Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Nidhi Shah

2026-05-07T20:51:40Z

SheldonCruce: Adding Stub

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nidhi Shah
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = {{Ubl
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
}}
| height =
}}
'''Nidhi Shah''' is an Indian television actress best known for her portrayal of Poorva Sharma Shetty in ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' and Kinjal Dave Shah in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupali Ganguly To Gaurav Khanna; How Anupamaa's Star Cast Has Transformed Since Their Debut Shows|work=Times Of India|date=August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupali-ganguly-to-gaurav-khanna-how-anupamaas-star-cast-has-transformed-since-their-debut-shows/etphotostory/93267872.cms|access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Shah made her acting debut as a child artist in the 2011 web series ''That's So Awesome''. She then played small cameos in the 2013 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films ''[[Mere Dad Ki Maruti]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review Mere Dad Ki Maruti: Post interval, plot catches speed |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-mere-dad-ki-maruti-post-interval-plot-catches-speed/1088603/0 |publisher= Indian Express|date=17 Mar 2013 |accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> and ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]'' respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/563932 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721063926/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/563932 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2013 |title=Phata Poster Nikhla Hero:Taran Adarsh Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 September 2013}}</ref>

She made her television debut in 2016 with ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]'' portraying Shweta Kashyap.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/jana-na-dil-se-door/8962|title='Jaana Na Dil Se Door': Watch All Episodes On Disney+Hotstar|date=2016-05-10|work=Hotstar|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129142649/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/jana-na-dil-se-door/8962|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From 2017 to 2018, she portrayed Poorva Sharma Shetty opposite Kiran Raj in ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Colors's Tu Aashiqui All Episodes On Voot - Exclusive|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/tu-aashiqui/1/538833|access-date=17 November 2019|work=Voot}}</ref> In 2019, she portrayed Suman Patwardhan in ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach ... Mahashivrati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kavach-2-first-promo-released-deepika-singh-namik-paul-and-vin-rana-stir-curiosity-supernatural-show-447709|title=Kavach 2 first promo released, Deepika Singh, Namik Paul and Vin Rana stir curiosity in this supernatural show|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506044644/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kavach-2-first-promo-released-deepika-singh-namik-paul-and-vin-rana-stir-curiosity-supernatural-show-447709|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She portrayed Shanaya Arora in ''[[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|Kartik Purnima]]'' opposite Chirag Mahbubani in 2020. She also portrayed Vidhi in the web series ''Dating Siyapaa'' the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Star Bharat's Kartik Purnima's Episodes On Disney+Hotstar|work=Hotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kartik-purnima/1260019849/list/episodes/t-1_2_2481|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821152156/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kartik-purnima/1260019849/list/episodes/t-1_2_2481|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since July 2020, She portraying Kinjal Dave Shah opposite Ashish Mehrotra and later on opposite Gaurav Sharma in ''[[Anupamaa]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi Shah on joining Anupamaa: There is a lot of creativity, calmness and respect for one another|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/nidhi-shah-on-joining-anupamaa-130439|website=Tribune India|access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> it proved as a major turning point in her career. In November 2023, she revealed in an interview that she had made an exit from the show's current track <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nidhi-shah-i-have-not-quit-anupamaa-but-i-do-want-to-move-on-and-land-a-new-project/articleshow/92315913.cms|title=Exclusive! Nidhi Shah: I have not quit Anupamaa, but I do want to move on and land a new project|website=Times Of India|date=19 June 2022 |language=en|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> and later rejoined the show in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nidhi Shah aka Kinjal returns to Anupamaa; 'It's script's demand to support upcoming leap in show' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-nidhi-shah-aka-kinjal-returns-to-anupamaa-its-scripts-demand-to-support-upcoming-leap-in-show-1264501 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> However she permanently quitted the show in October 2024 owing to a generation leap and got replaced by Milloni Kapadia.<ref name="Quit">{{Cite news|title=Nidhi Shah pens an emotional note as she exits from Anupamaa; says 'With a Heavy Heart, I Say Goodbye to Kinju baby aka Kinjal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nidhi-shah-pens-an-emotional-note-as-she-exits-from-anupamaa-says-with-a-heavy-heart-i-say-goodbye-to-kinju-baby-aka-kinjal/articleshow/114091156.cms|access-date=2024-10-09|website=The Times of India|date=9 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=I want to do lead roles now: Anupamaa actress Nidhi Shah, who quit the show before the makers decided to take a leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-want-to-do-lead-roles-now-anupamaa-actress-nidhi-shah-who-quit-the-show-before-the-makers-decided-to-take-a-leap/articleshow/114169048.cms?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaahD6RdRC3h3kSizbDfsmNsRHngS0GP8UlHr_kp0MuRp8-lMqUWEnbUDNM_aem_0qrULWE0jVL7lxcfPTQCug|access-date=2024-10-14|website=The Times of India| date=13 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Mere Dad Ki Maruti]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|rowspan="2"|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mere-dad-ki-maruti-watch-the-trailer-of-yrfs-next-film/306874-8-159.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128052922/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mere-dad-ki-maruti-watch-the-trailer-of-yrfs-next-film/306874-8-159.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-28 |title=Mere Dad Ki Maruti release |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=2012-11-22 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
|Shweta "Guddi" Kashyap
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tv-celebs-spotted-at-launch-party-of-jaana-na-dil-se-door-5320219-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525082410/http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tv-celebs-spotted-at-launch-party-of-jaana-na-dil-se-door-5320219-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2016|title=Photos: TV Celebs Spotted at 'Jaana Na Dil Se Door' Launch Party!|date=2016-05-10|work=dailybhaskar|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|Poorva Sharma Shetty
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach ... Mahashivrati]]''
|Suman Patwardhan
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|Kartik Purnima]]''
|Shanaya "Shanu" Arora
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kartik-purnima-to-go-off-air-confirms-actress-poulomi-das-1683218-2020-05-29|title=Kartik Purnima to go off air, confirms actress Poulomi Das|author=Pooja Trivedi |date=May 29, 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2024
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kinjal "Kinju" Dave Shah
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nidhi-shah-on-making-an-exit-from-anupamaa-i-have-not-quit-the-show-i-have-only-made-an-exit-from-the-current-track/articleshow/105421088.cms | title=Exclusive! Nidhi Shah on making an exit from Anupamaa: I have not quit the show, I have only made an exit from the current track | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Quit"/>
|-
|2022
|''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
|Episode 11/15/16
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Bijlani, Kanwar Dhillon, Shiny Doshi, and others have a blast in 'Ravivaar with Star Parivaar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/arjun-bijlani-kanwar-dhillon-shiny-doshi-and-others-have-a-blast-in-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar/videoshow/94286331.cms |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2011
|''That's So Awesome''
|Child artist
|-
|2020
|''Dating Siyapaa''
|Vidhi
|-
|2026
|Sapne vs Everyone season 2
|Vedha
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Hope You Don't Mind''
|Qaran
|
|-
|2023
|''Kuch Toh Zaroor Hai''
|[[Javed Ali]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohsin Khan talks about his upcoming project with Anupamaa's Nidhi Shah: This felt like a dream come true for me|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohsin-khan-talks-about-his-upcoming-project-with-anupamaas-nidhi-shah-this-felt-like-a-dream-come-true-for-me/articleshow/98339530.cms|access-date=2023-03-01|website=The Times of India|date=March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldawards.in/|access-date=13 August 2022|work=Gold Awards|title=14th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2022: Check Out The List Of Nominees|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4782342}}
*

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Nidhi}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

INS Sagardhwani

2026-05-06T12:24:50Z

SheldonCruce:

{{Short description|Marine acoustic research ship of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Sagardhwani}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sagardhwani (A74) at sea.jpg
| image_caption = ''Sagardhwani'' (A74) at sea
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sagardhwani''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Kolkata]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = May 1991
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 30 July 1994
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[Kochi]], India
| identification = *{{IMO Number|8802818}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: VVXQ
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Research ship]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{Convert|2050|LT|t|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} full load<ref name="rakshak">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/155-INS-Sagardhwani.html |title=INS ''Sagardhwani'' |first=Bharat |last=Rakshak |work=bharat-rakshak.com |year=2012 |access-date=21 January 2012 |archive-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231113915/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/155-INS-Sagardhwani.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length = {{Convert|85.1|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]<ref name="indiannavy">{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/survey_sdhwani.htm |title=Sagardhwani Class |work=Indian Navy |year=2011 |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202040830/http://indiannavy.nic.in/survey_sdhwani.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012 }}</ref>
| beam = {{Convert|12.8|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="indiannavy"/>
| height =
| draught =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = *2 × diesel engines
*{{Convert|3860|hp|abbr=on}} sustained
*2 shafts
*2 auxiliary thrusters<ref name="rakshak"/>
| speed = {{Convert|16|kn}}<ref name="rakshak"/>
| range = {{Convert|6000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|16|kn|abbr=on}}<ref name="rakshak"/>
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 80, plus 16 scientists<ref name="rakshak"/>
| endurance = 200 days<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title=INS Sagardhwani: DRDO's pet and Navy's pride|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 5 September 2003|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/INS-Sagardhwani-DRDOs-pet-and-Navys-pride/articleshow/167573.cms}}</ref>
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = Racal Decca 1629 radar at I-band frequency<ref name="rakshak"/>
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Chetak]]<ref name="rakshak"/>
| aircraft_facilities = Helicopter landing pad<ref name="rakshak"/>
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sagardhwani'' (A74)''' ([[Hindi]] : सागरध्वनि - ''Voice of the Sea'') is a marine [[Acoustics|acoustic]] [[Research vessel|research ship]] (MARS) owned by the [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL), a [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) [[laboratory]], and is maintained and operated by the [[Indian Navy]], and based at [[Southern Naval Command]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="nrbdrdo">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/npol.html |title=INS Sagardhwani |work=Naval Research Board |year=2010 |access-date=21 January 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222035413/http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/npol.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Sagardhwani.jpg|thumb|INS Sagardhwani in Kochi on the occasion of Navy Day in 2020]]

The ship was desingned by DRODO's [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] ,[[Kochi]],built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Kolkata]],<ref name="nrbdrdo"/> launched in May 1991,<ref name="rakshak"/> and commissioned in 1994.<ref name="nrbdrdo"/> It is similar in design to the [[Sandhayak-class survey ship (1981)|''Sandhayak''-class survey ships]], but with the superstructure positioned amidships and the [[helipad]] built forward.<ref name="rakshak"/> The vessel is designed to facilitate low noise and low vibration while carrying out [[acoustics|acoustic]] programmes. It has floating floors for scientific laboratories, anti-vibration mountings for machinery and equipment, balloon launching container and wind weather radar to carry out those experiments. It is also equipped with [[VHF]] sets, marine radio and auto telephone exchange.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title=INS Sagardhwani: DRDO's pet and Navy's pride|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 5 September 2003|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/INS-Sagardhwani-DRDOs-pet-and-Navys-pride/articleshow/167573.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anantha |first=Krishnan M. |date=5 September 2003 |title=INS Sagardhwani: DRDO's pet and Navy's pride |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-05/bangalore/27176369_1_scientific-equipment-vessel-laboratories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110035559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-05/bangalore/27176369_1_scientific-equipment-vessel-laboratories |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=21 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>It is operated in conjunction with DRDO.<ref>[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1579438&reg=3&lang=2 Press Release:Press Information Bureau]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-01-18 |title=INS Sagardhwani sets off on Sagar Maithri mission |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Jan/18/ins-sagardhwani-sets-off-on-sagar-maithri-mission |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Internally, the ship has eight laboratories for various scientific disciplines, and a mini-operating theatre with medical staff. At the stern is handling equipment for mooring and retrieving oceanographic and acoustic buoys. It can accommodate up to 82 persons, including 16 scientists, and a crew of 8 officers and 58 sailors.

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagardhwani, INS}}
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Research vessels of India]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1991 ships]]

{{mil-ship-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

National Highway 64 (India)

2026-05-05T20:43:58Z

SheldonCruce: creating new info...

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 64|National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 54 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}

{{infobox road
|country=IND
|image= GOLDEN BRIDGE BHARUCH-3.jpg
|image_notes= [[Golden Bridge (India)|Golden Bridge]] across [[Narmada River]] at [[Bharuch]]
|type=NH
|route= 64
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 64|text= Map of National Highway '''64''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=528
|direction=
|direction_a=North
|terminus_a= Maliya, [[Morbi District]],
|destinations= [[Dhrangadhra]] – [[Viramgam]] – Ahmedabad – [[Kheda]] – [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] – [[Vadodara]] – [[Baroda]] – [[Jambusar]] – [[Bharuch]] – [[Ankleshwar]] – Surat – [[Navsari]] – [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]] – [[Hazira]]
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b= [[Hazira]].
|junction=
|states= Gujarat
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=63
|next_route =65
|next_type=NH
}}

'''National Highway 64''' ('''NH 64''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India connecting Maliya in [[Morbi District]] and Hazira Port in the Indian state of Gujarat traveling {{convert|528|km|mi}} long distance.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Kiraak

2026-04-23T23:05:10Z

SheldonCruce: Adding new entry basic info

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kiraak
| image = Kiraak.jpg
| caption =
| director = Harik Devabhaktuni
| producer = Gangapatnam Sridhar
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Anirudh
*[[Chandini Tamilarasan|Chandini]]
}}
| music = Ajay Arasada
| cinematography =
| studio = Sri Vignesh Karthik Cinema Hit Talk Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|9|5}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Kiraak''''' is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller directed by Harik Devabhaktuni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/kiraak/articleshow/41711591.cms|title=Kiraak - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-02-12|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212064534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/kiraak/articleshow/41711591.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars newcomer Anirudh and [[Chandini Tamilarasan|Chandini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kiraaks-audio-to-be-launched-in-april/articleshow/32735242.cms|title=Kiraak's audio to be launched in April - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-02-12|archive-date=2022-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215001455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kiraaks-audio-to-be-launched-in-april/articleshow/32735242.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/falling-back-on-songs/article5864388.ece|title=Falling back on songs|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=3 April 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212064534/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/falling-back-on-songs/article5864388.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-right-track/article7347781.ece|title=On the right track|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=24 June 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212062354/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-right-track/article7347781.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Anirudh as Rakesh, a [[Pawan Kalyan]] fan
*[[Chandini Tamilarasan|Chandini]] as Amruta, Rakesh's collegemate and a [[Mahesh Babu]] fan
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as a [[Tantra|tantrik]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Amruta's father

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by Ajay Arasada.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIRAAK (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: KIRAAK (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Telugu Songs by Ajay Arasada Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/kiraak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704155416/https://gaana.com/album/kiraak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=4 July 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Every Dog Has Its Day
| extra1 = Kenny
| lyrics1 = Kittu Vissapragada
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Gaale
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| lyrics2 = Vasishta Sharma
| length2 = 3:42
| title3 = Tholi Prema
| extra3 = [[N. C. Karunya]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| lyrics3 = Raghukul Mokirala
| length3 = 3:45
| title4 = Raave Raave
| extra4 = Nitya Santhoshini
| lyrics4 = Vasishta Sharma
| length4 = 2:25
| title5 = Gaale (Reprise)
| extra5 = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| lyrics5 = Vasishta Sharma
| length5 = 2:43
| title6 = Flute Theme
| extra6 = Ramachandra Murthy
| lyrics6 = {{mdash}}
| length6 = 0:45
| total_length = 17:42
}}

==Release==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Director Haarik Devabhaktuni sets out to make a horror film with a message, but it starts off as any romantic movie would before bringing in a few sequences that are supposed to be horror but can best be described as lame, before the plot takes another twist altogether".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nothing-kiraak-about-this-one/article6384334.ece|title=Nothing kiraak about this one|date=6 September 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218021625/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nothing-kiraak-about-this-one/article6384334.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and said "Lackluster screenplay, old story line and slow pace are some of the basic letdowns. Except for the decent performance of the lead pair, this film has nothing much to offer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/kiraak-telugu-movie-review.html|title=kiraak Movie Review | kiraak Telugu Movie Review | kiraak Review | kiraak Cinema Review | kiraak telugu Review|work=123Telugu|date=5 September 2014|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212064534/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/kiraak-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 1.5/5 and said "It is one thing to have so called ‘noble’ intentions to make a film which throws light on a social issue, but that’s no excuse when the filmmaker is clueless about what he’s trying to say in the garb of entertainment. And the film’s script is as terrible as it gets".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kiraak-movie-review/movie-review/41855298.cms|title=Kiraak Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Kiraak by Times of India|first=Hemanth|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=23 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]

Gudivada Amarnath

2026-04-19T10:30:53Z

SheldonCruce: added first article needs work

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gudivada Amarnath
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Ministry of Information Technology (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Information Technology, Electronics and Communications]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| governor = * [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor = [[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]
| successor = [[Nara Lokesh]]
| office1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister of Industries and Commerce; Infrastructure and Investment]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 11 April 2022
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| governor1 = * [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Buggana Rajendranath]]
| successor1 = {{bulleted list
|[[T. G. Bharath]] (as [[List of ministers of industries & commerce of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Industries and Commerce]])
|[[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]] (as [[Ministry of Infrastructure and Investment|Minister of Infrastructure and Investment]])
}}
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2019
| term_end2 = 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Peela Govinda Satyanarayana]]
| successor2 = [[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
| constituency2 = [[Anakapalle Assembly constituency|Anakapalle]]
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|31|2017|3|31}}
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Hima Gowri
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2014{{ndash}}present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Telugu Desam Party]] (until 2014)
| father = [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
| mother = Gudivada Nagamani
}}

'''Gudivada Amarnath''' (born {{Birth based on age as of date|31|2017|3|31|noage=yes}})<ref name="Padayatra" /> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Anakapalle (Assembly constituency)|Anakapalle Assembly constituency]] in 2019 to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopal|first=B. Madhu|date=24 May 2019|title=Big gains for YSRCP in Anakapalle, set to make clean sweep of Assembly, LS seats|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/big-gains-for-ysrcp-in-anakapalle-set-to-make-clean-sweep-of-assembly-ls-seats/article27228481.ece|url-status=live|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043129/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/big-gains-for-ysrcp-in-anakapalle-set-to-make-clean-sweep-of-assembly-ls-seats/article27228481.ece|archive-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2019|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210054439/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/|archive-date=10 December 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gudivada Amarnath was born to [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]], (a former politician and Member of Legislative Assembly from Penduthi Assembly Constituency from Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. Served as State Minister of Education in 1994 [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament in 1998]] from [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency]]), and Nagamani.<ref name="Padayatra">{{Cite news|last=Sarma|first=G. V. Prasada|date=31 March 2017|title='Padayatra' for rail zone launched|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/padayatra-for-rail-zone-launched/article17749001.ece|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/padayatra-for-rail-zone-launched/article17749001.ece|archive-date=12 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Gudiwada Nagamani" /> He graduated with an engineering degree.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2014|title=It is My Childhood Dream to be an MP|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/may/02/it-is-my-childhood-dream-to-be-an-mp-607284.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123165208/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/may/02/It-is-My-Childhood-Dream-to-be-an-MP-607284.html|archive-date=23 January 2022|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gudivada Amarnath and his Mother, Nagamani, were members of [[Indian National Congress]]. They quit Congress and joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) after the death of his father. In March 2014, they both quit TDP and joined [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref name="Gudiwada Nagamani">{{Cite web|date=8 March 2014|title=Gudiwada Nagamani, son quit TDP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/gudiwada-nagamani-son-quit-tdp/articleshow/31638923.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921180535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Gudiwada-Nagamani-son-quit-TDP/articleshow/31638923.cms|archive-date=21 September 2020|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amarnath, Gudivada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

Mariya Shah

2026-04-10T23:41:48Z

SheldonCruce: creating new pg...

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mariya Ali Shah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|07|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Matera Assembly constituency|Matera]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Yasar Shah]]
| successor =
| father = Arif Ali
| children = 3
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = [[Yasar Shah]]
}}
'''Mariya Shah''' (born 29 July 1984), also known as '''Mariya Ali Shah''', is an Indian [[politician]] from Uttar Pradesh. She is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Matera Assembly constituency]] of [[Bahraich district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18284/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/mariya/ |title=Mariya, SP MLA from Matera |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/story-mariya-shah-fought-for-the-first-time-and-won-by-10-thousand-votes-6001416.html |title=Mariya Shah fought for the first time and won by 10 thousand votes |date=11 March 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan Live]] |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/mariya |title=Mariya |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Mariya Shah was born on 29 July 1984 in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Muslim]] family of Arif Ali.<ref name="upla"/> She married [[Yasar Shah]] on 14 July 2015, and they had three children.<ref name="upla"/>

== Career ==
Mariya won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Matera Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Mariya}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo

2026-04-05T18:36:46Z

SheldonCruce: Adding Entry

{{Short description|British Conservative statesman and 4th Viceroy of India (1822–1872)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Mayo
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KP|GCSI|PC}} [[Privy Council of Ireland|PC (Ire)]]
| image = Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo.jpg
| caption = Photograph by [[William Walker (engraver)|William Walker]], {{circa|1867}}
| order1 = 4th [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|df=y|1869|1|12}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|df=y|1872|2|8}}
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, Bt]]
| successor1 = [[John Strachey (civil servant)|Sir John Strachey]] (acting)
| order2 = [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]]
| monarch2 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|df=y|1866|7|10}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|df=y|1868|9|29}}
| prime_minister2 = {{Ubl| [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]] | [[Benjamin Disraeli]] }}
| predecessor2 = [[Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford|Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue]]
| successor2 = [[John Wilson-Patten, 1st Baron Winmarleigh|John Wilson-Patten]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|df=y|1858|3|4}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|df=y|1859|6|11}}
| prime_minister3 = [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]]
| predecessor3 = [[Henry Arthur Herbert (1815-1866)|Henry Arthur Herbert]]
| successor3 = [[Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell|Edward Cardwell]]
| term_start4 = {{start date|df=y|1852|3|1}}
| term_end4 = {{end date|df=y|1852|12|17}}
| prime_minister4 = [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]]
| predecessor4 = [[William Somerville, 1st Baron Athlumney|Sir William Somerville, Bt]]
| successor4 = [[John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar|Sir John Young, Bt]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin |Parliamentary offices
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office1 = Member of Parliament for [[Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Cockermouth]]
| term_start1 = 1857
| term_end1 = 1868
| alongside1 = {{hlist| [[John Steel (MP)|John Steel]] | [[Andrew Green Thompson]] }}
| predecessor1 = {{ubl| [[Henry Wyndham (British Army officer)|Henry Wyndham]] | [[John Steel (MP)|John Steel]] }}
| successor1 = [[Isaac Fletcher (MP)|Isaac Fletcher]]
| office2 = Member of Parliament for [[Coleraine (UK Parliament constituency)|Coleraine]]
| term_start2 = 1852
| term_end2 = 1857
| predecessor2 = [[John Boyd (Irish politician)|John Boyd]]
| successor2 = [[John Boyd (Irish politician)|John Boyd]]
| office3 = Member of Parliament for [[Kildare (UK Parliament constituency)|Kildare]]
| term_start3 = 1847
| term_end3 = 1852
| alongside3 = [[Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster|Marquess of Kildare]]
| predecessor3 = {{ubl| [[Richard More O'Ferrall]] | [[Robert Archbold]] }}
| successor3 = {{ubl| Willian Cogan | [[Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster|Marquess of Kildare]] }} {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| birth_name = Richard Southwell Bourke
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1822|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1872|2|8|1822|2|21}}
| death_place = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands]], India
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Dublin]] (B.A., 1844; M.A., 1851; LLD., 1852)
| parents = {{ubl| Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo | Anne Charlotte Jocelyn }}
| spouse = {{marriage|Hon. Blanche Wyndham|1848}}
| children = [[Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo]]
| relatives = [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara]] (brother)
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Assassination]]
}}
'''Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo''', ({{IPAc-en|lang|b|ɜːr|k}}; {{respell|BURK}}; 21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872) styled '''Lord Naas''' ({{IPAc-en|n|eɪ|s}}; {{respell|NAYSS}}) from 1842 to 1867, was a prominent British statesman, colonial administrator, and diplomat. He was a [[Member of Parliament]] from the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] from 1847 to 1868, and served as the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] for three terms (1852, 1858–9, 1866–8). In 1869, he was appointed as the 4th [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] with the political title '''Lord Mayo'''. During an official visit to [[Port Blair]] in 1872, he was [[Assassination of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|assassinated]] and remains the first and only Viceroy of India to have been killed while in office.<ref name="Hunter2006">{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=W. W. |author-link=W. W. Hunter |title=The Life of the Earl of Mayo – Fourth Viceroy of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0fpM7nccoEC |year=1876 |access-date=1 February 2006 |publisher=Read Books |location= |isbn=978-1-84664-774-1}}</ref>

==Background and education==
Mayo was born in [[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]], the eldest son of Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo (the son of [[Richard Bourke (bishop)|Hon. Richard Burke]], [[Bishop of Waterford and Lismore]]), and his wife, Anne Charlotte, daughter of the Hon. John Jocelyn.<ref name="n754">{{cite book | last=Wills | first=James | title=The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography | publisher=A. Fullarton | date=1876 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvBMAAAAMAAJ&dq=Richard+Bourke,+6th+Earl+of+Mayo+St.+Petersburg+and+Moscow+(1846),&pg=PA64 | access-date=2025-12-24 | page=64}}</ref> His younger brother the Hon. [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Robert Bourke]] was also a successful politician.

Mayo was educated at [[Trinity College, Dublin]] (attaining [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in 1844, [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1851, and [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] in 1852).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burtchaell |first1=George Dames |author-link1=George Dames Burtchaell |title=Alumni Dublinenses: A Register of the Students, Graduates, Professors and Provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860) |last2=Sadleir |first2=Thomas Ulick |author-link2=Thomas Ulick Sadleir |publisher=Alex Thom and Co. |year=1935 |location=Dublin |page=84 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog">{{cite book |last=Cokayne |first=G. E. |author-link=George Edward Cokayne |title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant |title-link=The Complete Peerage |publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] |year=1893 |edition=1st |volume=5 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/completepeerage01cokagoog/mode/2up?view=theater 281] |language=en}}</ref> He and his brothers were accomplished horsemen and enjoyed fox hunting.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Whyte-Melville |first1=G. J. (George John) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35521 |title=Riding Recollections, 5th ed. |last2=Giberne |first2=Edgar |date=2011-03-08 |language=English}}</ref> From 1844 to 1846, he also served as Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland [[William à Court, 1st Baron Heytesbury]].<ref name="n754"/>

==Political career==
[[File:The Derby Cabinet of 1867.jpg|thumb|left|260px|The Cabinet of the [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] in 1867]]
From June to August 1845, Mayo travelled to Russia visiting the court of [[Nicholas I of Russia]].<ref name="o674">{{cite book | last=Cross | first=Anthony | title=In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) | publisher=Open Book Publishers | date=2014-04-27 | isbn=978-1-78374-057-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYBxAwAAQBAJ&dq=Richard+Bourke,+6th+Earl+of+Mayo+St.+Petersburg+and+Moscow+(1846),&pg=PA174 | access-date=2025-12-24 | pages=174–175}}</ref> He detailed his travels in a written account, published as ''St. Petersburg and Moscow'' (1846).<ref name="o674"/> He also visited [[Revel]] and [[Finland]] before returning home.<ref name="o674"/>

Mayo was elected a [[British House of Commons|MP]] for three different constituencies over his lifetime.<ref name="n754"/> He served as MP for [[Kildare (UK Parliament constituency)|Kildare]] (1847–52), [[Coleraine (UK Parliament constituency)|Coleraine]] (1852–7) and [[Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Cockermouth]] (1857–68).<ref name="n754"/>

He was thrice appointed [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] – in 1852, 1858 and 1866. While Chief Secretary in Ireland, he led government efforts to stop clandestine activity and the operation of secret nationalist societies, including the [[Phoenix National and Literary Society]] and others.<ref name="n184">{{cite book | last1=history) | first1=Kyle Hughes (Lecturer in British | last2=MacRaild | first2=Donald M. | title=Ribbon Societies in Nineteenth-century Ireland and Its Diaspora: The Persistence of Tradition | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2018 | isbn=978-1-78694-135-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzhxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Richard+Bourke,+6th+Earl+of+Mayo&pg=PA210 | access-date=2025-12-24 | page=210}}</ref>

In 1867, he succeeded his father as Earl of Mayo (but as an Irish peer was able to retain his seat in the commons) until he gave up his seat in 1868 on appointment as Viceroy of India.<ref name="n754"/>

===Viceroy of India===
On 12 January 1869 he arrived in [[Calcutta]] and became the fourth [[Viceroy of India]] replacing [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence]].<ref name="n754"/> He consolidated the frontiers of [[India]] and reorganised the country's finances; he also did much to promote irrigation, railways, forests and other useful public works. To solve local problems he established local boards. During his tenure the first census took place in 1872. He founded [[Mayo College]] at [[Ajmer]] for the education of young Indian chiefs, with £70,000 being subscribed by the chiefs themselves.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Bourke, Richard Southwell|volume=6}}</ref>

==Assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo}}
While visiting the convict settlement at [[Port Blair]] in the [[Andaman Islands]] on 8 February 1872 for the purpose of inspection, he was assassinated by [[Sher Ali Afridi]], a former Afghan soldier who had been convicted for murdering a relative. He vowed to kill two British officials to avenge the suffering he had to undergo. Mayo's body was brought home to Ireland and buried at the medieval ruined church in [[Johnstown, County Kildare|Johnstown]], County Kildare, near his home at Palmerstown House. Afridi was hanged on March 11, 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executed Today: 1872: Sher Ali Afridi, Assassin of the Viceroy |url=https://www.executedtoday.com/2013/03/11/1872-sher-ali-afridi-assassin-of-the-viceroy/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=executedtoday.com|date=11 March 2013 }}</ref> On his death, [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Stracey]] served as acting Viceroy of India.<ref name="j972">{{cite book | author=England (pseud.) | title=What are our legions? Or, The truth about the Indian armies | date=1878 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beAWWirxVH8C&pg=PA45 | access-date=2025-12-24 | page=45}}</ref>

==Memorials==
=== Lord Mayo March ===
The traditional Irish [[March (music)|march]] "Lord Mayo" (''Tiagharna Mhaighe-eo'') was named after him; according to tradition, it was composed by his harper David Murphy to appease Mayo after Murphy angered him.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fitzgerald |first=Shafto Justin Adair |title=Stories of Famous Songs |publisher=John C. Nimmo |year=1898 |location=London |page=380 |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Papilio mayo'' Butterfly ===
In 1873, the newly discovered [[swallowtail butterfly]] ''[[Papilio mayo]]'' from the Andaman Islands was named in his honour.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=W. S. |year=1873 |title=Descriptions of two new species of butterflies from the Andaman Islands |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28505035 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1873 |page=736}}</ref>

===St Paul's Cathedral===
A Memorial to Lord Mayo is in the third recess of the South Wall at St Paul's Cathedral, London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinclair |first=W. |title=Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral |publisher=Chapman & Hall, Ltd |location=London |publication-date=1909 |pages=462 |language=en}}</ref>

===Statue in Cockermouth, Cumbria===
[[File:DSC 6068-lord-naas-earl-mayo.JPG|left|thumb|Statue of Lord Mayo in the town of [[Cockermouth]]]]

On 19 August 1875, a statue of Lord Mayo was unveiled in the centre of the main street in the town of [[Cockermouth]]. The 800-guinea cost of the statue (made by Messrs. Willis of London) had been raised by public subscription. The unveiling was attended by Mayo's son, the 7th Earl; [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier, 1st Baron Ettrick|Lord Napier and Ettrick]]; [[Harvey Goodwin]], [[Bishop of Carlisle]]; and the [[Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale|Earl of Lonsdale]]. The statue, carved in Sicilian marble, depicts Lord Mayo in his viceregal garb, and still stands today.

===Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan===
[[Mayo Hospital]] is one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. The hospital is named after then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] of [[British India]], "Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo" also locally known as Lord Mayo.

=== Statue at Albert Hall Museum, Jaipur, India ===
A statue of Lord Mayo had been installed in the premises of [[Mayo Hospital]] (currently known as the Mahilya Chikatsalya, Jaipur). The {{convert|9|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} cast-iron statue, weighing around 3 tons, was ordered sculpted by the Maharaja Ram Singh ji of Jaipur, as a tribute to Lord Mayo after his assassination. The sculptors were J. Forsyth and R. Monti. The company's name as inscribed on the statue was R. Masefield & Co., London.

This statue of Lord Mayo had been buried in the premises of the [[Albert Hall Museum|Albert Hall Museum of Jaipur]] at the time of the independence of India in 1947 to prevent [[vandalism]]. After six decades, this statue was unearthed by the Jaipur [[List of Mayoites|Mayo Alumni]] Chapter on 29 May 2007. It was later removed from the Albert Hall Museum in Jaipur and sent to [[Mayo College]], in [[Ajmer]], [[India]], where it is now installed.<ref name="Annual Register 1875 p74-75">{{cite book |title=Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1875 |location=London |publisher=Rivingtons |year=1875 |pages=74–75 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mayo College, Ajmer, India ===
[[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], [[India]], was founded after the death of Lord Mayo in 1875. The College, named in honour of Lord Mayo, already had a full life-size statue of him sculpted in white marble installed in front of its famous main building since inception and a marble sculpted bust of him in its school museum.<ref name="Annual Register 1875 p74-75"/> The College accepted the statue of Lord Mayo which was unearthed at Mayo Hospital, Jaipur in 2007.

=== Mayo Hall, Bengaluru, India ===
[[Mayo Hall (Bengaluru)|Mayo Hall]] is a building located in the center of [[Bengaluru]]. It was built in 1883 to honor the memory of Richard Bourke.

==Marriage and children==
Mayo married [[The Honourable|Hon]] Blanche Julia Wyndham (1826–1918), daughter of [[George Wyndham, 1st Baron Leconfield]], in 1848. Lady Mayo served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria from 1872, and was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE).<ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog"/>

Lord and Lady Mayo had seven children:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lodge |first1=Edmund |title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing |date=1882 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |page=404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDU-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA404 |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage'', 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003</ref>

* Hon. Norah Mary (14 March 1850 – 23 May 1851), died in infancy
* Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke (16 August 1858 – 19 January 1940), married [[Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl]]
* [[Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo|Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo]] (2 July 1851 – 31 December 1927)
* [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] Hon. Sir [[Maurice Bourke|Maurice Archibald Bourke]] (22 December 1853 – 16 September 1900)
* Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)
* Lady Florence Blanche Madeline Bourke (16 August 1861 – 18 June 1953)
* Hon. Terence Theobald Bourke, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (2 April 1865 – 13 May 1923)

Following his assassination in 1872, Lord Mayo was succeeded in the Earldom and other titles by his eldest son, [[Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo|Dermot]].

==Honours and Arms==
===Honours===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:15%;" |Country
! style="width:10%;" |Date
! style="width:65%;" |Appointment
! style="width:5%;" |Ribbon
! style="width:5%;" |Post-nominals
|-
|| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1852–1872 || [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]]<ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog"/> ||  || PC
|-
|| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1852–1872 || [[Privy Council of Ireland]]<ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog"/> ||  || PC (Ire)
|-
|| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1868–1872 || [[Order of St Patrick|Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick]]<ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog"/> || | [[File:UK Order of Saint Patrick ribbon.svg|85px]] || KP
|-
|| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1869–1872 || [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]]<ref name="completepeerage01cokagoog"/> || | [[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|85px]] || GCSI
|}

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|title =
|image = File:Arms of Bourke, Earl of Mayo.svg
|notes =
|crest = A Cat-a-Mountain sejant guardant proper, collared and chained Or.
|escutcheon = Party per fess Or and Ermine, a cross gules the first quarter charged with a lion rampant sable and the second with a dexter hand couped at the wrist and erect gules
|motto = '''A CRUCE SALUS''' ''(Salvation from the Cross)''
|supporters = On either side a Chevalier in complete Armour, holding in the exterior hand a Pole-Axe, all proper.<ref>{{cite book |title= Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |editor-link= Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107 |year= 2003 |pages=2653–2655 |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |url=http://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk |title=The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |location=London |others=University of California Libraries |language=en }}</ref>
|bannerimage = 
|banner = 
|symbolism = 
|orders = [[Order of St Patrick]] [[Order of the Star of India]] }}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
| collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
| 1= 1. '''Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara'''
| 2= 2. [[Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo]]
| 3= 3. Anne Charlotte Jocelyn
| 4= 4. [[Richard Bourke (bishop)|Hon. Richard Bourke]] | 5= 5. Frances Fowler
| 6= 6. Hon. John Jocelyn | 7= 7. Margaret FitzGerald
| 8= 8. [[Joseph Bourke, 3rd Earl of Mayo]] | 9= 9. Elizabeth Meade
| 12= 12. [[Robert Jocelyn, 1st Earl of Roden]] | 13= 13. Lady Anne Hamilton
| 14= 14. Richard FitzGerald
}}

==See also==
* [[House of Burgh]], an [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] and [[Hiberno-Norman]] dynasty founded in 1193
* [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], India
* Mayo Hall, [[Allahabad]], India
* [[Mayo Hall (Bangalore)|Mayo Hall]], [[Bangalore]], India
* [[Mayo School of Arts, Lahore]], British India
* [[Viceroy of India]]
* [[Mayo Hospital]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |title=Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1875 |location=London |publisher=Rivingtons |year=1875 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=W. S. |year=1873 |title=Descriptions of two new species of butterflies from the Andaman Islands |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28505035 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1873 |page=736}}
* {{Cite ODNB|id=2998|title=Bourke, Richard Southwell}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |url=http://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk |title=The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |location=London |others=University of California Libraries |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Cokayne |first=G. E. |author-link=George Edward Cokayne |title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant |title-link=The Complete Peerage |publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] |year=1893 |edition=1st |location=London |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Fitzgerald |first=Shafto Justin Adair |title=Stories of Famous Songs |publisher=John C. Nimmo |year=1898 |location=London |page=380}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=W. W. |author-link=W. W. Hunter |title=The Life of the Earl of Mayo – Fourth Viceroy of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0fpM7nccoEC |year=1876 |access-date=1 February 2006 |publisher=Read Books |location= |isbn=978-1-84664-774-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=James |first=Helen |title=The Assassination of Lord Mayo: The 'first' jihad? |journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=1–19 |url=http://web.usm.my/ijaps/articles/1_Helen_(1-19)4.pdf |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Kidd |editor-first=Charles |editor-last2=Williamson |editor-first2= David |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage |edition=1990 |publisher=St Martin's Press |location=New York |year=1990}}
* {{cite book |title= Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood |publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |editor-link= Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107 |year= 2003 |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pottinger |first=George |title=Mayo: Disraeli's Viceroy |publisher=Michael Russell Publishing |location=Wilby |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-85955-164-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinclair |first=W. |title=Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral |publisher=Chapman & Hall, Ltd |location=London |publication-date=1909 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Whyte-Melville |first1=G. J. (George John) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35521 |title=Riding Recollections, 5th ed. |last2=Giberne |first2=Edgar |date=2011-03-08 |language=English}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051609/Richard-Southwell-Bourke-6th-earl-of-Mayo Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th earl of Mayo]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo}}
{{EB1911 poster|Mayo, Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of|Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-richard-bourke | the Earl of Mayo }}
* [http://mayocollege.com/AboutFounder.asp Obituary & Photo at the Mayo College, Ajmer, India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420164509/http://www.mayocollege.com/AboutFounder.asp |date=20 April 2008 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Kildare (UK Parliament constituency)|Kildare]]
| years = [[1847 United Kingdom general election|1847]] – [[1852 Kildare by-election|March 1852]]
| with = [[Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster|Marquess of Kildare]]
| before = [[Richard More O'Ferrall]] [[Robert Archbold]]
| after = [[Willian Cogan]] [[Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster|Marquess of Kildare]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Coleraine (UK Parliament constituency)|Coleraine]]
| years = [[1852 United Kingdom general election|1852]]–[[1857 United Kingdom general election|1857]]
| before = [[John Boyd (Irish politician)|John Boyd]]
| after = [[John Boyd (Irish politician)|John Boyd]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Cockermouth]]
| years = [[1857 United Kingdom general election|1857]]–[[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]]
| with = [[John Steel (MP)|John Steel]] to April 1868
| with2 = [[Andrew Green Thompson]] from April 1868
| before = [[Henry Wyndham (British Army officer)|Henry Wyndham]] [[John Steel (MP)|John Steel]]
| after = [[Isaac Fletcher (MP)|Isaac Fletcher]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] | before=[[William Somerville, 1st Baron Athlumney|Sir William Somerville, Bt]] | after=[[John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar|Sir John Young, Bt]] | years=1852}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] | before=[[Henry Arthur Herbert (1815-1866)|Henry Arthur Herbert]] | after=[[Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell|Edward Cardwell]] | years=1858–1859}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] | before=[[Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford|Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue]] | after=[[John Wilson-Patten, 1st Baron Winmarleigh|John Wilson-Patten]] | years=1866–1868}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] | before=[[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, Bt]] | after=[[John Strachey (civil servant)|Sir John Strachey]] (acting) | years=1869–1872}}
{{s-reg|ie}}
{{succession box | title=[[Earl of Mayo]] | before=[[Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo|Robert Bourke]] | after=[[Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo|Dermot Bourke]] | years=1867–1872}}
{{s-end}}

{{Viceroys of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Ireland|United Kingdom|British Empire|India|Biography|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayo, Richard Bourke, 6th Earl Of}}
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:1860s in British India]]
[[Category:1870s in British India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:1822 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Assassinated British politicians]]
[[Category:British people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Cumbria MPs]]
[[Category:Irish Anglicans]]
[[Category:Knights of St Patrick]]
[[Category:Irish knights]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Londonderry constituencies (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Kildare constituencies (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Politicians from County Dublin]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1847–1852]]
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[[Category:House of Burgh|Richard]]
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[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries for Ireland]]
[[Category:Earls of Mayo]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1872]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1870s]]

Doree (TV series)

2026-04-02T18:36:12Z

SheldonCruce: added first entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[social issue]] [[family drama]]
| creator = [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]]
| screenplay = Aanchal Vasani
| story = Lakshmi Jayakumar Shashwat Rai
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| opentheme = Rishton Ki Yeh... Doree Hai
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 336
| producer =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 21-46
minutes
| location =
| cinematography =
| company = Jay Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|06|20|df=y}}
}}
'''''Doree''''' ({{Translation|''Chord''}}) is an Indian Hindi-language drama television series that aired from 6 November 2023 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/doree-makers-join-forces-with-ministry-of-women-and-child-development-2458788-2023-11-06|title='Doree' makers join forces with Ministry of Women and Child Development | publisher=India Today | first=Grace | last=Cyril | date=6 November 2023 | accessdate=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Amar Upadhyay Lauds On Screen Daughter 'Doree'; Calls Her 'One Take Star' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amar-upadhyay-lauds-on-screen-daughter-doree-calls-her-one-take-star--news-329801 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> The first season starred Mahi Bhanushali, [[Amar Upadhyay]] and [[Sudha Chandran]] and ended on 26 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/doree-colors-releases-first-look-upcoming-social-drama-starring-amar-upadhyay-sudha-chandran/|title=Doree: Colors releases the first look of its upcoming social drama starring Amar Upadhyay and Sudha Chandran|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Exclusive! Sudhaa Chandran, Amar Upadhyay and Toral Rasputra to feature in Kinnari and Jay Mehtaa's show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sudhaa-chandran-amar-upadhyay-and-toral-rasputra-to-feature-in-kinnari-and-jay-mehtaas-show/articleshow/103395750.cms |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Talented duo Toral Rasputra and Anurag Sharma join the cast of upcoming social drama 'Doree'; see what they say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/talented-duo-toral-rasputra-and-anurag-sharma-join-the-cast-of-upcoming-social-drama-doree-see-what-they-say/articleshow/104613118.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The second season premiered on 21 January 2025, with Priyanshi Yadav as Doree alongside [[Ishaan Dhawan]], Upadhyay and [[Sreejita De]] and ended on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Doree 2 Promo: Priyanshi Yadav Takes On Role Of Determined Daughter |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/doree-2-promo-priyanshi-yadav-takes-on-role-of-determined-daughter-aa-9185486.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=News18}}</ref> The series aims to promote awareness on the issue of girl child abandonment.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-13 |title=Amar Upadhyay, Sudha Chandran To Star In Social Drama Doree |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/amar-upadhyay-sudha-chandran-to-star-in-social-drama-doree-1635718 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Sudha Chandran on 'Doree': As a person, I questioned my character {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sudha-chandran-on-doree-as-a-person-i-questioned-my-character-exclusive-2457566-2023-11-03 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=Amar Upadhyay on playing Ganga Prasad in Doree: A simple and down-to-earth character was always on my checklist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amar-upadhyay-on-playing-ganga-prasad-in-doree-a-simple-and-down-to-earth-character-was-always-on-my-checklist/articleshow/104966550.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Seasons overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| '''1'''
| 227
| 6 November 2023
| 26 June 2024
|-
| '''2'''
| 109
| 21 January 2025
| 20 June 2025
|}

== Plot ==
===Season 1===
Doree, a six-year-old girl, who lives in a village where women are largely marginalized, especially in professions such as weaving, traditionally reserved for men. From the first episode, Doree is portrayed as a determined and intelligent child, who does not accept the limitations imposed by her gender.
The series opens with Doree's initial struggles to make a place for herself in the textile world. As a baby, she is rescued by Ganga Prasad, a poor weaver with a paralysed left arm, who becomes one of her main supporters. She grows up with him and sees him as her father. However, she faces strong opposition from Kailashi Devi, a powerful matriarchal figure, who sees Doree as a threat to the established order. Tensions rise as Doree begins to question the community's practices.
As the series progresses, Doree faces even greater challenges. It is revealed that Kailashi Devi is actually Rukmani, who had taken her twin sister's place after trying to burn her alive. Rukmani is driven by jealousy and a desire for power, which leads her to manipulate those around Doree.
The plot becomes more intense as new threats arise. Doree faces assassination attempts orchestrated by Rukmani, who sees her as an obstacle to her own ambitions. Family conflicts escalate when Doree discovers that members of her family are involved in plots against her. Despite this, she manages to gain allies among her community members, especially through her determination and her ability to solve problems with intelligence.
The end of the series is marked by a final battle between Doree and her antagonists. Rukmani makes one last attempt to destroy Doree, but her plans fail, thanks to the support of Ganga Prasad and other allies. The final episode shows Doree triumphing not only in her fight for gender equality, but also in establishing her own textile business, which becomes a model of success for the community.
The series ends on a positive note, albeit tinged with melancholy, as Doree had to face significant sacrifices to achieve her goals. She becomes a symbol of resilience and hope, not only for the women in her village, but for the entire region.

