale of other property, and was able to retain control of the Artillery Ground until 1752.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=21}}

The earliest known instances of ground enclosure occurred in 1731, the playing area on Kennington Common being roped off twice in an attempt to keep spectators off the field.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|pp=8–9}} Cricket is the first sport known to have enclosed its venues and it quickly became common practice with stakes and ropes being reported at the Artillery Ground in 1732.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=7}} It is not clear when admission fees were introduced but there was certainly a [[Penny (English coin)|two pence]] charge in place at the Artillery Ground by the early 1740s and this was increased to [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]] for certain matches.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=18}}

Sevenoaks Vine, the colloquial name of the [[Vine Cricket Ground]] in [[Sevenoaks]], was first recorded as a venue in September 1734 when Kent hosted Sussex. [[Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset|Lord Middlesex]] (1710–1769) and his brother Lord John Sackville (1713–1765) played for Kent; and Sir William Gage for Sussex. Kent won the match. On a biographical note, Lord Middlesex (Charles Sackville) became the 2nd Duke of Dorset from 1765 to 1769. He was succeeded by his nephew, the famous [[John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset|3rd Duke]], who was the son of Lord John Sackville.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=7}}

Laleham Burway was first recorded as the venue for two Chertsey matches in 1736. It does not appear in the sources again until 1759, from when it became one of the most frequent venues for big matches. It famously staged the 1771 Chertsey v [[Hambledon Club|Hambledon]] match in which [[Thomas White (cricketer, born c. 1740)|Thomas "Daddy" White]] used a bat that was the width of the wicket—as a result, the maximum width of the bat was set at four and one quarter inches.{{sfn|Nyren|1998|p=156}}

[[Kew Green]] was an occasional venue in the 1730s and was favoured by the Prince of Wales. In 1737, he arranged three matches there in which the Prince of Wales' XI met Sir William Gage's XI, the 3rd Duke of Marlborough's XI, and London. The result of the Gage match is unknown, and Wales' XI defeated Marlborough's XI.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=18}} [[G. B. Buckley]] doubts if the London match was played as Wales' first child [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain|Princess Augusta]] (1737–1813) was born to "great rejoicings in London".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=15}} The Prince provided beer for the populace but "one lot of it was too bad to drink".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=15}} Augusta was the elder sister of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] and the mother of [[Caroline of Brunswick|Princess Caroline of Brunswick]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |id=4722 |title=Caroline [Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel] |first=E. A. |last=Smith}}</ref>

==Emergence of written rules==
{{main|Laws of Cricket}}

===Articles of Agreement, 1727===
{{main|Articles of Agreement (cricket)}}
In 1727, the 2nd Duke of Richmond organised two matches against Alan Brodrick and they drew up [[Articles of Agreement (cricket)|Articles of Agreement]] between them to determine the rules that must apply in these contests.{{sfn|Marshall|1961|pp=47–48}} This type of agreement seems to have been used throughout the period.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=213–214}} It is the earliest known instance of rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) being formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed.{{sfn|McCann|2004|pp=6–7}} In early times, the rules would be agreed orally and subject to local variations so the Articles of Agreement were created to complement and clarify the rules.{{sfn|Birley|1999|p=18}}

Another reference to Articles of Agreement occurs in 1730 when London played Kent at a venue called Frog Lane in [[Islington]]. The report says: "but being obliged by their Articles to leave off at seven o'clock", they could not finish it.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}} London had a lead of 30 when play ended and there was a resumption on Kennington Common six days later.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=44}}

A game between London and [[Sevenoaks Cricket Club|Sevenoaks]] was arranged for 8 July 1734 on [[Kennington Common]], but it was not played due to the non-appearance of the Sevenoaks team. The ''Whitehall Evening Post'' reported that, according to the Articles of Agreement, their deposit money was forfeit.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=9}}

===General practice and codification===
{{main|1744 English cricket season}}
The first formalised ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'' were written in 1744.{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|p=25}} Referring to the 1774 version of the Laws, [[John Major]] says that regulation had hitherto been "rather informal". He believes that the 1744 rules were only a revision or codification of existing practice.{{sfn|Major|2007|p=104}}

[[File:Oldest cricket bat.JPG|right|thumb|350px|The oldest [[cricket bat]] still in existence dates from 1729. The shape is more like that of a modern-day hockey stick than a modern-day cricket bat. It is kept in the Sandham Room in the Member's Pavilion at [[The Oval]].]]
The 1727 Articles of Agreement stated that "the Duke of Richmond & Mr. Brodrick shall determine the Ball or Balls to be played with".{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=213–214}} Similar rules applied through the period and there was no known attempt to standardise bat or ball size until much later. Batsmen defended a two-stump wicket using a bat shaped like a modern hockey stick against a ball that was bowled all along the ground, either by rolling or skimming. The oldest known surviving [[cricket bat]] is dated 1729. It is on display in [[The Oval]] pavilion and belonged to one John Chitty of [[Knaphill]], Surrey.<ref name="W153476">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153476.html |last=Altham |first=H. S. |author-link=H. S. Altham |title=Dates in Cricket History |work=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |year=1978 |publisher=John Wisden & Co. Ltd |location=London |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005190336/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153476.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pads, gloves and other forms of protective equipment were unknown. Umpires carried a stick, believed to be a bat, which the batsmen had to touch to complete a run. Scorers sat on a mound in the field and "notched" runs (then known as notches) on tally sticks. All runs had to be completed in full as boundaries were not recognised and there were no known rules concerning the care and maintenance of the wicket, although the leading bowler on the visiting team had the right to decide where the wickets would be pitched.{{sfn|Altham|Swanton|1962|pp=27–28}}

The only early rule about pitch and wicket dimensions was re the length of the pitch at 23 yards in 1727; this had become a [[Chain (unit)|chain]] (22 yards) by 1744.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=213–214}} Major says the dimensions of the wicket, two stumps topped by a single bail, were set at 22 inches high and six inches wide.{{sfn|Major|2007|p=93}}

The 1744 code stipulated that the [[bowling crease|bowling]] and [[popping crease]]s must be cut with the popping crease exactly three feet ten inches before the bowling crease; and that the [[no ball]] is the penalty for overstepping, which then meant the hind foot going in front of the bowling crease. The Laws for [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]]s did not say he must [[underarm bowling|roll the ball]] and there was no mention of prescribed arm action, only that he must "deliver the ball" with one foot behind the bowling crease.{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=214–217}} [[Rowland Bowen]], writing in the 1965 edition of ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'', asserted that the ball was bowled in the true sense (all along the ground) through the first half of the 18th century and that this was the rule prior to the 1750s, though it was largely forsaken by the 1770s after bowlers began [[pitched delivery bowling|pitching]] the ball.<ref name="W65"/>

==Controversy==
===Legal cases===
[[File:Sir John Pratt by Michael Dahl.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[John Pratt (judge)|Lord Chief Justice Pratt]]]]
Cricket had some brushes with the law in the first half of the century, including two court cases about unpaid gambling debts. The second of these followed a match in 1724 between Stead's XI and a [[Chingford]] team on Dartford Brent. Terminating Stead's lawsuit, [[John Pratt (judge)|Lord Chief Justice Pratt]] ordered the match to be completed in order that the stakes could be settled. The replay took place in September 1726.{{sfn|Waghorn|2005|p=6}} In a letter written the same month, an Essex resident complained that a local [[Justice of the Peace]] had literally "read the [[Riot Act]]" to some people who were playing cricket.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=3}} With reference to Pratt's ruling, the issue raised was that it was apparently lawful to play cricket in Kent but not in Essex.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=3}}

===Gambling===
Gambling was prevalent at cricket matches in Georgian England and many gambling- or alcohol-fuelled incidents occurred.{{sfn|Malcolm|2013|p=27}} The issue was not addressed by the sport's ruling body until the 1770s and it remained a significant problem through the 1730s and 1740s.{{sfn|Malcolm|2013|p=20}} The other side of the coin was the importance to cricket, as a professional sport, of investment accrued through gambling interests – that was illustrated in 1730 when a match between teams sponsored by Richmond and Gage was cancelled "on account of Waymark, the Duke's man, being ill".{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=1}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=10}} As Waymark was an outstanding player, stakes would have been laid on his expected performance and his absence meant all bets were off.{{sfn|Marshall|1961|p=52}}{{sfn|Major|2007|p=47}}

===Matches===
A controversial match took place on Monday, 23 August 1731, when Thomas Chambers' XI took on the 2nd Duke of Richmond's XI (i.e., effectively a Middlesex v. Sussex match) at Richmond Green in a return match played for 200 guineas.{{sfn|Major|2007|p=56}} It is notable in one sense as the earliest match of which the team scores are known: Richmond's XI 79, Chambers' XI 119; Richmond's XI 72, Chambers' XI 23/5 (approximately).{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=4}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=51–52}} The game ended promptly at a pre-agreed time although Chambers' XI with "four or five more to have come in" and needing "about 8 to 10 notches" clearly had the upper hand.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=4}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=51–52}} The result caused a fracas among the crowd who were incensed by the prompt finish because the Duke of Richmond had arrived late and delayed the start of the game. The riot resulted in some of the Sussex players "having the shirts torn off their backs; and it was said a law suit would commence about the play".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=6}} On Wednesday, 8 September, the ''Daily Post Boy'' reported that "(on 6 September) 11 of Surrey beat the 11 who about a fortnight ago beat the Duke of Richmond's men".{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=6}} This would suggest that the Duke of Richmond conceded his controversial game against Chambers' XI.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=6}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=51–52}} Middlesex patron [[Thomas Chambers (English cricketer)|Thomas Chambers]] (1677–1750) was the great-grandfather of [[Lord Frederick Beauclerk]].{{sfn|Major|2007|p=56}}

A dispute arose over scheduled finishing time in the London v Middlesex match at the Artillery Ground on 13 September 1732. London, batting last, needed seven more runs to win with six wickets standing when a Middlesex player tried to terminate the game as a draw by claiming time was up. According to the scorer's watch, there were still several minutes to go. The newspaper report said that the London players intended legal action as over £100 was at stake.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=8}}

[[File:Kennington Park - geograph.org.uk - 1009307.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Part of [[Kennington Common]] that is now within [[Kennington Park]].]]
In September 1734, London issued a challenge "to play with any eleven men in England, with this exception only, that they will not admit of one from Croydon".{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=7}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=65}} There was a dispute between the London and Croydon clubs after the latter failed to appear for an arranged match. London were especially aggrieved that Croydon did this after "having been regaled with a good dinner".{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=65–66}} It is not known if the challenge match was played.

In May 1737, there was a tragic incident in a local match at [[Newick]] in Sussex when a player called John Boots was killed after he collided with his partner whilst going for a run. Both men were knocked down but got up again, only for Mr Boots to drop down dead as he was running to his wicket. This was recorded in a number of sources, including one reference in the West Sussex Records Office which named Mr Boots and said he was buried on Tuesday, 31 May at [[Chailey]]. Chailey and Newick are neighbouring parishes just to the north of Lewes in East Sussex.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|p=15}}{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=16}} Next month, there was crowd trouble at a match on Kennington Common between Kent and a combined London/Surrey. Missiles were thrown and a man died a week later after being struck by a stone.{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=86}}{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|p=19}} Even so, the fixture was repeated twice in 1738 – Kent won one and the other is an unknown result.{{sfn|ACS|1981|p=20}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=86}}

In 1739, the return match between Kent and England was played on the Artillery Ground before a crowd of over 10,000. This game was declared a draw after a furious dispute arose about whether one of the England players had been unfairly dismissed.{{sfn|Waghorn|1899|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|pp=95–96}}

In a letter to his friend the Duke of Newcastle, the Duke of Richmond spoke about a game on 28 July 1741 which resulted in a brawl with "hearty blows" and "broken heads". The game was at [[Portslade]] between Slindon and unnamed opponents.{{sfn|McCann|2004|p=20}}

There was crowd disorder at the England v Kent match on Monday, 18 June 1744. The ''Daily Advertiser'' reported on Saturday, 30 June that it was "with difficulty the match was played out". A decision was taken to charge [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]] admission at future matches on the Artillery Ground. Also, the field would be surrounded by a ring of benches to hold over 800 people and no one without prior authorisation would be allowed within the ring.{{sfn|Buckley|1935|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Maun|2009|p=139}}

==See also==
* [[History of cricket to 1725]]
* [[History of English cricket (1751–1775)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=ACS |author-link=Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians |title=A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles 1709–1863 |year=1981 |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Nottingham |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/online_library/match_guides/bi_imp_match_guide/index.html |oclc=85045528}}
* {{cite book |author=ACS |date=1982 |title=A Guide to First-class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Nottingham |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/online_library/match_guides/bi_match_guide/index.html |oclc=10586869}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Altham |author1-first=H. S. |author1-link=Harry Altham |author2-first=E. W. |author2-last=Swanton |author2-link=E. W. Swanton |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |edition=5th |year=1962 |publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] |location=London |oclc=894274808}}
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=[[Aurum Press]] |location=London |isbn=978-18-54107-10-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofe0000birl_d1n5 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=[[Eyre & Spottiswoode]] |location=London |isbn=978-04-13278-60-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Buckley |first=G. B. |author-link=G. B. Buckley |title=Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket |year=1935 |publisher=Cotterell & Co. |location=Birmingham |oclc=23450280}}
* {{cite book |last=Buckley |first=G. B. |author-link=G. B. Buckley |title=Fresh Light on pre-Victorian Cricket |year=1937 |publisher=Cotterell & Co. |location=Birmingham |oclc=23469107}}
* {{cite book |last=Byrd |first=William |title=The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712 |publisher=Dietz Publishing |location=Richmond, Virginia |year=1941 |oclc=1364677 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretdiaryofwil0000byrd |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Haygarth |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Haygarth |title=Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826) |publisher=[[Frederick Lillywhite]] |location=Kennington |year=1996 |orig-year=1862 |isbn=978-19-00592-23-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Major |first=John |author-link=John Major |title=More Than A Game |year=2007 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=London |isbn=978-00-07183-64-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/morethangamestor0000majo_b8t0 |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Dominic |title=Globalizing Cricket |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-18-49665-27-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |author-link=John Marshall (cricket writer) |title=The Duke Who Was Cricket |publisher=[[Frederick Muller Ltd]] |location=London |year=1961 |oclc=11214571}}
* {{cite book |last=Maun |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Maun |title=From Commons to Lord's, Volume One: 1700 to 1750 |year=2009 |publisher=Roger Heavens |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-19-00592-52-9}}
* {{cite book |last=McCann |first=Tim |author-link=Timothy J. McCann |title=Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century |year=2004 |publisher=[[West Sussex Record Office]] |location=Lewes |isbn=978-08-54450-55-8 |url=https://www.sussexrecordsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/Digital_editions/SRS-Vol-88.pdf |volume=88}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyren |first=John |author-link=John Nyren |title=The Cricketers of my Time |editor-last=Mote |editor-first=Ashley |publisher=Robson Publishing |location=London |year=1998 |orig-year=1832 |isbn=978-18-61051-68-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |author-link=David Underdown |title=Start of Play |year=2000 |publisher=[[Allen Lane]] |location=Westminster |isbn=978-07-13993-30-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/startofplaycrick0000davi |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Waghorn |first=H. T. |author-link=H. T. Waghorn |title=Cricket Scores, Notes, &c. From 1730–1773 |publisher=Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |year=1899 |oclc=1086375331}}
* {{cite book |last=Waghorn |first=H. T. |author-link=H. T. Waghorn |title=The Dawn of Cricket |publisher=J. W. McKenzie |location=London |year=2005 |orig-year=1906 |isbn=978-09-47821-17-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Webber |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Webber |title=The Phoenix History of Cricket |year=1960 |publisher=Phoenix House Ltd |location=Charing Cross, London |oclc=5391059}}

{{English cricket teams in the 18th century}}
{{English cricket venues to 1770}}
{{English cricket seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of English cricket (1726-1750)}}
[[Category:English cricket in the 18th century|1726]]
[[Category:1720s in cricket|*]]
[[Category:1730s in cricket|*]]
[[Category:1740s in cricket|*]]
[[Category:1750s in cricket|*]]

Battle of Haifa (1918)

2026-03-22T10:11:48Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{Short description|Battle of World War I}}
{{For|other battles|Battle of Haifa (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Haifa
| partof = the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
| image = Indian lancers in Haifa 1918.jpg
| image_size = 270
| caption = [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] [[lancers]] marching through Haifa after it was captured
| date = 23 September 1918
| place = [[Haifa]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Port changed hands enabling the British to land supplies closer to their front line.
| result = [[British Raj|British–Indian]] victory
| status =
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}} {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
** [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|20px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Jodhpur]]
** [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]] {{Tree list end}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}} {{flag|German Empire}} {{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Cyril Rodney Harbord]] {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalpat Singh Shekhawat]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Djemal Pasha]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Otto Liman von Sanders]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} Friedrich Kressenstein
| units1 = [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]]
| units2 = Haifa garrison
| casualties1 = 8 killed 34 wounded<ref name=hmso27>H.M.S.O. 1920, p.27</ref>
| casualties2 = 30 killed or wounded <ref>{{cite book |last=Wavell |first=Archibald |author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell |chapter=The Palestine Campaigns |editor-last=Sheppard |editor-first=Eric William |title=A Short History of the British Army |edition=4th |orig-year=1933 |year=1968 |publisher=Constable |location=London |pages=214–5 |oclc=35621223}}</ref> '''Prisoners''' 2 German officers 23 Ottoman officers 664 other ranks<ref name=hmso27/> total: 1,350 prisoners, 2,000 missing
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Sinai and Palestine}}
}}

The '''Battle of Haifa''' was fought on 23 September 1918 towards the end of the [[Battle of Sharon]] which together with the [[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Battle of Nablus]] formed the set piece [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of the [[First World War]]. During the Battle of Haifa, the Indian [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] and part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]] attacked rearguard forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that resulted in the capture of the towns of [[Haifa]] and [[Acre (city)|Acre]]. This attack took place at the north western edge of the Esdraelon Plain (also known as the [[Jezreel Valley]] and the plain of [[Armageddon]]), {{convert|40|-|50|mi|km}} from Sharon.

The Battle of Megiddo had begun with an attack by British Empire infantry along an almost continuous line from the Mediterranean Sea across the Plain of Sharon into the foothills of the [[Judean Hills]]. They attacked the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the [[Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Eighth Army]] at [[Battle of Tulkarm (1918)|Tulkarm]], the trenches at [[Battle of Tabsor (1918)|Tabsor]] and pivoted at [[Battle of Arara|Arara]]. The Eighth Army was outflanked on the coast and British Empire cavalry moved north through the gap created. The [[Desert Mounted Corps]] almost [[encirclement|encircled]] the infantry in the Judean Hills capturing their main [[Lines of communication|lines of supply, communications]] and retreat. By 25 September, one [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] had been destroyed, and what remained of two others, were in retreat northwards to Damascus.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

The 5th Cavalry Division was assigned the task of capturing Haifa and Acre after several earlier attempts were stopped by strong rearguard positions. A squadron from the Mysore Lancers, and a squadron from the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade formed the initial attack on an [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] artillery battery before moving forward with the Jodhpur Lancers and a light car patrol, to attack the main German rearguard position and capture the town. This day of 23 September every year is celebrated as Haifa Day.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Background==
[[File:Photo of a Mysore Lancer during Charge at Haritan 1918.jpg|thumb|[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysorean]] Lancer [[Sowar]] and horse]]
[[File:Jodhpur Lancers soldier.jpg|thumb|[[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] Lancer [[Sowar]]]]

The [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] were formed with three [[brigade]]s, two of them composed of one British [[yeomanry]] regiment, and two [[British Indian Army]] cavalry regiments; one of which was usually lancers. Part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], it was supported by machine guns, artillery, and light armoured car units.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 328</ref> The division's third brigade was the [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], normally comprising three cavalry [[regiment]]s from the [[Indian Princely States]] of [[Jodhpur]], [[Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].

Following the successful advance and virtual [[encirclement]] of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies in the [[Judean Hills]] with the captures of Afulah and Nazareth, the [[Yildirim Army Group]] general headquarters was out of communication with its three armies.<ref name="Maunsell213">Maunsell 1926 p. 213</ref><ref name="Carver232">Carver 2003 p. 232</ref><ref name="Blenkinsop236">Blenkinsop 1925 p. 236</ref> All direct routes northwards were controlled by the [[Desert Mounted Corps]]. Thus, the retreating Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army were forced to withdraw along minor roads or tracks, eastwards across the Jordan River, towards the Hedjaz railway.<ref name="Bruce 2002 p. 231">Bruce 2002 p. 231</ref><ref>Maunsell 1926 p. 221</ref> The capture of Haifa was essential for any further advances by the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] since the roads leading to the [[port]] were little more than tracks and its capture was urgently required for landing supplies.<ref>Paget 1994 Vol. 2 p. 295</ref><ref name=gazette>{{London Gazette|date=27 December 1918|issue=31087|supp=y|page=15188}}</ref>

==Prelude==
[[File:IWM Q12323.jpeg|thumb|1st Australian Light Armoured Car Patrol on the coast road west of Mount Carmel]]

Shortly after midnight on 21/22 September, the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]], part of the [[13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|13th Cavalry Brigade]], were advancing along the Acre road to the west of the town when they were attacked by an Ottoman battalion from Haifa. They routed the battalion after a short fight inflicting 30 casualties and capturing more than 200 prisoners.<ref name="Wavell214–5">Wavell 1968 pp. 214–215</ref>

On 22 September an aerial reconnaissance reported that Haifa had been evacuated by the Ottoman army. This was found to be inaccurate when the Haifa Annexation Expedition was stopped by accurate Ottoman artillery and machine gun fire.<ref>Hill 1978 pp. 171–172</ref> A reconnaissance by armoured cars of the Light Car Patrol encountered a redoubt {{convert|200|yd|m}} from the road to Haifa. This strong rearguard with machine guns was supported by effectively positioned artillery deployed on the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The redoubt was fired on by the cars' machine guns and quickly surrendered, while {{convert|2|mi|km}} further on they encountered an Austrian battery of light field guns supported by German machine gunners which stopped the reconnaissance force.<ref name="Gullett38–9">Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39</ref><ref name="Bruce234">Bruce 2002 p. 234</ref> They controlled the approach road from the east which ran between the mountain and the Nahr el Muqatta. This strong position could not be outflanked because the Nahr el Mugatta river was edged on both sides by marshes making it virtually impossible to cross.<ref name="Bruce234"/> The 5th Cavalry Division was ordered to capture Haifa and Acre {{convert|12|mi|km}} north west the following day.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 332</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Falls map 21.jpeg|thumb|Falls Map 21 Cavalry advances 19 to 25 September. Detail shows capture of Haifa and Acre]]
On 23 September 1918, the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade was ordered to capture Haifa. The area between the Nahr al-Muqaṭṭaʿ, also known as the [[Kishon River]], and the slopes of [[Mount Carmel]] was well defended by Ottoman gun emplacements and artillery. The brigade's Jodhpur Lancers were tasked to capture this position, while the Mysore Lancers moved around to attack the town from the east and north.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

A squadron of the Mysore Lancers and a squadron of the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], supported by [[B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company]], attacked the Austrian battery of light field guns on the slopes of Mount Carmel at 14:00 hours. The squadron of Mysore Lancers had moved into position by climbing up a steep track to capture and silence the guns, while the Jodhpur Lancers launched the main mounted attack on the rearguard of German machine gunners, which blocked the road {{convert|2|mi|km}} on from the redoubt captured the day before by the Light Car Patrol.<ref name="Gullett38–9"/>{{qn|date=January 2025}}<ref name="Bruce235">Bruce 2002 p. 235</ref>{{qn|date=January 2025}}

The Jodhpur Lancers charged the Ottoman position, crossing the [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] railway line, but came under [[machine gun]] and artillery fire. The charge was further obstructed by [[quicksand]] on the river banks, so they manoeuvred to the left onto the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. Colonel Harvey had given instructions to the brigades to hold the Turks with gunfire while the Jodhpur lancers were to charge them. The bastion was held by an army of Turks who numbered 1,000 with 15 cannons and several machine guns. While trying to wheel his regiment around a river, Dalpat was shot by machine gun fire and was killed, however the B squadron of the Jodhpurs which solely consisted of Rathores<ref>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=149|quote=The attack was led by "b" squadron which consisted solely of Jodha Rathores. "A" squad, the Mertias followed and "C" squad, with its mixed force came in later."}}</ref> charged the Turks and in a quick action killed most of them. Thus securing the way towards Haifa.<ref name=MSJ>{{cite book |title=The story of the Jodhpur Lancers|author=M.S. Jodha|publisher=Niyogi books|year=2018|page=285|quote=There were over a thousand Turks with 15 cannons and several machine guns defending it, and it is a naturally strong bastion....Jodhpurs were selected for the ride...Dalpat was hit in the spine by a machine gun bullet and fell. The machine gunners did not live long, the leading B squadron galloped straight at them, and killed them in a second.}}</ref> The regiment secured the position capturing thirty prisoners, two machine guns, two camel guns and opening up an access route into Haifa. The Jodhpur Lancers continued their charge into the town, surprising the defenders. Those Mysore Lancers who had been giving fire support to the attacking regiment, mounted and followed them into the town. Together the two regiments captured 1,350 German and Ottoman prisoners, including two German officers, 35 Ottoman officers, 17 artillery guns including four 4.2 guns, eight 77mm guns and four camel guns as well as a 6-inch naval gun, and 11 machine guns. Their own casualties amounted to eight dead and 34 wounded. 60 horses were killed and another 83 were injured.<ref name="Bruce235"/>{{qn|date=January 2025}}<ref name="Massey190–4">Massey 1920 pp. 190–194</ref>{{qn|date=January 2025}}

{{blockquote|We tried to cover the Turks' retreat, but we expected them to do something, if only keep their heads. At last we decided they were not worth fighting for.|A captured German officer<ref>in Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39</ref>}}{{qn|date=January 2025}}

{{blockquote|Only the Jo hukums (Jodhpur lancers) could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and butchering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall.|historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the King's Enemies"<ref name=DS>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=149|quote=The attack was led by "b" squadron which consisted solely of Jodha Rathores. "A" squad, the Mertias followed and "C" squad, with its mixed force came in later....Haifa is described by many as the most remarkable cavalry action ever in the history of war....historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the Kings Enemies", "Only the Jo hukums could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and buthering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the Rathores were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall."}}</ref>}}

==Aftermath==
Soon afterwards the 13th Cavalry Brigade captured Acre, to the north, together with its garrison of 150 men and two artillery guns.<ref name=gazette/> On 26 September, the 300 strong remnant of the Haifa garrison arrived at Beirut and were ordered inland to Riyak, to the north of Damascus.<ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 594</ref>

Allenby reported on 25 September to the War Office regarding the proposed advance to Aleppo and the general situation of the battle:
{{blockquote|I have your HW wire and that from Troopers proposing a Cavalry raid to Aleppo. I don't think Aleppo possible; but am sending 3 Divisions of Cavalry, as soon as I can, to Damascus. Chaytor's Division of Anzac Light Horse is about Amman now, and will deal with enemy coming from the South. Prisoners number well over 40,000 and are still coming in. I have Australian mounted troops at the S. end of Lake Tiberias, and they are pushing to Tiberias. If I get Damascus, Beirut falls to us certainly; and I hope to push troops, Northwards, thither, by the coast–road from Haifa, feeding from the sea, stage by stage.|Allenby to Wilson CIGS War Office 25 September 1918<ref>Hughes 2004 p. 183</ref>}}

By 29 September, the 7th (Meerut) Division was concentrated at Haifa with the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment at Acre in preparation for their march to Beirut.<ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 563, 597</ref> The Jodhpur Lancers' commander Major [[Dalpat Singh (soldier)|Dalpat Singh]], who is considered as the 'Hero' of the battle was killed in the battle, was posthumously awarded the [[Military Cross]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/a-delhi-traffic-circle-a-faraway-port-and-a-tale-of-rare-heroism-gallantry-world-war-israel-ottoman-haifa-teen-murti-4634757/ |title=A Delhi traffic circle, a faraway port, and a tale of rare heroism, gallantry |author=Sushant Singh |newspaper=Indian Express |date=1 May 2017 }}</ref> The Jodhpur and Mysore Lancers are now represented by the [[61st Cavalry Regiment (India)|61st Cavalry Regiment]] in the [[Indian Army]] and still commemorate the battle every year on 23 September as Haifa Day.<ref>{{cite web | title=Haifa Day: Indian Army Commemorates Hundred Years Of Liberation Of Israeli City | website=outlookindia.com/ | date=14 February 2022 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/haifa-day-india-commemorates-hundred-years-of-liberation-of-israeli-city/317008 | access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Teenmurtidelhi.jpg|Memorial to the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, [[New Delhi]]
File:Mysore Lancers Memorial, Bangalore.jpg|Mysore Lancers Memorial at [[Bangalore]] for lives lost in Egypt & Palestine
File:Mysore Lancers Memorial (Closeup), Bangalore.jpg|[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] Lancers Memorial at [[Bangalore]] for lives lost in [[Egypt]] & [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Indian Army during World War I]]
* [[India in World War II]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|title=Veterinary Services|editor1-last=Blenkinsop|editor1-first=Layton John|editor2-last=Rainey|editor2-first=John Wakefield|year=1925|publisher=[[HMSO]]|location=London|oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book|title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War|last=Bruce|first=Anthony|year=2002|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine|last=Carver|first=Michael|year=2003|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-283-07347-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Louis A.|last=DiMarco|title=War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider|location=Yardley, Pennsylvania|publisher=Westholme Publishing|year=2008|oclc=226378925}}
* {{cite book|title=Military Operations Egypt and Palestine: From June 1917 to the End of the War|last=Falls|first=Cyril|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|others=A.F. Becke (maps)|year=1930|volume=II Part 2|publisher=HMSO|location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|title=Australia in Palestine|editor-last1=Gullett|editor-first1=Henry S.|editor-last2=Barnet|editor-first2=Charles|year=1919|publisher=Angus & Robertson|location=Sydney|oclc=224023558}}
* {{cite book|title=Chauvel of the Light Horse: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, GCMG, KCB|last=Hill|first=Alec Jeffrey|author-link=Alec Hill|year=1978|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Melbourne|oclc=5003626}}
* {{cite book|title=History of the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade during the Great War 1914–1918|author=|publisher=HMSO|year=1920|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110855/https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|first=William Thomas|last=Massey|year=1920|title=Allenby's Final Triumph|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027811573|publisher=Constable & Co|location=London|oclc=345306}}
* {{cite book|title=Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922|last=Maunsell|first=E.B.|year=1926|publisher=Regimental Committee|oclc=221077029}}
* {{cite book|title=Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919|series=A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919|volume=V|last=Paget|first=G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey|year=1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|isbn=978-0-85052-395-9}}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Palestine Campaigns|last=Wavell|first=Field Marshal Earl|author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William|edition=4th|title=A Short History of the British Army|year=1968|orig-year=1933|publisher=Constable|location=London|oclc=35621223}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130219031031/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/10/09/2703.htmLittle Piece of New Delhi in Haifa] – Israel Defense Forces

{{World War I}}
{{Ottoman battles in the 20th century}}

{{Coord|32|49|0|N|34|59|0|E|type:event|display=title}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haifa, Battle Of (1918)}}
[[Category:Battles in 1918]]
[[Category:1918 in British-administered Palestine]]
[[Category:Battles of the Sinai and Palestine campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving British India]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Military history of Haifa|Haifa 1918]]
[[Category:September 1918 in Asia]]

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

2026-03-20T14:03:00Z

SheldonTopper4: small changes

{{Short description|Indian Hindutva paramilitary organisation}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
| caption = The [[Saffron (color)#Political and religious uses|saffron flag]] (Bhagwa Dhwaj), an official symbol of the RSS{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=99}}
| logo = Flag of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.svg
| other_name = RSS
| founder = [[K. B. Hedgewar]]
| leaders = [[Mohan Bhagwat]] ([[List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh#Sarsanghchalak|Sarsanghchalak]]){{efn|{{literal translation|Chief}}}} [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] ([[List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh#Sarkaryavah|Sarkaryavah]]){{efn|{{literal translation|General Secretary}}}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1925|09|27|p=y|df=yes}}
| country = {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| motives = Establishment of ''Hindu Rashtra'' (Hindu Nation)
| headquarters = Dr. Hedgewar Bhawan, Sangh Building Road, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]] – 440 032, India
| ideology = [[Hindutva]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| status = Active
| size = {{bulleted list
|4 million members<ref name="Members">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/01/inside-the-rss-india-hindu-nationalism |title='Nobody knows what I know': how a loyal RSS member abandoned Hindu nationalism |first=Rahul |last=Bhatia |date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801042118/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/01/inside-the-rss-india-hindu-nationalism |archive-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
|73,117 ''shakhas'' (branches)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-rss-is-looking-to-boost-appeal-with-a-younger-top-rung-2516840-2024-03-19
|title=How RSS is looking to boost appeal with a younger top rung
|newspaper=[[India Today]]
|date=19 March 2024
|access-date=3 December 2024
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203060232/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-rss-is-looking-to-boost-appeal-with-a-younger-top-rung-2516840-2024-03-19
|archive-date=3 December 2024
|url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| partof = [[Sangh Parivar]]
| website = {{URL|rss.org}}
}}
[[File:Path Sanchalan Bhopal-1.jpg|250px|thumb|RSS members marching in [[Bhopal]].]]
The '''Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh''' ('''RSS''',{{efn|{{IAST|Rāṣṭrīya Svayaṃsevak Saṅgh}} {{IPA|hi|raːʂˈʈriːj(ə) swəjəmˈseːʋək səŋɡʱ|hindi}},{{Pronunciation|Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh.wav}}}} {{Literal translation|National Volunteer Union|National Volunteer Corps}})<ref name="britrss">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919613/Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh|title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|quote=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Hindu organization. Also known as: National Volunteers Corps, RSS, Rashtriya Seva Sangh. Quick Facts: Hindi: “National Volunteer Organization”; Also called: Rashtriya Seva Sangh; Date: 1925 - present; Areas Of Involvement: Hindutva, Hinduism; Related People: K.B. Hedgewar, Rajnath Singh, Narendra Modi. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), organization founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1889–1940), a physician living in the Maharashtra region of India, as part of the movement against British rule and as a response to rioting between Hindus and Muslims. Hedgewar was heavily influenced by the writings of the Hindu nationalist ideologue Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and adopted much of his rhetoric concerning the need for the creation of a “Hindu nation.” ... The RSS presents itself as a cultural, not a political, organization that nevertheless advocates a Hindu nationalistic agenda under the banner of Hindutva, or “Hindu-ness."|access-date=10 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173245/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919613/Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh|archive-date=26 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>  is an Indian [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]<ref name="brithind">{{cite web |title=Hindutva |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindutva |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |date=19 September 2025 |quote=Hindutva, right-wing ethno-nationalist political ideology that defines the cultural identity of India in terms of Hinduism and desires to make India an overtly Hindu nation-state. The term Hindutva was first defined in the early 1920s by Indian nationalist activist and politician Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. Today it is most closely associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party (Hindi/English: Indian People’s Party; BJP), one of the main political parties in India, and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Hindi: National Volunteer Organization; RSS), a nonpolitical Hindu nationalist paramilitary organization. ... Hindutva as an ideology must be understood as distinct from Hinduism as a religion—not all adherents of Hinduism subscribe to Hindutva—and Savarkar’s original definition asserts Hindutva as an ethnic category and eschews a specific religious connotation. In current practice the ideology tends to be strongly pro-Hindu and staunchly anti-Muslim. However, supporters often define Hindutva in purely cultural terms as a “way of life.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rastriya swayamsevak sangh |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/rastriya-swayamsevak-sangh_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |website=[[Enciclopedia Treccani]] |language=it |quote=Community of National Volunteers" founded in 1925 in Nagpur (Maharashtra, India) by K.B. Hedgewar. His objectives were the propagation of the doctrine of Hindutva, the militant defense of Hinduism, and the creation of a national community (sangh) as the social basis of the future Hindu rashtra, i.e. a political system in which the entire population would have to adhere to the majority culture. ... Banned after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (1948) by former activist N.V. Godse, it was rehabilitated in 1950 and for several years acted as a forum for debate of the Indian right. At the end of the eighties he returned to the forefront of public life by working in concert with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, with whom it formed the Sangh parivar ("family of communities").}}</ref>{{sfn|Basu & Sarkar, Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags|1993}} [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Horowitz">{{cite book|last1=Horowitz|first1=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520224476|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244 244]|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244}}</ref><ref name="Haynes2003">{{cite book|author=Jeff Haynes|title=Democracy and Political Change in the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54184-3|pages=168–|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423174835/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> volunteer{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=111}} [[paramilitary]] organisation.{{refn|name=paramilitary|Sources describing the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh as paramilitary:<ref name="Lal" /><ref name="McLeod-2015">{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=John |title=The History of India |date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |isbn=9781610697668 |pages=121, 147, 236 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/history-of-india-9798216097556/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 July 2025 |quote=Three years later Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, one of the Mahasabha's leading intellectuals, founded the paramilitary Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), or National Volunteers' Association to defend Hindus and Hinduism.}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bhatt |first1=Chetan |title=Democracy and Hindu nationalism |journal=Democratization |date=August 2004 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=133–154 |doi=10.1080/1351034042000234567 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1351034042000234567 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 July 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1743-890X |quote="The RSS, with its several million members, can be characterized as the largest private 'paramilitary' body existing in any contemporary nation. There already exists a subversion of formal liberal democracy because of the unique and bizarre association between an undemocratic, secretive national paramilitary cult with an ambiguous corporate and legal status, a legal political party (one which already represents numerous RSS members and ''pracharaks''), and the institutions of the central and federal state."}}</ref><ref name="Goodrick-Clarke-1998a">{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=44, 59}}: "His idea inspired Dr. K. B. Hedgewar, a fellow Maharashtrian, to found the RSS, a youth organization intended to reinvigorate the nation through an awareness of India's glorious past, Hindu piety, paramilitary training, and sports."</ref>}} It is the progenitor and leader of a large body of Hindutva organisations called the [[Sangh Parivar]] ([[Hindi]] for "Sangh family"), which has developed a presence in all facets of Indian society and includes the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the ruling political party under [[Narendra Modi]], the  [[prime minister of India]].<ref name="JohnsonGarnett2017" /> [[Mohan Bhagwat]] currently serves as the [[sarsanghchalak]] ({{Translation|Chief}}) of the RSS, with [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] serving as the [[sarkaryavah]] ({{Translation|General Secretary}}).<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Rupam |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Arpan |date=11 January 2023 |title=Leader of influential Hindu group backs LGBT rights in India |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/leader-influential-hindu-group-backs-lgbt-rights-india-2023-01-11/ |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

Founded on 27 September 1925,{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC&pg=PA362 362]}} the initial impetus of the organisation was to provide character training and instil "Hindu discipline" in order to unite the Hindu community and establish a ''Hindu Rashtra'' (Hindu nation).{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=2}}<ref name="Atkins2004">{{cite book|last1=Atkins|first1=Stephen E.|author-link=Stephen E. Atkins|title=Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki|url-access=registration|access-date=26 May 2010|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32485-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/264 264]–265}}</ref> The organisation aims to spread the ideology of [[Hindutva]] to "strengthen" the [[Hinduism in India|Hindu community]] and promotes an ideal of upholding an [[Indian culture]] and its "civilisational values".<ref name="Jaffrelot 2010">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA46 |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9789380607047 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dina Nath Mishra">{{cite book |last=Dina Nath Mishra |title=RSS: Myth and Reality |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1980 |isbn=978-0706910209 |page=24}}</ref> On the other hand, the RSS has been described as being "founded on the premise of Hindu [[Supremacism|supremacy]]".<ref name="ECPRFR">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Amit |title=Hindutva fascism threatens the world's largest democracy |url=https://theloop.ecpr.eu/hindutva-fascism-is-threatening-the-worlds-largest-democracy/ |website=The Loop |access-date=9 September 2023 |date=31 October 2022}}</ref> The RSS has been accused of an intolerance of minorities, [[Islamophobia|particularly Muslims]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=What is Hindu nationalism and how does it relate to trouble in Leicester? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/what-is-hindu-nationalism-and-who-are-the-rss |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

During the colonial period, the RSS collaborated with the [[British Raj]] and played no role in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Lal">{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Vinay |author-link=Vinay Lal |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3424 |url-access=subscription |title=The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=16 June 2005 |access-date=17 July 2025 |isbn=9780199081929 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195672442.001.0001 |pages=2–3, 141, 252 |quote=...the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the paramilitary organization which advocates a militant Hinduism and a Hindu polity in modern India, not only played no role in the anti-colonial struggle but actively collaborated with the British.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=99|ps="RSS was not considered an adversary by the British. On the contrary, it gave loyal consent to the British to be part of the Civic Guard."}} After independence, it grew into an influential Hindu nationalist umbrella organisation, spawning several affiliated organisations that established numerous schools, charities, and clubs to spread its ideological beliefs.<ref name="Atkins2004" /> It was banned in 1947 for four days,<ref name="Atkins2004" /> and then thrice by the post-independence Indian government, first in 1948 when [[Nathuram Godse]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=M.L. |title=स्वाधीनता संग्राम के क्रान्तिकारी साहित्य का इतिहास |publisher=Praveen Publications |year=2006 |volume=3 |pages=766 |language=hi |trans-title=On the History of Indian Freedom Movements According to Related Literature}}</ref> a member of the RSS,<ref name=":2">—{{cite book|last1=Karawan|first1=Ibrahim A.|last2=McCormack|first2=Wayne|last3=Reynolds|first3=Stephen E.|title=Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ol-63orWw68C&pg=PA87|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8660-1|page=87}} —{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms|title=Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family|first1=Vasudha|last1=Venugopal|date=8 September 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> assassinated [[Mahatma Gandhi]];<ref name="Atkins2004" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/18/stories/2004081805151100.htm |title=RSS releases 'proof' of its innocence |date=18 August 2004 |access-date=26 January 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523043649/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/18/stories/2004081805151100.htm |archive-date=23 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IAR">
{{cite book |author=James Larson |first=Gerald |title=India's Agony Over Religion |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-7914-2412-X |page=132}}</ref> then during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] (1975–1977); and for a third time after the [[demolition of Babri Masjid]] in 1992. In the 21st century, it is the world's largest [[Far-right politics|far-right]] organisation by membership.<ref name="leaving far-right">{{cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Felix |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Neha |title=Leaving the Hindu Far Right |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=4 March 2023 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=425–444 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2023.2179817|s2cid=257565310 |doi-access=free | issn = 0085-6401}}</ref> The RSS has been criticised as an [[extremism|extremist]] organisation,<ref name="JohnsonGarnett2017">{{citation|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark|author-link2=Mark Garnett|last3=Walker|first3=David M.|title=Conservatism and Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|access-date=25 March 2021|url-access=limited|year=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52899-9|page=77|quote=A couple of years later, India was ruled by the Janata coalition, which consisted also of Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), the then-political arm of the extreme right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS – National Volunteers Organisation).}}</ref><ref name="leaving far-right" /> and there is a scholarly consensus that it spreads hatred and promotes violence.<ref name="Curran1950"/><ref name="Bhatt2013"/><ref name="indianexpress kar sevaks" />

== Founding ==
[[File:Dr. Hedgevar.jpg|thumb|right|[[K. B. Hedgewar]]]]
The RSS was founded in 1925 by [[K. B. Hedgewar]], a doctor in the city of [[Nagpur]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="Curran1950">{{cite journal |first1=Jean A. |last1=Curran |jstor=3023941 |title=The RSS: Militant Hinduism |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=19 |pages=93–98 |number=10 |date= 17 May 1950 |doi=10.2307/3023941}}</ref>

Hedgewar was a political protege of [[B. S. Moonje]], a [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilakite]] [[Indian National Congress|Congressman]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]] politician from Nagpur. Moonje had sent Hedgewar to Calcutta to pursue his medical studies and to learn combat techniques from the secret revolutionary societies of the [[Bengalis]]. Hedgewar became a member of the [[Anushilan Samiti]], an anti-British revolutionary group, getting into its inner circle. The secretive methods of these societies were eventually used by him in organising the RSS.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=59}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=33–39}}{{sfn|Kelkar|2011|pp=2–3}} After reading [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]'s ideological pamphlet, ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'', published in Nagpur in 1923, and meeting Savarkar in the [[Ratnagiri]] prison in 1925, Hedgewar was extremely influenced by him, and he founded the RSS with the objective of "strengthening" Hindu society.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=59}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=33–39}}{{sfn|Kelkar|2011|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Kelkar|1950|p=138}}

Hedgewar believed that a handful of British colonialists were able to rule over the vast [[Indian subcontinent]] because Hindus were disunited, lacked valour ({{transliteration|hi|pararkram}}), and lacked a civic character. He recruited energetic Hindu youth with revolutionary fervour, gave them a uniform of a black forage cap, khaki shirt (later white shirt) and khaki shorts—emulating the uniform of the [[Indian Imperial Police]]—and taught them paramilitary techniques with {{transliteration|hi|[[Lathi (stick)|lathi]]}} (bamboo staff), sword, javelin, and dagger. Hindu ceremonies and rituals played a large role in the organisation, not so much for religious observance, but to provide awareness of India's supposed "glorious past" and to bind the members in a religious communion. Hedgewar also held weekly sessions of what he called {{transliteration|hi|baudhik}} (ideological education), consisting of simple questions to the novices concerning the Hindu nation and its history and heroes, especially warrior king [[Shivaji]]. The saffron flag of Shivaji, the [[Bhagwa Dhwaj]], was used as the emblem for the new organisation.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=59}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=33–39}}{{sfn|Kelkar|2011|pp=2–3}}

Two years into the life of the organisation, in 1927, Hedgewar organised an "Officers' Training Camp" with the objective of forming a corps of key workers, whom he called {{transliteration|hi|pracharaks}} (full-time functionaries or "propagators"). He asked the volunteers to first become "[[Sadhu|sadhus]]" (ascetics), renouncing professional and family lives, and dedicating their lives to the cause of the RSS. Hedgewar is believed to have embraced the doctrine of renunciation after it had been reinterpreted by nationalists such as [[Aurobindo]]. The tradition of renunciation gave the RSS the character of a 'Hindu sect'.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=40–41}} Developing a network of {{transliteration|hi|shakhas}} (branches) was the main preoccupation for Hedgewar throughout his career as the RSS chief. The first {{transliteration|hi|pracharaks}} were responsible for establishing as many {{transliteration|hi|shakhas}} as possible, first in Nagpur, then across the Maharashtra region, and eventually throughout the rest of India. [[Prabhakar Balwant Dani|P. B. Dani]] was sent to establish a {{transliteration|hi|shakha}} at the [[Benaras Hindu University]]; other universities were similarly targeted to recruit new followers among the student population. Three {{transliteration|hi|pracharaks}} went to Punjab: Appaji Joshi to [[Sialkot]], Moreshwar Munje to the [[DAV College]] in [[Rawalpindi]] and Raja Bhau Paturkar to the [[DAV College]] in [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=65–67}}

== Motivations and history ==
The RSS was founded to propagate the ideology of [[Hindutva]], to provide "new physical strength" to the majority community, and was "directed against [[Islam in India|Muslims]]".<ref name="Jaffrelot 2010" />{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004|p=249|ps=: "However, its dominant mission, as an ideological akhara, was directed against Muslims, as the events in 1927 in Nagpur reveal."}}

After Tilak's demise in 1920, like other followers of Tilak in Nagpur, Hedgewar was opposed to some of the programmes adopted by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's stance on the [[Khilafat Movement]] was a cause for concern to Hedgewar, and so was the fact that 'cow protection' was not on the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] agenda. This led Hedgewar, along with other Tilakities, to part ways with Gandhi. In 1921, Hedgewar was arrested on charges of sedition over his speeches at [[Katol]] and Bharatwada. Ultimately, he was sentenced to a year in prison.{{sfn|Andersen, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: Early Concerns|1972}}

He was released in July 1922. Hedgewar was distressed at the lack of organisation among volunteer organisations of the Congress. Subsequently, he felt the need to create an independent organisation that was based on the country's traditions and history. He held meetings with prominent political figures in Nagpur between 1922 and 1924. He visited Gandhi's ashram in nearby Wardha in 1924 and discussed a number of things. After this meeting, he left Wardha to plan to unite the often antagonistic Hindu groups into a common nationalist movement.{{sfn|Andersen, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: Early Concerns|1972}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |title=The Saffron Surge Untold Story of RSS Leadership |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-5322-265-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xReKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |access-date=15 March 2023 |page=23}}</ref>

=== Hindu–Muslim relations ===
The 1920s witnessed a significant deterioration in the relations between Hindus and Muslims. The Muslim masses were mobilised by the [[Khilafat movement]], opposing the dismemberment of the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and some demanded the reinstatement of the Caliphate in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutchinson |first1=J. |last2=Smith |first2=A.D. |title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science |publisher=Routledge |issue=v. 3 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-20112-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA926 |page=926|quote=Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] made an alliance with the movement for conducting his own [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]]. Gandhi aimed to create [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] in forming the alliance. However, the alliance saw a "common enemy", not a "common enmity".<ref>{{harvp|Stern, Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia|2001|p=27}}. Quote: '... mobilization of Indian Muslims in the name of Islam and in defense of the Ottoman ''khalifa'' was inherently "communal", no less than the Islamic movements of opposition to British imperialism which preceded it.... All defined a Hindu no less than a British "other".'</ref> When the government refused to entertain demands of the Khilafat Movement, some Muslims turned their anger towards Hindus.<ref>{{harvp|Stern, Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia|2001}}; {{harvp|Misra, Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India|2004}}</ref> The first major incident of religious violence was reportedly the [[Moplah rebellion]] in August 1921. It was widely narrated that the rebellion ended in large-scale violence against Hindu officials in [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. A cycle of inter-communal violence throughout India followed for several years.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=19–20}} In 1923, there were riots in Nagpur, termed "Muslim riots" by Hedgewar, where he thought Hindus were "totally disorganised and panicky". These incidents made a major impression on Hedgewar and convinced him of the need to "organise" Hindu society.{{sfn|Kelkar|1950|p=138}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=34}}

After acquiring about 100 ''swayamsevaks'' (volunteers) in the RSS by 1927, Hedgewar took the issue to the Muslim domain. He led the Hindu religious procession for [[Ganesha]], beating the drums in defiance of the usual practice not to pass in front of a mosque with music.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=40}} On the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]] on 4 September, Muslims are said to have retaliated. When the Hindu procession reached a mosque in the Mahal area of Nagpur, Muslims blocked it. Later in the afternoon, they attacked the Hindu residences in the Mahal area. It is said that the RSS cadres were prepared for the attack and "beat the Muslim back". [[1927 Nagpur riots|Riots]] continued for 3 days and the army had to be called in to quell the violence. Muslim households had to leave Nagpur en masse for their safety, due to widespread violence against them.{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004|p=250}}{{sfn|Basu & Sarkar, Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags|1993|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Kelkar|1950|p=138}}{{sfn|Frykenberg|1996|p=241}} Tapan Basu et al. note the accounts of "Muslim aggressiveness" and the "Hindu self-defence" in the RSS descriptions of the incident.{{sfn|Basu & Sarkar, Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags|1993|pp=19–20}}

=== Hindu Mahasabha influence ===
The [[Hindu Mahasabha]], which was initially a special interest group within the [[Indian National Congress]] and later an independent party, was an important influence on the RSS, even though it is rarely acknowledged.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} In 1923, prominent Hindu leaders like [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] met together on this platform and voiced their concerns on the 'division in the Hindu community'. In his presidential speech to Mahasabha, Malaviya stated: "Friendship could exist between equals. If the Hindus made themselves strong and the rowdy section among the Mahomedans were convinced they could not safely rob and dishonour Hindus, unity would be established on a stable basis." He wanted the activists 'to educate all boys and girls, establish ''akharas'' (gymnasiums), establish a volunteer corps to persuade people to comply with decisions of the Hindu Mahasabha, to accept untouchables as Hindus and grant them the right to use wells, enter temples, get an education.' Later, Hindu Mahasabha leader [[V. D. Savarkar]]'s 'Hindutva' ideology also had a profound impact on Hedgewar's thinking about the 'Hindu nation'.{{sfn|Andersen, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: Early Concerns|1972}}

The initial meeting for the formation of the Sangh on the [[Vijaya Dashami]] day of 1925 was held between Hedgewar and four Hindu Mahasabha leaders: [[B. S. Moonje]], [[Ganesh Savarkar]], [[Laxman Vasudev Paranjape|L. V. Paranjpe]] and B. B. Tholkar. The RSS took part as a volunteer force in organising the Hindu Mahasabha annual meeting in Akola in 1931. Moonje remained a patron of the RSS throughout his life. Both he and Ganesh Savarkar worked to spread the RSS ''shakhas'' in Maharashtra, Panjab, Delhi, and the princely states by initiating contacts with local leaders. Savarkar merged his own youth organisation ''Tarun Hindu Sabha'' with the RSS and helped its expansion. V. D. Savarkar, after his release in 1937, joined them in spreading the RSS and giving speeches in its support. Officials in the Home Department called the RSS the "volunteer organisation of the Hindu Mahasabha."{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=97–100}}{{sfn|Goyal|1979|pp=59–76}}

==History==

===Indian Independence movement===
Since its formation in 1925, the RSS opposed the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] against British rule in India.{{Sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=99|ps="RSS was not considered an adversary by the British. On the contrary, it gave loyal consent to the British to be part of the Civic Guard."}} Portraying itself as a social movement, Hedgewar also kept the organisation from having any direct affiliation with political organisations then fighting British rule.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/655722.stm|title=RSS aims for a Hindu nation|date=10 March 2003|work=BBC News|access-date=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124011631/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/655722.stm|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The RSS rejected Gandhi's willingness to co-operate with Muslims.{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008|p=156}}{{sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=115}}

In accordance with Hedgewar's tradition of keeping the RSS away from the Indian Independence movement, any political activity that could be construed as being anti-British was carefully avoided. According to the RSS biographer C.{{nbsp}}P. Bhishikar, Hedgewar talked only about Hindu organisations and avoided any direct comment on the colonial government.{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=188}} The "Independence Day" announced by the Indian National Congress for 26 January 1930 was celebrated by the RSS that year but was subsequently avoided. The [[Swaraj flag|Tricolor]] of the Indian national movement was shunned.{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004|pp=251–254}}{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|p=21}}<ref name="Hadiz2006">{{cite book |author=R. Hadiz |first=Vedi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dd99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia |date=27 September 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-16727-2 |pages=252 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118113508/https://books.google.com/books?id=dd99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Puniyani, Religion, Power and Violence|2005|p=141}} Hedgewar personally participated in the [[Salt March]] launched by Gandhi in April 1930, but he did not get the RSS involved in the movement. He sent information everywhere that the RSS would not participate in the March. However, those wishing to participate individually were not prohibited.{{sfn|Puniyani, Religion, Power and Violence|2005|p=129}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=74}} In 1934, the Congress passed a resolution prohibiting its members from joining the RSS, the Hindu Mahasabha, or the Muslim League.{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004|pp=251–254}}

[[File:M S Golwalkar.jpg|thumb|[[M. S. Golwalkar]]]]
M. S. Golwalkar, who became the leader of the RSS in 1940, continued and further strengthened the isolation from the independence movement. In his view, the RSS had pledged to achieve freedom through "defending religion and culture", not by fighting the British.<ref name="Golwalkar1974">{{cite book |author=Golwalkar |first=M.S. |author-link=M. S. Golwalkar |url=https://archive.org/details/Shree-guruji-samagra/vol4.Shri-Guriji/page/n11/mode/2up |title=श्री गुरुजी समग्र |publisher=Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana |year=1974 |volume=4 |language=hi |trans-title=Sir Guruji Overall}}</ref>{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=191}}{{sfn|Puniyani, Religion, Power and Violence|2005|p=135}} Golwalkar lamented the anti-British nationalism, calling it a "reactionary view" that, he claimed, had disastrous effects upon the entire course of the freedom struggle.{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|p=29}}<ref name="Ludden1996">{{cite book |author=Ludden |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA274 |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |date=1 April 1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1585-0 |pages=274– |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118125602/https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA274 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is believed that Golwalkar did not want to give the British an excuse to ban the RSS. He complied with all the strictures imposed by the colonial government during [[World War II]], even announcing the termination of the RSS military department.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987}}{{sfn|Noorani, RSS and the BJP|2000|p=46}} The British government believed that the RSS was not supporting any civil disobedience against them, and their other political activities could thus be overlooked. The British Home Department took note of the fact that the speakers at RSS meetings urged their members to keep aloof from the anti-British movements of the [[Indian National Congress]], which was duly followed.{{sfn|Bipan Chandra, Communalism|2008|p=140}} The Home Department did not see the RSS as a problem for law and order in British India.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987}}{{sfn|Noorani, RSS and the BJP|2000|p=46}} The Bombay government appreciated the RSS by noting that the Sangh had scrupulously kept itself within the law and refrained from taking part in the disturbances ([[Quit India Movement]]) that broke out in August 1942.<ref name="Bandyopadhya?a2004">{{cite book |author=Bandyopadhyaya |first=Sekhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA422 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |pages=422 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103033815/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA422 |archive-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bipan Chandra, Communalism|2008|p=141}}{{sfn|Noorani, RSS and the BJP|2000|p=60}} It also reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured British authorities that it had "no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government".<ref name="Sarkar2005">{{cite book |author=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqXqI-LRz0YC&pg=PA258 |title=Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7824-086-2 |pages=258– |access-date=25 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312120146/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqXqI-LRz0YC&pg=PA258 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gupta1997">{{cite book |author=Sarathi Gupta |first=Partha |title=Towards Freedom 1943–44, Part III |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195638684 |location=New Delhi |pages=3058–9}}</ref>

Golwalkar later openly admitted the fact that the RSS did not participate in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He agreed that such a stance led to a perception of the RSS as an inactive organisation, whose statements had no substance in reality.<ref name="Golwalkar1974"/>{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=187}} Similarly, the RSS neither supported nor joined in the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] against the British in 1946.{{sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=115}}

Overall, the RSS opposed joining the independence movement and had no role in it. Instead, the organisation adopted a policy of collaboration with the British colonial regime.<ref name="Lal"/>{{Sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=99|ps="RSS was not considered an adversary by the British. On the contrary, it gave loyal consent to the British to be part of the Civic Guard."}}

=== Partition ===
The [[Partition of India]] affected millions of [[Sikh]]s, [[Hindu]]s, and [[Muslim]]s attempting to escape the violence and carnage that followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm |title=India |publisher=Users.erols.com |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506031637/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the partition, the RSS helped the Hindu refugees fleeing West Punjab; its activists also played an active role in the communal violence during Hindu-Muslim riots in North India. To the RSS activists, the partition was a result of mistaken soft line towards Muslims. The RSS blamed Gandhi, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] for their "naivety which resulted in the partition".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Transforming India|last1=Bose|first1=Sumantra|date=16 September 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674728196|pages=64–|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA95|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|last1=Hansen|first1=Thomas Blom|date=23 March 1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1400823056|pages=95–|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|title=Party Politics in India|last1=Weiner|first1=Myron|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400878413|pages=183–|language=en}}</ref>

=== First ban ===
The first ban on the RSS was imposed in [[Punjab Province (British India)]] on 24 January 1947 by [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], the premier of the ruling [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], a party that represented the interests of the landed gentry and landlords of Punjab, which included Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs. Along with the RSS, the [[Muslim National Guard]] was also banned.<ref name="Hiro2015">{{cite book |author=Hiro |first=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Hiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |pages=88– |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050337/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Talbot2013">{{cite book |author=Talbot |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Talbot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtJcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79029-4 |pages=155– |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114084518/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtJcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted on 28 January 1947.<ref name="Hiro2015"/>

=== Opposition to the National Flag of India ===
The RSS initially did not recognise the [[Flag of India|Tricolor]] as the National [[Flag of India]]. ''[[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]]'', a magazine which serves as the mouthpiece of the RSS, demanded in an editorial titled "National Flag", that the [[Bhagwa Dhwaj]] be adopted as the national flag of India instead.{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=56}} After the Tricolor was adopted as the national flag by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] on 22 July 1947, the ''Organiser'' viciously attacked the Tricolor and the Constituent Assembly's decision. In an article titled "Mystery behind the Bhagwa Dhwaj", the ''Organiser'' stated:{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=57}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx5R9D_JpQEC&pg=PA9 |title=RSS Primer: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Documents |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7221-039-7 |pages=9– |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114075115/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx5R9D_JpQEC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|The people who have come to power by the kick of fate may give in our hands the Tricolor but it [will] never be respected and owned by Hindus. The word three is in itself an evil, and a flag having three colours will certainly produce a very bad psychological effect and is injurious to a country.||source=}} In an essay titled "Drifting and Drafting" published in ''[[Bunch of Thoughts]]'', Golwalkar lamented the choice of the Tricolor as the national flag and compared it to an intellectual vacuum. In his words:{{sfn|Golwalkar; Bunch of Thoughts|1966|pp=237–238}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx5R9D_JpQEC&pg=PA10 |title=RSS Primer: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Documents |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7221-039-7 |pages=10–}}</ref>{{sfn|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006|p=186}}{{sfn|Puniyani, Religion, Power and Violence|2005|p=142}}

{{Blockquote|Our leaders have set up a new flag for the country. Why did they do so? It just is a case of drifting and imitating ... Ours is an ancient and great nation with a glorious past. Then, had we no flag of our own? Had we no national emblem at all these thousands of years? Undoubtedly we had. Then why this utter void, this utter vacuum in our minds.|}} The RSS hoisted the Indian national flag at its Nagpur headquarters only twice, on 14 August 1947 and on 26 January 1950, but stopped doing so after that.<ref name="TricolorRSS2002">{{cite news |author= |title=Tri-colour hoisted at RSS center after 52 yrs |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Tri-colour-hoisted-at-RSS-HQ-after-52-yrs/articleshow/1561733136.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Nagpur |date=26 January 2002 |access-date=26 January 2002 }}</ref> This issue has always been a source of controversy. In 2001, three activists of ''Rashtrapremi Yuwa Dal{{snd}}''president Baba Mendhe, and members Ramesh Kalambe and Dilip Chattani, along with others{{snd}}allegedly entered the RSS headquarters in Reshimbagh, Nagpur, on 26 January, the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] of India, and forcibly hoisted the national flag there amid patriotic slogans. They contended that the RSS had never before or after independence, ever hoisted the Tricolor in their premises. Offences were registered by the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Bombay Police]] against the trio, who were subsequently jailed. They were discharged by the court, after serving eleven years in prison, in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Activists, who forcibly hoisted flag at RSS premises, freed |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/activists-who-forcibly-hoisted-flag-at-rss-premises-freed-113081400451_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Nagpur |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/trio-who-forcibly-hoisted-tri-colour-at-rss-premise-set-free-by-court/08141440|title=Trio, who forcibly hoisted tri-colour at RSS premises, set free by court|author=|date=14 August 2013|newspaper=Nagpur Today|access-date=14 August 2013|location=Nagpur}}{{dead link |date=May 2018}}</ref> The arrests and the flag-hoisting issue stoked a controversy, which was raised in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as well. Hoisting of the flag was very restrictive until the formation of the [[flag code of India]] (2002).<ref>{{cite web|title=rediff.com Special: Naveen Jindal battles for his right to fly the Tricolour|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hoisting tricolour a fundamental right: SC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hoisting-tricolour-a-fundamental-right-SC/articleshow/442578.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2004 |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mohan Bhagwat defies restraint, hoists flag in Kerala school: Why RSS did not fly Tricolour for 52 years – Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mohan-bhagwat-defies-restraint-hoists-flag-in-kerala-school-why-rss-did-not-fly-tricolour-for-52-years-2633006.html|website=firstpost.com|date=15 August 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Subsequently, in 2002, the national flag was raised in the RSS headquarters on Republic Day for the first time in 52 years.<ref name=TricolorRSS2002/>

=== Opposition to the Constitution of India ===
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh initially did not recognise the [[Constitution of India]], strongly criticising it because the Indian Constitution made no mention of "Manu's laws"{{snd}}from the ancient Hindu text ''[[Manusmriti]]''.<ref name="Hadiz2006" /> When the Constituent Assembly finalised the constitution, the RSS mouthpiece, the ''[[Organiser (newspaper)|Organiser]]'', complained in an editorial dated 30 November 1949:<ref name="Hadiz2006" />

{{Blockquote|But in our constitution, there is no mention of that unique constitutional development in ancient Bharat... To this day his laws as enunciated in the ''Manusmriti'' excite the admiration of the world and elicit spontaneous obedience and conformity. But to our constitutional pundits that means nothing.}}

On 6 February 1950 the ''Organiser'' published another article, titled "Manu Rules our Hearts", written by a retired High Court Judge named Sankar Subba Aiyar, that reaffirmed their support for the ''Manusmriti'' as the final lawgiving authority for Hindus, rather than the Constitution of India. It stated:<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ5pO46SPk0C&pg=PA81 |title=Undoing India the RSS Way |publisher=Media House |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7495-142-7 |pages=81}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Even though Dr. Ambedkar is reported to have recently stated in [[Bombay]] that the days of Manu have ended it is nevertheless a fact that the daily lives of Hindus are even at present-day affected by the principles and injunctions contained in the ''Manusmrithi'' and other ''[[Smriti]]s''. Even an unorthodox Hindu feels himself bound at least in some matters by the rules contained in the ''Smrithis'' and he feels powerless to give up altogether his adherence to them.|author=|title=|source=}}

The RSS' opposition to, and vitriolic attacks against, the Constitution of India continued post-independence. In 1966, Golwalkar, in his book titled ''Bunch of Thoughts'', asserted:<ref name="Hadiz2006" /><ref name="auto" />

{{Blockquote|Our Constitution too is just a cumbersome and heterogeneous piecing together of various articles from various Constitutions of Western countries. It has absolutely nothing, which can be called our own. Is there a single word of reference in its guiding principles as to what our national mission is and what our keynote in life is? No!}}

=== Second ban ===
[[File:RSS meeting 1939.jpg|thumb|right|RSS leaders meeting in 1939]]
India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had been highly vigilant against the RSS. When Golwalkar wrote to Nehru asking for the lifting of the ban on the RSS after Gandhi's assassination, Nehru replied that the government had proof that RSS activities were "anti-national" by virtue of being "communalist". In his letter to the heads of provincial governments in December 1947, Nehru wrote that "we have a great deal of evidence to show that RSS is an organisation which is in the nature of a private army, and which is definitely proceeding on the strictest Nazi lines, even following the techniques of the organisation".{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=87, 88}}

In January 1948, [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated]] by a member of the RSS, [[Nathuram Godse]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Dhirendra K.|date=1 January 2020|title=Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RSS|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the RSS were arrested, and the RSS as an organisation was banned on 4 February 1948. During the court proceedings in relation to the assassination, Godse began claiming that he had left the organisation in 1946.<ref name="IAR"/> A Commission of Inquiry into conspiracy to the murder of Gandhi was set, and its report was published by India's Ministry of Home Affairs in the year 1970. Accordingly, the [[Kapur Commission|Justice Kapur Commission]]<ref name="kapoor">{{cite book |author=Lal Kapur |first=Jeevan |url=https://archive.org/details/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/JeevanLalKapurCommissionReport_PART1-A/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Report of Commission of Inquiry in to Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |year=1970 |access-date=3 July 2024 |url-access=registration}}</ref> noted that the "RSS as such were not responsible for the murder of Mahatma Gandhi, meaning thereby that one could not name the organisation as such as being responsible for that most diabolical crime, the murder of the apostle of peace. It has not been proved that they (the accused) were members of the RSS."<ref name=kapoor/>{{rp|165}} However, the then Indian Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".{{sfn|Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right|2015|pp=82}} The association with the incident also made the RSS "very unpopular and considerably dented its polarizing appeal".<ref>{{cite report |last=Sahoo |first=N. |date=2020 |chapter=Mounting majoritarianism and political polarization in India |title=Political Polarization in South and Southeast Asia: Old Divisions, New Dangers |pages=9–24 |editor-first1=Thomas |editor-last1=Carothers |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last2=O’Donohue |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26920.7}}</ref>

RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Following his release in August 1948, Golwalkar wrote to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to lift the ban on the RSS. After Nehru replied that the matter was the responsibility of the Home Minister, Golwalkar consulted Patel regarding the same. Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution<ref name="PLJ100">{{cite book |last1=Panicker |first1=P L John |title=Gandhian approach to communalism in contemporary India |page=100 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921171335/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=6 November 2019 }}</ref> and make it public, where Patel expected the RSS to pledge its loyalty to the [[Constitution of India]], accept the Tricolor as the [[National Flag of India]], define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democratic by holding internal elections, authorisation of their parents before enrolling the pre-adolescents into the movement, and to renounce violence and secrecy.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=88, 89}}{{sfn|Graham; Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics|2007|p=14}}<ref name="Noorani2000">{{cite book |author=Noorani |first=A.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT42 |title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-87496-13-7}}</ref>{{rp|page=42}} Golwalkar launched a huge agitation against this demand during which he was imprisoned again. Later, a constitution was drafted for the RSS, which however, initially did not meet any of Patel's demands. After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes with the exception of the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy, which was written into its constitution, remained a 'dead letter'.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=89}}

Patel said in early January 1948 that the RSS activists were "patriots who love their country". He asked the Congressmen to "win over" the RSS by love, instead of trying to "crush" them. He also appealed to the RSS to join the Congress instead of opposing it. Jaffrelot says that this attitude of Patel can be partly explained by the assistance the RSS gave the Indian administration in maintaining public order in September 1947, and that his expression of 'qualified sympathy' towards the RSS reflected the long-standing inclination of several Hindu traditionalists in Congress. However, after Gandhi's assassination on 30 January 1948, Patel began to view the activities of the RSS as a danger to public security.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=86-}}{{sfn|Graham; Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics|2007|p=12}} In his reply letter to Golwalkar on 11 September 1948 regarding the lifting of ban on the RSS, Patel stated that though the RSS did service to Hindu society by helping and protecting the Hindus when in need during partition violence, they also began attacking Muslims with revenge and went against "innocent men, women and children". He said that the speeches of the RSS were "full of communal poison", and as a result of that 'poison', he remarked, India had to lose Gandhi, noting that the RSS men had celebrated Gandhi's death. Patel was also apprehensive of the secrecy in the working manner of the RSS and complained that all of its provincial heads were [[Marathi people|Maratha]] ''[[Brahmin|Brahmins]]''. He criticised the RSS for having its own army inside India, which he said, cannot be permitted as "a potential danger to [[State (polity)|the State]]". He further remarked: "The members of RSS claimed to be the defenders of Hinduism. But they must understand that Hinduism would not be saved by rowdyism".{{sfn|Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right|2015|pp=82}}

On 11 July 1949, the [[government of India]] lifted the ban on the RSS by issuing a [[Press release|communique]], stating that the decision to lift the ban had been taken in view of Golwalkar's undertaking to make the group's loyalty towards the constitution of India and acceptance and respect towards the national flag of India more explicit in the Constitution of the RSS.<ref name="Curran1950"/><ref name="Noorani2000" />

=== Decolonisation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ===
{{see also|Goa liberation movement|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Annexation of Goa}}
After India had achieved independence, the RSS supported and participated in movements to decolonise [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], which at that time was ruled by Portugal. In early 1954 RSS members Raja Wakankar and Nana Kajrekar visited the area several times to study the topography and get acquainted with locals who wanted the area to change from being a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] to being an [[States and union territories of India|Indian territory]]. In April 1954, the RSS formed a coalition with the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO) and the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD) for the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India.<ref name="PurushottamShripad">{{Cite book |last=Shripad Lele |first=Purushottam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-C1AAAAIAAJ |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present |publisher=Usha P. Lele |year=1987 |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> On the night of 21 July, the United Front of Goans, a group working independently of the coalition, captured the Portuguese police station at Dadra and declared Dadra independent. Subsequently, on 28 July, volunteer teams from the RSS and AGD captured the territories of Naroli and Phiparia and ultimately the capital of [[Silvassa]]. The Portuguese forces that had escaped and moved towards Nagar Haveli, were assaulted at Khandvel and forced to retreat until they surrendered to the Indian border police at Udava on 11 August 1954. A native administration was set up with Appasaheb Karmalkar of the NMLO as the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on 11 August 1954.<ref name="PurushottamShripad" />

The capture of Dadra and Nagar Haveli gave a boost to the movement against Portuguese colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="PurushottamShripad"/> In 1955, RSS leaders demanded the end of Portuguese rule in Goa and its integration into India. When Nehru refused to provide an armed intervention, RSS leader [[Jagannathrao Joshi]] led an agitation in [[Goa]]. He was imprisoned with his followers by the Portuguese police.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=130}} The nonviolent protests continued but met with repression. On 15 August 1955, the Portuguese police opened fire on the protestors, killing thirty or so unarmed civilians.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=130}}

=== The Emergency ===
In 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] government began [[The Emergency (India)|emergency rule in India]].<ref name="emma">{{Cite book |last=Tarlo |first=Emma |title=Unsettling Memories: Narratives of the Emergency in Delhi |publisher=University of California |year=2003 |isbn=9780520231221}}</ref> The Emergency was imposed after [[Socialism in India|socialist leader]] [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] led people to [[civil disobedience]] against corruption and economic turmoil, while demanding systemic change. Narayan had also asked the army and the police to disobey the government.<ref name="z002">{{cite book | last=Sitapati | first=V. | title=Half - Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2016 | isbn=978-93-86057-72-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2yCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 | page=57}}</ref><ref name="v870">{{cite book | last=Bhattacharya | first=AK | title=The Rise of Goliath: Twelve Disruptions That Changed India | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2019 | isbn=978-93-5305-597-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vH2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 | page=206}}</ref> A number of opposition leaders including Narayan were arrested.{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008}} The RSS, which was seen as being close to opposition leaders, and with its large organisational base, was seen to have the capability of organising protests against the government and was thus also banned.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=297}}

[[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]], the then chief of the RSS, wrote letters to Indira Gandhi, promising to extend the organisation's co-operation with her government and with the emergency rule, in return for the lifting of the ban, asserting that the RSS had no connection with the [[Bihar Movement|movement in Bihar]] and [[Navnirman Andolan|that in Gujarat]]. He tried to persuade [[Vinoba Bhave]] to mediate relations between the RSS and the government and also sought the offices of [[Sanjay Gandhi]], Indira Gandhi's son.{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}}{{sfn|Noorani, RSS and the BJP|2000|p=31}} Provincial RSS organiser [[Lala Hansraj Gupta]] had also written a letter to Indira Gandhi and promised to begin "a new era of co-operation" between the [[Sangh Parivar]] and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in exchange for the lifting of the RSS ban.<ref name="p182"/> A number of volunteers of the RSS have claimed that they carried out activities underground during the Emergency. The RSS has since claimed that the movement against the Emergency was supposedly dominated by tens of thousands of RSS cadres.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788174888655 |title=Encyclopedia of Political Parties: Vol. 33-50 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7488-865-5 |editor-last=Ralhan |editor-first=O.P. |pages=238 |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="q487">{{cite book | last=Basu | first=T. | title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right | publisher=Sangam | series=Tracts for the times | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-86311-383-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA52 | page=52}}</ref><ref name="p182">{{cite book | last1=Jaffrelot | first1=C. | last2=Anil | first2=P. | title=India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975 -1977 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-19-757782-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHEhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373| pages=373–376}}</ref>

The Emergency was lifted in 1977, and with it, the ban on the RSS was also lifted. The Emergency is said to have legitimised the role of the RSS in Indian politics, which had not been possible ever since the stain the organisation had acquired following Mahatma Gandhi's assassination in 1948, thereby 'sowing the seeds' for the Hindutva politics of the following decades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwvaaHI8sjEC&pg=PA110|title=The Politics of Personal Law in South Asia: Identity, Nationalism and the Uniform Civil Code|last1=Ghosh|first1=Partha S.|date=23 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136705113|pages=110–112|language=en}}</ref>

== Structure ==
{{Main|List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|List of members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha|l1 = List of leaders of the RSS|l2 = List of members of the RSS}}

The RSS does not have any formal membership. According to the official website, men and boys can become members by joining the nearest ''Shakha'' (branch), which is the basic unit. Women are not allowed to join the organisation. Although the RSS does not keep membership records, it is estimated to have around 4 million members as of 2024.<ref name="Members" />

=== Leadership and member positions ===
There are the following terms to describe RSS leaders and members:
* [[Sarsanghchalak]]: The chief of the RSS, who serves as its supreme head. The position is decided through nomination by the predecessor. [[K. B. Hedgewar]] was the first Sarsanghchalak. [[Mohan Bhagwat]] is the current Sarsanghchalak, who has held the post since 2009.
* [[Sarkaryavah]]: The general secretary of the RSS, who serves as its executive head. The position is elected by members of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha]] once every three years.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=27 February 2024 |title=Dattatreya Hosabale likely to be re-elected RSS general secretary at apex body meet in Nagpur |url=https://theprint.in/politics/dattatreya-hosabale-likely-to-be-re-elected-rss-general-secretary-at-apex-body-meet-in-nagpur/1980804/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302052626/https://theprint.in/politics/dattatreya-hosabale-likely-to-be-re-elected-rss-general-secretary-at-apex-body-meet-in-nagpur/1980804/ |archive-date=2 March 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]] was the first Sarkaryavah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/cover-story/rss-history-how-hedgewar-spurned-bose-and-his-own-proteges-call-to-join-the-freedom-struggle |title=The Great Betrayal: How Hedgewar spurned Bose and his own protégé's call to join the freedom struggle |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524002953/https://caravanmagazine.in/cover-story/rss-history-how-hedgewar-spurned-bose-and-his-own-proteges-call-to-join-the-freedom-struggle |archive-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref> [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] is the current Sarkaryavah, who has held the post since 2021.<ref name=":6" />
* Sah-Sarkaryavah: Joint general secretary, of which there are four.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Manmohan Vaidya, Mukunda CR appointed new RSS Sah Sarkaryavahs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manmohan-vaidya-mukunda-cr-appointed-new-rss-sah-sarkaryavahs/story-iBYOmfhIM774htMx6N0zLN.html |website=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo Asian News Service}}</ref>
* Vicharak: A number of RSS leaders serve as Vicharak or ideologues for the organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |date=17 September 2018 |title=Understand the RSS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mohan-bhagwat-rss-ideology-lecture-series-congress-rahul-gandhi-5359320/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lqQhcXQ5MKFtDPpRtNAnmO/Decoding-RSS-ideologue-MS-Golwalkars-nationalism.html|title=Decoding RSS ideologue M.S. Golwalkar's nationalism|first1=Manu S.|last1=Pillai|date=14 July 2017|website=livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2018/11/24/the-person-who-is-doing-most-to-undermine-the-reserve-bank-of-india|title=The person who is doing most to undermine the Reserve Bank of India|date=24 November 2018|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
* Pracharak: Active, full-time missionaries who spread the doctrine of the RSS. The system of Pracharak or RSS missionaries has been called the life blood of the organisation. A number of these men devote themselves to lifetime of celibacy, poverty, and service to the organisation. The Pracharaks were instrumental in spreading the organisation from its roots in Nagpur to the rest of the country.<ref name="Berntsen1988">{{cite book|author=Maxine Berntsen|title=The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&pg=PA190|date=1 January 1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-662-7|pages=195–196}}</ref> There are about 2500 Pracharaks in the RSS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Ravish |date=27 November 2014 |title=The low-profile RSS apparatchik is the new face of power in the NDA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20141208-rss-sangh-nda-bjp-l-k-advani-narendra-modi-cover-story-806098-2014-11-27 |website=India Today}}</ref> The two most well-known former Pracharaks are former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Narendra Modi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bannerjee |first=Sikata |author-link=Bannerjee |date=2005 |title=Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC&dq=modi+vajpayee+pracharak&pg=PA75 |location=Albany NY, USA |publisher=New York University press |page=92 |isbn=0-7914-6367-2}}</ref>
* Karyakarta: Active functionaries of the organisation. To become a Karyakarta, Swayamsevak members undergo four levels of ideological and physical training in Sangh Shiksha Varg camps. 95% of Karyakartas are known as Grahastha Karyakartas, or householders, supporting the organisation part-time; while 5% are Pracharaks, who support the organisation full-time.<ref name="ET karya"/>
* Mukhya-Shikshak: The head teacher and chief of a Shakha.<ref name="rss faq">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Basic FAQ on RSS |url=http://rss.org//Encyc/2017/6/3/basic-faq-on-rss-eng.html |website=rss.org}}</ref>
* Karyavah: The executive head of a Shakha.<ref name="rss faq"/>
* Gatanayak: Group leaders.<ref name="rss faq"/>
* Swayamsevak: Volunteers of the organisation.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=svayamsevaka&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3 |title = Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit}}</ref> [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] described himself as a Swayamsevak.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-at-93/article24704802.ece?homepage=true |title = Atal Bihari Vajpayee, BJP's gentle colossus, fades away|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 16 August 2018|last1 = Perapaddan|first1 = Bindu Shajan}}</ref> They attend the Shakhas of the RSS.<ref name="ET karya">{{Cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/what-does-it-take-to-be-an-rss-karyakarta/articleshow/64390472.cms |title = What does it take to be an RSS karyakarta?|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 30 May 2018|last1 = Venugopal|first1 = Vasudha}}</ref>

=== Shakhas ===
The term ''shakha'' is Hindi for "branch". Most of the organisational work of the RSS is done through the co-ordination of the various ''shakhas''. These ''shakhas'' are run for one hour in public places. The number of ''shakhas'' increased from 8500 in 1975 to 11,000 in 1977, before growing to 20,000 by 1982.{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}} In 2004, more than 51,000 ''shakhas'' were run throughout India. The number of shakas had fallen by over 10,000 after the fall of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led government [[2004 Indian general election|in 2004]]. However, in 2014, the number had again increased to about 40,000 after the [[2014 Indian general election|return of BJP to power]] in the same year.<ref name="Modi">{{cite news |title=Modi effect: 2,000-odd RSS shakas sprout in 3 months |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 April 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Modi-effect-2000-odd-RSS-shakhas-sprout-in-3-months/articleshow/33671908.cms |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227163209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Modi-effect-2000-odd-RSS-shakhas-sprout-in-3-months/articleshow/33671908.cms |archive-date=27 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KAUSHIK">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-shakhas-fight-for-survival/articleshow/6015003.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811073343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-05/india/28306317_1_shakha-rss-rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=RSS shakhas fight for survival |last1=Kaushik|first1=Narendra|date=5 June 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 June 2010}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/shakhas-grown-by-13-per-cent-across-the-country-rss/article6489345.ece|title=Shakhas have grown by 13% across the country: RSS|first1=Suvojit|last1=Bagchi|date=10 October 2014|access-date=28 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> This number stood at 51,335 in August 2015.<ref name="ToI_roll_2015">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-is-on-a-roll-Number-of-shakhas-up-61-in-5-years/articleshow/48498034.cms|title=RSS is on a roll: Number of shakhas up 61% in 5 years|work=The Times of India|date=16 August 2015 }}</ref>

The ''shakhas'' conduct various activities for its volunteers such as physical fitness through yoga, exercises, and games, and activities that encourage civic awareness, social service, community living, and patriotism.<ref name="Malkani">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=K.R. |author-link=K. R. Malkani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0RAAAAAMAAJ |title=The RSS Story |publisher=Impex India |year=1980 |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Volunteers are trained in first aid and in rescue and rehabilitation operations, and are encouraged to become involved in community development.<ref name="Malkani" />{{sfn|Chitkara, National Upsurge|2004}}

Generally, ''shakhas'' involve the gathering of male RSS members to train in martial arts, exercise in other ways, and "recite nationalist stories" to outsiders.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Luce |first=Edward |title=In Spite of The Gods: The Rise of Modern India |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3 |edition=1st Anchor Books |location=New York |pages=151–152 |author-link=Edward Luce}}</ref>

Most of the ''shakhas'' are located in the Hindi-speaking regions. As of 2016 Delhi had 1,898 ''shakhas''.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Highest growth ever: RSS adds 5,000 new shakhas in last 12 months |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-uniform-over-5000-new-shakhas-claims-rss/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> There are more than 8,000 ''shakhas'' in UP, 6,845 ''shakhas'' in Kerala,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/rss-added-8000-new-members-in-kerala-last-year-state-chief/articleshow/63322319.cms|title=Kerala RSS: RSS added 8000 new members in Kerala last year: State chief | Kozhikode News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 March 2018 |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> 4,000 in Maharashtra, and around 1,000 in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/kerala-accounts-for-over-5000-rss-shakhas-per-day-says-sangh/55906|title=Kerala Accounts For Over 5000 RSS Shakhas Per Day, Says Sangh|date=1 January 2000|work=TimesNow|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062808/http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/kerala-accounts-for-over-5000-rss-shakhas-per-day-says-sangh/55906|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In northeast India, there are more than 1,000 ''shakhas'', including 903 in Assam, 107 in Manipur, 36 in Arunachal, and 4 in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2016 |title=Sowing saffron, reaping lotus |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160522/jsp/7days/story_86900.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313214633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160522/jsp/7days/story_86900.jsp |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rise-of-hindutva-in-north-east-rss-bjp-make-a-mark-in-assam-manipur-but-poll-waters-still-untested-in-arunachal-3391504.html|title=Rise of Hindutva in North East: RSS, BJP score in Assam, Manipur but still untested in Arunachal|date=20 April 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430160537/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rise-of-hindutva-in-north-east-rss-bjp-make-a-mark-in-assam-manipur-but-poll-waters-still-untested-in-arunachal-3391504.html|archive-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In Punjab, there are more than 900 ''shakhas'' as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/sep/25/rising-rss-clout-in-rural-punjab-took-gagneja-down-1522808.html|title=Rising RSS clout in rural Punjab took Gagneja down|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220951/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/sep/25/Rising-RSS-clout-in-rural-Punjab-took-Gagneja-down-1522808.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As of late 2015 there were a total of 1,421 ''shakhas'' in Bihar,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RSS-to-reach-each-Bihar-hamlet-in-3-years/articleshow/49650558.cms|title=We will reach each Bihar hamlet in 3 years: RSS |work=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108042426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RSS-to-reach-each-Bihar-hamlet-in-3-years/articleshow/49650558.cms|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 4,870 in Rajasthan,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/66-of-rss-shakhas-consists-of-school-college-students-sanghachalak-ramesh-agrawal/|title=66% of RSS shakhas consists of school, college students: Sanghachalak Ramesh Agrawal|date=4 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407055413/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/66-of-rss-shakhas-consists-of-school-college-students-sanghachalak-ramesh-agrawal/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 1,252 in Uttarakhand,<ref>{{Cite news |title=उत्तराखंड में बढ़ी आरएसएस की शाखाएं |trans-title=RSS branches increased in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-13736910.html?src=article-on-scroll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233508/http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun%2Dcity%2D13736910.html?src%3Darticle%2Don%2Dscroll |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=jagran |language=hi}}</ref> 2,060 in Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mayilvaganan |last2=J |first2=Shanmughasundarm |title=RSS bets on small shakhas in hinterland to make it big in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rss-bets-on-small-shakhas-in-hinterland-to-make-it-big-in-tn/articleshow/79885853.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and 1,492 in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/27/rss-in-bengal-has-grown-threefold-in-five-years-says-report-1586535.html|title=RSS in Bengal has grown threefold in five years, says report|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054153/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/27/rss-in-bengal-has-grown-threefold-in-five-years-says-report-1586535.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There are close to 500 ''shakhas'' in Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2015 |title=जम्मू और कश्मीर में 500 शाखाएं चल रहा है |trans-title=Running 500 branches in Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/500-rss-shakhas-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/48138742.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> 130 in Tripura, and 46 in Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rise-of-hindutva-in-north-east-rss-bjp-face-challenge-in-nagaland-and-mizoram-better-off-in-meghalaya-tripura-3369560.html|title=Rise of Hindutva in North East: Christians in Nagaland, Mizoram may weaken BJP despite RSS' gains in Tripura, Meghalaya|date=21 April 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425191054/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rise-of-hindutva-in-north-east-rss-bjp-face-challenge-in-nagaland-and-mizoram-better-off-in-meghalaya-tripura-3369560.html|archive-date=25 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per the RSS Annual Report of 2019, there were a total of 84,877 ''shakhas'', of which 59,266 are being held daily; 17,229 are weekly ''shakhas''.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=10 March 2018 |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Annual Report 2018 |url=https://arisebharat.com/2018/03/10/rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-annual-report-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180131/https://arisebharat.com/2018/03/10/rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-annual-report-2018/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=9 December 2018 |website=arisebharat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Panigrahi |first1=Saswat |title=How Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is spreading its footprint across the nation |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-is-spreading-its-footprint-across-the-nation-2728048 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=DNA |date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181752/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-is-spreading-its-footprint-across-the-nation-2728048 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Uniform ===
[[File:A RSS swayamsevak.jpg|thumb|upright|A volunteer taking an oath in the uniform shorts used until 2016]][[File:दसरा संचलन २०२३.jpg|thumb|RSS members parading in the new uniforms.]]
In October 2016, the RSS replaced the uniform of the khaki shorts its cadre had worn for 91 years with dark brown trousers.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2016 |title=The evolution of the RSS uniform |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Rker0Eokbrod0gOQA6Ch7L/The-evolution-of-the-RSS-uniform.html |access-date=21 November 2019 |work=Livemint |agency=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahat |first1=Pavan |title=New RSS uniform is a long stretch over khaki shorts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/New-RSS-uniform-is-a-long-stretch-over-khaki-shorts/article15604617.ece |access-date=21 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=30 August 2016}}</ref> These brown trousers are worn with a white button-up shirt and black [[side cap]].