===Season 2===
The story follows the now 22-year-old Doree, a young woman who challenges the traditional norms and strives to empower local weavers. Her life changes when she rescues an abandoned baby, Shubhi, from the river, just as Ganga had once rescued her. The show initially focused on Doree's struggle as an unwed single mother, facing the harsh societal hurdles. She earns money by weaving sarees and selling them. Due to her profession, she faces off with Rajnandani Thakur, whose family has dominance in the handloom community. Rajnandani sees Doree as a threat to her power and plots against her.

Later on, Doree marries Advocate Maan Thakur, Rajnandani's cousin, to save her father from false murder charges. Unbeknownst to Doree, Shubhi is the daughter of the Thakur family. Rajnandani, who dreams of controlling the Thakur family and making her son, Pratham, the sole heir, switched her child with her brother Deep's newborn baby. She then throws the baby into the river, which had been witnessed by Ganga. She then frames Ganga in Neelu's murder as Neelu also knew she was the one that abandoned Shubhi. As the show progresses, Rajnandani realizes that Doree rescued Shubhi and feels threatened that her truth would be exposed. She plots to get Doree and Shubhi kicked outside of the house, but fails each time. On the other hand, after marriage, Doree starts her journey of unveiling Thakur family's dark secrets, one of which is related to her father Ganga. It is revealed that Maan's mother is alive and was kept in a mental asylum for years by Ambika Thakur, as she was jealous of her. Ganga is falsely accused of killing Meera years ago, but Doree exposes Ambika and brings Meera home.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* Priyanshi Yadav as Doree Thakur: Manasi and Anand's daughter; Ganga's adopted daughter; Neetu's step-daughter; Parvati's half-sister; Maan's wife; Shubhi's aunt and adoptive mother (2025)
** Mahi Bhanushali as Child Doree Thakur (2023-2024; 2025)
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Ganga "Agni" Thakur: Mahendra and Kailashi's son; Rukmani's stepson; Yash, Anand and Raj's half-brother; Manasi's widower; Doree's adoptive father; Shubhi's adoptive grandfather (2023–2024; 2025)
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as
** Rukmani Thakur / Fake Kailashi Thakur: Kailashi's twin sister; Mahendra's second wife; Yash, Anand, Raj and Maya's mother; Ganga's stepmother; Doree and Parvati's grandmother; Vansh's adoptive grandmother (2023–2024; 2025)
** Kailashi Thakur: Rukmani's twin sister; Mahendra's first wife; Ganga's mother; Yash, Anand and Raj's stepmother; Doree and Parvati's step-grandmother (2024)
* [[Ishaan Dhawan]] as Advocate Maan Thakur: Meera and Surendra's son; Rajnandini and Deep's cousin; Doree's husband; Shubi's uncle and adoptive father (2025)
* [[Sreejita De]] as Rajnandini Thakur: Ambika and Vijendra's daughter; Deep's sister; Maan's cousin; Pratham's mother; Neelu's murderer (2025) (Dead)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Toral Rasputra]] as Manasi Singh Thakur: Veerendra's younger sister; Anand's ex-wife; Ganga's wife; Doree's mother; Vansh's adoptive mother (2023–2024) (Dead)
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Anand Thakur: Mahendra and Rukmani's second son; Yash and Raj's brother; Ganga's half-brother; Manasi's ex–husband; Neelu's widower; Doree and Parvati's father; Vansh's adoptive father (2023–2024; 2025)
* Atharv Jhonny as Vansh "Lalla" Thakur: Anand and Manasi's adopted son (2023–2024)
* Uma Basu as Nani: Ganga's adoptive grandmother (2023–2024) (Dead)
* [[Mehul Buch]] as Mahendra Thakur: Kailashi and Rukmani's husband; Ganga, Yash, Anand and Raj's father; Doree and Parvati's grandfather; Vansh's adoptive grandfather (2023–2024)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Neelu Thakur: Anand's second wife; Doree's stepmother; Parvati's mother (2023–2024; 2025) (Dead)
* Haelyn Shastri as Komal Thakur: Raj's wife (2023–2024)
* Anurag Vyas as Raj Thakur: Mahendra and Rukmani's youngest son; Yash and Anand's brother; Ganga's half-brother; Komal's husband (2023–2024)
* Sugandha Srivastava as Sudha Thakur: Yash's wife (2023–2024)
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Yash Thakur: Mahendra and Rukmani's eldest son; Anand and Raj's brother; Ganga's half-brother; Sudha's husband (2023–2024)
* [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] as Maya: Agni's (Ganga) fake/adoptive sister; Rukmani's daughter (2024) (Dead)
* Ashwani Rathore as Chakaram: Thakur's maid (2023–2024)
* Rohit Agrawal as Sattu: Doree's friend (2025)
** Hardik Mehta as Child Sattu (2023–2024)
* Anuradha Nandini as Inspector Bhairavi Tomar: A police officer (2023–2024)
* Milan Dhamecha as Reporter (2024)
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Pavitra: Ganga's ex–girlfriend and fake wife; Flora's mother (2024)
* Mahi Bhadra as Flora: Pavitra's daughter; Ganga's fake daughter (2024)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Veerendra Singh: Manasi's elder brother (2024)
* Anushri as Baby Shubhi Thakur: Pushpa and Deep's daughter; Doree and Maan's adopted daughter; Pratham's cousin (2025)
* Zaid Shaikh as Baby Pratham Thakur: Rajnandini's son; Deep and Pushpa's adopted son; Shubhi's cousin (2025)
* Unknown as Parvati "Paro" Thakur: Neetu and Anand's daughter; Doree's half-sister (2025)
* [[Farida Dadi]] as Dadi: Vijendra and Surendra's mother; Rajnandini, Maan and Deep's grandmother; Shubhi and Pratham's great-grandmother (2025)
* Utkarsha Naik as Ambika Thakur: Vijendra's wife; Rajnandini and Deep's mother; Shubhi and Pratham's grandmother (2025)
* Pankaj Vishnu as Vijendra Thakur: Ambika's husband; Rajnandini and Deep's father; Shubhi and Pratham's grandfather (2025)
* Sanjay Swaraj as Surendar Thakur: Meera's husband; Maan's father; Shubhi's adoptive grandfather (2025)
* Kashish Duggal as Meera Thakur: Surendar's wife; Maan's mother; Shubhi's adoptive grandmother (2025)
* Gultesham Khan as Deep Thakur: Vijendra and Ambika's son; Pushpa and Kavya's husband; Shubhi's father; Pratham's adoptive father (2025)
* Minakshi Kashyap as Pushpa Thakur: Deep's wife; Shubhi's mother; Pratham's adoptive mother (2025)
* Milan Singh as Kavya: Maan's obsessive lover; Deep's illegal second wife (2025)

==Production==
Due to decrease in TRP, the show is scheduled to last aired on 26 June 2024. But however it is also planned to bring up the second season showcasing a new grown up Doree and her challenges against women empowerment.

In January 2025, the promo of ''Doree 2'' was shown wherein Priyanshi Yadav is now playing the character of elder Doree which will eventually begin from 21 January 2025.

=== Casting ===
[[Karan Vohra]] were approached for the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 September 2024|title=Karan Vohra REPLACED From Amar Upadhyay Starrer Doree 2? (Exclusive)|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/karan-vohra-replaced-from-amar-upadhyay-starrer-doree-2-exclusive|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref> but [[Ishaan Dhawan]] was finalized for the role of Maan. [[Sreejita De]] was roped as Rajnandini Thakur, the main female antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 January 2025|title=Bigg Boss 16 fame Sreejita De to play an antagonist in Doree 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-16-fame-sreejita-de-to-play-an-antagonist-in-doree-2/articleshow/117309887.cms|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In the second season, [[Soni Singh]] who played Neelu in the first season reprise her role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Hasti|date=16 January 2025|title=Soni Singh on returning to Doree 2: I have played many characters over the years, but this one is quite different|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/soni-singh-on-returning-to-doree-2-i-have-played-many-characters-over-the-years-but-this-one-is-quite-different/articleshow/117294373.cms|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Upadhyay also reprise him role, Ganga in second season.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mona|first=|date=3 February 2025|title=Actor Amar Upadhyay talks of the show Doree 2|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/actor-amar-upadhyay-talks-of-the-show-doree-2/|access-date=24 March 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, Upadhyay who known playing Ganga quit the show.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 February 2025|title=Doree Season 2: Amar Upadhyay may quit the shoot, reveal reports|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/doree-season-2-amar-upadhyay-may-quit-shoot-reveal-reports/|access-date=17 March 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]
* [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers]]
* [[Gender inequality]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29535793}}
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/doree/ ''Doree''] on [[Colors TV]]
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/doree/3847641 ''Doree''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Maldivians

2026-03-30T02:11:16Z

SheldonCruce: creating a pg

{{Short description|Ethnic group native to the Maldive Islands}}
{{hatnote group|
{{for|information on the population of Maldives|Demographics of Maldives}}
{{distinguish|Moldovans}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Maldivians
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|dv|ދިވެހިން}}|''Dhivēhin''}}
| native_name_lang = dv
| image = Maldivian style - Flickr - nattu.jpg
| image_caption = Feyli (the ethnic attire of the Maldivian) was worn both by men and women in Maldives during the monarchy.
| flag = [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|100px]]
| flag_caption = [[Flag of the Maldives]]
| total = {{circa|382,639}}
| total_year = 2022
| total_source =
| total_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2022: Combined summary |url=https://census.gov.mv/2022/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/WPD2023.pdf |website=census.gov.mv |publisher=Maldives Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
| pop1 = 344,023 (2014)
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Total Maldivian Population by Islands, Census 2014. |url=http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/yearbook/2019/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/08/3.3.pdf |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics, Maldives.}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop2 = ~15,000{{efn|5,000 [[Maldivians in India|citizens]] and 10,000 [[Mahl people|Mahls]].}} (2011)
| ref2 = <ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/review/Voting_in_India_0708200711828.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520214101/http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/review/Voting_in_India_0708200711828.htm|url-status=dead|title=Maldivians in India and Sri Lanka want to vote in the Referendum|archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ethnologue |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=in |title=India |publisher=Ethnologue }}</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| pop3 = 1,500 (2008)
| ref3 = <ref name="sinhalaya.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.sinhalaya.com/news/english/wmview.php?ArtID=15816 |title=Sinhalaya's Coverage – Provincial Council Elections on 14th February |publisher=Sinhalaya.com |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=28 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617013506/http://www.sinhalaya.com/news/english/wmview.php?ArtID=15816 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop4 = [[Maldivians in Sri Lanka|1,280]] (2025)
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |last1=Bushry |first1=Anaan |title=Maldivian population in Sri Lanka drastically declines |url=https://edition.mv/islands/40271 |website=The Edition |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en |date=30 March 2025}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| pop5 = 1,000 (2008)
| ref5 = <ref name="sinhalaya.com"/>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop7 = 1,000 (2006)
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web | title=SINHALAya's FULL COVERAGE - Maldivians to vote in India, Sri Lanka - News Stories | url=http://www.sinhalaya.com/news/english/wmview.php?ArtID=15816 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617013506/http://www.sinhalaya.com/news/english/wmview.php?ArtID=15816 | archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop8 = [[Maldivian Americans|733]] (2020)
| ref8 = <ref name="Census2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html |title=Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop9 = [[Maldivians in Pakistan|450]] (2010)
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://policyresearchgroup.com/maldives/770.html |title=Strategic Insight – Protests in the Maldives over settling 2 Guantanamo Bay terrorists |publisher=Policy Research Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715102003/http://policyresearchgroup.com/maldives/770.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop10 = 680 (2021)
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people-census/2021/Census%2520article%2520-%2520Aboriginal%2520and%2520Torres%2520Strait%2520Islander%2520ancestries.xlsx&usg=AOvVaw1iO_6L6RHduMNkGjoc6g0W |title=Table 6 Australia Bureau of Statistics profile – Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504142326/http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/asian-century/maldives.html |archive-date=4 May 2013 }}</ref>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| pop11 = 150 (2011)
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=details&id=106549 |title=HaveeruOnline: Maldives News, Sports, Travel, Business, Technology, Entertainment, Politics, and Breaking News |publisher=Haveeru.com.mv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617041818/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=details&id=106549 |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| pop12 = 90 (2019){{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop13 = 39
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web | title=CBS Statline | url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?dl=A97C0 }}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
| pop14 = 3 (2023)
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |title=2023.12 Foreign Residents by Nationality |publisher=內政部移民署 |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/363574/cp_news |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
| pop15 = 2 (2010)
| ref15 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Household Population by Country of Citizenship: Philippines, 2010 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Citizenship%20by%20Country.pdf |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |archive-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116101554/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Citizenship%20by%20Country.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
| pop16 = 1 (2025){{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
| ref16 =
| languages = [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]
| religions = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="un.int"/><ref name="everyculture.com"/><ref>{{cite web |title=About the Maldives |url=http://maldivesmission.com/culture |publisher=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the UN.}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], [[Arabic people|Arabs]], [[Malay people| Malays]]
| footnotes = a. {{note|en|}} Excluding a smaller number of foreign nationals and ambassadors.
}}

'''Maldivians''' ({{langx|dv|ދިވެހިން|translit=Dhivēhin}}, {{IPA|dv|diˈʋehiŋ|pron}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnic group]] and [[nation]] native to the Maldive Islands, constituting the [[Maldives|Republic of Maldives]] and the island of [[Minicoy]] (within [[Lakshadweep]], a [[union territory]] of [[India]]). They share a common [[#Genetics and research studies|ancestry]], [[History of the Maldives|history]], [[Culture of the Maldives|culture]] and [[Maldivian language|language]].<ref name="Cain">{{cite book |last= Cain|first= B.D. |title= Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study (Ph.D. dissertation)|publisher= Cornell University |year= 2000 }}</ref>

==Subgroups==

For ethnographic and linguistic purposes as well as geopolitical reasons, anthropologists divide the Maldivian people into three subgroups.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com">{{cite web|title=maldives-ethnography.com|url=http://www.maldives-ethnography.com/|publisher=maldives-ethnography.com}}</ref>

=== Main group ===
The main group numbers more than 250,000. The group inhabits the numerous atolls stretching from [[Haa Alif Atoll|Ihavandhippolhu]] (Haa Alif) to [[Haddhunmathi]] (Laamu) in the Maldives. They constitute over 70% of the total. On a larger scale, the third group also comes under this group. The standard dialect of the Maldivian language which is spoken in the Maldive's capital, [[Malé]], comes from the group, along with the central atolls. Variants are spoken in the rest of the islands, from the far north to Laamu Atoll.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com" />

=== Southern group ===
The southern group is found in the three southernmost atolls of the equatorial zone ([[Huvadhu Atoll|Huvadhu]], [[Fuvahmulah]] and [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] [[atoll]]s). This group numbers approximately 60,000 and constitutes about 20% of the total. The earliest known settlements were in this region. This group of Maldivians has the closest proximity to the original Maldivian people in terms of language and ethnicity.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com" /> Each of the 3 atolls has its own distinctive form of the Maldivian language (''[[Huvadhu dialect]]'', ''Mulaku dialect'', ''Addu dialect''), which are significantly different from other dialects and have greater affinity to the original.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&q=suvadivians&pg=PA1799 |title=Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 4. S – Z – James Minahan – Google Books |isbn=9780313323843 |last1=Minahan |first1=James |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press }}</ref>

=== Minicoy ===
The people of Minicoy (Malikun) – [[Mahl people|Mahls]], number about 10,000. Minicoy island lies at the northern end of the Maldivian atoll chain and is the northernmost group. They make up 3% of the total. Ethnically and linguistically they are identical to the main group. They are distinguished instead by their politics and their latter day affiliation with India. The Minicoians are steadily undergoing a process of acculturation. The group has its own dialect (called ''Maliku dialect or Mahl'') which retains some features of an older Maldivian, and shows [[Malayalam]] influences. The dialect is mutually intelligible with main group Maldivian.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com" />

==Myths and legends==
No historical evidence explains the origin of Maldivians; no evidence describes any [[negrito]] or other aboriginal population, such as the [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]. No archaeology has investigated the islands' prehistory. However, a [[Tamil–Malayalam languages|Tamil–Malayalam]] substratum remains, in addition to later cultural influences in the islands.<ref name="Maloney">{{cite book |last= Maloney|first= C. |title= People of the Maldive Islands|publisher= Orient Longman Ltd, Madras |year= 1980 |isbn= 978-0-86131-158-3}}</ref> [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Odia people|Odia]], and [[Sinhalese people]] have had trading connections with Dhivehi people in the past.

Scholars conjecture that the ancestors of Maldivian people arrived in the [[Maldives]] from [[Northwest India|North West]] and [[Western India|West India]], from [[Kalibangan]] between 2500 and 1700 BC<ref name="mathaaran">{{cite web
|url=http://www.mathaaran.com/en
|title=Matāran
|publisher=A Guide to the Mahal Language
|access-date=2009-08-30
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828095757/http://www.mathaaran.com/en/
|archive-date=28 August 2009
}}</ref>{{not in source|date=November 2024}} and that they formed a distinct ethnic group around the 6th century BC.

===Origin===
[[Maldivian folklore]] describes the dependence of the Maldivians on the [[coconut]] tree and the [[tuna]] fish.<ref>Xavier Romero-Frias, (2012) ''Folk tales of the Maldives'', NIAS Press, {{ISBN|978-87-7694-104-8}}, {{ISBN|978-87-7694-105-5}}</ref> One legend says that the first inhabitants died in great numbers, but a great sorcerer or ''fandita'' made [[coconut tree]]s grow out of the skulls of the buried corpses of the first settlers. Therefore, the coconut tree is said to have an anthropomorphic origin. The word naashi (coconut shell) is the word for skull in the Dhivehi language.<ref name="ReferenceF">[[Xavier Romero-Frias]], ''The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom'', Barcelona 1999, {{ISBN|84-7254-801-5}}</ref> The coconut tree occupies a central place in the present-day [[Emblem of Maldives|Maldive national emblem]].

The [[skipjack tuna|tuna]] fish is said to have been brought to Maldivian waters by a mythical seafarer (''maalimi'') called Bodu Niyami Kalēfanu who went close to the Dagas (the [[Kalpavriksha|mythical tree]] at the end of the world) to bring this fish.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>

====First settlers====
One of the earliest people to settle were from the [[Malabar Coast]] of [[India]] and northwestern shores of [[Sri Lanka]], and are of [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Malayali]] ancestry, evidenced by the [[Tamil–Malayalam languages|Tamil–Malayalam]] substratum in language and culture. {{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The [[Giraavaru people]] are considered one of the earliest settlers. They were technologically advanced, building sail boats (''[[Dhoni_(fishing_vessel)|dhonis]])''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4Gv4NV0ry0C&q=tamil+maldives|title=The Maldives|last=Ellis|first=Kirsten|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Passport Books|isbn=9780844296944|language=en}}</ref>

The people used words such as ''varam'' for their islands. Examples given in the old manuscript are: ''Noḷivaram'', ''Kuruhinnavaram'', and ''Girāvaram''. Many of the old terms used by Maldivian fishermen come from [[Dravidian languages]], leading to the assumption that these terms were brought from southern coastal India. Historical records show that in the southern and central atolls, occupations such as farming and weaving became important early on.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

After the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]' arrival and the introduction of the [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]], a prince of India is said to have visited the Maldives. The period can be estimated from oral tradition, and the story corresponds to that from Sri Lanka's ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' chronicle, about the king's son exiled from his country who arrived in Lanka, while one of his ships lost its way and arrived in the Maldives. {{citation needed|date=January 2019}} In legend, the prince who arrived in the Maldives was the son of ''Brahmaditiya'', king of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] (Brahmadatta was King at the time of [[The Buddha|Buddha's]] death c. 500 – 350 BC), a kingdom in the south-east of India (modern [[Orissa]]). King Brahmaditiya was displeased with his son and sent him to Dheeva Maari (Maldives). The prince was ''Sri Soorudasaruna''. Sri Soorudasaruna established a kingdom of the Adeetha Vansha Dynasty (Solar Dynasty) there, shortly before the reign of [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]] in India. That places the establishment of the first kingdom in the Maldives circa the 4th century BC. Tradition says that [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]] established his kingdom in [[Pataliputra]] and that his people preached the religion and teachings of Buddha to [[Bairat]], west of Pataliputra. People came from Bairat to teach Buddhism. These people are said to have arrived during Ashoka's reign, probably when he sent Buddhist missionaries to all neighbouring countries, in the 3rd century BC. When the Buddhist missionaries arrived in the Maldives, the place was called Dheeva Mahl. Around the 2nd century AD, Arab traders stopped by the Maldives en route to the [[Far East]]–their first record of the Maldives islands, which they called Mahal Dibiyat, is from these traders. The Maldives provided enormous quantities of [[cowrie]] shells, an international currency at the time. The cowrie became the symbol of the Maldives Monetary Authority. Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari, a North African Arab, is credited with converting the Maldivians to [[Islam]] in 1153.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

===First ruling dynasty===
The ruling dynasty was established by prince Koimala. In the ''[[Lōmāfānu]]'' and ''[[Rādavaḷi]]'' chronicles pre-Muslim royalty are represented by a king, whose successor was converted to Islam. The name Koimala Kalo is suggestive: ''koi'' or ''koyi'' in [[Maldivian language]] means son, lad or prince (derived from [[Malayalam]] ''koya'', son, prince, master, cf. the Dravidian root ''kō'', king). The ''malā'' component may be derived from ''māla'' as in Māla-dīv, but, if so, the name would mean 'prince of the Maldives'. The term ''kalō'' is a common word for man, used as a term of endearment. The title of former Maldivian kings was ''kattiri bovana mahaa radun'', 'Kattiri' (ކައްތިރި) meaning [[Kshatriya]] in Maldivian.

One oral tradition says that the [[Giraavaru people]] are the indigenous people of the Maldives and were present before Koimala arrived.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} They are of [[Tamils|Tamil]] origin; their presence predates Buddhism and the arrival of Indo-Aryans.<ref name="auto1"/> This may be the reason that the Dhivehi kinship system is part of the Dravidian origin, and bears evidence of some [[Matrilineality|matriliny]], like the [[Nair|Nayar]] and other matrilineal groups of [[Kerala]]. Some kinship terms are derived from [[Malayalam]].

==== Origin Myths ====
Five versions of the myth survive:<ref name="Maloney" />

==== Ceylonese Prince Koimala ====
At a time when the Maldives were still sparsely inhabited, Prince Koimala, who had married the daughter of the king of Ceylon, made a voyage with her in two vessels from Srendib (Sri Lanka). Reaching the Maldives they were becalmed and rested at [[Rasgetheemu (Raa Atoll)|Rasgetheemu]] island in North Maalhosmadulu Atoll.

The islanders, learning that the two chief visitors were Ceylon royals, invited them to remain; they ultimately proclaimed Koimala their king at Rasgetheemu, the original 'King's Island'. Koimala and his spouse migrated to Malé and settled there with the consent of the inhabitants, then the most important community of Malé Atoll.

The two ships were dispatched to Lanka, and brought over other people of 'the Lion Race' ([[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]). Koimala and his queen spawned a male child called Kalaminja. He reigned as a Buddhist for twelve years and then converted to Islam, ruling for thirteen years more before migrating to [[Mecca]].

This ruler's daughter married the chief minister and reigned as a nominal Sultana. She gave birth to a son called Kalaminja, who, in turn, married a lady of the country. The legend was recorded by Bell in 1922.

==== Indian prince ====
The Indian king was angry with his son, and sent him with and his wife in two boats with 700 soldiers. They came to Rasgetheemu in Raa Atoll. When he became king there, people called that island Rasgetheemu "King's Landing". The king and queen then came to Malé, and Koimala was born to them. Maloney reported this from Malé.

==== Malakamana ====
"When Koimala and his wife came, there were already people here. Because she was a princess of royal lineage, people asked her husband to rule. Koimala sent ships to Sri Lanka and brought back more people. It is said that a beautiful woman named Malakamana from the Maldives was one of the early people who settled Sri Lanka." Maloney reported that from [[Noonu Atoll]].

==== Manadhoo ====
A hunter king of Sri Lanka was hunting and caught a man beast in his net. The man-beast couldn't walk, so the king taught him. The man-beast married the king's daughter, but he made political trouble in Sri Lanka, so was forced into exile. He and the princess arrived in Rasgetheemu and lived there for some time, where the locals there asked them to rule them. Maloney reported this from Manadhoo, Noonu Atoll.

==== Hulhumeedhoo ====
A hunter king of India was hunting with a net. He saw a creature that looked human but walked on all fours, and that disturbed the people. This creature would steal the hunters' nets and prey, upsetting the king. The king made large weights for his net, to heavy for ordinary humans to lift, preventing the creature from stealing it. One day, the king, with the help of many men, put the net over the creature, trapping it. The king took the creature to the palace, looked after him, and taught him language. The creature helped the king by showing him treasures in the forest, and the king came to respect him.

The king had a daughter who fell in love with this creature (in an alternate version, the king forced his daughter to marry him). The king became angry and sent them into exile. Their ship came to Laam ([[Haddhunmathi Atoll|Hadummati]]) Atoll (towards the south), where the pair saw a crow that cried. They thought the crow was a poor omen, and it was, therefore, undesirable to land there, so they continued to Malé. They settled in what is now Sultan Park (the site of the former palace) and started a kingdom.

After fifteen years, a [[jinn]] began to come from the ocean once a month and disturbed the people... (from here follows the story of the saint who came and dispelled the ''jinni'' and caused all the people to convert to Islam). Maloney reported this from [[Hulhumeedhoo]], [[Addu Atoll]].

====Gujaratis====
Maloney reported that Gujarat, with its indented coastline and its proximity to the navigation routes of the [[Mesopotamia]]n and [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus]] civilisations, maintained a tradition of navigation for over 4000 years. The earliest Buddhist literature records seafaring from its ports. North Indian civilisation reached the Maldives and Sri Lanka from Gujarat. North Indian civilisation also reached [[Java]] and other parts of Southeast Asia. The export of this civilisation across [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] began about 500 B.C. During the Mauryan period and the diffusion of Buddhism, sea traffic in the [[Bay of Bengal]] supplemented and, to some extent, surpassed that originating along the coasts of Western India.

Three ''Jataka'' tales seem to refer to the Maldives, particularly that exiles from Bharukaccha went to a thousand islands ([[Lakshadweep|Laccadive]] and Maldives) where they found room, and that these were near an island named for coconuts ([[Kerala]]). This suggests seafarers from Bharukaccha and Suppara visited the Maldives, and that Gujaratis settled there in pre-Buddhist times. Other Jataka tales suggest that ships from Gujarat sailing to Southeast Asia stopped in the Maldives and that merchants in search of treasures sailed in several seas called–''maala'' (or ''maara'').

The Maldives may have been settled in parallel with the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers in Sri Lanka. Mariners from the peninsula's northwestern coasts must have on occasion been blown over to the Maldives—unmanned canoes and rafts from Kerala appeared there–and the dangers of shipwreck were vividly described in ''Jātakas.'' These might have arisen from contact with some of the thousands of the local reefs, which sailors long dreaded. Shipwrecked Gujaratis, as well as exiles, may have been early settlers there.

==Geographic distribution==

===Maldives===
The [[Maldive Islands]] comprise the [[Republic of Maldives]] and the island of [[Minicoy]] in the [[Lakshadweep|Union territory of Lakshadweep]], India. The secession of Minicoy from Maldivian rule and its affiliation with India gradually led to the emergence of a Maldivian population of Indian citizens who came to be known as [[Mahls]].

More than 97% of Maldivians live in the Maldives. Maldivian communities across the world (including the people of Minicoy) originate from the Maldives. The Maldivian community consists of the main group, the Suvadivians, and the Mahls.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com"/>

====Southern group ====
As a result of political activities during the early 1960s, the term ''Suvadivian'' was adopted by some authors to refer to the southern group. From 1959 to 1963 a short-lived breakaway government named [[United Suvadive Republic]] was formed by Southerners, from which the name originated although the name is novel. The names Suvadive and Suvadivian suggest that they stem from the ancient name for the atolls of Huvadhu, Fuvahmulah and Addu, or Suvadiva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maldivesculture.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=127&Itemid=58 |title=Chapter 2 – Maldivians and their history |publisher=Maldives Culture }}</ref>

The Suvadivians, living on [[Huvadhu Atoll|Huvadhu]], [[Fuvahmulah]] and Addu atolls number approximately 60,000 and constitute about 20% of Maldivians.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com"/> The group has the closest linguistic and ethnic proximity to the original Maldivians. Historical records suggest that this group faced less interference from the outside world. Unlike the other group, this group was not affected by Portuguese rule as it did not cross Suvadiva channel. Fewer traders and travelers visited this area.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Each atoll of the Suvadiva region speaks its own distinctive forms of the [[Maldivian language]] (''Huvadhu dialect'', ''Mulaku dialect'' and ''Addu dialect''), which are much different from the rest may be closer to the original.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com"/>

====Main group====
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
This group of Maldivians was subject to substantial foreign interactions. Numerous incidents of interference from outsiders came from traders, travelers, and others. Portuguese rule and other factors affected the language and the ethnic mix.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Minicoy (Malikun) – Mahls ===
{{Main|Maldivians in India}}

The Minicoy secession created a Maldivian population holding Indian citizenship. This group consists of the people of Minicoy and migrants. The only communities of ethnic Maldivians with Indian citizenship are from Minicoy, officially referred as [[Mahl people|Mahls]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&q=mahls+lakshadweep&pg=PA161 |title=Language in South Asia – Google Books |date=27 March 2008|isbn=9781139465502 |last1=Kachru |first1=Braj B. |last2=Kachru |first2=Yamuna |last3=Sridhar |first3=S. N. |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> The people locally identify as ''Malikun''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lt-lt.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=79485165421&topic=14136|title=Facebook}}</ref> The group has its own dialect (called ''Maliku dialect or Mahl'') which retains features of the original [[Maldivian language]] and Malayalam influences. The dialect is mutually intelligible with the main group and is more related to variants of northern Maldives.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Most Mahls live in Minicoy. Mahls are 15.67% of the population of Lakshadweep. Mahl communities have emerged in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram]], [[Ernakulam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum)]] in the southern state of [[Kerala]]. Their ancestors settled there in the 17th century when the islands of [[Lakshadweep]] came under the rule of [[Ali Raja]]hs/Arakkal Bheevi of [[Kannur]].

Since 1957, direct transport between Minicoy and the Maldives was forbidden by the Indian government. Thus they are adopting elements of Indian culture owing to a lack of contact with the Maldivian people.<ref name="maldives-ethnography.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maldivesroyalfamily.com/minicoy_holhification.shtml |title=Maldives Royal Family Official Website: MALIKU: THE FADING GLORY OF A LONELY QUEEN? |publisher=Maldivesroyalfamily.com |access-date=22 November 2010 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828183006/http://maldivesroyalfamily.com/minicoy_holhification.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
{{Main|Maldivians in Sri Lanka}}

Approximately 20,000 people of Maldivian ethnicity lived in Sri Lanka, as of 2013.

==Genetics and research studies==
{{Main|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}

In 1899, [[John Stanley Gardiner]] visited the Maldives and collected anthropometrical data on Maldivians from many islands. Analysis of this data by [[Wynfrid Duckworth]], suggested three major waves of immigration into the country. These are:<ref>Duckworth 1912: 8–30</ref>
* The peninsula of Hindustan with Ceylon,
* The coast of Arabia and possibly of Africa,
* The western shores of the Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Malaya Archipelago.<ref name="Indeterminate">{{cite web|author=Dhivehi Observer |url=http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/history/papers/First_Dhivehin_1708200612.htm |title=The First Dhivehin by Naseema Mohamed – Maldives :: Maldives News :: Dhivehi Observer :: Peoples Press |publisher=www.dhivehiobserver.com |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706080953/http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/history/papers/First_Dhivehin_1708200612.htm |archive-date=6 July 2009 }}</ref>
In 1997, a Maldivian NGO, the Society for Health Education, conducted a study on [[thalassaemia]] mutations in the Maldives. This study reported a mutation that probably originated in the [[Middle East]], another that could have been derived from Portuguese or Algerians, and another that probably originated from [[South Asia]] and Malays. The observations are consistent with historical records, showing that travellers from India, Indonesia, North Africa, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf areas settled in the Maldives.<ref>Firdous ''et al.'' 1998:148,149</ref> Thalassaemia is the most common genetically transmitted blood disease in the Maldives, and the study results suggest that many Maldivians had ancestors in the above-mentioned countries.<ref name="Indeterminate" />

Anthropological, ethnographic, and linguistic studies suggest that Maldivians share genes principally with the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] of Sri Lanka as well as western Indian populations, such as [[Marathis]], [[Konkanis]] and [[Gujaratis]] with traces of [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]], southern Indian and North African genes.<ref name="Maloney" /> In 2013, the department of Human Genetics of Liden University studied the genetic origins of Maldivians. The studied examined [[autosomal DNA]]-, [[mitochondrial DNA]]-, and Y-chromosomal DNA markers in a representative sample of 141 unrelated Maldivians, with 119 from six major settlements. The researchers found a total of 63 different mtDNA [[haplotypes]] that could be allocated to 29 [[mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup|mtDNA]]s, mostly within the [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]], [[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]] clades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maldives-ancestry.blogspot.com/2013/05/maldivian-ancestry-in-light-of-genetics.html|title=Ancestry of Maldivian Islanders in Light of Population Genetics: Maldivian Ancestry in light of Genetics|first=Rod|last=Mod|date=24 May 2013}}</ref> They also reported 66 different Y-STR haplotypes in 10 [[Y chromosome]] haplogroups, predominantly [[Haplogroup R1a1|R1a1]], [[Haplogroup R2a (Y-DNA)|R2]], [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] and [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]].<ref name="Pijpe">{{cite journal |author=Jeroen Pijpe, Alex de Voogt, Mannis van Oven, Peter Henneman, Kristiaan J. van der Gaag, Manfred Kayser & Peter de Knijff |year=2013 |title=Indian Ocean crossroads: human genetic origin and population structure in the Maldives |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=151 |issue=1 |pages=58–67 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22256 |pmid=23526367 |pmc=3652038 |bibcode=2013AJPA..151...58P }}</ref> The study concluded that this data agreed with commonly reported Maldivian ancestry, and suggested multiple, independent immigration events and asymmetrical migration of females and males across the archipelago.<ref name="Pijpe" />

The genetic study confirmed that the most likely origin of the Maldivian population was in [[South Asia]] with additions from the [[Middle East]]. The [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] language of the Maldives is the southernmost [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]] language and the sharing of specific haplogroups with [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]] populations mostly from [[India]] and from [[Sri Lanka]], could point to a common origin of these populations.<ref name="Pijpe" />

==Culture==
===Language and literature===
The [[Maldivian language]] is central to the Maldivian identity. Unlike South India's other languages, it is an [[Indo-European language]], while other South Indian languages are Dravidian. However the language shows some influences of Dravidian languages, and many loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E28DDgAAQBAJ&q=Giraavaru+people&pg=PA18|title=Dhivehi: The Language of the Maldives|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia E.|date=2017-01-28|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=9781614512349|language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
Islam is the country's [[state religion]]. Maldivians are entirely [[Muslims]], adhering to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] school of thought.<ref name="everyculture.com">{{cite web |title=Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Maldives.html |publisher=Everyculture.com}}</ref><ref name="un.int">{{cite web |title=Maldives Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/maldives/emble.htm#– |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135502/http://www.un.int/maldives/emble.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |publisher=Un.int}}</ref> Daily life is regulated according to the tenets of Islam and government policies are based on [[Sharia|Islamic law]] (Shari'a).<ref name="everyculture.com" /> The law prohibits the practice of any other religion by the country's citizens.<ref name="everyculture.com" /> Mahls too are [[Sunni Muslims]].

===Visual art and architecture===

Most traditional Maldivian art is influenced by Perso-Arabic tradition in some form and usually centres on Islam. Drawing and painting are the primary visual arts. Most practitioners serve the tourist souvenir trade. Sculpture and crafts that overlap are present, but have not flourished. Lack of venues in which to exhibit, and lack of arts education and training. These include the use of local materials to produce objects such as mats, handheld or display objects,

Private galleries and exhibitions organized by the government and the artists themselves, in the 21st century has encouraged young Maldivians to pursue painting, and other public and commercial art forms. Practitioners pursue expertise via distance learning, or via books and magazines or at international universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artgallery.gov.mv/exhibitions/15/ |title=Text from the catalog 'Maldives Contemporary 2005', published by the National Art Gallery, Maldives |publisher=Artgallery.gov.mv |date=19 October 2005 |access-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615070407/http://artgallery.gov.mv/exhibitions/15/ |archive-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Performing arts===
The traditional Maldivian performing arts have Indian and African roots.

===Martial arts===
Martial arts among Maldivians are known as ''hevikamuge kulhivaruthak'', while ''gulhamathi hifun'' is traditional wrestling.

===Festivals===
Most Maldivian festivals are related to Islam, however, some festivals belong to older Maldivian traditions, such as the kite flying festival. Naming a newborn child, ''Mauloodhu'' (a prayer accompanied by a festive meal), the [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] festival, and circumcision of the male child are a few events accompanied by celebrations.

A traditional meal called ''Keyn'' is prepared for the above ''Mauloodhus'' consisting of multiple courses. A single Keyn serves 10 – 12 people and includes rice, curries, salads, grilled fish, coconut cream, coconut syrup, bananas, puddings, and more.

Keyn is set out in a large wooden dish called a ''Malaafaiy''. Individual plates are then filled with curries, salads, and other items and set around the rice. This would be covered with a lid and wrapped in a white cloth tied at the top. At meal times this would be carried into the ''Mauloodh Haruge'' (dining hall specially made for this event) and placed on straw mats for service. Individual plates and other food items in individual dishes are placed as well. Beverages are individually set in glasses. Water is served in a ceramic jug. Food is consumed using the fingers of the right hand only. At the end of the meal, the hand is washed using a copper jug into a copper basin. 10 December is marked as ''Kandu Rōdi duvas'' and 14 April as ''Gamu Rōdi duvas'' on which date Maldivian language day is marked from 2011 onwards.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Festive day
! 2008<ref name="islamkalender">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamkalender.com/islamische-festtage.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212100107/http://www.islamkalender.com/islamische-festtage.html|url-status=dead|title=Islam-Kalender|archive-date=12 December 2007}}</ref>
! 2009<ref name="islamkalender" />
! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islam.de/2860.php |title=Deutscher islamwissenschaftlicher Ausschuss der Neumonde (DIWAN) |publisher=islam.de }}</ref>
|-
| [[Islamic New Year]]
| 10 January
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]
| 19 January
| 7 January
| ---
|-
| [[Mawlid|Mawlid an-Nabi]]
| 20 March
| 9 March
| 26 February
|-
| [[Lailat al Miraj#Modern observance|Lailat al Miraj]]
| 31 July
| 20 July
| ?
|-
| [[Mid-Sha'ban|Lailat al-Baraat]]
| 18 August
| 7 August
| ?
|-
| [[Ramadan]]<ref name="date">Aufgrund verschiedener Berechnungsgrundlagen, kann dieses Datum um einen oder zwei Tage variieren</ref>
| 1 September<ref>AFP: [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ief609hzXVzh1Rxc6WKNrq-SMaHg Muslime in Libyen und Nigeria beginnen Fastenmonat Ramadan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211185024/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ief609hzXVzh1Rxc6WKNrq-SMaHg |date=11 December 2011 }}: 2008 begann der Ramadan in Libyen und Nigeria am 31. August, in Pakistan und für die Ahmadis in Deutschland am 2. September; [http://stephanscom.at/news/0/articles/2008/09/02/a15250/ Katholischer Islamexperte in Wien], Erzdiözese Wien am 2. September: „Mit der Sichtung des Neumondes beginnt der muslimische Fastenmonat Ramadan. Das war in Wien, am Dienstag, 2. September 2008, um 4.31 Uhr."</ref>
| 22 August
| 11 August
|-
| [[Laylat al-Qadr|Lailat al Qadr]]
| 28 September
| 17 September
| ?
|-
| [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul-Fitr]]<ref name="date" />
| 1 October
| 21 September
| 10 September
|-
| [[Eid al-Adha|Eid ul-Adha]]
| 8 December
| 27 November
| 17 November
|-
| [[Islamic New Year]]
| 29 December
| 18 December
| 7 December
|-
| [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]
| ---
| 27 December
| 17 December
|}

===Dress===
Traditionally Maldivian men wear a ''mundu'' with a shirt, similar to that of [[Malayali]] people. Maldivian women wear a red top with a gold neck trim called a Libaas and a long black skirt.

===Cuisine===
{{main|Maldivian cuisine}}

Rice is the major staple food in most Maldivian households. It is usually cooked and served with ''Garudiya'' (tuna soup). Specialty cuisines.

==== ''Bocholhi'' ====
Made of rice flour, coconut – semi-firm (grated), and coconut palm syrup by mixing the ingredients until lumps disappear and cooked over moderate heat until the mixture thickens.

==== ''Godhan Furhu Boa Folhi'' ====
Made of flour, coconut – semi-hard (blended to a smooth paste), eggs, coconut cream, jasmine water, coconut palm syrup, cinnamon powder, cardamom powder, and oil by mixing the ingredients apart from the oil. Cooked over moderate heat and once the top of the pancake dries up, turned over and cooked.