=== Anthem ===
The song ''Namastē Sadāvatsale Matrubhoomē'' is the anthem or prayer of the RSS.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Anurag |title=RSS and patriotism: Saffron over tricolour |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/08/17/rss-and-patriotism-saffron-over-tricolour |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=Newslaundry |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Affiliated organisations ===
{{Further|Sangh Parivar}}
The RSS is the founding and leading organisation of the [[Sangh Parivar]], a collective of [[Hindutva]] organisations.{{sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism|2001|p=113}} In most cases, ''pracharaks'' (full-time volunteers of the RSS) were deputed to start up and manage these organisations in their initial years.

Some member organisations of the Sangh Parivar include:{{sfn|Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism |2001|p=114}}
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), literally, ''Indian People's Party''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), literally, ''World Hindu Council''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), literally, ''All India Students' Forum''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] (BKS), literally, ''Indian Farmers' Association''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (BMS), literally, ''Indian Labour Association''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Rashtra Sevika Samiti]], literally, ''National Volunteer Association for Women''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Bharat Vikas Parishad]], literally, ''Indian Development Council''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Vidya Bharati]]{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}
* [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]], literally, ''Tribal Welfare Monastery''{{sfn|Jelen|2002|p=253}}

Although the RSS generally endorses the BJP, it has, at times, refused to do so, due to difference of opinion with the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/unlike-2014-rss-wont-involve-itself-in-2019-elections/20180924.htm|title='Unlike 2014, RSS won't involve itself in 2019 elections'|date=24 September 2018|website=Rediff|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/differences-crop-up-between-bjp-rss-over-ram-temple/story-FE4zN8iYNCtJK18ZX5pd5H.html|title=Differences crop up between BJP, RSS over Ram temple|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Smriti Kak|date=13 December 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
=== Fascism ===
Jaffrelot describes the RSS as having a "fascistic dimension", as indicated by its paramilitary style and its emphasis on discipline, which he says suggests it should be seen as "an Indian version of [[fascism]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=50-51|}}: "The fascistic dimension of the RSS is suggested by its paramilitary style." ... "These elements suggest that the RSS should be regarded as ‘an Indian version of fascism’."</ref> At the same time, he notes that it is not solely a copy of European-style fascism, but represents a specifically Indian phenomenon.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=51}}: "As far as the formative years of the RSS are concerned, this expression is especially relevant if it implies that while the RSS belongs, with European fascism, to a general category of anti-liberal movements, it also represents a specifically Indian phenomenon which is not simply a reproduction of European fascism."</ref> He says that the "RSS's ideology treats society as an organism with a secular spirit, which is implanted not so much in the race as in a socio-cultural system and which will be regenerated over the course of time by patient work at the grassroots".{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=63}} He says that Golwalkar's ideology shared, with [[Nazism]], an emphasis on ethnic [[homogeneity]]{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=61}} but that the "ideology of the RSS did not develop a theory of the state and the race, a crucial element in European nationalisms: Nazism and Fascism"{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=51}} and that, according to Jaffrelot, RSS leaders were interested in Hindu cultural homogeneity as opposed to racial sameness.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|pp=56–58}}

=== Stance on non-Hindu communities ===
When it came to non-Hindu religions, the view of Golwalkar (who once supported Hitler's creation of a supreme race by suppression of minorities){{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=55}} on minorities was that of extreme intolerance. In a 1998 magazine article, some RSS and BJP members were said to have distanced themselves from Golwalkar's views, though not entirely:<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 1993 |title=A balancing act |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1508/15080280.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140915/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1508/15080280.htm |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=18 July 2013 |website=Hindu.com}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The non-Hindu people of Hindustan must either adopt Hindu culture and languages, must learn and respect and hold in reverence the Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but of those of glorification of the Hindu race and culture ... in a word they must cease to be foreigners; or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizens' rights.|[[M. S. Golwalkar]]<ref>{{Cite book
|last1=Guha
|first1=Ramachandra
|author-link=Ramachandra Guha
|year=2008
|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
|publisher=Pan Macmillan
|isbn=9780330396110
|page=19}}</ref>}}

Golwalkar also explains that the RSS does not intend to compete in electioneering politics or share power. The movement considers Hindus as inclusive of [[Sikhs]], [[Jains]], [[Buddhists]], [[Adivasi|tribals]], [[Dalit|untouchables]], [[Veerashaivism]], [[Arya Samaj]], [[Ramakrishna Mission]], and other groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marty |first1=Martin E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiBwMJrlMVoC&q=%22view+Sikhs,+Jains,+Buddhists,+Tribals,+and+Untouchables+as+belonging+within+the+Hindu+community%22 |title=Fundamentalisms Comprehended |last2=Appleby |first2=R. Scott |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-226-50888-7 |language=en}}</ref>

In spite of the organisation's hostile rhetoric against their religions, the RSS also has Muslim and Christian members. According to the party's official documents, Indian Muslims and Christians are descendants of Hindus that happened to be converted to foreign faiths, so as long as they agree with its beliefs they can also be members. They are still required to attend the ''shakhas'', and recite Hindu hymns, even by breaking [[Ramadhan]] fasts when possible.<ref name="rss faq" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |last2=Munshi |first2=Suhas |title=Minority Report: Meet the Non-Hindus in the RSS |url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/non-hindus-in-rss.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412161557/https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/non-hindus-in-rss.html |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date= |website=News18}}</ref> The [[Muslim Rashtriya Manch]] is considered as a wing of the RSS for Muslim members.<ref>{{cite web |title=A person is not a Hindu if he says Muslims should not live in India: RSS chief |url=https://scroll.in/latest/999326/a-person-is-not-a-hindu-if-he-says-muslims-should-not-live-in-india-rss-chief |website=Scroll.in |date=5 July 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref>

In January 2020, the RSS along with other right-wing political parties and religious organisations such as BJP, [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], and HJV held protests, which allegedly demanded that the statue of [[Jesus]] be not installed at Kapala Hills of [[Kanakapura]]. The {{Convert|10|acre}} of land<ref name="Hindustan Times 2020">{{cite web | title=BJP, RSS protest against proposed statue of Jesus in Karnataka's Kanakapura | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-rss-protest-against-proposed-statue-of-jesus-in-karnataka-s-kanakapura/story-3bjxnjbcK4zh72URr6EhBK.html | access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> was originally donated by the government to the [[Violence against Christians in India|Christian community]] after [[D. K. Shivakumar]], the MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] submitted a request to the state government for land donation to the community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/christ-statue-shivakumar-bjp-rss-protest-1636375-2020-01-13|title=114-ft Christ statue planned in Shivakumar bastion sparks BJP, RSS protest|website=India Today|date=13 January 2020 }}</ref>

=== LGBTQ issues ===
Historically, the RSS has expressed a negative view of homosexuality,<ref name="HindustanTimes-Ramachandran2018">{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Smriti Kak |date=6 September 2018 |title='Same sex marriage not compatible with norms of nature,' says RSS | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/homosexuality-not-a-crime-but-same-sex-marriages-unnatural-rss/story-uKXeztKYQliHjjJdY1SsnM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> though it has moderated this position in recent years, expressing support for the decriminalisation of homosexuality but opposition to the [[recognition of same-sex unions in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goaprism.com/rss-supports-gay-sex-showing-the-sign-of-relief-to-lgbt-community-in-india/|title=RSS supports gay sex showing the sign of relief to LGBT community|date=19 March 2016|website=GOA PRISM|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> In 2016, RSS member [[Rakesh Sinha]] claimed that efforts to decriminalise homosexuality in India were the product of a "European mindset".<ref name="Scroll.in-Rao2023">{{cite news |last=Rao |first=R. Raj |date=17 January 2023 |title=Why the RSS chief's remarks on the acceptance of the queer community are insincere |url=https://scroll.in/article/1041812/why-the-rss-chiefs-remarks-on-the-acceptance-of-the-queer-community-are-insincere |work=Scroll.in |access-date=10 March 2024 |author-link=R. Raj Rao}}</ref> In 2018, the RSS expressed support for [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]], which decriminalised homosexual activity in India, while simultaneously condemning efforts to legalise gay marriage and referring to homosexuality as "unnatural".<ref name="TimesofIndia2018-RSS-Johar-v-India">{{cite news |title=Homosexuality not a crime, but unnatural: RSS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/homosexuality-not-a-crime-but-unnatural-rss/articleshow/65703402.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

Similarly, in a book published in 2019, RSS chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] stated that homosexuality should remain a "private matter", while also arguing that "gay marriages should not be institutionalised for it will institutionalise homosexuality".<ref name="BusinessStandard2019">{{cite news |title=RSS supports homosexual and transgender rights, frowns on live-in relationships |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rss-supports-homosexual-and-transgender-rights-frowns-on-live-in-relationships-119092001414_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> In January 2023, Mohan Bhagwat again stated that [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ individuals]] "should have their own private and social space as they are humans and have the right to live as others". However, some critics have alleged these remarks are "insincere".<ref name="Scroll.in-Rao2023"/><ref name="TheSwaddle2023 j920">{{cite web | title=RSS Chief Endorses LGBTQ Rights. Here's Why It Rings Hollow |url=https://www.theswaddle.com/rss-chief-endorses-lgbtq-rights-heres-why-it-rings-hollow | website=The Swaddle |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

In March 2023, RSS general secretary [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] reiterated the organisation's opposition to the legalisation of gay marriage, stating that in Hinduism "marriage is [a] '[[Samskara (rite of passage)|Sanskar]]' [Hindu sacrament]" that necessarily involves two people of opposite gender.<ref name="TimesofIndia 2023-MarriagrSanskar">{{cite web | title=Marriage in Hinduism is 'Sanskar', not contract or enjoyment: RSS backs Centre's stand against same-sex marriage | website=The Times of India | date=14 March 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/marriage-in-hinduism-is-sanskar-not-contract-or-enjoyment-rss-backs-centres-stand-against-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/98639679.cms | access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes2023-MarriageSanskar">{{cite web | title=Marriage is 'sanskar', not instrument for enjoyment: RSS general secretary | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 March 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/marriage-is-sanskar-not-instrument-for-enjoyment-rss-general-secretary-101678808214587.html | access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> These comments were made in support of an affidavit the [[BJP]]-ruled [[Government of India]] filed with the [[Supreme Court of India]] which argued against the legalisation of same-sex marriage. When the Supreme Court handed down a verdict against legalisation later that year, the RSS "welcomed" the ruling, and additionally expressed their opposition to giving same-sex couples the right to adopt children.<ref name="TheHindu-Mishra2023">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Ishita | title=RSS, affiliate welcome Supreme Court verdict on same sex marriage | website=The Hindu | date=17 October 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rss-affiliate-welcomes-supreme-court-verdict-on-same-sex-marriage/article67430609.ece | access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Attitude towards Jews ===
RSS leaders admired [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name="Atkins2004"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/hindu-nationalists-historical-links-nazism-fascism-214222|title=Hindu Nationalist's Historical Links to Nazism and Fascism|work=International Business Times|access-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518222130/http://www.ibtimes.com/hindu-nationalists-historical-links-nazism-fascism-214222|archive-date=18 May 2016|url-status=live|date=6 March 2012}}</ref> Golwalkar took inspiration from Adolf Hitler's ideology of racial purity.<ref>Gregory, Derek; Pred, Allan Richard (2007). ''Violent geographies: fear, terror, and political violence''. CRC Press. pp.{{nbsp}}158–159. {{ISBN|9780415951470}}. Retrieved 14 June 2010.</ref> However, the RSS's stance changed during the war; the organisation supported the British war effort against Hitler and the [[Axis powers]].<ref name="Bandyopadhya?a2004"/> The RSS leaders were supportive of the formation of Jewish State of Israel.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Quraiza|first1=Jai Banu|title=Hindu Pro-Zionism and Philo-Semitism|url=http://www.nhsf.org.uk/images/stories/HinduDharma/Interfaith/hinduzion.pdf|date=January 2004|page=84|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423090103/http://www.nhsf.org.uk/images/stories/HinduDharma/Interfaith/hinduzion.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2006|access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Golwalkar admired the Jews for maintaining their "religion, culture and language".<ref>{{cite book|title=Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined: a critique |page=30 |publisher=Pharos Media & Pub. |year=2006 |author=Shamsul Islam}}</ref> Savarkar drew a comparison between Jews and Hindus, writing "no people in the world can more justly claim to be recognized as a racial unit than the Hindus and perhaps the Jews",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savarkar |first=Vinayak |title=Essentials of Hindutva |date=1923 |pages=90}}</ref> supporting Jaffrelot's parallels between [[Zionism]] and [[Hindutva]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |date=2021 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691223094 |pages=24 |translator-last=Schoch |translator-first=Cynthia}}</ref>

== Social service and reform ==
=== Participation in land reforms ===
The RSS volunteers participated in the [[Bhoodan movement]] organised by Gandhian leader [[Vinobha Bhave]], who had met RSS leader Golwalkar in [[Meerut]] in November 1951. Golwalkar had been inspired by the movement that encouraged land reform through voluntary means. He pledged the support of the RSS for this movement.<ref>Suresh Ramabhai, ''Vinoba and his mission'', published by Akhil Bharat Sarv Seva Sangh, 1954</ref> Consequently, many RSS volunteers, led by [[Nanaji Deshmukh]], participated in the movement.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=111}} But Golwalkar was also critical of the Bhoodan movement on other occasions for being reactionary and for working "merely with a view to counteracting Communism". He believed that the movement should inculcate a faith in the masses that would make them rise above the base appeal of Communism.{{sfn|Golwalkar; Bunch of Thoughts|1966}}

=== Reform in caste ===
The RSS has advocated the training of Dalits and other backward classes as temple high priests (a position traditionally reserved for [[Caste]] [[Brahmins]] and denied to lower castes). They argue that the social divisiveness of the caste system is responsible for the lack of adherence to [[Hindu values]] and traditions, and that reaching out to the lower castes in this manner will be a remedy to the problem.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606114524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-30/india/27801346_1_priests-dalits-hindu "RSS for Dalit head priests in temples"], ''The Times of India''</ref> The RSS has also condemned upper-caste Hindus for preventing Dalits from worshipping at temples, saying that "even God will desert the temple in which Dalits cannot enter".<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-rips-into-ban-on-Dalits-entering-temples/articleshow/1040404.cms "RSS rips into ban on Dalits entering temples"], ''Times of India'', 9 January 2007</ref> However, [[Bhanwar Meghwanshi]], a Dalit former RSS member, criticised the RSS' attitude towards lower castes. He wrote of his disillusionment, which began with an incident where members of the organisation refused to eat the food prepared by him, instead throwing it into the streets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |date=2020-08-22 |title=Suraj Yengde reviews I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS, by Bhanwar Meghwanshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/i-could-not-be-hindu-the-story-of-a-dalit-in-the-rss-review-the-scourge-of-casteism/article32411488.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meghavaṃśi |first1=Bhaṃvara |title=[[I Could Not Be Hindu|I Could Not Be Hindu: the Story of a Dalit in RSS]] |last2=Menon |first2=Nivedita |date=2020 |publisher=Navayana |isbn=978-81-89059-93-4 |location=New Delhi |chapter=20–21}}</ref>

RSS leaders have argued against reservations for lower castes,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-30 |title=Abolish caste-based quota, says RSS ideologue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/abolish-castebased-quota-says-rss-ideologue/article7597642.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Bhagwat Says RSS Always Supported Reservations. But Is That True? |url=https://thewire.in/caste/mohan-bhagwat-says-rss-always-supported-reservations-but-is-that-true |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> with the ''Organiser'' calling the implementation of the [[Mandal Commission]] recommendations a reactivation of a "caste war" in 1990.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title="I Want Every Muslim To Live Here in Peace": A 1990 Conversation with the RSS Ideologue Bhaurao Deoras |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/1990-conversation-rss-bhaurao-deoras-naqvi |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref> Mohan Bhagwat has expressed support for reservations on some occasions and called for debate on the issue on others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karunakaran |first=Haritha John,Binu |date=2024-05-06 |title=From 'strong support' to 'let's debate it': The shifting stance of RSS on reservations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/caste/from-strong-support-to-lets-debate-it-the-shifting-stance-of-rss-on-reservations |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Jaffrelot says that "there is insufficient data available to carry out a statistical analysis of social origins of the early RSS leaders", but goes on to conclude that, based on some known profiles, most of the RSS founders and its leading organisers, with a few exceptions, were Maharashtrian Brahmins from the middle or lower class{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=45}} and argues that the pervasiveness of the Brahminical ethic in the organisation was probably the main reason why it failed to attract support from the low castes. He argues that the "RSS resorted to instrumentalist techniques of ethnoreligious mobilisation—in which its [[Brahminism]] was diluted—to overcome this handicap".{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=50}} However, Anderson and Damle (1987) find that members of all castes have been welcomed into the organisation and are treated as equals.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=111}}

=== Relief and rehabilitation ===
[[File:Gujarat Earthquake first aid by RSS Volunteers.jpg|thumb|right|First aid camp for earthquake victims in [[Gujarat]]]]
[[File:KtakaAndhraReliefByRss2009.jpg|thumb|right|RSS volunteers involved in relief work during floods in North Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh]]
The RSS was instrumental in relief efforts after the [[1971 Odisha cyclone]], [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]<ref name="sev">[http://www.hindu.com/2001/02/18/stories/13180012.htm "Ensuring transparency"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102035703/http://www.hindu.com/2001/02/18/stories/13180012.htm |date=2 November 2007 }}, ''The Hindu'', 18 February 2001</ref> and in the 1984 [[Bhopal disaster]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Enigma of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3650.html|newspaper=Mainstream weekly|date=18 August 2012|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144017/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3650.html|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/13arvind.htm|title=The saffron flutters high, yet again|author=Arvind Lavakare|date=13 February 2001|publisher=Rediff-News|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154612/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/13arvind.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It assisted in relief efforts during the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], and helped rebuild villages.<ref name="sev" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13496555.cms |title=Goa rebuilds quake-hit Gujarat village |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409033548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13496555.cms |archive-date=9 April 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2002 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> Approximately 35,000 RSS members in uniform were engaged in the relief efforts,<ref>Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', 12 February 2001</ref> and many of their critics acknowledged their role.<ref>''India-Today'', 12 February 2001 issue</ref> An RSS-affiliated NGO, [[Seva Bharati]], conducted relief operations in the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. Activities included building shelters for the victims and providing food, clothes, and medical necessities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Relief missions from Delhi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/27/stories/2004122713750300.htm |access-date=9 April 2021 |date=27 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119235601/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/27/stories/2004122713750300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 January 2005}}</ref> The RSS assisted relief efforts during the 2004 [[Sumatra-Andaman earthquake]] and the subsequent tsunami.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Tsunami toll in TN, Pondy touches 7,000 |url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/29tn3.htm |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Rediff |date=29 December 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Seva Bharati also adopted 57 children (38 Muslims and 19 Hindus) from militancy affected areas of Jammu and Kashmir to provide them education at least up to Higher Secondary level.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Pawan Bali |author2=Aswathy Kumar |name-list-style=amp |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jammu-kids-get-home-away-from-guns/14093-3.html |title=Jammu kids get home away from guns |publisher=IBN live |date=28 June 2006 |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025071648/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jammu-kids-get-home-away-from-guns/14093-3.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/25/jk-rss-adopts-militancy-hit-muslim-children.html |title=JK: RSS adopts militancy hit Muslim children |date=25 June 2006 |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928155301/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/06/25/jk-rss-adopts-militancy-hit-muslim-children.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> They also took care of victims of the [[Kargil War]] of 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/TIMES-SAMVADBRFund-of-Controversy/articleshow/31202404.cms |title=Fund of Controversy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103033502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-14/edit-page/27322585_1_development-and-relief-fund-idrf-rss |archive-date=3 November 2013 |date=14 December 2002|url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

During the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], as per the former [[National Commission for Minorities|National Minorities Commission]] chairman [[Tarlochan Singh]] and noted journalist & author [[Khushwant Singh]], RSS activists also protected and helped members of the [[Sikh]] community.<ref>{{cite news |date= 26 July 2003 |title= Minorities panel chief lauds RSS |url= https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/minorities-panel-chief-lauds-rss_113169.html |newspaper= [[Zee News]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104947/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/minorities-panel-chief-lauds-rss_113169.html |archive-date= 18 June 2020 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Singh|first= Khushwant|date=22 August 2005|title=1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Victory To The Mob |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/victory-to-the-mob/228338 |newspaper= Outlook |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211104123250/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/victory-to-the-mob/228338 |archive-date= 4 November 2021 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Tiwana|first= Jagpal Singh|date=15 February 2003 |title= Khushwant Singh: "Japji Sahib is Based on the Upanishads" |url= http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_021503a.html |newspaper= [[Sikh Times]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250319025801/http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_021503a.html |archive-date= 19 March 2025 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= M D Deshpande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxeLBgAAQBAJ&q=Tarlochan+Singh+RSS+1984&pg=PT210|title=Gujarat Riots: the True Story: The Truth of the 2002 Riots|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year= 2014|isbn=9781482841633|pages=398}}</ref>

[[File:Tsunami relief by rss volunteers.JPG|thumb|right|Tsunami relief work by RSS volunteers]]
In 2006, the RSS participated in relief efforts to provide basic necessities such as food, milk, and potable water to the people of [[Surat]], Gujarat, who were affected by floods in the region.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The RSS volunteers carried out relief and rehabilitation work after the floods affected North [[Karnataka]] and some districts of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article136398.ece |work=The New Indian Express |title=RSS volunteers fan out to do relief work |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106054230/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article136398.ece |archive-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, following the [[2013 North India floods|Uttarakhand floods]], RSS volunteers were involved in flood relief work through its offices set up at affected areas.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rss-help-for-uttarakhand-flood-victims/article4852079.ece "RSS help for Uttarakhand flood victims"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629200457/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rss-help-for-uttarakhand-flood-victims/article4852079.ece |date=29 June 2013 }}, ''The Hindu'', 26 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.niticentral.com/2013/06/24/rss-swings-into-action-in-flood-ravaged-uttarakhand-94456.html "RSS swings into action in flood-ravaged Uttarakhand"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630042114/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/06/24/rss-swings-into-action-in-flood-ravaged-uttarakhand-94456.html |date=30 June 2013 }}, Niti Central. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</ref>

Backing the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India]], the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh provided essential services including masks, soaps and food to many all over India during the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/backing-modi-govt-on-lockdown-rss-doles-out-a-bouquet-of-services-for-those-stranded20200404154059/|title=Backing Modi govt on lockdown, RSS doles out a bouquet of services for those stranded|first1=Pragya|last1=Kaushika|date=4 April 2020|publisher=ANI|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407194409/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/backing-modi-govt-on-lockdown-rss-doles-out-a-bouquet-of-services-for-those-stranded20200404154059/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-gets-ready-to-fight-coronavirus-with-awareness-campaign-masks-soaps-food-packets/386488/|title=RSS gets ready to fight coronavirus with awareness campaign, masks, soaps & food packets|first1=Arun|last1=Anand|date=24 March 2020|publisher= Printline Media Pvt. Ltd|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 March 2020|title=RSS provides food to needy; operates 52 kitchens across Delhi amid COVID-19 lockdown|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/rss-provides-food-to-needy-operates-52-kitchens-across-delhi-amid-covid-19-lockdown-120032900613_1.html|access-date=7 April 2020|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2020, a Muslim woman from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] donated all her savings meant for her [[Hajj|Hajj pilgrimage]], worth {{INR}}5 [[lakh]], to the RSS-affiliated 'Seva Bharati' after being "impressed with the welfare work" done by the outfit amid the lockdown due to the novel coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Impressed with welfare work, Muslim woman donates savings for Hajj to RSS-affiliate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-impressed-welfare-work-muslim-woman-donates-savings-hajj-rss-1661133-2020-03-30 |work=[[India Today]]|date=30 March 2020|last1=Press Trust of India|access-date=31 October 2020|author1-link=Press Trust of India }}</ref> The number of Muslim students in the schools run by Vidya Bharati, the educational wing of the RSS, has witnessed an increase of approximately 30% during the three years 2017–2020 in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dixit |first1=Kapil |title=Muslim students in UP's RSS schools rise 30% in 3 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/muslim-students-in-ups-rss-schools-rise-30-in-3-years/articleshow/74234292.cms|date=21 February 2020|work=The Times of India |access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
In 1992, the RSS established the [[Kreeda Bharati]] sports organisation in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kreeda Bharati unit to be inaugurated on Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kreeda-bharati-unit-to-be-inaugurated-on-sunday/article6672867.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2015 |title=RSS off-shoot finds way to expand base: 'Mini rural Olympics' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/rss-off-shoot-finds-way-to-expand-base-mini-rural-olympics/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Kreeda Bharati promotes [[Traditional games of India|indigenous sports]], traditional rural games, as well as "lost and ancient games", alongside other established sports in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2017 |title=RSS set to woo West Bengal youth, looks to lure with love of the GAME and much more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rss-set-to-woo-west-bengal-youth-looks-to-lure-with-love-of-the-game-and-much-more/818805/ |website=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title='Mukna Kangjei' tournament held to keep sport alive |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/culture-and-society/050419/mukna-kangjei-tournament-held-to-keep-sport-alive.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Publications and media ==
Two prominent publications of the RSS are [[Panchjanya (magazine)|''Panchajanya'']] (Hindi) and [[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]] (English). The first magazines published were Rashtra Dharma (Hindi) and Organiser (English). Later in 1948 new publications were launched, ''Panchajanya'' from Lucknow, ''Akashwani'' from Jalandhar and ''Chetana'' from Varanasi. Until 1977 the publications were published by Rashtra Dharma Prakashan the responsibility of which was later taken over by Bharat Prakashan Ltd. The governing board of the publications has been appointing editors for the publications. Prominent leaders like Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay, former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee have been the editors of these publications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=Links between RSS, journals Organiser and Panchjanya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/links-between-rss-journals-organiser-and-panchjanya/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra |date=27 December 2015 |title=Staff of 'Panchajanya' and 'Organiser' sacked for writing to RSS chief |url=https://scroll.in/article/778070/staff-of-panchajanya-and-organiser-to-rss-chief-why-have-acche-din-meant-bad-times-for-us |work=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> In 2013, the number of subscriptions to ''Panchajanya'' was around 60,000 and around 15,000 for Organiser. Subscriptions have increased substantially after 2014 election of Narendra Modi as the Prime minister. {{As of|2017}}, ''Panchajanya'' had more than 1 lakh subscribers and Organiser had 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Circulation of RSS journals up by 40% since BJP came to power |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/circulation-of-rss-journals-up-by-40-since-bjp-came-to-power/story-aUbRhvRIDoXamw5gyqrHBI.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Vishwa Samvad Kendra, literally ''World Communication Center'', is its official communications wing.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Prateek |date=14 December 2020 |title=Why is Madhya Pradesh handing over upscale homes to journalists? |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/14/why-is-madhya-pradesh-handing-over-upscale-homes-to-journalists |website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=28 April 2021 |title=How apolitical was the RSS campaign for 'voter awareness' in Bengal? |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/04/28/how-apolitical-was-the-rss-campaign-for-voter-awareness-in-bengal |website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RSS media arm honours group that branded citizens anti-national |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rss-media-arm-honours-group-that-branded-citizens-anti-national-5811948/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangh mobilising minority wing for funds from Muslims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sangh-mobilising-minority-wing-for-funds-from-muslims/articleshow/80804561.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2020 |title=Pune varsity cancels RSS lecture after Cong, NCP object |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/pune-varsity-cancels-rss-lecture-after-cong-ncp-object/story-hmVd6u4fk8sl03MuVFP83H.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Its head office is in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2019 |title=RSS to confer Delhi journalists with Narad Samman awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rss-to-confer-delhi-journalists-with-narad-samman-awards/article27810099.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Venugopal |first1=Vasudha |last2=Anshuman |first2=Kumar |title=Sangh leaders stress on better RSS-Centre-BJP coordination |work=The Economic Times |date=29 June 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sangh-leaders-stress-on-better-rss-centre-bjp-coordination/articleshow/76678757.cms }}</ref> It was started by the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], with initial centers in [[Ayodhya]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Delhi]], for propagating its views on the [[Ayodhya dispute]],<ref name=":7" /> and expanded its activities after the 1992 [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]].<ref name=":8" />

== Criticism ==
The RSS has been criticised as an [[extremism|extremist]] organisation and as a paramilitary group.<ref name="paramilitary" /><ref name="Curran1950"/><ref name="Margolis2000">{{cite book | author=Eric S. Margolis | title=War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMSLsSVKxNMC&pg=PA95 | access-date=12 November 2012 | year=2000 | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group | isbn=978-0-415-93062-8 | page=95 }}</ref> It has also been criticised when its members have participated in anti-Muslim violence;<ref name="indianexpress kar sevaks" /> it has since formed in 1984, a militant wing called the [[Bajrang Dal]].<ref name="Atkins2004" /><ref name="Breker">
{{cite book|last1=Breker|first1=Torkel|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415667449|pages=86–87|editor=Chris Seiple |editor2= Dennis R. Hoover |editor3=Pauletta Otis}}
</ref> Along with [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], the RSS has been involved in riots, often inciting and organising violence against Christians and Muslims.<ref name=Parashar>
{{cite book|last1=Parashar|first1=Swati|title=Women and Militant Wars: The Politics of Injury|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415827966|page=77}}
</ref><ref name="Horowitz"/> Thus, there is a common consensus among the academia and intellectuals that the RSS spreads hatred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|date=2004|title=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414900|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=16|pages=1605–1612|jstor=4414900|issn=0012-9976|quote=As against the mere silencing of the diverse cultures and contributions of women, minorities or workers found in conservative visions of education, the fascist school curriculum involves active manipulation of historical evidence in order to foster hatred for and violence against minorities................ Indeed, the fact that Pakistan and Indian Muslims are never explicitly named but referred to only as 'the neighbouring country' or terrorists paradoxically serves to strengthen the message - since the RSS can then take recourse to the claim of pure 'nationalism'. Students claim they are taught only about 'Indian' culture and deny that they are taught to hate other communities. They don't realise that the version of Indian culture they are taught is such a strongly Hindu and anti-minority one}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Todd|first1=Allan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v893CgAAQBAJ|title=History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Independence Movements (1800–2000)|last2=Bottaro|first2=Jean|date=17 September 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-55623-2|pages=90|language=en|quote=The RSS had promoted a campaign of hatred against Gandhi, accusing him of being a traitor because of his willingness to negotiate with the Muslim community.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brekke|first=Torkel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGooYIEd9h4C&dq=%22RSS%22+%22hatred%22+inpublisher:%22university+press%22&pg=PA124|title=Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization|date=26 December 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50429-4|pages=124|language=en|quote=Through its strict, centralized, and authoritarian organiza-tion, the RSS controls a host of sister organizations devoted to the infusion of Hindu culture and values in different spheres of Indian society. The other side of this strategy of Hinduization is the aggressive stance against minorities who do not fit into the vision of Hindu society. The RSS and its leaders have always been motivated by hatred against Muslims and Christians, and they have created several terrorist organizations devoted to attacking members of these minority groups in different parts of India. Best known among the terrorist groups controlled by the RSS is the Bajrang Dal, the youth wing of the VHP, which specializes in violence against Muslims and Christians and has been involved in large-scale atrocities in India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Amrita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22RSS%22+%22hatred%22+inpublisher:%22university+press%22&pg=PA109|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|date=30 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08963-1|pages=109|language=en|quote=However, the RSS has planned these attacks while denying responsibility for them to generate fear and hatred of Muslims while claiming that Hindus are victims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&dq=%22RSS%22+%22hatred%22+inpublisher:%22university+press%22&pg=PA119|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|date=23 March 1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2305-5|pages=119|language=en|quote=The “significant other” of the RSS's alternative civil society in Pune remains, nonetheless, the anglicized establishment from which it has been excluded, while the immediate cause of fear and object of hatred, as always, is the Muslim community}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gregor|first=A. James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XyJDwyYv0AC&dq=%22RSS%22+%22hatred%22+inpublisher:%22university+press%22&pg=PA201|title=The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science|date=27 March 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85920-2|pages=201|language=en|quote=Another main-tained that from its very origins, Hindu nationalism looked to Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany for inspiration, and yet another identified the RSS, its affiliated organizations, and the BJP (its "political front"), as fascist — by identifying its essential traits as nothing other than "intolerance, hatred, brutality, and [the] urge for ethnic cleansing."}}</ref>

=== Terrorism and extremism ===
{{See also|Hindu terrorism}}
The RSS has been criticised for promoting and planning terrorist attacks, and numerous such attacks have been linked to RSS members. In November 2003, two bombs planted by RSS members killed one person and injured thirty-four others at a [[mosque]] in [[Parbhani]], [[Maharashtra]]. Another such bombing killed sixty-eight people, mostly Pakistanis, on a train running between India and Pakistan. On 29 September 2008, a bomb planted by terrorists linked to the RSS exploded in [[Malegaon]], [[Maharashtra]], in an area where Muslims were breaking their [[Ramadan]] fasts, killing six and injuring 101. It is believed that between 2003 and 2008, nine terror attacks linked to the RSS or other Sanghi Parivar organisations killed almost 150 people, mostly Muslims; many of these attacks happened near or inside Muslim places of worship or on [[Islamic holidays]].<ref name="Jacobin2024">{{cite web | last=Ahmed | first=Safa | title=India's Largest Paramilitary Force Got Away With Terror | website=Jacobin | date=29 September 2024 | url=https://jacobin.com/2024/09/rss-terror-india-hindutva-modi | access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

In September 2022, former ''pracharak'' (full-time worker) in the RSS Yashwant Shinde revealed in an interview and a sworn affidavit he was trained to carry out covert operations in [[Pakistan]] as well as [[false flag]] terrorist attacks in India that could then be used to scapegoat Muslims. He alleged that he and his fellow trainees have bombed mosques in [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], [[Purna]], and Parbhani in Maharashtra. Shinde has implicated key members of the RSS and the larger Sanghi Pariwar in directly planning or having knowledge of these attacks, including a former RSS national executive member and a national secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="Caravan2022">{{cite web | title=An RSS worker trained in firearms and bomb-making reveals the Sangh's extremist underbelly | website=The Caravan | date=30 September 2022 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/rss-worker-yashwant-shinde-interview-hindu-terrorism-rss-vhp-mohan-bhagwat | access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> Shinde asserted that the goal of many of these operations was to promote [[Islamophobia]] among Hindus by strengthening the stereotype of violent Muslim terrorists and thereby gaining support for the BJP and Hindu nationalist agendas. A statement by India's [[National Investigation Agency]] corroborated this claim, stating that the bombings "were caused by the conspirators with an intention to terrorize people...to create communal rift" between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Jacobin2024"/><ref name="Caravan2022"/>

=== Involvement with riots ===
The RSS has been censured for its involvement in communal riots.

{{Quote box|After giving careful and serious consideration to all the materials that are on record, the Commission is of the view that the RSS with its extensive organisation in Jamshedpur and which had close links with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh had a positive hand in creating a climate which was most propitious for the outbreak of communal disturbances.

In the first instance, the speech of Shri Deoras (delivered just five days before the Ram Navami festival) tended to encourage the Hindu extremists to be unyielding in their demands regarding Road No. 14. Secondly, his speech amounted to communal propaganda. Thirdly, the shakhas and the camps that were held during the divisional conference presented a militant atmosphere to the Hindu public. In the circumstances, the commission cannot but hold the RSS responsible for creating a climate for the disturbances that took place on 11 April 1979.|Jitendra Narayan Commission report on Jamshedpur riots of 1979<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB5NM0o3I9QC&pg=PA95 |chapter=An Analytical View of Communal Violence |last1=Shakir |first1=Moin |title=Communal Riots in Post-Independence India |publisher=Sangam Books |access-date=26 January 2011|isbn=978-81-7370-102-3|year=1991|editor-last=Engineer|editor-first=Asgharali |editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer|edition=2nd}}</ref>}}

[[Human Rights Watch]], a non-governmental organisation for human rights based in New York, has claimed that the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Hindu Council, VHP), the Bajrang Dal, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and the BJP have been party to the [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat violence]] that erupted after the [[Godhra train burning]].<ref name="Corrêa">{{cite book|last1=Corrêa|first1=Sonia|author-link=Sonia Corrêa|title=Sexuality, Health and Human Rights|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415351188|page=67|edition=New|author2=Rosalind Petchesky |author2-link=Rosalind P. Petchesky |author3=Richard Parker |author3-link=Richard G. Parker (anthropologist) }}</ref> Local VHP, BJP, and BD leaders have been named in many police reports filed by eyewitnesses.<ref name="hrw1">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence |title=India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=30 April 2002 |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013001213/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence |archive-date=13 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The RSS and VHP claimed that they made appeals to put an end to the violence and that they asked their supporters and volunteer staff to prevent any activity that might disrupt peace.<ref name="rediff02032002">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/02train10.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013065358/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/02train10.htm|url-status=dead|title=rediff.com: RSS, VHP appeal for peace in Gujarat|archivedate=13 October 2010|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsnow.in/illusory-nationalism/|publisher=Politics Now|author=Dipankan Bandopadhyay|access-date=4 December 2016|title=Illusory Nationalism and its woes|date=December 2016}}</ref>

=== Religious violence in Odisha ===
Christian groups accuse the RSS alongside its close affiliates, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), the Bajrang Dal (BD), and the Hindu Jagaran Sammukhya (HJS), of participation in the 2008 [[religious violence in Odisha]].<ref name="timesuk1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/hindu-extremists-reward-to-kill-christians-as-britain-refuses-to-bar-members-3frrf3kgphk | work=[[The Times]] | location=London | title=Hindu extremists reward to kill Christians as Britain refuses to bar members | first1=Rhys | last1=Blakely | date=20 November 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122812/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hindu-extremists-reward-to-kill-christians-as-britain-refuses-to-bar-members-3frrf3kgphk | archive-date=20 September 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Involvement in the Babri Masjid demolition ===
According to the 2009 report of the [[Liberhan Commission]], the Sangh Parivar organised the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|destruction of the Babri Mosque]].<ref name="indianexpress kar sevaks">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-the-bjp-rss-mobilised-kar-sevaks/545911/ |title=How the BJP, RSS mobilised kar sevaks |work=The Indian Express|date=25 November 2009 |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219033847/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-the-bjp-rss-mobilised-kar-sevaks/545911/ |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/india/Excerpts-from-the-Liberhan-Commission-report/Article1-479907.aspx |title=Excerpts from the Liberhan Commission report |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/india/Excerpts-from-the-Liberhan-Commission-report/Article1-479907.aspx |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> The Commission said: "The blame or the credit for the entire [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement|temple construction movement at Ayodhya]] must necessarily be attributed to Sangh Parivar."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/24/liberhan-comes-down-heavily-on-advani-and-vajpayee.htm |title=Liberhan comes down heavily on Vajpayee, Advani |work=rediff News |date=24 November 2009 |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224014918/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/24/liberhan-comes-down-heavily-on-advani-and-vajpayee.htm |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also noted that the Sangh Parivar is an "extensive and widespread organic body" that encompasses organisations that address and bring together just about every type of social, professional, and other demographic groupings of individuals. The RSS has denied responsibility and questioned the objectivity of the report. Former RSS chief [[K. S. Sudarshan]] alleged that the mosque had been demolished by government men as opposed to the [[Kar Sevak|Karsevak]] volunteers. On the other hand, a government of India [[white paper]] dismissed the idea that the demolition was pre-organised.<ref name="TNIE07122009">{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article79638.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629234130/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article79638.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Liberhan Takes Suspicions As Proof |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=Bengalooru Edition |date=7 December 2009}}</ref>
The RSS was banned after the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|1992 Babri Masjid demolition]], when the government of the time considered it a threat to the state. The ban was subsequently lifted in 1993 when no evidence of any unlawful activity was found by the tribunal constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labor|last1=Noorani|first1=A. G.|year=2000|isbn=9788187496137|publisher=LeftWord Books|location=New Delhi|pages=99}}</ref>

=== Involvement in politics ===
Several Sangh Parivar politicians such as [[Balraj Madhok]] in the 1960s and 1970s to the [[BJP]] leaders like [[L. K. Advani]] have complained about the RSS's interference in party politics. Though some former Hindu nationalists believed that Sangh should take part in politics, they failed to draw the RSS, which was intended to be a purely cultural movement, into the political arena until the 1950s. Savarkar tried to convince Hedgewar and later Golwalkar, to tie up with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], but failed to do so.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}}

Under pressure from other ''swayamsevaks'', Golwalkar gradually changed his mind after independence under unusual circumstances during the ban on the RSS in 1948 after the assassination of Gandhi. After the first wave of arrests of RSS activists at that time, some of its members who had gone underground recommended that their movement be involved in politics, seeing that no political force was present to advocate the cause of the RSS in parliament or anywhere else. One such member who significantly suggested this cause was [[K. R. Malkani]], who wrote in 1949:{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}}

{{quote box|Sangh must take part in politics not only to protect itself against the greedy design of politicians, but to stop the un-Bharatiya and anti-Bharatiya policies of the Government and to advance and expedite the cause of Bharatiya through state machinery side by side with official effort in the same direction. ... Sangh must continue as it is, an ''ashram'' for the national cultural education of the entire citizenry, but it must develop a political wing for the more effective and early achievement of its ideals.
}}

Golwalkar approved of Malkani's and others' views regarding the formation of a new party in 1950. Jaffrelot says that the death of Sardar Patel influenced this change since Golwalkar opined that Patel could have transformed the Congress party by emphasising its affinities with Hindu nationalism, while after Patel, Nehru became strong enough to impose his 'anti-communal' line within his party. Accordingly, Golwalkar met [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] and agreed for endorsing senior ''swayamsevaks'', who included [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], Balraj Madhok and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], to the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], a newly formed political party by Mukherjee. These men, who took their orders from the RSS, captured power in the party after Mukherjee's death.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}}

[[Balasaheb Deoras]], who succeeded Golwalkar as the chief of the RSS, got very much involved in politics. In 1965, when he was the general secretary of the RSS, he addressed the annual meeting of Jana Sangh, which is seen as an "unprecedented move" by an RSS dignitary that reflected his strong interest in politics and his will to make the movement play a larger part in the public sphere. Jaffrelot says that he exemplified the specific kind of swayamsevaks known as 'activists', giving expression to his leanings towards political activism by having the RSS support the [[Bihar Movement|JP Movement]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}} The importance that the RSS began to give to the electoral politics is demonstrated when its ''shakhas'' were made constituency-based in the early 1970s, from which the RSS ''shakhas'' began to involve directly in elections, not only of legislatures, but also of trade unions, student and cultural organisations.{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}}

As soon as the RSS men took over the Jana Sangh party, the Hindu traditionalists who previously joined the party because of S. P. Mukherjee were sidelined.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020|reason=Your explanation here}} The organisation of the party was restructured and all its organisational secretaries, who were the pillars of the party, came from the RSS, both at the district and state level. The party also took the vision of the RSS in its mission, where its ultimate objective, in the long run, was the reform of society, but not the conquest of power, since the 'state' was not viewed as a prominent institution. Hence the Jana Sangh initially remained reluctant to join any alliance that was not fully in harmony with its ideology. In 1962, Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was the party's chief, explained this approach by saying that "coalitions were bound to degenerate into a struggle for power by opportunist elements coming together in the interest of expediency". He wanted to build the party as an alternative party to the Congress and saw the elections as an "opportunity to educate the people on political issues and to challenge the right of the Congress to be in power". Jaffrelot says that this indifferent approach of party politics was in accordance with its lack of interest in the 'state' and the wish to make it weaker, or more decentralised.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}} After India's defeat in the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino–Indian war]], the RSS and other right-wing in India were strengthened since the leftist and centrist opinions, sometimes even Nehru himself, could then be blamed for being 'soft' towards China. The RSS and Jana Sangh also took complete advantage of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war with Pakistan]] to "deepen suspicion about Muslims", and also en-cashed the growing unpopularity of Congress, particularly in the [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-belt]], where a left-wing alternative was weak or non-existent.{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}} The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were banning [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter]], abolishing the [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status given to Jammu and Kashmir]], and legislating a [[uniform civil code]]. Explaining the Jana Sangh's failure to become a major political force despite claiming to represent the national interests of the Hindus, scholar Bruce Desmond Graham states that the party's close initial ties with the Hindi-belt and its preoccupation with the issues of North India such as promotion of Hindi, energetic resistance to Pakistan etc., had become a serious disadvantage to the party in the long run. He also adds that its interpretation of Hinduism was "restrictive and exclusive", arguing that "its doctrines were inspired by an activist version of Hindu nationalism and, indirectly, by the values of [[Brahmanism]] rather than the devotional and quietist values of popular Hinduism."{{sfn|Graham; Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics|2007|p=253}} Desmond says that, if the Jana Sangh had carefully moderated its Hindu nationalism, it could have been able to well-exploit any strong increase in support for the traditional and nationalist Hindu opinion, and hence to compete on equal terms with the Congress in the northern states. He also remarks that if it had adopted a less harsh attitude towards Pakistan and Muslims, "it would have been much more acceptable to Hindu traditionalists in the central and southern states, where partition had left fewer emotional scars."{{sfn|Graham; Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics|2007|p=42}}

The Jana Sangh started making alliances by entering the anti-Congress coalitions since the 1960s. It became part of the 1971 Grand Alliance and finally merged itself with the [[Janata Party]] in 1977.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}} The success of Janata Party in [[1977 Indian general election|1977 elections]] made the RSS members central ministers for the first time (Vajpayee, Advani and [[Brij Lal Verma]]),{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}} and provided the RSS with an opportunity to avail the state and its instruments to further its ends, through the resources of various state governments as well as the central government.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA240|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|last1=Krishna|first1=Ananth V.|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=9788131734650|pages=240|language=en}}</ref> However, this merge, which was seen as a dilution of its original doctrine, was viewed by the ex-Jana Sanghis as submersion of their initial identity. Meanwhile, the other components of the Janata Party denounced the allegiance the ex-Jana Sanghis continued to pay to the RSS. This led to a 'dual membership' controversy, regarding the links the former Jana Sangh members were retaining with the RSS, and it led to the split of Janata Party in 1979.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}}

The former Jana Sangh elements formed a new party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), in 1980. However, BJP originated more as a successor to the Janata Party and did not return to the beginning stages of the Hindu nationalist identity and Jana Sangh doctrines. The RSS resented this dilution of ideology – the new slogans promoted by the then BJP president Vajpayee like 'Gandhian socialism' and 'positive secularism'. By the early 1980s, the RSS is said to have established its political strategy of "never keeping all its eggs in one basket". It even decided to support Congress in some states, for instance, to create the [[Hindu Munnani]] in Tamil Nadu in the backdrop of the [[1981 Meenakshipuram conversion|1981 Meenakshipuram mass conversion to Islam]], and to support one of its offshoots, [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), to launch an enthno-religious movement on the [[Ayodhya dispute]]. BJP did not have much electoral success in its initial years and was able to win only two seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 elections]]. After L. K. Advani replaced Vajpayee as party president in 1986, the BJP also began to rally around the Ayodhya campaign. In 1990, the party organised the ''[[Ram Rath Yatra]]'' to advance this campaign in large-scale.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175–179}}{{sfn|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993|pp=51–54}} Advani also attacked the then ruling Congress party with the slogans such as 'pseudo-secularism', accusing Congress of misusing secularism for the political appeasement of minorities, and established an explicit and unambiguous path of Hindu revival.<ref name=":0" />

The 'instrumentalisation' of the Ayodhya issue and the related communal riots which polarised the electorate along religious lines helped the BJP make good progress in the subsequent elections of [[1989 Indian general election|1989]], [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] and [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]. However, in the mid-1990s, BJP adopted a more moderate approach to politics in order to make allies. As Jaffrelot remarks, it was because the party realised then that it would not be in a position to form the government on its own in the near future. In 1998, it built a major coalition, [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), in the Lok Sabha and succeeded in the [[1998 Indian general election|general election in 1998]], and was able to succeed again in the [[1999 Indian general election|mid-term elections of 1999]], with Vajpayee as their Prime Ministerial candidate. Though the RSS and other Sangh Parivar components appreciated some of the steps taken by the Vajpayee government, like the [[Pokhran-II|testing of a nuclear bomb]], they felt disappointed with the government's overall performance. The fact that no solid step was taken towards building the [[Rama|Ram]] temple in Ayodhya was resented by the VHP. The [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee#Economic policy|liberalisation policy of the government]] faced objection from the [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], a trade union controlled by the RSS. Jaffrelot says the RSS and the other Sangh Parivar elements had come to the view that the "BJP leaders had been victims of their thirst for power: they had preferred to compromise to remain in office instead of sticking to their principles."{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|p=175-179}}

After the end of Vajpayee's tenure in 2004, BJP remained as a major opposition party in the subsequent years; and again in the year 2014, the NDA came to power after BJP gained an overwhelming majority in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], with [[Narendra Modi]], an RSS member who previously served as Gujarat's chief minister for three terms, as their prime ministerial candidate. Modi was able to project himself as a person who could bring about "development", without focus on any specific policies,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|s2cid=142912068|date=3 April 2015|title=The Modi-centric BJP 2014 election campaign: new techniques and old tactics|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=23|issue=2|pages=151–166|doi=10.1080/09584935.2015.1027662|issn=0958-4935}}</ref> through the "Gujarat development model" which was frequently used to counter the allegations of communalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bobbio|first1=Tommaso|s2cid=154422056|date=1 May 2012|title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=33|issue=4|pages=657–672|doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423|issn=0143-6597|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619}}</ref> Voter dissatisfaction with the Congress, as well as the support from the RSS are also stated as reasons for the BJP's success in the 2014 elections.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Modern history|Politics|Conservatism|India}}
* {{anl|Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal}}
* {{anl|Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh}}
* {{anl|Muslim Rashtriya Manch}}
* {{anl|Rashtriya Sikh Sangat}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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* {{citation |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |author-link1=Walter K. Andersen |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9tAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987 |isbn=9788170360537 }}
* {{citation |first1=Tapan |last1=Basu |title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA21 |year=1993 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-383-3 |ref={{sfnref|Tapan Basu, Khaki Shorts|1993}} }}
* {{citation |author=Bipan Chandra |title=Communalism in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlDjbnKqtHIC&pg=PA140 |year=2008 |publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1416-2 |ref={{sfnref|Bipan Chandra, Communalism|2008}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Chitkara |first1=M. G. |title=Hindutva |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=81-7024-798-5 |ref={{sfnref|Chitkara, Hindutva|1997}}}}
* {{citation |author=Shamsul Islam |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C |year=2006 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-236-3 |ref={{sfnref|Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions|2006}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Jelen |first1=Ted Gerard |title=Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, The Few, and The Many |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=0-521-65031-3}}
* {{citation |first1=Abdul Gafoor |last1=Noorani |title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT60 |year=2000 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-81-87496-13-7 |ref={{sfnref|Noorani, RSS and the BJP|2000}} }}
* {{citation | first1=Martha Craven | last1=Nussbaum | author-link=Martha Nussbaum | title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS_0saaC-jkC&pg=PA156 | year=2008 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-674-03059-6 | ref={{sfnref|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008}} }}
* {{citation |first1=Ram |last1=Puniyani |author-link=Ram Puniyani |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0206-9 |ref={{sfnref|Puniyani, Religion, Power and Violence|2005}} }}
* {{citation|author=Neerja Singh|title=Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ|date=28 July 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-266-1|ref={{sfnref|Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right|2015}}}}

;Books
* {{citation |last1=Bhishikar |first1=C. P. |title=Keshave: Sangh Nirmata |publisher=Suruchi Sahitya Prakashan |location=New Delhi |year=1979}}
* {{citation |last1=Golwalkar |first1=M. S. |title=Shri Guruji Samagra |publisher=Suruchi Prakashan |location=New Delhi}}
* {{citation |last1=Golwalkar |first1=M. S. |title=Bunch of Thoughts |publisher=Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana |location=Bangalore |year=1966 |isbn=81-86595-19-8|ref={{sfnref|Golwalkar; Bunch of Thoughts|1966}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sinha |first1=Rakesh |title=Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |year=2003 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Publication Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting [[Government of India]]}}
* {{citation |last1=Mehrotra |first1=N.C. |first2=Tandon |last2=Manisha |title=Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan |year=1995 |location=[[Shahjahanpur]], India |publisher=Shaheed-E-Aazam Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Trust}}

;Publications
* {{cite news| url =http://www.panchjanya.com/ | title = Panchajanya | publisher = RSS weekly publication| language = hi}}
* {{cite news | url =http://www.organiser.org/ | title = Organiser | publisher = RSS weekly publication}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.eswastika.com/ |title=Weekly Swastika}} (A Nationalist Bengali News Weekly)
* {{citation| url =http://archivesofrss.org/index.php?option=com_biographies&Itemid=37/ | title = Biographies of Dr. Hedgewar The founder of RSS| language = hi, en}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Fascism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh| ]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1925]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hindu paramilitary organizations]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic supremacy]]
[[Category:Fascism in India]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]

List of English-language television channels in India

2026-03-16T23:40:29Z

SheldonTopper4: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Indian television topics}}
{{main|Television in India|Lists of television channels in India}}
This is a list of English language television channels aired in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx|title=Top five English Movies Channels Week 28: Saturday, 8th July 2017 to Friday, 14th July 2017|publisher=BARC India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx|title=Top five English Entertainment Channels Week 27: Saturday, 8th July 2017 to Friday, 14th July 2017 |publisher=BARC India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx|title=Top four English Business News Channels Week 27: Saturday, 8th July 2017 to Friday, 14th July 2017|publisher=BARC India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx|title=Top five English News Channels Week 26: Saturday, 8th July 2017 to Friday, 14th July 2017|publisher=BARC India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myjioapps.in/jio-tv-channel-list/|title=Jio Tv channels list - All languages|publisher=MyJioApps}}</ref>

==General entertainment==
*[[Colors Infinity]]
*[[Colors Infinity|Colors Infinity HD]]
*[[Disney International HD]]
*[[Zee Café]]
*[[Zee Café|Zee Café HD]]

==Movies==
*[[&TV#Associated channels|&flix]]
*[[&privé HD]]
*[[MNX (TV channel)|MNX]]
*[[Movies Now]]
*[[Romedy Now]]
*[[Sony Pix]]
*[[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies]]
*Star Movies Select

==Kids==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Cartoon Network HD+]]
*[[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] (Formerly)
*[[Cbeebies]]
*[[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)#Disney Channel HD|Disney Channel HD]]
*[[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]]
*[[Disney Junior (India)|Disney Junior]]
*[[ETV Bal Bharat]]
*[[Gubbare (TV channel)|Gubbare]]
*[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)#Nickelodeon HD+|Nick HD+]]
*[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] (Formerly)
*[[Nick Jr. (India)|Nick Jr.]]
*[[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] (Formerly)
*[[Super Hungama]]
{{div col end}}

==Infotainment & lifestyle==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Animal Planet (India)|Animal Planet]]
*[[Discovery Channel (India)|Discovery Channel]]
*[[Discovery Turbo (Asia)|Discovery Turbo]]
*[[FashionTV]]
*[[History TV18]]
*[[Investigation Discovery]]
*[[Nat Geo Wild]]
*[[National Geographic (India TV channel)|National Geographic]]
*[[NDTV Good Times]]
*[[Sony BBC Earth]]
*[[TLC India]]
*[[Travelxp]]
*[[Zee Zest]]
{{div col end}}

==News & Business==
===National News channels===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[CNN-News18]] (rebranded as News18 - 7)
*[[DD India]]
*[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]
*[[Mirror Now]]
*[[NDTV 24x7]]
*[[NDTV|NDTV World]]
*[[NewsX]]
*[[NewsX|NewsX World]]
*[[Republic TV]]
*[[Times Now]]
*[[Times Now|Times Now World]]
*[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]
{{div col end}}

===Domestic channels===
*[[North East Live]]

===International News channels===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel)|ABC Australia]]
*[[Al Jazeera English]]
*[[BBC News (international TV channel)|BBC News]]
*[[Bloomberg Television]]
*[[CNA (news channel)|CNA]]
*[[CNN International South Asia|CNN]]
*[[Deutsche Welle]]
*[[France 24]]
*[[NHK World-Japan|NHK World]]
*[[RT (TV network)|RT]]
{{div col end}}

===Business News Channels===
*[[CNBC TV18]] (rebranded as Business18 2)
*[[ET Now]]
* [[NDTV Profit]]

==Sports==
*[[DD Sports]]
*[[Eurosport#Eurosport India|Eurosport]]
*[[Sony Sports Network]]
*[[Star Sports Network]]

==Defunct==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[9XO]]
*[[Animax India|Animax]]
*[[AXN (Indian TV channel)|AXN]]
*[[AXN (Indian TV channel)|AXN HD]]
*[[BabyTV|Baby TV]]
*[[BabyTV|Baby TV HD]]
*[[BBC Entertainment]]
*[[Big CBS Love]]
*[[BIG CBS Spark|Big CBS Spark]]
*[[Reliance Entertainment|Big Thrill]]
*[[Cartoon Network India|Boomerang]]
*[[BTVI|BTVi]]
*[[CGTN]]
*[[Comedy Central (Indian TV channel)|Comedy Central]]
*[[Comedy Central (Indian TV channel)|Comedy Central HD]]
*[[DD International]]
*[[Disney XD (international)|Disney XD]]
*[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|ESPN]]
*[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|ESPN HD]]
*[[Fox Action Movies]]
*[[Fox Crime (India)|Fox Crime]]
*[[Star Life (Indian TV channel)|Fox Life]]
*[[Star Life (Indian TV channel)|Fox Life HD]]
*[[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|Fox Sports News]]
*[[FX (Indian TV channel)|FX]]
*[[FX (Indian TV channel)|FX HD]]
*[[Green TV India|Green TV]]
*Halloween LIVE
*Halloween LIVE HD
*[[HBO India|HBO]]
*[[HBO Hits (Asia)|HBO Hits]]
*[[ITV Choice]]
*[[India Ahead]]
*[[Jetix]]
*[[Living Foodz]]
*[[Living Travelz]]
*[[Living Foodz|Living Zen]]
*[[Lumiere Movies]]
*[[Magicbricks Now]]
*Mannath System
*[[Marvel HQ]]
*[[MGM]]
*[[Nat Geo People]]
*[[NEO Prime|Neo Prime]]
*[[NEO Sports|Neo Sports]]
*[[India news|News 9]]
*[[ITV Network (India)|News X HD]]
*[[Nat Geo Adventure|NG Adventure]]
*[[Nat Geo Music|NG Music]]
*[[NHK World Premium]]
*[[PIX System]]
*[[PIX System|PIX System HD]]
*[[Romedy Now HD|Romedy Now+HD]]
*[[Romedy Now HD]]
*[[Sony AXN]]
*[[Sony ESPN]]
*[[Sony Le Plex HD]]
*[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Ten Golf HD]]
*[[Spacetoon India|Spacetoon]]
*[[Sports18 1]]
*[[Sports18 1|Sports18 1 HD]]
*[[Sports18 2]]
*[[Sports18 3]]
*[[Star Life (Indian TV channel)|Star Life]]
*[[Star Movies Action]]
*[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports HD 3]]
*[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 4]]
*[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports HD 4]]
*[[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]]
*[[Star World Premiere]]
*[[Turner Classic Movies (India)|TCM]]
*[[Sony Sports Network|Ten Cricket]]
*[[TEN Sports|Ten Sports]]
*[[Tiranga TV]]
*[[Cartoon Network India|Toonami]]
*[[Trace Sports]]
*Travel Trendz
*[[BTVI|UTV Bloomberg]]
*[[UTV World Movies]]
*[[VH1 (Indian TV channel)|VH1]]
*[[WB Channel|WB]]
*[[Woman TV|Woman]]
*[[Zee Studio|Zee Movies]]
*[[ZeeQ|Zee Q]]
*[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Sports]]
*[[Zee Trendz]]
*[[Zone Reality]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[List of HD channels in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Television in India}}

[[Category:Lists of television channels by language|English]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels in India|English]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India|*List]]

XVI Corps (India)

2026-03-16T12:13:11Z

SheldonTopper4: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XVI Corps
| image = File:XVI Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Indian Army XVI Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1972 – present
| country = {{flag| India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army| India}}
| type =
| role = [[Anti-aircraft warfare]] [[Anti-tank warfare]] [[Artillery observer]] [[Close-quarters combat ]] [[Combined arms]] [[Counter-battery fire]] [[Counterinsurgency]] [[Disaster response]] [[Indirect fire]] [[Jungle warfare]] [[Maneuver warfare]] [[Military communications]] [[Military engineering]] [[Military logistics]] [[Mountain warfare]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Reconnaissance]] [[Screening (tactical)|Screening]] [[Urban warfare]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Northern Command (India).svg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| garrison = [[Nagrota]]
| nickname = ''White Knight Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = 
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lt Gen]] Prasanna Kishore Mishra {{postnominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|AVSM|YSM|SM}}
| ceremonial_chief =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]|next=[[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]}}

The '''XVI Corps,''' or the '''White Knight Corps,''' is an army corps of the [[Indian Army]] raised on 1 June 1972 with Lieutenant General [[J. F. R. Jacob|J F R Jacob]] as its first [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC). It has its headquarters at [[Nagrota Cantonment, Jammu|Nagrota Cantonment]], ([[Jammu]] district), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In 2005, [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]] was raised in southern part of the XVI Corps' area, taking over two of its divisions.

==Order of battle==
The corps is reported to include

* [[10th Infantry Division (India)|10th Infantry Division (RAPID)]] ''(Crossed Swords Division)'', headquartered at [[Akhnoor]]
* [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25 Infantry Division]] ''(Ace of Spades Division)'', headquartered at [[Rajouri]]
* [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39 Infantry Division]] (''Dah Division''), headquartered at [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh]]
* One [[Indian Army#Bhairav Light Commando Battalions|Bhairav Light Commando Battalion]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-08-25 |title=Army ramps up two-front readiness, 5 Bhairav Commando units ready for frontline deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-ramps-up-two-front-readiness-5-bhairav-commando-units-ready-for-frontline-deployment/2727902/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bhairav commandos to add muscle to Army by October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhairav-commandos-to-add-muscle-to-army-by-october-31/articleshow/123592968.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-22 |title=New weapons, specialist units to boost army’s capabilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-weapons-specialist-units-to-boost-army-s-capabilities-101761147308953.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Delta Force and'' ''Romeo Force'' of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]] come under the operational control of the corps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armys-elite-counter-insurgency-unit-rashtriya-rifles-turns-25-tomorrow/articleshow/49171891.cms?from=mdr|title=Army's elite counter-insurgency unit Rashtriya Rifles turns 25 tomorrow|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-07-11|access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>

Its current [[General Officer Commanding]] is Lieutenant General PK Mishra.
[[File:Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assumed command of White Knight Corps from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 19.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assuming command of White Knight Corps (16 Corps) from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 2019. |246x246px]]
[[File:General Manoj Pande COAS visiting 16 Corps.jpg|thumb|General Manoj Pande, COAS, visiting 16 Corps, August 2022. |alt=General Manoj Pande Visit 16 Corps March 2024.jpg]]

== List of commanders ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment date
!Left office
!Unit of commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="37" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[J. F. R. Jacob|J F R Jacob]]
|17 June 1972
|23 July 1974
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan |title= Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War|date=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn= 978-9385563973|page=}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. V. Krishna Rao|K V Krishna Rao]]
|24 July 1974
|15 March 1978
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=353 |date=15 March 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|D K Chandorkar
|20 March 1978
|30 June 1979
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|
|-
|K Chiman Singh
|01 July 1979
|29 July 1981
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|
|-
|A K Handoo
|30 July 1981
|09 March 1983
|[[Brigade of The Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
|
|-
|K K Hazari
|10 May 1983
|25 September 1985
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|M Mayadas
|26 September 1985
|27 October 1986
|[[5th Armoured Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
|28 October 1986
|31 October 1987
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|Vijay Singh
|01 November 1987
|14 October 1989
|
|
|-
|Harwant Singh
|15 October 1989
|25 September 1991
|[[62 Cavalry (India)|62 Cavalry]]
|
|-
|[[Shankar Roychowdhury]]
|26 September 1991
|15 August 1992
|[[20 Lancers (India)|20 Lancers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=g6hlaDpG3IzfU9rEx8miEQ==&ParentID=a/P1/YYfOkrcbmJWxEWdoA==|title= General S Roy Chowdhury|date=|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|H S Bedi
|31 August 1992
|08 May 1994
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|
|-
|Manjit Singh Bhullar
|09 May 1994
|23 January 1997
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|
|-
|D S Chauhan
|24 January 1997
|30 January 1999
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jan/22kash1.htm|title=Local support to militants in Jammu wanes: army|date=1999-01-22|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|Arjun Singh Khanna
|31 January 1999
|31 March 2001
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-JAN-MARCH-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-2001-03-31_215.pdf|title=PIB|date=2001-03-31|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[J.B.S. Yadava]]
|01 April 2001
|19 August 2002
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-09-01 |title=Chaki, Yadav take over as deputy chiefs of Army staff |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chaki-Yadav-take-over-as-deputy-chiefs-of-Army-staff/articleshow/21265499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2002-06-15 |title=For Indian Troops on Line of Control, Anger Hasn't Subsided |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/15/world/for-indian-troops-on-line-of-control-anger-hasn-t-subsided.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|T P S Brar
|20 August 2002
|17 November 2003
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref name="Kapur">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-kapur-takes-over-goc-16-corps-in-jandk_134862.html|title=Lt Gen Kapur takes over GOC 16 corps in J&K|date=2003-12-03|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|Ashok Kapur
|18 November 2003
|04 December 2004
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name="Kapur" />
|-
|Sudhir Sharma
|05 December 2004
|20 April 2006
|[[Brigade of The Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
|
|-
|T K Sapru
|02 May 2006
|31 October 2007
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071102/cth1.htm#7|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624155237/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071102/cth1.htm#7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|R K Karwal
|01 November 2007
|17 October 2008
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=18503|title=Karwal new 16 Core Commander - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|website=www.earlytimes.in|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|R K Swamy
|18 October 2008
|16 October 2009
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=31898|title=Swamy new 16 Corps Chief - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|website=www.earlytimes.in|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|Romeshwar Roy
|17 October 2009
|04 December 2010
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091016/1362336.html|title=Lt Gen Roy to take over as GOC 16 Corps tomorrow|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201218/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091016/1362336.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Jai Prakash Nehra
|10 December 2010
|01 November 2011
||[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/gen-nehra-takes-over-goc-16-corps.html|title=Gen. Nehra takes over as GoC 16 Corps|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201014/https://www.yahoo.com/news/gen-nehra-takes-over-goc-16-corps.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|A S Nandal
|02 November 2011
|04 October 2012
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/lt-gen-nehra-hands-over-command-to-lt-gen-nandal/15860346.shtml|title=Lt Gen Nehra hands over command to Lt Gen Nandal|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213143617/http://www.merinews.com/article/lt-gen-nehra-hands-over-command-to-lt-gen-nandal/15860346.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nandal-takes-over-as-new-goc-16-corps-indian-army/869062/|title=Nandal takes over as new GOC 16 Corps Indian Army - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deependra Singh Hooda]]
|05 October 2012
|16 April 2014
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-hooda-new-goc-of-16-corps_803705.html|title=Lt Gen Hooda new GOC of 16 corps|date=2012-10-04|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Konsam Himalay Singh]]
|17 April 2014
|23 July 2015
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lt-gen-singh-assumes-command-of-16-corps/story-EptSBbFGZVpuHQArY6hHLI.html|title=Lt Gen Singh assumes command of 16 Corps|date=2014-04-16|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajendra Ramrao Nimbhorkar]]
|24 July 2015
|08 October 2016
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/lt-gen-nimbhorkar-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-16-corps-1024896.html|title=Lt Gen Nimbhorkar takes over as General Officer Commanding of 16 Corps|work=News18|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/lt-gen-a-k-sharma-takes-over-as-goc-of-16-corps-714025-2016-10-09|title=Lt Gen A K Sharma takes over as GoC of 16 Corps|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ajae Kumar Sharma]]
|09 October 2016
|10 October 2017
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Saranjeet Singh
|11 October 2017
|11 October 2018
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-saranjeet-singh-is-16-corps-goc/480777.html|title=Lt Gen Saranjeet Singh is 16 Corps GOC|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213144201/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-saranjeet-singh-is-16-corps-goc/480777.html|archive-date=13 December 2017|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/singh-takes-over-as-goc-16-corps-2/|title=Singh takes over as GOC 16 Corps|date=2017-10-12|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Paramjit Singh Sangha
|12 October 2018
|12 October 2019
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-paramjit-singh-involved-in-surgical-strike-planning-takes-over-as-xvi-corps-goc/articleshow/66180815.cms|title=Surgical strikes: Lt Gen Paramjit Singh involved in surgical strike planning takes over as XVI Corps GOC &#124; India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|Harsha Gupta
|13 October 2019
|13 October 2020
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Whiteknight_IA/status/1182927192596111361?s=20|title=Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assumed command of elite @WhiteKnightCorps from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 19. He exhorted all ranks to continue to strive for excellence & be combat ready to thwart nefarious designs of enemy & inimical forces @NorthernComd_IA @adgpipic.twitter.com/sebJQhk3Uq|last=Corps|first=White Knight|date=2019-10-12|website=@Whiteknight_IA|language=en|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. V. Suchindra Kumar]]
|14 October 2020
|28 October 2021
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/16-corps-gets-a-new-commander-amid-a-spike-in-loc-ceasefire-violations-by-pakistan/story-1IYe9sLUGagwZaeaQLmsbP.html|title=16 Corps gets a new commander amid a spike in LoC ceasefire violations by Pakistan|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=13 October 2020|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]]
|29 October 2021
|23 December 2022
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-manjinder-singh-takes-over-as-goc-of-white-knight-corps/|title=Lt Gen Manjinder Singh takes over as GOC of White Knight Corps|date=2021-10-29|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sandeep Jain]]
|24 December 2022
|31 December 2023
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/prodefencejammu/status/1606595682999349249|title=Lt Gen Sandeep Jain, SM, on assuming the command of the elite White Knight Corps|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>
|-
|Navin Sachdeva
|01 January 2024
|31 March 2025
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Lt-Gen Navin Sachdeva assumes command of 16 Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-navin-sachdeva-assumes-command-of-16-corps/articleshow/106459357.cms |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Prasanna Kishore Mishra
|01 April 2025
|''Incumbent''
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=PK |first1=Mishra |title=Lt gen PK Mishra takes over 16 corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-pk-mishra-takes-over-as-new-goc-of-nagrota-based-white-knight-corps/articleshow/119882891.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Sanjay Khajuria |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, ''Indian Army Order of Battle'', Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

==External links==
* Globalsecurity.org, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/nagrota-corps.htm Nagrota Corps / XVI Corps / White Knight Corps], accessed July 2010
*[https://twitter.com/whiteknight_ia?lang=en Official twitter handle]
{{Indian Army}}
{{Active corps of the Indian Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|016]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-mil-unit-stub}}

Kalanaur, Haryana

2026-03-16T09:30:01Z

SheldonTopper4: quick updated section and corrected details based on references

{{refimprove|date=September 2021}}
{{original research|date=September 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalanaur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.83|N|76.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 200
| population_total = 23319
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = HR-12
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalanaur''' is a town and a [[municipal committee]] in [[Rohtak district]] of the north [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== History ==

According to accounts recorded in Haryana state gazetteers, the name of the town is traditionally associated with Kalyan Singh, a [[Parmara dynasty|Panwar]] [[Rajput]] chief. It is said that the son of Kalyan Singh married a daughter of the [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomara]] ruler [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Anangpal]] of Delhi, after which Anangpal granted Kalyan Singh territory in the Rohtak region. A settlement founded by him subsequently developed into the town known as Kalanaur, the name being derived from '''Kalyan Singh'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteers of the Delhi District |publisher=Government Press |year=1883 |page=157 |url=https://ia600109.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.531244/2015.531244.gazetteers-of_text.pdf}}</ref>

== Communities ==
The Kalanaur region has historically been associated with the [[Parmar (clan)|Panwar]] [[Rajput]] clan. According to regional historical accounts, [[Parmar (clan)|Panwar (Parmar)]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] are traditionally associated with the early settlement of the area. Historical accounts indicate that [[Parmar (clan)|Panwar Rajputs]] established settlements in the region after receiving land grants west of Rohtak, leading to the foundation of '''Kalanaur''' and neighbouring villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Windows – Main Feature |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000422/windows/main1.htm |publisher=The Tribune |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

The surrounding countryside of Kalanaur consists of numerous villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Kalanaur |url=https://www.ulbharyana.gov.in/kalanaur/814 |publisher=Urban Local Bodies Department, Haryana |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> Historically, groups of villages in the Meham–Kalanaur region were also organised under traditional clan-based structures such as the [[Parmar (clan)|Panwar Rajput]] khap(Cluster of 36 '''Panwar Rajput''' village).<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchayat of 36 villages in Meham and Kalanaur blocks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-panchayat-of-36-villages-in-meham-and-kalanaur-blocks-comprising-meham-chaubisi-khap-and-panwar-khap-had-started-the-move-on-the-initiative-of-madina-native-village-of-murder-accused-inld-leader-no-1-turns-1-with-its-phenomenal-performance-and-superlative-hd-viewing-experience-movies-now-completes-one-rocking-successful-year-/articleshow/11327885.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |year=2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kalanaur is located at {{Coord|28.83|N|76.4|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Kalanaur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kalanaur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 200 metres (656 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kalanaur had a population of 16,847. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kalanaur has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 58%. In Kalanaur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
According to 2011 Kalanaur had population of 22,752.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Population !! Decadal Growth !! Percentage Growth
|-
| 1971 || 7,225 || - || -
|-
| 1981 || 12,380 || +5,155 || 71.35
|-
| 1991 || 14,524 || +2,144 || 17.31
|-
| 2001 || 16,853 || +2,329 || 16.03
|-
| 2011* || 22,752 || +5,899 || 35
|}

==Notable people==
* [[Abdul Hafiz (VC)|Rao Abdul Hafiz]] {{post-nominals|VC}}, War Hero and first Indian winner of Victoria Cross in [[World War II]], charged at enemy lines in [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Burma]]
* [[Bharat Bhushan Batra]], MLA from [[Rohtak ( Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]. 2009-2014 and 2019 to present.<ref name="HVS">{{cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=49120 |website=haryanaassembly.gov.in |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>

==Schools and colleges==
*Swami Guru Charan Dass Sanatan Dharm Sr. Sec. School (SGDSD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgdsds.edu.in/|title=Welcome to Swami Gurcharan Dass S.D. Sr. Sec. School, Kalanaur (Rohtak)|website=Swami Gurcharan Dass SD Sr. Sec. School|language=en-US|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[MSIET(Maa Saraswati Institute of Engineering & Technology)|MSIET ( Maa Saraswati Institute of Engineering & Technology )]] Kalanaur, Rohtak. [http://www.msiet.com/ www.msiet.com]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rohtak district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rohtak district]]

Nachiyar Tirumoli

2026-03-16T02:23:20Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{Short description|Work of Tamil Hindu literature}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Andal]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=Statue of Andal, Tirumala.|image=File:NarayanaTirumala5.JPG|verses=140|period=8th century CE|name=''Nachiyar Tirumoli''|previous=Tiruppavai|next=Perumal Tirumoli}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''''Nachiyar Tirumoli''''' ({{Translation|The Sacred Verses of the Woman}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madras |first=University of |date=1924–1936 |title=Tamil lexicon |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tamil-lex_query.py?qs=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andal-Nacciyar Tirumoli – Poetry Makes Worlds |url=https://archana.faculty.ucdavis.edu/translations/andal-nacciyar-tirumoli/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> is a set of 143 verses composed by [[Andal]], one of the twelve [[Alvars]] in [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition in [[Hinduism]]. In her restlessness and eagerness to attain [[Vishnu]], Andal attempts various methods by which she can attain union with him, which forms the major part of work. Among the ''tirumolis'', ''Vaaranam Aayiram'' is very well-known and has a special significance. It details Andal's narration of her dream of her experiences with her friends on her way to achieve her purpose of birth, which is to marry Vishnu.

These 143 verses are a part of the 4,000 divine hymns of ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]''. The verses are classified into fourteen decads, namely, a prayer to [[Kamadeva]] for marrying Vishnu, a prayer to Vishnu not to destroy a sand castle built by Andal, The stealing and returning the clothes of the Gopis done by Vishnu in his Krishna avatara, Andal securing union with Vishnu, Andal requesting a cuckoo to call Vishnu, Andal's wedding and reunion with Vishnu, Andal eulogising Vishnu's [[Panchajanya]] and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudharshana]], Andal sending clouds to call Vishnu and she successfully calls him, Andal's sadness of separation from Vishnu, Andal seeking help to attain Vishnu, and in praise of [[Ranganatha]] and [[Ranganayaki]].

==Etymology==
''Tirumoli'' literally means "sacred verses" in a Tamil poetic style and ''Nachiyar'' means "woman". Therefore, the title means "The Sacred Verses of the Woman". This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, her divine beloved, whom she finally married. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the ''[[Vedas]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]'', Andal creates imagery that is paralleled in all of the whole gamut of Hindu religious literature.<ref name=Shivshankar>{{cite web|last1=Rao|first1=Shivshankar|title=Saints - Andal|url=http://www.sushmajee.com/reldictionary/sketches/sketches-sant/st-andal.htm|website=Sushmajee: Dictionary Of Hindu Religion |publisher=US Brahman Group|access-date=11 August 2015|date=31 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Penguin>{{cite book|last1=Andal|title=Andal: Tiruppavai/Nachiyar Tirumozhi|date=14 October 2000|publisher=Penguin Books Australia|isbn=0140245723}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Nachiyar aesthetically conceived|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/05/stories/09050334.htm|access-date=11 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Organisation of the verses==
{{Tamil literature}}
These 140 ''pasuram''s (verses) are organized in 14 segments and each segment is called as a ''tirumoli''. Each ''tirumoli'' deals with one specific topic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nachiyar Thirumozhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sadagopan/sundarasimham/ebooks/NT1.pdf|access-date=15 April 2018|year=2008|last=Sadagopan}}</ref> The first decad is a set of verses to pray to [[Kamadeva]] to get [[Vishnu]] as her husband. Andal expresses that she will die if she is married to someone else other than Vishnu. The second decad is a compilation of Andal's prayer to Vishnu, the preserver the sand castle she built on the [[Vaippar River|Vaippar]] river. The third decad is the ''Vastrapaharana'', the playful story in Vishnu's Krishna incarnation's life when he took away garments of the [[gopi]]kas and then telling him to get them back, for which he gives all of them back and they wear all of it. The fourth decad has poems where she expresses her union with Vishnu. ''Kuyil Pattu'' forms the fifth decad where Andal tells a cuckoo to sing in praise of Vishnu and the cuckoo sings so. Experts attribute the verses to [[Pancharatra|Pancharatra Agamas]], a type of worship books used in Vaishnavite temples. The sixth decad indicates her dream to marry Vishnu according to the rituals in her and Vishnu's marriage. The eighth ''tirumoli'' called Vinneela Melappu and it deals with Andal telling the clouds in Srivilliputhur and sending them as her messenger to Vishnu, who is present in [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati]]. The remaining ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth ''tirumolis'' are dedicated to different things done by Andal to speed up her union with Vishnu which happened finally in the end. In the process, she wins finally, and finally in ''Patti Meindor Karerur'' ''Tirumoli'', the fourteenth ''tirumoli'', she marries Vishnu as an incarnation of [[Lakshmi]].<ref>[[#Raja|Vankeepuram 2005]], pp. 9-12</ref>

==Critical analysis==
Some of Andal's verses express love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry, that even today many of her most desirous poems in Nachiyar Tirumoli are rarely rendered publicly.<ref name="Rajarajan">{{cite journal|last1=Rajarajan|first1=R K K|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=2015|volume=106|issue=4|pages=53–61|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408102613/https://www.academia.edu/27086646|url-status=dead}}</ref> In one such verse, Andal dispenses with love and shows that she herself is in lying in the hands of Vishnu, and loving with him:<ref name="Lakshmi">{{cite news|last1=Lakshmi|first1=C S|title=Landscapes of the body|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2003/12/07/stories/2003120700300400.htm|access-date=25 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 December 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<poem>
My life will be spared, only if he will come, to stay for me for one night, If he will enter me, so as to leave, the imprint of his saffron paste, upon my breasts, mixing, churning, maddening me inside, gathering my swollen ripeness, spilling nectar, as my body and blood, bursts into flower!
<ref name=Dalrymple>{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0|access-date=13 July 2015|agency=The Financial Times Limited|issue=London|publisher=Financial Times|date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Chakravarty>{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond|journal=Manushi|date=1989|volume=50-51-52|page=25|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>
</poem>

<poem>
Tell him I will survive,
Only if he will stay with me,
For one day,
Enter me,
So as to wipe away,
The saffron paste,
Adorning my breasts!
</poem>(p. 140)<ref name="Vidya">{{cite book|last1=Dehejia|first1=Vidya|title=The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art|date=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231512664|url=https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe/page/141 141]|quote=andal breasts.|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

Andal whilst admiring herself wearing the garland which was meant for Vishnu,
<poem>
The guilt glazed love lay on Andal's breasts,
Thick and heavy as him.
Frightened with force,
And locked away, she conjured him every night,
her Vishnu, her god.
</poem><ref name=Kandasamy>{{cite book|last1=Kandasamy|first1=Meena|title=Ms Militancy|date=2010|publisher=Narayana|isbn=9788189059347}}</ref><ref name=Mulchandani>{{cite journal|last1=Mulchandani|first1=Sandhya|title=Divine Love|journal=The Indian Quarterly|date=2014|url=http://indianquarterly.com/divine-love/|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117215928/http://indianquarterly.com/divine-love/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Bilwakesh>{{cite web|last1=Bilwakesh|first1=Champa|title=Ms Militancy, by Meena Kandasamy|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/reviews.php?Ms+Militancy|access-date=11 August 2015|date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065432/http://www.sawnet.org/books/reviews.php?Ms+Militancy|archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

<poem>
My surging breasts long to leap to the touch of his hands which hold aloft the flaming discus and the bright conch!
</poem>

<poem>
Coax the world-measurer to caress my waist, to encircle the twin globes of my breasts!
</poem><ref name="Autobiography">{{cite book|last1=Chabria|first1=Priya Sarukkai|editor1-last=Chabria|editor1-first=Priya Sarukkai|editor2-last=Shankar|editor2-first=Ravi|title=Andal: The Autobiography of a Goddess|date=2016|publisher=Zubaan Books|isbn=9789384757670}}</ref><ref name="Arundhati">{{cite web|last1=Venkatesh|first1=Arundhati|title=Andal: The Tamil Female Saint Brought To You In A Very Satisfying Translation [Book Review]|url=http://www.womensweb.in/2016/05/andal-the-autobiography-of-a-goddess/|website=Women's Web|date=17 May 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012631/http://www.womensweb.in/2016/05/andal-the-autobiography-of-a-goddess/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous breasts will swell for Vishnu alone, and hates mating with humans, comparing that with the sacrificial offerings to the deities made by Brahmanas being attempted to be violated by jackals in the forests and be driven away and completed finally,<ref name=Ghai>{{cite web|last1=Ghai|first1=Anuj|title=Reflections on Andal|url=https://www.academia.edu/7073324|website=Academia.edu|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> and in another verse, she dedicates her swelling breasts to Vishnu who carries a conch and a discus.<ref name=Chakravarty /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=January 2016|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2023|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408102613/https://www.academia.edu/27086646|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The hymns of the ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' are regularly sung in all of the Vishnu and Lakshmi temples of the Indian subcontinent daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal21">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14|page=211|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref> Andal is also worshipped as a goddess because she is an incarnation of Lakshmi in the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition of the Indian subcontinent, and she is enshrined in all of the Vishnu and Lakshmi temples of the Indian subcontinent. The verses of the ''[[Tiruppavai]]'' and ''Nachiyar Tirumoli'' are sung commonly in all the households and temples during the month of ''Margali'' (December - January).<ref>{{cite news|title=Emotional Ecstasy and Those Mystic Muses|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3199817551.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190313/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3199817551.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|date=1 February 2014|publisher=Mint|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|url-access=subscription |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Andal's Vaaranam Aayiram is included in [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s score for [[Kamal Haasan]]'s movie [[Hey Ram]]a, and Andal is mentioned as one of the lyricists for this song in this movie.<ref name="HeyRam">{{cite news |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |title=He taught me to sing with abandon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-recalls-his-association-with-ilaiyaraja/article6360293.ece |access-date=6 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="TCM">{{cite web |title=Hey! Ram (2000) |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443250/hey-ram#credits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207010349/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443250/hey-ram#credits |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2025 |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[Kanninun Cirutampu]]''
* ''[[Tiruviruttam]]''
* ''[[Tiruchanda Viruttam]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}
* {{cite book|title=Andal's Nachiyar Thirumozhi (Love Transcendental)|publisher=V.K.N. Publishers|last=Vankeepuram|first=Rajagopalan|isbn=81-902979-1-0|year=2005|ref=Raja}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]

Religion in ancient Tamilakam

2026-03-13T18:54:57Z

SheldonTopper4: slightly updated layout as per guidelines and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Religious beliefs in ancient Tamilakam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama Garuda.jpg|290px|thumb|[[Krishna]] with his consorts [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] and his mount [[Garuda]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], late 12th–13th century]]
{{Hinduism}}
[[Hinduism]], in particular [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]], was the predominant '''religion in ancient Tamilakam'''. The [[Sangam period]] in [[Tamilakam]] (c. 600 BCE–300 CE) was characterized by the coexistence of many denominations and religions: [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ājīvika|Ajivika]] and later joined by [[Buddhism]] alongside the [[Dravidian folk religion|folk religion]] of the [[Tamil people]]. The monarchs of the time practiced religious tolerance and openly encouraged religious discussions and invited teachers of every sect to the public halls to preach their doctrines.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=233}} [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]] were the three major religions that prevailed in the Tamil region predating the [[Common Era]], as early as the [[Sangam period]].
<noinclude>{{TNhistory}}</noinclude>
<noinclude>{{Tamils}}</noinclude>

== Early religious practices in the Tamil country ==
A Neolithic cattle-herding culture existed in [[South India]] several millennia prior to the Common Era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddy|first=V. Rami|date=1985|title=South Indian Neolithic Culture Seen in Retrospect|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756713|journal=East and West|volume=35|issue=1/3|pages=43–65|jstor=29756713|issn=0012-8376}}</ref> By the fifth century, a relatively well-developed culture had emerged. It is described in vivid details in early Tamil texts such as the [[Tholkappiyam]] (2nd century BCE) and by the Sangam poets—an "academy" of poets whose poems are primarily dated to the early common era with few poems dated to the 1st century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&dq=info:3mNeiVqlnhoJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|date=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-03591-1|language=en}}</ref>

Ancient Tamil grammatical works such as the [[Tholkappiyam]] and poetic works like the [[Ten Idylls]] (''Pathuppāṭṭu''), and the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Eṭṭuttokai'') sheds light on early religion of ancient Tamil people. [[Thirumal]] was glorified in almost all Sangam literature and was the only god who has the status ''paramporul''. Thirumal was the Supreme God for the Tamilians in Sangam age. According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], [[Vishnu]] was considered ageless (the god who stays for ever) and the supreme god of [[Tamils]] where as [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] was considered young and a personal god of the Tamils.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA48 | title=Tamil Literature | isbn=9783447015820 | last1=Zvelebil | first1=Kamil | date=1974 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}</ref><ref>A HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE volume 10 TAMIL LITERATURE page number 49 written by Kamil Zvelebil</ref> [[Murugan]] was glorified as, ''the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent.''<ref name="Kanchan Sinha 1979">Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).</ref> Early iconography of [[Murugan]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery|year=2006|publisher=harappa.com|url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034700/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|archive-date=2006-09-04}}</ref> and [[Thirumal]]<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of India: A Historical Survey| url = https://archive.org/details/makingindiahisto00vohr| url-access = limited| author = Ranbir Vohra| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| year = 2000| page = [https://archive.org/details/makingindiahisto00vohr/page/n10 15]| isbn = 9780765607119}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Ancient Indian Civilization| author = Grigorii Maksimovich Bongard-Levin| publisher = Arnold-Heinemann| year = 1985| page = 45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Essential Hinduism| author = Steven Rosen, Graham M. Schweig| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| year = 2006| page = 45}}</ref> and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>{{Harvnb|Basham|1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Plants of life, plants of death| author = Frederick J. Simoons| year = 1998| page = 363}}</ref> There are two temples in [[Tamil Nadu]] dating to the pre-Pallava era, dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]] and lord Muruga. The temples are [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple]] and [[Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam]].<ref name="toi_20100801">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-finds-of-old-temples-enthuse-archaeologists/articleshow/6242174.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/chennai/28281794_1_inscription-shore-temple-oldest-temples|url-status=live|archive-date=15 September 2012|title=New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists|author=N. Ramya|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2010}}</ref> This shows that these two gods were the most worshiped gods by the Sangam era people. The [[Sangam landscape]] was classified into five categories ''thinais'' based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these ''thinai'' had an associated deity such as [[Thirumal|Maayon]] in ''Mullai''—the forests, who was considered ''supreme'', [[Murugan|Seyyon]] in ''Kurinji''—the hills, [[Korravai|Kotravai]] in ''Pālai''—the deserts, [[Indra|Ventan]]/Senon in ''Marutham''—the plains and [[Varuna]]n/Kadalon in ''Neithal''—the coasts and the seas.