==== ''Han’dulu Aurus'' ====
Made of rice (soaked overnight), washed and blended to a smooth paste), coconut palm syrup, jasmine water, and jasmine flowers by placing all the ingredients apart from the flowers in a thick-bottomed pan and cooked over moderate heat by stirring constantly. Wrapped entirely with banana leaf and jasmine flowers are placed over the sweets. This sweet will keep for two to three months without spoiling.

==== ''Han’dulu Furhu Kubus'' ====
Made of patna rice (soaked overnight, washed, and blended to a smooth paste), coconut – semi-firm (grated), coconut palm syrup, caster sugar, and banana leaf. The grated coconut, palm sugar, and caster sugar are cooked over moderate heat until the mixture thickens. Removed from heat and cooled. Blended rice added and kneaded thoroughly. Mixture divided into eight portions and each portion wrapped in a banana leaf and then wrapped in a second banana leaf.

The wrapped portions are placed in a hole with coconut fibres and coconut shells that are burned for 30 minutes and left overnight in the hole for consumption that day.

==== ''Hukkaru'' ====
Made of coconut palm syrup by boiling the syrup over moderate heat and cooked by stirring continuously until it starts to thicken. Removed from heat and whisked until frothy and cool.

[[File:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|[[Minicoy|Maliku]] Bonda (Bondi)]]

==== ''Huni Folhi'' ====
Made of Patna Rice flour, coconut – semi-hard (grated), and coconut palm syrup by cooking all the ingredients over moderate heat in a thick-bottomed pan stirring continuously.

When the mixture starts to come loose from the side of the pan it is removed from the heat. One tablespoon of the cooked mixture is spread on a corkwood leaf. It is smoked and dried and the leaves are spread with the sweet over the fireplace.

==== ''Karukuri Banbukeyo'' ====
Made of a fried breadfruit (crushed coarsely), coconut palm syrup, and jasmine water by bringing the syrup and the jasmine water to boil and cooking over moderate heat until it comes to the ribbon stage. The crushed breadfruit is added into the sugar and coated well. It is kept in an airtight container.

==== ''Karukuri Ala'' ====
Made of fried taro (crushed coarsely), coconut palm syrup, and jasmine water by boiling the syrup and the jasmine water and cooking over moderate heat until it comes to the ribbon stage. The crushed taro is added into the sugar and coated well. It is kept in an airtight container.

==== ''Kulhi Bis Fathafolhi'' ====
Made of patna rice flour, grated coconut, rihaakuru, blended rihaakuru bondi, eggs, thin-sliced onion, chopped curry leaves, cherry pepper, juice of two limes, ginger, salt to season, and oil by crushing the onion, curry leaves, cherry pepper, ginger with salt. The rice flour and coconut are added to make a sandy texture. A bay is formed in the center of the rice mixture and the eggs and rihaakuru and rihaakuru bondi are added. The dough is kneaded and divided into 15  gram balls. Each ball is spread to about ¼ inch thickness. A 3 – inch diameter round cutter divides the dough and it is cooked in pre-heated oil.

==== ''Meeraa'' ====
Made of coconut sap (collected at noon) by boiling the sap over moderate heat and stirring continuously until it comes to the ribbon stage. A spoonful of the thickened syrup is placed on a large greased tray in strings.

==== ''Thela Kubus'' ====
Made of patna rice flour, coconut palm syrup, eggs, and coconut oil by whisking the egg and the syrup, adding in the rice flour, and beating further. A tablespoonful of the mixture is deep-fried until golden.

==== ''Theluli Keyo'' ====
Made of plantain (peeled and cut length-wise) and oil by frying the bananas until crisped. Drained on absorbent kitchen paper and kept in an airtight container.

==== ''Veli Hakuru'' ====
Made of coconut palm syrup by boiling the syrup over moderate heat and cooked by stirring continuously until it starts to crystallise. After cooling, put into sealed jars.

==== Other dishes ====
* ''Falhoa Aurus''
* ''Naaroh Faludha''
* ''Fuppi Baiy''
* ''Gerhi Banbukeyo''
* ''Gerhi Kattala''
* ''Kaliyaa Kuri Kattala''
* ''Varukuri Baiy''

==Communities==

===Maldivian names===
A generation ago, Maldivians were not commonly known by their birth names. Instead, they were called alternative names such as Dohuttu, Lahuttu, Tutteedi, Kudamaniku, or Don Goma. The rationale behind this practice was that if evil spirits did not know someone's real name, they would be free from their spells.<ref name="Maldives Royal Family">{{cite web
| url = http://www.maldivesroyalfamily.com/maldives_name.shtml
| title = Maldive Names
| publisher = Maldives Royal Family
| access-date = 2009-12-24
| archive-date = 15 March 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100315143241/http://www.maldivesroyalfamily.com/maldives_name.shtml
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The ancient Maldivian naming system is similar to that of Gujaratis and Marathas that are addressed by their first name, while the middle name is the father/mother's name, and the last name is the family name.

Common Maldivian family names include Bee, Beefan, Boo, Didi, Fan, Fulhu, Kader, Kalaminja, Kalinga, Kalo, Kavah, Kavya, Koi, Koya, Manik, Manika, Manike, Manikfan, Naha, Raha, Rana, Tarkan, Thakhan, Thakur, Thakurfan, and Veer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/Index.aspx?lid=1|title=The President's Office – Home|website=presidencymaldives.gov.mv|access-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617031616/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/Index.aspx?lid=1|archive-date=17 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Maldives}}
* [[Giraavaru people]]
* [[Folklore of the Maldives|Maldivian folklore]]
* [[Minicoy]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{div col}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = [[HCP Bell|Bell]]
| given1 = HCP
| year = 1940
| title = The Maldive Islands – Monograph on the History, Archaeology and Epigraphy
| publisher = Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo
| isbn = 978-99915-3-051-2
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Cain
| given1 = Bruce D
| year = 2000
| title = Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic study
| publisher = PhD thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at Cornell University
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Geiger
| given1 = Wilhem
| year = 2001
| title = Maldivian Linguistic Studies
| publisher = Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Reynolds
| given1 = C H B
| year = 1974
| title = Buddhism and The Maldivian Language
| publisher = in Buddhist Studies in Honour of I. B. Horner, Dordrecht
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = [[Xavier Romero-Frias|Romero-Frias]]
| given1 = Xavier
| year = 2012
| title = Folk tales of the Maldives
| publisher =NIAS Press (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies), Copenhagen
| isbn =978-87-7694-104-8
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 =Romero-Frias
| given1 = Xavier
| year = 1999
| title = The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom
| publisher = Nova Ethnographia Indica, Barcelona
| isbn = 978-84-7254-801-5
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Vitharana
| given1 = V
| year = 1987
| title = Sri Lanka – Maldivian Cultural Affinities
| publisher = Academy of Sri Lankan Culture
}}.
{{refend}}
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.academia.edu/4704952/Maldives-ethnography_Part_2_Island_Life_and_Folklore_ Maldives Ethnography, by Xavier Romero-Frias]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719062918/http://www.mathaaran.com/ A Guide to Mahl Language, Minicoy]}}
* [https://www.academia.edu/12410116/Clarence_Maloney_his_vision_his_work_and_the_ancient_underlying_cultural_influences_in_the_Maldives Clarence Maloney, his vision, his work and the ancient underlying cultural influences in the Maldives]
{{Maldives topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Dhivehi people|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Maldives| 01]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka]]

Left- and right-hand traffic

2026-03-29T14:31:20Z

SheldonCruce: improved details for accuracy and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Directionality of traffic flow by jurisdiction}}
{{Redirect|Traffic direction|the task performed by traffic officers|Traffic police|traffic navigation|Satellite navigation device}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Countries driving on the left or right.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries by direction of road traffic, 2020s
{{legend|#204A87|Left-hand traffic}} {{legend|#CC0000|Right-hand traffic}} {{legend|#808080|No data}}]]

'''Left-hand traffic''' ('''LHT''') and '''right-hand traffic''' ('''RHT''') are the practices, in [[bidirectional traffic]], of keeping to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to [[traffic flow]], and are sometimes called a "[[Traffic#Rules of the road|rule of the road]]".<ref name="kincaid">{{Cite book |last=Kincaid |first=Peter |title=The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=December 1986 |pages=50, 86–88, 99–100, 121–122, 198–202 |isbn=978-0-313-25249-5}}</ref> The terms right- and left-hand "drive" refer to the position of the driver and the [[steering wheel]] in the vehicle and are, in automobiles, the reverse of the terms right- and left-hand "traffic". The rule also includes where on the road a vehicle is to be driven, if there is room for more than one vehicle in one direction, and the side on which the vehicle in the rear overtakes the one in the front. For example, a driver in an LHT country would typically overtake on the right of the vehicle being overtaken.

RHT is used in 165 countries and territories, mainly in the Americas, [[Continental Europe]], most of Africa and mainland Asia (except [[South Asia]] and [[Thailand]]), while 75 countries use LHT,<ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111225/http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|url-status=live}}{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}</ref> which account for about a sixth of the world's land area, a quarter of its roads, and about a third of its population.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |last1=Barta |first1=Patrick |title=Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125086852452149513 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605100337/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125086852452149513 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> In 1919, 104 of the world's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. Between 1919 and 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT.<ref name="watson">{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Ian |date=September 1999 |title=The rule of the road, 1919–1986: A case study of standards change |url=http://www.ianwatson.org/rule_of_the_road.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010161416/http://www.ianwatson.org/rule_of_the_road.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

While many of the countries using LHT were part of the [[British Empire]], others such as [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Macau]], [[Thailand]], and [[Mozambique]] were not. [[Sweden]] and [[Iceland]], which have used RHT since [[Dagen H|September 1967]] and [[H-dagurinn|late May 1968]] respectively, previously used LHT. All of the countries that were part of the [[French colonial empire|French Colonial Empire]] adopted RHT.

Historical switches of traffic handedness have often been motivated by factors such as changes in political administration, a desire for uniformity within a country or with neighboring states, or availability and affordability of vehicles.

In LHT, traffic keeps left and cars usually have the steering wheel on the right (RHD: right-hand drive) and [[roundabout]]s circulate clockwise. RHT is the opposite: traffic keeps right, the driver usually sits on the left side of the car (LHD: left-hand drive), and roundabouts circulate counterclockwise.

In most countries, rail traffic follows the handedness of the roads; but many of the countries that switched road traffic from LHT to RHT did not switch their trains. Boat traffic on [[Body of water|bodies of water]] is RHT, regardless of location. Boats are traditionally piloted from the [[starboard]] side (and not the port side like RHT road traffic vehicles) to facilitate [[priority to the right]].

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Background==
[[File:Driving standards historic.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries with left- and right-hand traffic, currently and formerly. Changes since 1858 when [[Finland]] changed to the right are taken into account. {{legend|#cc0000|Drives on the right}}{{legend|#f57900|Formerly drove on the left, now drives on the right}}{{legend|#204a87|Drives on the left}}{{legend|#5c3566|Formerly drove on the right, now drives on the left}}{{legend|#4e9a06|Formerly a mix of left and right in various parts of the country, now drives on the right}}{{legend|#FFFF00|Formerly a mix of left and right in various parts of the country, now drives on the left}}{{legend|#808080|No data}}]]

Historically, many places kept left, while many others kept right, often within the same country. There are many myths that attempt to explain why one or the other is preferred.<ref name="mcmanus"/> About 90 percent of people are [[handedness|right-handed]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Searing |first1=Linda |title=The Big Number: Lefties make up about 10 percent of the world |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/the-big-number-lefties-make-up-about-10-percent-of-the-world/2019/08/09/69978100-b9e2-11e9-bad6-609f75bfd97f_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812171100/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/the-big-number-lefties-make-up-about-10-percent-of-the-world/2019/08/09/69978100-b9e2-11e9-bad6-609f75bfd97f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and many explanations reference this. Horses are traditionally mounted from the left, and led from the left, with the reins in the right hand. So people walking horses might use RHT, to keep the animals separated. Also referenced is the need for pedestrians to keep their swords in the right hand and pass on the left as in LHT, for self-defence. It has been suggested that wagon-drivers whipped their horses with their right hand, and thus sat on the left-hand side of the wagon, as in RHT. Academic Chris McManus notes that writers have stated that in 1300, [[Pope Boniface VIII]] directed pilgrims to keep left; others suggest that he directed them to keep to the right, and there is no documented evidence to back either claim.<ref name="mcmanus"/>

==Geographical areas==
===Africa===
{{multiple image
|width = 100
|footer = Roundabout signs used in [[Southern African Development Community]]
|image1 = SADC road sign R137.svg
|caption1 = LHT roundabout
|image2 = SADC road sign R137-RHT.svg
|caption2 = RHT roundabout
}}The British Empire introduced LHT in the [[East Africa Protectorate]] (present-day [[Kenya]]), the [[Protectorate of Uganda]], [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]] (formerly part of [[German East Africa]]; present-day [[Tanzania]]), [[Rhodesia]] (present-day [[Zambia]]/[[Zimbabwe]]), [[Eswatini]] and the [[Cape Colony]] (present-day [[South Africa]] and [[Lesotho]]), as well as in [[British West Africa]] (present-day Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria);<ref name="TBD Gambia">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22 |title=Tourist and Business Directory, the Gambia |date=1969 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> former British West Africa, however, has now switched to RHT, as all its neighbours, which are mostly former French territories, use RHT. South Africa, formerly the Cape Colony, introduced LHT in former [[German South West Africa]], present-day [[Namibia]], after the end of [[World War I]].

Sudan, formerly part of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], switched to RHT in 1973. Most of its neighbours were RHT countries, with the exception of Uganda and Kenya, but since the independence of [[South Sudan]] in 2011, all of its neighbours drive on the right (including South Sudan, despite its land borders with two LHT countries).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ssd_e/wtaccssd6_leg_51.pdf|title=LAWS OF SOUTH SUDAN, ROAD TRAFFIC AND SAFETY BILL, 2012|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730014335/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ssd_e/wtaccssd6_leg_51.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although [[Portugal]] switched to RHT in 1928, its [[Portuguese Mozambique|colony of Mozambique]] remained LHT because it has land borders with former British colonies (with LHT).

France introduced RHT in [[French West Africa]] and the [[Maghreb]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} where it is still used. Countries in these areas include [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], and [[Tunisia]]. Other French former colonies that are RHT include [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Chad]], [[Djibouti]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]].

[[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] are RHT but are considering switching to LHT (see "Potential future shifts" section below).

===Americas===
====United States====
In the late 18th century, right-hand traffic started to be introduced in the United States based on [[teamster]]s' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses and without a driver's seat; the (typically right-handed) [[postilion]] held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse, and therefore preferred other wagons passing on the left so that he would have a clear view of other vehicles.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37 |title=Why We Drive on the Right of the Road, ''Popular Science Monthly'', Vol.126, No.1, (January 1935), p.37 |access-date=25 April 2012|date=January 1935 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2020}} The first keep-right law for [[driving in the United States]] was passed in 1792 and applied to the [[Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike]].<ref name="On The Right Side of the Road">{{cite web|url=https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/general-highway-history/right-side-road|title=On The Right Side of the Road|last=Weingroff|first=Richard|publisher=United States Department of Transportation|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906042810/https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/general-highway-history/right-side-road|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Massachusetts]] formalized RHT in 1821.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/110303|title=An Act Establishing the Law of the Road|publisher=Massachusetts General Court|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031615/http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/110303|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[National Road]] was LHT until 1850, "long after the rest of the country had settled on the keep-right convention".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=Brian |title=Infrastructure: a field guide to the industrial landscape |date=2005 |publisher=WW Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-05997-9 |page=330}}</ref> Today the United States is RHT except the [[United States Virgin Islands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usvitourism.vi/travel_tips|title=Travel Tips | US Virgin Islands|publisher=Usvitourism.vi|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-date=16 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316035344/http://www.usvitourism.vi/travel_tips|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is LHT like many neighbouring islands.

Some special-purpose vehicles in the United States, like certain postal service trucks, garbage trucks, and parking-enforcement vehicles, are built with the driver's seat on the right for safer and easier access to the curb. A common example is the [[Grumman LLV]], which is used nationwide by the [[United States Postal Service|US Postal Service]] and by [[Canada Post]].

====Other countries in the Americas====
[[File:Nb-stj-1899.jpg|thumb|Parts of Canada were LHT until the 1920s, shown here in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], 1898.]]

In Canada, the provinces of [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]] were always RHT because they were created out of the former French colony of [[New France]].<ref name="cbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-driving-laws-1.4925856|title=The day New Brunswick switched to driving on the right|publisher=CBC News|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411172313/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-driving-laws-1.4925856|url-status=live}}</ref> The province of [[British Columbia]] changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf|title=Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920|date=March 1966|work=The British Columbia Road Runner|access-date=27 August 2017|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071518/https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html|title=Week in History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do|last=Griffin|first=Kevin|date=1 January 2016|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045523/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]] in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively,<ref name="ns1758.ca">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012644/http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html|url=http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html|title=Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides|last=Smith|first=Ivan|work=History of Automobiles – The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899–1949|archive-date=8 August 2018|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> and the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (part of Canada since 1949)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Snyder |first1=Timothy |last2=Rowe |first2=F.W. |title=Newfoundland Bill |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/newfoundland-bill |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> in 1947.<ref name="A triumph for left over right">{{cite news|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html|title=A triumph for left over right|last=Dyer|first=Gwynne|date=30 August 2009|newspaper=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|access-date=27 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827210937/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[West Indies]], colonies and territories drive on the same side as their parent countries, except for the [[United States Virgin Islands]]. Many of the island nations are former British colonies and drive on the left, including [[Jamaica]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Barbados]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[The Bahamas]]. However, most vehicles in The Bahamas,<ref name="bahamas">[https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&ei=wfvFXrzgILOg8gKPkoX4Dw&q=%22although+as+the+majority+of+the+hire+cars+are+left+hand+drive+American+models%22&oq=%22although+as+the+majority+of+the+hire+cars+are+left+hand+drive+American+models%22&gs_l=psy-ab.3...4639.4639.0.6200.1.1.0.0.0.0.93.93.1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.tSjFg70YGpM ''Dive the Bahamas: Complete Guide to Diving and Snorkelling''], Lawson Wood, Interlink Publishing Group, 2007, page 23</ref> [[Cayman Islands]],<ref name="caymans">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UMDsRwk10AC&dq=%22cayman+islands%22+%22left+hand+drive%22&pg=PA46 ''Adventure Guide to the Cayman Islands''], Paris Permenter, John Bigley, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2001, page 46</ref> [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]<ref name="turks and caicos">[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkeY2SlUEkwC&dq=%22Turks+and+Caicos%22+%22left+hand+drive%22&pg=PA50 ''Turks and Caicos''], Bradt Travel Guides, Annalisa Rellie, Tricia Hayne, 2008, page 50</ref> and both the [[British Virgin Islands]],<ref name="Fodor" /> and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] are LHD due to their being imported from the United States.<ref name="Fodor">[https://books.google.com/books?id=73995EWYNEsC&q=%22british+virgin+islands%22+%22left+hand+drive%22 ''U. S. and British Virgin Islands 2006''], Fodor's Travel Publications, 2005, page 28</ref>

[[File:International bridge - Letham, Guyana (23025487324).jpg|thumb|Crossover bridge near the [[Takutu River Bridge]] between Guyana (LHT) and Brazil (RHT)]]

[[Brazil]], a Portuguese colony until the early 19th century, had in the 19th and the early 20th century mixed rules, with some regions still on LHT, switching these remaining regions to RHT in 1928, the same year Portugal switched sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|title=Decreto nº 18.323, de 24 de Julho de 1928|website=Cãmara dos Deputados|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928082833/https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Central and South American countries that later switched from LHT to RHT include Argentina,<ref>[https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2024/06/10/el-dia-en-que-en-la-argentina-se-paralizo-el-transito-para-dejar-de-manejar-a-la-inglesa-y-circular-por-la-derecha/ El día en que en la Argentina se paralizó el tránsito para dejar de manejar “a la inglesa” y circular por la derecha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302170633/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2024/06/10/el-dia-en-que-en-la-argentina-se-paralizo-el-transito-para-dejar-de-manejar-a-la-inglesa-y-circular-por-la-derecha/ |date=2 March 2025 }}, ''Infobae'', 10 June 2024 (in Spanish).</ref> Panama,<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111081559/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars |date=11 January 2017 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 25 April 1943</ref> Paraguay,<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html De izquierda a derecha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225444/http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html |date=3 March 2018 }}, ''[[ABC Color]]'', 2 March 2014</ref> and Uruguay.<ref name="Autoblog"/>

[[Suriname]] and its neighbour [[Guyana]] are the only two remaining LHT countries in [[South America]].<ref name="tbr2015" />

===Asia===
[[File:Lotus-bridge-macau.jpg|thumb|The [[Lótus Bridge|Lotus Bridge]] exchanges between LHT in [[Macau]] and RHT in [[mainland China]].]]

LHT was introduced by the UK in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (now [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Bangladesh]]), [[British Malaya]] and [[British Borneo]] (now [[Malaysia]], Brunei and Singapore), as well as [[British Hong Kong]]. These countries, except Myanmar, are still LHT, as well as neighbouring countries [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]]. Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minordiversion.com/2012/03/the-unique-world-of-burmese-driving/|title=The Unique World of Burmese Driving|date=14 March 2012|website=a minor diversion|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929064533/http://www.minordiversion.com/2012/03/the-unique-world-of-burmese-driving/|url-status=live}}</ref> although much of its infrastructure is still geared to LHT as its neighbours India, Bangladesh and [[Thailand]] use LHT. Most cars are used RHD vehicles imported from Japan.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 | title = Myanmar's car market set to take new direction | first1 = Motokazu | last1 = Matsui | first2 = Takemi | last2 = Nakagawa | newspaper = [[Financial Times]] | location = London | date = 2 January 2017 | archive-date = 22 February 2018 | access-date = 25 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230034/https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Afghanistan]] was LHT until the 1950s, in line with Pakistan (former part of British India).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC&q=Right+hand+traffic+Afghanistan+by+Ghulam+Mohammad+Farhad%2C+the+Mayor+of+Kabul%2C%5B&pg=PA70|title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?|first =L. R. |last = Reddy|publisher=APH|year=2002|isbn=9788176483193|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

Although [[Portuguese Timor]] (present-day [[East Timor]]), which shares the island of [[Timor]] with [[Indonesia]], who is LHT, switched to RHT with [[Portugal]] in 1928,<ref name="kincaid" /> it switched back to LHT in 1976 during the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]].

In the 1930s, parts of [[China]] such as the [[Shanghai International Settlement]], [[Guangdong|Canton]] and Japanese-occupied [[Manchukuo|northeast China]] used LHT. However, in 1946 the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] made RHT mandatory in [[China]] (including [[Taiwan]]). Taiwan was LHT under [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese colonization]] from 1895–1945. [[Portuguese Macau]] (present-day Macau) remained LHT, along with [[British Hong Kong]], despite being transferred to China in 1999 and 1997 respectively.

Both [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] use RHT since 1946, after liberation from [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonialization]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9QVNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22regulation+of+vehicular+and+pedestrian+traffic%22+ ''Summation: United States Army Military Government Activities in Korea''], 1946, page 12</ref>

The [[Philippines]] was mostly LHT during its [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish]]<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliotecabne/8219320037/ Plaza Mayor de Manila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070816/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliotecabne/8219320037/ |date=20 October 2017 }}, by [[José Honorato Lozano]] (1815/21(?)-1885), in the album [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliotecabne/sets/72157632106172948/ ''Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070822/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliotecabne/sets/72157632106172948 |date=20 October 2017 }}, published 1847. Collection of the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]].</ref> and [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American]] colonial periods,<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/0m11Gs7Ubas Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160321135649/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m11Gs7Ubas Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m11Gs7Ubas|title=ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES- YEAR 1903|date=6 March 2010|via=YouTube|access-date=14 March 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZOI6rc38Qic Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20091218073733/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOI6rc38Qic Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOI6rc38Qic|title=Manila – Castillian Memoirs 1930s|date=19 April 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=14 March 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> as well as during the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth era]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dvpbsyNcI3I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625095622/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=dvpbsyNcI3I Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvpbsyNcI3I|title=Manila, Queen of the Pacific 1938|date=6 May 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=14 March 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]], the Philippines remained LHT,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccftde6aZ4s|title=Manila Nostalgia: Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation.|date=26 June 2013|via=YouTube|publisher=Manila Nostalgia|last=Goupal|first=Lou|access-date=14 March 2017|quote=Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942.|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406115353/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccftde6aZ4s|url-status=live}}</ref> as was required by the Japanese;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/how-ph-became-a-left-hand-drive-country|title=How the Philippines became a left-hand-drive country|date=10 March 2015|website=[[Top Gear Philippines]]|last=Tadeo|first=Patrick Everett|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> but during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]], the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formalized in 1945 through a decree by president [[Sergio Osmeña]].<ref name="E.O. 34 1945">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/03/10/executive-order-no-34-s-1945/|title=Executive Order No. 34, s. 1945|work=officialgazzete.gov.ph|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032955/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/03/10/executive-order-no-34-s-1945/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though RHT was formalized, RHD vehicles such as public buses were still imported into the Philippines until a law passed banning the importation of RHD vehicles except in special cases. These RHD vehicles are required to be converted to LHD.<ref name=":0" />

Japan was never part of the British Empire, but its traffic also drives on the left. Although this practice goes back to the Edo period (1603–1868), it was not until 1872 – the year Japan's first railway was introduced, built with technical aid from the British – that this unwritten rule received official acknowledgment. Gradually, a massive network of railways and tram tracks was built, with all railway vehicles driven on the left-hand side. However, it took another half-century, until 1924, until left-hand traffic was legally mandated. Post-[[World War II]] [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] was ruled by the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands]] until 1972, and was RHT until [[730 (transport)|6 a.m. the morning of 30 July 1978, when it switched back to LHT]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew H. |last=Malcolm |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |title=U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned |work=The New York Times |date=5 July 1978 |page=A2 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206005913/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The conversion operation was known as 730 (''Nana-San-Maru'', which refers to the date of the changeover). Okinawa is one of only a few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. While Japan drives on the left and most Japanese vehicles are RHD, imported vehicles (e.g. BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche) are generally bought as LHD since LHD cars are considered to be status symbols.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The birthplace of iconic cars, where cars with both left and right hand drive are allowed {{!}} Japan Motor |url=https://japan-motor.com/en/blog/post/how-popular-are-left-hand-drive-cars-japan |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=japan-motor.com |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507113348/https://japan-motor.com/en/blog/post/how-popular-are-left-hand-drive-cars-japan |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vietnam]] became RHT as part of [[French Indochina]], as did [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]]. In Cambodia, RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned in 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm|title=Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars|date=1 January 2001|publisher=BBC News|access-date=12 January 2007|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm%20/default.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Europe===
In a study of the ancient traffic system of [[Pompeii]], Eric Poehler was able to show that drivers of carts drove in the middle of the road whenever possible. This was the case even on roads wide enough for two lanes.{{r|poehler|p=136}} The wear marks on the kerbstones, however, prove that when there were two lanes of traffic, and the volume of traffic made it necessary to divide the lanes, the drivers always drove on the right-hand side.{{r|poehler|pp=150–155}} These considerations can also be demonstrated in the archaeological findings of other cities in the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="poehler">{{cite book |first=Eric E. |last=Poehler |title=The Traffic System of Pompeii |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780190614676 |oclc=1105466950}}</ref>{{rp|pp=218–219}}

One of the first references in England to requiring traffic direction was an order by the London [[Court of Aldermen]] in 1669, requiring a man to be posted on [[London Bridge]] to ensure that "all cartes going to keep on the one side and all cartes coming to keep on the other side".<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Latham |first1=Mark |title=The London Bridge Improvement Act of 1756: A Study of Early Modern Urban Finance and Administration |url=https://figshare.com/articles/The_London_Bridge_Improvement_Act_of_1756_A_Study_of_Early_Modern_Urban_Finance_and_Administration/10097465 |publisher=University of Leicester|date=18 December 2009|type=PhD}}</ref> It was later legislated as the [[London Bridge Act 1756]] ([[29 Geo. 2]] c. 40), which required that "all carriages passing over the said bridge from London shall go on the east side thereof" – those going south to remain on the east, i.e. the left-hand side by direction of travel.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Statutes at Large from the 26th to the 30th Year of King George III |date=1766 |publisher=Printed by J. Bentham |url=https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge57britgoog/page/n574/mode/2up}}</ref> This may represent the first statutory requirement for LHT.<ref name="hamer">{{cite journal|last1=Hamer|first1=Mike|date=25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987|title=Left is right on the road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfak8nsMNGIC&pg=PA16|journal=New Scientist|issue=20 December 1986/1 January 1987|pages=16–18|access-date=7 October 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], a law of 1793 (33 Geo. 3. c. 56 (I)) provided a ten-[[shilling]] fine to anyone not driving or riding on the left side of the road within the [[county of the city]] of [[Dublin]], and required the local road overseers to erect written or printed notices informing road users of the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oZRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA798 |title=Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland |volume=1789–1793|date=14 August 1799|publisher=George Grierson, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty}}</ref> The [[Road in Down and Antrim Act 1798]] (38 Geo. 3. c. 28 (I)) required drivers on the road from Dublin to [[Donadea]] to keep to the left. This time, the punishment was ten shillings if the offender was not the owner of the vehicle, or one [[Irish pound]] (twenty shillings) if he/she was.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0G9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA416 |title=Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland ...: From the Third Year of Edward the Second, A.D. 1310 [to the Fortieth Year of George III A.D. 1800, Inclusive].|date=14 August 1799|publisher=G. Grierson, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty}}</ref> The [[Grand Juries (Ireland) Act 1836]] ([[6 & 7 Will. 4]] c. 116) mandated LHT for the whole country, violators to be fined up to five shillings and imprisoned in default for up to one month.<ref>{{cite book |title=A collection of the public general statutes |date=1836 |publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode |location=London |pages=1030–1031 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/acollectionpubl01britgoog/page/1030 |chapter=6 & 7 Will. 4 c. 116 s.156 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

An oft-repeated story is that [[Napoleon]] changed the custom from LHT to RHT in France and the countries he conquered after the [[French Revolution]]. Scholars who have looked for documentary evidence of this story have found none, and contemporary sources have not surfaced, {{as of|1999|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="watson" /> In 1827, twelve years after Napoleon's reign, Edward Planta wrote that, in [[Paris]], "The coachmen have no established rule by which they drive on the right or left of the road, but they cross and jostle one another without ceremony."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Planta |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGMDAAAAQAAJ&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22&pg=RA1-PA118 |title=A New Picture of Paris, Or, The Stranger's Guide to the French Metropolis: Also, a Description of the Environs of Paris |date=1831 |publisher=S. Leigh and Baldwin and Cradock |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref>

Rotterdam had no fixed rules until 1917,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm |title=De geschiedenis van het linksrijden |publisher=Engelfriet.net |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111208/http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> although the rest of the Netherlands was RHT. In May 1917 the police in Rotterdam ended traffic chaos by enforcing right hand traffic.

In Russia, in 1709, the Danish envoy under Tsar [[Peter the Great]] noted the widespread custom for traffic in Russia to pass on the right, but it was only in 1752 that [[Elizabeth of Russia|Empress Elizabeth]] officially issued an edict for traffic to keep to the right.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/driving-on-the-left/ |title=Why do some countries drive on the left and others on the right? |work=WorldStandards.eu |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712123607/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/driving-on-the-left/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Ecke Kärntnerstraße Annagasse mit Werbetafel Tabarin und Chapeau Rouge ca 1930.jpg|thumb|Left-hand traffic in [[Vienna]], Austria, {{circa|1930}}]]
[[File:Danish motorcyclists about to cross the border between Sweden and Norway in 1934.png|thumb|Border sign showing change of traffic direction between Sweden and Norway in 1934]]
After the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] broke up, the resulting countries gradually changed to RHT. In Austria, [[Vorarlberg]] switched in 1921,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vasold |first1=Manfred |year=2010 |title=Obacht! Linksverkehr |url=http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/data/020_Dokumente/040_KuT_Artikel/2010/34-2-57.pdf |journal=Kultur & Technik |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223325/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/data/020_Dokumente/040_KuT_Artikel/2010/34-2-57.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[North Tyrol]] in 1930, [[Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]] in 1935, and the rest of the country in 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://graz.radln.net/cms/beitrag/10908163/36832857/ |title=1938 wechselte man nicht nur die Straßenseite – ARGUS Steiermark – DIE RADLOBBY |website=graz.radln.net |access-date=2019-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404115510/http://graz.radln.net/cms/beitrag/10908163/36832857/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Romania]], [[Transylvania]], the [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] were LHT until 1919, while [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were already RHT. [[Partitions of Poland]] belonging to the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were RHT, while the former [[Austrian Partition]] changed in the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl">{{cite web |url=http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |title=Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network |date=3 March 2006 |publisher=Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl |access-date=11 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516030528/http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |archive-date=16 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Croatia-Slavonia switched on joining the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1918, although [[Istria County|Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]] were already RHT.<ref name="croatiaslavonia">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/01703017.5423.emory.edu |title=Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia |last=Baedeker |first=Karl |access-date=28 July 2017 |year=1900 |page=xiii–xiv |quote="In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left."}}</ref> The [[switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|switch in Czechoslovakia]] from LHT to RHT had been planned for 1939, but was accelerated by the start of the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]] that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/seventy-five-years-of-driving-on-the-right |title=Seventy-five years of driving on the right |date=18 March 2014 |publisher=[[Radio Prague]] |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401233010/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/seventy-five-years-of-driving-on-the-right |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Italy, it had been decreed in 1901 that each [[Provinces of Italy|province]] define its own [[traffic code]], including the handedness of traffic,<ref name=biocca/> and the 1903 [[Baedeker]] guide reported that the rule of the road varied by region.<ref name="mcmanus"/> For example, in [[Northern Italy]], the provinces of [[Province of Brescia|Brescia]], [[Province of Como|Como]], [[Province of Vicenza|Vicenza]], and [[Province of Ravenna|Ravenna]] were RHT while nearby provinces of [[Province of Lecco|Lecco]], [[Province of Verona|Verona]], and [[Province of Varese|Varese]] were LHT,<ref name=biocca/> as were the cities [[Milan]], [[Turin]], and [[Florence]].<ref name="mcmanus">{{cite book |last1=McManus |first1=Chris |title=Right Hand Left Hand: the origins of asymmetry in brains, bodies, atoms, and cultures |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-00953-3 |page=247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> In 1915, [[allies of World War I|allied]] forces of [[World War I]] imposed LHT in areas of military operation, but this was revoked in 1918. [[Rome]] was reported by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] as LHT in the 1780s. [[Naples]] was also LHT although surrounding areas were often RHT. In cities, LHT was considered safer since pedestrians, accustomed to keeping right, could better see oncoming vehicular traffic.<ref name=biocca/> In 1923 [[Benito Mussolini]] decreed that all LHT areas would gradually transition to RHT.<ref name=biocca>{{cite web |last1=Biocca |first1=Dario |title=Quando l' Italia si buttò a destra |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2011/07/24/quando-italia-si-butto-destra.html |website=[[la Repubblica]] |access-date=4 November 2019 |language=it |date=2011-07-24}}</ref>

Portugal switched to RHT in 1928.<ref name="kincaid" />

Finland, formerly part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT in 1858 as the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] by Russian decree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland|work=aland.net|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111215/http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Spain switched to RHT in 1918, but not in the entire country. In [[Madrid]] people continued to drive on the left until 1924 when a national law forced drivers in Madrid switch to RHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revista.dgt.es/es/motor/noticias/2020/07JULIO/0715-Conducir-derecha.shtml#:~:text=El%2066%25%20de%20la%20poblaci%C3%B3n,se%20iba%20por%20la%20izquierda.|title=¿Por qué circulamos por la derecha?|work=dgt.es|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102175451/https://revista.dgt.es/es/motor/noticias/2020/07JULIO/0715-Conducir-derecha.shtml#:~:text=El%2066%25%20de%20la%20poblaci%C3%B3n,se%20iba%20por%20la%20izquierda.|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madrid Metro]] still uses LHT.

Sweden switched to RHT in 1967, having been LHT from about 1734<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vardo.aland.fi/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik|publisher=vardo.aland.fi|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203201537/http://www.vardo.aland.fi/hogertrafik.htm|archive-date=3 December 2007|access-date=11 August 2006}}</ref> despite having land borders with RHT countries [[Norway]] and Finland, and approximately 90% of cars being left-hand drive (LHD).<ref name="Réalités">[https://books.google.com/books?id=TdYnAQAAIAAJ&q=%22left+hand+drive%22 ''Réalités''], Issues 200–205, Société d'études et publications économiques, 1967, page 95</ref> [[1955 Swedish driving side referendum|A referendum in 1955]] overwhelmingly rejected a change to RHT, but, a few years later, the government ordered it and it occurred on Sunday, 3 September 1967<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realscandinavia.com/this-day-in-history-swedish-traffic-switches-sides-september-3-1967/|title=This Day in History: Swedish Traffic Switches Sides – September 3, 1967|date=3 September 2014|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519070802/http://realscandinavia.com/this-day-in-history-swedish-traffic-switches-sides-september-3-1967/|url-status=live}}</ref> at 5 am. The accident rate then dropped sharply,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C941144%2C00.html|title=Sweden: Switch to the Right|date=15 September 1967|magazine=Time|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018034155/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941144,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> but soon rose to near its original level.<ref name="salon20090814">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/08/14/driving_on_left/|title=Salon News: Whose side of the road are you on?|last=Mieszkowski|first=Katharine|date=14 August 2009|work=Salon|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=21 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121005051/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/08/14/driving_on_left/|url-status=live}}</ref> The day was known as {{Lang|sv|Högertrafikomläggningen|italic=unset}}, or {{Lang|sv|[[Dagen H]]|italic=unset}} for short.

When Iceland switched to RHT the following year, it was known as {{Lang|is|Hægri dagurinn}} or {{Lang|is|[[H-dagurinn]]}} ("The H-Day").<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2013/05/26/45_ar_fra_haegri_umferd/|title=45 ár frá hægri umferð|work=[[Morgunblaðið]]|date=26 May 2013|language=is|trans-title=45 years with right-hand traffic|archive-date=7 July 2019|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707155602/https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2013/05/26/45_ar_fra_haegri_umferd/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most passenger cars in Iceland were already LHD.

The United Kingdom is LHT, but two of its [[British Overseas Territory|overseas territories]], [[Gibraltar]] and the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]], are RHT. In the late 1960s, the British [[Department for Transport]] considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8239048.stm|title=Could the UK drive on the right?|first=Tom|last=Geoghegan|date=7 September 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 July 2012|archive-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801220244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8239048.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2006|title=Layout of Grade Separated Junctions|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol6/section2/td2206.pdf|publisher=The Highways Agency|journal=Design Manual for Roads and Bridges|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504112611/http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol6/section2/td2206.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-04|pages=4.9ff}}
</ref>

Today, four countries in Europe continue to use LHT, all island nations: the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland (formerly part of the UK), [[Cyprus]] and [[Malta]] (both former British colonies).

=== Oceania ===
[[File:drive on left in australia.jpg|thumb|upright|A sign on the [[Great Ocean Road]], heavily visited by international tourists, reminding motorists to keep left in Australia]]

Many former British colonies in the region have always been LHT, including Australia, New Zealand, [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], and [[Tuvalu]]; and nations that were previously administered by Australia: [[Nauru]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].

==== New Zealand ====
[[File:Drive on the left in NZ 20171228.jpg|thumb|Multilingual sign at [[Waiotapu]] to remind tourists to drive on the left in [[New Zealand]].]]
Initially traffic was slow and very sparse, but, as early as 1856, a newspaper said, "The cart was near to the right hand kerb. According to the rules of the road, it should have been on the left side. In turning sharp round a right-hand corner, a driver should keep away to the opposite side." That rule was codified when the first [[New Zealand Road Code#History|Highway Code]] was written in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 1936 |title=ROAD SAFETY. OTAGO DAILY TIMES |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19361204.2.13.9 |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>

==== Samoa ====
[[Samoa]], a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century, but switched to LHT in 2009,<ref name="BBC Samoa">{{Cite news | title = Samoan cars ready to switch sides | publisher = BBC News | date = 7 September 2009 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8240992.stm | access-date = 7 September 2009 | first = Nick | last = Bryant | archive-date = 25 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8240992.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> making it the first territory in almost 30 years to change sides.<ref name="reuters Samoa" /> The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand, or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, [[The People's Party (Samoa)|The People's Party]], was formed by the group People Against Switching Sides (PASS) to protest against the change, with PASS launching a legal challenge;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitley |first1=David |title=Samoa provokes fury by switching sides of the road |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/5732906/Samoa-provokes-fury-by-switching-sides-of-the-road.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/5732906/Samoa-provokes-fury-by-switching-sides-of-the-road.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | date = 3 July 2009 | website=The Telegraph |access-date=12 September 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in April 2008 an estimated 18,000 people attended demonstrations against switching.<ref name="BBC Samoa2">{{Cite news | title = Samoa drivers brace for left turn | publisher = BBC News | date = 6 September 2009 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8236773.stm | access-date = 7 September 2009 | first = Michael | last = Dobie | archive-date = 24 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224122801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8236773.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles were designed for RHT and the government refused to meet the cost of conversion.<ref name="reuters Samoa">{{Cite news| title =Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left| work =Reuters| date = 7 September 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE5861QV20090907| access-date = 7 September 2009| first=Pauline| last=Askin}}</ref> After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents.<ref name="wsj" /> At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT.<ref name="BBC Samoa" /> The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/samoan-drivers-change-from-right-hand-side-of-the-road-to-the-left/story-e6frf7lf-1225770454009 |title=Samoan drivers change from right-hand side of the road to the left |work=Herald Sun |access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> That day and the following were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10523412 |title=Samoa announces driving switch date|work=The New Zealand Herald |date= 25 July 2008|access-date=10 June 2012 |first=Cherelle |last=Jackson}}</ref> The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly.<ref name="wsj" />

== Potential future shifts ==
{{update section|date=September 2023}}
[[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]], former Belgian colonies in [[Central Africa]], are RHT but are considering switching to LHT<ref name="rwandaburundi">{{cite news|url=https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|title=Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left|last=Nkwame|first=Marc|date=27 July 2013|newspaper=DailyNews Online|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111224/https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rwandatransport">{{cite web|url=http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|title=Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards|author=Peter|work=Rwanda Transport|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111124/http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> like neighbouring members of the [[East African Community]] (EAC).<ref name="independent1">{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/news/regional-news/78-regional-news/1458-rwanda-wants-to-drive-on-the-left |title=Rwanda wants to drive on the left |publisher=Independent.co.ug |date=3 June 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314061551/http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/news/regional-news/78-regional-news/1458-rwanda-wants-to-drive-on-the-left |url-status=dead }}</ref> A survey in 2009 found that 54% of Rwandans favoured the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonising traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The survey indicated that RHD cars were 16% to 49% cheaper than their LHD counterparts.<ref name="business">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009271438.html |title=East Africa: Rwanda Looks to the Left |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020071830/http://allafrica.com/stories/201009271438.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, an internal report by consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT.<ref name="ETRR">{{cite journal|last1=Bari|first1=Mahabubul|title=The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda|journal=European Transport Research Review|volume=6|issue=4|pages=439–453|date=29 July 2014|doi=10.1007/s12544-014-0144-2|bibcode=2014ETRR....6..439B |doi-access=free | issn=1866-8887}}</ref> In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1,000 less than LHD models imported from Europe.<ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Right-hand-drive-vehicles-return-on-Rwandan-roads-/1433224-2652722-1hwl76/index.html Right-hand-drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319050229/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Right-hand-drive-vehicles-return-on-Rwandan-roads-/1433224-2652722-1hwl76/index.html |date=19 March 2020 }}, ''[[The East African]]'', 13 March 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tumwebaze|first1=Peterson|title=Govt okays importation of RHD trucks, to decide on other vehicle categories in October|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-09-09/538/business-govt-okays-importation-of-right-hand-drive-trucks,-to-decide-on-other-vehicle-categories-in-october|access-date=29 October 2014|work=The New Times|date=9 September 2014|ref=newtimes2}}</ref>

==Changing sides at borders==
[[File:Laos - Traffic Switchover Point.svg|thumb|upright|Traffic Switchover sign at the [[First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]]]]

Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area. Such borders are mostly located in Africa and southern Asia. The [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]] regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 78 countries that have ratified it.

LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges that enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic.<ref name="cnt">{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Ken|title=What Happens When Left-Hand Roads Meet Right-Hand Roads|url=http://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2013-04-15/lotus-bridge-macau-maphead-ken-jennings|website=Conde Nast Traveler|date=15 April 2013|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182223/http://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2013-04-15/lotus-bridge-macau-maphead-ken-jennings|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are six road border crossing points between Hong Kong and mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at [[Lok Ma Chau]] was 31,100.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/13_08.htm |title=Hong Kong 2006 – Transport – Cross-Boundary Traffic |publisher=Government of Hong Kong |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034325/http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/13_08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The next largest is [[Man Kam To]], where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side [[Wenjindu]] intersect as one-way streets with a main road.

The [[Takutu River Bridge]] (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil<ref name="Takutu bridge opens to traffic">{{cite web|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2009/news/local/04/27/takutu-bridge-opens-to-traffic-2 |title=Takutu bridge opens to traffic |publisher=Stabroeknews.com |date=27 April 2009 |access-date=12 December 2010}}</ref>) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides.

==Road vehicle configurations==
[[File:Legality of wrong-hand-drive vehicles.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Legality of wrong-hand-drive vehicles by country
{{legend|#ff0000|Usage illegal}}
{{legend|#ffbb00|Usage legal, but registration illegal or unknown}}
{{legend|#00bb44|Registration illegal for normal vehicles, with exceptions for special (e.g. diplomatic) vehicles}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Registration and usage legal}}
{{legend|#C1C1C1|No data}}]]

===Steering wheel position===

In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are typically configured as '''left-hand drive''' (LHD), with the [[steering wheel]] on the left side of the passenger compartment. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true as the '''right-hand drive''' (RHD) configuration. In most jurisdictions, the position of the steering wheel is not regulated, or explicitly permitted to be anywhere.<ref>[https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-61/12&td=ALL Court of Justice of the European Union, C-61/12 – Commission v Lithuania], European Union, steering wheel can be anywhere, 2014-03-20.</ref> The driver's side, the side closer to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the ''offside'', while the passenger side, the side closer to the side of the road, is sometimes called the ''nearside''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/nearside |title=Nearside (dictionary definition) |publisher=Dictionary.reverso.net |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001182040/http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/nearside |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most [[windscreen wiper]]s are preferentially designed to better clean the driver's side of the [[windscreen]] and thus have a longer wiper blade on the driver's side and wipe up from the passenger side to the driver's side. Thus on LHD configurations, they wipe up from right to left, viewed from inside the vehicle, and do the opposite on RHD vehicles.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In both LHD and RHD vehicles, [[Gear stick|gear shifters]] are in the same position, and the shift patterns are not reversed.

Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD.<ref name="On The Right Side of the Road"/> In 1908, [[Henry Ford]] standardised the [[Model T]] as LHD in RHT America,<ref name="On The Right Side of the Road"/> arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Wayne|title=Car Crazy: The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age|date=2015|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610395526|page=279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgIrCgAAQBAJ&q=car+crazy+wayne+miller&pg=PR4|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> By 1915, other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T.<ref name="On The Right Side of the Road"/>

In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or kerbside. Examples include:
*Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. [[street sweeper]]s, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhdspecialist.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921030931/http://www.lhdspecialist.com/location_of_the_steering_wheel.php|url-status=dead|title=天彩彩票_官网手机版|archive-date=21 September 2011|website=lhdspecialist.com}}</ref> Similarly in mountainous areas the driver may be seated opposite side so that they have a better view of the road edge which may fall away for very many metres into the valley below. Swiss Postbuses in mountainous areas are a well known example.
*Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The [[Grumman LLV]] postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some [[Unimog]]s are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.

Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hinchliffe|first1=Mark|title=How to mount your motorbike|url=https://motorbikewriter.com/mount-motorbike/|access-date=11 December 2016|date=11 March 2014|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907120732/http://motorbikewriter.com/mount-motorbike/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[kickstand]]s are usually on the left<ref name="tips">{{cite web|title=MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE|url=http://www.motorcycletesttips.uk/motorcycle-riding-tutorials/mounting-and-dismounting-a-motorcycle/|website=Motorcycle Test Tips|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside<ref name="tips"/> as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a [[sidecar]] to a motorcycle's offside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2003/si/5/made/en/print|title=S.I. No. 5/2003 – Road Traffic (Construction and Use of Vehicles) Regulations 2003|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|pages=42. (1)|no-pp=yes|quote=where a side–car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle, the side–car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle|access-date=6 November 2017}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.magireland.org/2014/news-media/motorcycle-sidecar-trailer-legislation/|title=Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation|date=9 February 2014|work=MAG Ireland|publisher=Irish Motorcyclists Association|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012741/https://www.magireland.org/2014/news-media/motorcycle-sidecar-trailer-legislation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/1078/made | title= The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 – Section 93 | publisher= UK Government | date= 25 June 1986 | access-date= 9 December 2012 | archive-date= 14 November 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084723/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/1078/made | url-status= live }}</ref>

In 2020, there were 160 LHD heavy goods vehicles in the UK involved in accidents ({{#expr:160/3175 * 100 round 0}}%) for a total of 3,175 accidents, killing 215 people ({{#expr:215/4271 * 100 round 0}}%) for a total of 4271.<ref>Department for Transport statistics, Reported Road Casualties Great Britain Annual Report 2020, RAS40005, Reported accidents, vehicles and casualties by severity, vehicle type and left hand drive, Great Britain, 2020</ref>

===Dashboard configuration===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Some manufacturers primarily produce left-hand drive vehicles, due to the larger or nearer market for such vehicles. For such models supplied to left-hand traffic markets, in the right-hand drive configuration, the manufacturer may reuse the same [[dashboard]] configuration as is used in the left-hand drive models, with the steering column and pedals moved to the right-hand side. Oft-used controls (such as audio volume and fan controls) that were placed near the left-hand driver for ease of access, are now situated on the far side of the [[Center console (automobile)|center console]] for the right-hand driver. This may make them more difficult to reach quickly or without looking away from the road ahead.

In some cases, the manufacturer's dashboard design incorporates blanks and modular components, which permits the controls and underlying electronics to be rearranged to suit the right-hand drive model. This may be done in the factory, after import, or as an after-market modification.

===Headlamps and other lighting equipment===
{{Main|Headlamp}}
[[File:Low beam light pattern for right-hand traffic.svg|thumb|Bird's-eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic, with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled]]

Most low-beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical light suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps in LHT jurisdictions throw most of their light forward-leftward; those for RHT throw most of their light forward-rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs while minimising glare for oncoming traffic.

In Europe, headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road,<ref name="R112">{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/R112rev2_e.pdf|title=UN Regulation 112, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps"|access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>{{RP|p.13 ¶5.8}}. This may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded.<ref name=R112/>{{RP|p.13 ¶5.8.1}} Some varieties of the [[Headlamp#Projector (polyellipsoidal) lamps|projector-type headlamp]] can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LHT ''or'' RHT beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly.<ref name=R112/>{{RP|p.12 ¶5.4}} Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car's [[GPS]] detects that the vehicle has moved from LHT to RHT and vice versa.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

====Rear fog lamps====
In Europe since the early 1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1989/1796/schedule/11/made |website=legislation.gov.uk |title=The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989 Schedule 11 |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> cars must be equipped with one or two red [[Automotive Lighting#Rear fog lamps|rear fog lamps]]. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver's side of the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2015/R048r12e.pdf|title=Regulation No. 48 |website=UNECE |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>

===Crash testing differences===
[[Australasian New Car Assessment Program|ANCAP]] reports that some RHD cars imported to Australia did not perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions, although the cause is unknown, and may be due to differences in testing methodology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for 'four-star' Australian crash test result|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/popular-family-suv-hyundai-tucson-slammed-for-fourstar-australian-crash-test-result/news-story/466995147eb262b628fc71ca5e1cd89b|access-date=5 November 2017 |publisher=News.com.au |date=11 November 2015 |first1=Joshua |last1=Dowling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206034200/https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/popular-family-suv-hyundai-tucson-slammed-for-fourstar-australian-crash-test-result/news-story/466995147eb262b628fc71ca5e1cd89b |archive-date= 6 December 2021 }}</ref>

==Rail traffic==
{{main|Double-track railway}}


=== National rail ===
[[File:Handedness of rail traffic worldwide.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Handedness of rail traffic worldwide]]

In most countries, rail traffic travels on the same side as road traffic. However, there are many instances of railways built using LHT British technology which remained LHT despite their nations' road traffic becoming RHT. Examples include: [[Rail transport in Argentina|Argentina]], [[Rail transport in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Rail transport in Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[Rail transport in Brazil|Brazil]], [[Rail transport in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Rail transport in China|China]], [[Rail transport in Egypt|Egypt]], [[Rail transport in France|France]], [[Rail transport in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Rail transport in Israel|Israel]], [[Rail transport in Italy|Italy]], [[Rail transport in Laos|Laos]], [[Rail transport in Monaco|Monaco]], [[Rail transport in Morocco|Morocco]], [[Rail transport in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Rail transport in Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Rail transport in Peru|Peru]], [[Rail transport in Portugal|Portugal]], [[Rail transport in Senegal|Senegal]], [[Rail transport in Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Rail transport in Sweden|Sweden]], [[Rail transport in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Rail transport in Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Rail transport in Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Rail transport in Uruguay|Uruguay]] and [[Rail transport in Venezuela|Venezuela]]. France is mainly LHT for trains except for the classic lines in [[Alsace–Lorraine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Strasbourg to Paris Driver's eye view PREVIEW |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdOJZ9imhq8 |date=13 February 2017 |via=YouTube |publisher=Video 125 |access-date=11 March 2019}}{{cbignore}} Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/EdOJZ9imhq8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190918215937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdOJZ9imhq8&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}.</ref> which were converted from LHT to RHT under [[Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen|German administration]] from 1870 to 1918. In North America, multi-track rail lines with [[centralized traffic control]] are typically signaled to allow operation on any track in both directions, and the side of operation will vary based on the railroad's specific operational requirements.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lundsen |first1=Carsten |title=North American Signaling Basics |url=http://www.lundsten.dk/us_signaling/movement.html |date=27 September 1998 |website=Railroad Rules, Signaling, Operations |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809222905/http://www.lundsten.dk/us_signaling/movement.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In practice however, rail traffic is more often RHT. In Switzerland, which has LHT for trains most modern lines are equipped for bi-directional running
to maximize capacity or manage maintenance, so in practice trains could use either LHT or RHT, but traditionally use LHT <ref> https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/rat561/right_and_lefthand_traffic_on_european_railways/#:~:text=There%20are%20different%20systems%20for%20right%2D%20and,railway%20track%20to%20the%20right%20in%202012 </ref>.

[[File:Kereta MRT Jakarta sedang melewati jalur peralihan antara jalur layang dan jalur bawah tanah.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta MRT]] is a train system that uses right-hand traffic, in a country (Indonesia) where roads use left-hand traffic.]]

[[Rail transport in Indonesia|Indonesia]] is the only country in the world which has RHT for rails (even for newer rail systems such as the LRT and the MRT systems) and LHT for roads.

=== Metro/tram/light rail ===
Metro and light rail sides of operation vary and might not match railways or roads in their country. Some systems where the metro matches the side of the national rail network but not the roads include those in [[Bilbao metro|Bilbao]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Cairo Metro|Cairo]], [[Catania Metro|Catania]], [[Jakarta MRT|Jakarta]], [[Lisbon Metro|Lisbon]], [[Lyon Metro|Lyon]], [[Naples Metro|Naples]], and [[Rome Metro|Rome]]. A small number of cities, including [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Stockholm Metro|Stockholm]], originally ran on the same side as road traffic when the systems opened in 1919 and 1950 respectively, but had road traffic change in 1924 and 1967 respectively. Conversely, metros in Brazil (except in [[Belo Horizonte Metro|Belo Horizonte]] and [[Porto Alegre Metro|Porto Alegre]]), France (except for the aforementioned Lyon), South Korea, and mainland China run on the right just like roads, while mainline trains run on the left.

A small number of systems have situational reasons to differ from the norm. [[Ryazansky suburban railway line|Ryazan direction]] between Moscow and Ryazan, as well as [[Line_D3_(Moscow_Central_Diameters)|MCD-3]] Moscow surface metro line, are left-handed, except a portion from Firsanovskaya to Petrovsko-Razumovskaya. On the [[MTR]] in Hong Kong, the section originally known as the [[Ma On Shan line]] (now part of the Tuen Ma line) runs on the right to make interchanging with the East Rail line easier, while the rest of the system runs on the left. On the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]], lines that integrate with Korail (except Line 3, which is disconnected from the rest of the network) run on the left, while the lines that are not (except for the [[Shinbundang Line]]) run on the right. In [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro|Nizhny Novgorod]], Line 2 runs on the left due to the track layout when it first opened as a branch of Line 1. In [[Lima and Callao Metro|Lima]], Line 1 runs entirely on the left, while Line 2 runs entirely on the right. In [[Barcelona Metro|Barcelona]], a section of Line 2 from Tatuan to Paral•lel runs on the left, while the rest of the system runs on the right.

[[Metro Line M1 (Budapest Metro)|Metro Line M1 in Budapest]] is the only metro line to have switched sides. It originally ran on the left but switched to right-hand running during the line's reconstruction around 1973.

The former [[Rochester subway]], which operated from 1927 to 1956, ran on the left to let unidirectional vehicles with doors on the right use stations with island platforms.

Because trams frequently operate on roads, they generally operate on the same side as other road traffic.

==Boat traffic==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}[[File:Riverine Patrol Boat Cockpit Console.jpg|thumb|Helmsman's station on a Philippine Marine Corps patrol boat]]

Boats are traditionally piloted from [[starboard]] (the right-hand side) to facilitate [[priority to the right]].
According to the [[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea]], water traffic is effectively RHT: a vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to starboard, and when two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on both must alter course to starboard also.

Typically, especially for larger vessels, a radio call will be made between two vessels, or with a [[Vessel traffic service|Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)]] to co-ordinate if the vessels will pass "green-to-green" or "red-to-red". Marine traffic uses a system of green lighting for the starboard (right-hand) side and red for port (left-hand) side: to pass "green-to-green" the green (starboard, right-hand) side of the vessels will pass each other, essentially being left-hand traffic. Similarly, passing "red-to-red" means the red (port, left-hand) side of the vessels will pass each other, forming right-hand traffic.

In busy waterways, directional shipping lanes may be set up to facilitate handedness of traffic. For example, the [[Strait of Dover]] (Pas-de-Calais) on the [[English Channel]] uses RHT with North Sea-bound vessels following the French coast and Atlantic-bound vessels following the English coast.

==Aircraft traffic==
For aircraft, the US [[Federal Aviation Regulations]] suggest RHT principles, both in the air and on water, and in aircraft with side-by-side cockpit seating, the pilot-in-command (or more senior flight officer) traditionally occupies the left seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAR Part 91 Sec. 91.115 |url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/REGULATORY_AND_GUIDANCE_LIBRARY%5CRGFAR.NSF/0/2EA99FD06D59A9BC852566CF00614DEA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010060732/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/REGULATORY_AND_GUIDANCE_LIBRARY%5CRGFAR.NSF/0/2EA99FD06D59A9BC852566CF00614DEA |archive-date=10 October 2018 |website=Federal Aviation Administration |quote=When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are approaching head-on, or nearly so, each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear.}}</ref> However, helicopter practice tends to favour the right hand seat for the pilot-in-command, particularly when flying solo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pilotteacher.com/are-helicopters-flown-from-the-left-or-right-seat/|title=Are Helicopters Flown from the Left or Right Seat? It Depends! |website=Pilot Teacher |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230928082627/https://pilotteacher.com/are-helicopters-flown-from-the-left-or-right-seat/ |archive-date= 28 September 2023 }}</ref>

==Worldwide distribution by country==
Of the 195 countries currently recognised by the [[United Nations]], 141 use RHT and 54 use LHT on roads in general.

A country and its territories and dependencies are counted as one. Whichever directionality is listed first is the type that is used in general in the traffic category.
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Country
! Road traffic
! Date of switch
! Notes, exceptions
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Kabul adopted RHT in 1955.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
|-
| colspan="2" | {{flagcountry|Albania}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sixt.co.uk/driving-tips/albania/|title=Driving Tips: Albania|website=Sixt rent a car|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044158/https://www.sixt.co.uk/driving-tips/albania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Algeria}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Algeria.html|title=Driving in Algeria|website=adcidl.com|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713133510/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Algeria.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[French Algeria|Part of France]] until 1962.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Andorra}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=Andorra Driving Guide 2021|url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/andorra-driving-guide/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=International Drivers' Association|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713172503/https://internationaldriversassociation.com/andorra-driving-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Landlocked between France and Spain.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Angola}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sixt.co.uk/driving-tips/angola/|title=Driving Tips in Angola |website=Sixt rent a car|access-date=2019-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190403230935/https://www.sixt.co.uk/driving-tips/angola/ |archive-date= 2019-04-03 }}</ref>
| {{dts|1928}}
| [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese colony]] until 1975.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antiguarentalcar.com/road-safety-guidelines.html|title=Road Safety Guidelines For Visitors – Drive-a-Matic Car Rentals Antigua|website=antiguarentalcar.com|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713164424/https://www.antiguarentalcar.com/road-safety-guidelines.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| These Caribbean islands were a British colony until 1958.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Argentina}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|10 June 1945}}
|The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as {{Lang|es|Día de la Seguridad Vial}} (road safety day).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/seguridadvial/dia-nacional-de-la-seguridad-vial-por-un-transito-seguro-respetuoso-y-con-lugar-para|title=10 de Junio: Día Nacional de la Seguridad Vial|date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Armenia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armenianweekly.com/2018/01/10/armenian-government-plans-ban-right-hand-drive-vehicles-drivers-protest-decision/|title=Armenian Government Plans to Ban Right-Hand Drive Vehicles; Drivers Protest Decision|date=2018-01-10|website=The Armenian Weekly|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714113737/https://armenianweekly.com/2018/01/10/armenian-government-plans-ban-right-hand-drive-vehicles-drivers-protest-decision/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Australia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British colonies before 1901. Includes [[Australian external territories]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Austria}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|1921–38
|Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]], but switched sides after the [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] by Nazi Germany.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bahamas}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref name="tbr2015">{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Compilation of Foreign Motor Vehicle Import Requirements |url=https://www.trade.gov/td/otm/assets/auto/TBR2015Final.pdf |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412034513/https://www.trade.gov/td/otm/assets/auto/TBR2015Final.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2019 |publisher=United States Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Office of Transportation and Machinery}}</ref>
|
| British colony before 1973. Caribbean island. Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to them being imported from the United States.<ref name="bahamas"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bahrain}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1967|11}}
| Former British protectorate. Switched to the same side as its neighbours.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1CAQAAIAAJ&q=%22driving+on+the+right+was+effected+smoothly%22|title=Bahrain Government Annual Reports|publisher=Times of India Press|year=1968|page=158}}</ref> An island nation, linked by road to the Arabian mainland [[King Fahd Causeway|since 1986]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Part of Pakistan before 1971, which was part of [[British Raj|British India]] before 1947.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Barbados}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This Atlantic island state was a British colony before 1966.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Belarus}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web |title=Driving in Belarus |url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-belarus/ |website=autoeurope |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713133801/https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-belarus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Belgium}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1899}}<ref name="ida">{{cite web |title=The history of left- and right-hand traffic |url=https://idaoffice.org/posts/the-history-of-left-and-right-hand-traffic/ |website=International Driving Authority |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105112255/https://idaoffice.org/posts/the-history-of-left-and-right-hand-traffic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Belize}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1961}}<ref name="kincaid"/>
| [[British Honduras|British colony]] before 1981. Switched to same side as neighbours.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Benin}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|Part of [[French West Africa]] before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bhutan}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Under British protection before 1949.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[Yungas Road]] is LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1918}}
| Switched sides after the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Botswana}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|[[Bechuanaland Protectorate|British colony]] before 1966.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Brazil}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1928}}
| [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese colony]] before 1822.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Brunei}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British protection until 1984.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of French West Africa before 1958.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Burundi}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[Ruanda-Urundi|Belgian colony]] before 1962. Considering switching to LHT.<ref name="rwandaburundi"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]] before 1953.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Cameroon}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1961}}
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
| {{flagcountry|Alberta}}
| rowspan="13" style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|British Columbia}}
| 1920–1922
| Interior changed 15 July 1920, Vancouver and the coastal area 1 January 1922
|-
| {{flagcountry|Manitoba}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|New Brunswick}}
| {{dts|1 December 1922}}
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Newfoundland and Labrador}}
| {{dts| 2 January 1947}}
| Was a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|British Dominion]] until 1949.
|-
| {{flagcountry|Northwest Territories}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nova Scotia}}
| {{dts|15 April 1923}}
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nunavut}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Ontario}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Prince Edward Island}}
| {{dts|1 May 1924}}
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Quebec}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Saskatchewan}}
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Yukon}}
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1928}}
| [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Portuguese colony]] before 1975.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| rowspan="2" | French colonies before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Chad}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Chile}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Flagcountry|China}}
| [[Mainland China|Mainland]]
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1946}}
| Parts of China were LHT in the 1930s.
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Hong Kong was a [[British Hong Kong|British colony]] from 1841 to 1941 and from 1945 to 1997, when the dependent territory was transferred to China.
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Macau}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Macau was under [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese rule]] until 1999, when the dependent territory was transferred to China.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Colombia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Comoros}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[French Comoros|French colony]] before 1975.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Republic of Congo}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[French Congo|French colony]] before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[Belgian Congo|Belgian colony]] before 1960. RHD vehicles are common, especially in the southeast.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica |url=http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/normas/nrm_articulo.aspx?param1=NRA&nValor1=1&nValor2=73504&nValor3=130675&nValor4=-1&nValor5=101&nValor6=04/10/2012&strTipM=FA |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=pgrweb.go.cr}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}} (Côte d'Ivoire)
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of French West Africa before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Croatia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1926}}
| Was then part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Cuba}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Cyprus}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Under UK administration before 1960. Island nation. ''[[De facto]]'' divided between the [[Republic of Cyprus]], the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] and the British base areas of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]. All are LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1939}}
| [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|Switched]] during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1793}}
| Includes the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]]. [[Danish West Indies]] were LHT, and continue to be LHT as [[United States Virgin Islands]] after US purchase in 1917.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Djibouti}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|[[French Somaliland|French]] [[French Territory of the Afars and the Issas|colony]] before 1977.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Dominica}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British colony before 1978. Caribbean island.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Ecuador}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Egypt}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|El Salvador}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[Spanish Guinea|Spanish colony]] before 1968.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Eritrea}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|8 June 1964}}
| [[Italian Eritrea|Italian colony]] before 1942.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Estonia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Eswatini}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British protectorate until 1968. Continues to drive on the same side as neighbouring countries.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|8 June 1964}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Fiji}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| The island nation was a [[Colony of Fiji|British colony]] before 1970.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Finland}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|8 June 1858}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|France}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1792}}
| Includes [[French Polynesia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], the [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]], [[Guadeloupe]], and [[Mayotte]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Gabon}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|French colony before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Gambia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1 October 1965}}
| [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate|British colony]] until 1965. Switched to RHT on 1 October 1965 being surrounded by the former French colony of Senegal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&q=%221st+October%2C+1965%22|title=Tourist and Business Directory, The Gambia|year=1969|page=19}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Georgia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| About 40% of vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Germany}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillger|first1=Don|last2=Toth|first2=Garry|title=Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|publisher=Colorado State University|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111126/http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Ghana}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|4 August 1974}}
| [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British colony]] until 1957. Ghana switched to RHT in 1974,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws|title=Right-Hand Traffic Act|publisher=Ghanalegal.com|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511023926/https://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyCl5iWBSzwC&q=ghana+drive+right+1974&pg=PA5|journal=Daily Graphic|issue=7526|date=21 December 1974|page=9|title=Daily Graphic: Issue 7526 December 21 1974|last1=Nkrumah|first1=I. K.}}</ref> a [[Twi language]] slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm|title=Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD|first=Phil|last=Bartle|publisher=Cec.vcn.bc.ca|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111213/http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm%20|url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles – it prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974, three days before the traffic change.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{flagcountry|Gibraltar}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1929}}
|[[Gibraltar]] is RHT because of its land border with Spain.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAzAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance%22|title=Colonial Reports|series=Annual|volume=1480–1499|year=1930|page=76}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Greece}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| 1926
| Originally LHT (albeit unofficially) since independence. The establishment of the traffic code switched traffic officially to RHT traffic in 1926.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Grenada}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British colony before 1974. Caribbean island.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Guatemala}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Guinea}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of French West Africa before 1958.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1928}}
| [[Portuguese Guinea|Portuguese colony]] until 1974. Drives on the same side as its neighbours.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Guyana}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[British Guyana|British colony]] until 1966. One of the only two countries in continental America which are in LHT, the other being Suriname.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Haiti}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|[[Saint-Domingue|French colony]] until 1804.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Honduras}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Hungary}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1941}}
| Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]], but switched sides during [[World War II]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|26 May 1968}}
| This Atlantic island nation changed to RHT on {{Lang|is|[[H-dagurinn]]|italic=unset}}. Most passenger cars were already LHD.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|India}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|Part of [[British Raj|British India]] before 1947.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref name="basement">{{cite web|title=Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic|url=https://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210083750/https://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2017|website=The Basement Geographer|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
|
|Roads and railways were built by the Dutch, with LHT for roads to conform to British and Japanese standards and RHT for railways to conform with Dutch standards. [[Rapid transit in Indonesia|Urban railways]] also use RHT. Did not change sides, unlike the Netherlands, in 1906.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Iran}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Iraq}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Ireland}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| What is now the [[Republic of Ireland]] was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom before 1922]]. The Republic covers most of the island of [[Ireland]]; the rest of Ireland is part of [[Northern Ireland]], which remains part of the United Kingdom, which is also LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Israel}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Italy}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| 1924–26
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Jamaica}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[Colony of Jamaica|British colony]] before 1962. Caribbean island. Most passenger vehicles are RHD, tractor-trailers and other heavy-duty trucks are mostly LHD due to being imported from the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tenfourmagazine.com/2019/02/trucking-around-the-world/trucking-in-jamaica/ |title=Trucking in Jamaica | 10-4 Magazine |publisher=Tenfourmagazine.com |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2022-02-16 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201051938/https://www.tenfourmagazine.com/2019/02/trucking-around-the-world/trucking-in-jamaica/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/fire-service-comfortable-with-left-hand-drive-trucks/ |title=Fire Service Comfortable With Left Hand Drive Trucks – Jamaica Information Service |publisher=Jis.gov.jm |date=2022-02-11 |accessdate=2022-02-16 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201051939/https://jis.gov.jm/fire-service-comfortable-with-left-hand-drive-trucks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Japan}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite web | title = Why Does Japan Drive on the Left | publisher = 2pass.co.uk | url = http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm | access-date = 11 August 2006 | archive-date = 25 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111219/https://www.2pass.co.uk/404error.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
|
| LHT was enacted in law in 1924. One of the few non-British-colony countries to use LHT. [[Okinawa Prefecture]] was RHT from [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|24 June 1945]] to [[730 (transport)|30 July 1978]] because of American rule.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Jordan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kenya}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/customs/faqcustoms2.html#Q1 |title=Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=KRA |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111100/https://www.kra.go.ke/index.php#Q1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
| Part of the [[Kenya Colony|British East Africa Protectorate]] before 1963.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kiribati}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This Pacific island nation was a British colony before 1979.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kosovo}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kuwait}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|British Protectorate until 1961.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| In 2012, over 20,000 cheap used RHD cars were imported from Japan.<ref name="kyrgyzstan-rhd">{{cite news|title=Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Satrapia|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111054/http://gca.satrapia.com/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Laos}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|[[French protectorate of Laos|French protectorate]] until 1953. The [[First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]] is LHT in connection to Thailand.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Latvia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[French Mandate of Lebanon]] before 1946.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Lesotho}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British protectorate from 1885 to 1966. Enclave of LHT South Africa.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Liberia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|Was under [[Colony of Liberia|American control]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Libya}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[Italian Libya|Italian colony]] from 1911 to 1947.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Liechtenstein}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Landlocked between Switzerland and Austria.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Madagascar}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| This island nation was a [[French Madagascar|French colony]] until 1958.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Malawi}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British colony before 1964.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[British Malaya|British colony]] before 1957.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Maldives}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This island nation was a British colony before 1965.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mali}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of [[French West Africa]] before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Malta}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[Crown Colony of Malta|British colony]] before 1964. Island nation.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Marshall Islands}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Was under [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands|American control]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mauritania}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of [[French West Africa]] before 1960. Mining roads between [[Fderîck]] and [[Zouérat]] are LHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania|title=Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic !|publisher=Panoramio|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095031/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|This island nation was a [[British Mauritius|British colony]] before 1968.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mexico}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Micronesia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Was under [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands|American control]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Moldova}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Monaco}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Was under French control.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mongolia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Montenegro}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Morocco}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Under [[French protectorate in Morocco|French]] and [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish protection]] until 1956.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Mozambique}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[Portuguese Mozambique|Portuguese colony]] until 1975. Drives on the same side as its neighbours.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|6 December 1970}}<ref>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/on-this-day/day-myanmar-started-driving-right.html The Day Myanmar Started Driving on the Right] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217042135/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/on-this-day/day-myanmar-started-driving-right.html |date=17 February 2023 }}, ''[[The Irrawaddy]]'', 6 December 2019</ref>
| [[British rule in Burma|British colony]] until 1948. Switched to RHT under the orders of Ne Win. Theories emerge on the reasoning behind this switch; one claimed that he met an astrologer that recommended him to switch the country's traffic to the right in order to make the nation prosper, while another claimed that international visits caused him to notice that most countries are RHT and so decided to convert the country's handedness of traffic in order to connect Myanmar's roads with other countries' roads in the future.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Namibia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
| {{dts|1920}}
| When South Africa occupied [[German South West Africa]] in [[World War I]], it switched to LHT. [[South West Africa]] was administered by South Africa 1920–1990.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Nauru}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
| {{dts|1918}}
|This island nation was administered by Australia until 1968.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Nepal}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Shares open land border with LHT India.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1 January 1906}}<ref name="NED">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~a358071/|title=De Claim links rijden|work=De Volkskrant|language=nl|first = Peter | last = van Ammelrooy|date=12 September 2009|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321062714/https://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~b9113fe3/|archive-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>
| Includes [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], and [[Sint Maarten]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1 |title= 2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation |publisher= New Zealand Government |access-date= 28 November 2010 |archive-date= 9 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220509075322/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1 |url-status= live }}</ref>
|
| These Pacific islands, including territories [[Niue]] and [[Cook Islands]], were former British colonies.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Niger}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of French West Africa before 1958.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Nigeria}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|2 April 1972}}
| [[Colonial Nigeria|British colony]] until 1960. Under the military government, it switched to RHT due to being surrounded by RHT former French colonies.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|North Korea}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1946}}
| Was LHT during the period of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. Switched to RHT after the [[Surrender of Japan]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1793}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Oman}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 August 2006|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk)|title=Travel advice by country, Oman|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184423/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Part of [[British Raj|British India]] before 1947.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Palau}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Most passenger vehicles are RHD due to them being imported from Australia and Japan.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Palau was under [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands|American control]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Palestine}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Panama}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1943}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| After Australia occupied [[German New Guinea]] during World War I, it switched to LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Paraguay}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|25 January 1945}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Peru}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Philippines}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1946}}
| Was LHT during the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American]] colonial periods. Switched to RHT after the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945.<ref name="E.O. 34 1945"/> RHD vehicles such as imported buses were still used up until the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |first=Mia |last=Rodriguez |title=Whatever Happened to the Double-Decker Buses That Used to Ply Metro Manila's Roads? |url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/83393/double-decker-buses-metro-manila-a4362-20200830-lfrm |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=SPOT.PH |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130170325/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/83393/double-decker-buses-metro-manila-a4362-20200830-lfrm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Philippine National Railways]] switched to RHT in 2010. Nowadays RHD vehicles are illegal to register and operate for ordinary use under Republic Act 8506 of 1998 however RHD vintage vehicles made before 1960 in "showroom" condition or off-road specialized vehicles are allowed to be used only for motorsports events.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Poland}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| South-eastern Poland (former [[Austrian Partition]]) was LHT until the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl" />
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Portugal}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref name="basement"/>
| {{dts|1928}}
| Colonies [[Goa]], Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.<ref name="mozrev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2oaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mozambique+one+drives+on+the+the+left%22 ''Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution''], John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41</ref> The [[Porto Metro]] uses RHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Qatar}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Romania}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1919}}
| Regions of Romania ([[Transylvania]], [[Bukovina]], parts of the [[Banat]], [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]]) that were part of [[Austria-Hungary]] were LHT until 1919.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Russia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|In the [[Russian Far East]], RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |title=Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars |publisher=Russia behind the headlines |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816060429/https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |url-status=live }}</ref> The railway between Moscow and [[Ryazan]], the [[Sormovskaya line]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] and the [[Moskva River cable car]] use LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref name=rwandaburundi/>
|
| [[Ruanda-Urundi|Belgian colony]] before 1962. Considering switching to LHT.<ref name="rwandaburundi"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|This Caribbean island nation was a [[Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla|British colony]] before 1983.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| rowspan="2" | This Caribbean island nation was a British colony before 1979.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Samoa}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
| {{dts|7 September 2009}}
| Despite New Zealand occupying [[German Samoa]] during the first World War, the country did not switch to LHT until 2009; this was for economic reasons, to allow cheaper importation of cars from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/samoa-drivers-switch-left Samoa switches smoothly to driving on the left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170757/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/samoa-drivers-switch-left |date=8 November 2020 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 Sep 2009</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|San Marino}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Enclaved state surrounded by Italy.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1928}}
| [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|Portuguese colony]] until 1975.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1942}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Senegal}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Part of French West Africa before 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Serbia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1926}}
| (As part of [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]). [[Vojvodina]] was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Seychelles}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This island nation was a British colony until 1976.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Sierra Leone}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1 March 1971}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F80CAAAAMAAJ&q=%22right-hand+traffic+system+on+1st+March+1971%22|title=The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone|publisher=A.P.C. Secretariat|year=1982|page=396}}</ref>
| [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|British colony]] until 1961. Switched to RHT being surrounded by neighbouring former French colonies. Furthermore, it banned the importation of RHD vehicles in 2013.<ref name="sierra-leone-RHD">{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html|title=Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|first=Nina|last=de Vries|date=17 September 2013|archive-date=20 May 2022|access-date=8 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520051723/https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Singapore}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This island nation was a British colony until 1963. It was also [[Singapore in Malaysia|part of Malaysia]] until 1965.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Slovakia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| 1939–41
| [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|Switched]] during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Slovenia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1926}}
| (As part of [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].) Officially LHT from 1915 as part of [[Austria-Hungary]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Solomon Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| This island nation was a [[British Solomon Islands|British protectorate]] before 1975.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Somalia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| The former [[British Somaliland]] had LHT until it formed a union with the former [[Italian Somaliland]] which had RHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|South Africa}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Rules|url=http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|work=SACarRental.com|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102054016/http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in South Africa Information|url=http://www.drivesouthafrica.co.za/driving-information/south-africa/|work=drivesouthafrica.co.za|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111114/https://www.drivesouthafrica.com/en/rentals/car-hire/van-hire/south-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| British colony before 1910.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|South Korea}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1946}}
| Was LHT during the period of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. Switched to RHT after the [[USAMGIK]] Ordinance 65 came into effect.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|South Sudan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1973}}
| Part of [[Sudan]] until 2011.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Spain}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1924}}
| Up to the 1920s [[Barcelona]] was RHT, and [[Madrid]] was LHT until 1924. The [[Madrid Metro]] still uses LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[British Ceylon]] from 1815 to 1948.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Sudan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1973}}
| Formerly [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], it switched sides 17 years later to match neighbours.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Suriname}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
| 1920s
| [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Dutch colony]] until 1975. One of the only two countries in continental America which are in LHT, the other being Guyana. Did not switch sides, unlike the Netherlands itself.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Sweden}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|3 September 1967}}
| The day of the switch was known as {{Lang|sv|[[Dagen H]]}}. Most passenger vehicles were already LHD.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg}} [[Syria]]
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Was under [[Syrian Federation|French]] [[State of Syria (1925–1930)|control]].
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Taiwan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1946}}
| Was LHT during the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]] changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214228/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences) |publisher=Passed by the Legislative Yuan |year=1946 |access-date=14 August 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Tanzania}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Was [[Tanganyika Territory|British colony]] until 1961.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Thailand}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref name="basement"/>
|
| One of the few non-British-colony LHT countries. Shares a long land border with RHT Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|East Timor}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
| {{dts|19 July 1976}}
| [[Portuguese Timor|Portuguese colony]] until 1975. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928; following its [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|annexation by Indonesia]] in 1976, it switched back to LHT, which it has retained since independence.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Togo}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|Part of French West Africa until 1960.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Tonga}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| British [[protectorate]] before 1970. Polynesian island nation.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1n3oVO5Gv8C&q=Trinidad+and+Tobago+drives+on+the+left.&pg=PA53|title=Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide|first1=Kathleen|last1=O'Donnell|first2=Stassi|last2=Pefkaros|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc.|year=2000|page=53|isbn=9781556508868}}</ref>
|
| British colony before 1962. Caribbean nation.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| RHT was enforced in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]] from 1881 to 1956.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Turkey}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| Except [[Metrobus (Istanbul)|Metrobus]], which is usually LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Tuvalu}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Formerly a [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands|British colony]]. Became independent in 1978.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Uganda}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Part of British [[Uganda Protectorate]] from 1894 until 1962.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1922}}<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl"/>
| Western parts of the country had LHT under Austro-Hungarian Empire
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1 September 1966}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/09/01/remembering-the-day-dubai-swapped-left-hand-driving-for-right/|date=1 September 2021|title=Remembering the day Dubai swapped left-hand driving for right|first=John|last=Dennehey|archive-date=18 October 2021|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018190731/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/09/01/remembering-the-day-dubai-swapped-left-hand-driving-for-right/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Former [[Trucial States|British protectorate]].
|-
| rowspan="12" |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}} and [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]]
| United Kingdom proper
| style="background: lightskyblue;" | LHT
|
| An island nation with [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border|a land border]] with the Republic of Ireland, which is also LHT. Also LHT are the [[British Overseas Territories]] of [[Anguilla]], [[Ascension Island]], [[Montserrat]], [[Saint Helena]], and [[Tristan da Cunha]].
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Bermuda}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports from the United States, which has RHT.<ref name="bermuda" />
|-
| {{flagcountry|British Indian Ocean Territory}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|The largest island, [[Diego Garcia]], was leased to the [[United States Navy]] as a [[US Navy bases|military base]]; the United States is RHT.
|-
| {{flagcountry|British Virgin Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports from the United States, which is RHT.<ref name="Fodor" />
|-
| {{flagcountry|Cayman Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports from the United States, which has RHT.<ref name="caymans" />
|-
| {{flagcountry|Falkland Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Briefly switched to RHT during the [[Falklands War]].
|-
|{{flagcountry|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Was RHT from 1940 to 1945 due to the German occupation.<ref name="channel islands">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iQNAAAAIAAJ&q=%22rule+of+the+road+was+changed+to+the+right%22|title=The Channel Islands War: 1940–1945|first=Peter|last=King|publisher=Hale|year=1991|page=31|isbn=9780709045120}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Isle of Man}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|
|-
|{{flagcountry|Jersey}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Was RHT from 1940 to 1945 due to the German occupation.<ref name="channel islands"/>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Pitcairn Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|There is no official vehicle registration system.
|-
| {{flagcountry|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| Briefly switched to RHT during the [[Falklands War]].
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports from the United States, which has RHT.<ref name="turks and caicos"/>
|-
| rowspan="8" | {{Flagcountry|United States}}
| [[Contiguous United States|Contiguous U.S.]]
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| British colonies before 1776 (de facto) or 1783 (de jure)
|-
| {{flagcountry|Alaska}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Hawaii}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|U.S. Virgin Islands}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
| [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], like much of the Caribbean, is LHT and is the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the US purchased the former [[Danish West Indies]] in the 1917 [[Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]. Most passenger vehicles are LHD due to them being imported from the American mainland.<ref name="Fodor"/>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Guam}}
| style="background: lightcoral;" | RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| {{flagcountry|American Samoa}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|2 September 1945}}
| Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT in 1945.<ref name="Autoblog">[http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608110433/http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html |date=8 June 2022 }}, Autoblog, 25 August 2015</ref> A speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was observed until 30 September for safety.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT<ref>{{cite web | title = RHD/LHD Country Guide | publisher = toyota-gib.com | url = https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | access-date = 22 September 2017 | archive-date = 8 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220408161805/https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|
| [[New Hebrides|Co-administered under France and the United Kingdom]] until 1980.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Vatican City}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|Enclave of Rome.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Vietnam}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
| [[French Indochina|French colony]] until 1954. The [[Long Bien Bridge]] uses LHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Western Sahara}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
|
|[[Spanish Sahara|Spanish colony]] until 1976.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Yemen}}
| style="background: lightcoral;"| RHT
| {{dts|1977}}<ref name="kincaid"/>
| [[South Yemen]], formerly the British [[colony of Aden]], changed to RHT in 1977, having become one of a few communist countries to use LHT. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|title=South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977|work=stampworld.com|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111147/https://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time, [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] was already RHT.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Zambia}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|[[Northern Rhodesia|British colony]] before 1964.
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
| style="background: lightskyblue;"| LHT
|
|[[Southern Rhodesia|British colony]] before 1965 (de facto) or 1980 (de jure).
|}

===Legality of wrong-hand-drive vehicles by country===
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2021}}
{{incomplete table|date=October 2021}}
{{sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+Legality of wrong-hand-drive vehicles
! Country
! Usage
! Registration (diplomatic vehicles)
! Registration (normal vehicles)
! Ref
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariananews.af/right-hand-vehicles-legalized-in-afghanistan/|title=Right-hand vehicles legalized in Afghanistan|date=12 March 2023|publisher=Ariana News|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312061041/https://www.ariananews.af/right-hand-vehicles-legalized-in-afghanistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Angola}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Argentina}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ar.motor1.com/news/478252/repatriacion-se-trajo-un-honda-s2000-desde-nueva-zelanda-y-con-volante-a-la-derecha/|title=Repatriación: se trajo un Honda S2000 desde Nueva Zelanda (y con volante a la derecha)|quote=En nuestro país no hay ninguna normativa que impida que circulen vehículos con volante a la derecha. De hecho, es una configuración muy común entre los autos clásicos. (In our country there are no regulations that prevent right-hand drive vehicles from circulating. In fact, it is a very common configuration among classic cars.)}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Armenia}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Australia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bahamas}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="bahamas"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bahrain}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Belarus}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Почему белорусы никогда не покупают праворульные автомобили |url=https://www.avtovzglyad.ru/sovety/kupi-proday/2022-09-21-pochemu-belorusy-nikogda-ne-pokupajut-pravorulnye-avtomobili/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=avtovzglyad.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Почему на некоторых автомобилях из России лучше не приезжать в Беларусь |url=https://abw.by/news/automarket/2019/04/08/izgotovyat-nomera-rastamozhat-i-postavyat-na-uchet-pochemu-na-nekotoryh-avtomobilyah-iz-rossii-luchshe-ne-priezzhat-v-belarus |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=abw.by |language=ru |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113162306/https://abw.by/news/automarket/2019/04/08/izgotovyat-nomera-rastamozhat-i-postavyat-na-uchet-pochemu-na-nekotoryh-avtomobilyah-iz-rossii-luchshe-ne-priezzhat-v-belarus |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Belgium}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bermuda}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="bermuda" />
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Brazil}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite act |type=Resolution |index=528 |date=14 May 2015 |article=1 |legislature=[[Ministry of Transport (Brazil)|Brazilian National Transit Council (Contran)]] |url=https://www.gov.br/transportes/pt-br/assuntos/transito/conteudo-contran/resolucao-contran-no-528-de-14-de-maio-de-2015 |language=Portuguese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215124558/https://www.gov.br/transportes/pt-br/assuntos/transito/conteudo-contran/resolucao-contran-no-528-de-14-de-maio-de-2015 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contran Resolution No. 528/2015 |url=https://www.interregs.com/catalogue/details/bra-52815/contran-resolution-no-528-2015/prohibition-from-registering-and-licensing-motor-vehicles-with-a-right-hand-drive/ |website=InterRegs |access-date=15 December 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215125010/https://www.interregs.com/catalogue/details/bra-52815/contran-resolution-no-528-2015/prohibition-from-registering-and-licensing-motor-vehicles-with-a-right-hand-drive/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|British Virgin Islands}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="Fodor"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Brunei}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LOB/PDF/Cap68subRg1%282.8.07%29.pdf|title=Road Traffic Act|publisher=Government of Brunei}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Burundi}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="canada-rhd">{{cite web|url=http://www.icbc.com/library/research_papers/right-hand-drive_vehicles/index.asp |title=Right-hand-drive vehicles |publisher=ICBC |access-date=2011-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001400/http://www.icbc.com/library/research_papers/right-hand-drive_vehicles/index.asp |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Cayman Islands}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="caymans" />
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Chile}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{no}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://practicatest.cl/blog/normativa-de-transito/modificar-auto-volante-lado-derecho|website=practicatest.cl|title=¿Puedo modificar un auto que tiene el volante en el lado derecho?|quote=La ley chilena indica que en el país solo pueden circular automóviles con el volante a la izquierda, por lo que esos autos solo podrán salir a la calle una vez que se modifique el vehículo cambiando todo el equipamiento de manejo al lado correcto. (Chilean law indicates that only left-hand drive cars can circulate in the country, so those cars can only go out on the street once the vehicle is modified by changing all the driving equipment to the correct side.)|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507162958/https://practicatest.cl/blog/normativa-de-transito/modificar-auto-volante-lado-derecho|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|China}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|<ref name="china-RHD">{{cite web|url=https://carnewschina.com/2018/04/03/spotted-in-china-g50-toyota-century-v12-in-black-rhd/|title=Spotted in China: G50 Toyota Century V12 in Black, RHD|first=Joey|last=Wang|date=3 April 2018|website=CarNewsChina.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240315115550/https://carnewschina.com/2018/04/03/spotted-in-china-g50-toyota-century-v12-in-black-rhd/ |archive-date= 15 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Cyprus}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
|
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|DR Congo}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|El Salvador}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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|-
| {{Flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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|-
| {{Flagcountry|Finland}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|France}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Georgia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite journal|title=The causal effect of wrong-hand drive vehicles on road safety|doi=10.1016/j.ecotra.2017.10.002|first=Felix|last=Roesel|journal=Economics of Transportation|volume=11|pages=15–22|year=2021|hdl=10419/170527 |s2cid=115656881 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Germany}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Können Rechtslenker in Deutschland zugelassen werden? |url=https://www.tuningblog.eu/kategorien/tuev-gesetze-verbote/rechtslenker-zulassen-388528/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=tuningblog.eu |language=de-DE |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118040803/https://www.tuningblog.eu/kategorien/tuev-gesetze-verbote/rechtslenker-zulassen-388528/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Ghana}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Gibraltar}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
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| {{Flagcountry|Greece}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Guernsey}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
|
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| {{Flagcountry|Guyana}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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|-
| {{Flagcountry|Honduras}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_first_registration/guidelines_for_importation_and_registration_of_mot/index.html|quote=Application for the registration and licensing of a left hand drive vehicle will not be accepted unless there are special circumstances.|title=GUIDELINES FOR IMPORTATION AND REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE|work=Transport Department|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-date=14 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214025950/https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_first_registration/guidelines_for_importation_and_registration_of_mot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Hungary}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
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| {{Flagcountry|India}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Terkuak Mobil Dinas Favorit FBI, Masih Digunakan Kedubes AS di Indonesia |trans-title=FBI's most famous operational vehicle is used by US Embassy in Indonesia |url=https://www.suara.com/otomotif/2019/09/18/151500/terkuak-mobil-dinas-favorit-fbi-masih-digunakan-kedubes-as-di-indonesia |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=suara.com |language=id |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702074549/https://www.suara.com/otomotif/2019/09/18/151500/terkuak-mobil-dinas-favorit-fbi-masih-digunakan-kedubes-as-di-indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nugraha |first=Muhammad Indra |date=2024-08-26 |title=Ada yang Aneh dengan Tesla Cybertruck Pertama di Indonesia |trans-title=Something is strange with first Tesla Cybertruck arrived in Indonesia |url=https://www.viva.co.id/otomotif/mobil/1745873-ada-yang-aneh-dengan-tesla-cybertruck-pertama-di-indonesia?page=all |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=viva.co.id |language=id}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Iran}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Israel}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Italy}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Japan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Jersey}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Kenya}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="kyrgyzstan-rhd"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Laos}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=pl-lt/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Macau}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Malta}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Micronesia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Mongolia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Nepal}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Nigeria}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|North Korea}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Northern Cyprus}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Palau}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Paraguay}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
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| {{Flagcountry|Peru}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Philippines}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 8506 {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/13/republic-act-no-8506/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202115918/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/13/republic-act-no-8506/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Poland}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=pl-lt>{{CELEX|62011CJ0639|text=Case C‑639/11 – Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber), 20 March 2014. European Commission v Republic of Poland}}, {{ECLI|ECLI:EU:C:2014:173}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Romania}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sci-tech/auto/masinile-cu-volan-pe-dreapta-aduse-din-marea-britanie-nu-mai-pot-fi-omologate-in-romania-de-la-1-ianuarie-2021-1427339|date=2021-01-02|title=Mașinile cu volan pe dreapta aduse din Marea Britanie nu mai pot fi omologate în România de la 1 ianuarie 2021|language=ro}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Russia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="rbth.com"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Sierra Leone}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|<ref name="sierra-leone-RHD"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Singapore}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/lta_information_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/self_importation_.MainPar.22837.File.tmp/Car.pdf&ei=Zbj1U9SsN4ahugSWj4DAAw&usg=AFQjCNHTc_pJsESOog6-rHv936wzuqfI-Q |title=PROCEDURES ON IMPORTATION AND REGISTRATION OF A CAR IN SINGAPORE |publisher=LTA |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407131700/http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/lta_information_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/self_importation_.mainpar.22837.file.tmp/car.pdf%26ei%3Dzbj1u9ssn4ahugswj4daaw%26usg%3Dafqjcnhtc_pjsesoog6-rhv936wzuqfi-q |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Slovakia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Somalia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Somaliland}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|South Africa}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|South Korea}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|South Sudan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Spain}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Suriname}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Taiwan}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?Pcode=K0040013&FLNO=83|language=zh|title=道路交通安全規則§83-全國法規資料庫入口網站|publisher=Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)|date=2015-08-14|accessdate=2015-10-17|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509051155/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?Pcode=K0040013&FLNO=83}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Tanzania}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Thailand}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Turkey}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| {{unknown}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="turks and caicos"/>
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| {{Flagcountry|Uganda}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
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| {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|United States}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|U.S. Virgin Islands}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name="Fodor"/>
|-
| {{Flagcountry|Vietnam}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Yemen}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{Flagcountry|Zambia}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
|
|}

According to the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]], which mostly covers Europe, if having a vehicle registered and legal to drive in one of the Convention countries, it is legal to drive it in any other of the countries, for visits and first year of residence after moving. This is regardless of whether it fulfils all the rules of the visitor countries. This convention does not affect rules on usage or registration of local vehicles.

==See also==
*[[Hook turn]]
*[[Traffic-light signalling and operation]]
*[[World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071550/http://www.nicholashodder.com/download/leftright.kmz Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides] (placemarks file, requires [[Google Earth]])
* [http://www.tramz.com/py/as.html The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción, Paraguay]

{{Traffic law}}
{{Road types}}

[[Category:Left- and right-hand traffic| ]]
[[Category:Chirality]]
[[Category:Driving]]
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Rules of the road]]
[[Category:Traffic law]]

Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018

2026-03-26T19:57:50Z

SheldonCruce:

{{Use Indian English|date= May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|imagesize = 100
|imagealt =
|long_title = An Act to provide for measures to deter fugitive economic offenders from evading the process of law in India by staying outside the jurisdiction of Indian courts, to preserve the sanctity of the rule of law in India and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
|citation = [https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/FEO%20Act%202018.pdf Act No. 17 of 2018]
|territorial_extent = India
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 19 July 2018
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 25 July 2018
|date_assented = 31 July 2018
|signed_by =
|date_commenced =
|date_repealed =
|administered_by =
|bill = The Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, 2018
|bill_citation = [http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Fugitive%20Economic%20Offenders%20Bill%2C%202018.pdf Bill No. 79 of 2018]
|bill_date = 12 March 2018
|introduced_by = [[Arun Jaitley]]
|1st_reading =
|2nd_reading =
|3rd_reading =
|conf_committee_passed =
|committee_report =
|bill2 =
|bill_citation2 =
|bill_date2 =
|introduced_by2 =
|1st_reading2 =
|2nd_reading2 =
|3rd_reading2 =
|conf_committee_passed2 =
|committee_report2 =
|date_conf_committee =
|white_paper =
|amendments =
|repeals =
|related_legislation =
|summary =
|keywords =
|status = in force
}}
The '''Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018''' is an Indian law that empowers any special court (set up under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]) to confiscate all properties and assets of economic offenders who are charged in offences involving sums exceeding INR 100 crores and are evading prosecution by remaining outside the jurisdiction of Indian courts.<ref>{{cite web|title=PRS {{!}} Bill Track {{!}} The Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, 2018|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-fugitive-economic-offenders-bill-2018-5166/|website=prsindia|access-date=1 May 2018|language=en|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161530/http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-fugitive-economic-offenders-bill-2018-5166/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bill for the act was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 12 March 2018 and passed on 25 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Remya |title=Bill to help government bring back fugitive economic offenders gets Parliament's nod |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8aCSuw8KM0grxRcaHJeKoN/Parliament-passes-Fugitive-Economic-Offenders-Bill-2018.html |access-date=30 July 2018 |work=Mint |date=25 July 2018}}</ref> The Act also provides for provisional attachment of all properties of the offender and confiscation of the same on declaration as fugitive economic offender by the Special Court.

The bill has been subject to mixed reception among legal commentators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/flaws-drafting-fugitive-economic-bill|title=Running Argument : The flaws in the draft Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill|last=Sekhri|first=Abhinav|date=August 2017|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/fugitive-economic-offenders-bill-are-we-nation-of-more-laws-and-no-action-118072800747_1.html|title=Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill: Are we nation of more laws and no action?|last=Tankha|first=Vivek|date=2018-07-28|work=Business Standard|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]
* [[Fugitive Economic Offender]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Fugitive-%2017%20of%202018.pdf The Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, 2018]
** [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/79_2018_LS_Eng.pdf As Introduce]
** [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/79-C_2018_LS_Eng.pdf As Passed by Loksabha]
** [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Fugitive-%2017%20of%202018.pdf As Passed by both Houses]
** [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Hindi/asintroduced/79_2018_LS_Hin.pdf पुर: स्थापित रूप में]
** [http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Hindi/PassedLoksabha/79-C_2018_LS_Hin.pdf लोक सभा द्वारा पारित]

[[Category:2018 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Asset forfeiture]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Fugitives]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2018]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Bishambhar Nath Pande

2026-03-25T10:45:12Z

SheldonCruce: refine section also and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Indian activist and politician}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{cleanup biography|date=September 2010}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Bishambhar Nath Pande
|image = Bishambhar Nath Pande.jpg
|imagesize = 200
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1906|12|23}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|6|1|1906|12|23}}
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|nationality = Indian
|citizenship = India
|education =
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Politician
| office4 = [[Governor of Odisha]]
| term4 = 17 August 1983 – 20 November 1988
| predecessor4 = [[Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha]]
| successor4 = [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Bishambhar Nath Pande''' (23 December 1906 – 1 June 1998)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Faruqi |first=M H|date=July 1998|title=The Muslim Rule in India|journal=Impact International|volume=28}}</ref> was a [[freedom fighter]], [[social work]]er, and parliamentarian in India. Pande devoted his life to the cause of national integration, and to the spread of the [[Gandhian]] way of life.

==Life==
B. N. Pande was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and a close associate of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of the [[Republic of India]], as well as of [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]]. He pursued a Gandhian philosophy and was for 18 years vice-chairman of the Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (GSDS), which aims to spread Gandhian principles and philosophy globally.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Pande gave lectures in countries such as Japan, Russia, Germany and Canada on the life and ideals of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].

==Awards==
In 1976, Pande was awarded the [[Padma Shri Awards (1970–1979)|Padma Shri]] for his achievements in the field of social work.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Pande was awarded the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] by then Indian prime minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] in 1996 for his lifetime achievements in the field of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] in India. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} He was also awarded the Khuda Baksh Award for his contribution to the composite culture of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/awards.htm|title=Khuda Bakhsh Award|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Library|access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

==Political career==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], 1952–53
*Mayor of [[Allahabad]] 1948–52
*[[Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house), 1976 to 1984 and 1989 to 1998
*President of the [[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee|Pradesh Congress Committee, Uttar Pradesh]], 1980 to 1983
*[[List of Governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]], 1984 to 1988

==Books==
Pande devoted a major part of his life to research on [[secularism]] with the objective of promoting unity amongst all religions in India. As part of his research, he wrote several books, including:

*''Centenary history of the Indian National Congress 1885–1985''
*''A Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1947–1985'' (1986)
*''Indira Gandhi''
*''Islam and Indian culture''
*''Aurangzeb''

==Family==
Pande was married to Shanta Pande (d. 2000), a former freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000401/nation.htm|title=Freedom fighter dead|date=1 April 2000|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> He had one child, Nandita Rao, and two grandchildren, Probir and Rahul Rao. He also has four great-granddaughters: Niharika, Sudiksha, Sanaaya and Advika Rao.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://openlibrary.org/b/OL162611M/B.N.-Pande-messenger-of-harmony
* http://www.iosworld.org/ebk7.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054200/http://www.iosworld.org/ebk7.htm |date=17 April 2009 }}
* http://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/Eng-Pub/Au-Wise/EB27.HTM {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125080542/http://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/Eng-Pub/Au-Wise/EB27.HTM |date=25 November 2010 }}
* http://www.islamcan.com/islamic-history/muslim-rule-in-india.shtml

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Catapult

2026-03-23T18:56:23Z

SheldonCruce: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Pre-gunpowder projectile-launching device}}
{{About|the projectile-launching artillery weapon|the handheld weapon|Slingshot|equipment to launch aircraft|Aircraft catapult}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism |small =yes}}
[[File:Mang2.png|thumb|Basic diagram of an [[Onager (weapon)|onager]], a type of catapult]]

A '''catapult''' is a [[ballistics|ballistic]] device used to launch a [[projectile]] at a great distance without the aid of [[gunpowder]] or other [[propellant]]s – particularly various types of ancient and medieval [[siege engine]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title= The art of the catapult: build Greek ballista, Roman onagers, English trebuchets, and more ancient artillery|last= Gurstelle|first= William|author-link= William Gurstelle|year= 2004|publisher= Chicago Review Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 978-1-55652-526-1|oclc= 54529037|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/artofcatapult00will}}</ref> A catapult uses the sudden release of stored [[potential energy]] to propel its payload. Most convert [[Tension (mechanics)|tension]] or [[Torsion (mechanics)|torsion]] energy that was more slowly and manually built up within the device before release, via springs, bows, twisted rope, elastic, or any of numerous other materials and mechanisms which allow the catapult to launch a projectile such as rocks, cannon balls, or debris.

During wars in the ancient times, the catapult was usually known to be the strongest heavy weaponry. In modern times the term can apply to devices ranging from a simple hand-held implement (also called a "[[slingshot]]") to a mechanism for [[Aircraft catapult|launching aircraft from a ship]].

The earliest catapults date to at least the 7th century BC, with King [[Uzziah]] of [[Kingdom of Judah| Judah]] recorded as equipping the walls of Jerusalem with machines that shot "great stones".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible, King James Version|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV2&byte=1884604|access-date=2022-01-19|website=quod.lib.umich.edu}}</ref> Catapults are mentioned in [[Yajurveda]] under the name "Jyah" in chapter 30, verse 7.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/yajurveda029670mbp/yajurveda029670mbp_djvu.txt Full text of "The Yajur Veda"]</ref>{{failed verification |Reference to "Jyah" or catapults not found at this location or elsewhere in this text|date=June 2024}} In the 5th century BC the [[mangonel]] appeared in [[ancient China]], a type of traction [[trebuchet]] and catapult.<ref name= PaulCh1/><ref name= MEist>[http://www.medievalists.net/2013/01/13/the-trebuchet/ Chevedden et al. (1995)], abstract at medievalists.net, quote: "The trebuchet, invented in China between the fifth and third centuries B.C.E., reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century C.E."</ref> Early uses were also attributed to [[Ajatashatru]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in his 5th century BC war against the [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavis]].<ref name= Singh>{{cite book |author= Singh, U. |title= A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date= 2008 |publisher= Pearson Education |page= 272 |isbn= 9788131711200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |access-date= October 5, 2014 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703065417/http://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |archive-date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> Greek catapults were invented in the early 4th century BC, being attested by [[Diodorus Siculus]] as part of the equipment of a Greek army in 399 BC, and subsequently used at the [[siege of Motya]] in 397 BC.<ref name= DiSi1>Diod. Sic. 14.42.1.</ref><ref name= DunC3>
{{Harvnb |Campbell |2003 |p= 3}}.</ref>

==Etymology==
The word 'catapult' comes from the [[Latin]] 'catapulta', which in turn comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{Langx|grc|καταπέλτης}}<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Catapult}}</ref> (''katapeltēs''), itself from κατά (''kata''), "downwards"<ref>
{{citation |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkata%2F1 |contribution=κατά |publisher=Tufts |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |type=definition |series=Perseus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155555/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkata%2F1 |archive-date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> and πάλλω (''pallō''), "to toss, to hurl".<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%2Fllw |contribution=πάλλω |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Tufts |series=Perseus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111192039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%2Fllw |archive-date=2013-11-11 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/catapult |contribution=catapult |publisher=Oxford |title=Dictionaries |type=definition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702092148/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/catapult |archive-date=2012-07-02 }}</ref> Catapults were invented by the [[ancient Greeks]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schellenberg |first=Hans Michael |year=2006 |url=http://s145739614.online.de/fera/ausgabe3/Schellenberg.pdf |title=Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum |journal=Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde |volume=3 |pages=14–23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073739/http://s145739614.online.de/fera/ausgabe3/Schellenberg.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-03 }}</ref>{{Sfn | Marsden | 1969 | pp = 48–64}} and in [[ancient India]] where they were used by the [[Haryanka dynasty|Magadhan King]] [[Ajatashatru]] around the early to mid 5th century BC.<ref name= Singh/>

== Greek and Roman catapults ==
{{Main article|Greek and Roman artillery}}
[[File:Hero of Alexandria, Belopoiika, Paris, Graec. 2442.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a large catapult from a medieval copy of [[Hero of Alexandria]]'s ''Belopoiika'']]
[[File:047 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XLVII (Ausschnitt 02).jpg|thumb|Roman "catapult-nest" in the [[Trajan's Dacian Wars]]]]
The catapult and [[crossbow]] in Greece are closely intertwined. Primitive catapults were essentially "the product of relatively straightforward attempts to increase the range and penetrating power of missiles by strengthening the bow which propelled them".<ref name= BCH/> The historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC), described the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapult (''katapeltikon'') by a Greek task force in 399 BC.<ref name= DiSi1/><ref name= DunC3/> The weapon was soon after employed against [[Sicilian Wars#The Second Sicilian War (410 BC–340 BC)|Motya]] (397 BC), a key [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] stronghold in [[Sicily]].<ref>Diod. Sic. 14.50.4</ref><ref name= DunC8>{{Harvnb |Campbell |2003 |p= 8}}.</ref> Diodorus is assumed to have drawn his description from the highly rated{{Sfn | Marsden | 1969 | pp = 48f}} history of [[Philistus]], a contemporary of the events then. The introduction of crossbows however, can be dated further back: according to the inventor [[Hero of Alexandria]] (fl. 1st century AD), who referred to the now lost works of the 3rd-century BC engineer [[Ctesibius]], this weapon was inspired by an earlier foot-held crossbow, called the ''[[gastraphetes]]'', which could store more energy than the Greek bows. A detailed description of the ''gastraphetes'', or the "belly-bow",<ref name= Cuomo>
{{Citation
| last = Cuomo
| first = Serafina
| jstor = 3836219
| title = The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults
| journal = Science
| year = 2004
| volume = 303
| issue = 5659
| pages = 771–772
| doi = 10.1126/science.1091066
| pmid = 14764855
| s2cid = 140749845
| url = https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/644/1/Binder1.pdf
}}.</ref>{{Page needed | date = December 2013}} along with a watercolor drawing, is found in Heron's technical treatise ''Belopoeica''.<ref name= DunC4>
{{Harvnb
| Campbell
| 2003
| p = 4
}}.</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| first1 = Stanley M
| last1 = Burstein
| first2 = Walter
| last2 = Donlan
| first3 = Sarah B
| last3 = Pomeroy
| author-link = Sarah B. Pomeroy
| first4 = Jennifer Tolbert
| last4 = Roberts
| year = 1999
| title = Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 0-19-509742-4
| page = [https://archive.org/details/ancientgreecepol00sara/page/366 366]
| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientgreecepol00sara/page/366
}}.</ref>

A third Greek author, [[Biton (writer)|Biton]] (fl. 2nd century BC), whose reliability has been positively reevaluated by recent scholarship,<ref name= DunC3/>{{Sfn | Lewis | 1999}} described two advanced forms of the ''gastraphetes'', which he credits to [[Zopyrus of Tarentum|Zopyros]], an engineer from [[Taranto|southern Italy]]. Zopyrus has been plausibly equated with a [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]] of that name who seems to have flourished in the late 5th century BC.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoreanism/ | first = Peter | last = Kingsley | title = Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic | publisher = Clarendon | place = Oxford | year = 1995 | pages = 150ff}}.</ref>{{Efn | Lewis established a lower date of no later than the mid-4th century.{{Sfn | Lewis | 1999 | p = 160}} So did de Camp.<ref>{{Citation | first = L Sprague | last = de Camp | title = Master Gunner Apollonios | journal = [[Technology and Culture]] | volume = 2 | number = 3 | year = 1961 | pages = 240–4 (241) | doi=10.2307/3101024| jstor = 3101024 | s2cid = 111523345 }}.</ref>}} He probably designed his bow-machines on the occasion of the sieges of [[Cumae]] and [[Milet]] between 421 BC and 401 BC.<ref>Biton 65.1–67.4, 61.12–65.1.</ref><ref name= DunC5>{{Harvnb |Campbell |2003 |p= 5}}.</ref> The bows of these machines already featured a winched pull back system and could apparently throw two missiles at once.<ref name= DunC8/>

[[Philo of Byzantium]] provides probably the most detailed account on the establishment of a theory of belopoietics (''belos'' = "projectile"; ''poietike'' = "(art) of making") circa 200 BC. The central principle to this theory was that "all parts of a catapult, including the weight or length of the projectile, were proportional to the size of the torsion springs". This kind of innovation is indicative of the increasing rate at which geometry and physics were being assimilated into military enterprises.<ref name= Cuomo/>{{Page needed | date = December 2013}}

From the mid-4th century BC onwards, evidence of the Greek use of arrow-shooting machines becomes more dense and varied: arrow firing machines (''katapaltai'') are briefly mentioned by [[Aeneas Tacticus]] in his treatise on siegecraft written around 350 BC.<ref name= DunC8/> An extant inscription from the [[Athens|Athenian]] arsenal, dated between 338 and 326 BC, lists a number of stored catapults with shooting bolts of varying size and springs of sinews.<ref name= Marsden57>{{Harvnb | Marsden | 1969 | p = 57}}.</ref> The later entry is particularly noteworthy as it constitutes the first clear evidence for the switch to [[torsion (mechanics)|torsion]] catapults, which are more powerful than the more-flexible crossbows and which came to dominate Greek and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] artillery design thereafter.<ref name= DunC8f>{{Harvnb |Campbell |2003 |pp= 8ff}}.</ref> This move to torsion springs was likely spurred by the engineers of Philip II of Macedonia.<ref name= Cuomo/>{{Page needed | date = December 2013}} Another Athenian inventory from 330 to 329 BC includes catapult bolts with heads and flights.<ref name = Marsden57/> As the use of catapults became more commonplace, so did the training required to operate them. Many Greek children were instructed in catapult usage, as evidenced by "a 3rd Century B.C. inscription from the island of Ceos in the Cyclades [regulating] catapult shooting competitions for the young".<ref name= Cuomo/> Arrow firing machines in action are reported from [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]'s siege of [[Perinth]] ([[Thrace]]) in 340 BC.<ref name= Marsden60>{{Harvnb | Marsden | 1969 | p = 60}}.</ref> At the same time, Greek fortifications began to feature high towers with shuttered windows in the top, which could have been used to house anti-personnel arrow shooters, as in [[Aigosthena]].<ref>{{Citation |first= Josiah |last= Ober |title= Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid |journal= American Journal of Archaeology |volume= 91 |number= 4 |year= 1987 |pages= 569–604 (569) |doi=10.2307/505291 |jstor= 505291 |s2cid= 191377778}}.</ref> Projectiles included both arrows and (later) stones that were sometimes lit on fire.{{clarify|stones lit on fire?|date=October 2022}} [[Onomarchus]] of Phocis first used catapults on the battlefield against [[Philip II of Macedon]].{{Sfn | Ashley | 1998 | pp = 50, 446}} Philip's son, [[Alexander the Great]], was the next commander in recorded history to make such use of catapults on the battlefield{{Sfn | Ashley | 1998 | p = 50}}, such as at the [[Battle of Jaxartes]], as well as to use them during sieges.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Skelton | first1 = Debra | first2 = Pamela | last2 = Dell | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O8TDQG6jiG4C&pg=PA21 | title = Empire of Alexander the Great | place = New York | publisher = Facts on File | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5564-7 | access-date = January 31, 2013 | pages = 21, 26, 29 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171223060540/https://books.google.com/books?id=O8TDQG6jiG4C&pg=PA21 | archive-date = December 23, 2017 }}.</ref>

The Romans started to use catapults as arms for their wars against [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]], Macedon, Sparta and Aetolia (3rd and 2nd centuries BC). The Roman machine known as an [[arcuballista]] was similar to a large crossbow.<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Arcuballista | place = [[France|FR]] | url = http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/feuilleter.xsp?tome=1&partie=1&numPage=400&filtre=arbal%C3%A8te%20&nomEntree=ARCUBALLISTA | language = fr | title = Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines | trans-title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities | publisher = Univ TLSE II | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005121645/http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/feuilleter.xsp?tome=1&partie=1&numPage=400&filtre=arbal%C3%A8te%20&nomEntree=ARCUBALLISTA | archive-date = 2008-10-05 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Bachrach | first = Bernard S | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Is2WQyLMKV4C&pg=PA112 | title = Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire | place = Philadelphia | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8122-3533-3 | access-date = January 31, 2013 | pages = 110–12 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171223060540/https://books.google.com/books?id=Is2WQyLMKV4C&pg=PA112 | archive-date = December 23, 2017 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Payne-Gallwey | first = Ralph | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xCDK0twV82MC&pg=PA43 | title = The Crossbow: Its Military and Sporting History, Construction and Use | place = New York | publisher = Skyhorse | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-60239-010-2 | access-date = January 31, 2013 | pages = 43–44 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171223060540/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCDK0twV82MC&pg=PA43 | archive-date = December 23, 2017 }}.</ref> Later the Romans used [[ballista]] catapults on their warships.

== Other ancient catapults ==
In chronological order:
* 19th century BC, Egypt, walls of the fortress of [[Buhen]] appear to contain platforms for siege weapons.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Leo Richard|title=The Compendium of Weapons, Armor & Castles|last2=Tenney|first2=Charles R.|publisher=Nabu Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1146066846|pages=139}}</ref>
* c.750 BC, Judah, King [[Uzziah]] is documented as having overseen the construction of machines to "shoot great stones".<ref>{{bibleverse-lb|2|Chronicles|26:15|HE}}</ref>
* between 484 and 468 BC, India, [[Ajatashatru]] is recorded in Jaina texts as having used catapults in his campaign against the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]].<ref name= Singh/>
* between 500 and 300 BC, China, recorded use of [[mangonel]]s.<ref name= PaulCh1>Chevedden, Paul E.; Eigenbrod, Les; Foley, Vernard; Soedel, Werner. (July 1995). "The Trebuchet". [[Scientific American]], pp. 66–71. Original version.</ref><ref name= MEist/><ref name= PaulCh2>Paul E. Chevedden, [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54/dp54ch4.pdf The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610032737/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54/dp54ch4.pdf |date=2014-06-10 }}, p.71, p.74, See citation:"The traction trebuchet, invented by the Chinese sometime before the fourth century B.C." in page 74</ref> They were probably used by the [[Mohist]]s as early as the 4th century BC, descriptions of which can be found in the [[Mozi|''Mojing'']] (compiled in the 4th century BC).<ref name= MEist/><ref name= PaulCh2/> In Chapter 14 of the ''Mojing'', the mangonel is described hurling hollowed out logs filled with burning charcoal at enemy troops.{{sfn|Liang|2006}} The mangonel was carried westward by the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and appeared next in the eastern Mediterranean by the late 6th century AD, where it replaced torsion powered siege engines such as the ballista and onager due to its simpler design and faster rate of fire.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=366}}<ref name= PaulCh1/>{{sfn|Graff|2016|p=141}} The Byzantines adopted the mangonel possibly as early as 587, the Persians in the early 7th century, and the Arabs in the second half of the 7th century.{{sfn|Graff|2016|p=86}} The [[Franks]] and [[Saxons]] adopted the weapon in the 8th century.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=367}}

== Medieval catapults ==
[[File:Replica catapult.jpg|right|thumb|Replica of a Petraria Arcatinus]]
[[File:Front of medieval catapult 2 in Mercato San Severino, Italy.JPG|thumb|Petraria Arcatinus catapult in Mercato San Severino, Italy]]
[[File:Catapult 1 Mercato San Severino.jpg|thumb|Catapult 1 Mercato San Severino]]
[[Castle]]s and fortified [[walled cities]] were common during this period and catapults were used as [[siege weapon]]s against them. As well as their use in attempts to breach walls, [[Early thermal weapons|incendiary missiles]], or diseased carcasses or garbage could be catapulted over the walls.

Defensive techniques in the Middle Ages progressed to a point that rendered catapults largely ineffective. The [[Siege of Paris (885–886)|Viking siege of Paris]] (AD 885–6) "saw the employment by both sides of virtually every instrument of siege craft known to the classical world, including a variety of catapults", to little effect, resulting in failure.<ref name= BCH>{{Citation | last = Hacker | first = Barton C | jstor = 3102042 | title = Greek Catapults and Catapult Technology: Science, Technology, and War in Ancient World| journal = Technology and Culture | year = 1968 | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–50 | doi = 10.2307/3102042 | s2cid = 112617914 }}.</ref>

The most widely used catapults throughout the Middle Ages were as follows:<ref name= MAge>{{Citation |title= Catapults |website= middle-ages.org.uk |url=http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/catapults.htm |url-status= live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100924235615/http://middle-ages.org.uk/catapults.htm |archive-date= 2010-09-24}}. {{access denied|date= June 2024}}</ref>

; [[Ballista]]: Ballistae were similar to giant crossbows and were designed to work through torsion. The projectiles were large arrows or darts made from wood with an iron tip. These arrows were then shot "along a flat trajectory" at a target. Ballistae were accurate, but lacked firepower compared with that of a mangonel or trebuchet. Because of their immobility, most ballistae were constructed on site following a siege assessment by the commanding military officer.<ref name= MAge/>
:
; [[Springald]]: The springald's design resembles that of the ballista, being a crossbow powered by tension. The springald's frame was more compact, allowing for use inside tighter confines, such as the inside of a castle or tower, but compromising its power.<ref name= MAge/>
:
; [[Mangonel]]: This machine was designed to throw heavy projectiles from a "bowl-shaped bucket at the end of its arm". Mangonels were mostly used for “firing various missiles at fortresses, castles, and cities,” with a range of up to {{cvt|1,300|ft|order=flip}}. These missiles included anything from stones to excrement to rotting carcasses. Mangonels were relatively simple to construct, and eventually wheels were added to increase mobility.<ref name= MAge/>
:
; [[Onager (siege weapon)|Onager]]: Mangonels are also sometimes referred to as Onagers. Onager catapults initially launched projectiles from a sling, which was later changed to a "bowl-shaped bucket". The word ''Onager'' is derived from the Greek word ''onagros'' for "wild ass", referring to the "kicking motion and force"<ref name= MAge/> that were recreated in the Mangonel's design. Historical records regarding onagers are scarce. The most detailed account of Mangonel use is from "Eric Marsden's translation of a text written by Ammianus Marcellius in the 4th Century AD" describing its construction and combat usage.<ref name= info>{{Citation|url=http://www.catapults.info/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601094938/http://www.catapults.info/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-06-01 |title=Catapults info }}.</ref>
:
; [[Trebuchet]]: [[File:MongolsBesiegingACityInTheMiddleEast13thCentury.jpg|thumb|left|Ghaznavid warriors using trebuchet to besiege a city]] Trebuchets were probably the most powerful catapult employed in the Middle Ages. The most commonly used ammunition were stones, but "darts and sharp wooden poles" could be substituted if necessary. The most effective kind of ammunition though involved fire, such as "firebrands, and deadly [[Greek Fire]]". Trebuchets came in two different designs: Traction, which were powered by people, or Counterpoise, where the people were replaced with "a weight on the short end".<ref name= MAge/> The most famous historical account of trebuchet use dates back to the siege of [[Stirling Castle]] in 1304, when the army of Edward I constructed a giant trebuchet known as [[Warwolf]], which then proceeded to "level a section of [castle] wall, successfully concluding the siege".<ref name= info/>
:
; [[Trebuchet|Couillard]]: A simplified trebuchet, where the trebuchet's single counterweight is split, swinging on either side of a central support post.
:
; Leonardo da Vinci's catapult: [[Leonardo da Vinci]] sought to improve the efficiency and range of earlier designs. His design incorporated a large wooden [[leaf spring]] as an [[:wikt:accumulator|accumulator]] to power the catapult.{{citation needed |date=February 2011}} Both ends of the bow are connected by a rope, similar to the design of a [[bow and arrow]]. The leaf spring was not used to pull the catapult armature directly, rather the rope was wound around a drum. The catapult armature was attached to this drum which would be turned until enough potential energy was stored in the deformation of the spring. The drum would then be disengaged from the winding mechanism, and the catapult arm would snap around.{{citation needed | date = February 2011}} Though no records exist of this design being built during Leonardo's lifetime, contemporary enthusiasts have reconstructed it.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}

== Modern use ==

=== Military ===
[[File:Fairey Campania on HMS Slinger's catapult.jpg|thumb|left|Fairey Campania floatplane on board {{HMS|Slinger|1917|6}}'s catapult, in 1917]]
[[File:French grenade catapult.jpg|thumb|French troops using a catapult to throw [[hand grenade]]s and other explosives during [[World War I]]]]
[[Aircraft catapult]]s are used to launch aircraft from ships or land bases when the takeoff area is too short, or to get aircraft at significantly higher takeoff weights than normal airborne.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=87}}</ref> The British initiated experiments in 1917 that continued until 1919, with {{HMS|Slinger|1917|6}} using [[Fairey Campania]] and [[Short 310]] single engine [[floatplane]]s. These were preceded by unassisted launches from wooden platforms, but as aircraft weights and speeds increased, they became less and less useful. By the 1930s, aircraft catapults were common on major warships operated by most of the major naval powers, including [[battleship]]s and [[cruiser]]s in addition to [[aircraft carrier]]s. Trial installations were also made on some destroyers. By the 1930s, some merchant vessels with both France and Germany were also using catapults to launch civil aircraft, either to speed up mail deliveries or news, or to shorten the length of the flight when aircraft ranges were inadequate, although military applications were in mind when these were being developed. Land installations were also in use, and the requirements for the [[Avro Manchester]] [[Second World War]] [[heavy bomber]] including being able to launch them with a catapult. During the Second World War, due to shortage of conventional aircraft carriers the British temporarily installed catapults on Merchant vessels (making them [[CAM ship]]s) to launch a [[Hawker Hurricane]] fighter escort against marauding German [[Focke Wulf Condor]] maritime reconnaissance aircraft that were reporting convoy movements, and attacking ships. The Hurricanes could not be recovered and so either had to head for land, or ditch in the open ocean after being launched. With the development of the helicopter, most catapults aside from those used on aircraft carriers were made redundant.

The last large scale army use of catapults was during the [[trench warfare]] of [[World War I]]. During the early stages of the war, catapults were used to throw [[hand grenade]]s across [[no man's land]] into enemy trenches. They were eventually replaced by small [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]].

The SPBG (Silent Projector of Bottles and Grenades) was a Soviet proposal for an anti-tank weapon that launched grenades from a spring-loaded shuttle up to {{cvt|100|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tankarchives.ca/2016/08/russian-piat.html | title=Russian PIAT }}</ref>

In 2024, during the [[Gaza war]], a trebuchet created by private initiative of an [[Israel Defence Forces |IDF]] reserve unit was used to throw firebrands over the border into Lebanon, in order to set the undergrowth which offered possible camouflage to [[Hezbollah]] fighters on fire.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/14/middleeast/israel-catapult-trebuchet-lebanon-intl/index.html Israeli troops catapult fireball into Lebanon using weapon rarely used since 16th century], Benjamin Brown, Gianluca Mezzofiore, Paul Murphy and Christian Edwards for [[CNN]], posted & accessed June 14, 2024.</ref>

===Toys, sports, entertainment===
In the 1840s, the invention of [[vulcanized]] [[natural rubber|rubber]] allowed the making of small hand-held catapults, either improvised from Y-shaped sticks or manufactured for sale; both were popular with children and teenagers. These devices were also known as [[slingshots]] in the United States.

Small catapults, referred to as "traps", are still widely used to launch [[clay target]]s into the air in the sport of [[clay pigeon shooting]].

In the 1990s and early 2000s, a powerful catapult, a trebuchet, was used by thrill-seekers first on private property and in 2001–2002 at Middlemoor Water Park, Somerset, England, to experience being catapulted through the air for {{convert|100|ft|m|sp=us}}. The practice has been discontinued due to a fatality at the Water Park. There had been an injury when the trebuchet was in use on private property. Injury and death occurred when those two participants failed to land on the safety net.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2004/02/oxford-university-dangerous-sports-club |title=Scandal: Extreme Oxford Sports |last=Martin |first=Brett |date=August 5, 2013 |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=November 13, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531102033/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2004/02/oxford-university-dangerous-sports-club |archive-date=May 31, 2017 }}</ref> The operators of the trebuchet were tried, but found not guilty of manslaughter, though the jury noted that the fatality might have been avoided had the operators "imposed stricter safety measures."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/oct/31/highereducation.uk4 |title=Inquest told of student catapult death |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 31, 2005 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114133709/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/oct/31/highereducation.uk4 |archive-date=January 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/4401024.stm |title=BBC NEWS UK England Oxfordshire - Safety doubts over catapult death |date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211151741/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/4401024.stm |archive-date=December 11, 2014 }}</ref> [[Human cannonball]] [[circus]] acts use a catapult launch mechanism, rather than gunpowder, and are risky ventures for the human cannonballs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_069.html|title=The Straight Dope: How do "human cannonballs" survive?|last=Adams|first=Cecil|date=1991-06-21|website=Straight Dope|publisher=Chicago Reader|access-date=November 13, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106071839/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_069.html|archive-date=January 6, 2009}}</ref>

Early [[launched roller coaster]]s used a catapult system powered by a diesel engine or a dropped weight to acquire their momentum,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design|last=Weisenberger|first=Nick|year=2013|isbn=9781468013559|pages=49–50|publisher=Nick Weisenberger |oclc=927712635|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223060540/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|archive-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> such as [[Shuttle Loop]] installations between 1977 and 1978. The catapult system for roller coasters has been replaced by [[flywheel]]s and later [[linear motor]]s.

''[[Pumpkin chunking]]'' is another widely popularized use, in which people compete to see who can launch a pumpkin the farthest by mechanical means (although the world record is held by a pneumatic air cannon).

===Smuggling===
In January 2011, a homemade catapult was discovered that was used to [[Smuggling|smuggle]] [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] into the United States from Mexico. The machine was found {{cvt|20|ft|0}} from the border fence with {{convert|4.4|lb}} bales of cannabis ready to launch.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2011-01/mexican-authorities-seize-homemade-marijuana-hurling-catapult-border | newspaper = Pop Sci | date = Jan 2011 | title = Mexican authorities seize homemade marijuana hurling catapult at border | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110130043830/http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2011-01/mexican-authorities-seize-homemade-marijuana-hurling-catapult-border | archive-date = 2011-01-30 }}.</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Aircraft catapult]]
* [[Centrifugal gun]]
* [[List of siege engines]]
* [[Mangonel]]
* [[Mass driver]]
* [[National Catapult Contest]]
* [[Sling (weapon)]]
* [[Trebuchet]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | last = Ashley | first = James R | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&pg=PA50 | title = The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 BC | place = Jefferson, NC | publisher = McFarland & Co | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-7864-1918-0 | access-date = January 31, 2013}}.
* {{Citation | first = Duncan | last = Campbell | title = Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC – AD 363 | publisher = Osprey | place = Oxford | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-84176-634-8}}.
* {{Citation |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415460347}}.
* {{Citation | first = MJT | last = Lewis | title = When was Biton? |journal = [[Mnemosyne (journal)|Mnemosyne]] | volume = 52 | number = 2 | year = 1999 | pages = 159–68 | doi=10.1163/1568525991528860}}.
* {{Citation |last=Liang |first=Jieming |title=Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity – An Illustrated History |year=2006 |publisher=Leong Kit Meng |isbn=978-9810553807}}.
* {{Citation | first = Eric William | last = Marsden | title = Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development | publisher = Clarendon | place = Oxford | year = 1969 | isbn = 978-0-19-814268-3}}.
* {{Citation |last=Purton |first=Peter |year=2009 |title=A History of the Early Medieval Siege c.450-1200 |publisher=The Boydell Press |isbn=978-1843834489}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category |Catapults|Catapult}}
{{Wiktionary |catapult}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Catapult |volume=5 |short=x}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/war/CatapultTypes.htm | contribution = Types | title = Ancient Greek Artillery Technology | publisher = Mlahanas | place = [[Germany|DE]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160112160714/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/war/CatapultTypes.htm | archive-date = 2016-01-12 }}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/build_a_catapult.html | title = Trebuchet store | contribution = Catapult Plans and Design | publisher = Red stone projects}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/catapultanimation.html | title = Trebuchet store | contribution = Animated Catapults | publisher = Red stone projects}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com/medieval-catapults.html | title = Medieval castle siege weapons | contribution = Medieval Catapult Articles | access-date = 2005-08-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051027191657/http://www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com/medieval-catapults.html | archive-date = 2005-10-27 | url-status = dead }}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.fvc3.com/trebuchet | title = A Modern Spring Loaded Catapult in Action | publisher = FVC3 | access-date = 2009-10-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100428232239/http://www.fvc3.com/trebuchet | archive-date = 2010-04-28 | url-status = usurped }}.