The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thiruchandran|first=Selvy|title=Ideology, caste, class, and gender|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Pub. House}}</ref> The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appear predominantly a goddess.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manickam|first=Valliappa Subramaniam|title=A glimpse of Tamilology|year=1968|publisher=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu|pages=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ&q=sangam+priestess}}</ref> In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=8126012218|pages=4396}}</ref>

==Supreme God==
{{Main article| Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
Paripadal mentions Perumal as the supreme deity of the world. '''Mayon''' is indicated to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape) in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156 |title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3816-1 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=Fred W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan |date=2019-05-20 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-080410-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of ''Paramporul'' (achieving oneness with [[Paramatman|Paramatma]]) during the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]]. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in [[Sangam literature]].<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27">{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=mayon+sangam&pg=PA27 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref>

Example:-

Paripāṭal i :Line 50 to 56

ஐந்தலை உயிரிய அணங்குடை அருந்திறல் மைந்துடை ஒருவனும்– you are the one with five heads who causes great fear and is one of great ability and strength – Sivan, மடங்கலும்நீ – one where all lives end, நலம் முழுது அளைஇய – with all benefits, புகர்அறு காட்சிப் புலமும்– faultless learning – Vēdās, பூவனும் – you are Brahman who appeared on a flower, நாற்றமும்நீ – you are creation created by Brahman, வலன் உயர் எழிலியும் – clouds that rise up with strength, மாக விசும்பும் – wide sky, நிலனும்– land, நீடிய இமயமும்– and the tall Himalayas, நீ– you, அதனால் – so, இன்னோர் அனையை– like so and so, இனையையால்– like somebody, என– thus, அன்னோர் – those, யாம் இவண் காணாமையின் – I have not seen here, பொன் அணி நேமி – wheels decorated with gold, வலம் கொண்டு ஏந்திய – lifting on your right side or lifting with strength, மன்னுயிர் முதல்வனை – you are supreme to lives on earth.

== Veriyattam ==
"Veriyattam" refers to [[spirit possession]] of women, who took part in priestly functions. Under the influence of the god, women sang and danced, but also read the dim past, predicted the future, diagnosed diseases.<ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=Srinivasa|title=History of the Tamils: from the earliest times to 600 A.D.|year=1929|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=77}}</ref> Twenty two poets of the Sangam age in as many as 40 poems portray Veriyatal. Velan is a reporter and prophet endowed with supernatural powers. Veriyatal had been performed by men as well as women.<ref>{{cite book|first=T.K. |last=Venkatasubramanian|title=Music as History in TamilNadu|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9380607061|pages=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C&q=Twenty+two+poets+of+the+Sangam+age+in+as+many+as&pg=PA16}}</ref>

== Nadukkal ==
Among the early Tamils the practice of erecting [[hero stone]]s (''nadukkal'') had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about 11th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications}}</ref> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanium|first=N.|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|year=1980|publisher=Ennes Publications}}</ref>

== Theyyam ==

[[Theyyam]] is a ritual shaman dance popular in [[Kerala]] and parts of [[Karnataka]]. Theyyam migrates into the artist who has assumed the spirit and it is a belief that the god or goddess comes in the midst of fathering through the medium of possessed dancer. The dancer throws rice on the audience and distributes turmeric powder as symbols of blessing. Theyyam incorporates dance, mime and music and enshrines the rudiments of ancient tribal cultures which attached great importance to the worship of heroes and the spirits of ancestors, is a socio-religious ceremony. There are over 400 Theyyams performed. The most spectacular ones are those of ''Raktha Chamundi, Kari Chamundi, Muchilottu Bhagavathi, Wayanadu Kulaven, Gulikan'' and ''Pottan.'' These are performed in front of shrines, sans stage or curtains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pereira|first=Filipe|date=2018-05-24|title=Theyyam, The Dancing Gods|url=https://bells.uib.no/index.php/jaf/article/view/1369|journal=Journal of Anthropological Films|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1369|doi=10.15845/jaf.v2i1.1369|issn=2535-437X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The layout of villages can be assumed to be standard across most villages. An Amman (mother goddess) is at the centre of the villages while a male [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|guardian deity]] ({{indic|lang=ta|indic= காவல் கடவுள்|trans=kāval kaṭavuḷ}}) has a shrine at the village borders.

== Pre-Sangam and Sangam age ==
Throughout Tamil Nadu, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=6}}</ref> The King was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a ''koyil'', which means the "residence of the king". The Modern Tamil word for temple is [[koil]] ({{langx|ta|கோயில்}}). Titular worship was also given to Kings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anand|first=Mulk Raj|title=Splendours of Tamil Nadu |year=1980|publisher=Marg Publications|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&q=The+king+is+%27the+representative+of+God+on+earth%27+and+lives+in+a+palace+called+%27+Koyil%27%2C+which+means+the+residence+of+God.+The+ritual+worship+of+God}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|title=History of South India|year=1979|publisher=S. Chand|url=}}</ref>

Words meaning 'King', like ''kō'' ({{langx|ta|கோ}} "King"), ''iṟai'' ({{lang|ta|இறை}} "The One Above All") and ''āṇḍavan'' ({{lang|ta|ஆண்டவன்}} "Conqueror") now primarily refer to Gods. Mōcikīraṉār in the [[Purananuru]] says: {{Cquote|{{center|Not rice, not water, only the King is the life-breath of a kingdom.}}}}
The Kingdom suffered by famine or disorder when the King erred.<ref>{{cite book|last=A.K.|first=Ramanujan|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=287}}</ref> These elements were incorporated later into [[Hinduism]] like the legendary marriage of [[Sadashiva|Sivan]] (Sokkanathar, in this avatar) to Queen Meenatchi who ruled [[Madurai]] or [[Indra|Vendhan]], also known as [[Indra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bate|first=Bernard|title=Tamil oratory and the Dravidian aesthetic: democratic practice in south India|year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> [[Tolkappiyar]] refers to the [[Three Crowned Kings]] as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=வான்புகழ் மூவர்|trans=Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|title=Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature|year=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|pages=17}}</ref> In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=Embree|first=Ainslie Thomas|author-link=Ainslie Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history: Volume 1|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=9780684188980|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Middle ages ==
At the birth of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the Thiruvalangadu inscription states, "Having noticed by the marks (on his body) that Arulmozhi was the very [[Thirumal]], the protector of the three worlds, descended on earth..." During the [[Bhakti movement]], poets often compared gods to kings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Steven|title=Singing the body of God: the hymns of Vedāntadeśika in their South Indian tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/singingbodygodhy00hopk|url-access=limited|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/singingbodygodhy00hopk/page/n133 113]|isbn=978-0-19-512735-5}}</ref>

==Hinduism==
{{Main|Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit}}
{{Main|Hinduism in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Srivaikundam Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]] at [[Tiruvaikuntam|Srivaikuntham]] one of the 108 [[Divya Desams]] close to [[Adichanallur]] and Mentioned in [[Brahmanda Purana]] dating 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Ludo |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Purāṇas |date=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-02522-0 |at=p. 157, with footnotes}}</ref>]]

Hinduism in Tamil Nadu finds its earliest literary mention in the [[Sangam literature]] as early as the 5th century BCE. The ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', possibly the most ancient of the extant Sangam works, dated between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE, glorified [[Vishnu|Perumal]] as, the favoured god of the Tamils.<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27"/>

The [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple]] was built on top of an older brick temple some of whose remains have survived. The remains constitute one of the two surviving Hindu temples of the pre-Pallava period, the other being the [[Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam|Murugan temple at Saluvankuppam]], and one of the oldest ones in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu20100813">{{cite news|title=Much more than stone|date=August 13, 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351260800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110070737/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351260800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 10, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. Sivakumar}}</ref>

The brick temple excavated in 2005<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive News|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> dates to the [[Sangam period]] and is speculated to be the oldest temple to be found in Tamil Nadu. The temple faces north, unlike most Hindu temples which face either east or west, Even though the [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple]] faces East . This shows that [[Vishnu]] and [[Murugan]] were the most worshiped gods in Ancient Tamil Nadu.

[[File:Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvanakuppam front view.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Murugan]] temple at Salavanakuppam near [[Mahabalipuram]]]]
During the Sangam period, [[Vishnu|Perumal]], [[Indra]], [[Varuna]], [[Murugan]], and [[Lakshmi|Kotravai]] were some of the popular [[deity|deities]]. The poetic division of the landscape into [[Sangam landscape#Poetic Attributes of the Landscapes|five regions]] also associated each region with its own patron deity.{{sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=381}}
The people of the pastoral lands or the [[Sangam landscape#Mullai .E2.80.93 Forests|Mullai]] regions worshipped [[Thirumal]]. The [[Sangam landscape#Marutham .E2.80.93 Cropland|Marutham]] people worshipped ''[[Indra|Vendhan]]'', while the [[Sangam landscape#Neithal .E2.80.93 Seashore|Neithal]] people considered Kadalon to be their patron deity and the [[Sangam landscape#Paalai .E2.80.93 Wastelands|Palai]] people worshipped [[Korravai]].

The temples of the Sangam age were built out of perishable materials such as plaster, timber and brick, which is why little trace of them is found today.{{sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=382}} The only public structures of any historical importance belonging to this age that have survived to this day are the rock-beds hewn out of natural rock formation, that were made for the ascetics. The ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' and the Sangam poems such as ''[[Kaliththokai]]'', ''[[Mullaippāṭṭu]]'' and ''[[Purananuru]]'' mention several kinds of temples such as the ''Puranilaikkottam'' or the temple at the outskirts of a city, the ''Netunilaikkottam'' or the tall temple, the ''Palkunrakkottam'' the temple on top of a hill, the ''Ilavantikaippalli'' or the temple with a garden and bathing ghat, the ''Elunilaimatam'' or a seven storeyed temple, the ''Katavutkatinakar'' or the temple city.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2005|p=19}}

== Ajivika ==
Ajivika is an ascetic philosophy and way of life for Tamils. No books available on this philosophy of grace. However, there are countless references to the Ajivika philosophy from [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] theologians and other archeological texts. Ajivika flourished around the 5th century BCE. It was considered a rival to Vedic Brahmanism, Jainism, and Buddhism.

There is evidence to suggest that Ajivikas existed in Tamil Nadu. They are known to have had a presence along the Palar river, in regions like Vellore, Kanchipuram, and Tiruvallur districts, until around the 14th century CE. However, due to persecution and the rise of Bhakti movements, Ajivikas eventually assimilated into Vaishnavism.

=== Philosophy ===

==== Absolute determinism and no free will ====
The problems of time and change was one of the main interests of the Ajivikas. Their views on this subject may have been influenced by Vedic sources, such as the hymn to ''Kala'' (Time) in [[Atharvaveda]].{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=142}} Both Jaina and Buddhist texts state that Ājīvikas believed in absolute determinism, absence of free will, and called this ''niyati''.<ref name="james2">James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, page 22</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Everything in human life and universe, according to Ajivikas, was pre-determined, operating out of cosmic principles, and true choice did not exist.{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref>DM Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 42-45</ref> The Buddhist and Jaina sources describe them as strict fatalists, who did not believe in [[karma]].<ref name="james2"/><ref name="philtar">[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Ajivikas] World Religions Project, [[University of Cumbria]], United Kingdom</ref> The Ajivikas philosophy held that all things are preordained, and therefore religious or ethical practice has no effect on one's future, and people do things because cosmic principles make them do so, and all that will happen or will exist in future is already predetermined to be that way. No human effort could change this ''niyati'' and the [[karma]] ethical theory was a fallacy.<ref name="philtar" /> James Lochtefeld summarizes this aspect of Ajivika belief as, "life and the universe is like a ball of pre-wrapped up string, which unrolls until it was done and then goes no further".<ref name="james2"/>

Riepe states that the Ajivikas belief in predeterminism does not mean that they were pessimistic. Rather, just like [[Calvinist]]s belief in predeterminism in Europe, the Ajivikas were optimists.<ref name="riepeatom2">Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 41-44 with footnotes</ref> The Ajivikas simply did not believe in the moral force of action, or in merits or demerits, or in after-life to be affected because of what one does or does not do. Actions had immediate effects in one's current life but without any moral traces, and both the action and the effect was predetermined, according to the Ajivikas.<ref name="riepeatom2"/>

Makkhali Gosala seems to have combined the ideas of older schools of thought into an eclectic doctrine. He appears to have believed in destiny, nature, and change, and possibly ''parinama'', which may have prompted other philosophical schools to label him variously as ''ahetuvadin'', ''vainayikavadin'', ''ajnanavadin'', and ''issarakaranavadin''.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}} According to him all beings undergo development (''parinama''). This culminates in the course of time (''samsarasuddhi'') in final salvation to which all beings are destined under the impact of the factors of destiny, nature, and change.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}} As such destiny does not appear as the only player, but rather chance or indeterminism plays equal part in his doctrine. He thus subscribed to fatalism only in the sense that he thought that ''some'' future events like salvation for all were strictly determined.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}}

=== Atomism ===
Ajivikas developed a theory of elements and atoms similar to the [[Vaisheshika]] school of Vedic's. Everything was composed of minuscule atoms, according to Ajivikas, and qualities of things are derived from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}

The description of Ajivikas' atomism is inconsistent between those described in Buddhist and Vedic texts. According to three Tamil texts,<ref name="riepeatom2"/> the Ajivikas held there exists seven ''kayas'' (Sanskrit: काय, assemblage, collection, elemental categories): ''pruthvi-kaya'' (earth), ''apo-kaya'' (water), ''tejo-kaya'' (fire), ''vayo-kaya'' (air), ''sukha'' (joy), ''dukkha'' (sorrow) and ''jiva'' (life).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} The first four relate to matter, the last three non-matter. These elements are ''akata'' (that which is neither created nor destroyed), ''vanjha'' (barren, that which never multiplies or reproduces) and have an existence independent of the other.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} The elements, asserts Ajivika theory in the Tamil text Manimekalai, are made of ''paramanu'' (atoms), where atoms were defined as that which cannot be further subdivided, that which cannot penetrate another atom, that which is neither created nor destroyed, that which retains its identity by never growing nor expanding nor splitting nor changing, yet that which moves, assembles and combines to form the perceived.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom2" />

The Tamil text of Ajivikas asserts that this "coming together of atoms can take diversity of forms, such as the dense form of a diamond, or a loose form of a hollow bamboo". Everything one perceives, states the atomism theory of Ajivikas, was mere juxtapositions of atoms of various types, and the combinations occur always in fixed ratios governed by certain cosmic rules, forming ''skandha'' (molecules, building blocks).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom2" /> Atoms, asserted the Ajivikas, cannot be seen by themselves in their pure state, but only when they aggregate and form ''bhutas'' (objects).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} They further argued that properties and tendencies are characteristics of the objects. The Ajivikas then proceeded to justify their belief in determinism and "no free will" by stating that everything experienced – ''sukha'' (joy), ''dukkha'' (sorrow) and ''jiva'' (life) – is mere function of atoms operating under cosmic rules.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom2" />

Riepe states that the details of the Ajivikas theory of atomism provided the foundations of later modified atomism theories found in Jain, Buddhist and Vedic traditions.<ref name="riepeatom2" />

=== Antinomian ethics ===
Another doctrine of Ajivikas philosophy, according to Buddhist texts, was their antinomian ethics, that is there exist "no objective moral laws".<ref name="riepe39">DM Riepe (1996), ''Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 39-40</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=4}} Buddhaghosa summarizes this view as, "There is neither cause nor basis for the sins of living beings and they become sinful without cause or basis. There is neither cause nor basis for the purity of living beings and they become pure without cause or basis. All beings, all that have breath, all that are born, all that have life, are without power, or strength, or virtue, but are the result of destiny, chance and nature, and they experience joy and sorrow in six classes".<ref name="riepe39" />

Despite this ascribed premise of antinomian ethics, both Jain and Buddhist records note that Ājīvikas lived a simple ascetic life, without clothes and any material possessions.<ref name="james2"/>{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}

Tamil literature on Ajivikas suggests that they practiced [[Ahimsa]] (non-violence) and a vegetarian lifestyle. {{sfn|Basham|1951|p=123}} Arthur Basham notes that Buddhist and Jaina texts variously accuse Ajivikas of immorality, unchastity and worldliness, but they also acknowledge the confusion among Buddhists and Jainas when they observed the simple, ascetic lifestyle of Ajivikas.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=123-127}}

==Jainism==
{{Main|Tamil Jain}}
The exact origins of Jainism in Tamil Nadu is unclear. However, Jains flourished in Tamil Nadu at least as early as the [[Sangam period]]. Tamil Jain tradition places their origins are much earlier. Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil (3rd century BCE), [[Tolkāppiyam]], was a Jain.<ref name=Encyclopaedia>{{Cite book | last = Singh | first = Narendra | title = Encyclopaedia of Jainism | publisher = Anmol Publications | year = 2001 | pages = 3144 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pHZwgrLlOkUC | isbn = 978-81-261-0691-2}}</ref>
[[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Tamil Language and Literature (Beginning to 1000 A.D.) |author=Prof. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai |publisher= |year=1956 |page=62-68}}</ref>

A number of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Tamil Nadu that date from the 2nd century BCE. They are regarded to be associated with Jain monks and lay devotees.<ref>Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. Iravatham Mahadevan, Harvard University Press, 2003</ref><ref>http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42 Recent Discoveries of Jaina Cave Inscriptions in Tamilnadu by Iravatham Mahadevan</ref>

Some scholars consider the [[Tirukkural]] by [[Valluvar]] to be the work by a Jain.<ref>Tirukkural, Vol. 1, S.M. Diaz, Ramanatha Adigalar Foundation, 2000,</ref><ref>Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural, Bharatiya Jnanapith, 1987</ref><ref>The Kural, P. S. Sundaram, Penguin Classics, 1987</ref> It emphatically supports [[moral vegetarianism]] (Chapter 26) and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than a thousand offerings in fire (verse 259).<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8-1701-7342-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&pg=PA11 |pages=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|page=128}}</ref>

[[Silappatikaram]], a major work in Tamil literature, was written by a Samaṇa (jain), [[Ilango Adigal]]. It describes the historical events of its time and also of the then-prevailing religions, Jainism, Buddhism and [[Shaivism]]. The main characters of this work, [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] and [[Kovalan]], who have a divine status among Tamils, were Jains.

According to [[George L. Hart]], the legend of the [[Tamil Sangams]] or "literary assemblies" was based on the Jain ''sangham'' at [[Madurai]]:
<blockquote>There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 CE in Maturai. It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the cangkam legend."<ref>The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart</ref></blockquote>

Jainism began to decline around the 8th century, with many Tamil kings embracing Hindu religions, especially [[Shaivism]]. Still, the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Pandya Dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties embraced Jainism.

==Buddhism==
{{Main|Tamil Buddhism}}
[[File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.6|Footprint of Buddha engraved on stone, c. 1st century CE]]

The heritage of the town of [[Nagapattinam|Nākappaṭṭinam]] is found in the Burmese historical text of the 3rd century BCE and gives evidence of a Budha Vihar built by the [[Ashoka|King Ashoka]]. An inscription from [[Anuradhapura]], Sri Lanka dated to 2nd century BCE records the association of Tamil merchants with Buddhist institution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duraiswamy|first=Dayalan|title=Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism|url=https://www.academia.edu/19992743|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Buddhist]]s worshiped the impressions of [[Buddha]]’s feet engraved on stone and platforms made of stone that represented his seat. The pious Buddhist walked round them, with his right side towards them and bowed his head as a token of reverence.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=232}} The [[Cilapatikaram|Silapatikaram]] mentions that the [[monk]]s worshipped Buddha by praising him as the wise, holy and virtuous teacher who adhered to his vows strictly, as the one who subdued anger and all evil passions and as the refuge of all mankind. [[Manimekalai]] is a sequel to the Silapathikaram, which tells the story of [[Buddhism]] of the daughter of [[Kovalan]] and [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]].

In the Buddhist [[Viharas]] or monasteries, learned monks preached their sermons, seated in a place which was entirely concealed from the view of the audience. The Buddhists did not observe the distinctions of caste and invited all ranks to assemble on a footing of equality. Self-control, wisdom and charity were among the virtues preached and practiced by the monks, who were numerous in the ancient Tamil country.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=233}}

==Christianity==
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians|Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity in Kerala}}
[[File:Arappally02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]], believed to be built by [[Thomas the Apostle]], was patronised by the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] king, Udayancheral.]]
Christianity was believed to have been introduced in India by [[Saint Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] who landed at [[Muziris]] on [[Malabar Coast]] in the year 52 CE.{{Citation needed|reason=It's only a belief by Indian Christians. There is no concrete evidence to accept this statement as a fact |date=February 2022}} These ancient Christians are today known as [[Saint Thomas Christians]] or Syriac Christians or Nasrani.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies, Volume 18|year=2000|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India)}}</ref><ref name=Weil-Menachery-Menachery>Weil S. 1982; Jessay P.M. 1986; Menachery 1973; Menachery 1998.</ref><ref name="AFM">A. E. Medlycott, ''India and The Apostle Thomas'', pp.1–71, 213–97; M. R. James, ''Apocryphal New Testament'', pp.364–436; Eusebius, ''History'', chapter 4:30; [[J. N. Farquhar]], ''The Apostle Thomas in North India'', chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, ''Early History of India'', p.235; L. W. Brown, ''The Indian Christians of St. Thomas'', p.49-59.</ref> They are now divided into different denominations namely, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic]], [[Malankara Orthodox Church|Malankara Orthodox]], [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite]] and [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Malankara Marthoma]]. Syriac Christians followed the same rules of caste and population as that of Hindus and sometimes they were even considered as population neutralizers.<ref name="Benedict325">Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&pg=PA91 ''Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique''], pp. 325–330. Media House Delhi.</ref><ref name="fuller76">{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Christopher J. |title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System |journal=[[Man (journal)|Man]] |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1976 |pages=55–56 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |doi=10.2307/2800388 |jstor=2800388}}{{subscription required}}</ref> They tend to be endogamous, and tend not to [[Exogamy|intermarry]] even with other Christian groupings. Saint Thomas Christians derive status within the caste system from the tradition that they were elites, who were [[evangelism|evangelized]] by St. Thomas.<ref name="fuller">{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Christopher J. |title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System |journal=[[Man (journal)|Man]] |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1976 |pages=55, 68 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |doi=10.2307/2800388 |jstor=2800388}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Fuller, C.J 1977 pp. 528-529">Fuller, C.J. "Indian Christians: Pollution and Origins." ''[[Man (journal)|Man]]''. New Series, Vol. 12, No. 3/4. (Dec., 1977), pp. 528–529.</ref><ref name="Forrester">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyQRAQAAIAAJ |title=Caste and Christianity |publisher=Curzon Press |first=Duncan |last=Forrester |year=1980 |pages=98,102|isbn=9780700701292 }}</ref> Also, internal mobility is allowed among these Saint Thomas Christian sects and the caste status is kept even if the sect allegiance is switched (for example, from [[Syriac Orthodox]] to [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Christopher J. |title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System |journal=[[Man (journal)|Man]] |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1976 |page=61 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |doi=10.2307/2800388 |jstor=2800388}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Despite the sectarian differences, Syriac Christians share a common social status within the [[Caste system of Kerala]] and is considered as [[Forward Caste]].<ref name="Forrester"/>

==Judaism==

The traditional account is that traders from [[Judea]] arrived in the city of [[Cochin]], Kerala in 562 BCE, and that more Jews came as exiles from Israel in the year 70 CE after the destruction of the [[Second Temple]].<ref name="TheShengold">P. 125 ''The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia'' By Mordecai Schreiber</ref> The distinct Jewish community was called [[Anjuvannam]]. The still-functioning [[Paradesi Synagogue|synagogue in Mattancherry]] belongs to the [[Paradesi Jews]], the descendants of [[Sephardim]] that were expelled from Spain in [[Spanish Inquisition|1492]].<ref name="TheShengold" />

==Philosophies of religion==

===Secularism===
The secular identity<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies}}</ref> of the [[Sangam literature]] is often celebrated to represent the tolerance among [[Tamil people]]. In his book ''History of [[Tamil language]] and literature: beginning to 1000 A. D.'', [[Vaiyapuri Pillai]] concludes,<ref>{{cite book|last=Piḷḷai|first=Es Vaiyāpurip|title=History of Tamil language and literature: beginning to 1000 A. D.|year=1956|publisher=New Century Book House}}</ref> "Thus the Tamil land became a fertile nursery and the several religions... throve in friendly rivalry." Most scholars agree that the lack of 'god' should not be inferred to be atheistic.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The [[Tamil books of Law]], particularly the [[Tirukkural]], is considered as the [[Perennial philosophy]] of [[Tamil culture]] because of its universalisability.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Ūzh and Vinai===
Ūzh meaning 'fate' or 'destiny' and vinai meaning 'works' concerns the ancient [[Tamil people|Tamil]] belief of differentiating what man can do and what is destined.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Tamil studies, Issues 31–32|year=1987|publisher=International Association of Tamil Research}}</ref>

=== Iṟaivaṉ and Iyavuḷ ===
Sangam [[Tamil people]] understood two distinct characteristics of Godhood. [[Transcendence (religion)|God who is beyond all]] ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=இறைவன்|trans=Iṟaivaṉ}}) and the [[Primum movens|God who sets things in motion]] ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=இயவுள்|trans=Iyavuḷ}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singam|first=S. Durai Raja|title=Ananda Coomaraswamy: remembering and remembering again and again|year=1974|publisher=Raja Singam|pages=50}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Religion in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Sangam period]]
*[[Sangam landscape]]
*[[Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka]]
*[[Village deities of Tamil Nadu]]
* [https://tamilnation.org/sathyam/east/tamilnation.htm Spirituality & the Tamil Nation]
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last = Balambal
| first = V
| title = Studies in the History of the Sangam Age
| year = 1998
| publisher = Kalinga Publications, Delhi
| ref=none}}
*{{cite book|first =Arthur Llewellyn|last= Basham|title=History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC |year=1951|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1204-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=Arthur Llewellyn |author-link=Arthur Llewellyn Basham |year=1967 |title=The Wonder That was India |title-link=The Wonder That was India}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gopalakrishnan
| first = S
| title = Early Pandyan Iconometry
| year = 2005
| publisher = Sharada Publishing house, New Delhi}}
*{{cite book|last=Jayatilleke | first=K.N. | title=Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge | year=1963 | edition=1st | publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. | place=London | url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911084454/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 11, 2015 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Kanakasabhai | first =V |year=1904 | title =The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago | publisher =Asian Educational Services | isbn =8120601505 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&q=Tamilakam&pg=PA1 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Subrahmanian
| first = N
| title = History of Tamilnad
| year = 1972
| publisher = Koodal Publishers, Madurai}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Religion in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian religions|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamils and religion]]

Usha Kiran Movies

2026-03-09T18:17:42Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Usha Kiran Movies
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| parent =
| owner = [[Ramoji Group]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1983}}
| founder = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| location_city = Balayogi Paryatak Bhavan, Greenlands, [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/listing/Hyderabad/Begumpet/Usha+Kiran+Movies/lmvYdaPY/ |title=Usha Kiran Movies |publisher=asklaila.com |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>
| location_country = India
| key_people =
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = [[Films]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| homepage =
}}

[[File:Cherukuri_Ramoji_rao.png|thumb|Ramoji Rao, founder of Usha Kiran Movies]]
''' Usha Kiran Movies '''is an Indian film [[production company]] founded by [[Ramoji Rao]] in 1983. It is a part of [[Ramoji Group]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2007 |title=Ramoji Group holding excess land, says RDO |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ramoji-group-holding-excess-land-says-rdo/article1888582.ece |access-date=9 February 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> This film production house has produced over 80 films with the majority of them in Telugu, along with some in Kannada, Hindi and other languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancersummit.org/global-cancer-conference-medicare-summit/aptourism.php |title=Hyderabad Tourism |publisher=cancersummit.org |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The production house is known for giving an opportunity to young talent and produced many content-oriented films under Usha Kiran Movies banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aroundandhra.com/newsinner/1/2054/continuous-films-in-usha-kiron-movies.html |title=Continuous films in Usha Kiran Movies... |publisher=aroundandhra.com |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> The production company started with the film ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]'' (1984).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/usha-kiran-movies-are-back-telugu-news-23313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503130758/http://www.indiaglitz.com/usha-kiran-movies-are-back-telugu-news-23313 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2015 |title=Usha Kiran Movies are back |work=indiaglitz.com |date=26 June 2006 |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Language
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Actors
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984|| ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''|| rowspan="9" |[[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ||[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]]||[[Jandhyala]]||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]''||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Saritha]], [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]], [[Sarath Babu]]||[[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]||
|-
| ''Sundari Subbarao ''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.song.cineradham.com/song.php?movieid=3814 |title=Sundari Subbarao (1984) |publisher=song.cineradham.com |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030403/http://www.song.cineradham.com/song.php?movieid=3814 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Chandra Mohan, [[Vijayshanti]]||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985|| ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''||[[Sudha Chandran]], Subhakar||[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]||Remade in Hindi as ''[[Naache Mayuri]]'' Dubbed in to Malayalam and Tamil as ''Mayoori''
|-
| ''[[Pratighatana]]''||Vijayshanti, Chandra Mohan||[[T. Krishna]]||Dubbed in Malayalam as ''[[Pakarathinu Pakaram]]'' and remade in Hindi as ''[[Pratighaat]]''
|-
| ''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atozmp3-songs.in/preminchu-pelladu-audio-songs-and-mp3-songs-download/ |title=Preminchu Pelladu Audio Songs Download |publisher=atozmp3-songs.in |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210113220/http://www.atozmp3-songs.in/preminchu-pelladu-audio-songs-and-mp3-songs-download/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>||[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Bhanupriya]] ||[[Vamsy]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1986|| ''Mallemoggalu''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugujunction.com/movies/movie_id/2121 |title=Mallemoggalu (1986) |publisher=telugujunction.com |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>||Sagarika, Rajesh||V. Madhusudhana Rao||
|-
|''Poojaki Panikiradani Puvvu''||Shekhar Suman, Thulasi||A. Mohan Gandhi||
|-
| ''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugujunction.com/movies/movie_id/2157 |title=Car Diddina Kapuram (1986) |publisher=telugujunction.com |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>||Rajendra Prasad, Pavitra||D.V. Narasa Raju||
|-
| ''[[Naache Mayuri]]''||[[Hindi Language|Hindi]] ||Sudha Chandran, [[Shekhar Suman]]||[[T. Rama Rao]]||Remake of [[Mayuri (film)|''Mayuri'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987|| ''Chandamama Rave''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3836&moviename=Chandamama%20Rave%20%281987%29 |title=Chandamama Rave (1987) |publisher=cineradham.com |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>||Telugu||Chandra Mohan, Kalpana||[[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]]||
|-
| ''[[Pratighaat]]''||Hindi||[[Sujata Mehta]]||[[N. Chandra]]||Remake of ''[[Pratighatana]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
| ''Premayanam''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/2454/Premayanam%281987%29/ |title=Premayanam(1987) |publisher=cineradham.com |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>|| rowspan="26" |Telugu ||Naresh, Jayashree||[[C. V. Sridhar]]||
|-
| ''O Bharya Katha''||Jayasudha, Chandra Mohan, Sarath Babu||Moulee||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989|| ''[[Mouna Poratam]]''||Yamuna, Vinod Kumar||Mohan Gandhi||
|-
| ''Paila Pacheesu''||Rajendra Prasad, [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||Moulee||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990|| ''Judgement''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=4222&moviename=Judgement%20%281990%29/ |title=Judgement (1990) |publisher=cineradham.com |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>||Siva Krishna, Vinod Kumar, Yamuna, Aruna||A.Mohan Gandhi||
|-
| ''Mamasri''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.song.cineradham.com/song.php?movieid=4270&moviename=Mamasri%20%281990%29 |title=Mamasri (1990) |publisher=cineradham.com |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222640/http://www.song.cineradham.com/song.php?movieid=4270&moviename=Mamasri%20(1990) |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Suresh, Ramyakrishna, Liji, Anand||Sharath||
|-
| ''Manasu Mamata'' ||Naresh, [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]||Moulee||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991|| ''Amma''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldtelugusongs.org/2009/10/amma-1991.html |title=Amma (1991) |publisher=oldtelugusongs.org |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619145545/http://www.oldtelugusongs.org/2009/10/amma-1991.html |archive-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>||Suhasini, Sarathbabu, Baby Sunayana||[[Suresh Krissna]]||
|-
| ''[[Aswini (film)|Aswini]]''||[[Bhanu Chander]], [[Ashwini Nachappa]]||Moulee||
|-
| ''[[People's Encounter]]''||[[Meka Srikanth]], Vinod kumar, Bhanupriya||Mohan Gandhi||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992
| ''Jagannatham & Sons''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dev.reachnri.com/html/movies_details.php?movid=9325 |title=Jagannatham & Sons |publisher=dev.reachnri.com |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212083246/http://dev.reachnri.com/html/movies_details.php?movid=9325 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Suresh, Sindhuja||Anil Kumar||
|-
|''[[Teja (film)|Teja]]''||Tarun Kumar, Tulasi ||N. Hari Babu||
|-
|''Sriman Brahmachari''||Suresh||Sarath||
|-
| ''Vasundhara''||Sithara<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/two-worlds-one-goal/article3021007.ece |title=Two worlds, one goal |publisher=thehindu.com |date=9 January 2009 |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> ||Suresh Krissna||
|-
|1993||''Jeevithame Oka Cinema''||Varunraj||[[Phani Ramachandra]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998|| ''[[Padutha Theeyaga (film)|Padutha Theeyaga]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|title=PAADUTHA TEEYAGA|work=Andhra Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020622014317/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|archive-date=22 June 2002|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>||[[Vineeth]], [[Heera Rajagopal]]||[[Kranthi Kumar]]||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Daddy]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3943 |title=Daddy Daddy (1998) |publisher=cineradham.com |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]||
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugujunction.com/movies/movie_id/3279 |title=Mechanic Mamaiah (1999) |publisher=telugujunction.com |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>||[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]||[[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2000|| ''Subhavela''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugujunction.com/movies/movie_id/3346 |title=Subhavela (2000) |publisher=telugujunction.com |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>||[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Kanth]], Anasuya||Ramana||
|-
| ''[[Chitram]]''||[[Uday Kiran]], [[Reema Sen]]||[[Teja (film director)|Teja]]||Remade in Kannada as ''Chitra''
|-
|''Madhuri''||Abbas||Mouli||
|-
| ''[[Moodu Mukkalaata]]''||[[Jagapati Babu]], [[Soundarya]], Rambha, Raasi ||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]||
|-
| ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''||[[Tarun Kumar]], [[Richa Pallod]]||[[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]||Remake of ''[[Niram]]'' and Remade in Hindi as ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' and Kannada as ''[[Ninagagi]]''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2001|| ''[[Deevinchandi]]''|| Srikanth, Raasi, [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]||[[Muthyala Subbaiah]]||
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''||[[Jr. NTR]], Raveena Rajput||V. R. Pratap||
|-
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''||[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]||Singeetam Srinivasa Rao||
|-
| ''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]'' ||[[Kannada]]||[[Nagendra Prasad]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]]||[[Dinesh Baboo]] ||Remake of ''[[Chitram]]''
|-
| ''[[Anandam]]''||Telugu||[[Jai Akash|Aakash]], Rekha Vedavyas, Venkat, [[Tanu Roy]]||[[Srinu Vaitla]]||Remade in Tamil as ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]''
|-
| ''Cheluve Ondu Helthini''||Kannada||Saurav, Chaitra Hallikeri||R. Saigopal ||
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''|| rowspan="3" |Telugu||Charan, [[Shriya Saran]]||[[Vikram Kumar]] & Raj Kumar||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2002|| ''Manasuvunte Chalu''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html |title=Movie Preview — Manasunte Chalu |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>||[[Sai Kiran]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]||Jonnalagadda Sreenivasa Rao||
|-
| ''[[Priya Nestama]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugujunction.com/movies/movie_id/3461 |title=Priya Nesthama (2002) |publisher=telugujunction.com |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>||[[Venu Thottempudi]], Shanu||R. Ganapathi||
|-
| ''[[Ninagagi]]''||Kannada||[[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Kutty Radhika|Radhika]]||[[S. Mahendar]]||Remake of ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|-
| ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]''||Telugu|| [[Prakash Kovelamudi]], [[Mahek Chahal]]||[[John Mahendran]]||
|-
| ''[[Beeper (film)|Beeper]]'' || English || [[Ed Quinn]], [[Harvey Keitel]], [[Joey Lauren Adams]], [[Gulshan Grover]] || [[Jack Sholder]] || Co Production with Shoreline Entertainment
|-
|''Manase O Manase'' || rowspan="2" |Kannada||Ramkumar ||M. S. Rajashekar||Remake of ''Manasu Mamtha''
|-
|''Dheera''||Rockline Venkatesh||Om Sai Prakash||Remake of ''Evadra Rowdy''
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003|| ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''||Hindi|| [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Genelia Deshmukh]]||K. Vijaya Bhaskar||Remake of ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|-
|''[[Ananda (film)|Ananda]]''||Kannada||[[Naveen Mayur]], [[Ruthika]] ||Vara Mullapudi||
|-
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]''||Telugu||[[Ravi Teja]], [[Namitha]]||[[Yogie]]||
|-
|''[[Ooh La La (film)|Ooh La La]]''||Kannada||Krishnamohan||Hemanth Hegde||
|-
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html |title=Movie review — Toli Choopulone |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>||Telugu||[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], Akanksha||[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]||
|-
| ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]''||[[Tamil Language|Tamil]] ||Jai Akash, Neha||[[Sakthi Chidambaram]]||Remake of ''[[Anandam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004|| ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]''||Telugu||[[Jai Akash]], [[Renuka Menon]]||Srinu Vaitla||
|-
| ''[[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]''||Hindi|| [[Arya Babbar]], Shriya Saran|| Esmayeel Shroff||
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Veedhi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/1799/veedhi-press-meet.aspx |title=Veedhi Press Meet |publisher=ragalahari.com |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>||Telugu||[[Sharwanand]], [[Gopika]]||V. Dorairaj||
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''||Kannada||[[Prajwal Devaraj]], Devaki||[[Shashank (director)|Shashank]]||
|-
| 2008|| ''[[Nachavule]]''|| rowspan="2" |Telugu||[[Tanish]], [[Maadhavi Latha]]||[[Ravi Babu]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009|| ''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]''||Santosh Samrat, [[Chaitanya Krishna]], [[Dipa Shah]], [[Piaa Bajpai]], Jagapati Babu||[[Siva Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| ''[[Savaari (2009 film)|Savaari]]''||Kannada||[[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Kamalini Mukherjee]], [[Suman Ranganathan]]||Jacob Verghese||Remake of ''[[Gamyam]]'' Co Production with [[Arka Media Works]]
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]''|| rowspan="4" |Telugu||[[Allari Naresh]], Nidhi||E.Sattibabu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/telugu/betting-bangaraju/trailers/default.htm |title=Betting Bangaraju Trailer, Betting Bangaraju Movie Teaser |publisher=movies.sulekha.com |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>||
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Nuvvila]]''||Avish, Ajay, [[Prasad Barve]], [[Vijay Deverakonda|Vijay Sai]], [[Yami Gautam]], Sarayu, [[Remya Nambeesan]]||Ravi Babu||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015|| ''[[Beeruva]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61627/tollywood/anandiarts-ushakiran-film-beeruva-news-details |title=AnandiArts-UshaKiran film 'Beeruva' |publisher=supergoodmovies.com |date=11 Nov 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704165336/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61627/tollywood/anandiarts-ushakiran-film-beeruva-news-details |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all}}</ref>||[[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]] ||[[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]]||Co Production with [[Anandi Art Creations]]
|-
| ''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''||[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sara Arjun]]||R.K Malineni ||Remake of ''[[Saivam]]'' Co Production with ''[[First Frame Entertainment]]''
|}

== TV serials ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Serial
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Language
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Actors
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Network
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" | Notes
|-
|1995 – 1999
|[[Sneha (TV series)|''Sneha'']]
| rowspan="5" |[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
|[[Kaveri (Tamil actress)|Kaveri]]
|[[Vamsy]]
| rowspan="5" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|-
|1997 – 1997
|''[[Popula Pette]]''
|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], Kinnera, [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]], [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
|[[Jandhyala]]
|
|-
| 1997 – 2001|| ''Antharangalu''||[[Sarath Babu]], Kinnera, Kalpana, [[Achyuth]]||Vinay Kumar|| rowspan="2" |Co-produced with [[ETV Network|Eenadu Television]]
|-
|1997 – 1999
|''[[Anveshitha]]''
|[[Achyuth]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]], Raja, [[Shanmukha Srinivas]]
|Ilyas Ahmed "Pradyumna"
|-
|2003 – 2007
|''[[Panchatantram]]''
|
|
|
|}

== Associated talent ==
This is a list of notable people introduced by Usha Kiran Movies.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Cast
! Film name
! Debut as
! Note
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|[[Shankar Melkote]]
|''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''
|Actor
|
|-
|[[Sudha Chandran]]
|''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
|Actress
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|[[Vinod Kumar (actor)|Vinod Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinod kumar |url=http://www.maastars.com/vinod-kumar-profile/ |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=maastars.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mouna Poratam]]''
|Actor
| rowspan="2" |Debut in Telugu
|-
|[[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mouna Poratam Music by S Janaki |url=http://www.sjanaki.net/mouna-poratam-music-by-s-janaki |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=sjanaki.net}}</ref>
|Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=MM Keeravani |url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/artist/MM-Keeravani/Music-Director/303 |access-date=16 February 2015 |publisher=iqlikmovies.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |''Manasu Mamatha''
|Music Director
|
|-
|[[Tarun Kumar]]
|Child Actor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|[[Ashwini Nachappa]]
|''[[Aswini (film)|Aswini]]''
|Actress
|
|-
|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2009 |title=Interview with Srikanth |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/srikanth.html |access-date=16 February 2015 |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|''[[People's Encounter]]''
|Actor
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2000
|[[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Chitram]]''
|Director<ref name="new flick">{{cite web |date=4 September 2008 |title='Nachhavule' - Usha Kiran movie's new flick |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/nachhavule-usha-kiran-movies-new-flick-malayalam-news-41244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519234732/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nachhavule-usha-kiran-movies-new-flick-malayalam-news-41244 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=13 February 2015 |work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Uday Kiran]]
|Actor<ref name="new flick" />
|
|-
|[[Reemma Sen]]
|Actress
|
|-
|[[Saandip]]
|Playback singer
|
|-
|[[Chitram Srinu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CHITRAM SEENU |url=http://www.maastars.com/chitram-seenu-profile/ |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=maastars.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Actor
|
|-
|[[Ravi Prakash]]
|''Subhavela''
|
|-
|[[Richa Pallod]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|Actress
|Debut in Telugu
|-
|[[Sai Kiran]]
|Actor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|[[Rekha Vedavyas]]
|''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]''
| rowspan="3" |Actress
|
|-
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|[[Jennifer Kotwal]]
|''Manasuvunte Chalu''
|Debut in Telugu
|-
|[[Prakash Kovelamudi]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]''
|Actor
|
|-
|[[Mahek Chahal]]
| rowspan="2" |Actress
|
|-
|[[Radhika Kumaraswamy]]
|''[[Ninagagi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''
|Actor
|
|-
|[[Genelia D'Souza]]
|Actress
|
|-
|2007
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
|''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''
| Actor
|
|-
|2008
|[[Maadhavi Latha]]
|''[[Nachavule]]''
| Actress
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|[[Chaitanya Krishna]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]''
|Actor
|
|-
|[[Dipa Shah]]
| rowspan="3" |Actress
|
|-
|[[Piaa Bajpai]]
| rowspan="4" |Debut in Telugu
|-
|2011
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|''[[Nuvvila]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Sara Arjun]]
|''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''
|Child Actress
|-
|[[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]]
|''[[Beeruva]]''
|Actress
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Year
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
||2000
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film Telugu]]
|''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|1985
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu]]
|''[[Pratighatana]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2000
|''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
||1984
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Silver]]
|''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]''
|{{won}}
|-
||1985
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]]
|[[Mayuri (film)|''Mayuri'']]
|{{won}}
|-
||1985
|[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] Usha kiran Movies Unit
|[[Mayuri (film)|''Mayuri'']]
|{{won}}
|-
||1989
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Silver]]
|''[[Mouna Poratam]]''
|{{won}}
|-
||1991
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Bronze]]
|[[Aswini (film)|''Aswini'']]
|{{won}}
|-
||1992
|[[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film - Gold]]
|[[Teja (film)|''Teja'']]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Ramoji Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Safar (1970 film)

2026-03-03T23:34:52Z

SheldonTopper4: added references

{{short description|1970 film by Asit Sen}}
{{other uses|Safar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Safar
| image = Safar poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
| producer = [[Mushir Alam|Mushir-Riaz]]
| narrator =
| story = [[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
| screenplay = Asit Sen
| based_on = ''Chalachal'' (1956 film)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar]]|[[Sharmila Tagore]]|[[Rajesh Khanna]]|[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Kalyanji Anandji]]|[[Indeevar]] (lyrics)}}
| cinematography = [[Kamal Bose]]
| editing = Tarun Dutta
| distributor = M.R. Productions
| released = {{film date| df=yes|1970|10|1}}
| runtime = 140 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|3|c|year=1970}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=BoxOffice India.com | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA== | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010033/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA== | archive-date=2010-01-02 | access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>
}}

'''''Safar''''' ({{translation}} ''Journey'') is a 1970 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood|Hindi]] [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] film produced by the Mushir-Riaz duo and directed by [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]], based on the novel named Chalachal by Bengali writer [[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - নিবন্ধ |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140111/11smaran.html |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=archives.anandabazar.com |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112104758/https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140111/11smaran.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] in lead roles. The film became one of the top grossing films of the year. It won a [[Filmfare Awards]] and four [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]. Asit Sen remade the 1956 Bengali film ''Chalachal'', which was directed by him, in Hindi as ''Safar'' (1970).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/iddaru-mithrulu-1961/article8764824.ece|title = Iddaru Mithrulu (1961)|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 23 June 2016|last1 = Narasimham|first1 = M. L.}}</ref> As per review by critics, Safar was carried more than ably by Khanna's immense charm at the peak of his popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thereel.scroll.in/810594/the-deep-jele-jai-versus-khamoshi-non-debate-the-bengali-original-beats-the-hindi-remake|title=The 'Deep Jele Jai' versus 'Khamoshi' non-debate: The Bengali original beats the Hindi remake|date=25 June 2016 }}</ref> This film is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films of Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971, by adding the two-hero films ''Maryada'' and ''Andaz'' to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html|title=Eight lesser known facts about Rajesh Khanna on his death anniversary|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

The music of the film was a phenomenal hit during the 1970s and remains so.