{{Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons|state =collapsed}}
{{Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons|state =collapsed}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Projectile weapons]]
[[Category:Siege engines]]
[[Category:Obsolete technologies]]

Murder of Anni Dewani

2026-03-20T09:23:51Z

SheldonCruce: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian-Swedish engineer murdered in South Africa}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anni Dewani
| image = Anni Dewani.jpg
| image_caption =
| birth_name = Anni Ninna Hindocha
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1982|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mariestad]], Sweden
| disappeared_place = [[Gugulethu]], South Africa {{coord|33|58|42|S|18|34|26|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|name=Abduction}}
| disappeared_date = {{Disappeared date and age|2010|11|13|1982|03|12|df=y}}
| death_cause = [[ballistic trauma|Gunshot]] to chest and neck
| body_discovered = [[Lingelethu West]], [[City of Cape Town]], South Africa {{coord|34|03|01|S|18|39|23|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|name=Body found}}
| height =
| education =
| alma mater =
| occupation = Engineer
| spouse = Shrien Dewani
}}

'''Anni Ninna Dewani''' ({{nee}} '''Hindocha'''; 12 March 1982 – 13 November 2010) was a [[Swedes|Swedish]] woman of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] who was murdered while on her honeymoon in [[South Africa]] after the taxi in which she and her husband Shrien Dewani were traveling was hijacked.

Three arrests were made in the days following the crime; hijackers Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Xolile Mngeni, and hotel receptionist Monde Mbolombo admitted to their involvement in an unintentionally fatal robbery and kidnapping.<ref name="Bitter Dawn"/> Facing life in prison, Qwabe and Mbolombo later changed their stories to allege the crime had been a premeditated murder for hire at the behest of Anni's husband Shrien Dewani. Taxi driver Zola Tongo initially claimed to be an innocent victim of the incident, but faced with the weight of evidence implicating him in the crime and in the wake of his fellow conspirators' allegations of a "murder for hire" plot, he too changed his story to allege the husband was the instigator.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/17/dewani-murder-doubts-raised-police|title=Dewani murder case: How grieving husband became suspect|last1=Morris|first1=Steven|date=17 February 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 September 2017|last2=Smith|first2=David|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Smith|first3=Alex Duval}}</ref> Plea bargains were offered to the conspirators in exchange for future testimony in legal proceedings related to the crime. The allegation of the husband's involvement made global headlines; Shrien Dewani's supporters denied the accusations, saying it was "ludicrous" to suggest he had solicited an attack on his wife from the first taxi driver he met within hours of their arrival in Cape Town.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

Zola Tongo pleaded guilty to murder in December 2010 and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Mziwamadoda Qwabe pleaded guilty to murder in August 2012 and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Xolile Mngeni was tried and convicted of murder in November 2012 and was sentenced to life in prison. Monde Mbolombo admitted his involvement but was offered immunity in exchange for testimony against the other men alleged to have been involved in the crime.

South African prosecutors formulated charges against Shrien Dewani based on the later-discredited confessions of Tongo, Qwabe and Mbolombo, who were found to have committed [[perjury]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2014/188.html|title=S v Dewani (CC15/2014) [2014] ZAWCHC 188 (8 December 2014)|website=www.saflii.org|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Charges were brought on the basis Anni had been the victim of a premeditated kidnapping and murder for hire that was staged to appear like a random carjacking, allegedly arranged by her husband. Following a long legal battle, Shrien was extradited from the UK to South Africa to face trial. He was acquitted by a [[Western Cape High Court]] in December 2014.

==Background==

===Anni Dewani===
The Hindocha family was forced to leave [[Uganda]] in the early 1970s after the country's president, [[Idi Amin]], [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled all Asians living there]]. They were granted residence in Sweden and settled in [[Mariestad]], where their daughter Anni was born and raised.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8186282/Honeymoon-murder-Anni-Dewani-profile.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8186282/Honeymoon-murder-Anni-Dewani-profile.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Honeymoon murder: Anni Dewani profile |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Wedding===
Anni Hindocha met Shrien Dewani in [[London]] in 2009; they maintained a long-distance relationship until Hindocha moved to the UK in March 2010, where they became engaged in May that year.<ref name=gualav>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/08/shrien-dewani-profile-lavish-wedding-high-court-murder-trial-south-africa |title=Shrien Dewani: from lavish wedding to a high court murder trial |work=The Guardian |date=8 December 2014}}</ref> The couple, whose relationship was sometimes troubled,<ref name=gualav /> married at [[Lake Powai]] near [[Mumbai]], [[India]], on 29 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141209/jsp/foreign/story_2763.jsp#.Vjq8PWt3mdo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209010037/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141209/jsp/foreign/story_2763.jsp#.Vjq8PWt3mdo |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2014 |title=Court clears Dewani of honeymoon murder |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=8 December 2014}}</ref> They were planning to hold a [[civil ceremony]] in the UK in 2011 for friends who could not attend their wedding in India.<ref name=Indp2164391>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/murder-of-anni-dewani-the-bridegrooms-story-2164391.html|title=Murder of Anni Dewani: The bridegroom's story|author=David Connett|work=The Independent|location=London|date=19 December 2010|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref>

==Robbery, kidnapping and murder==
After landing at [[Cape Town International Airport]] on 7 November 2010, Dewani and her husband took a domestic flight and stayed at the [[Kruger National Park]] for four nights.<ref name=telpro>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8186487/Honeymoon-murder-Shrien-Dewani-profile.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8186487/Honeymoon-murder-Shrien-Dewani-profile.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Honeymoon murder: Shrien Dewani profile |work=The Telegraph |date=7 December 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 12 November, the couple returned to Cape Town International Airport, where they met and engaged taxi driver Zola Tongo to drive them to the five-star Cape Grace Hotel.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

On 13 November, having retained Tongo as a tour guide, the couple was driven through the city in his [[Volkswagen Sharan]] into Gugulethu. Tongo drove to Surfside Restaurant in the Strand suburb, where the couple dined. After their meal, Tongo drove the Dewanis back into Gugulethu. Shortly after they had turned off the main road, two armed men hijacked the vehicle. After driving a short distance, Tongo was ejected from the taxi. Shrien Dewani was robbed of his money, wallet, designer watch and mobile telephone, and after being driven for about 20 minutes, he was also ejected from the vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/taxi-driver-held-over-murder-of-newlywed-in-south-africa-2141122.html |title=Taxi driver held over murder of newly-wed in South Africa |work=The Independent |date=23 October 2011}}</ref> On the street, a bystander assisted him by calling the police.

At 07:50 on 14 November, in Lingelethu West, Anni Dewani was found dead in the back of the VW Sharan taxi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/police-hunt-honeymoon-carjack-killers-2134389.html |title=Police hunt honeymoon carjack killers |work=The Independent |date=23 October 2011}}</ref> She had suffered a single gunshot wound to her neck. Police later confirmed Anni's Giorgio Armani wristwatch, a white-gold and diamond bracelet, her handbag and her BlackBerry mobile telephone were missing, and assumed they were stolen.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11945835 | work=BBC News | title=South Africa honeymoon death husband's bail opposed | date=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=Underhill>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-26-dewani-may-face-extradition|title=Dewani may face extradition|author=Glynnis Underhill|work=The M&G Online|date=26 November 2010|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> The items stolen in the robbery had an estimated value of [[South African rand]] R90,000 (USD {{To USD | 90000 | ZAF | round = yes }}).<ref name="saflii.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2010/601.html|title=S v Tongo (SS 59/2010) [2010] ZAWCHC 601 (5 December 2010)|website=www.saflii.org|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

==Post-mortem examination, repatriation and cremation==
The post-mortem examination revealed bruising on her inner leg, indicating she had been involved in a struggle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2014/188.html |title=S v Dewani (CC15/2014) [2014] ZAWCHC 188 (8 December 2014) |work=[[Southern African Legal Information Institute]] |date=2014}} Sec: "The shooting of the deceased", (24.1.27.2)</ref> It also indicated she had died from a single gunshot that passed through her hand and neck, severing an artery.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} There was no sign of sexual assault.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Anni-Dewani-not-raped-pathologist-20121010|title=Anni Dewani not raped - pathologist|work=News24|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> On 17 November, Dewani's body was released by the South African authorities and returned to the United Kingdom on a [[British Airways]] flight, accompanied by her husband.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Six months after her death, following [[Hindu]] customs, her family scattered her ashes in her favourite area of the [[Vänern]] lake, close to her home town, Mariestad, Sweden.<ref name="Daily_Telegraph_20110516">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8514888/Anni-Dewanis-ashes-scattered-by-family-as-Shrien-Dewani-fights-extradition.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8514888/Anni-Dewanis-ashes-scattered-by-family-as-Shrien-Dewani-fights-extradition.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Anni Dewani's ashes scattered by family as Shrien Dewani fights extradition |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date= 16 May 2011 |author=John Bingham |access-date=8 December 2014 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Investigation: sequence of arrests and confessions==
As a result of a palm print found on the abandoned taxi, Xolile Mngeni was arrested on Tuesday 16 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2012/202.html |title=S v Mngeni (CC25/2011) [2012] ZAWCHC 202; 2013 (1) SACR 583 (WCC) |work=SAFLII |date=19 November 2012 |at=INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND, para.12}}</ref> Mngeni made a videotaped confession in the presence of Captain Jonker of the [[South African Police Service]], admitting involvement in a hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping operation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newling |first1=Dan |title=Bitter Dawn |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Jonathan Ball Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-86842-624-9 |at=Conflicting Stories (ch.44, sec.3)}}</ref> He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims and said Qwabe shot Anni Dewani during a struggle for her handbag.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZSc--n2PgQ |title=The Honeymoon Murder: Who Killed Anni? |work=[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]] |time=42:10}}</ref>

Mziwamadoda Qwabe was arrested at around 01:00 on Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of a tip-off from a trusted township informant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newling |first1=Dan |title=Bitter Dawn |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Jonathan Ball Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-86842-624-9 |at=A Second Arrest (ch.10, sec.1)}}</ref> After initial denials, Qwabe was allowed to consult with arrested co-conspirators Mbolombo and Mngeni, and subsequently admitted involvement in the hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping. He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims.<ref name="Bitter Dawn">{{cite book |last1=Newling |first1=Dan |title=Bitter Dawn |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Jonathan Ball Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-86842-624-9 |at=Anatomy of an Accusation (ch.48, sec.1)}}</ref> He changed his story during an interview recorded at 17:21 that day, saying the incident was a murder planned at the behest of Shrien Dewani.<ref name="Bitter Dawn"/>

Monde Mbolombo was arrested in the early hours of Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of Qwabe providing his name to the police. After initially denying involvement, Mbolombo made a recorded confession at 16:30, admitting arranging a hijacking and armed robbery operation. The confession did not mention a planned murder or Shrien Dewani's involvement.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book |last1=Newling |first1=Dan |title=Bitter Dawn |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Jonathan Ball Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-86842-624-9 |at=Anatomy of an Accusation(ch.48, sec.1)}}</ref> The following day, Mbolombo changed his story, saying the operation was a planned murder at the behest of Shrien Dewani.<ref name="Bitter Dawn"/>

Taxi driver Zola Tongo reported the hijacking to a police station in Gugulethu after he was ejected from the vehicle, and made a statement saying he was an unknowing victim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/why-shrien-dewani-can-go-free--judge-jeanette-trav |title=Why Shrien Dewani can go free - Judge Jeanette Traverso |work=Politicsweb |date=10 December 2014 |at=23.1.29}}</ref><ref name="saflii1">{{cite web |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2010/601.html |title=S v Tongo (SS 59/2010) [2010] ZAWCHC 601 |work=SAFLII |date=5 December 2010 |at=COUNT FOUR: OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE}}</ref> On 17 November, Tongo gave a statement to Officer Hendrikse of the SAPS, again saying he was an innocent victim.<ref name="saflii1"/> The following day, Tongo appointed attorney William De Grass, and on Saturday 20 November he surrendered to police and said the operation was a planned murder that was staged to appear as a random hijacking at the behest of Shrien Dewani.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

==Media coverage==
In South Africa, there was much media coverage of the case following the discovery of the body. With an economy reliant on tourism, tour operators reported an immediate drop in bookings as potential visitors became aware of the country's murder rate; on average, 46 per day. There were also concerns the killing would negate the goodwill resulting from the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/a-week-after-honeymoon-brides-murder-what-can-be-the-explosive-revelation-2139734.html|title=A week after honeymoon bride's murder, what can be the 'explosive revelation'?|author=Susie Mesure|work=The Independent|location=London|date=21 November 2010|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> The assignment of the [[Hawks (South Africa)|Police Hawks]] team, and the early arrests, conviction and statement implicating Shrien Dewani led to increased media coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-12-21-race-class-and-the-dewani-case|title=Race, class and the Dewani case|author=IMRAAN BUCCUS|publisher=Mail & Guardian|date=21 December 2010|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/people-news/3997/dewani-denied-his-wife-sex-claims-c4-film|title=Shrien Dewani family welcome 'significant' Panorama findings | Dewani murder News | The Week UK|publisher=Theweek.co.uk|date=20 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/police-investigating-if-shrien-dewani-had-male-lovers-report-118440|title=Police investigating if Shrien Dewani had male lovers: Report|publisher=NDTV.com|date=11 July 2011|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

===BBC ''Panorama'' episode ===
An episode of the [[BBC]] television documentary series ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'' in March 2012 reported that the original South African post-mortem report showed the bullet that killed Anni Dewani had passed through her left hand followed by her chest, and that the wound on her neck was an exit wound. The report said the bullet left "an irregular gunshot exit wound", which suggested there had been a struggle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17530411|title=Dewani Couple honeymoon kiss caught on camera |author=Jeremy Vine |publisher=BBC News, Johannesburg |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> A second ''Panorama'' programme broadcast in September 2013 revisited the case and highlighted numerous inconsistencies between the physical evidence, witness testimony, and the South African prosecutors' purported version of events. In particular, it said the forensic evidence had not been collected properly and that it indicated an accidental shooting during a struggle rather than a deliberate killing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Anni: The Honeymoon Murder===
A four part documentary on Anni Dewani's murder was released for streaming in 2021 and television in 2022 by the [[Discovery channel]]. Producers of this crime documentary series used testimony and CCTV footage from the South African police (SAPS), Cape Grace Hotel, investigating officers, interviews with legal teams, the Hindocha family and the hotel receptionist who received immunity from prosecution and became a state witness, Monde Mbolombo.

==Trials, convictions and sentencing==

===Plea bargains===
Mziwamadoda Qwabe<ref name=primary>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/08_08_2012_pleaandsentencing.pdf |title=Agreement in Terms of Section 105A of Act 51 of 1977}}</ref> and Zola Tongo<ref name="saflii.org"/> were offered reduced sentences in exchange for guilty pleas and the promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/17/dewani-murder-doubts-raised-police|title=Dewani murder case: How grieving husband became suspect|author=Steven Morris|work=The Guardian|date=17 February 2011|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> These [[plea deal]]s were granted in accordance with Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act.<ref name=primary /> Monde Mbolombo was granted full immunity from prosecution in exchange for his promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime. This plea deal was granted in accordance with Section 204 of the Criminal Procedure Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/03a33c80461cc2898421a696e5573d3a/Dewani-middleman-back-in-witness-box-20141107|title=SABC News - Dewani middleman back in witness box:Friday 7 November 2014|last=SABC|website=www.sabc.co.za|language=en|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/08/shrien-dewani-trial-what-went-wrong |title=Dewani trial: what really happened and how did police get it so wrong? |work=The Guardian |date=8 December 2014}}</ref>

===Conviction and sentencing of Zola Tongo ===
On 7 December 2010, Zola Tongo appeared in the Western Cape High Court; in accordance with his plea deal under Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act, he pleaded guilty to the armed robbery, kidnapping and murder of Anni Dewani — crimes he alleged were committed at the behest of Shrien Dewani.<ref name="saflii.org"/> According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Tongo was sentenced to 18 years in prison, contingent on his testifying truthfully against Dewani in any future legal proceedings.<ref name="saflii.org"/>

Tongo was expected to give evidence in the trials of Mngeni and Qwabe in 2011 and 2012. Qwabe avoided trial by pleading guilty pursuant to a Section 105A plea deal. Tongo was not called as a witness at Mngeni's trial in 2012.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2012/202.html|title=S v Mngeni (CC25/2011) [2012] ZAWCHC 202; 2013 (1) SACR 583 (WCC) (19 November 2012)|website=www.saflii.org|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|August 2020}},<ref name="beh1">{{cite news |last1=Behr |first1=Mike |title=Taxi driver who killed Anni Dewani has parole scrapped on eve of freedom |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-08-29-taxi-driver-who-killed-anni-dewani-has-parole-scrapped-on-eve-of-freedom/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |agency=TimesLive, Sunday Times |publisher=timeslive.co.za |date=29 August 2020}}</ref> Tongo was still serving his 18-year sentence in Malmesbury Prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-01-21-dewani-extradition-saga-passes-mother-by|title=Dewani extradition saga passes mother by|author=Glynnis Underhill|work=The M&G Online|date=21 January 2011|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

===Conviction and sentencing of Mziwamadoda Qwabe===
In pre-trial hearings on 18 February at Wynberg Magistrates Court, counsel for Mziwamadoda Qwabe said the court was unable to provide a fair trial for his client. Thabo Nogemane said, "I am instructed that some unknown police officer assaulted him by means of a big torch. He was hit all over his body. He said the statement was a suggestion put to him by the police. They already had the allegations so they told him: 'Just sign here'. I wouldn't refer to it as a confession, just a statement."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Laing|first1=Aislinn|title=Anni Dewani murder suspect 'beaten with a torch'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8332311/Anni-Dewani-murder-suspect-beaten-with-a-torch.html|publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Qwabe was sentenced to 25 years in prison, contingent on his testifying truthfully in future legal proceedings relating to the case.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} Qwabe will be eligible for release in 2027.<ref name=primary />

===Trial of Xolile Mngeni and surrounding events===
In 2011, Mngeni's lawyer [[Vusi Tshabalala]] said his client had been suffocated with a plastic bag before signing a statement admitting his involvement in the killing, further saying police resorted to "irregular methods" because of the pressure they were under to solve the high-profile case.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8332311/Anni-Dewani-murder-suspect-beaten-with-a-torch.html|title=Anni Dewani murder suspect 'beaten with a torch'|author=Aislinn Laing|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2011}}</ref> The start of Mngeni's trial was delayed, and on 13 June 2011 it was announced he had undergone brain surgery to remove a tumour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-13747990|work=BBC News|title=Dewani honeymoon|date=13 June 2011}}</ref>

Despite having admitted to his role in the robbery and kidnapping of Anni Dewani in a videotaped confession, Mngeni pleaded not guilty at the start of his 2012 trial, saying he had an alibi and was not at the scene of the crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://westcapenews.com/?p=5358|title=Prosecution pokes holes in Dewani murder accused defense witness's testimony {{!}} West Cape News|website=West Cape News|language=en-US|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Mngeni's lawyers said his initial confession should be ruled inadmissible as evidence because it was allegedly extracted using torture. Justice Robert Henney ruled against Mngeni and said the confession was admissible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/75751f804cdbceb9870c87056449a553/Mngenis-confession-admissible-in-court-20122609 |title=SABC News - Mngeni's confession admissible in court |date=26 September 2012|author=SABC|work=sabc.co.za|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Before testifying in the Mngeni trial, key witness Monde Mbolombo read out a prepared statement confessing to lying in his two previous affidavits and promised to tell the truth when testifying.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On 19 November 2012, Mngeni was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in jail. The court accepted Mziwamadoda Qwabe's and Monde Mbolombo's version of events, according to which the crime was a [[contract killing]]. Mngeni was ruled to have been the person who shot Anni Dewani.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The court's findings were superseded by the judgement in the later trial of Shrien Dewani, in which the court found the earlier determinations had been made on the basis of flawed forensic evidence,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dewani case ballistics expert admits he may have misled trial|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/11181476/Dewani-case-ballistics-expert-admits-he-may-have-misled-trial.html|publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> and perjury of Qwabe and Mbolombo, the two key witnesses.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Man guilty of shooting Anni Dewani 'convicted on false evidence'|date=6 November 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/06/man-guilty-shooting-anni-dewani-convicted-false-evidence-shrien-dewani|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limite|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In July 2014, it was confirmed that a [[medical parole]] application had been made for Mngeni, who was terminally ill with a brain tumour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10949491/Anni-Dewani-hitman-Xolile-Mngeni-set-for-release-from-prison-on-compassionate-grounds.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10949491/Anni-Dewani-hitman-Xolile-Mngeni-set-for-release-from-prison-on-compassionate-grounds.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Anni Dewani hitman Xolile Mngeni set for release from prison on compassionate grounds |work=The Telegraph |date=6 July 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/4ce2bb8044a11ac9a717b769be1f1b5a/Anni-Dewani-killer-applies-for-medical-parole-20140607 |title=Anni Dewani killer applies for medical parole |work=SABC News |date=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714105945/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/4ce2bb8044a11ac9a717b769be1f1b5a/Anni-Dewani-killer-applies-for-medical-parole-20140607 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> He was denied parole<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Dewani-killer-denied-medical-parole-20140722 |title=Dewani killer denied medical parole |work=News24 |date=22 July 2014}}</ref> and died in jail at the [[Goodwood Centre of Excellence]] on 18 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.enca.com/south-africa/anni-dewanis-honeymoon-hitman-dies |title=Anni Dewani's honeymoon hitman dies |work=eNCA |date=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29676084 |title=Anni Dewani murderer dies in South African prison |work=BBC News |date=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/man-who-shot-anni-dewani-dies-1.1767176#.VENR1yKUeyg |title=Man who shot Anni Dewani dies |work=Weekend Argus |date=19 October 2014}}</ref>

===Extradition and trial of Shrien Dewani===
After a long legal battle, Shrien Dewani was extradited from the United Kingdom to South Africa on 7 April 2014. Upon arrival he was arrested, charged and ordered to stand trial for allegedly arranging the murder of his wife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shrien Dewani 'fit to stand trial' for murder of wife in South Africa| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-28801378 |access-date=15 August 2014| publisher =BBC | work = News |date=15 August 2014}}</ref> He was charged with five offences; conspiracy to commit kidnapping, robbery with aggravating circumstances, murder, kidnapping and obstructing the administration of justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/217006276/Shrien-Dewani-s-Charge-Sheet#scribd|title=Shrien Dewani's Charge Sheet|work=Scribd|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> He pleaded not guilty to all five charges.

Dewani's trial began on 6 October 2014. Under cross examination, the key witnesses who alleged Dewani's involvement—Zola Tongo, Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Monde Mbolombo—contradicted their previous statements and each other on most of the key elements of the "murder for hire" story. Tongo and Mbolombo were found to have fabricated telephone calls and text messages that did not exist and refused to identify a fifth conspirator referred to in taped recordings. Qwabe refused to explain to the court why Anni was driven into a residential area.<ref name=salii>{{cite web |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAWCHC/2014/188.html |title=S v Dewani (CC15/2014) [2014] ZAWCHC 188 (8 December 2014) |work=[[Southern African Legal Information Institute]] |date=2014}}</ref>

On 24 November 2014, after the close of the prosecution's case, Dewani's counsel argued for the case to be dismissed under Section 174 of the Criminal Procedure Act, citing a lack of credible evidence linking his client to the crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/17/shrien-dewani-murder-case-dismissal |title=Shrien Dewani's lawyers apply for murder case dismissal |work=the Guardian |date=17 November 2014}}</ref> On 8 December, the application for dismissal under Section 174 was granted by the Honourable [[Jeanette Traverso|Judge Traverso]]; Dewani was acquitted and exonerated of all involvement with the crimes. In her judgement, Traverso ruled there was no credible evidence linking Shrien Dewani to the crime and explained her ruling by saying:

{{blockquote|Mr. Tongo, who was the only witness who could link the accused to this conspiracy, gave evidence to the court which is so improbable and contains so many mistakes, lies and inconsistencies that one simply cannot know where the lies end and the truth begins. I accept that at this stage of the proceedings the credibility of a witness plays a limited role. But, in my view, the evidence of these witnesses is so replete with fundamental contradictions on the key components of the State case that I can all but ignore it. In making this finding, I take into account that all three witnesses, Mr. Tongo, Mr. Mbolombo and Mr. Qwabe are intelligent people, and therefore more than capable of attempting to twist their version to implicate the accused.<ref name=salii />}}

The court overturned the finding of Justice Henney in the Mngeni trial, ruling that Xolile Mngeni could not have been the person who shot Anni,<ref name=salii /> and that some of the key conclusions reached in the 2012 Mngeni trial were erroneous, being based on flawed forensic evidence<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/11181476/Dewani-case-ballistics-expert-admits-he-may-have-misled-trial.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Aislinn | last=Laing | title=Dewani case ballistics expert admits he may have misled trial | date=22 October 2014}}</ref> and the admitted lies of Monde Mbolombo.<ref name=salii /> The court also ruled that Monde Mbolombo had again committed perjury and would not be granted indemnity from prosecution. Judge Traverso said, "Before Mr. Mbolombo proceeded with his evidence, he delivered a pre-prepared speech which, from the record, appears to be virtually identical to a similarly emotive speech which he gave the court in the Mngeni trial, before blatantly lying about material aspects."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Monde Mbolombo===
Monde Mbolombo has not been prosecuted or punished for his self-confessed role in the crime, nor for his self-confessed perjury whilst testifying. On 19 November 2015 the Director of Public Prosecutions decided Mbolombo could not be prosecuted.<ref>{{cite web|title = Key witness in Dewani case granted indemnity {{!}} eNCA|url = http://www.enca.com/south-africa/key-witness-dewani-case-granted-indemnity|website = www.enca.com|access-date = 19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Complaint about judicial conduct==
On 22 January 2015, a complaint was lodged by the Higher Education Transformation Network (HETN), alleging judicial bias and prejudiced behaviour of Judge Traverso in the trial of Shrien Dewani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Complaint-lodged-against-Judge-Traverso-20150122|title=Complaint lodged against Judge Traverso|work=News24|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> On 25 April that year, a Judicial Conduct Committee dismissed the HETN's complaint, describing it as "frivolous" and lacking in substance.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Dewani judge complaints 'frivolous' - Crime & Courts {{!}} IOL News|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/dewani-judge-complaints-frivolous-1.1850412#.VUVF0SFVikp|work= Independent Online| author=Fatima Schroeder| date=25 April 2015 |access-date=4 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Dewani judge cleared of bias claims|url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Dewani-judge-cleared-of-bias-claims-20150424| work=News24.com |author=Thomas Hartleb |date=24 April 2015 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> The [[National Prosecuting Authority]] declined to appeal the judgement or lodge any complaint against Judge Traverso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vocfm.co.za/npa-respects-dewani-ruling/|title=NPA respects Dewani ruling {{!}} Voice of the Cape|date=8 December 2014|work=Voice of the Cape|access-date=9 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Coroner's inquest==
After Shrien Dewani's exoneration in December 2014, Anni Dewani's family asked for a [[coroner's court]] in the UK to reopen the inquest into her death and to compel Dewani to publicly answer questions. On 9 September 2015, at Brent Coroner's Court in North London, Coroner Andrew Walker said he did not consider a full inquest appropriate because a criminal trial had been conducted in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1549469/murdered-anni-dewani-no-full-inquest|title=Dewani Family 'Fight On' Despite Inquest Blow|work=Sky News|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/09/anni-dewani-death-coroner-questions-uk-inquest-hindocha-shrien|title=Anni Dewani death: coroner questions need for UK inquest|work=The Guardian|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> On 9 October, Walker confirmed there was insufficient cause to resume an inquest. He told the court he was prohibited from reaching a conclusion that was inconsistent with the findings of the South African courts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/09/anni-dewani-inquest-will-not-continue-coroner-rules|title=Anni Dewani inquest will not continue without new evidence, coroner rules|date=9 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 September 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Hindocha family statement==
On 4 August 2018, Anni Hindocha's uncle, acting as spokesperson for the Hindocha family in response to media reports of Shrien Dewani's same-sex relationship, said: "We accept he did not murder Anni, but he lied to us and had a very secret gay life. He owes us an apology for his lies".<ref>{{cite news|author=Grimshaw, Emma |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/shrien-dewani-appears-new-boyfriend-1859715 |title=Shrien Dewani appears to have new boyfriend four years after being cleared of wife's murder on honeymoon |work=Bristol Post |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|South Africa|Biography|Law}}
*[[List of solved missing person cases (post-2000)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewani, Anni}}
[[Category:2010 murders in South Africa]]
[[Category:November 2010 in South Africa|Murder of Anni Dewani]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in South Africa]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Africa]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Crime in Cape Town]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in South Africa]]
[[Category:Swedish people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:South Africa–Sweden relations]]
[[Category:November 2010 crimes in Africa]]

Jayaprakash Narayan

2026-03-16T11:03:40Z

SheldonCruce: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1902–1979)}}
{{Redirect|Loknayak|the 2004 Indian film about him|Loknayak (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayaprakash Narayan
| birth_name = Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru with Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1902|10|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|10|08|1902|10|11}}
| birth_place = Sitab Diara, [[Chhapra district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Ballia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<ref name="Birthplace"/>
| death_place = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Activist|theorist|politician}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin]] (M.A., sociology) [[Ohio State University]] (B. A., behavioural science) [[University of Iowa]] (CHE, discontinued) [[University of California, Berkeley|U.C. Berkeley]] (chemistry, discontinued)<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="nytimes1975"/>
| spouse = [[Prabhavati Devi]]
| relatives = [[Brajkishore Prasad]] (father-in-law)
| other_names = JP, Jay Prakash Narayan, ''Lok Nayak''
| movement = [[Quit India]], [[Sarvodaya]], [[JP Movement]], [[Bihar Movement]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Janata Party]]
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (1965)|[[Bharat Ratna]] (1999) (posthumously)}}
}}

'''Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava''' ({{Audio|Jayaprakash Narayan.ogg|listen}}; 11 October 1902&nbsp;– 8 October 1979), also known as '''JP''' and '''''Lok Nayak''''' ([[Hindi]] for "'''People's leader'''"), was an Indian politician, theorist and [[Indian independence activist|independence activist]]. He is mainly remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and calling for her overthrow in a "[[Bihar Movement|total revolution]]". In 1999, Narayan was posthumously awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social service. His other awards include the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for public service in 1965.

==Early life==
Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava was born on 11 October 1902<ref>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: His Life and Mission |first=Das |last=Ratan |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7625-734-3 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdekxv8HsvMC&q=JayaPrakash%20Narayan%20children&pg=PA7}}</ref><ref name="Devasahayam"/> in the village of Sitab Diara, [[Chhapra district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Ballia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India).<ref name="Birthplace">The village, '''Sitabdiara''', where '''J.P. was born''' is situated beside the confluence of the river Ghaghra with the Ganga, and its site has been changing with changes in the course of the rivers. When he was born, this village lay in the '''Chapra district of Bihar''', it now belongs to the '''Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh''' {{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Bimal |title=A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan |year=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-561204-2 |page=IX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfIdAAAAMAAJ&q=Sitabdiara |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Sitabdiara is a large village straddling two states and three districts—[[Saran district|Saran]] and [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] in [[Bihar]], and [[Ballia district|Ballia]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7Cd1F6SGSytnijazy8dUiL/A-forgotten-heros-forgotten-legacy.html |title=A forgotten hero's forgotten legacy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152410/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7Cd1F6SGSytnijazy8dUiL/A-forgotten-heros-forgotten-legacy.html |archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>}} His house was near the banks of the flood-prone [[Ghaghara]] river; every time the river swelled, the house would be slightly damaged, eventually forcing the family to move a few kilometres away to a settlement that is now known as Jayaprakash Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

Narayan came from a [[Kayastha]] family of [[Srivastava]] clan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: A Centenary Volume |first=Sandip |last=Das |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8324-001-7 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9U0LiT3dtMC&pg=PA239 }}</ref><ref name="Devasahayam">{{cite book |last1=Devasahayam |first1=M. G. |title=India's Second Freedom: An Untold Saga |date=2004 |publisher=Siddharth Publications |isbn=978-81-7220-157-9 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozNuAAAAMAAJ&q=jayaprakash+narayan+srivastava |language=en |access-date=5 June 2023 |quote=asked him whether Narayan was his surname. He said no and said that he was, in fact, '''Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava'''. Jayaprakash Narayan is his name and '''Srivastava''' is his surname. Conversations centred on the community of '''Kayasthas'''}}</ref> He was the fourth child of Harsu Dayal and Phul Rani Devi. His father was a junior official in the canal department of the state government and often toured the region. When Narayan was nine years old, he left his village to enroll in the seventh class of the collegiate school at Patna.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Scarfe, Allan |author2=Scarfe, Wendy |title=J. P., His Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5IiKlr-AnUC&pg=PR9|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1021-0|page=30}}</ref> This was his first break from village life. Narayan stayed at Saraswati Bhawan, a student hostel where most of the boys were older than him and included some of Bihar's future leaders, such as its first chief minister, [[Krishna Singh (politician)|Krishna Singh]], his deputy [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] and several others who became politicians and academics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bhattacharjea, Ajit |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMcJAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|page=33|isbn=9780836401158}}</ref>

In October 1920, Narayan married independence activist [[Prabhavati Devi]].<ref name=Das2005p239 /> After their wedding, because Narayan was working in [[Patna]] and it was difficult for his wife to stay with him, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] invited Prabhavati to become an inmate at [[Sabarmati Ashram]] ([[Ahmedabad]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: His Life and Mission |first=Das |last=Ratan |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7625-734-3 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdekxv8HsvMC&q=JayaPrakash%20Narayan%20children&pg=PA18}}</ref> Jayaprakash, along with some friends, went to listen to Maulana [[Abul Kalam Azad]] speak about Gandhi's [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] against the passing of the [[Rowlatt Act]] of 1919. Azad was a brilliant orator and his call to give up English education was "like leaves before a storm: Jayaprakash has swept away and momentarily lifted up to the skies. That brief experience of soaring up with the winds of a great idea left imprints on his inner being".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatti |first1=Dr. S S |title=RECOVERY OF INDIA |date=2 August 2024 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |page=142 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/RECOVERY_OF_INDIA/sWQXEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=storm&pg=PA142 |language=en}}</ref> Inspired by Azad's words, Jayaprakash left Bihar National College with just 20 days remaining to his examinations. Jayaprakash joined the Bihar Vidyapeeth, a college founded by [[Rajendra Prasad]], and became among the first students of Gandhian Anugraha Narayan Sinha.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

== Higher education in the United States ==

After exhausting the courses at the Vidyapeeth, Narayan decided to continue his studies in the United States.<ref name=Das2005p239>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: A Centenary Volume |first=Sandip |last=Das |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-001-7 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9U0LiT3dtMC&pg=PA239 }}</ref> At age 20, Jayaprakash sailed aboard the cargo ship ''Janus'' while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. Jayaprakash reached California on 8 October 1922, and was admitted to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UC Berkeley) in January 1923 as a chemistry undergraduate.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |last1=Chishti |first1=Seema |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: Reluctant messiah of a turbulent time |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jayaprakash-narayan-emergency-congress-jp-movement-emergency-in-india-indira-gandhi-sampoorna-kranti-4884241/ |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=The India Express |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> To pay for his education, Narayan picked grapes, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, and worked as a garage mechanic. These jobs gave Narayan an insight into the difficulties of the working class.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="nytimes1975"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924064686276?urlappend=%3Bseq=739|title=Register – University of California: 1922/1923|journal=Register |publisher=University of California Press|year=1923|location=Berkeley, California|page=227|hdl=2027/coo.31924064686276?urlappend=%3Bseq=739}}</ref> While at Berkeley, Narayan, then one of 45 students from India, joined the university's Hindustan Club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindus Give Up Classic Studies To Turn Hands To New India's Problems of Farms and Business |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oakland-post-enquirer-hindus-give-up/169729083/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Oakland Post Enquirer |date=17 April 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref> At the end of the semester, however, his fees doubled and he was forced to transfer to [[The University of Iowa]], where he continued his studies in applied science and his activities with the Hindustan Association of America, a national association of Indian students studying in the United States.<ref name="Narayan_chairman">{{cite news |title=Hindus Plan Convention Of Importance |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-hindus-plan-conv/169733178/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Iowa City Press-Citizen |date=19 December 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iowa Hindus To Entertain National Body |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-iowa-hindus-to-e/169733081/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Iowa City Press-Citizen |date=24 December 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref> Narayan chaired the association's 1923 national convention, which was held at the university at the end of December 1923.<ref name="Narayan_chairman"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hindoo Convention Opens This Evening |url=https://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1923/di1923-12-28.pdf |work=Daily Iowan |date=28 December 1923 |accessdate=6 April 2025}}</ref>

In Wisconsin, Narayan was introduced to [[Karl Marx]]'s book ''[[Das Kapital]]''. News of the success of the [[Bolsheviks]] in the [[Russian Civil War]] made Narayan conclude [[Marxism]] was the way to alleviate the suffering of the masses. He studied books by Indian intellectuals and Communist theoreticians [[M. N. Roy]]. Narayan's paper on sociology ''Cultural Variation''<ref>Narayan, JP. Cultural variation. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1929.</ref> was declared the best of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writings of Jayprakash Narayan |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/amarxism.htm |website=www.mkgandhi.org |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> Narayan graduated from [[University of Wisconsin]] with a MA in Sociology, and from [[Ohio State University]] with a BA in behavioural science.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/the-idea-of-total-revolution/articleshow/49422574.cms |title=The Idea of 'Total Revolution' |date=16 October 2015 |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1975">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/30/archives/a-new-wave-from-the-old-india-out-of-the-past-comes-jp-narayan-a.html |title=A new wave from the old India |author=[[Khushwant Singh]] |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 1975 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> While in the United States, he met [[K. B. Menon]], then teaching at [[Harvard]], ultimately persuading him to return to India and join the independence movement there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Lekshmi Priya |date=4 August 2018 |title=This Unsung Kerala Scholar Was The Architect of the Quit India Movement in Malabar! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/154699/news-kerala-dr-kb-menon-independence-day/ |website=The Better India |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:J P Narayan.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Narayan with Israeli prime minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] in [[Tel Aviv]], 1958]]

Having become a Marxist, Narayan returned from the US to India in late 1929.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: A Centenary Volume |first=Sandip |last=Das |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8324-001-7 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9U0LiT3dtMC&pg=PA239 }}</ref> The same year, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC or Congress) on the invitation of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]; [[Mahatma Gandhi]] became Narayan's mentor in the Congress. Narayan shared a house at Kadam Kuan in [[Patna]] with his close friend and nationalist [[Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)]]<ref name="Ralhan 2002 17998 at pages 73–74">{{cite book |first=O.P.|last=Ralhan
|title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year =2002 |pages =17998 (at pages 73–74) |isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> with whom he shared a lasting friendship.<ref name="Ralhan 2002 17998 at pages 73–74"/>

After being jailed in 1930 for [[civil disobedience]] against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in [[Nasik]] Jail, where he met [[Rammanohar Lohia]], [[Minoo Masani]], [[Achyut Patwardhan]], [[Asoka Mehta]], [[Basawon Singh]], Yusuf Desai, C K Narayanaswami and other national leaders. After his release, the [[Congress Socialist Party]] (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with [[Narendra Deva|Acharya Narendra Deva]] as president and Narayan as general secretary.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

When Mahatma Gandhi launched the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942, Narayan, along with [[Yogendra Shukla]], Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulab Chand Gupta, [[Pandit Ramnandan Mishra]], Shaligram Singh and Shyam Barthwar, scaled the wall of [[Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Central Jail]], Hazaribagh with a goal of starting an underground movement for freedom.<ref name="Srivastava 1988">{{cite book|first=N.M.P. |last=Srivastava |title=Struggle for Freedom: Some Great Indian Revolutionaries |publisher=K.P.Jayaswal Research Institute, [[Government of Bihar]], [[Patna]] |year=1988}}</ref> Many young socialist leaders like Rammanohar Lohia, Chhotubhai Puranik and [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] took part in the movement. Because Narayan was ill, [[Yogendra Shukla]] walked to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] with Narayan on his shoulders,<ref name="Srivastava 1988"/> a distance of about {{cvt|124|km}}.<ref>[https://maps.google.co.in/maps?saddr=Hazaribagh+Central+Jail,+Hazaribagh,+Jharkhand&daddr=Gaya,+Bihar&hl=en&sll=24.400154,85.161956&sspn=1.358153,2.705383&geocode=FbyIbgEdiIAWBSE11t7IkSieBylpMaxAKZz0OTE11t7IkSieBw%3BFescegEdP7gQBSkfPBsKRCrzOTGmNL-9I7L2zg&oq=gaya&t=h&dirflg=w&mra=ltm&z=9 Distance between Hazaribagh Central Jail and Gaya]. Maps.google.co.in. Retrieved on 20 November 2018.</ref> Narayan also served as the<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/opinions/readers-write/6819-bihar-vibhutis-legacy-drifting-into-oblivion.html |title=Bihar Vibhuti's Legacy Drifting into Oblivion?|work=Patna Daily|date=6 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125205713/http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/opinions/readers-write/6819-bihar-vibhutis-legacy-drifting-into-oblivion.html |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> chairman of ''Anugrah Smarak Nidhi'' (Anugrah Narayan Memorial Fund).

== After Independence ==
Between 1947 and 1953, Jayaprakash Narayan was President of [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]], the largest labour union in [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="Bear">{{cite book|title= Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChDDThfsVFcC&pg=PA231|publisher = Columbia University Press|page =231|year=2007|last=Bear|first=Laura|author-link=Laura Bear|isbn = 9780231140027}}</ref>

==Emergency==
In the year 1975, [[Allahabad High Court]] found [[Indira Gandhi]] guilty of violating electoral laws.<ref name="A">{{cite web |title=Indian Emergency of 1975-77 |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html |accessdate=5 July 2009 |publisher=Mount Holyoke College |archive-date=19 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519080200/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{cite web |title=The Rise of Indira Gandhi |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029) |accessdate=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies}}</ref><ref name="UK">{{cite web |author=Kuldip Singh |date=11 April 1995 |title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |accessdate=27 June 2009 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="ING">{{cite book |author=Katherine Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/371 |title=Indira: The Life Of Indira Nehru Gandhi |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-395-73097-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/371 371]}}</ref> Narayan called for Gandhi and the CMs to resign, and the military and police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders.{{cn|date=November 2023}} He advocated a program of social transformation, which he termed ''Sampoorna kraanti'' (total revolution).{{cn|date=November 2023}} Immediately afterwards, Gandhi proclaimed a national [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]] on the midnight of 25 June 1975.<ref name="KS">{{cite web |date=22 March 2008 |title=Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151210/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/ |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=5 July 2009 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> Desai, opposition leaders, and dissenting members of Gandhi's own party were arrested that day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Ratnadeep |date=10 April 2019 |title=Morarji Desai, the prime minister for whom time in PMO was 'tougher than prison' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/morarji-desai-the-prime-minister-for-whom-time-in-pmo-was-tougher-than-prison/218716/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Jayaprakash Narayan gathered a crowd of 100,000 people at [[Ramlila grounds]] and recited ''Rashtrakavi'' [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']]{{'s}} poem ''Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/16/stories/05162523.htm |title=Obligations of a lameduck |author=Harish Khare |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 May 2001 |access-date=2 January 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720063610/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/16/stories/05162523.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |author-link=Harish Khare}}</ref>

Narayan was detained at [[Chandigarh]]; he asked for one month of parole to mobilise relief in flooded parts of Bihar. His health suddenly deteriorated on 24 October 1975, and he was released on 12 November the same year.{{cn|date=November 2023}} At [[Jaslok Hospital]], Bombay, Narayan was diagnosed with kidney failure; he would be on [[kidney dialysis]] for the rest of his life.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

In the UK, [[Surur Hoda]] launched "Free JP", a campaign for the release of Jayaprakash Narayan that was chaired by Nobel Peace Prize winner [[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/30/guardianobituaries.india |title=Surur Hoda: Trade unionist who spread the message of Mahatma Gandhi |first=George |last=McRobie |date=30 June 2003 |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827035708/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/30/guardianobituaries.india |archive-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>

On 18 January 1977, Indira Gandhi revoked the emergency and announced elections. The [[Janata Party]], a vehicle for the broad spectrum of the opposition to Gandhi, was formed under JP's guidance.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The Janata Party was voted into power and became the first non-Congress party to form a central government.<ref>{{cite news |title=How non-BJP, non-Congress governments in India have fared in the past |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-non-bjp-non-congress-governments-india-have-fared-past-101864 |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=thenewsminute.com |date=16 May 2019}}</ref> In the [[1977 Indian presidential election]], Narayan was proposed as President of India by [[Janata Party]] leaders but he refused and [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], then [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], became president.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==Private life==
At the age of 17, Jayaprakash was married to [[Prabhavati Devi]], daughter of lawyer and nationalist Brij Kishore Prasad in October 1919. Prabhavati was very independent and on Gandhi's invitation, went to stay at his ashram while Jayaprakash continued his studies.<ref name="Vaidya">{{cite web |url=http://www.liberalsindia.com/freedomfirst/ff452-01.html |title=Jayaprakash Narayan&nbsp;– Keeper of India's Conscience |first=Prem |last=Vaidya |publisher=LiberalsIndia.com |access-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205195932/http://www.liberalsindia.com/freedomfirst/ff452-01.html |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Prabhavati Devi died on 15 April 1973 after a long battle with cancer.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==Death==
In March 1979, while he was in the hospital, Narayan's death was [[List of premature obituaries|erroneously announced]] by the Indian prime minister [[Morarji Desai]], causing a wave of national mourning, including the suspension of parliament and regular radio broadcasting, and the closure of schools and shops. When he was told about the mistake a few weeks later, Narayan smiled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/march-23-1979-forty-years-ago-jp-battles|title= Jayaprakash Narayan's death announced mistakenly|website=www.indianexpress.com|access-date=9 December 2019|date= 23 March 2019}}</ref> Narayan died in Patna, Bihar,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=India Today |first=Sunanda K. |last=Datta-Ray |url=http://indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/millennium/100people/narayan.html |title=Inconvenient Prophet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131114958/http://indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/millennium/100people/narayan.html |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}{{not in source|reason=The source does not give the date of his death, just the year.|date=November 2023}}</ref> on 8 October 1979, three days before his 77th birthday, due to the effects of diabetes and heart disease.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==Awards==
[[File:Jayaprakash Narayan 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Narayan on a 2001 stamp of India]]
*[[Bharat Ratna]], 1999 (Posthumous) for Public Affairs: It is India's highest civilian award.<ref name=nd>{{cite news |title=List of all Bharat Ratna award winners|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336 |work=NDTV |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=29 November 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311165846/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336 |archive-date=11 March 2013}}</ref>
*Rashtrabhushan Award of [[FIE Foundation]], [[Ichalkaranji]]<ref name="Vaidya"/>
*[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]], 1965 for Public Service.

== Sites named after Jayaprakash Narayan ==
[[File:JP Narayan statue Gaya.jpg|thumb|Jayaprakash Narayan's statue near [[Mirza Ghalib College]] in [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India]]


* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]] in [[Patna]]
* On 1 August 2015, the Chhapra-Delhi-Chhapra Weekly Express was renamed as [[Loknayak Express]] in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/1555434|title=Blog Entry# 1555434|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018175621/http://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/1555434|archive-date=18 October 2015|date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2015|publisher=India Rail}}</ref>
* [[Digha-Sonpur Bridge|JP Setu the Digha-Sonpur Bridge]], a rail-road bridge across river [[Ganga]] in [[Bihar]]
*[[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|Jayaprakash Nagar]] (JP Nagar) a residential area in [[Bangalore]].
*[[Jayaprakash Nagar, Mysore|Jayaprakash Nagar]] (JP Nagar) a residential area in [[Mysore]].
*[[Lok Nayak Hospital]] (hospital in [[New Delhi]])
*[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science]] (college in [[New Delhi]])
*[[JPN Centre of Excellence in Humanities ]] (Indian Institute of Technology [[Simrol]], [[Indore]])
*[[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]] (Engineering college in [[Chhapra]], [[Bihar]]).

==Artistic depictions of Jayaprakash Narayan==
* [[Prakash Jha]] directed a 112-minute film "[[Loknayak (film)|Loknayak]]", based on the life of Jayaprakash Narayan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Uncensored-Loknayak-to-be-screened-soon/articleshow/890542.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208185955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/patna/27151362_1_film-prakash-jha-prasar-bharati |url-status=live |archive-date=8 February 2014 |title=Uncensored 'Loknayak' to be screened soon |date=19 October 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/loknayak.html |title=Loknayak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014728/http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/loknayak.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> [[Chetan Pandit]] played the role of JP in that film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/i-am-fully-indebted-to-theatre/article776650.ece |title="I am fully indebted to theatre" |work=The Hindu |date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035232/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/i-am-fully-indebted-to-theatre/article776650.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Achyut Potdar]] played Narayan in [[ABP News]] show ''[[Pradhanmantri (TV Series)|Pradhanmantri]]'' and ''Aaj Tak Aandolan''.
* [[Anupam Kher]] portrayed Narayan in the 2025 film ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]'' directed by [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Emergency: Who's playing who? Kangana Ranaut as Indira Gandhi, Anupam Kher as Jayaprakash Narayan, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/emergency-whos-playing-who-kangana-ranaut-as-indira-gandhi-anupam-kher-as-jayaprakash-narayan-and-more-9780239/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aklu Ram Mahto]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}.

==Further reading and bibliography==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*Braja Kishore Prasad: The Hero of Many Battles by Sachidanand Sinha; National Book Trust, India, New Delhi; 2018; {{ISBN|978-81-237-8176-1}}
*Red Fugitive: Jayaprakash Narayan by H L Singh Dewans Publications Lahore 1946
*Life and Time of Jayaprakash Narayan by J S Bright Dewans Publications Lahore 1946
*J.P: His Biography, Allan and Wendy Scarfe, Orient Longmans New Delhi 1975
*Jayaprakash Narayan - Jankranti Ke Loknayak by Dr. Riteshwar Nath Tiwari, Rajmangal Prakashan, April 2023
*Jayaprakash: Rebel Extraordinary, by Lakshmi Narayan Lal, Indian Book Company New Delhi 1975
*Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, by Suresh Ram Macmillan Co. Delhi 1974
*Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan by Farooq Argali Janata Pocket Books Delhi 1977.
* Bimal Prasad (editor). 1980. ''A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan.'' Oxford University Press, [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|0-19-561204-3}}
* Jai Prakash Narain, ''Jayaprakash Narayan, Essential Writings, 1929–1979: A Centenary Volume, 1902–2002,'' Konark Publishers (2002) {{ISBN|81-220-0634-5}}
* Dr. Kawaljeet, ''J.P.'s Total Revolution and Humanism'' (Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2002). {{ISBN|81-86935-02-9}}
* Dr. Ramendra (editor), ''Jayaprakash Vichar Sankalan'' [Hindi] (Patna: Rajendra Prakashan, 1986).
* Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, ''Leftism in India: 1917–1947'' (London and New Delhi: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
* Radhakanta Barik, ''Politics of the JP Movement'' (Radiant Publications, Delhi, 1977)
* MG Devashayam, ''JP Movement Emergency and India's Second Freedom'' (Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2012). {{ISBN|978-93-80828-61-9}}
*Why Socialism, 1936
*War Circulars, 1–4 CSP, Lucknow
*Inside Lahore Fort, Sahityalaya Patna 1947
*Nation Building in India&nbsp;– JP Narayan
*Three Basic Problems of India. From Socialism to Sarvodaya, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1957
*A Plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varanasi 1959
*Swaraj for the People, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1961
*Sarvodaya Answer to Chinese Aggression, Sarvodaya Prachuralaya Tanjore 1963
*Face to Face, Navchetna Prakashan, Varansi 1970
*Prison Diary, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha Calcutta 1976 and Popular Prakashan, Bombay 1977.
*Towards Struggle, edited by Yusuf Meherally, Padma Publications, Bombay 1946, 47
*Socialism, Sarvodaya and Democracy edited by Bimal Prasad, Asia Publishing House Bombay 1964
*Communitarian Society and Panchayati Raj, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varanasi 1970
*Nation-Building in India, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varanasi 1974
*Towards Revolution, edited by Bhargava and Phadnis, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1975
*J.P's Jail Life (A Collection of Personal Letters) translated by G S Bhargava, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1977
*Towards Total Revolution, edited by Brahmanand Popular Prakashan Bombay 1978
*J P:Profile of a non-conformist, Interviews by Bhola Chatterji, Minerva Associates, Calcutta, 1979
*To All Fighters of Freedom II, A Revolutionary's Quest-selected writings of Jayprakash Narayan, edited by Bimal Prasad Oxford University Press New Delhi 1980
*Concept of Total Revolution: An Introductory Essay(JP and social change) by Bimal Prasad
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jayaprakash Narayan}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/506/506%20extract.htm A Plea for the Reconstruction of the Indian Polity]
* [http://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/total_revolution.htm Total Revolution]
* [http://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/hindu_revival.htm On Hindu Revivalism]

{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Jayaprakash}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian pacifists]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]
[[Category:Ohio State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Social workers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bihar National College]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]

Remmie Colaço

2026-03-15T04:08:54Z

SheldonCruce: Adding Post

{{Short description|Indian singer and actor (1925–2012)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Remmie Colaço
| image = Remmie Colaço.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Colaço during his youth
| birth_name = Remédios Januário Colaço
| birth_place = [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|9|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Aquem]], Goa, India
| education = St. Joseph English School, [[Wadala]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|3|22|1925|9|19|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|actor|playwright|theatre director}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Maria Fernandes|1960}}
| children = 3
| notable_works = ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
| years_active = {{circa|1940}}–2000s
}}

'''Remédios Januário''' "'''Remmie'''" '''Colaço''' (19 September 1925 – 22 March 2012) was an Indian singer, composer, actor, playwright, and [[theatre director]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Remédios Januário Colaço was born on 19 September 1925, in [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] under the [[Portuguese Empire]]. His parents, João Sebastião Colaço and Carmelina Pinto,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> raised him in Curchorem, where he received primary education in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and English at a local school in Khamamol, Curchorem. Colaço's affinity for music blossomed during his time in [[Sanvordem]], Goa, where he later resided with his wife and children. Under the tutelage of Diogo Mestri at the [[parochial school]] in Sanvordem, he honed his musical skills, acquiring proficiency in reading and writing music as well as playing the violin.<ref name=":1" /> Demonstrating a keen interest in musical notations, Colaço actively participated in violin performances at the [[parish school]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Portrait of young Remmie Colaco.jpg|thumb|upright|Colaço around the 1950s]]
At the age of 15, Colaço embarked on a journey to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to pursue further studies, accompanied by his father. Initially residing in [[Sewri]] and later relocating to [[Dhobitalao]], he enrolled as a student at St. Joseph English School in [[Wadala]], Bombay. During his tenure, Colaço participated in singing competitions organized by the school, showcasing his musical talents. Furthermore, he exhibited his prowess in [[Association football|football]], playing as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for several clubs in Bombay. While studying at St. Joseph's English School in Wadala, Colaço made his debut on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<ref name=":2" /> Engaging in school concerts alongside his close compatriot, the Bollywood actor [[Shammi Kapoor]], he began to establish himself as a performer.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Colaço resided in the neighborhood of [[Sewri]], where a [[cultural group]] called the Jolly Boys of Sewree was active during that time. One of their endeavors was the staging of a theatrical performance known as a ''[[tiatr]]'', specifically ''Bhagintlem Ful'' (The Garden Flower), which took place at Damodar Hall in [[Parel]]. Colaço, admired for his attractive appearance, was chosen by the director to assume the role of the [[leading lady]] in the ''tiatr''. During this period, it was customary for [[Cross-gender acting|men to portray female characters]] in ''tiatrs'' due to prevailing [[social taboo]]s surrounding female actors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=39–40}}</ref> With the consent of Colaço's father, he was entrusted with the responsibility of portraying the heroine in the ''tiatr''. His acting prowess resulted in acclaim, as evidenced by an article in the weekly publication ''Goa Times'' that praised Colaço's performance. Continuing their artistic endeavors, the Jolly Boys of Sewree organized another ''tiatr'' production called ''Sotachem Zoit'' (Truth Prevails), which was showcased at the St. Xavier's School Hall in [[Dhobitalao]]. This particular ''tiatr'' enlisted the participation of professional ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[A. R. Souza Ferrão|Souza Ferrão]], Dioginho D'Mello, Anthony Vaz, [[Kid Boxer]], and Edward Almeida. Recognizing Colaço's talent, the group requested him to render two songs during the performance: a [[duet]] and a [[trio (music)|trio]]. The manner in which Colaço delivered these songs garnered admiration from the seasoned ''tiatrists'' in attendance, who extended their congratulations for his musical contributions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=115–118 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Alfred Rose and Remmie Colaço.jpg|thumb|[[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] (left) and Colaço (right) as a female character singing in a ''tiatr'']]
Upon completing his studies in Sewri, Colaço relocated to Dhobitalao, where he formed a close friendship with Edward Almeida, an established professional ''tiatrist'' at the time. Almeida extended an opportunity to Colaço to take on a minor role in his own professional ''tiatr'' production titled ''Maim'' (Mother). Colaço was assigned a female character in this ''tiatr'' as well. Despite the role's limited significance, Colaço's portrayal captivated the audience. Additionally, he showcased his vocal prowess by delivering two duets, one alongside A. M. B. Rose and another with Edward Almeida himself. Both songs achieved popularity and acclaim. This marked a pivotal moment in Colaço's career, as it solidified his reputation as an actor adept at portraying female roles.<ref name=":0" /> Following his duet performances on stage, Colaço garnered the attention of [[C. Alvares]], who expressed an interest in collaborating with him. Approximately one to two months later, Colaço secured a role in C. Alvares' ''tiatr'' production titled ''Tor ho Tiatrist?''. The premiere of this production took place in 1944 at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, [[Bombay]]. This particular opportunity represented a critical test for Colaço, as the grandeur and prestige associated with the theater presented a considerable challenge for newcomers Colaço made his debut on the Bhangwadi stage through this ''tiatr''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=143–144 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, he became a regular collaborator with C. Alvares, lending his voice to perform duets and continuing to portray female characters in C. Alvares' ''tiatrs''. Colaço's talents also earned him roles in productions by other popular directors within the ''tiatr'' industry.<ref name=":1" />

Colaço carved a distinct place for himself in the realm of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs and music. His unique style involved performing opening [[solo (music)|solos]] in English, which were then translated into Konkani. By the turn of the millennium, Colaço had participated in over 1000 ''tiatrs'' and delivered more than 600 of his own compositions.<ref name=":2" /> In addition to his vocal prowess, he showcased his talent as a composer, creating a [[repertoire]] of over 500 songs. Among his hits, "Ankwar Moriechem Dukh" remains a timeless classic in Konkani music and is frequently aired on [[All India Radio]]. Colaço's artistic journey extended beyond live performances. He recorded numerous tracks for [[Gramophone Company India]], and his songs were released on [[audio cassette]]s as well.<ref name=":1" /> Some of his popular solo recordings included "Adlea Tempar," "Suberbai," "Tondd Dolle Kan," "Xirap," and "Mog Jezucho," while his collaborations with [[Mohana Cabral]], Lourdes Lobo, and [[Philomena Braz]] on [[duet]]s such as "Mhojea Gharant Naka," "Futtleli Boxi," and "Jivitacho Rukh" garnered acclaim. Drawing inspiration from [[Music of Latin America|Latin American]], [[Music of Austria|Austrian]], and [[German music]], Colaço's compositions reflected his diverse musical influences. He possessed the ability to compose melodies for his own songs, showcasing his proficiency in musical composition.<ref name=":0" />

Colaço's impact extended beyond the realm of music. During the [[Goa Opinion Poll]], he utilized his songs as a means to raise awareness among the [[Goan]] population. His performances alongside [[M. Boyer]] were cherished, often receiving [[encore]]s. In addition to his musical contributions, Colaço wrote and directed numerous ''[[tiatr]]s'', regularly unveiling new productions. Popular works in his repertoire included ''Satvo Sacrament'' (The Seventh Sacrament), ''Bhauponnancho Kaido'' (Rule of Brotherhood), ''Chouto Mandament'', ''Sukh Tarvotteachem'' (Seafarer's Happiness), ''Zolmancho Gaum'' (Birth Village), ''Ghorachem Sukh'' (Part I & Part II), ''Don Kallzam'' (Two Hearts), ''Atancho Teomp'' (Present Generation), ''Mhuzo Kunhead'', ''Atam Konn Sukhi'' (Who now is Happy?), and ''Ostorecho Mog'' (Woman's Love). ''Satvo Sacrament'', his debut ''tiatr'', received considerable acclaim when it premiered at Princess Theatre in Bombay on 15 April 1955. Colaço's artistic endeavors took him beyond India's borders. He had the opportunity to join a troupe that toured [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], and [[Dar-es-Salaam]] in Africa, performing in shows such as ''Cunhead Ani Mana'' and ''New Fashion'' by [[Jacinto Vaz]] in 1957.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]], Colaço staged performances in [[Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]], and embarked on tours to various countries, including Nairobi, [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]], Dar-Es-Salaam, [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]], [[Nakuru]], Mombasa, as well as [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Dubai]], [[Qatar]], [[Muscat]], and [[Abu Dhabi]] in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=":2" /> A fervent supporter of [[Goan music]] and [[Culture of Goa|culture]], Colaço established a [[talent contest]] in [[Sanvordem]], which became an annual event aimed at discovering and nurturing young talents. Through this initiative, several aspiring artists found their way to professional stages, owing their success to Colaço's efforts.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
On the 6 May 1960, Colaço entered into matrimony with Maria Julieta Ligorina Fernandes, a [[homemaker]] originally from [[Mangalore]] but resided in [[Curchorem]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereceificao |first=Domingos Caetano |date=13 May 1960 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online |url-status=dead }}</ref> The nuptials took place at the [[Sanvordem]] Church. The union resulted in the birth of three daughters: Maria (b. 1961),<ref name=":3" /> Sandra, and Vallerie.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Sequeira |first=Elvis |date=23 March 2012 |title=Remembering Remmie... |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=20}}</ref>

==Death==
On 22 March 2012, Colaço died at the Royal Hospital in [[Aquem]], [[Margao]], due to complications related to [[Alzheimer's disease]]. He had been admitted to the hospital two days prior for treatment. His funeral was held on 26 March, where he was mourned by a diverse assembly of people paying their final respects. The funeral mass was led by Fr. James Silva, the [[parish priest]] of [[Curchorem]], with Fr. Trinco Menezes, the [[assistant parish priest]], delivering the [[homily]]. Figures such as [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], the then-president of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]], ''[[tiatrist]]'' and [[advocate]] Mike Mehta, and former [[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]] [[MLA (India)|MLA]] Domnick Fernandes were in attendance and offered their thoughts on the occasion. During the ceremony, a significant moment was the playing of Colaço's popular Konkani song, "Ankvar Moriechem Dukh."<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2012-03-27 |title=Remmie Colaco laid to rest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remmie-colaco-laid-to-rest/articleshow/12420929.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Reactions===
Colaço was remembered as a warm and genial individual, described by his close friend Pachao Pereira as a true gentleman. He was highly regarded by prominent figures in the world of ''[[tiatr]]'' and often called upon to mediate disputes among well-known ''tiatrists''.<ref name=":5" /> Elvis Sequeira, writing in ''[[O Heraldo]]'', lamented Colaço's passing as a profound loss for the ''tiatr'' community. As one of the few surviving ''tiatrists'' from the pre-[[Goa Liberation|liberation era]], Colaço entertained audiences with his thought-provoking songs and performances. He also played a significant role in filling the void left by female artists who were reluctant to act in ''tiatrs''. Colaço's legacy includes his morally uplifting songs, such as "Ankvar Moriechem Dukh" and "Mog Jezucho," and his successful ''tiatrs'', including ''Ghorachem Sukh'' and ''Atancho Teomp'', which continue to be cherished by ''tiatr'' enthusiasts, writes Sequeira.<ref name=":4" />

==Legacy==
In 2018, a street adjacent to the old Prashant theatre was dedicated in honor of Colaço as part of a series of initiatives commemorating 125 years of ''[[tiatr]]''. The unveiling of the commemorative plaque was officiated by [[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]] [[MLA (India)|MLA]] [[Nilesh Cabral]]. However, by October 2020, members of the ''tiatr'' community and enthusiasts had expressed dismay over the poor condition of the [[name plaque]] on Remmie Colaco Road in Curchorem, which had fallen off and was discovered in the nearby bushes. [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], the head of the celebration committee, acknowledged the incident and assured ''[[The Times of India]]'' that the damaged plaque would be promptly restored. He attributed the damage to inclement weather and pledged to have the plaque repaired and reinstalled within the next two to three days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-04 |title=Tiatrists sore over fallen name plaque announcing Remmie Colaco road |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrists-sore-over-fallen-name-plaque-announcing-remmie-colaco-road/articleshow/78469931.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004171724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrists-sore-over-fallen-name-plaque-announcing-remmie-colaco-road/articleshow/78469931.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colaço, Remmie}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Wunderbar Films

2026-03-14T04:02:49Z

SheldonCruce: added references

{{Short description|Film Production Company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Wunderbar Films
| logo = Wunderbar Films Logo White.jpg
| founders = {{ubl|[[Dhanush]]|[[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|2010|5|20|df=yes}}
| location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| industry = Motion picture
| products = {{ubl|Film production|Record producer}}
| trade_name = Wunderbar Films Pvt. Ltd.
| type = Privately held company
| revenue =
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INR|507.4 million}} (2015) {{decrease}} {{INR|46.7 million}} (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.acuite.in/documents/ratings/revised/25709-RR-20180308.pdf |title=Operating income grew 68% to 50 crore in 2015 |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128135448/https://www.acuite.in/documents/ratings/revised/25709-RR-20180308.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Dhanush]]
| num_employees =
| website =
}}
'''Wunderbar Films''' is an Indian [[Filmmaking|film production]] and distribution company established by actor [[Dhanush]] and his ex-wife [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth|Aishwarya]], on 20 May 2010. Based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], it mainly produces and distributes [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, and occasionally [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] films. The headquarters of the company is in [[Nungambakkam]], Chennai.

== History ==
Wunderbar Films was established by actor [[Dhanush]] and his wife [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth|Aishwarya]] on 20 May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wunderbar Films Private Limited Company Information |url=https://corporatedir.com/company/wunderbar-films-private-limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182915/https://corporatedir.com/company/wunderbar-films-private-limited |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=CorporateDir}}</ref> The studio was named "Wunderbar", meaning "wonderful" in German, which Dhanush picked up from the 2009 American film, ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Feb 2018 |title=Dhanush And Siddharth On How They Came Up With Unique Names For Their Production Houses |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/dhanush-siddharth-came-unique-names-production-houses-etaki-wunderbar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023224511/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/dhanush-siddharth-came-unique-names-production-houses-etaki-wunderbar |archive-date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> Earlier short films produced by Dhanush, although not released to the public, had the banner "Wunderbar".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZZPIzT1T2I |title=WunderStars Talk Show – Episode 1 |date=13 February 2015 |last=Wunderbar Studios |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412231522/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZZPIzT1T2I |archive-date=12 April 2017 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=Jul 26, 2017 |title=Dhanush interview: 'I was not ready to come out of VIP Raghuvaran's world' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/845014/dhanush-interview-i-was-not-ready-to-come-out-of-vip-raghuvarans-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114174524/https://scroll.in/reel/845014/dhanush-interview-i-was-not-ready-to-come-out-of-vip-raghuvarans-world |archive-date=14 January 2018 |access-date=14 January 2018 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width: 82%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" |''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]''
| rowspan="13" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth|Aishwarya Rajnikanth]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/3-threes-a-crowd/article3266049.ece|title=3: Three's a crowd|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|website=The Hindu|date=31 March 2012 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524073026/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/3-threes-a-crowd/article3266049.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" |''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
| [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Nandita Swetha]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ethir-neechal-run-culture/article4683456.ece|title=Ethir Neechal: Run culture|first=baradwaj|last=rangan|website=The Hindu|date=4 May 2013 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625092241/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ethir-neechal-run-culture/article4683456.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" |''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
| [[R. Velraj]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece|title=Idle worship|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|website=The Hindu|date=19 July 2014 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165911/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
! scope="row" |''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''
| R. S. Durai Senthilkumar
| [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Sri Divya]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaki-sattai-review/article6941634.ece|title=Kaaki Sattai: Heavyweight film for lightweight hero|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|website=The Hindu|date=27 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020641/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaki-sattai-review/article6941634.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
| [[M. Manikandan]]
| Vignesh, Ramesh, [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kakka-muttai-an-outstanding-debut/article7286460.ece|title=Kaaka Muttai: An outstanding debut|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|website=The Hindu|date=5 June 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171628/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kakka-muttai-an-outstanding-debut/article7286460.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]''
| [[Balaji Mohan]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/maari-some-nice-bits-cant-save-a-grindingly-ordinary-movie/article7434590.ece|title=Maari: Some nice bits can't save a grindingly ordinary movie|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|website=The Hindu|date=17 July 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128100235/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/maari-some-nice-bits-cant-save-a-grindingly-ordinary-movie/article7434590.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]''
| [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nayantara]], [[Parthiban]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/naanum-rowdy-dhaan-a-thoroughly-entertaining-black-comedy/article7792538.ece|title=Naanum Rowdy Dhaan: A thoroughly entertaining black comedy|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|website=The Hindu|date=22 October 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165124/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/naanum-rowdy-dhaan-a-thoroughly-entertaining-black-comedy/article7792538.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |'' [[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]''
| R. Velraj
| [[Dhanush]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Amy Jackson]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thangamagan-review-a-good-core-wasted-in-a-masala-template/article8008069.ece|title=Thangamagan: A good core wasted in a masala template|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|website=The Hindu|date=19 December 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120084433/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thangamagan-review-a-good-core-wasted-in-a-masala-template/article8008069.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row" |'' [[Visaranai]]''
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
| [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Visaranai-A-powerful-chilling-drama-about-how-the-System-toys-with-us/article14097397.ece|title=Visaranai: A powerful, chilling drama about how the System toys with us|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|date=6 February 2016|access-date=18 March 2018|work=The Hindu|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160918/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Visaranai-A-powerful-chilling-drama-about-how-the-System-toys-with-us/article14097397.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Amma Kanakku]]''
| [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]]
| [[Amala Paul]], [[Revathi]], [[Samuthirakani]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amma-Kanakku-review-Mums-the-word/article14399311.ece|title='Amma Kanakku' review: Mum's the word|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|date=24 June 2016|access-date=18 March 2018|work=The Hindu|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130548/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amma-Kanakku-review-Mums-the-word/article14399311.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope="row" |''[[Cinema Veeran]]''
| Aishwarya Rajnikanth
| [[Rajinikanth]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/cinema-veeran-rajnikanth-aishwarya-dhanush-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-a-documentary-310589-2016-02-25 |title=Cinema Veeran: Rajinikanth, Aishwarya Dhanush and AR Rahman join hands for a documentary |date=February 25, 2016 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160922/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/cinema-veeran-rajnikanth-aishwarya-dhanush-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-a-documentary-310589-2016-02-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pa. Pandi]]''
| [[Dhanush]]
| [[Rajkiran]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Chaya Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pa-pandi-review-the-power-of-love/article18020431.ece |title='Pa. Pandi' review: The power of love |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=14 April 2017 |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414145038/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pa-pandi-review-the-power-of-love/article18020431.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]''
| [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Kajol]], [[Amala Paul]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/velaiilla-pattadhari-2-review/article19474813.ece|title='Velaiilla Pattadhari 2' review: a lukewarm follow-up|first=Vishal|last=Menon|date=11 August 2017|access-date=18 March 2018|work=The Hindu|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160913/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/velaiilla-pattadhari-2-review/article19474813.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VIP 2: A wasted opportunity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vip-2-a-wasted-opportunity/article19565249.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924122242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vip-2-a-wasted-opportunity/article19565249.ece |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=The Hindu|date=26 August 2017 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]''
| Malayalam
| Dominic Arun
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Balu Varghese]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''
| rowspan="6" | Tamil
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| [[Rajinikanth]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Easwari Rao]], [[Huma Qureshi]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vada Chennai]]''
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Ameer Sultan]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maari 2]]''
| Balaji Mohan
| [[Dhanush]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]], [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row"| ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
| rowspan="2" | Dhanush
| Pavish Narayan, [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Anikha Surendran]], [[Priya Prakash Varrier]], Venkatesh Menon, Rabiya Khatoon, Ramya Ranganathan
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Idli Kadai]]''
| Dhanush, [[Nithya Menen]], [[Arun Vijay]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[Shalini Pandey]], [[P. Samuthirakani]]
|
|-
| ''TBA''
|{{Pending film|[[Dhanush|D55]]}}
|[[Rajkumar Periasamy]]
|[[Dhanush]], [[Sreeleela]]
|
|}

== Film soundtracks released ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5; width:60%;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
!style="width:3%;"| Year !!style="width:24%;"| Film !!style="width:16%;"| Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari|Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' || rowspan="4" | Also producer
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''
|-
| ''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Amma Kanakku]]''
|-
| rowspan=3|2017 || ''Yathumagi Nindrai'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' || rowspan="6" | Also producer
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]''
|-
| rowspan=3|2018 || ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala: Karikaalan]]''
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|-
| ''[[Maari 2]]''
|-
|2025
|''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Wunderbar Films}}

[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]

Education in Kottayam district

2026-03-13T14:50:55Z

SheldonCruce: added initial location initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
'''[[Kottayam district]]''' is a centre of education in [[Kerala]] state. The Orthodox Theological Seminary ([[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary]]) at [[Chungam]] was the first institution to teach English in [[South India]].<ref>[http://www.istampgallery.com/old-seminary-kottayam/ Old seminary] Istamp gallery website.</ref> It was founded in 1815 by Colonel John Monroe.<ref>[http://ots.org.il/] OTS website.</ref> The C.M.S High School (which later became the Church Missionary Society College High School) was founded by the British missionary, Benjamin Bailey. The first college in Kerala state and the second established under British rule in India was the [[C.M.S. College]] (Grammar School) (1840).<ref>[http://www.cmscollegehighersec.com/ CMS College] CMS website.</ref>
[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] is located in Kottayam district. Later, the clergies of Catholic Church, after seeing a need for an English high school for students of Central Travancore, established a residential high school [[St. Berchmans Higher Secondary School|St Berchmans English High School]] in 1891 in Changanasserry under the leadership of [[Charles Lavigne|Fr Charles Lavigne]], then vicariate apostolate of Kottayam. Even though it was started as a school for seminarians, it became public soon itself. In 1922, [[Thomas Kurialacherry|Venerable Mar Thomas Kurialacherry]] founded the famous [[St. Berchmans College|SB College Changanassery]] for both intermediate students and scholars in Central Travancore. Today, both CMS College and SB College are recognised, for their legacy, as reputed and noted institutions of Kerala.

==Educational Institutions==
Kottayam district has 478 lower primary schools, 208 upper primary schools and 258 high schools. There are also 24 arts and science colleges, four Training colleges, three co-operative colleges, seven teachers training institutes, two industrial training institutes, and many engineering colleges.<ref name="Kurien">{{cite journal| author=Kurien L |url=http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/354/2/11_chapter4.pdf |title=Structure and functioning of Gramsabhas |year=2010 }}</ref> Educational institutions located in Kottayam district include:
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam]]
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], Kottayam
*[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam]]
* [[CMS College Kottayam|CMS College, Kottayam]]
* [[St. Berchmans College|SB College, Changanasserry]]
* [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]], Gandhinagar
* Government Dental College, Kottayam,(Gandhinagar)
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam]] (Government Engineering College), [[Pampady]]
* [[Government College, Kottayam]]
* [[Baselius College]]
* B.C.M College, Kottayam
* [[KG College Pampady]]
* Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam
* Theophilus College of Nursing, Kangazha (private sector)
* Mar Thoma Seminary Higher Secondary School, Zion Hill, Kottayam.
* Kottayam Technical Higher Secondary School and College of Applied Science, [[IHRD (institute)|IHRD]], [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthuppally]]
* St Joseph College of Communication

==Other arts and science colleges==
* St. Xavier's College, Vaikom
* Baker Women's College, Kottayam
* Bishop Kurialacherry College, Amalagiri
* S.N. College, Kumarakom
* St. Mary's College, Manarcad
* Ettumanoorappan College, Ettumanoor
* St. Thomas College, Pala
* Alphonsa College, Pala
*Sree Sabareesa College, Mundakayam
*St. Dominics College, Kanjirappally
*St. George College, Aruvithura
*MES College, Erattupetta
* [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery|NSS Hindu College, Changanasserry]]
* St. Stephen's College, Uzhavoor
* P. G. R. Memorial S N Arts and Science College, Channanikkadu
* Gurudeva Institute of Science and Technology, Puthuppally
* B.K. College, Amalagiri
* S.V.R.N.S.S. College, ([[Kodungoor]]) Vazhoor
* PGM College, Devagiri, Kangazha
*PRDS College of Arts and Sciences, Changanassery
* Devamatha College, [[Kuravilangad]]
* College Of Applied Science, Payyappady, Puthuppally
*Shermount College of Arts and Commerce, Erumely
*MES College, Erumely
*Labour India College, Marangaattupally
*Bishop Speechly college, Pallom

==Engineering colleges==
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam]] (2015)

==Private sector Engineering colleges==
* St. Joseph's College of Engineering & Technology, Pala
* Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally
* Mangalam College of Engineering
* Saintgits College of Engineering, Pathamuttom
* Kottayam Institute of Technology and Science, Pampady
* College of Engineering, Poonjar
* Mar Augusthinose College, Ramapuram.
* D.B. College, Keezhoor.
* K.G. College, Pampady
* Ettumanoorappan College, Ettumanoor.
* B.V.M. College, Pala
* [[St. Dominic's College]], Kanjirapally
* K.E. College, Mannanam
* Mangalam College of Engineering, [[Ettumanoor]]
* [[Henry Baker College]], [[Melukavu]]

==Institutes of media studies==
* Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Kottayam
* KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts
* Manorama School of Communication
* [https://www.creativehut.org/ Creative Hut Institute of Photography, Mattakkara]
* St Joseph College Of Communication, Changanassery

==Polytechnic colleges==
* Government Polytechnic College, Kottayam
* Model Polytechnic College, Mattakkara
* Government Polytechnic college, Pala

==Other organizations==
Other institutes include
* Tropical Institute of Ecological Sciences (TIES), a research center affiliated with the Mahatma Gandhi University for Environmental Sciences
* [[Centre for Rural Management]] (CRM)
* Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy
* Sreenivasa Ramanujam Institute of Basic Sciences
* KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts
* Rubber Research Institute of India (RRI).
* [[NSS Training College, Changanacherry]]

==Schools==
* Marian Senior Secondary School, Kalathipady, Kottayam
* Holy Family International School, Elangoi, Chamampathal
* Joseph's Public School and Junior College, Kunnumbhagam, Kanjirappally
* [[Lourdes Public School and Junior College]]
* Sree Kumaramangalam Public School, Kumarakom
* [[Sree Kumaramangalam Higher Secondary School]], Kumarakom
* St. Shantals High School, Mammood, Changanacherry
* Al Manar School, Erattupetta
* St. Joseph's Convent Girls Higher Secondary School, Kottayam
* St. Anne's Girls Higher Secondary School, Kottayam
*Lisieux English Senior Secondary School, Vaikom
* Amala Public School, Moothedathukavu, Vaikom
* Government Higher Secondary School, [[Panamattom]]
* [[Baker Memorial Girls High School]] in Kottayam (1820)
* M.T. Seminary Higher Secondary School, Kottayam
* St. Joseph's High School, Kudakkachira
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kottayam]] Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rubber Board, Kottayam
* Alphonsa Residential School, Bharananganam, Palai
* AKJM School, Kanjirappally, Kottayam
* CMS LP School Arpookara
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottayam]]
* M.D. Seminary School, Kottayam
* N.S.S. College Perunna, Changanacherry
* N.S.S. H.S.S. Anickadu
* Holy Family High School, Parampuzha Baselius College, Kottayam
* Bappuji Central School, Peruva
* Mangalam EMRHSS, Ettumanoor
* Depaul English Medium and Public H.S.S. school, Kuravilangadu
* Emmanuel's HSS, Kothanalloor
* P Geevarghese School of Nursing, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.
* School of Laboratory Technology MGDM Hospital, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.
* St. Thomas High School, [[Marangattupilly]]
* [[Labour India Gurukulam Public School]]
* Labour India College for Teacher Education
* St. George's College Aruvithura
* D.B college, Thalayolaparambu
* St. Mary's H.S. school, Vaikom
* Government Boys H.S., Vaikom
* Government Girls H.S., Vaikom
* Government L.P.S., Mevada
* St. Johns Nephumsians HSS, Kozhuvanal
* St. Antony's High School, Mutholy
* St Joseph's Girls High School, Mutholy
* Holy Cross Higher Secondary School, Cherpunkal
* St. Xavers Upper Primary School, Palayam
* St. Gerge's Lower primary School, Mutholy
* St. Dominic's Higher Secondary School, Kanjirappally
* St. Antony's Public School and Junior College, Anackal, Kanjirappally
* St John's Higher Secondary School, Nedumkunnam
* Government Higher Secondary School, Nedumkunnam
* St. Tersas high school, Nedumkunnam
* St. John's bed college, Nedumkunnam
* St. John's ITC, Nedumkunnam
* St. Vincent E.M.H.S, Pala
* S.F.S Public School and Junior College, Ettumanoor
* MGEMHS, Vakathanam
* St. Antony's High School, Kadpaplamattom
* St. Joseph's Lower Primary School, Koodalloor
* Technical Higher Secondary School, Puthuppally, Kottayam
* St. Joseph Girls High School, Nalukody, Changanacherry
* Government Upper Primary School Nalukody, Changanacherry
* Government High School Paippad, Changanacherry
* St. Ann's Girls High School, Changanacherry,
* Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Changanacherry
* Sacred Heart Public School & Junior College, Kilimala, Changanacherry,
* Junior Basic Lower Primary School, Peroor
* St. Sebastian's Upper Primary School, Peroor
* University College of Medical Education, Kottayam
* Bethany Christian English Medium School, Kangazha
* Government VHSS, Nattakom
* Infant Jesus BCGHSS, Manarcadu
* St. Mary's College, Malam
* St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Manarcadu
* M G M N S S Higher Secondary School, [[Lakkattoor]]
* P. T. Chacko Memorial Government ITI, Pallickathodu
* Amayannoor High School, Amayannoor
* Vivekananda Public School, Thiruvanchoor
* Mount Mary Public School, Malam
* Siva Darsana C B S E School, Mannadi
* C.C.M. Higher Secondary School, Karikkattoor
* St. George's High School and Higher Secondary School, Manimala
* The Baker Vidyapeedh, Kottayam
*St Mary's Girls High School Kanjirapally
*St Kuriakose Public School, Kaduthuruthy

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Kottayam district| ]]

Shabnam Asthana

2026-03-13T10:58:09Z

SheldonCruce: Starting basic pg needs work

{{short description|Indian public relations expert}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shabnam Asthana
| image = Shabnam Asthana.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 August
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = PR expert, Policy and communications strategist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website = {{URL|www.empoweredsolutions.in}}
}}
'''Shabnam Asthana''' is an [[Public relations in India|Indian public relations]] expert, speaker, and [[entrepreneur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/seminar-offers-tips-to-face-professional-challenges/ | title=Seminar offers tips to face professional challenges | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate=25 December 2011 | author=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Talk on breast cancer awareness held in Pune|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/talk-on-breast-cancer-awareness-held-in-pune-7228207/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she received the National Public Relations Hall of Fame award by PRCI from [[H. K. Dua]] for her contributions in the public relations field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shabnam-asthana-wins-indias-top-public-relations-award/155081 | title=Shabnam Asthana wins India's top public relations award | work=[[Mid-Day]] | date=16 February 2012 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Asthana was born in [[Bokaro Steel City]]. She earned a bachelor's degree in arts from [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in 1983 and later, she earned a [[master's degree]] in arts and also studied at Symbiosis to complete a [[post graduate diploma]] in [[Public Relations]] and [[Advertising]]. She also completed a postgraduate program in marketing management from [[Symbiosis|Symbiosis, Pune]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://techwomen.in/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/1/files/basic-html/page12.html | title=Page 12 - November 2015 Woman At Work | work=Techwomen.in | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate= | author= }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Career==
Asthana taught English for more than 2 years at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=|first1=|title=Acing her Profession – Shattering the glass ceiling – Meet Boss Lady I Dr. Shabnam Asthana {{!}} Empowered Solutions |url=https://businessicon.in/dr-shabnam-asthana-indian-public-relations-expert-speaker-entrepreneur/ |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=Business Icon |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Dr Shabnam Asthana: Scripting a national and international success story |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/Dr-Shabnam-Asthana-Scripting-a-national-and-international/cid6905099.htm |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref> After leaving NDA, she worked at a few private companies and also as a freelance journalist and writer for leading newspapers and magazines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prssa.prsa.org/events/conference/program/12program/shabnamasthana | title=Shabnam Asthana | work=Prsa.org | date=14 October 2014 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=}}</ref> She also served as a panelist and guest faculty for Institutes and Business Schools including Symbiosis, Indira, [[Indian Institute of Education and Business Management|IIBM]], Sinhagad, Matrix, NIILM, D.Y Patil and others.