==Plot==
The movie starts with the desperate attempt of surgeon Dr. Neela ([[Sharmila Tagore]]) to save a patient, who she knew was not going to survive. She works under the guidance of Dr. Chandra ([[Ashok Kumar]]), who tells her that however hard doctors might try, sometimes a patient will not survive. The story drifts into a flashback. Neela meets Avinash ([[Rajesh Khanna]]) at medical college and after an initial misunderstanding, grows close to him. Avinash is a poor man who works while attending medical college. He is a skilled commercial artist too, and Neela finds out that most of the portraits he paints are of her. Though Avinash admires Neela very much, he never talks about love or marriage. Everyone thinks that it is because of his financial status, but it is later revealed that it is because he is suffering from terminal cancer.

Neela, due to financial troubles, starts working as a tutor where she meets her student's ([[Mahesh Kothare]]) elder brother, businessman Shekhar Kapoor ([[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]). Shekhar falls in love with her. He meets her elder brother Kalidas ([[I. S. Johar]]) to ask for her hand in marriage. Kalidas instead directs him to Avinash saying that Neela would heed his counsel. Shekhar is puzzled but meets Avinash nevertheless, who warmly approves of him and recommends him to Neela. Neela is shocked to learn that Avinash has blood cancer and cannot marry her. After an intense scene where he persuades her to settle down with the "wealthy, healthy" Shekhar, she finally agrees to marry Shekhar. The couple are initially happy together, but Shekhar always feels that Neela does not love him as much as he loves her. Facing losses in business, he desires Neela's sympathy but does not reveal his troubles to her. His insecurity prompts him to make his younger brother Montu stalk Neela everywhere she goes, fuelling marital discord.

Moreover, Neela regularly visits her brother's house where Avinash was a frequent visitor. She also visits Avinash's place. Shekhar slowly grows suspicious of Neela and Avinash and asks his younger brother to spy on her. Later he finds a "love letter", which was once written by Avinash as he imitated Neela's handwriting just for fun. However, in a grave misunderstanding, Shekhar thinks that Neela has indeed written that love note to Avinash and becomes devastated. He wants to set her free from their marriage, and ends up committing suicide. Police suspect that Neela killed him and arrest her for murder.

In a surprising twist during the trial, Shekhar's mother Mrs. Kapoor ([[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]), who was always hostile to her daughter-in-law, testifies in favour of her unblemished character. The court acquits Neela. Later it is revealed that Avinash left to get away from their marital lives not knowing that Shekhar had committed suicide. He comes back in the final stage of his disease and dies in Dr. Chandra's hospital. Heart-broken and devastated, Neela has lost the will to live, but Dr. Chandra consoles her and takes her under his wing to make her a great surgeon like him. The film ends with Neela sending her brother-in-law Montu ([[Mahesh Kothare]]) abroad for studies and dedicating her life to the medical profession.

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as ''Dr. Chandra''
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as ''Dr. Neela Kapoor''
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as ''Avinash''
* [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] as ''Shekhar Kapoor''
* [[I. S. Johar]] as ''Kalidas''
* [[Aruna Irani]] as ''Laxmi'', wife of ''Kalidas''
* [[Nadira]] as ''Mrs. Kapoor''
* [[Nandita Thakur]] as ''singer at studio''
* [[Mahesh Kothare]] as ''Montu Kapoor''

==Crew==
* Producer: Mohammad Riaz
* Director: [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
* Story: [[Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
* Screenplay: Asit Sen
* Dialogues: [[Inder Raj Anand]]
* Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]
* Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
* Choreography: [[Kamal Bose]]
* Editing: Tarun Dutta
* Art direction: [[Sudhendu Roy]]
* Costume Design: Shalini Shah

==Reception and awards==
''Safar'' became the tenth highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1970|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=10 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095603/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA==|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In a retrospective review, [[Rediff.com]] wrote: "''Safar'' is a story of ordinary people grappling with staggering challenges and compromises. But in this refreshingly non-melodramatic fare, a murmur of protest, an escaped sob and a half-concealed smirk are the only emotional luxuries its characters afford themselves in the inexplicable journey of life, the eponymous ''safar'' of the title."<ref>{{cite web|title=Safar: A memorable journey|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09safar.htm|date=9 May 2003|access-date=29 September 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

''Safar'' received two nominations at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]] and won one award. Asit Sen received his first Best Director award (he was previously nominated in this category for ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' in 1967), though the film was not nominated for the Best Film award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |access-date=29 September 2009 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharmila Tagore received her second Best Actress nomination (she won the previous year for ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''). Awards and nominations are listed below:
*Won, [[Filmfare Best Director Award]] - Asit Sen
*Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]] - Sharmila Tagore
The [[BFJA Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association]] acknowledged ''Safar'' as the eighth best Indian film of 1970, and gave it three more awards:<ref>{{cite web|title=34th Annual BFJA Awards |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=[[BFJA Awards|BFJA]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209002018/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm |archive-date=9 December 2008 }}</ref>
*BFJA Awards, Best Screenplay (Hindi) - Asit Sen
*BFJA Awards, Best Dialogue (Hindi) - Inder Raj Anand
*BFJA Awards, Best Editing (Hindi) - Tarun Dutta

Tagore won the Madras Film Fans Associations' Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/QFU/32 |title=Jayalalitha and Sharmila Tagore |date=14 January 1972 |volume=21 |issue=1 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |editor-last=Karanjia |editor-first=B. K. |editor-link=B. K. Karanjia |page=48 |access-date=18 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Safar
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1970 (India)</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Saregama]]</div>
| producer = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| prev_title = [[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]]
| prev_year = 1970
| next_title = [[Holi Ayee Re]]
| next_year = 1970
}}

The soundtrack of the film contains 5 songs. The music is composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]], with lyrics authored by [[Indeevar]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s)
![[Raga]]
|-
|1.
| "Zindagi Ka Safar"
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|
|-
|2.
| "Jeevan Se Bhari"
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|[[Malgunji]]
|-
|3.
| "Hum The Jinke Sahare"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
|4.
| "Jo Tumko Ho Pasand"
|[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|
|-
|5.
| "Nadiya Chale Chale Re"
|[[Manna Dey]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0148692|title=Safar}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]

Thodraa

2026-03-03T03:12:54Z

SheldonTopper4: Made initial details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thodraa
| image = Thodraa poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Madhuraj
| producer = S Jai Chandra
| writer =
| starring = [[Prithvi Rajan]] [[Veena Nandakumar]]
| cinematography = Senthil Kumar
| editing = Rajesh Kannan
| music = RN Uthamaraja Navin Shander (score)
| studio = JS Aboorva Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|9|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Thodraa''''' ({{translation|Touch me!}}) is a 2018 Tamil-language [[drama film]] directed by debutante Madhuraj and stars [[Prithvi Rajan]] and [[Veena Nandakumar]].<ref name="H" />

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prithvi Rajan]] as Shankar
*[[Veena Nandakumar]] as Divya
*MS Kumar as Pounraj
*[[Suzane George]] as Pounraj's wife
*[[A. Venkatesh (director)|Venkatesh]]
*Gajaraj
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]] as Shankar's friend
*[[Cool Suresh]]
*Prabanjan
*Baby Apoorva
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by Madhuraj, a former assistant of [[Bhagyaraj]]. The film highlights [[caste]]-based issues.<ref name="dc" /><ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithvi Rajan: Return of a star kid |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/feb/26/prithvi-rajan-return-of-a-star-kid-4750.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Bhagyaraj suggested to Madhuraj to cast [[Prithvi Rajan]] in the lead role. Malayalam actress [[Veena Nandakumar]] stars opposite Rajan in the film.<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=30 August 2018 |title='Thodraa' director receives threatening calls |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300818/thodraa-director-receives-threatening-calls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830001110/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300818/thodraa-director-receives-threatening-calls.html |archive-date=30 August 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film is based on a true incident that occurred in [[Dharmapuri]].<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=19 March 2018 |title=Variety is the key for actor Prithvi Rajan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/variety-is-the-key-for-actor-prithvi-rajan/article23291597.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2018 |title='Thodraa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/movies-to-watch-this-weekend/photostory/65707280.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by R.N. Uthamaraja and Navin Shander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2018 |title=Thodraa - R.N. Uthamaraja - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thodraa/PiLw8PDUYS8_ |website=JioSaavn}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] sang a song in the film.<ref name="H" />

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Bakku Bakku
| lyrics1 = Madhuraj
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]]
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Oru Kadhal Kalavaani
| lyrics2 = SBI Mohan
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Iru Paravai
| lyrics3 = Kaniyur Varatharaj
| extra3 = [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
| length3 = 3:11
| title4 = Adi Unakkulla Olichu Vachen
| lyrics4 = Seerkazhi Sirpi
| extra4 = Anthakudi Ilayaraja, Priyanka
| length4 = 4:05
| total_length = 14:58
}}

== Release ==
The film released along with five other films.<ref name="T" /> ''The Times of India'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "A better screenplay and an engaging narration would have made it at least a one time watch".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=7 September 2018 |title=Thodraa Movie Review {2.0/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thodraa/movie-review/65715708.cms |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The ''Deccan Chronicle'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "A taut narration and a little bit of coherence would have made it a better product".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 September 2018 |title=Thodraa movie review: Familiar storyline marred by poor execution |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100918/thodraa-movie-review-prithvi-rajan-veena-tamil-film-honour-love-story.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''Cinema Express'' wrote that "Advertised as a tribute to victims of honour killings, the beyond shoddy filmmaking ends up making this an insult to their memories instead".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thodraa Review: A horrible affront to the victims of honour killing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/sep/07/thodraa-review-a-horrible-tribute-to-the-victims-of-honour-killing-7771.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=விமர்சனக்குழு |first=விகடன் |title="கதை இருக்கட்டும்... இந்தப் படத்துக்கு ஏன் இந்த டைட்டில்?!" - 'தொட்ரா' விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/136374-thodraa-tamil-movie-review |website=Vikatan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8396216}}

[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]

Nithya Mammen

2026-02-27T19:09:00Z

SheldonTopper4: small changes

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nithya Mammen
| background = solo_singer
| image = SIIMA HYD 19.09.21.089.jpg
| caption = Nithya Mammen with Her SIIMA Award 2021 at Hyderabad, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Doha]], Qatar
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Filmi]]}}
| years_active = 2019–present
}}
'''Nithya Mammen''' is an Indian [[playback singer]]. She rose to fame with her debut song "''Nee Himamazhayayi'' " from the Malayalam movie ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]''. She received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "''Vathikkalu Vellaripravu'' " from the movie ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum|Sufiyum Sujathayum]]''.<ref name="ksa"/>

==Early life==
Nithya was born in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], to Mammen Varghese and Annamma. She was raised in Doha and was later moved to [[Bengaluru]] for her studies, where she invested in learning [[Hindustani classical music]] while doing her bachelor's degree in architecture at [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]].<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/biginterview-sensational-singer-nithya-mammen-living-the-dream-i-want-to-work-with-ar-rahman/articleshow/83468158.cms |title=#BigInterview! Sensational singer Nithya Mammen: Living the dream; I want to work with AR Rahman |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2021 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nithya Mammen (Singer) |url=https://www.lyricsila.com/nithya-mammen.html |website=Lyricsila |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=15 November 2020}}</ref> She is married to Vivek Francis, who was her senior in college.<ref name="monline">{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/02/14/valentines-day-special-interview-with-singer-nithya-mammen.amp.html |title='അന്നും ഇന്നും ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് എല്ലാം പ്രണയദിനങ്ങൾ'; മനസ്സു തുറന്ന് നിത്യ മാമ്മൻ |author=സീന എലിസബത്ത് മാമ്മൻ |language=malayalam |date=12 February 2022 |website=manoramaonline.com |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
She debuted with the song "'''''Nee Himazhayayi'''''" from the Malayalam movie ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' starring [[Tovino Thomas]]. She received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] at the [[51st Kerala State Film Awards]] for the song "'''''Vathikkalu Vellaripravu'''''" from the movie ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum|Sufiyum Sujathayum]]''.<ref name="ksa">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/51st-kerala-state-film-awards-jayasurya-and-anna-ben-are-the-best-actors-the-great-indian-kitchen-best-film/articleshow/87063155.cms|title=51st Kerala State Film Awards: Jayasurya and Anna Ben are the best actors, 'The Great Indian Kitchen' best film |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Nithya released her first single ''"Kaathale"'' in January 2022.<ref name="monline"/> She is currently a judge on the singing [[Reality television|reality competition]] show [[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/top-singer-is-back-with-season-4-nithya-mammen-joins-as-the-judge/articleshow/103602521.cms |title=Top Singer is back with season 4; Nithya Mammen joins as the judge |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Singles===
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Language !! Composer(s) !! Lyrics !! Ref
|-
| 2022 || Kaathale || Malayalam || Ebin Pallichan || Nithin K Cheriyan || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=7_0pGQOodqs |title=Kaathale - Video Song {{!}} Nithya Mammen {{!}} Ebin Pallichan {{!}} Nithin K Cheriyan {{!}} Aniesh Upaasana|via=[[YouTube]] |date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-

| 2024 || Maranden Unnai || Tamil || DJ Agnivesh || Arun Sukumaran <ref>{{cite web |title= Maranden Unnai video{{!}} Nithya Mammen {{!}} DJ Agnivesh {{!}} Arun Sukumar {{!}} Sanju Sanichen {{!}} Sibin Raj |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIiHCJFCOQk |date=18 October 2023}}</ref>
|}
; Television title song
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Composer(s) !! Show!! Channel!!Ref
|-
|2023||Aalapalaya||[[Arun Vijay]]||[[Manimuthu]]||rowspan=3|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2024||Nayike||rowspan=2|[[Ratheesh Vegha]]||rowspan=2|[[Kadhanayika]]||
|-
|2024||Malakhakunjole||
|}

===Film songs===
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
|+Malayalam
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Composer(s) !! Lyrics || Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2019 || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKEVIuya2kY Nee Himamazhayayi]|| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]''|| [[Kailas Menon]] || [[B. K. Harinarayanan|B.K. Harinaryanan]]|| [[K. S. Harisankar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2020 || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1UdC4ejBFs Vathikkalu Vellaripravu]|| ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[B. K. Harinarayanan|B.K. Harinaryanan]]|| Arjun Krishna, Zia Ul Haq
|-
| Ee Vazhiye || ''[[The Kung Fu Master]]'' || Ishaan Chhabra || Sreerekha Bhaskaran || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-

|-
| rowspan="5"| 2021 || Ethetho Maunangal || ''[[Cheraathukal]]'' || [[Mejo Joseph]] || Anu Kurisinkal || [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
| Nenchile Chillayil || ''Michael's Coffee House'' || Ronnie Raphael || B.K. Harinaryanan || K. S. Harisankar
|-
| Ninnodu Cheran || ''Star'' || William Francis || B.K. Harinaryanan ||
|-
| Aaromal Thaaramay || ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || [[Shaan Rahman]] || Manu Manjith || [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
| Gaaname || ''[[Madhuram]]'' || [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] || Vinayak Sasikumar || Sooraj Santhosh
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2022 || Alare || ''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]'' || Kailas Menon || [[Shabareesh Varma]] || Ayraan
|-
| Kannil Minnum || ''[[Meppadiyan]]'' || Rahul Subrahmanian || [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]] || Karthik
|-
| Anthivaanin || ''Ikkakka'' || Pradeep Babu || Santhosh Varma ||
|-
| Paathi Paathi || ''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]'' || [[Ranjin Raj]] || Murukan Kattakada || [[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
| Ilamazha Chattin || ''[[Kochaal]]'' || [[P S Jayhari]] || Santhosh Varma || [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|-
| Moovanthikkavile || ''Alli'' || Sathish Viswa || Shyam Nellikkunnu ||
|-
| Pen Poove Thenvande || ''[[Sita Ramam]] (Malayalam)'' || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] || [[Arun Alat]] || [[Sharreth]]
|-
| Jeevane || ''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]'' || Hesham Abdul Wahab || [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| Aayiraththiri || ''Headmaster'' || [[Kavalam Sreekumar]] || [[Prabha Varma]] ||
|-
| Neelakasham Pole || ''Vivaha Avahanam'' || Vinu Thomas || B.K. Harinaryanan || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
| Ee Manjin Kuliralayil || ''Louis'' || Rajeev Siva || Shabu Usman ||
|-
| Vaadaruthe || ''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]'' || [[Ouseppachan]] || Prabha Varma ||
|-
| Imakal Chimmathiravum || ''[[Yugi (film)|Adrishyam]]'' || Rajin Raj || B.K. Harinaryanan || K. S. Harisankar
|-
| Theuvoram || ''[[Last 6 Hours]] (Malayalam)'' || Kailash Menon || || Niranj Suresh
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2023 || Arikeyonnu Kandoru || ''[[Vellari Pattanam]]'' || Sachin Shankor Mannath || [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] || K. S. Harisankar
|-
| Shwasame || ''[[Santhosham (2023 film)|Santhosham]]'' || P S Jayhari || Vinayak Sasikumar || K. S. Harisankar
|-
| Hakkana Kon Amaral || ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' || William Francis || [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]], Billy Black || William Francis
|-
| Athmavil || ''[[Enthada Saji]]'' || William Francis || [[Arshad Rahim]]|| William Francis
|-
| Ariya Shalabhame|| Kaipola|| Mejo [[Mejo Joseph|Joseph]]||Vinayak [[Vinayak Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]
|Hari Shankar
|-
|[[King of Kotha (soundtrack)|King of Kotha Title track]] ( rap )
|[[King of Kotha|King Of Kotha]]
|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|Fejo
| Fejo
|-
|Panjimuttai
|Thrishanku
|Jay Unnithan
|Manu Manjith
|Nitin Raj
|-
|Imakalil Neeye...
|Rahel Makan Kora
|[[Kailas Menon]]
|Harinarayanan
|Abhijith
|-
|Mazhamukil
|Thirayattam
|Ebin Pallichan
|Nithin K Cheriyan
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|Nee Ente Manassil
|Princess Street
|Prince George
| Manu Manjith
|Kapil
|-
|Raanjhitha...
|Princess street
|Prince George
|Vinayak Sashikumaran
|Harishankar
|-
|Kanthurannu....
| Kanaka Rajyam
|Arun Muraleedharan
|Dhanya Suresh Menon
|Abhijith Anilkumar
|-
|Then kuruvikale...
|Abhirami
|Sibu Sukumaran
|Joe Paul
|Sachin Warrier
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOrDhvom6fM Neela Nila]
|Checkmate
|Ratish Sekhar
|Harinarayanan BK
|Ratish Sekhar
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erFbwQW53w0 Azhake... Ni]
|Checkmate
|Ratish Shekhar
|Dhanya Suresh Menon
|Ratish Shekhar
|-
|Kaalame.
|[[Kadha Innuvare|Kadha Innu Vare]]
|Ashwin Aryan
|Rajeev Govindan
|Ashwin Aryan
|-
|Minnum Tharangal..
|[[Kadha Innuvare|Kadha Innu Vare]]
|Ashwin Aryan
|Ajeesh Dasan
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J55zcWRYk60 Ethetho Mounangal..]
|Cup
|Shaan Rahman
|[[Manu Manjith]]
|[[Mithun Jayaraj]]
|-
|Pularkale Poovilikettu
|[[Pavi Caretaker]]
|Midhun Mukundan
|[[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|2025
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NG2disqBYwI Vellamanjinte]
|[[Besty (film)|Besty]]
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[Shibu Chakravarthy|Shibu chakravarthy]]
|[[Sachin Balu]]
|-
|}

{| class = "sortable wikitable"
|+Tamil
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Composer(s) !! Lyrics || Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2022 || Nedunaalai Nenjil || ''[[Last 6 Hours]] (Tamil)'' || Kailash Menon || Sakthivel Kalyani || Niranj Suresh
|-
| 2023 || King of Kotha (Title Track) || ''[[King of Kotha]] (Tamil)'' || Shaan Rahman || [[Jakes Bejoy]], Travis King, Mani Amuthavan, Asal Kolaar, Roll Rida, Mu.Ri || Shaan Rahman, Yogi Sekar
|-
| 2024 || Thulli thulli vilayada || ''[[Behindd]] (Tamil)'' || Sunny Madhavan || Mani Maninathan||
|
|-

| 2025 || Aayiram Poo || ''[[Por Paravai]] (Tamil)'' || Midhun Narayanan || Yugabharathi||Haricharan
|}

==Television shows==
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
!Program !!Role !!Channel !!Notes
|-
|[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer Season 4]]||Judge||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||
|}
[[File:Nithya Maman 2020.jpg|center|thumb|438x438px|Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer 2020]]

==Awards and nominations==
{| class= "sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Song
! Film
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|Ramu Kariot Award
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Nee Himamazhayayi
|Edakkadu Battalion 06
|
|-
| 2020
| [[51st Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Vathikkalu Vellaripravu
| ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]''
| <ref name="ksa" />
|-
|2020
|Mazhavil Music Awards
|Best Duet Singer (Shared with KS Harishankar)
|Nee Himamazhayayi
|Edakkadu Battalion 06
|
|-
|2021
|SIIMA
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Vathikkal vellaripraavu
|''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]''
|
|-
|2021
|Santhosh Suman TV Awards
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Vathikkal Vellaripraavu
|Sufiyum Sujatayum
|
|-
|2023
|Poovachal Khader award
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Vaadaruthe
|Autorickshawkarante Bharya
|
|-
|2023
|Kerala State Critics award
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Aayirathiri
|Headmaster
|
|-
|2023
|Mowli Filim Awards
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Vaadaruthe
|Autorickshawkarante Bharya
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPSDDddqja0]
|-
|2023
|JC Daniel Award
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Arikeyonnu Kandoru
|Vellaripattanam
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbDJIp5IC-g]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mammen, Nithya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

U Larsing

2026-02-27T11:01:01Z

SheldonTopper4: Made new entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| image = Portrait of U. Larsing (4670373).jpg
| birth_date = 1838
| birth_place = Mawsmai
| death_date = 1863
}}

'''U Larsing''' (1838 - 1863), also known as Larsing Khongwir, was an Evangelist missionary who practiced in the area of the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India during the late 1850s and early 1860s. Additionally, he was the first Khasi Missionary to visit and preach in [[England and Wales]] during the early 1860s.

== Personal life ==
[[File:U Larsing's Gravestone.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Gravestone]]
U Larsing, also known as Larsing Khongwir,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Thomas Jones Day observed in Meghalaya |url=https://mattersindia.com/2020/06/thomas-jones-day-observed-in-meghalaya/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref> was born in about 1838 in Mawsmai. His father was a trader, and U Larsing was the older of two children. His family followed the Animist religion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=John Hughes |title=U Larsing Evangelist from the Khasi Hills |publisher=C.M. Bookroom |year=1912 |location=Carnarvon}}</ref>

== Missionary work ==
U Larsing became involved with the Evangelist movement when he studied at the Mawsmai Missionary School. After his parents' death he was supported by Reverend William Lewis, and his wife, Mary Lewis who were missionaries working in Nongsawlia. U Larsing was received into the Evangelist Church at Nongsawlia on 11 July 1849. Later, he was baptised at the school room, Shella on 5 October 1851.<ref name=":0" />

U Larsing was stationed as a preacher at several locations, including Jowai, the principal village in the Jaintia Hills, and Shella, in the Khasi Hills.

An advantage of the local people being converted to missionary work was they were able to access areas others could not. However, an alternative viewpoint expressed during the era was such use of local people in this manner was exploiting them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |date=2021-10-16 |title=Missionary is not a popular word in India. But in the Khasi hills, it holds a different meaning |url=https://theprint.in/features/missionary-is-not-a-popular-word-in-india-but-in-the-khasi-hills-it-holds-a-different-meaning/751501/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=University of Oklahoma, USA |last2=Baishya |first2=Amit Rahul |date=2022-06-07 |title=The Animate Circuit of the Ordinary: The Everyday as Unfolding in Tarun Bhartiya’s Niam/Faith/Hynñiewtrep |url=https://rupkatha.com/v14n2ne04/ |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v14n2.ne04|doi-access=free }}</ref>

U Larsing's work as a preacher attracted the attention of the English and Welsh Evangelist Churches and he was invited to visit its members. He arrived at London on 27 May 1861. He was involved in a preaching tour throughout England and Wales, including venues in London, [[Llandeilo]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester]], [[Menai Bridge]], and [[Pwllheli]]. Subsequently, he stayed in Chester for three month. Later, he studied at the [[Holt, Wrexham|Holt Academy]], near Wrexham under the supervision of Reverend Ebenezer Powell.

== Death and legacy ==
U Larsing died at Ty Cerrig, [[Caergwrle]], Flintshire, Wales on 24 August 1863 whilst visiting the area doing missionary work. He was buried at the [[Overleigh Cemetery]], Chester, Cheshire on 28 August 1863.

The inscription on his gravestone is in both English and Welsh and reads,<blockquote>Here rests in hope the body of U Larsing one of the first fruits of the Welsh Missionary Society on the Khassia Hills, Bengal where he laboured several years as an Evangelist. In 1861 he visited this country and endeared himself to thousands in England and Wales. When about to return to his native land his saviour called him to himself and he entered into the joy of his Lord at Caergwrle August 24, 1863.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MONUMENT TO U LARSING SOUTH EAST OF THACKERAY CENOTAPH IN OVERLEIGH CEMETERY, Non Civil Parish - 1375891 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375891 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>The gravestone was listed as Grade II on the [[National Heritage List for England|National Heritage List]] in England on 23 July 1998.<ref name=":1" />

A book titled ''U Larsing Evangelist from the Khasia Hills'' about his life and missionary was written by [[John Hughes Morris]] and published in 1912 in both the English and Welsh language.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=John Hughes |date=1912 |title=U Larsing yr efengylydd o fryniau Khasia |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10107/5947588 |access-date= |website=The National Library of Wales}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* Morris, John Hughes (1912) ''U Larsing Evangelist from the Khasia Hills'', Carnarvon: C.M. Bookroom.<ref name=":0" />
* The article by Baishya, Amit Rahul in ''Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities'' uses U Larsing as an example when discussing the issues about the local population as missionaries.<ref name=":2" />
* The article by Cleall, E. (2014) ‘Welsh Missionaries and British Imperialism: The Empire of Clouds in North-East India, by Andrew May’, ''Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History'', 42(4), pp.768–770. doi:10.1080/03086534.2014.966571 discusses U Larsing's role as a Khasia missionary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cleall |first=Esme |date=2014 |title=Welsh Missionaries and British Imperialism: The Empire of Clouds in North-East India, by Andrew May |url= |journal=Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=768–770 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2014.966571}}</ref>
* Multiple articles information about the life and Missionary of U Larsing appear in the journals: [https://journals.library.wales/browse/2508808 Monthly Tidings] (Available on-line via The [[National Library of Wales]]); and [https://journals.library.wales/browse/2315156 The Treasury] (Available on-line via The National Library of Wales)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:Indian Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:History of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Evangelism]]

Gosi Khurd Irrigation Project

2026-02-24T07:06:56Z

SheldonTopper4: put up

{{Infobox dam
| name = Gosikhurd Irrigation Project
| image = Gosikhurd_Map.jpg
| image_caption = Map of Gosi Khurd Irrigation Project
| name_official = Gosi Khurd Irrigation Project D05104
| dam_crosses = [[Wainganga River]]
| location = [[Pauni]], [[Maharashtra]] [[India]]
| dam_type = Earthfill
| dam_length = {{Convert|11356|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|22.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_capacity ={{Convert| 67373|m3/s|ft3/s}}
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| res_name = [[Indira Sagar Lake]]
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|769483000|m3|acre feet|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{Convert|22.258|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =Location of GosiKhurd Project in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.78|N|79.63|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''GosiKhurd Irrigation Project''' also known as '''Indira Sagar Irrigation Project''' is one of the major irrigation projects in [[Godavari]] basin in Indian state [[Maharashtra]] in the [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] district on the river [[Wainganga]]. The project was launched in 7th Five Year Plan by former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] during 1984. It has been declared as National Irrigation Project by Government of India.

The project involved, [[Gose Khurd Dam]] along with the network of water canals including 99  km long right bank canal, 22.93  km left bank canal, lifting stations at Akot, Ambhora, Mokharbardi, Nerla and Tekepar. The project also included renovation of Asolamendha dam on river Pathari. The project is aimed to irrigate 2.5 lakh hectares of land. The project is designed to provide an annual irrigation to an area of 89,856 ha in [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] district, 19,481 ha in [[Nagpur]] district and 1,41,463 ha in [[Chandrapur]] district.<ref name="WRIS">{{Cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Gosi_Khurd(Indira_Sagar)_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI00481 |title=Water Resource Information System Wiki:Gosi Khurd Irrigation Project |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111215338/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Gosi_Khurd(Indira_Sagar)_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI00481 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Project timelines ==
The project was accepted by the technical advisory committee in 1988 with an estimated cost of INR 461.19 Crores at the 1981–82 price level. The project got approval by the Forest and Environment department in 1988.<ref name = "VPNVM">{{Cite web |url=http://segpcngp.in/fianancialaspect.html |title=Vidarbha PathBandhare Vikas Mandal |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111205755/http://segpcngp.in/fianancialaspect.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The project was approved by Planning Commission of India in 1995. The updated cost of the project was INR 7777.85 Crores at 2007–08 prices that were approved by Planning Commission. The project was getting funds under [[Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Program (AIBP)]] since 1996. In 2009 it was declared as a National Project. Till 2009 19179 hectares of irrigation potential was created while remaining will be created as a national project.<ref name="WRIS"/>

Project affected people started receiving compensations promised by Chief Minister [[Pruthviraj Chavan]] in 2013.<ref name="EJAS">[https://ejatlas.org/conflict/gosikhurd-dam-irrigation-project-maharastra-india Environmental Justice Atlas: Goshi Khurd Project]</ref>

== Project hurdles and criticism ==
A major criticism of the project involved environmental damage and damage to local livelihood. Around 92 villages were affected by this project making total PAP (Project affected people) of more than 1 lakh. Organization of the project affected inhabitants was formed named Gosikhurd Prakalpgrast Sangharsh Samiti. It demanded compensation as per 1999 rehabilitation norms as well as special benefits offered after the project was given national status. Gosikhurd Prakalpgrast Sangharsh Samiti demanded that in addition to alternative agriculture land, displaced farmers should be provided basic civic amenities, INR 12 lakhs in lieu of Government job, INR 1 lakh for building a cattle shed, compensation for farm labour at the revised rates.<ref name="EJAS"/>

== Present Status ==
[[Gosi Khurd dam]] is almost complete and Ambhora lifting station is complete. The work of the canal system is in progress.<ref name="WRIS"/>

== Salient Features ==

{| class="Salient Features of Gosikhurd Project "
|-
!'''1'''!!'''Location of Dam''' !!
|-
| || State || '''Maharashtra'''
|-
| || District || '''Bhandara'''
|-
| || Tahsil || '''Pauni'''
|-
| || Village || '''Gosikhurd'''
|-
| || Latitude || '''20°-52’ – 15” N'''
|-
| || Longitude || '''79°-37’ – 0” E'''
|-
!'''2'''!!'''Name of River'''!! '''Wainganga River (Godavari Basin)''' !!
|-
!'''3'''!!'''Catchment Area''' !!
|-
| || Catchment Area (Sq. km.) || Madhya Pradesh || Maharashtra || '''Total''' ||
|-
| || || 24243 || 10619 || '''34862'''
|-
| || Catchment Area (Free) (Sq. km.) || '''5902'''
|-
!'''4'''!!'''Average Annual Rainfall''' !! '''1320.8 mm''' !!
|-
!'''5'''!!'''Average Monsoon Rainfall''' !! '''1200 mm''' !!
|-
!'''6'''!!'''Water Availability''' !!
|-
| || 75% dependable yield || '''14196 Mm3'''
|-
| || Post Monsoon yield (4.7%) || '''667 Mm3'''
|-
| || Total annual yield || '''14863 Mm3'''

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Irrigation projects]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]

Mahendra Patel (typeface designer)

2026-02-23T07:36:05Z

SheldonTopper4: added new details needs work

{{Short description|Indian typeface designer and teacher (born 1943)}}
'''Mahendra Patel''', born February 21 1943, is an Indian typeface designer and teacher. He studied at the [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts]], and at the [[National Institute of Design]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vilhjálmsson |first=Gunnar |last2=Desai |first2=Salomi |title=The Universal Thirst Gazette {{!}} Mahendra Patel: a 60-year journey of design in India |url=https://gazette.universalthirst.com/home/mahendra-patel-a-60-year-journey-of-design-in-india |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=gazette.universalthirst.com}}</ref> He attended the Advanced Program for Graphic Design at [[Schule für Gestaltung Basel]], Switzerland, in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=neeru |date=2020-10-28 |title=Biography |url=https://dsource.in/showcase/mahendra-patel/biography |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=dsource.in |language=en}}</ref> In 1971, he worked for one year with [[Adrian Frutiger]] in Paris.

In 2010 he was awarded the [[Gutenberg Prize of the International Gutenberg Society and the City of Mainz]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Dan |date=2010-07-10 |title=Mahendra Patel lecture in Mainz — Blog |url=https://www.typeoff.de/2010/07/mahendra-patel-lecture-in-mainz/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=TypeOff. |language=en-US}}</ref> for his contribution to typography.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Global Indian International School, Tokyo

2026-02-22T08:54:05Z

SheldonTopper4: data

{{Infobox school
| name = Global Indian International School, Tokyo
| native_name = グローバル・インディアン・インターナショナル・スクール
| image = Globalindianschooltokyo.jpg
| address = 8-3-13 Nishi Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan 133 0088 〒133-0088 東京都江戸川区西葛西 8-3-13
| coordinates = {{coord|35.65675|139.85882|format=dms|type:edu_region:JP|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://tokyo.globalindianschool.org}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Global Indian International School, Tokyo''' or '''GIIS Tokyo NishiKasai'''|グローバル・インディアン・インターナショナル・スクール|''Gurōbaru Indian Intānashonaru Sukūru''|lead=yes}} is an [[Education in India|Indian International School]] in [[Edogawa-ku]], [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>"[https://tokyo.globalindianschool.org/admissions/campus-tour]." [[Global Indian International School]]. Retrieved on March 8, 2015. "Minami Shinozaki Machi 3-20-6, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan 133 0065"</ref> It is a part of the [[Global Indian International School]] network and adopts the [[International Baccalaureate Diploma]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) curriculum of India.<ref name=Saito>Saito, Mayumi. "[https://archive.today/20070815123802/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200709220042.html Weekend Beat: Japanese parents praise Tokyo's Indian schools]" (). ''[[The Asahi Shimbun]]''/''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. September 22, 2007, Tokyo edition. Retrieved on March 10, 2015. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310005612/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Asahi-IHT-2007-Sep-22.pdf See alternate location]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310005612/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Asahi-IHT-2007-Sep-22.pdf Archive]}}).</ref>

== History ==
The school was established in July 2006 with just 50 students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikeda |first=Tsukuru |date=2018-05-20 |title=Tokyo’s Nishikasai a second home for Indians in Japan |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/tokyos-nishikasai-second-home-indians-japan-1502638470.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en |via=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]}}</ref> It provides K-12 education with [[English language|English]] as the sole medium of instruction. Currently, the school has four campuses in [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa-ku, Tokyo]]. The current principal of the school is Abdul Rahul II.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Matsuyama |first=Ayane |date=2025-05-02 |title=Japanese children make up over 50% of students at Indian int'l school in Tokyo. Here's why |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20250502/p2a/00m/0na/024000c |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2022, the school had approximately 1,220 students. Approximately half of the students are Japanese nationals. Another one-third are Indian nationals, and the rest are of various other nationalities.<ref name=":0" /> The school has lately become known for its low-cost English<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=2014-11-25 |title=In Japan, local students flock to Indian schools to learn English |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-japan-local-students-flock-to-indian-schools-to-learn-english/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[STEM]] programs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=英語・数学・ＩＴが評判「インド系スクール」、日本人生徒が右肩上がり…欧米系より学費安く |trans-title=Indian school has a reputation for English, maths and IT, and the number of Japanese students is on the rise |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/kyoiku/kyoiku/news/20230715-OYT1T50136/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=読売新聞オンライン |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=インド系インターナショナルスクールに日本人急増学費は欧米系の半分 |trans-title=The number of Japanese students at Indian international schools is increasing rapidly, with tuition fees half that of Western schools. |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCB045400U5A200C2000000/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=日本経済新聞 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Campuses ===
The first campus was opened 2006 in [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]], expanded with new campuses in 2017 and 2019, with a fourth campus was opened in 2023 at Kita Kasai within the same ward.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=欧米系だけじゃない「お手頃インター」目指すインド系やネパール系日本勢も続々参入：朝日新聞GLOBE＋ |url=https://globe.asahi.com/article/14824416 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=朝日新聞GLOBE＋ |language=ja-JP}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of high schools in Tokyo]]
* [[Indians in Japan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

==Further reading==
{{in lang|ja}}
* Xu Hui (徐輝). "[http://opac.daito.ac.jp/metadb/up/repoAdmin/1415679456398499.pdf A comparative study of Chinese and Indian school in Japan : Focus on the "Tokyo Chuka school" and "GIIS"]" (在日華僑学校と印僑学校に関する比較考察 : 東京中華学校とGIISを中心に; [https://www.webcitation.org/6XhxYHLxt?url=http://opac.daito.ac.jp/metadb/up/repoAdmin/1415679456398499.pdf Archive]). 大東アジア学論集 (14), 44-63, 2014-03. 大東文化大学大学院アジア地域研究科. [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40020056435 See profile] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20150411160513/http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005497699 profile #2] at [[CiNii]]. [https://archive.today/20150411163819/http://opac.daito.ac.jp/meta-bin/mt-pdetail.cgi?cd=00004454 see profile at] [[Daito Bunka University]] Repository (大東文化大学機関リポジトリ). ''English abstract available''.
==External links==
* [https://tokyo.globalindianschool.org/ Global Indian International School, Tokyo]
* [https://www.instagram.com/giis_tokyo/ Global Indian International School, Tokyo official instagram account]
{{Edogawa, Tokyo}}
{{International schools in Tokyo}}
{{Indian international schools}}
{{Portalbar|India|Tokyo|Schools}}

[[Category:Elementary schools in Japan]]
[[Category:International schools in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Japan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Edogawa, Tokyo]]

Bimalgarh Junction railway station

2026-02-19T10:01:26Z

SheldonTopper4: added details after review to improve readability

{{short description|Railway station in Odisa, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bimalgarh Junction
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = Bimalgarh, [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.967794|85.009646|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BUF
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Chakradharpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label = Bimalgarh Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Bimalgarh Junction railway station''' is a railway station on the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] network in the state of [[Odisha]], India. It serves Bimalgarh village. Its code is '''BUF'''. It has one platform. Passenger trains halt at Bimalgarh Junction railway station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bimlagarh-junction-buf/5926| title=BUF/Bimalgarh| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BUF| title=BUF:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Chakradharpur| website=Raildrishti| access-date=27 June 2019| archive-date=6 July 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706153710/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp%3Fstncode%3DBUF| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=BUF| title=BUF/Bimalgarh| website=Raildrishti| access-date=27 June 2019| archive-date=6 July 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706152752/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp%3Fstncode%3DBUF| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/11/bimlagarh-talcher-rail-line-work-gains-pace-1963030.html| title=Bimlagarh–Talcher rail line work gains pace| website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sundergarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Odisha]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Annamalai Kuppusamy

2026-02-15T11:59:01Z

SheldonTopper4: improve content additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Kuppusamy Annamalai]]

Railway Coolie

2026-02-15T01:19:17Z

SheldonTopper4: created new entry

{{short description|Indian action crime film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Railway Coolie
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| writer = M. G. Rama Rao (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = D. Sudhakar Raju Edida Raja
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kodi Lakshman
| editing =
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Sai Art Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|3|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Railway Coolie''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms|title=Happy birthday Mammootty: 3 Direct Telugu films of Malayalam Megastar|date=7 September 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1975 Hindi film ''[[Deewaar]]''.<ref name="H"/>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mammootty]] as Prabhu
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Lakshmi
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Kazan Khan]]
*[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
*Costumes Krishna
}}

== Production ==
The third schedule of the film took place at the end of April 1993 in Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Apr/23-apr-1993.pdf|title=మమ్ముట్టి - రైల్వే కూలీ|trans-title=Mammootty - Railway Coolie|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|page=9|date=23 April 1993|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sirpy]]. The lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AQAV/info|title=Railway Coolie (1998)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

;Tamil (dubbed) tracklisting<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/railway-coolie-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005197|title=Railway Coolie (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs Download, Railway Coolie (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs|website=[[Raaga.com]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Kalidasan.
| total_length = 13:27
| title1 = Enge En Pondadi
| extra1 = [[G. Venugopal]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Jigu Jigu Railu
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 4:55
| title3 = Kala Kala
| extra3 = Krishnaraj
| length3 = 4:05
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released after an eight year delay in 2001.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/why-mammootty-straight-telugu-movie-railway-coolie-unreleased-in-theaters-details-here-121714535927176.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520050125/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/why-mammootty-straight-telugu-movie-railway-coolie-unreleased-in-theaters-details-here-121714535927176.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2024|title=Mammootty Telugu Movies: రిలీజ్‌కు నోచుకోని స్టార్‌ డైరెక్టర్‌తో మ‌మ్ముట్టి చేసిన స్ట్రెయిట్ తెలుగు మూవీ ఇదే!|trans-title=Mammootty Telugu Movies: This is Mammooty's straight Telugu movie with a star director that is yet to release!|date=1 May 2024|first=Nelki Naresh|last=Kumar|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "The stupid drama rolls on and on in the most insipid way. There is not one incident or event in the film that is worth mentioning".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/railway-coolie/telugu/railway-coolie-movie-reviews-271-2.html|title=Railway Coolie Review|website=fullhyd.com|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0246881}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]

Shantaram Athavale

2026-02-11T07:18:30Z

SheldonTopper4: Made first data basic info

{{Short description|Indian film director and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shantaram Govind Athavale
| image = Shantaram Athavale.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|1|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|5|2|1910|1|21|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director
| notable_works = [[Shevagyachya Shenga]]
| awards = Certificate of Merit [[3rd National Film Awards]] (1955)
}}

'''Shantaram Govind Athavale''' (21 January 1910 – 2 May 1975) was an Indian director of [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and English language films, a lyricist, poet, and author.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=46|language=en|chapter=Athavale, Shantaram Govind (b. 1910)}}</ref> Part of the generation that emerged from the [[Prabhat Film Company]] in Pune in the 1930s, he made pioneering contributions to Marathi film.<ref name=":1" />

== Biography ==
In the early 1930s, Athavale undertook an apprenticeship with the popular novelist [[Narayan Hari Apte]]. When Apte was brought in by the [[Prabhat Film Company]] to script ''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]],'' Athavale joined him and achieved success as a songwriter on the film with ''Kiti sukhada.''<ref name=":0" />

At Prabhat, as a lyricist under [[V. Shantaram]] and working alongside [[Vishram Bedekar]], [[Master Vinayak]], [[Keshav Vaman Bhole|Keshavrao Bhole]] and others, Athavale would be part of the generation considered pioneers of [[Marathi cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kale|first=Pramod|date=1979|title=Ideas, Ideals and the Market: A Study of Marathi Films|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=14|issue=35|pages=1511–1520|jstor=4367902|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Athavale's contribution as lyricist to [[Sant Tukaram (1936 film)|Sant Tukaram]], the first Indian film to achieve critical international success, was highly regarded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shampa |last2=Srivastava |first2=Anil |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |date=1988 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8240-9483-6 |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC |language=en |chapter=Sant Tukuram}}</ref>

Athavale as lyricist frequently worked with Keshavrao Bhole composing music; their collaborations included ''[[Kunku]]'' (1937), ''Mazha Mulga'' and ''Gopal Krishna'' (both 1938), ''[[Sant Dnyaneshwar (film)|Sant Dnyaneshwar]]'' (1940), ''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' and ''Shejari'' (both 1941), ''Daha Wajta'' (1942) and ''[[Ramshastri (film)|Ramshastri]]'' (1944).<ref name=":0" /> During this period, he became an assistant director under V. Shantaram.

He left Prabhat Films in 1942 and contributed dialogue and lyrics for [[Debaki Bose|Debaki Bose's]] ''Aple Ghar'' and lyrics for [[Vijay Bhatt|Vijay Bhatt's]] ''Bharat Bhet.''<ref name=":0" />

In 1948, Athavale made his debut as a director with ''Bhagya Rekha,'' which focused on a man who is part of the [[Quit India Movement|independence movement]] and must leave his pregnant wife when forced to go underground.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narwekar|first=Sanjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nORkAAAAMAAJ|title=Marathi Cinema: in retrospect|publisher=Maharashtra Film, Stage & Cultural Development Corp.|year=1995|pages=86|language=en}}</ref> The film incorporated his long-term colleagues Narayan Hari Apte (script) and Keshavrao Bhole (score) with [[Shanta Apte]] acting.

He won the Certificate of Merit for Feature Films in Marathi at the [[3rd National Film Awards]] in 1956 for directing the movie ''[[Shevagyachya Shenga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/111_3rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=State Awards for Films, 1956|website=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> The film, under the English title Drumsticks, was entered into competition at Cannes in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/artist/shantaram-athavale|title=Shantaram ATHAVALE|website=Festival de Cannes 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref>

In the early 1960s, Athavale switched to working in English, making a series of documentaries for the [[Films Division of India]].

Released in 1966, Athavale's history of the Prabhat Film Company, ''Prabhatkal'', was considered a unique and significant work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bedekar|first=D.K.|title=Marathi : Widening the Mental Horizon|date=1966|journal=Indian Literature|volume=9|issue=4|pages=66–71|jstor=23329526|issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== Filmography (as director) ==
*1948: ''Bhagya Rekha'' (Marathi)
*1949: ''Main Abla Nahin Hoon'' (Hindi)
*1953: ''Vahinichya Bangdya'' (Marathi)
*1954: ''Sansa Karaychay Mala'' (Marathi)
*1955: [[Shevagyachya Shenga]] (Marathi)
*1958: ''Padada'' (Marathi)
*1960: Fix it Right (English – documentary)
* 1960: Write it Right (English – documentary)
* 1961: How to Vote (English – documentary)
* 1961: Gift of Sight (English – documentary)
* 1962: Citizens and Citizens (English – documentary)
* 1962: The Homecoming (English – documentary)
* 1962: Marriage and After (English – documentary)
*1963: ''Chatur Balak'' (Hindi)
*1965: ''Vavtal'' (Marathi)
* 1968: ''Sankat Main Swasthya Aur Safai'' (Hindi – documentary)
* 1971: My Village My People (English – documentary)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Video of ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jE2GCPIhv4 Bhagya Rekha]'' (1948)
*Video of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2r34X0Mkb30 Chatur Balak] (1963) Children's Film Society, India
*[http://www.shantaramathavale.com/english/ Shantaram Athavale] – website dedicated to life and works
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athavale, Shantaram Govind}}
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]

Amartya Bhattacharyya

2026-02-05T22:33:25Z

SheldonTopper4: created basic entry added tags...

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amartya Bhattacharyya
| image = Amartya_Bhattacharyya_at_the_shooting_of_'Capital_I'.jpg
| caption = Amartya Bhattacharyya, shooting of 'Capital I'
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|8|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Filmmaker, Writer
| years_active = 2012–present
| awards =
}}

'''Amartya Bhattacharyya''' is a filmmaker, writer and artist from eastern [[India]]. He was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal) for the Best Cinematography in non-feature film]] at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] by the [[president of India]] for his fantasy documentary 'Benaras-the unexplored attachments'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/187140-161429937.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807132738/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/187140-161429937.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=The Telegraph, India, English News Paper|website=epaper.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref> His second feature film '[[Khyanikaa: The Lost Idea|Khyanikaa - The Lost Idea]]' featured as the only Odia film in the Indian Panorama section of 48th International Film Festival of India 2017. He was awarded the State film awards in Best Editing category for ''Khyanikaa - The Lost Idea'' at the 29th [[Odisha State Film Awards]], conferred by the Government of Odisha.

Amartya's feature film is ''[[Adieu Godard]]'', which premiered at the 43rd [[Moscow International Film Festival]] 2021 released in Indian theaters in September 2022, and coincidentally coincided with the sudden demise of the French auteur [[Jean-Luc Godard]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-14 |title=It is a sad day for world cinema: Adieu Godard director Amartya Bhattacharyya on Jean-Luc Godard's demise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/it-is-a-sad-day-for-world-cinema-adieu-godard-director-amartya-bhattacharyya/articleshow/94182792.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is in Odia language and is an Indo-French co-production.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Amartya Bhattacharyya: 'Adieu GODARD' is the most challenging film I've made so far - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/exclusive-amartya-bhattacharyya-adieu-godard-is-the-most-challenging-film-ive-made-so-far/articleshow/82175246.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

He is an independent film director, a surreal poet, writer, actor, editor, lyricist and a [[cinematographer]]. Amartya's artworks are mostly [[Surrealism|surreal]], dark in concept, and [[psychoanalytic]] in nature. He himself tags his films as 'Psychodrama'.

== Personal life ==
Amartya Bhattacharyya was born in a Bengali [[Hindu]] family on 21 August 1987 in [[Kolkata]]. He is a Bachelor's in Technology graduate in Information Technology from Techno India College of Technology in 2009. He also works in a multinational IT company as a Technology Lead. Though born in a Hindu family, he is a [[non-religious]] person, who draws inspiration from various [[religions]] and [[ideologies]]. He is an [[apolitical]] person, and a strong [[critic]] of his [[socio-political]] environment.

Amartya's entry to the world of art was through an artist in Kolkata, Shri Siddhartha Mukherjee, who was the art teacher in his school 'The Modern Academy' where he studied for ten years till the completion of his secondary education. It was under his guidance that Amartya started experimenting with art forms at a very tender age, and developed a habit of challenging the conventions. Amartya also performed on stage for the first time at the age of six. Thereafter, he keenly pursued his interest in acting on stage throughout his school life. He was also a passionate cricketer at 'The Sunil Gavaskar Foundation for Cricket in Bengal'.

==Film career==
''[[Capital I]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biffes.in/movie/capital-i/|title=CAPITAL I {{!}} Bengaluru International Film Festival|website=Bengaluru International Film Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813005527/http://biffes.in/movie/capital-i/|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Attempt-of-a-Unique-Kind/2014/02/08/article2044123.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630130841/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Attempt-of-a-Unique-Kind/2014/02/08/article2044123.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2016|title=Attempt of a Unique Kind|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinemaschminema.com/2015/08/07/capital-i/|title=Capital I|date=2015-08-08|website=Cinema Schminema|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/527926/there-need-not-story.html|title='There need not be a story'|website=Deccan Herald|date=9 February 2016 |access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theindependentcritic.com/capital_i |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809230826/http://theindependentcritic.com/capital_i |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-08-09 |title=The Independent Critic - "Capital I" a Creative, Intriguing Film Out of India |website=theindependentcritic.com |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avoir-alire.com/festival-du-film-d-asie-du-sud-transgressif-3eme-edition|title=Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif, 3ème édition|website=Critiques et news films, BD, musique|language=fr-FR|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref> Amartya's debut feature film happens to be the first independent feature film of [[Odisha]]. It featured in festivals like the South Asian Alternative Film Festival Paris, International Film Festival of Kerala,<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFK Indian Cinema Now|url=http://www.iffk.in/index.php?page=indiancinemanow_15|website=iffk.in|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF KERALA DEC 04-11, 2015, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM|url=http://www.iffk.in/images/2015/handbook_2015.pdf|website=iffk.in|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418075057/http://www.iffk.in/images/2015/handbook_2015.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bengaluru International Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://biffes.in/movie/capital-i/|title=CAPITAL I {{!}} Bengaluru International Film Festival|newspaper=Bengaluru International Film Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813005527/http://biffes.in/movie/capital-i/|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> etc. It is the first Indian film to be acquired by the Italy-based sales and distribution company ‘The Open Reel’. The film is being broadcast through the Poland-based TV channel ‘Filmbox Arthouse’.
[[File:Amartya Bhattacharyya at the shooting of Khyanikaa.jpg|thumb|Amartya Bhattacharyya at the shooting of ''Khyanikaa-The Lost Idea'']]

Amartya's second feature film 'Khyanikaa - The Lost Idea' screened at around 30 international film festivals and across 14 countries. He won the state award for the Best Editing for ''Khyanikaa'' at the 29th Odisha State Film awards 2019. After making two feature films 'Capital I' and 'Khyanikaa' in Odia, he made his third feature film 'Runanubandha - The HE without HIM' in his mother tongue Bengali and shot in the city he was born and brought up in - Kolkata. [[Runanubandha - The HE without HIM]], which derived its name from an Indian spiritual context, was a part of festivals like Moscow International Film Festival, Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival, Oakland International Film Festival, Kolkata International Film Festival amongst others.

Amartya continued making films alternating between Odia and Bengali with internationally acclaimed ones like Adieu Godard, Whispers of a Storm, Ketu, Son of Adam and Lahari.

Before making his debut feature film '[[Capital I]]',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theopenreel.com/portfolio-item/capital-i/|title=Capital I - The Open Reel|newspaper=The Open Reel|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624185310/http://www.theopenreel.com/portfolio-item/capital-i/|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amartya had made few [[short films]]. His shots were a part of several international film festivals across the world, and bagged a number of awards in all categories.

== Other activities ==
Apart from films, Amartya is also the author of two books – 'Ekush (21)' and 'Shatarupa' which are compilations of his poems on love, death and the dark sides of human nature. The books were launched at the Kolkata International Book Fair in 2011 and 2012 respectively. His poems have also been published in several compilations and he was a regular writer/poet for a former weekly Bengali magazine named 'Anahoto'.

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Title
! rowspan="2"|Language
! colspan="5"|Role
! rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! Director
! Writer
! Cinematographer
! Editor
! Actor
|-
|2024
|''Lahari''
|Odia
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
* 30th Kolkata International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title=Lahari will be screened at 30th Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/lahari-will-be-screened-at-30th-kolkata-international-film-festival/articleshow/115929528.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Son of Adam''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* 77th International Film Festival of Salerno, Italy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-18 |title=Cinematic adapatation of Rupam Islam's music album to premiere soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cinematic-adapatation-of-rupam-islams-music-album-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/105309043.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Best Musical Film -Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente de Madrid <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-18 |title='Son of Adam' crowned best musical film in Madrid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/son-of-adam-wins-best-musical-film-award-at-madrid-bhubaneswar-festival/articleshow/108571501.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Whispers of a Storm''
|| Odia
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* 25th UK Asian Film Festival, UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-12 |title='Whispers of a Storm' set for London premiere |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/whispers-of-a-storm-set-for-london-premiere/articleshow/99311339.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Adieu Godard]]''
|| Odia
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
*43rd Moscow International Film Festival, Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-17|title=World premiere of Odia film 'adieu Godard' to be held at Moscow International Film Festival|url=https://www.orissapost.com/world-premiere-of-odia-film-adieu-godard-to-be-held-at-moscow-international-film-festival/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Amartya Bhattacharyya: 'Adieu GODARD' is the most challenging film I've made so far - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/exclusive-amartya-bhattacharyya-adieu-godard-is-the-most-challenging-film-ive-made-so-far/articleshow/82175246.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*Best Film (Indian competition) - 27th Kolkata International Film Festival, India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amartya Bhattacharyya's Godard tribute film will have its Indian premiere at KIFF - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/amartya-bhattacharyyas-godard-tribute-film-will-have-its-indian-premiere-at-kiff/articleshow/88582892.cms|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* 26th Split Film Festival, Croatia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bengali filmmaker's Godard tribute film makes the cut to prestigious Croatian film festival - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bengali-filmmakers-godard-tribute-film-makes-the-cut-to-one-of-worlds-oldest-film-festivals/articleshow/84977467.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The Times of India|date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* San José International Film Awards, Costa Rica.
*Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=chief|first=Editor in|title=Odia Film "Adieu GODARD" set for Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival (MISAFF)|url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2021/11/28/odia-film-adieu-godard-set-for-mosaic-international-south-asian-film-festival-misaff/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Odisha News Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Ketu''
|Bengali| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
*Santa Cruz International Film Festival, Argentina.
* Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amartya Bhattacharyya's feature Ketu to be premiered at Mosaic in Canada|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/nov/19/27820|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124045151/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/nov/19/27820|url-status=live|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
* Ciudad De Mexico International Film Festival, Mexico.
* Ciudad del Este Independent Film Festival, Paraguay.
|-
|2019
|''[[Runanubandha - The HE without HIM]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
*Best Editing award at Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival 2019, Canada.
|-
| 2017
|''[[Khyanikaa - The Lost Idea]]''
| Odia
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* 'Indian Panorama' at 48th International Film Festival of India 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=173356|title=Indian Panorama selection of Feature and Non Feature films for 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) 2017 announced|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>
*Best Editing award at the 29th Odisha State Film Awards 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-film-awards-2017-ravi-shankar-patnaik-to-get-jayadev-pursakar-tarang-sweeps-tele-awards-355208|title=Odisha Film Awards 2017: Ravi Shankar Patnaik to get Jayadev pursakar, Tarang sweeps Tele awards|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Capital I]]''
| Odia
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* The first independent feature film of Odisha.
|}

=== Non-feature Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Title
! rowspan="2"|Language
! colspan="5"|Role
! rowspan="2"|Notes

|-
! Director
! Writer
! Cinematographer
! Editor
! Actor
|-
|2019
|''Mercy Of God''
|Silent
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* Best Film, Best Director, Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Producer awards at NoHu International Short Film Festival in New Jersey, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-13|title='Mercy of God' bags six awards|url=https://www.orissapost.com/mercy-of-god-bags-six-awards/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Darjeeling - a celebration of solitude''
|Bengali| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* Best Director award (Category - Documentary/National) - Kargil International Film Festival 2017, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kargiliff.in/p/awards.html|title=Kargil IFF Awards|website=www.kargiliff.in|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
* Best Short Film - Indian Film Festival of Cincinnati 2017, USA.
* Best Cinematography - Sylhet Film Festival 2018, Bangladesh.
|-
|2016
|''Rajasthan- The Fantasy of A Deserted Soul''
|Bengali| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2015
|''Hoyto Kobitar Jonyo (In Poetic Hues)''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* Best Film award - Moab International Film Festival, Utah, USA.
* Best Script award - Sylhet Film Festival 2017, Bangladesh.
* Short Film Corner - 68th Festival de Cannes.
|-
| 2015
|''Benaras-the unexplored attachments''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
* Silver Lotus for Best Cinematography in non-feature section at 63rd National Film Awards.
* Best Film (Travel Documentary) at 50th International Tourism Film Festival 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regionzapad.cz/zpravodajstvi/karlovy-vary-grand-prix-festivalu-tourfilm-2017-obdrzel-rakousky-spot-139936/|title=Karlovy Vary: Grand Prix festivalu Tourfilm 2017 obdržel rakouský spot|last=REGIONZAPAD.CZ|website=www.regionzapad.cz|language=cs|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic.
* Best Film at 7th International Short Tourism Film Festival of Amorgos in Greece.
* Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Music and Best Producer/Production team at 9th NoHu International Short Film Festival 2016 New Jersey.
* Best Film on Tourism at IFFC IV - International Film Festival of Short Films on Culture and Tourism, Jaipur.
|-
| 2013
|''Swargadwar-in search of heaven''
| Silent
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 2012
|''Shiuli-in search of my Goddess!''
| English
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 2012
|''Niloye Jokhon (At Home)''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2012
|''Boba Mukhosh (Translucence)''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
* Best Director - White Screen Film Festival.
* Best Editor - Rolling Frames 2013.
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5075532/ Amartya Bhattacharyya] at the INternet Movie Database

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Amartya}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]

2024–25 Santosh Trophy

2026-01-31T20:53:25Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=Santosh Trophy
|year=[[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]|other_titles=Senior Men's National Football Championship
|image=
|image_size=150px
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|dates=15 November – 31 December 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Final Round of 78th NFC for Santosh Trophy to begin on December 14 in Hyderabad|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/final-round-of-78th-nfc-for-santosh-trophy-to-begin-on-december-14-in-hyderabad|date=2 December 2024|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>
|num_teams=38
|winners= [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|count=33
|runner-up= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|venue=10 (in 9 host cities)
{{ubl|''Group stage:'' Various|''Finals:'' [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]}}
|matches=88
|goals=316
|attendance=
|scoring_leader=[[Robi Hansda]] (12 goals)
|award=[[Robi Hansda]] (West Bengal)
|goalkeeper=
|prev_season=[[2023–24 Santosh Trophy|2023–24]]
|next_season=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy|2025–26]]
|updated=
}}

The '''2024–25 Santosh Trophy''' was the 78th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in [[India]] for senior men's [[Association football|football]] teams representing their respective [[States and union territories of India|states/union territories]] and government institutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad to host Santosh Trophy in December |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hyderabad-to-host-santosh-trophy-in-december |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Venues ==
The [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) announced in October 2024 that the group stage matches would begin the following month and would be played in six venues. The venues and the corresponding groups that would play there were named. Hosts Telangana and last year's finalists, Services and Goa were exempted from playing the group stage fixtures. Hyderabad is hosting the event for the first time in 57 years.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Group
! class="unsortable" |City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group A|A]]
|[[Amritsar]]
|[[Guru Nanak Dev University|GNDU]] Sports Complex
|–
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group B|B]]
|[[Phagwara]]
|Bibi Ratni Sports Stadium
|–
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group C|C]]
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group D|D]]
|[[Agartala]]
|Umakanta Mini Stadium
|5,000
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group E|E]]
|[[Nalbari]]
|Deshbhakta Maidan
|–
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group F|F]]
|[[Amritsar]]
|[[Guru Nanak Dev University|GNDU]] Sports Complex
|–
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group G|G]]
|[[Anantapur]]
|[[Rural Development Trust Stadium|RDT Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group H|H]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Corporation Stadium]]
|50,000
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Group I|I]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|Royal FC Stadium
|–
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]], [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Quarter-finals|QFs]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Semi-finals|SFs]], [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Final|Final]]
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
|18,000
|}

== Draws ==
38 teams entered the competition; Service and Goa, the finalists of the previous edition, and Telangana, the hosts received direct entry to the final round. The remaining 35 teams were divided into one group of three teams and eight groups of four teams each. It was announced that the winners of each group would make the final round.<ref name=":0" />

The draw for the final round was held on 30 November 2024.

== Group stage ==
=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_JK=3 |draw_JK=0 |loss_JK=0 |gf_JK=10 |ga_JK=1 |status_JK=
|win_LD=1 |draw_LD=1 |loss_LD=1 |gf_LD=3 |ga_LD=7 |status_LD=
|win_HP=0 |draw_HP=0 |loss_HP=3 |gf_HP=2 |ga_HP=13 |status_HP=
|win_PB=1 |draw_PB=1 |loss_PB=1 |gf_PB=8 |ga_PB=2 |status_PB=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_LD=[[Ladakh football team|Ladakh]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|name_PB=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]


|match_JK_LD = 5-0
|match_JK_HP = null
|match_JK_PB = 1-0

|match_LD_JK = null
|match_LD_HP = 2-1
|match_LD_PB = null

|match_HP_JK = 1–4
|match_HP_LD = null
|match_HP_PB = 0-7

|match_PB_JK = null
|match_PB_LD = 1–1
|match_PB_HP = null


|team_order=JK, PB, LD, HP
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_CH=0 |draw_CH=0 |loss_CH=3 |gf_CH=0 |ga_CH=11 |status_CH=
|win_UK=2 |draw_UK=0 |loss_UK=1 |gf_UK=9 |ga_UK=5 |status_UK=
|win_HR=1 |draw_HR=0 |loss_HR=2 |gf_HR=2 |ga_HR=6 |status_HR=
|win_DL=3 |draw_DL=0 |loss_DL=0 |gf_DL=12 |ga_DL=1 |status_DL=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|name_UK=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|name_HR=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|name_DL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]


|match_CH_UK = 0-4
|match_CH_HR = null
|match_CH_DL = 0-6

|match_UK_CH = null
|match_UK_HR = 4-1
|match_UK_DL = null

|match_HR_CH = 1-0
|match_HR_UK = null
|match_HR_DL = 0-2

|match_DL_CH = null
|match_DL_UK = 4-1
|match_DL_HR = null


|team_order=DL, UK, HR, CH
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group C ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_UP=1 |draw_UP=0 |loss_UP=2 |gf_UP=3 |ga_UP=10 |status_UP=
|win_JH=1 |draw_JH=0 |loss_JH=2 |gf_JH=6 |ga_JH=9 |status_JH=
|win_WB=2 |draw_WB=1 |loss_WB=0 |gf_WB=11 |ga_WB=0 |status_WB=H
|win_BR=1 |draw_BR=1 |loss_BR=1 |gf_BR=5 |ga_BR=6 |status_BR=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|name_JH=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_WB=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|name_BR=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]


|match_UP_JH = 2-1
|match_UP_WB = null
|match_UP_BR = 1-2

|match_JH_UP = null
|match_JH_WB = 0-4
|match_JH_BR = null

|match_WB_UP = 7-0
|match_WB_JH = null
|match_WB_BR = 0-0

|match_BR_UP = null
|match_BR_JH = 3-5
|match_BR_WB = null


|team_order=WB, BR, UP, JH
|hth_JH=Head-to-head points: Uttar Pradesh 3; Jharkhand 0.
|hth_UP=JH
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group D ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_TR=1 |draw_TR=1 |loss_TR=1 |gf_TR=4 |ga_TR=3 |status_TR=H
|win_MZ=1 |draw_MZ=0 |loss_MZ=2 |gf_MZ=9 |ga_MZ=6 |status_MZ=
|win_MN=3 |draw_MN=0 |loss_MN=0 |gf_MN=10 |ga_MN=2 |status_MN=
|win_SK=0 |draw_SK=1 |loss_SK=2 |gf_SK=1 |ga_SK=13 |status_SK=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TR=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|name_MZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|name_MN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]


|match_TR_MZ = 4-1
|match_TR_MN = 0-2
|match_TR_SK = null

|match_MZ_TR = null
|match_MZ_MN = 1-2
|match_MZ_SK = null

|match_MN_TR = null
|match_MN_MZ = null
|match_MN_SK = 6-1

|match_SK_TR = 0-0
|match_SK_MZ = 0-7
|match_SK_MN = null


|team_order=MN, TR, MZ, SK
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group E ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group E
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_AR=1 |draw_AR=0 |loss_AR=2 |gf_AR=7 |ga_AR=11 |status_AR=
|win_NL=1 |draw_NL=0 |loss_NL=2 |gf_NL=5 |ga_NL=8 |status_NL=
|win_AS=1 |draw_AS=1 |loss_AS=1 |gf_AS=6 |ga_AS=3 |status_AS=H
|win_ML=2 |draw_ML=1 |loss_ML=0 |gf_ML=8 |ga_ML=4 |status_ML=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_AR=[[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|name_NL=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|name_ML=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]


|match_AR_NL = 4-3
|match_AR_AS = 0–4
|match_AR_ML = null

|match_NL_AR = null
|match_NL_AS = null
|match_NL_ML = 0–3

|match_AS_AR = null
|match_AS_NL = 1-2
|match_AS_ML = 1-1

|match_ML_AR = 4-3
|match_ML_NL = null
|match_ML_AS = null


|team_order=ML, AS, AR, NL
|hth_NL=Head-to-head points: Arunachal Pradesh 3; Nagaland 0.
|hth_AR=NL
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group F ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group F
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_MP=0 |draw_MP=0 |loss_MP=2 |gf_MP=1 |ga_MP=10 |status_MP=
|win_CG=1 |draw_CG=0 |loss_CG=1 |gf_CG=5 |ga_CG=4 |status_CG=
|win_OD=2 |draw_OD=0 |loss_OD=0 |gf_OD=10 |ga_OD=2 |status_OD=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_CG=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_OD=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]


|match_MP_CG = 1-4
|match_MP_OD = null

|match_CG_MP = null
|match_CG_OD = 1-4

|match_OD_MP = 6-1
|match_OD_CG = null


|team_order=OD, CG, MP
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group G ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group G
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_TN=3 |draw_TN=0 |loss_TN=0 |gf_TN=17 |ga_TN=1 |status_TN=
|win_AP=0 |draw_AP=0 |loss_AP=3 |gf_AP=0 |ga_AP=14 |status_AP=H
|win_KA=2 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA=1 |gf_KA=17 |ga_KA=2 |status_KA=
|win_AN=1 |draw_AN=0 |loss_AN=2 |gf_AN=1 |ga_AN=18 |status_AN=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_AN=[[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar]]


|match_TN_AP = 8-0
|match_TN_KA = null
|match_TN_AN = 7-0

|match_AP_TN = null
|match_AP_KA = 0-5
|match_AP_AN = null

|match_KA_TN = 1-2
|match_KA_AP = null
|match_KA_AN = 11-0

|match_AN_TN = null
|match_AN_AP = 1-0
|match_AN_KA = null


|team_order=TN, KA, AN, AP
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group H ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group H
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_KL=3 |draw_KL=0 |loss_KL=0 |gf_KL=18|ga_KL=0 |status_KL=H
|win_PY=1 |draw_PY=0 |loss_PY=2 |gf_PY=4 |ga_PY=19|status_PY=
|win_LD=0 |draw_LD=0 |loss_LD=3 |gf_LD=2 |ga_LD=14|status_LD=
|win_RL=2 |draw_RL=0 |loss_RL=1 |gf_RL=11|ga_RL=2 |status_RL=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_KL=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_PY=[[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|name_LD=[[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|name_RL=[[Railways football team|Railways]]


|match_KL_PY = 7-0
|match_KL_LD = null
|match_KL_RL = 1-0

|match_PY_KL = null
|match_PY_LD = 3-2
|match_PY_RL = null

|match_LD_KL = 0–10
|match_LD_PY = null
|match_LD_RL = 0-1

|match_RL_KL = null
|match_RL_PY = 10–1
|match_RL_LD = null


|team_order=KL, RL, PY, LD
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group I ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_MH=1 |draw_MH=1 |loss_MH=1 |gf_MH=4 |ga_MH=2 |status_MH=
|win_GJ=1 |draw_GJ=2 |loss_GJ=0 |gf_GJ=3 |ga_GJ=0 |status_GJ=
|win_DD=0 |draw_DD=0 |loss_DD=3 |gf_DD=0 |ga_DD=10 |status_DD=
|win_RJ=2 |draw_RJ=1 |loss_RJ=0 |gf_RJ=6 |ga_RJ=1 |status_RJ=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_GJ=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|name_DD=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|DNHDD]]
|name_RJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]


|match_MH_GJ = 0-0
|match_MH_DD = null
|match_MH_RJ = 1-2

|match_GJ_MH = null
|match_GJ_DD = 3-0
|match_GJ_RJ = null

|match_DD_MH = 0-3
|match_DD_GJ = null
|match_DD_RJ = 0-4

|match_RJ_MH = null
|match_RJ_GJ = 0-0
|match_RJ_DD = null


|team_order= RJ, GJ, MH, DD
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

== Final round ==
=== Qualified teams ===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="180" colspan=2|Direct entrants (3)
|-
!Hosts
|[[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|-
!Defending champions
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|-
!Previous runners-up
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
! width="180" |Group winners (9)
|-
![[#Group A|A]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
![[#Group B|B]]
| [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|-
![[#Group C|C]]
| [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|-
![[#Group D|D]]
| [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|-
![[#Group E|E]]
| [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|-
![[#Group F|F]]
| [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|-
![[#Group G|G]]
| [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
![[#Group H|H]]
| [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|-
![[#Group I|I]]
| [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|}

=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_TG=0 |draw_TG=1 |loss_TG=4 |gf_TG=3 |ga_TG=13 |status_TG=H
|win_SE=3 |draw_SE=0 |loss_SE=2 |gf_SE=9 |ga_SE=3 |status_SE=
|win_WB=4 |draw_WB=1 |loss_WB=0 |gf_WB=9 |ga_WB=1 |status_WB=
|win_MN=3 |draw_MN=2 |loss_MN=0 |gf_MN=7 |ga_MN=3 |status_MN=
|win_JK=2 |draw_JK=1 |loss_JK=2 |gf_JK=6 |ga_JK=8 |status_JK=
|win_RJ=0 |draw_RJ=1 |loss_RJ=4 |gf_RJ=2 |ga_RJ=8 |status_RJ=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]
|name_TG=[[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|name_WB=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|name_MN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_RJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]



|match_SE_TG = 3-1
|match_SE_WB = 0-1
|match_SE_MN = null
|match_SE_JK = 4-0
|match_SE_RJ = null

|match_WB_TG = 3-0
|match_WB_SE = null
|match_WB_MN = 0-0
|match_WB_JK = 3-1
|match_WB_RJ = null

|match_MN_TG = null
|match_MN_SE = 1-0
|match_MN_WB = null
|match_MN_JK = null
|match_MN_RJ = 2-1

|match_TG_SE = null
|match_TG_WB = null
|match_TG_MN = 1-3
|match_TG_JK = 0-3
|match_TG_RJ = 1-1

|match_JK_TG = null
|match_JK_SE = null
|match_JK_WB = null
|match_JK_MN = 1-1
|match_JK_RJ = 1-0

|match_RJ_TG = null
|match_RJ_SE = 0-2
|match_RJ_WB = 0-2
|match_RJ_MN = null
|match_RJ_JK = null
|team_order= WB, MN, SE, JK, RJ, TG
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update= complete
|win_GA=1 |draw_GA=1 |loss_GA=3 |gf_GA=4 |ga_GA=7 |status_GA=0
|win_DL=2 |draw_DL=1 |loss_DL=2 |gf_DL=4 |ga_DL=5 |status_DL=0
|win_KL=4 |draw_KL=1 |loss_KL=0 |gf_KL=11 |ga_KL=4 |status_KL=0
|win_TN=0 |draw_TN=3 |loss_TN=2 |gf_TN=4 |ga_TN=7 |status_TN=0
|win_OD=1 |draw_OD=2 |loss_OD=2 |gf_OD=3 |ga_OD=5 |status_OD=0
|win_ML=2 |draw_ML=2 |loss_ML=1 |gf_ML=5 |ga_ML=3 |status_ML=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_GA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_DL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|name_KL=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_OD=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|name_ML=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]


|match_GA_DL = 0-0
|match_GA_KL = null
|match_GA_TN = 1-0
|match_GA_OD = 0-2
|match_GA_ML = null

|match_DL_GA = null
|match_DL_KL = 0-3
|match_DL_TN = 2-0
|match_DL_OD = 2-0
|match_DL_ML = null

|match_KL_GA = 4-3
|match_KL_DL = null
|match_KL_TN = 1-1
|match_KL_OD = null
|match_KL_ML = 1- 0

|match_TN_GA = null
|match_TN_DL = null
|match_TN_KL = null
|match_TN_OD = 1-1
|match_TN_ML = 2-2

|match_OD_GA = null
|match_OD_DL = null
|match_OD_KL = 0-2
|match_OD_TN = null
|match_OD_ML = 0-0

|match_ML_GA = 1-0
|match_ML_DL = 2-0
|match_ML_KL = null
|match_ML_TN = null
|match_ML_OD = null


|team_order=KL, ML, DL, OD, GA, TN
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

== Knockout stage ==
{{Hatnote|All times are local, [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}

=== Bracket ===
{{Round8

|26 December – [[Deccan Arena|Hyderabad (DA)]]|'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''|'''3'''|[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]|1
|27 December – [[Deccan Arena|Hyderabad (DA)]] |[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]|1|'''[[Services football team|Services]]'''|'''2'''
|27 December – [[Deccan Arena|Hyderabad (DA)]] |'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''|'''1'''|{{nobr|[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}|0
|26 December – [[Deccan Arena|Hyderabad (DA)]]|'''[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]''' {{aet}}|'''5'''|[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]|2

|29 December – {{nobr|[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|Hyderabad (GBAS)]]}} |'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''|'''4''' |[[Services football team|Services]]| 2
|29 December – {{nobr|[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|Hyderabad (GBAS)]]}} |'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''|'''5'''|[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]|1

|31 December – {{nobr|[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|Hyderabad (GBAS)]]}} |'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''|'''1'''|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]|0
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 26 December 2024
| time = 14:30
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| score1 = 3
| score2 = 1
| team2 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
*[[Naro Hari Shrestha|Naro Hari]] {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Robi Hansda|Robi]] {{goal|77}}
*[[Manotos Majhi|Manotos]] {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 =
Rakesh {{goal|25}}
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Bagavath Sundhar Jee S 
Man of the Match: [[Naro Hari Shrestha]] (West Bengal)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41683
}}
----
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 26 December 2024
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 5
| aet = yes
| score2 = 2
| penaltyscore =
| team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| goals1 =
*LT Lowly {{goal|48}}
*S. Sagar Singh {{goal|50}}
*S. Ragui {{goal|97||105+4|pen.}}
*K. Zahir Khan {{goal|107}}
| goals2 =
Jaideep Singh {{goal|9||65|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 300
| referee = Rohan Das Gupta 
Man of the Match: Shunjanthan Ragui (Manipur)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41684
}}
----
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 27 December 2024
| time = 14:30
| team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 1
| score2 = 0
| team2 = {{nobr|[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| goals1 =
Naseeb {{goal|73}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Vishal
 Man of the Match: Naseeb Rahman (Kerala)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41685
| motm = Naseeb Rahman (Kerala)
}}
----
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 27 December 2024
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 1
| score2 = 2
| team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| goals1 =
O.L. Mawnai {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
*T. Bidhyasagar {{goal|33}}
*R. Ramakrishnan {{goal|46}}
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Bimalendu Mondal 
Man of the Match: Navjot Singh (Services)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41686
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 29 December 2024
| time = 14:30
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| score1 = 4
| score2 = 2
| team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| goals1 =
*[[Manotos Majhi|Manotos]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Robi Hansda|Robi]] {{goal|45+2||90+6}}
*[[Naro Hari Shrestha|Naro Hari]] {{goal|45+4}}
| goals2 =
*B. Thapa {{goal|53}}
*[[Juwel Ahmed Mazumder|Juwel]] {{goal|74|o.g.}}
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 250
| referee = Akashkumar Kamleshkumar Mehta 
Man of the Match: [[Robi Hansda]] (West Bengal)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41949
}}
----
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 29 December 2024
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 5
| score2 = 1
| team2 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
| goals1 =
*Naseeb {{goal|22}}
*Ajsal {{goal|45+1}}
*Roshal {{goal|73||88||90+5}}
| goals2 =
S. Ragui {{goal|30}}
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 1,000
| referee = Jarvish Macwan 
Man of the Match: Muhammed Roshal (Kerala)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=41950
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
| event =
| round =
| date = 31 December 2024
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| score1 = 1
| score2 = 0
| team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| goals1 =
[[Robi Hansda|Robi]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 1,000
| referee = Akashkumar Kamleshkumar Mehta 
Man of the Match: [[Robi Hansda]] (West Bengal)
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=42031
}}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
!1
|[[Robi Hansda]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| align="center" |12
|-
!2
|Naseeb Rahman
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| align="center" |8
|-
!3
|Muhammad Ajsal
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| align="center" |8
|-
!4
|[[Naro Hari Shrestha]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| align="center" |7
|-
!5
|Lijo K
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
| align="center" |7
|-
!6
|Aakif Javaid
|[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| align="center" |6
|-
!7
|[[Nikhil Raj]]
|[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
| align="center" |5
|-
!8
|Sajeesh E
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| align="center" |5
|-
!9
|Kartik Hantal
|[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
| align="center" |5
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" |''Source: [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]''
|}

== Awards ==
The following awards were given out at the end of the tournament: the top scorer, best goalkeeper, player of the tournament and fair play award.{{fact|date=January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Team
|-
|'''Top scorer'''
|[[Robi Hansda]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|-
|'''Tulsidas Balaram player of the final match'''
|[[Robi Hansda]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|-
|'''Peter Thangaraj player of the championship'''
|[[Robi Hansda]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|}

== Broadcasting ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Round
!Broadcaster(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |Group stage
|[[YouTube]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-19 |title=Santosh Trophy 2024-25 Live Streaming: Schedule, Fixtures, Results, Venues, Telecast Details - All You Need to Know |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/santosh-trophy-2024-25-live-streaming-schedule-fixtures-results-venues-telecast-details-all-you-need-to-know |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{URL|https://ssen.co/}}, [[Prasar Bharati]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League club owners accuse AIFF of 'tender process mismanagement', threaten to move to FIFA |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/i-league-club-owners-accuse-aiff-of-tender-process-mismanagement-threaten-to-move-to-fifa-3279577 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Final round, knockouts
|}

==See also==
* [[2024–25 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc}}
* [https://footystats.org/india/santosh-trophy Tournament results – home] at FootyStats
{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:2024–25 Santosh Trophy]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:December 2024 sports events in India|Santosh Trophy]]

Malpar

2026-01-27T02:18:57Z

SheldonTopper4: added some info w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malpar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.0088|N|81.6394|E|display=inline,title}} <ref name= Frm1>{{cite web|title=Falling Rain Genomics -Malpar|publisher=fallingrain.com|accessdate=16 April 2017|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Malpar.html}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Tehsil of Rewa|Tehsils]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Teonthar Tehsil|Teonthar]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 110
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 486220
| population_total = 759
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = मलपरहा
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1169 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate|Average Literacy Rate]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 79.19%
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bagheli language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|MP]] 17
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = Teonthar
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Malpar''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Rewa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Location==
The village is located at a distance of 2.8 kilometers from the town of [[Teonthar]]. It is 80 kilometers from district headquarters in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] and about 60 kilometers from Prayagraj. The village is situated on the banks of [[Tamsa River]].
{{Bar chart
| title = Distance of Malpar from various places
| label_type = City
| data_type = Distance (Approx) in km
| bar_width = 35
| width_units = em
| data_max = 1500
| label1 = Delhi <ref>{{ Google maps| url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/malpar/delhi/@26.8605375,79.4848619,4z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x398518542da36c61:0x7a83576bfedc9506!1m2!1m1!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x37205b715389640!3e0| title= driving directions from Malpar to Delhi|accessdate = 18 April 2017 }}</ref>
| data1 = 763
| label2 = Mumbai <ref>{{ Google maps| url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/malpar/mumbai/@22.0347247,77.2864152,3z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x398518542da36c61:0x7a83576bfedc9506!1m2!1m1!1s0x3be7c6306644edc1:0x5da4ed8f8d648c69!3e0| title = driving directions from Malpar to Mumbai| accessdate= 18 April 2017 }}</ref>
| data2 = 1342
| label3 = Bhopal <ref>{{ Google maps| url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/bhopal/Malpar,+Madhya+Pradesh/@24.0374839,79.5512313,4z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x397c428f8fd68fbd:0x2155716d572d4f8!1m2!1m1!1s0x398518542da36c61:0x7a83576bfedc9506!3e0| title= driving directions from Malpar to Bhopal|accessdate= 18 April 2017 }}</ref>
| data3 = 572
| label4 = Varanasi <ref>{{ Google maps| url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/malpar+rewa/varanasi/@25.007812,82.3056754,6z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x398518542da36c61:0x7a83576bfedc9506!1m2!1m1!1s0x398e2db76febcf4d:0x68131710853ff0b5!3e0| title= driving directions from Malpar to Varanasi|accessdate = 18 April 2017 }}</ref>
| data4 = 170
| label5 = Prayagraj <ref>{{ Google maps| url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/malpar/allahabad/@25.2096236,81.7445439,7z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x398518542da36c61:0x7a83576bfedc9506!1m2!1m1!1s0x398534c9b20bd49f:0xa2237856ad4041a!3e0| title= driving directions from Malpar to Allahabad|accessdate = 18 April 2017 }}</ref>
| data5 = 61
}}

==Transportation==

Main modes of transportation are buses and taxis.Premchandra'''''railway''''' stations are [[Shankargarh]], [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] and [[Rewa Terminal railway station|Rewa]]. Nearest airport is e[[Prayagraj Airport|rayagaraj Airport]].

==Demographics==
Malpar is a medium-sized village with totaE 143 families residing.<ref name = "census2011" /> The village has a population of 759 of which 350 aren males while 409 are females as per [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name=cen2011>{{cite web|title=2011 census data|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=16 April 2017|work=Malpar village|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=520704}}</ref> 12.65% of total population of village is under 6 years of age. Average Sex Ratio of Malpar village is 1169 which is higher than Madhya Pradesh state average of 931.<ref name = "census2011" /> Malpar village has literacy rate of 79.19% compared to 69.32% of Madhya Pradesh. In Malpar Male literacy stands at 92.05% while female literacy rate was 68.42%.<ref name = "census2011" /> Malpar village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|title=Malpar village population |publisher=Census 2011|accessdate=16 April 2017|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/465024-malpar-madhya-pradesh.html}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
| caption = Demographics of Malpar
| label1 = Males
| value1 = 46.12
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = Females
| value2 = 53.88
| color2 = Pink
}}

The first [[Sarpanch]] of the formation of Madhya Pradesh Panchayati Raj Act was ''<big>'''Hon. Premchandra Shukla Ji'''</big>'' (1994-2000). Shri shukla was an influential Congress leader of Mandal Tyonthar and was Mandal President for many years.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Villages in Rewa district]]

Women's IFA Shield

2026-01-18T06:42:23Z

SheldonTopper4: Made basic info and citations

{{short description|Association football tournament in India}}
{{infobox football tournament
| logo =
| caption =
| organiser = [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023}}
| region = India ([[West Bengal]])
| number of teams = 6
| related comps =
| current champions = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] (1st title)
| most successful team = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] (1 time)
| broadcasters =
| website =
| current = [[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]]
}}
The '''Women's IFA Shield''' is a women's football cup competition organised by the [[Indian Football Association]] in West Bengal. The inaugural edition was held in 2023 and was won by [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/|title=East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title|website=Sportstar|date=2 June 2023|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/womens-ifa-shield-2023-final-live-east-bengal-vs-sreebhumi-updates-scores-results-blog-42247|title=Women's IFA Shield 2023: East Bengal become inaugural champions- Highlights|website=The Bridge|date=2 June 2023|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref>

==Formation==
This tournament started on 25 May 2023 with six teams participating in the inaugural edition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-sreebhumi-win-big-in-ifa-womens-shield/articleshow/100515727.cms?from=mdr|title=East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield|website=The Times of India|date=26 May 2023|accessdate=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/mohun-bagan-is-not-playing-the-first-womens-shield-of-ifa |title=দুই প্রধান থাকলেও IFA-র প্রথম মহিলা শিল্ড খেলছে না মোহনবাগান! |website=peoplesreporter.in |date=23 May 2023 }}</ref> The matches will be held at Tehatta Stadium in [[Tehatta]] and Krishnanagar Stadium, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] in the [[Nadia district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-to-participate-in-first-ever-ifa-womens-shield/|title=East Bengal FC To Participate In First Ever IFA Women's Shield|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=24 May 2023|accessdate=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://insidesports.in/archives/6394 |title=মহিলা দল নিয়ে শিল্ড করতে চলেছে IFA |website=insidesports.in |date=22 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527064705/https://insidesports.in/archives/6394 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first match was played between [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] and Nadia DSA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emamieastbengal.com/east-bengal-fc-women-begin-their-maiden-ifa-womens-shield-campaign-with-a-thumping-8-0-win-over-nadia-dsa/|title=East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA|website=emamieastbengal.com|date=26 May 2023 |publisher=East Bengal|accessdate=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-nadia-dsa-8-0-in-ifa-womens-shield-2023/|title=East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=26 May 2023|accessdate=26 May 2023}}</ref>

===2023 Teams===
*[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
*[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
*[[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
*Chandney SC
*WB Police
*Nadia DSA

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!Winners
!Score
!Runners-up
!Venue
!Ref
|-
|[[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]]
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]
|align=center|5–0
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|Tehatta Stadium, [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|<ref name=wifashieldfinal>{{cite web|date=2 June 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/|title=East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title|work=Sportstar|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{oweb|https://www.ifawb.org}} of the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA)

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Women's football competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football competitions in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2023]]

Rabindranath Mondal

2026-01-16T14:07:34Z

SheldonTopper4: created info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Rabindranath Mondal''' (1941 – 2024) is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a seven–time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. He last won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] party.

== Early life and education ==
Mondal is from [[Jibantala]] village, Canning II block, [[South 24 Parganas district]]. He is the son of late Shridhar Mondal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RABINDRANATH MANDAL (CPM):Constituency- Rajarhat (North 24-Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/wb2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=409 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mondal won seven time from [[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Assembly Constituency]] from 1969 to 2006. From 2011, the constituency was renamed as Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency after delimitation. He first won the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] on the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] seat but lost the next two elections to [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Khagendranath Mondal. He regained the seat in [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]] for the second time and thereafter was elected for four more consecutive terms winning the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]], [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]], [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] and [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajarhat Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajarhat-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He lost the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] election to [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate [[Tanmoy Mondal]] but won it again for the seventh time in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. However, he lost the 2011 election to Purnendu Bose.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-18 |title=CPM veteran out of Salt Lake poll fray |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cpm-veteran-out-of-salt-lake-poll-fray/articleshow/49006480.cms |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2006, he polled 101,621 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Tanmoy Mondal of the Trinamool Congress by a margin of 16,809 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Assembly Elections 2006 Constituency wise Results |url=https://in.rediff.com/election/wbdetail06.htm |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=in.rediff.com}}</ref> Later, he joined Trinamool Congress.

=== Death ===
Mondal was found dead near his house in Canning's Jibantala village on 24 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Local TMC leader found dead in South 24 Parganas, family claims he was poisoned |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/local-tmc-leader-found-dead-in-south-24-parganas-family-claims-he-was-poisoned-9391250/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Rabindranath}}
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]
[[Category:People from Canning subdivision]]

Siege of Cuddalore

2026-01-11T00:11:05Z

SheldonTopper4: fixes

{{Short description|1783 battle of the Second Anglo-Mysore war}}
{{For|other actions at this location|Battle of Cuddalore (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Cuddalore
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image = SiegeOfCuddalore1783 (cropped).jpg
| caption = ''The East India Company's European Regiment at the Siege of Cuddalore, 1 July 1783'' [[Richard Simkin]], 1890
| date = 7 June – 25 July 1783 ({{age in years, months, weeks and days|1783|6|7|1783|7|25}})
| place = [[Cuddalore]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] (present-day southeastern [[India]])
| coordinates = {{coord|11.75|79.75|display=inline,title}}
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
{{flagicon|Electorate of Hanover|1692}} [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Sultanate of Mysore]] {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[James Stuart (d. 1793)|James Stuart]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}} [[Edward Hughes (admiral)|Edward Hughes]] {{flagicon|Electorate of Hanover}} [[Christoph August von Wangenheim]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of France|naval}} [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Bailli de Suffren]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} Sayed Sahib
| strength1 = 12,000{{sfn|Grant|2017|p=475}}
| strength2 = 9,000{{sfn|Grant|2017|p=475}}
| casualties1 = 1,500{{sfn|Grant|2017|p=475}}
| casualties2 = 1,100{{sfn|Grant|2017|p=475}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-French War (1778–83)}}
}}
[[File:Plan de la bataille terrestre de Gondelour 1783.jpg|thumb|Map in French of the battle ground Cuddalore, 13 June 1783.]]

The '''siege of Cuddalore''' was a siege attempt by [[Great Britain|British]] troops against a combined [[France|French]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysorean]] [[garrison]] at the fortress of [[Cuddalore]] in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. The siege ended when news arrived of a preliminary peace treaty between France and Britain.

==Siege==

British troops were under the command of Major-General [[James Stuart (d. 1793)|James Stuart]] and arrived outside Cuddalore on 7 June 1783. This army consisted of the [[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot|73rd]] and 78th Highlanders, the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|101st regiment]], and a considerable body of [[Sepoys]]. It was subsequently reinforced by a detachment of two [[Germans in the American Revolution#Hanover|Hanoverian regiments]] from the King's German possessions, commanded by Colonel [[Christoph August von Wangenheim]].

On 6 June, the army took up a position on the sandy ground two miles from the garrison. They were between the sea on the right and the Bandipollum hills on the left, with a [[Military reserve|reserve line]] in the rear. The French and Mysoreans, commanded by [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]], took an intermediate and parallel position half a mile (0.8 km) in front of the fort.

===Attack on the redoubt===

On 13 June, Stuart decided to attack the redoubt in front of the fort in order to press the allies harder within Cuddalore itself. The assault took place at four in the morning, granting the British army an element of surprise. Eventually, the allies were driven from their principal defences and the last allied counterattack was defeated. By mutual consent, a [[Ceasefire|cessation]] of firing took place. The allies suffered serious losses of nearly 500 casualties. Stuart's forces also suffered heavily: more than 900 British, Hanoverian, and Sepoys were killed or wounded. Though significantly weakened, Stuart continued to besiege Cuddalore proper and prepared for further reinforcements from the sea.

===Naval Battle===
{{main|Battle of Cuddalore (1783)}}

Key naval support for the British was interrupted on 20 June by the arrival of a French fleet under the [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Bailli de Suffren]], which met the British fleet in a [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|naval battle]] and forced it to withdraw to [[Madras]]. Suffren, with this advantage, was able to land 2,400 soldiers, marines, and sailors in support of de Bussy's garrison, resulting in nearly equal-sized forces.

===Repulse of the French sortie===

De Bussy's additional reinforcements now had enough men to launch a [[sortie]] on the British siege works. Stuart, aware of the newly arrived French reinforcements, prepared for a major attack. On 25 June, the French made repeated sallies on the British lines. Despite some initial progress, the French were not able to press their advantage; Stuart was able to counterattack and repel the remaining French assaults. De Bussy called off the attack after realising no progress had been made at a considerable cost. The assault was a disaster, and De Bussy had lost a great opportunity in defeating the besiegers, especially with the reinforcements he had received. French morale plummeted as they had lost the advantage in numbers and the balance had swung back in favour of the besieging British. The British had no more than 23 men killed and wounded, while De Bussy's attacking force had 450 killed and wounded with another 150 taken prisoner. A number of French officers were captured including the leader of the assault, the Chevalier de Dumas, who was captured unwounded.

Among the French prisoners was a young sergeant in the French marines who was also wounded and had landed from Suffren's squadron on 20 June; [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Bernadotte]] became a [[Marshal of France]] and, more famously, was later crowned the [[King of Sweden]]. Modern historians, however, regard this story as apocryphal, noting that Bernadotte never served in India and that the tale likely arose from a misunderstanding during his later service in Germany.<ref>Barton, D. Plunket (1914). ''Bernadotte: The First Phase, 1763–1799''. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. p. 55. [[iarchive:bernadottefirstp00bart|Internet Archive]]. OCLC 458381322.</ref>

===End of the siege===

The siege continued for another five days. Both sides were weakening from disease and growing casualties, but Stuart's forces suffered more heavily than De Bussy's. Stuart wrote letters to the Madras government asserting that he had been abandoned. De Bussy planned another attack by a more circuitous route directed at the main camp of the British forces, but this attack was not carried out before a British frigate arrived on 30 June with news of a preliminary peace between France and Britain.

==Aftermath==

On 2 July, Britain and France negotiated a cessation of hostilities, although the war between Mysore and Britain remained ongoing. In the [[Peace of Paris (1783)]], Cuddalore was returned to Great Britain in exchange for [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], two French territories that British forces had captured earlier in the war. Fighting continued between the British and Mysoreans until the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] was signed in March 1784.

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Citation |last=Fortescue |first=Sir John William |year=1902 |title=A history of the British army |volume=3 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=481–485 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish03fortuoft}}
*{{Citation |last=Gaudart |first=Edmond |year=1922 |title=Catalogue des manuscrits des anciennes archives de l'Inde française ...|volume=1 |publisher=Leroux : Pondichéry, Bibliothèque coloniale|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-i0LAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 129]}}
* {{cite book|last= Grant|first=R. G. |title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History|year=2017 |publisher=Chartwell Books|isbn=978-0785835530 }}
*{{Citation |last1=Wilks |first1=Mark |last2=Murray |first2=Hammick |year=1989 |orig-year=1810|title=History of Mysore |volume=2 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0491-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MEvQL8wHHngC&pg=PA181 181]}}
*{{Citation |last=Wilson |first=W. J. |year=1882|title=History of the Madras Army |volume=2 |publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press |pages=76 |url=https://archive.org/details/historymadrasar00wilsgoog}}
*{{Citation |last=Knesebeck |first=Ernst von dem |year=1845 |title=Geschichte der churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar: Minorca und Ostindien |publisher=Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof-Buchhandlung |language=de |page=140 |url=https://archive.org/details/geschichtederch00knesgoog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuddalore 1783}}
[[Category:Sieges of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1783]]
[[Category:1783 in India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Battles involving Hanover]]
[[Category:Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]

Srijan

2026-01-09T16:32:03Z

SheldonTopper4:

{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Srijan
| logo = Official Logo Srijan 2017.png
| organized = Student Run
| location = [[Dhanbad]], [[India]]
| years_active = 16
| founded = 2004
| frequency = Annually
| capacity = Over 20K
| dates = 8–10 March 2019
| last =
| next = 6–8 February 2026
| country = [[India]]
| venue = Pronite Grounds, IIT(ISM)
| genre = [[Cultural]] Festival
| attendance = More than 30K
| patron = [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
| website = [http://www.srijaniitism.org www.srijaniitism.org (compromised site with harmful content)]
}}

'''Srijan''' ({{langx|hi|सृजन|Sr̥jan|translit-std=ISO|creation}}) is the biggest socio-cultural fest of Eastern India organised by [[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad|Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad]]. Every year, this three-day event attracts more than 30,000 students from more than 200 institutions across the country. It offers young talents a grand stage where they can connect, develop, and bring out their skills, personality, and creativity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100225/jsp/jharkhand/story_12146426.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301175607/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100225/jsp/jharkhand/story_12146426.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2010|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Jharkhand - ISM fest kicks off in style|work=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==History==
===Srijan 2018===
It included a star night performance by Meet Bros and [[Khushboo Grewal]]. Zephyrtone performed for EDM and DJ Tejas for the DJ Night. This year remarked huge participation in various event by more than 1200 external students from 35 different colleges. One of the main highlight event was FBB Campus Princess which was judged by Priyanka Kumari, Miss India 2017.

===Srijan 2017===
It included a star night performance by Raftaar. Candice Redding and Ace Axe performed for EDM and Dimlight for the DJ Night. This year also witnesses TVF stars Vipul Goyal, Gopal Dutt and Akanksha Thakur. This year remarked huge participation in various event by more than 1000 external students from 33 different colleges. One of the main highlight event was FBB Campus Princess which was judged by Priyanka Kumari, Miss India 2017.

=== Srijan 2015 ===
Srijan 2015 included a performance from Swedish Death Metal band Mindshift on the first day and performances by Indian celebrity singers [[Jonita Gandhi]] and [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim - Sulaiman]] on the second.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.itimes.com/video/srijan-2015-salim-sulaiman-ism-dhanbad |title=Srijan 2015 - Salim Sulaiman at ISM Dhanbad |publisher=Mahtovidyapati |date=24 January 2017 |website=ww.itimes.com/ |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

===Srijan 2014===
Srijan 2014 was held during 25–27 February 2014. Srijan "Colours of Innovation" included performances by [[Isha Sharvani]] and Daksha Sheth Dance Company. [[Simon Webbe]] (Lead vocalist Blue), [[Jal (band)]], [[Juggy D]] and DJ Harshit Shah performed in Encore (Star Night) and Pro Show. [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] hosted the major part of the fest including Mr. & Mrs. Srijan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowafest.com/2009/12/srijan-2010-ism-dhanbad-techno-cultural.html|title=Srijan 2010, ISM Dhanbad, Techno Cultural Fest, Feb 25-27 2010|work=knowafest.com}}</ref>

==Events==

The festival encompasses cultural, technical, management as well as gaming events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitism.com/srijan-dhanbad-cultural-fest/#events|title=Srijan Events|website=IITISM.com}}</ref>

== Next Edition ==
The fest would be organised from 6th Feb 2026 to 8th Feb 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srijaniitism.org/|title=Srijan Home Page|date=24 January 2017|website=Srijan 2017 Official Website|publisher=Srijan Organising Team|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2004]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dhanbad]]

Tapkara Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:12:36Z

SheldonTopper4: Made new page more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tapkara
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 117,163
| mla = Bharat Sai
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Tapkara Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Bharat Sai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tapkara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Sai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,213 |percentage=48.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Sai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,622 |percentage=32.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jolpholhem |party=Independent politician |votes=8,284 |percentage=9.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Theodor |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,982 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meghnath Sai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,234 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parmanand |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,823 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,591 |percentage=15.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,158 |percentage=74.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,163 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Parineeta (novel)

2025-12-30T15:53:52Z

SheldonTopper4: updated page

{{Short description|1914 Bengali language novel written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
{{other uses|Parineeta (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{One source|date= October 2025}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Parineeta (The Married Woman)
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image =
| caption =
| author = [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = Roy M. C. Sarkar Bahadur & Sons
| release_date = 1914
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]])
| pages =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Parineeta''''' ({{langx|bn|পরিণীতা}} ''Porinita'') is a 1914 [[Bengali language]] [[novel]] written by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] and is set in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], India during the early part of the 20th century. It is a novel of social protest which explores issues of that time period related to class and religion.

==Title==
The word ''Parineeta'' is translated in English as ''married woman''. The literal meaning comes from Bengali (Sanskrit) word "পরিণয়/परिणय/Parinay" - "marriage".

==Plot==
''Parineeta'' takes place at the turn of the 20th century during the [[Bengal Renaissance]]. The story centers around a poor 13-year-old orphan girl, Lalita, who lives with the family of her uncle Gurucharan. Gurucharan has five daughters, and the expense of paying for their weddings has impoverished him. He is forced to take a loan from his neighbour, Nabin Roy, by mortgaging a plot of land with him. The two neighbouring families share a very cordial relationship, although Nabin Roy covets Gurucharan's mortgaged plot. Nabin Roy's wife, Bhuvaneshwari, dotes on the orphan Lalita and showers love upon her; the latter reciprocates even to the extent of addressing Bhuvaneshwari as “maa” (mother). Roy's younger son Shekharnath (Shekhar), a 25-year-old, recently minted attorney, has a joking, bantering relationship with Lalita, his mother's protégée. The young girl adores him like her mentor, and for some strange reasons, accepts his possessive attitude towards her.

Upon the emergence of a supportive Girin in Lalita's life, a certain jealousy transpired within Shekhar, which tended to moderate Lalita's increasing associations with Girin, who has now extended his helping hand to Gurucharan's finances and also assisted him in finding a match for Lalita. These situations seemed to stir the instinctual passions of Shekhar and Lalita for each other. One evening before Shekhar's tour to the west, the duo secretly gets married. But a newly married Lalita had to conceal herself in the veil of her spinsterhood, as her uncle Gurucharan quits his fight with the law and orders of Hindu society and embraces Brahmoism, inspired from the angelic words of Girin. The society abandons them, and the same is followed by Shekhar towards Lalita upon his return (though mixed with covetousness over Girin's influence on her family). His jeopardies in introducing his wife amidst the society because of the differences in wealth, religion and, more importantly, due to a precluded marriage of marrying an under-aged woman made him harsh and arrogant towards Lalita who, drowned in agony, decides to accompany her family to Munger as a means of healing her psychologically tormented uncle anguished by the sense of isolation. Girin aided them all through his journey, to whom Gurucharan had his dying wish of marrying his daughter (suggestively indicated to his niece Lalita) which Girin accepts wholeheartedly.

Years pass with the passing of both Gurucharan and Nabin Roy and an 18-year-old Lalita visits her old place one last time for the sake of selling Gurucharan's house to Nabin Roy's heirs, since the deceased desired the plot for a long time. Shekhar has his marriage fixed in a week but Lalita's advent questions him over his real wishes; but he has heard of Girin's promise to marry Lalita which must have been fulfilled by now. Tables turn as Girin visits Shekhar with the legal documents of Gurucharan's plot; amidst the conversation, Girin reveals that he indeed became Gurucharan's son-in-law, but instead married Lalita's cousin Annakali, as Lalita claimed herself to be already married. Shockingly pleased by this, Shekhar regains himself and his now realised love for Lalita goes to his mother and confesses about his marriage with Lalita. The novella ends with consent for this marriage a declaration of union for Shekhar and Lalita.

== Characters ==

=== Lalita's family ===

* '''Lalita''': the [[protagonist]] of the [[novella]]. Lalita came to live with her uncle's family after she was orphaned at the age of eight. At the beginning of the novella, she is thirteen years old and is close with her cousin Annakali (Kali) and her neighbor, Charubala (Charu). Lalita is considered a member of not only her uncle's family but of Charu's and of Shekhar's as well. Shekhar's mother Bhuvaneshwari is so attached to Lalita that she tells Lalita to call her 'maa'. At a time (1914) when young women were typically married at the age of thirteen, Lalita becomes the object of attraction between her neighbour Shekhar and Charu's uncle, Girin.
* '''Gurucharan''': Lalita's uncle is a bank clerk with a small salary and five daughters, as well as Lalita, to support. He becomes impoverished due to his attempts to follow social custom and pay large dowries for the weddings of his daughters. Indeed, the marriage of his second daughter was paid for by Shekhar's father, Nabin. In lieu of returning the money with high interest, Gurucharan's house was mortgaged to Nabin.
* '''Lalita's aunt''': She is never named in the novella and has only a minor role.
* '''Annakali''' or '''Kali''': Gurucharan's ten-year-old daughter and Lalita's cousin and playmate. It is during Kali's imaginary "doll-wedding" that Lalita and Shekhar exchange garlands.

=== Shekhar Roy's family ===

* '''Shekhar''': The youngest son of the Roy family, Shekhar is twenty-five years old. He has a master's degree as well as a law degree and is working as a teacher. From the time of her arrival to Gurucharan's house, Shekhar had taken an interest in Lalita's upbringing. While Shekhar contemplates marrying Lalita, he is restrained by social customs as well as by the resistance of his father who wants him to marry a wealthy woman with a large dowry.
* '''Nabin''': Shekhar's father, who is a rich and an unscrupulous businessman. He becomes so enraged when Gurucharan's debt is repaid and when Gurucharan converts himself and his family to [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmoism]], that he builds a wall between the two houses.
* '''Bhuvaneshwari''': Shekhar's mother, who is an advanced thinker. She wants Shekhar to choose his own wife rather than marry the woman whom Nabin selects. She also accepts Lalita as her daughter despite the difference in wealth and position.
* '''Abinash''': Shekhar's married elder brother, a lawyer, who is mentioned in passing but never appears in the novella.

=== Charu's family ===

* '''Charubala''' or '''Charu''': Lalita's neighbour and playmate. It is through her that Lalita gets introduced to Girin.
* '''Manoroma''': Charu's mother and Girin's cousin. She is an active card player and involves Lalita in many card games.
* '''Girin''': Manoroma's cousin and a university student who has been away for many years. He, as with the rest of the family, is a [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]], and convinces Gurucharan to convert himself (and his family). As a Brahmo, Gurucharan will no longer have to pay large dowries for the weddings of his daughters. In addition to repaying Gurucharan's loan, Girin repeatedly proves himself to be a man of integrity who acts according to the common good rather than his own self-interest.

==Translations==
*2005: [[English language|English edition]] (Penguin India), translated by Malobika Chaudhuri, with an introduction by Swagato Ganguly [http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Books/BookDetail.asp?id=5880].
*1937: [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] edition
*1934: [[Marathi language|Marathi]] edition

==Film adaptations==
''Parineeta'' has been adapted to film a number of times:<ref>{{cite web| title = The different faces of Parineeta|publisher=Rediff.com movies | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/patcy/20050608.htm |date=8 June 2005|accessdate = 2014-04-19 }}</ref>

*[[Parineeta (1942 film)]], directed by [[Pashupati Chatterjee]].
*[[Parineeta (1953 film)]], directed by [[Bimal Roy]], starring [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Meena Kumari]].
*[[Manamalai]] (1958 Tamil Language film), directed by [[Ch. Narayana Rao]], starring [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]].
*[[Parineeta (1969 film)]], directed by [[Ajoy Kar]], starring [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Moushumi Chatterjee]].
*[[Sankoch (1976 film)]], directed by [[Anil Ganguly]], starring [[Sulakshana Pandit]] and [[Jeetendra]].
*[[Parineeta (1986 film)]], directed by [[Alamgir Kabir (film maker)|Alamgir Kabir]], starring [[Ilias Kanchan]] and [[Anjana Sultana]].
*[[Parineeta (2005 film)]] ([[Bollywood]] version), directed by [[Pradeep Sarkar]], based upon a screenplay by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], starring [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Vidya Balan]].
*[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta (2019 Bengali Language movie)]], directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]].
*[[Parineeta (2024 Bengali Language Web Series By Hoichoi OTT)]], directed by [[Aditi Roy]].

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* ''[[Devdas|Debdas]]/[[Devdas]]'', 1917 (written in 1901)
*''[[Nashtanir]]'' - contemporary novel
*[[Bengal Renaissance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Ganguly, Swagato. "Introduction." In [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s ''Parineeta''. Translated from Bengali into English by Malobika Chaudhuri. New Delhi:Penguin Books, 2005.

==External links==
* [http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Books/BookDetail.asp?id=5880 Penguin India book review]
* ''{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111114655/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2215/stories/20050729001908300.htm A Bengali lost in Bollywood: Opulent settings, lots of music, a central love interest and a dramatic ending - Parineeta is a story altogether different from Sarat Chandra's novel]}}''
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061109030657/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/07/03/stories/2005070300410500.htm A sensitive book; a hackneyed film]''

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Parineeta}}

[[Category:Works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:1914 novels]]
[[Category:Indian novellas]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]

[[de:Parinita]]

Panipat–Dabwali Expressway

2025-11-19T16:41:51Z

SheldonTopper4: created a biography

{{Short description|Expressway in Haryana, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{infobox road
|header_type=UC
| country = IND
| name = Panipat–Dabwali Expressway
| alternate_name = Dabwali–Panipat Expressway
| state = Haryana
| image =
| caption =
| map =
| map_custom =
| length_km = 300
| length_notes = approximate
| length_ref =<ref name="MagicBricks">{{cite web|title=Dabwali Panipat Expressway - Haryana|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/dabwali-panipat-expressway/139966.html|publisher=[[MagicBricks]]|date=May 7, 2025|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite web|title=Panipat-Dabwali Expressway to connect Uttar Pradesh, Haryana with THESE states; reduce travel time to Karnal|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-panipat-dabwali-expressway-to-connect-uttar-pradesh-haryana-with-these-states-reduce-travel-time-to-karnal-3023169|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=February 12, 2023|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref>
| exit_list =
}}

'''Panipat–Dabwali Expressway''' is an under-construction {{convert|300|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, four-lane [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]], [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] expressway in [[Haryana]] state in North [[India]], connecting [[Mandi Dabwali]] near the Punjab border in the northwest to the city of [[Panipat]] in the east, significantly reducing travel time across Haryana state's [[Administrative_divisions_of_Haryana#Deshwal|east central]], [[Administrative_divisions_of_Haryana#Nali_khadir_or_Ghaggar_khadir|north central]], and [[Administrative_divisions_of_Haryana#Bagar_Region_or_Westen_Haryana|northwestern]] regions.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="IIG">{{cite web|title=Mandi Dabwali to Panipat in (Haryana): Project Updates & Investment Details|url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/opportunities/nip-project/708521|publisher=[[National Infrastructure Pipeline]] (IIG)|date=April 1, 2024|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Punjab Newsline">{{cite news |url=https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/haryana-witnesses-extensive-road-infrastructure-development-in-present-government%E2%80%99s-tenure-%E2%80%93-dushyant%C2%A0-72221 |title=Haryana Witnesses Extensive Road Infrastructure Development in present Government's tenure – Dushyant |date=5 February 2024 |work=[[List_of_Punjabi-language_newspapers#pbnn|Punjab Newsline]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=highh1>[https://nayaharyana.com/haryana-news/new-highway-these-3-new-highways-will-be-built-in-haryana/cid17687368.htm New Highway: हरियाणा में बनेंगे ये 3 नए हाईवे, जानें कहां से होकर गुजरेंगे ], [[List_of_newspapers_in_India|Naya Haryana]], 26 Oct 2025.</ref> This expressway will boost the economy, cut down the travel time, reduce logistics cost and improve property prices.<ref name=bh2>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/3-major-highways-to-cut-travel-time-raise-land-values-in-haryana-and-punjab-9131276.html|title=3 Major Highways To Cut Travel Time, Raise Land Values In Haryana And Punjab|publisher=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=2024-11-23|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref><ref name=kit1>{{cite web|url=https://kittonews.com/haryana-will-build-3-new-four-lane-highway/|title=Haryana will build 3 new four-lane highways, which could increase the value of the land in these areas|publisher=[[List_of_newspapers_in_India|Kitto News]]|date=2025-02-19|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref>

==Details==

The project, with estimated cost of ₹8,000 crore,<ref name="MagicBricks"/> is part of India's [[National Infrastructure Pipeline]] (NIP) and is being developed by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).<ref name="Leasewarehouse">{{cite web|title=Everything About Dabwali Panipat Expressway - Haryana|url=https://leasewarehouse.in/blog/post_details/136|publisher=Leasewarehouse.in|date=May 8, 2025|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Copy of Custom Report.xlsx - NHAI (DPR for Panipat-Dabwali Expressway, item 431)|url=https://nhai.gov.in/nhai/sites/default/files/mix_file/BFA_March_2022.pdf|publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)|date=March 2022|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Scribd">{{cite web|title=Expressways of India|url= https://www.scribd.com/document/709267331/Expressways-of-India|publisher=[[NHAI]] document at Scribed |page=24|date=July 2023|access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref>

== Route==

This expressway is expected to improve connectivity between [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] states, and runs through Haryana connecting following key districts and towns in eastern, northcentral and northwestern Haryana.<ref name="MagicBricks"/><ref name="DNA"/><ref name=prag1>{{cite web |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/PragatiKiNayiGati/haryana/files/assets/common/downloads/HARYANA%20ON%20HIGHWAYS%20TO%20PROGRESS.pdf |title=HARYANA ON HIGHWAYS TO PROGRESS |date=June 2020 |publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) |page=1 |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>
{{prose|section|date=November 2025}}
* [[Panipat district]] of Haryana
** [[Samalkha]] (south of [[Panipat]]) where it will connect with [[Uttar_Pradesh_Expressways_Industrial_Development_Authority#PGE|Panipat-Gorakhpur-Siliguri Expressway]] at [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] Delhi-Ambala National Highway.
* [[Karnal district]] of Haryana
** [[Assandh]] on [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH-709A]] Karnal-Jind National Highway.
* [[Kaithal district]] of Haryana
** [[Rajound]] (south of)
* [[Jind district]] of Haryana
** [[Safidon]]
** [[Alewa]]-[[Naguran]] where it will connect with [[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] ([[National Highway 152D (India)|NH-152D]] and [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]] (NE5)
** [[Uchana]] on [[National Highway 352 (India)|NH-352]] Rewari-Rohtak-Jind-Narwana National Highway.
* [[Hisar district]] of Haryana
** [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]] on [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] Chandigarh-Hisar-Rajgarh-Churu National Highway.
* [[Fatehabad district]] of Haryana
** [[Bhuna]] on and Fatehabad-Uklana State Highway-2.
* [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] city (via passing north near Aherwan village)
** [[Ratia]]
** Hanspur on Haryana-Punjab border
* [[Mansa district, India|Mansa district]] of Punjab
** [[Sardulgarh tehsil|Sardulgarh]] (south of) on [[National Highway 703 (India)|NH-703]] Moga-Barnala-Sirsa-Nohar-Churu National Highway.
* [[Sirsa district]] of Haryana
** [[Rori Assembly constituency|Rori]] on Haryana-Punjab border on SH-17
** [[Kalanwali]] on SH-101A
** Odhan (north of) on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] Pithoragarh-Moradabad-Hapur-Delhi-Hisar-Dabwali-Malout National Highway.
** [[Chautala, Sirsa|Chautala]] village (southwest of Mandi Dabwali) near the Punjab-Rajasthan-Haryana border.

== Present status==

* November 2025: After revised DPR was prepared in 2024 at cost of ₹80 lakh, financial approval was awaited from the central government.<ref name="MagicBricks"/><ref name="Leasewarehouse"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Roads}}
* [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial corridors of India]]
* [[List of megaprojects in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Roads in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa district]]
[[Category:Fatehabad district]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]
[[Category:Jind district]]
[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Panipat district]]

C. Chhunga

2025-11-12T10:22:28Z

SheldonTopper4: refine formatting to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Ch. Chhunga]]

{{R from move}}

Jwala Devi Temple (Uttar Pradesh)

2025-11-03T20:02:39Z

SheldonTopper4: Put Up Initial Bio W/ Sources.

{{About|the temple in Uttar Pradesh|the temple town in Himachal Pradesh|Jawalamukhi}}
{{Short description|Temple in Shaktinagar, Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jwaladevi Temple Jwala Mukhi Temple
| native_name = ज्वाला देवी मन्दिर
| image =
|caption = Statue of Jwaladevi
| location = [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Jwala Ji]]
| festivals = [[Navratra]]
| architecture =
| year_completed = 1676
| creator = [https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&dq=kharwar+rajput+of+singrauli&pg=PA465 King Udit Narayan Singh]
| website =
}}

'''Jwaladevi Temple ''' (ज्वालादेवी मन्दिर) is located in [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] which is in [[Sonbhadra district]] of Uttar Pradesh. The Jwaladevi temple is dedicated to Goddess [[Jwala Ji]] .
This is an age old Ashtagrih temple of Jwala Devi & one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]] of India. The old temple is believed to be 1000 years old. The old temple was constructed by Raja [https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&dq=kharwar+rajput+of+singrauli&pg=PA465 Udit Narayan Singh] of [[singrauli]] Gaharwal village. The new temple has been built replacing the old one. Here the Front tongue of Devi [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] is worshipped.<ref name="Jwaladevi Temple in Shaktinagar Sonbhadra">{{cite web|work= Amar Ujala|title= Jwaladevi Temple in Shaktinagar Sonbhadra|url= https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sonebhadra/111539278362-sonebhadra-news|accessdate= 2020-07-07|date= October 11, 2018|quote = Jwaladevi Temple in Shaktinagar dedicated to Goddess Jwalaji}}</ref> She is venerated as the kuldevi, family goddess, of [[Katoch]] Rajputs, Bhatia, Dhadwals and Meisuria people.

==History==
Mythology recognizes that because of ego, [[Daksha]] Prajapati did not invite, to the ritual the Lord of lords [[Shiva]] and humiliated him, husband of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]. To destroy the ego of the father, she consciously left her physical body. This angered Shiva. He originated [[Veerbhadra]] from his coma and ordered the slaughter of Prajapati Daksha. Prajapati was killed by Veerbhadra.
After convincing the gods Shiva the Creator placed the severed head of the goat in place of head on the Prajapati.
Jwaladevi Temple is a place that is believed to have been blessed with the presence of [[Shakti]] due to the falling of Front tongue of devi from the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi, when Lord [[Shiva]] carried her and wandered throughout [[Aryavarta]] in sorrow.<ref name="ANAND2014">{{cite book|author=RAGHUBIR LAL ANAND|title=IS God DEAD?????|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQniAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=July 2020|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1823-9|page=15}}</ref>

==Importance==
The Idol of the main deity is located in the Sanctum Sanctorum (central place of the temple). The old black stone idol which was in the old temple has been installed along with other deities surrounding the main idol. It is believed that people offer gold/silver tongue as offerings here after their wishes are fulfilled.

==Attractions==
The puja of the temple is being regularly performed by the priests whose family has been doing it for last 12 generations. Presently there are 12 priests involved in performing the routine puja at this temple. Jawalamukhi cave is located at a distance of 1 km from the temple. It is said that the cave had three openings earlier but presently the cave is filled with water of a spring and has only a single opening

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* http://www.easternuptourism.com/?p=6862
{{Refend}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sonbhadra district]]

Non-capitalist way of development

2025-10-01T02:13:46Z

SheldonTopper4: created a biography

{{Socialism sidebar}}{{Short description|Development theory }}

The '''Non-Capitalist Way of Development''' ('''NCWD''') or '''The Non-Capitalist Path'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Clive Y. |date=1978 |title="The Non-Capitalist Path" As Theory and Practice of Decolonization and Socialist Transformation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2633149 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=10–28 |doi=10.1177/0094582X7800500202 |jstor=2633149 |issn=0094-582X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or '''The''' '''Non‐Capitalist Road<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellis |first=Paul |date=1988-09-01 |title=The non-capitalist road and Soviet development theory today: A critique of some recent accounts |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13523278808414922 |journal=Journal of Communist Studies |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=258–281 |doi=10.1080/13523278808414922 |issn=0268-4535|url-access=subscription }}</ref>''' is a [[development theory]] which was proposed by theorists from the [[Eastern Bloc|socialist bloc]], as an alternative [[political economy]] to [[Capitalism|capitalist]] and [[Imperialism|imperialist]] development strategies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amirahmadi |first=Hooshang |author-link=Hooshang Amirahmadi |date=1987-03-01 |title=The Non-Capitalist Way of Development |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/048661348701900102 |journal=Review of Radical Political Economics |language=EN |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=22–46 |doi=10.1177/048661348701900102 |issn=0486-6134|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landa |first=R. G. |date=1967-12-01 |title=More on the Non-Capitalist Path of Development |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/SOR1061-015406033 |journal=Soviet Sociology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.2753/SOR1061-015406033 |issn=0038-5824|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohiorhenuan |first=John F. E. |date=1979 |title=Dependence and Non-Capitalist Development in the Caribbean: Historical Necessity and Degrees of Freedom |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402203 |journal=Science & Society |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=386–408 |doi=10.1177/003682377904300402 |jstor=40402203 |issn=0036-8237}}</ref>

== Background ==
After [[World War II]], a wave of [[decolonization]] led to the emergence of many newly independent nations that faced [[poverty]], [[underdevelopment]], and the challenges of [[Cold War]] politics. While these countries sought to [[Modernization theory|modernize]], they were wary of adopting Western capitalist models, fearing this would reinforce economic dependency and [[neocolonialism]]. This skepticism grew as many of these nations adopted [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] stances, avoiding alignment with either the [[United States]] or the [[Soviet Union]]. NCWD was therefore originally promoted by the Soviet Union during the Cold War as an alternative development path for these newly decolonized countries to [[Modernization theory|modernize]] without fully embracing capitalism or immediately transitioning to [[socialism]]. It primarily prioritized [[Statism|state-led]] modernization from the top over popular uprisings or [[grassroots]] [[Revolutionary socialism|socialist revolutions]] from below (see [[revolution from above]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=dcxadmn |date=2025-03-21 |title=Non-Capitalist Development - DECOLONIAL CENTRE |url=https://decolonialcentre.org/2025/03/21/non-capitalist-development/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 1954 to 1979 the USSR provided an estimated $18 billion in economic aid and $47 billion in military aid to 76 countries across [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Latin America]].<ref name=":0" />

=== India (1947 - 1964) ===
{{Main|Economy of India#Pre-liberalisation period}}
[[India]], under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], became one of the most prominent examples of this development strategy. Although India remained non-aligned during the Cold War, it accepted substantial Soviet aid, particularly due to its [[Industrialisation|industrialization]] strategy to substitute [[import]]s, which aimed to produce domestically what had previously been imported. A major symbol of Soviet-Indian cooperation was the [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] (currently a subsidiary of [[Steel Authority of India Limited]]), built in the late 1950s with Soviet funding and expertise. Bhilai became a symbol of India's industrial aspirations and played a central role in Nehru's vision of a [[mixed economy]], balancing [[Private sector|private enterprises]] with [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|state-owned industries in India]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Egypt (1956 - 1970) ===
{{Main|Economy of Egypt#Early Republican period}}

After the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], [[Egypt]], under [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], shifted towards non-capitalist development, seeking support from the Soviet Union. One key result of this alliance was the construction of the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], completed in 1970 with Soviet help. The dam symbolized Egypt’s modernization, boosting energy production and agricultural output through [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] and improved [[irrigation]]. It also reinforced Nasser’s [[Arab socialism|Arab socialist]] policies, combining state control of industries with strong [[nationalism]]. However, the dam also caused environmental issues, including the displacement of the [[Nubians|Nubian community]] and changes to the [[Nile]]'s ecosystem.<ref name=":0" />

== Literature ==

* {{Cite book |last1=R. Ulyanovsky |url=http://archive.org/details/r.-ulyanovsky-v.-pavlov-asian-dilemma-a-soviet-view-and-myrdals-concept-progress-1973 |title=Asian Dilemma A Soviet View And Myrdal's Concept |last2=V. Pavlov |date=1973 |publisher=Progress Publishers}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Jeremy |date=1974 |editor-last=Ulyanovsky |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Pavlov |editor2-first=V. |title=Myrdal's Dilemma and Soviet Development Studies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4194031 |journal=Acta Sociologica |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=408–414 |doi=10.1177/000169937401700407 |jstor=4194031 |issn=0001-6993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sau |first=Ranjit |date=1974 |editor-last=Ulyanovsky |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Pavlov |editor2-first=V. |editor3-last=Shirokov |editor3-first=G. K. |title=Non-Capitalist Path and All That |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363576 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=9 |issue=15 |pages=589–594 |jstor=4363576 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Andreyev |first=Igor |url=https://archive.org/details/TheNoncapitalistWay/page/n1/mode/2up |title=The Noncapitalist Way: Soviet Experience and the Liberated Countries |year=1974}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Solodovnikov |first1=Vasily |url=https://archive.org/details/NonCapitalistDevelopmentAnHistoricalOutline |title=Non-Capitalist Development: An Historical Outline |last2=Bogoslovsky |first2=Victor |year=1975}}

== See also ==

* [[Economy of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Five-Year Plans of India]]
* [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Capitalism]]
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:Development economics]]
[[Category:Development in Asia]]
[[Category:Development in Africa]]
[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Cold War]]