===2005-present===
In 2005, Asthana founded Empowered Solutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/indian-women-network-launched-in-western-part-of-india-114122600245_1.html | title=Indian Women Network launched in western part of India | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=26 December 2014 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=}}</ref> In addition to coordinating and synchronizing the functions of businesses, the company also handles public relations and draws out marketing and sales strategies for them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/linked-director-speaks-unlocking-talent-pool-using-social-060922651.html | title=Linked In Director speaks on "Unlocking" talent pool using social media at ASM Group corporate meet | work=[[Yahoo News]] | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate=1 May 2013 | author=}}</ref> Her clientage includes IND TV USA, Garware Wall Ropes, Reiter, Phoenix Mecano, Premium, The Little Gym, Soukos Robots S.A, SIMC,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmc.edu.in/visiting | title=Visiting | work=[[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis Centre for Media & Communications]] | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate= | author=}}</ref> Clover Builders, University of Pune, Funskool, NTT data and others.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.topnews.in/usa/shabnam-asthana-be-first-pr-expert-india-address-prssa-2012-national-conference-221081 | title=Shabnam Asthana to be first PR expert from India to address PRSSA 2012 National Conference | work=TopNews | date=8 October 2012 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=Jamie Williamson | archive-date=19 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119011429/http://topnews.in/usa/shabnam-asthana-be-first-pr-expert-india-address-prssa-2012-national-conference-221081 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mitsot.com/blog/2015/01/ | title=Frame Your Career in Telecom Sector with MITSOT | work=Mitsot.com | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=}}</ref>

In May 2017, her book, Romancing Your Career was launched by [[Lila Poonawalla]]. The book is about work experiences in the corporate world and was covered by [[Business Standard]], [[DNA News]], [[Hindustan Times]], Education Times and other major media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-romancing-your-career-book-on-work-experiences-in-corporate-world-2435821 | title='Romancing Your Career'- Book on work experiences in corporate world | work=DNA India | date=12 May 2017 | accessdate=18 September 2017| author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/be-passionate-about-what-you-do/story-MOXjfh8WG5oMuV4ulUkDtI.html | title=Be passionate about what you do | work=Hindustan Times | date=11 September 2017 | accessdate=18 September 2017| author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationtimes.com/article/11/20170519201705191446431403825faa6/Career-call-.html | title=Career call | work=Education Times | date=19 May 2017 | accessdate=18 September 2017| author=}}</ref>

Asthana is often seen at conferences for entrepreneurship, public relations and women upliftment<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://npnews24.com/2018/12/16/role-of-women-in-new-india/ |title=Eminent women leaders discuss the Role of Women in New India |date=2018-12-16 |website=NP News24 |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324174501/https://npnews24.com/2018/12/16/role-of-women-in-new-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> including National Summit on Startups and Women Entrepreneurship, Eurasian Economic Congress, Indian Russian Dialogue, CSR Panel Discussion,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=CSR Times and Indian Achievers' Forum host the National Seminar on "Achieving SDG's through CSR in developing Economies: Role of G20 Nations" - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/csr-times-and-indian-achievers-forum-host-the-national-seminar-on-achieving-sdgs-through-csr-in-developing-economies-role-of-g20-nations |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PANEL DISCUSSION – CSR TIMES |url=https://csrtimes.org/panel-discussion/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=csrtimes.org}}</ref> Indian Achievers' Forum's Webinar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Indian Diaspora Paves the Way for International Trade and Investment: Insights Shared at Indian Achievers' Forum's Webinar |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/global-indian-diaspora-paves-the-way-for-international-trade-and-investment-insights-shared-at-indian-achievers-forums-webinar20240503154242/ |website=aninews.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2024-05-03 |title=Global Indian Diaspora Paves the Way for International Trade and Investment: Insights Shared at Indian Achievers' Forum's Webinar |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/global-indian-diaspora-paves-the-way-for-international-trade-and-investment-insights-shared-at-indian-achievers-forums-webinar/2068330/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Indian Diaspora Paves the Way for International Trade and Investment: Insights Shared at Indian Achievers' Forum's Webinar |url=https://www.indianeconomicobserver.com//news/global-indian-diaspora-paves-the-way-for-international-trade-and-investment-insights-shared-at-indian-achievers-forums-webinar20240503154234// |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Breaking news, top new, latest news, world news {{!}} Indian Economic Observer |language=en}}</ref> and Ahmadiya Muslim Community Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/miss-mrs-india-ranhraagini-beauty-055105317.html |title=Miss and Mrs India RanhRaagini Beauty Pageant 2019 concludes successfully with an impactful social message |website=in.news.yahoo.com |language=en-IN |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Ahmadiyya community organises 1st peace symposium |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/ahmadiyya-community-organises-1st-peace-symposium-41242 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> As of June 2020, she also writes on the [[Thrive Global]] platform.

In February 2025,, Asthana authored a biography titled Aashuutosh Srivastava: The Legal Trailblazer, which chronicles the life and professional journey of lawyer Aashuutosh Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Book Launch Honours Legal Luminary Aashuutosh Srivastava's Inspiring Journey |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/book-launch-honours-legal-luminary-aashuutosh-srivastava-s-inspiring-journey/cid1744716540.htm |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref> The book explores his personal and legal battles, as well as his contributions to the legal field. It was launched on April 11, 2025, at an event attended by prominent figures from the legal and business communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Book Highlights Aashuutosh Srivastava's Legal Journey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dhbrandspot-pr/new-book-highlights-aashuutosh-srivastavas-legal-journey-3498602 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The biography received a favorable response, with particular appreciation for its detailed portrayal of Srivastava’s legal career and personal resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2025-02-24 |title="Aashuutosh Srivastava: The Legal Trailblazer" – A Biography Chronicling the Journey of a Legal Luminary |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/aashuutosh-srivastava-the-legal-trailblazer-a-biography-chronicling-the-journey-of-a-legal-luminary/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Accolades==
She received the Hall of Fame award at Mumbai from The PRCI for her contributions in the public relations industry in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ravepad.com/page/public-relations/images/view/18555584/Shabnam-Asthana-wins-India-s-top-public-relations-award-by-Mid-D | title=Public Relations Photos : Shabnam Asthana wins India's top public relations award by Mid-Day | work=RavePad | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate= | author=}}</ref> Asthana was the first Indian to be invited at 2012 PRSSA 2012 National Conference in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/finance/shabnam-asthana-to-be-first-pr-expert-from-india-to-address-prssa-2012-national-conference-in-san-francisco-news-news-mkijEebbhhhsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005022/http://www.sify.com/finance/shabnam-asthana-to-be-first-pr-expert-from-india-to-address-prssa-2012-national-conference-in-san-francisco-news-news-mkijEebbhhhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2018 | title=Shabnam Asthana to be first PR expert from India to address PRSSA 2012 National Conference in San Francisco | work=[[Sify.com]] | date=8 October 2012 | accessdate=20 December 2016 | author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://buprssa.com/2012/11/14/bridging-the-gap-travel-the-world-with-your-pr-career/ | title=Bridging the Gap: Travel the World with Your PR Career | work=PRSSA | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate=14 November 2012 | author= | archive-date=6 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190348/https://buprssa.com/2012/11/14/bridging-the-gap-travel-the-world-with-your-pr-career/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> She received the Times Power Women 2017 award for Global PR from [[The Times Group]] in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/shabnam-asthana-wins-times-power-woman-2017-award-118020101206_1.html | title=Shabnam Asthana wins Times Power Woman 2017 award | work=[[Business Standard]]| date=1 February 2018 | accessdate=6 February 2018 | author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/shabnam-asthana-wins-times-power-woman-2017-award201802011734000002/ | title=Shabnam Asthana wins Times Power Woman 2017 award | work=[[Asian News International]]| date=1 February 2018 | accessdate=6 February 2018 | author=}}</ref>

In September 2018, she received Times Power Woman 2018 award from [[The Times Group|The Times of India Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dance-music-and-honour-times-power-women-2018-fetes-indias-super-girls/women-on-top/slideshow/65579154.cms |title=Dance, Music And Honour: Times Power Women 2018 Fetes India's Super Girls |last=|first=|date=2018-08-28|website=Economic Times|language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nrinews24x7.com/shabnam-asthana-eminent-women-leaders-discuss-the-role-of-women-in-new-india-at-the-46th-national-summit-at-new-delhi/ |title=Shabnam Asthana & eminent women leaders discuss the Role of Women in New India at the 46th National Summit at New Delhi |last= |first= |date=2018-12-16 |website=NRInews24x7 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325034643/https://nrinews24x7.com/shabnam-asthana-eminent-women-leaders-discuss-the-role-of-women-in-new-india-at-the-46th-national-summit-at-new-delhi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punekarnews.in/shabnam-asthana-eminent-women-leaders-discuss-the-role-of-women-in-new-india-at-the-46thnational-summit-at-new-delhi/ |title=Shabnam Asthana & eminent women leaders discuss the Role of Women in New India at the 46thNational Summit at New Delhi |date=2018-12-16 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> Next month, Asthana received the Mahatma Gandhi Samman at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nrinews24x7.com/mahatma-gandhi-samman-conferred-on-shabnam-asthana-in-the-houses-of-commons-london-uk/ |title=Mahatma Gandhi Samman conferred on Shabnam Asthana in the House of Commons London (UK) |last=admin |date=2018-10-29 |website=NRInews24x7 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325044558/https://nrinews24x7.com/mahatma-gandhi-samman-conferred-on-shabnam-asthana-in-the-houses-of-commons-london-uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punekarnews.in/mahatma-gandhi-samman-conferred-on-shabnam-asthana-in-the-houses-of-commons-london-uk/ |title=Mahatma Gandhi Samman conferred on Shabnam Asthana in the Houses of Commons London (UK) |date=2018-10-29 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> and 2018 Pune Best Brand Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punekarnews.in/shabnam-asthana-felicitated-as-the-times-power-woman-2018-west-region-for-global-pr/ |title=Shabnam Asthana felicitated as the Times Power Woman 2018 – West Region, for Global PR |date=2018-08-27 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bytesofindia.com/newsdetails?NewsId=4678953116677914354&title=Shabnam%20Asthana%20felicitated%20as%20the%20Times%20Power%20Woman%202018&SectionId=5095673614284375049&SectionName=Press%20Release&TagName=Times%20Of%20India%20Group&NewsTagId=5210079055596415164&BM=False&FW=False&ITG=False |title=Shabnam Asthana felicitated as the Times Power Woman 2018 |website=|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> In April 2019, Asthana was conferred an honorary doctorate by [[National American University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/shabnam-asthana-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-national-american-university-119040500794_1.html |title=Shabnam Asthana awarded Honorary doctorate by National American University |last=ANI |date=2019-04-05 |website=Business Standard India |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/national-american-university-awards-honorary-060430391.html |title=The National American University awards honorary doctorate to Shabnam Asthana and other eminent personalities |website=in.finance.yahoo.com |language=en-IN |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165819/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/national-american-university-awards-honorary-060430391.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.empoweredsolutions.in/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asthana, Shabnam}}
[[Category:Indian public relations people]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bokaro Steel City]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2026 ITF Bengaluru Open

2026-03-10T09:40:26Z

SheldonCruce: made a pg

{{short description|Tennis tournament}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2026|ITF Bengaluru Open|
| date=16–22 February 2026
| edition=3rd
| surface=[[Tennis court#Hard courts|Hard]] / Outdoor
| venue=SM Krishna Tennis Stadium
| location=[[Bengaluru]], India
| prize_money = $100,000
| category=[[ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
| champs={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Hanne Vandewinkel]]
| champd={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]] / {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eri Shimizu]]
}}

The 2026 [[ITF Bengaluru Open]] is a professional [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[Tennis court#Hard courts|hard courts]].It is the third edition of the tournament which is part of the [[2026 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]. It took place in [[Bengaluru]], India between 16 and 22 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web|work=ITFtennis.com|publisher=ITF World Tennis Tour|title=W100 Bengaluru|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/w100-bengaluru/ind/2026/w-itf-ind-2026-006/fact-sheet/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru gets ready to host biggest ITF women's tournament in the country|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bengaluru-gets-ready-to-host-biggest-itf-womens-tournament-in-the-country/ |work=www.tribuneindia.com|date=11 February 2026|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

==Champions==

===Singles===
{{main if exists|2026 ITF Bengaluru Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|BEL}} '''[[Hanne Vandewinkel]]''' def. {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]], 6–0, 6–1.

===Doubles===
{{main if exists|2026 ITF Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Misaki Matsuda]]''' / {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Eri Shimizu]]''' def. {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Madelyn Nugroho|Priska Nugroho]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]], 6–4, 3–6, [10–5].

==Singles main draw entrants==

===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Talia Gibson]]
|112
|1
|-
|{{flag|THA}}
|[[Lanlana Tararudee]]
|126
|2
|-
|{{flag|BEL}}
|[[Hanne Vandewinkel]]
|135
|3
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Taylah Preston]]
|151
|4
|-
|
|[[Polina Iatcenko]]
|163
|5
|-
|{{flag|GBR}}
|[[Harriet Dart]]
|178
|6
|-
|
|[[Elena Pridankina]]
|192
|7
|-
|{{flag|JPN}}
|[[Mai Hontama]]
|222
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 9 February 2026.

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Ahlawat]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a special ranking:
* {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Ya-hsuan]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Chaudhari]]
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jasmijn Gimbrère]]
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Anastasia Kulikova]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Zuzanna Pawlikowska]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eri Shimizu]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Kristiana Sidorova]]
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Arina Gabriela Vasilescu]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|}} [[Victoria Milovanova]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2026 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ITF Bengaluru Open, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:February 2026 sports events in India|ITF]]

Malavika Mohanan

2026-03-10T03:40:34Z

SheldonCruce: updated

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1993)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Malavika|Mohanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malavika Mohanan
| image = Malavika Mohanan snapped at the Grazia Indie Beauty Awards 2025.jpg
| caption = Malavika in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|08|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| father = [[K. U. Mohanan]]
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Malavika Mohanan''' (born 4 August 1993) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films. The daughter of [[cinematographer]] [[K. U. Mohanan]], she made her acting debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' (2013). She gained praise for her starring role in [[Majid Majidi]]'s [[Hindi film]] ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |title=It's a dream debut: Malavika Mohanan on her role in 'Beyond the Clouds' |date=14 April 2018 |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074125/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Seema Sinha |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |title=Malavika Mohanan on Beyond The Clouds: 'Majid Majidi took me to creative spaces I hadn't gone to before' |publisher=Firstpost.com |date=17 April 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073954/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has since starred in several Malayalam and Tamil films including ''[[The Great Father]]'' (2017), ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021) and ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' (2025).

==Early life==
Malavika Mohanan was born 4 August 1993 and is the daughter of cinematographer [[K. U. Mohanan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy birthday Malavika Mohanan: Here are 10 best pictures of the Petta actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-malavika-mohanan-here-are-10-best-pictures-of-petta-actor/story-eJfHKyzjkbywMiRflUav7M.html |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214051228/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-malavika-mohanan-here-are-10-best-pictures-of-petta-actor/story-eJfHKyzjkbywMiRflUav7M.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday Special! Malavika Mohanan left us swooning with her scintillating looks (PHOTOS) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-malavika-mohanan-left-us-swooning-with-her-scintillating-looks-photos/photostory/77332081.cms |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203025936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-malavika-mohanan-left-us-swooning-with-her-scintillating-looks-photos/photostory/77332081.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was born<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |title=മാളവിക മോഹനന്റെ കിടിലൻ ഹോട്ട് ഗ്ലാമറസ് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ കാണാം |date=28 March 2020 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140636/https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in the town of [[Payyanur]] in [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] and grew up in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malavika mohanan note photos about personal life and movie career |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/malavika-mohanan-note-photos-about-personal-life-and-movie-career-600991/ |work=The Indian Express |language=ml |date=4 January 2022 |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140906/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/malavika-mohanan-note-photos-about-personal-life-and-movie-career-600991/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career ==
===2013–2017: Early work===
Malavika completed a degree in Mass Media at [[Wilson College, Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Wilson College - Notable Alumni |url=https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |website=[[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210114418/https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5 Things you didn't know about Malavika Mohanan who has replaced Deepika Padukone in Majid Majidi's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 March 2017 |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413093027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> hoping to emulate her father as a cinematographer or as a director. Post her graduation, while she was contemplating taking up higher studies, she accompanied her father to a commercial shoot for a fairness cream, starring [[Mammootty]]. Mammootty subsequently enquired about Malavika's interest in acting, before offering her a role opposite his son, [[Dulquer Salmaan]], in an upcoming Malayalam film.<ref name="pp1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malavika-mohan-a-breath-of-fresh-air-in-mollywood/article5264977.ece |title=Malavika Mohan: a breath of fresh air in Mollywood |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2018 |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074103/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malavika-mohan-a-breath-of-fresh-air-in-mollywood/article5264977.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan and Archana Kavi in Pattam Pole |date=28 December 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Dulquer-to-play-a-Tamil-Brahmin-in-Pattam-Pole/articleshow/19476516.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414125045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-and-interviews/38434758_1_pattam-pole-dulquer-salmaan-archana-kavi |url-status=live |archive-date=14 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> She took time to consider the proposal before passing an audition and accepting terms to star in ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' (2013), and gradually learned about the process of acting as the shoot progressed. Owing to the original costume designer's illness, she also worked as her own designer for the project.<ref name="pp1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-slide-show-1-alagappan-pattam-pole-is-an-out-an-out-commercial-film/20131009.htm#4 |title=Alagappan: Pattam Pole is an out an out commercial film - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073958/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-slide-show-1-alagappan-pattam-pole-is-an-out-an-out-commercial-film/20131009.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/romance-and-after/article5048576.ece |title=Romance and after |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=24 December 2018 |last1=George |first1=Vijay |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213184033/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/romance-and-after/article5048576.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The romantic drama film, which narrated the relationship between a Tamil Brahmin youth and a Christian girl, received mixed reviews and did not perform well at the box office. A critic from Rediff.com noted that Malavika's "peppy girl act is far from being perfect but shows promise", while the Times of India's reviewers suggested that she did a "decent job".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pattam-pole-is-old-wine-in-new-bottle/20131014.htm |title=Review: Pattam Pole is old wine in new bottle - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409015411/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pattam-pole-is-old-wine-in-new-bottle/20131014.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pattom-pole/movie-review/24096986.cms |title=Pattom Pole Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Pattom Pole by Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> During the period, she continued having an interest in fashion, setting up an Indian ethnic fusion fashion blog called "The Scarlet Window".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thescarletwindow.tumblr.com/about |title=The Scarlet Window |publisher=Thescarletwindow.tumblr.com |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327200803/http://thescarletwindow.tumblr.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms |title=Malavika Mohanan: 5 Things you didn't know about Malavika Mohanan who has replaced Deepika Padukone in Majid Majidi's film |date=16 March 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413093027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In her second film, ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' (2015), she portrayed a ballet dancer, won good reviews but also met with a tepid response commercially.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-location-the-bonds-that-matter/article6742010.ece |title=On location: The bonds that matter |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2015 |access-date=24 December 2018 |last1=George |first1=Vijay |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012051300/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-location-the-bonds-that-matter/article6742010.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that she " has nothing much to do other than to look pretty".<ref name="S">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nirnaayakam-review-malayalam-pghm2Vfbieihe.html |title=Review : Nirnaayakam (2015) |website=[[Sify]] |date=7 June 2015 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610053610/http://www.sify.com/movies/nirnaayakam-review-malayalam-pghm2Vfbieihe.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another film during the period, ''Naale'' opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]], saw her portray a tribal girl but was later dropped midway through production.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/161016/two-roles-poles-apart.html |title=Two roles, poles apart |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 October 2016 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408160240/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/161016/two-roles-poles-apart.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Mohanan worked on her first Kannada film, ''[[Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi]]'' (2016) opposite a debutant Prithvi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/preetham-gubbi-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi/articleshow/49219002.cms |title=Gubbi's new film named Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408161859/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/preetham-gubbi-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi/articleshow/49219002.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite having a low-key release at the box office, the film won good reviews with Malavika's portrayal of the titular role of Varalakshmi being praised by critics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/naanu-mathu-varalakshmi/movie-review/56152198.cms |title=Naanu Mathu Varalakshmi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Naanu Mathu Varalakshmi |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/24/review-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi-gets-to-high-octane-racing-after-a-slow-start-1552458.html |title=Review: Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi gets to high octane racing after a slow start |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101170941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/24/review-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi-gets-to-high-octane-racing-after-a-slow-start-1552458.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She then featured in the role of a police officer in the crime thriller ''[[The Great Father]]'' (2017), where she starred alongside an ensemble cast including Mammootty, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]].<ref name="T">{{cite news |last=Soman |first=Deep |date=2 October 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Malavika-Mohanan-turns-stylish-cop-for-The-Great-Father/articleshow/54626881.cms |title=the great father: Malavika Mohanan turns stylish cop for The Great Father |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410215125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Malavika-Mohanan-turns-stylish-cop-for-The-Great-Father/articleshow/54626881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/malavika-mohanan-mammootty-the-great-father-august-cinemas.html |title=Malavika: Dulquer's heroine then, Mammootty's co-star now {{pipe}} Malavika Mohanan {{pipe}} Mammootty {{pipe}} The Great Father {{pipe}} Malayalam |publisher=English.manoramaonline.com |date=28 September 2016 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408213728/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/malavika-mohanan-mammootty-the-great-father-august-cinemas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews and performed well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/the-great-father/movie-review/57914462.cms |title=The Great Father Review {3/5}: The movie is worth your money for its daddy-daughter moments and a timely plot |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-s-great-father-biggest-hit-2017-so-far-60966 |title=Mammootty's 'The Great Father' is the biggest hit of 2017 so far |publisher=The News Minute |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527005348/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-s-great-father-biggest-hit-2017-so-far-60966 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-great-father-review-strictly-for-mammootty-die-hard-fans-review-malayalam-rd5jhhgbafabh.html |title=Review : The Great Father review: Strictly for Mammootty die-hard fans (2017) |website=[[Sify]] |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073856/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-great-father-review-strictly-for-mammootty-die-hard-fans-review-malayalam-rd5jhhgbafabh.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2017–present: ''Beyond the Clouds'' and further expansion===
[[File:Malavika Mohanan cropped (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Malavika in 2019]]
Malavika's breakthrough as an actress came in her [[Hindi]] debut, [[Majid Majidi]]'s drama film ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' (2017). She played Tara, a poor girl from [[Mumbai]]'s [[Dhobi Ghat]] area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/ishaan-khatter-interview-debut-movie-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-malvika-mohanan-anupama-chopra |title=Ishaan Khatter and Malavika Mohanan On Working With Majid Majidi And Preparing For Stardom |first=Team |last=FC |date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-you-must-know-who-malavika-mohanan-is/20170317.htm |title=Why you must know who Malavika Mohanan is - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=20 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170449/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-you-must-know-who-malavika-mohanan-is/20170317.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Following her successful audition, Majidi selected her ahead of [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] for the role, which saw her portray the older sister of debutant [[Ishaan Khatter]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150317/malavika-mohanan-replaces-deepika-padukone.html |title=Malavika Mohanan replaces Deepika Padukone |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074443/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150317/malavika-mohanan-replaces-deepika-padukone.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/beyond-the-clouds-malavika-mohanan-5142575/ |title=Honoured to have competed with Deepika, Kangana for Beyond the Clouds: Malavika Mohanan |work=The Indian Express |date=18 April 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170450/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/beyond-the-clouds-malavika-mohanan-5142575/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/150317/meet-the-girl-who-stole-the-show-from-dippy.html |title=Meet the girl who stole the show from Dippy |publisher=Asianage.com |date=15 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074047/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/150317/meet-the-girl-who-stole-the-show-from-dippy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She expressed her delight at working with Majidi so early in her career, especially considering that she regularly had to study and write essays on his films during her undergraduate course.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dani |first=Arti Dani |date=17 April 2018 |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/20180417/Want-to-be-the-torchbearer-of-change:-Malavika-Mohanan |title=Want to be the torchbearer of change: Malavika Mohanan |work=Khaleej Times |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073827/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/20180417/Want-to-be-the-torchbearer-of-change:-Malavika-Mohanan |url-status=live }}</ref> For the film, she lost eight kilograms in fifteen days to film for a jail sequence, and opted not to wash her hair for several days on end to get the look of the slum dweller correct.<ref>{{cite news |title=The lengths to which Malavika Mohanan went to film Beyond The Clouds |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/the-lengths-to-which-malavika-mohanan-went-to-film-beyond-the-clouds/217985 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Times Now |date=16 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073824/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/the-lengths-to-which-malavika-mohanan-went-to-film-beyond-the-clouds/217985 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Garima Kapil – Senior Writer |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |title=It's a dream debut: Malavika Mohanan on her role in 'Beyond the Clouds' |publisher=Connected To India |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074125/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was screened across several international festivals, before being released worldwide in April 2018. Malavika won positive reviews for her portrayal, with Filmfare's critic stating "Malavika Mohanan is a natural in front of the camera".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-beyond-the-clouds-27738.html |title=Movie Review: Beyond The Clouds |publisher=filmfare.com |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064120/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-beyond-the-clouds-27738.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A reviewer from The Times of India stated she was "captivating in her honest portrayal" and "skilfully walks the fine line between passionate and melodramatic", while [[The Hollywood Reporter]] called her "solid".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/beyond-the-clouds/movie-review/63818575.cms |title=Beyond The Clouds Review {3.5/5}: As Right As Rain |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/movies/beyond-the-clouds-review.html?referrer=google_kp |title=Review: In 'Beyond the Clouds,' a Brother and Sister Struggle in Mumbai - The New York Times |date=19 April 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |last1=Kenny |first1=Glenn |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074047/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/movies/beyond-the-clouds-review.html?referrer=google_kp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beyond-clouds-1077106 |title='Beyond the Clouds' Review |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207192531/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beyond-clouds-1077106 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Malavika then appeared in three [[Tamil language]] films. Her Tamil debut was [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), which would feature her alongside an ensemble cast including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]. She hired a Tamil-speaking tutor to help her practice her lines.<ref>{{cite news |last=LAkshmi |first=V |date=22 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajini-sir-is-an-absolute-delight-to-work-with-malavika-mohanan/articleshow/66316817.cms |title=Rajini sir is an absolute delight to work with: Malavika Mohanan |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404022037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajini-sir-is-an-absolute-delight-to-work-with-malavika-mohanan/articleshow/66316817.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=10 November 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/malavika-mohanan-couldnt-get-up-from-my-chair-when-i-met-shah-rukh-khan-for-the-first-time/articleshow/66557457.cms |title=Malavika Mohanan: Couldn't get up from my chair when I met Shah Rukh Khan for the first time |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228005536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/malavika-mohanan-couldnt-get-up-from-my-chair-when-i-met-shah-rukh-khan-for-the-first-time/articleshow/66557457.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She then went on to appear in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[action thriller]] film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021) alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], in which she played the role of Charulatha, a college lecturer. The film was a commercial success, and became the highest-grossing film in her career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-i-think-of-vijay-sir-the-word-dhairyam-comes-to-mind-malavika-mohanan-on-master/article33550181.ece/ |title=When I think of Vijay sir, the word 'dhairyam' comes to mind: Malavika Mohanan on 'Master' |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203122817/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-i-think-of-vijay-sir-the-word-dhairyam-comes-to-mind-malavika-mohanan-on-master/article33550181.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-master-box-office-collection-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-makes-it-to-top-10-tamil-grossers-2875568/amp |title='Master' Box Office Collection: Vijay-Vijay Sethupathi starrer makes it to top 10 Tamil grossers |publisher=DNA India |date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516143216/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-master-box-office-collection-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-makes-it-to-top-10-tamil-grossers-2875568/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she appeared in ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'', opposite [[Dhanush]]. The film was released directly on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], and received negative reviews from critics and the audience.

Malavika's only 2023 release was the Malayalam romantic drama ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]''. Her next release was [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s Tamil film ''[[Thangalaan]]'', a historical action fantasy starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. It was initially slated for a January 2024 [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] release,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram's Thangalaan gets a release date as Kamal Haasan's Indian 2 misses out on major holiday |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vikrams-thangalaan-gets-a-release-date-as-kamal-haasans-indian-2-misses-out-on-major-holiday/edf2973251338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901190856/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vikrams-thangalaan-gets-a-release-date-as-kamal-haasans-indian-2-misses-out-on-major-holiday/edf2973251338 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |date=2 July 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> but was delayed to 15 August for [[Indian Independence Day|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thangalaan to hit theatres on Independence Day? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/30/thangalaan-to-hit-theatres-on-independence-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630123547/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/30/thangalaan-to-hit-theatres-on-independence-day |archive-date=30 June 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 June 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Her next release is the Hindi action thriller ''Yudhra'' opposite [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], slated for a 20 September 2024 release.<ref name="yudhrarelease" /> She played as a Mumbai-based architect Haritha, in ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'', opposite to [[Mohanlal]]. The film received positive reviews and is currently the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025#Box office collection|fourth highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]] and [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|13th highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]]. Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' praised her performance and wrote, "a revelation to the film, and it goes on to show that the right character, under the aegis of a brilliant filmmaker, can change our beliefs about certain actors' histrionic abilities.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam movie review: A fantastic Mohanlal powers this warm hug of a film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Aug/28/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-a-fantastic-mohanlal-powers-this-warm-hug-of-a-film |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> She is also set to make her [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] debut in the [[Prabhas]] starrer ''[[The RajaSaab]]'', a horror comedy.<ref name="TRS"/>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Riya || rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Malavika Mohanan designed her own costume for Pattam Pole? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-malavika-mohanan-designed-her-own-costume-for-pattam-pole/articleshow/82523478.cms |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508154452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-malavika-mohanan-designed-her-own-costume-for-pattam-pole/articleshow/82523478.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' || Saral || || <ref name="S"/>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi]]'' || Varalakshmi || [[Kannada]] || || <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=24 December 2016 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/24/review-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi-gets-to-high-octane-racing-after-a-slow-start-1552458.html |title=Review: Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi gets to high octane racing after a slow start |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101170941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/24/review-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi-gets-to-high-octane-racing-after-a-slow-start-1552458.html |archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' || Tara Neshan || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Malayalam actor Malavika Mohanan to play leading lady in Majid Majidi's Beyond The Clouds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/malayalam-actor-malavika-mohanan-to-play-leading-lady-in-majid-majidi-beyond-the-clouds-4568316/ |access-date=8 April 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 March 2017 |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043104/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/malayalam-actor-malavika-mohanan-to-play-leading-lady-in-majid-majidi-beyond-the-clouds-4568316/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Inspector Meera || Malayalam || || <ref name="T"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Poongodi || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malavika-to-romance-rajinikanths-film-with-karthik-subbaraj/articleshow/65440209.cms |title=Malavika to romance Rajinikanth in his film with Karthik Subbaraj |date=18 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906084711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malavika-to-romance-rajinikanths-film-with-karthik-subbaraj/articleshow/65440209.cms |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Charulatha "Charu" Prasad || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2019 |title=Malavika Mohanan joins Thalapathy 64 |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malavika-mohanan-joins-vijay-vijay-sethupathis-thalapathy-64-109880 |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010112844/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malavika-mohanan-joins-vijay-vijay-sethupathis-thalapathy-64-109880 |archive-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' ||Thara || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=தனுஷ் - கார்த்திக் நரேன் இணையும் படத்தின் தலைப்பு 'மாறன்' |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/110976/The-43rd-film-starring-Dhanush-is-titled-Maran |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |date=28 July 2021 |language=ta |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728045422/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/110976/The-43rd-film-starring-Dhanush-is-titled-Maran |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' || Christy Joseph || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malavika Mohanan, Mathew Thomas film titled Christy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/15/malavika-mohanan-mathew-thomas-film-titled-christy-37761.html |access-date=21 January 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121141836/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/15/malavika-mohanan-mathew-thomas-film-titled-christy-37761.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Thangalaan]]'' || Aarathi || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Malavika Mohanan shoots for an action sequence for 'Thangalaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malavika-mohanan-shoots-for-an-action-sequence-for-thangalaan/articleshow/95560156.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818124048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malavika-mohanan-shoots-for-an-action-sequence-for-thangalaan/articleshow/95560156.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yudhra]]'' || Nikhat Siddiqui || Hindi || ||<ref name="yudhrarelease">{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=22 August 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yudhra to release on September 20; Excel to launch Siddhant Chaturvedi as 'Angry Young Man'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-yudhra-to-release-on-september-20-excel-to-launch-siddhant-chaturvedi-as-angry-young-man-1341700 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' || Haritha Ravindranath || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Exclusive: Malavika Mohanan Shoots For Hridayapoorvam in Pune |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/exclusive-malavika-mohanan-shoots-for-hridayapoorvam-in-pune-73029.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=17 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2026 || ''[[The RajaSaab]]'' || Bhairavi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| ||<ref name="TRS">{{Cite magazine |title=Story of Prabhas' 'The Raja Saab' revealed? Director Maruthi reacts to leaked plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/story-of-prabhas-the-raja-saab-revealed-director-maruthi-reacts-to-leaked-plot-malvika-mohanan-january-15-2490309-2024-01-18 |magazine=India Today |date=18 January 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201155134/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/story-of-prabhas-the-raja-saab-revealed-director-maruthi-reacts-to-leaked-plot-malvika-mohanan-january-15-2490309-2024-01-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Sardar 2]]}} || {{TableTBA}} || Tamil || Filming ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=2 August 2024 |title=Malavika Mohanan On Board Karthi's Sardar 2 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/malavika-mohanan-on-board-karthis-sardar-2-article-112231121 |work=Times Now |access-date=24 August 2024 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824103213/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/malavika-mohanan-on-board-karthis-sardar-2-article-112231121 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Pocket Novel}} || {{TableTBA}} || Tamil || Filming ||<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Pocket Novel: It's Vijay Sethupathi vs Raj B Shetty for Thiagarajan Kumararaja film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pocket-novel-thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-new-tamil-film-raj-b-shetty-malavika-mohanan-2869496-2026-02-17 |magazine=India Today |date=17 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders "
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Masaba Masaba]]''
| Herself
| [[Netflix]]
| [[English language|English]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=13 August 2020 |title=Masaba Gupta's Masaba Masaba to premiere on Netflix on August 28 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/masaba-gupta-s-masaba-masaba-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-august-28/story-EpxVhSgYTUY3KJWwW49rlJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210194832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/masaba-gupta-s-masaba-masaba-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-august-28/story-EpxVhSgYTUY3KJWwW49rlJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Singer
!Note(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|"Tauba"
|[[Payal Dev]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|Apni Dhun
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2022 |title=Malavika Mohanan Looks Smoking Hot In This All-Black Avatar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/malavika-mohanan-looks-smoking-hot-in-this-all-black-avatar-5449477.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=News18}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]''
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|Acting sensation of the year
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.facebook.com/Bollywood.Film.Fame.Canada.Magazine/posts/malavika-mohanan-won-the-acting-sensation-of-the-year-award-at-asiavision-awards/2322011637844190/ |title=Log into Facebook |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
| rowspan="1" |''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|[[SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Debut Actress (Tamil)
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1 |title=SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=24 December 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922034205/https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6017002}}
*{{Twitter|name=Malavika Mohanan}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Malavika Mohanan
|d = yes
|d-search = Q21070415
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Films
|portal3 = Fashion
|portal4 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanan, Malavika}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)

2026-03-04T04:05:30Z

SheldonCruce: made new data

{{for|the 2023 Indian film|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (2023 film)}}
{{one source|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Ab Dilli Dur Nahin
|image = Ab Dilli Dur Nahin poster.jpg
|caption = Original Hindi poster
|director = Amar Kumar
|producer = [[Raj Kapoor]]
|writer = [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] Muhafiz Hyder
|screenplay = [[Akhtar Mirza]]
|story = [[Akhtar Mirza]]
|starring = [[Master Romi|Romi]] [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]]
|music = [[Dattaram Wadkar|Dattaram]]
|cinematography = Jaywant Pathare
|editing = [[G. G. Mayekar]] Dinakar Shetye
|studio = R. K. Films Ltd.
|distributor = R. K. Films Ltd. Shemaroo Video Pvt. Ltd.
|released = {{Film date|1957}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|budget =
}}
'''''Ab Dilli Dur Nahin''''' ({{Translation|Now Delhi is not far away}}){{efn|A play on the phrase [[wikt:दिल्ली अभी दूर है|Delhi is still far off]] (meaning the work is still not complete).<ref>[[Ronald Stuart McGregor|McGregor, Ronald Stuart]] (1993), in ''The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary'', London: Oxford University Press, page 497.</ref>}} is a 1957 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Amar Kumar and written by [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] and Muhafiz Hyder. The film was produced by [[Raj Kapoor]] and starred [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]], [[Jagdeep]] and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] (in a very minor role).<ref name="pressacademyarchives_59599">{{Cite web|url=http://pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=59599|title=Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh|website=pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230634/http://pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=59599|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It follows a young boy in 1951 who travels to Delhi, wanting to meet Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to seek justice for his father who has been wrongly [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]].

==Cast==
* [[Master Romi|Romi]] as Ratan
* [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] as Bela
* [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]] as Hariram
* [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] as Ghaseeta
* [[Jagdeep]] as Maseeta
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Mukundlal
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Lachhu
* Nand Kishore
* [[Baij Sharma]]
* [[C.S. Dubey]] as Ram Bharose
* Shivaji Rathore
* Om Prakash
* Manohar Gir
* Mohan Choti as Mithu
* [[Suraj Prakash]]
* Baby Chand as Shalu
* Pappu
* Ghanshyam (as Ghansham)
* Ram Kumar
* Chandan Mukherji
* Tillu
* [[Iftekhar]] as Inspector
* [[Hari Shivdasani]] as Prosecuting Lawyer
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Defending Lawyer
* [[Bhudo Advani]] (as Budo Adwani)
* Bhupendra Kapoor as Guest Appearance (as Bhupendra Kapur)

==Music==
The music for ''Ab Dilli Dur Nahin'' was composed by [[Dattaram Wadkar|Dattaram]], the lyrics penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], including the popular song "Chun Chun Karti Aayi Chidiya".

===Soundtrack===
#"Mata O Mata Jo Tu Aaj Hoti" – [[Sudha Malhotra]]
#"Yeh Chaman Hamara Apna Hai" – [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Geeta Dutt]]
#"Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram Ramleela" – [[Shamshad Begum]], Geeta Dutt, Asha Bhosle
#"Chun Chun Karati Aai Chidiyaa" – [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Jiyo Lal Mere Tum Lakho Baras" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Bhej Chhana Chhan" – Mohammed Rafi, [[S. Balbir]]
#"Lo Har Chiz Lelo Zamane Ke Logo" – Geeta Dutt, Asha Bhosle
#"Malik Tere Jahan Mein" – Sudha Malhotra

==Release==
The film premiered in 1957.

==See also==
*[[Dilli Abhi Door Hai]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0137341|title=Ab Dilli Dur Nahin}}

{{Raj Kapoor}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:R. K. Films films]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films set in 1951]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pondatti Thevai

2026-03-03T05:00:11Z

SheldonCruce: Adding New Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pondatti Thevai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]
| writer = Parthiban
| producer = A. Sundaram
| starring = {{ubl|Parthiban|[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]]}}
| cinematography = K. Rajpreeth
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Vivek Chithra International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|04|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pondatti Thevai''''' ({{Translation|Wife needed}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]. The film stars himself and newcomer [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=It was only Parthiban who cared for Ashwini's death! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86434.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923181502/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/86434.html |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=7 October 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Produced by A. Sundaram, it was released on 14 April 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pondatti Thevai / பொண்டாட்டி தேவை |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pondatti-thevai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118173321/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pondatti-thevai |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kannan, a bus conductor, falls in love with Shanthi, a [[Brahmin]] girl. After seeing Shanthi answering in a TV interview in which the anchor asks questions regarding marriage and married life, Kannan tells his colleague Naidu, that he wants to marry Shanthi.

One day, he spots Shanthi boarding the bus, she loses her pass and he helps her when a checking inspector questions her. He tries to woo her and she reciprocates his feelings. He enters into [[Agraharam]] and to Shanthi's house disguised as beggar to see her. Shanthi also visits his home and tries to cook non-vegetarian food. Kannan takes her to a pawn broker shop and retrieves the thaali of his dead mother. In the past Kannan didn't have money to study so his mother mortgaged her thaali for him. But unfortunately she became sick and died. He couldn't even take a picture of her, since the photographer was busy clicking photos of another girl.

Shanthi's attraction to him grows. The news of this relationship reaches Shanthi's father Sankar. Some of the hooligans led by Dinesh try to harass Shanthi and the bus passengers. Kannan later fights them. One day Kannan convinces Shanthi to come to the temple so that they can wed without the knowledge of Shanthi's parents. But Shanthi does not go.

Kannan is frustrated and tries to reason with her, but she humiliates him. He tries to talk to her in her workplace, but she refuses to talk to him and he is ejected. Frustrated, he consumes alcohol and drives the bus with passengers into the Agraharam and stops at Shanthi's house. In vain, he tries to reason with her mother Kamala and Shanthi. He creates a scene in the Agraharam. Kannan is suspended due to this actions.

Sindhu, Kannan's neighbour visits Shanthi and views Shanthi talking to a doctor in a park. She misunderstands the situation and tells Kannan that Shanthi will marry the doctor. He tries to create a ruckus in the Agraharam. The Agraharam people prepare a petition which results in Kannan losing his job. One day Kannan is involved in an accident and Sindhu cares for him.

He utters Shanthi's name while sleeping. Sindhu tries to talk to Shanthi and understands that when Shanthi decided to go to the temple to marry Kannan, her father revealed that she had a weak heart and would be unfit for married life. The doctor was actually the one who would perform surgery on Shanthi as a last chance. Kannan heard about this and rushes to the hospital. He ties the thaali around her neck and says that she will be his wife in any circumstances. Shanthi enters the operating room as the credits roll.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Parthiban]] as Kannan
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] as Shanthi
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]] as Naidu
*[[Ra. Sankaran]] as Sankar
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Kamala
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Kannan's mother
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Kumari Muthu
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*[[Keyaar]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Pulamaipithan]], [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Piraisoodan]] and Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pondaatti Thevai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5NOPoQabXtNKKL7gZ8jNY0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221018101740/https://open.spotify.com/album/5NOPoQabXtNKKL7gZ8jNY0 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pondatti Theavai |url=https://avdigital.in/products/pondatti-thevai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012053512/https://avdigital.in/products/pondatti-thevai |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aararo Paada" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Arunmozhi]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 5:02
|-
| "Amma Naan" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 5:30
|-
| "Enathu Raagam" || [[S. Janaki]], Arunmozhi || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 4:34
|-
| "Ladies Special" || Chorus || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 0:20
|-
| "Thottavudan" || K. S. Chithra || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 1:00
|-
| "Varuga Varuga" || Chorus || rowspan="2" | Ilaiyaraaja || 0:21
|-
| "Yaaradi" (Female) || K. S. Chithra || 4:55
|-
| "Yaaradi" (Male) || Ilaiyaraaja || Gangai Amaran || 1:46
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that without touching too much of sadness and also not leaving a happy ending, one stills feel like saying "Welcome Parthi".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=20 May 1990 |title=பொண்டாட்டி தேவை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/may/20-05-1990/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801043715/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/may/20-05-1990/p17.jpg |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=12 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. Parthiban}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Parthiban]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Paramporul

2026-03-03T02:31:28Z

SheldonCruce: Adding New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paramporul
| image = Paramporul film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = C. Aravind Raj
| writer = C. Aravind Raj
| producer = Manoj Girish Pradhan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]]
* [[Amithash Pradhan]]
}}
| cinematography = S. Pandikumar
| editing = [[Nagooran Ramachandran]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Kavi Creations
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|09|01|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''''Paramporul''''' ({{Translation|Almighty}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by debutant C. Aravind Raj. It is produced by Manoj and Girish Pradhan under Kavi Creations. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Amithash Pradhan]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Kashmira Pardeshi]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]] and [[T. Siva]] in supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paramporul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/paramporul/movieshow/90101800.cms?_gl=1*no1ci*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826163816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/paramporul/movieshow/90101800.cms?_gl=1*no1ci*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in December 2021, under the tentative title ''Production No.1'', as it was the production banner's first production,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2021 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Kashmira's film begins with a puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/88204079.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826163815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/88204079.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while the official title ''Paramporul'' was revealed in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Kashmira's film titled Paramporul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-titled-paramporul/articleshow/89997006.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826143949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-titled-paramporul/articleshow/89997006.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing are handled by S. Pandikumar and Nagooran Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paramporul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/paramporul/movieshow/90101800.cms?_gl=1*no1ci*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826163816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/paramporul/movieshow/90101800.cms?_gl=1*no1ci*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Paramporul'' was released on 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Sarath Kumar's 'Paramporul' to release on September 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-sarath-kumars-paramporul-to-release-on-september-1/articleshow/102710727.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814141717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-sarath-kumars-paramporul-to-release-on-september-1/articleshow/102710727.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics and became a hit at the box office.

== Synopsis ==
Aadhi, who desperately needs money to save his sister, happens to meet police officer, Maithreyan, during a theft. They both get involved in an idol trade, which eventually leads to chaos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramporul teaser: Sarath Kumar comes up with another intriguing thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/paramporul-teaser-sarath-kumar-comes-up-with-another-intriguing-thriller-this-time-with-amithash/ce817532d9963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826191307/https://www.ottplay.com/news/paramporul-teaser-sarath-kumar-comes-up-with-another-intriguing-thriller-this-time-with-amithash/ce817532d9963 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as [[Inspector]] R. Maithreyan
* [[Amithash Pradhan]] as Aadhi
* [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] as Yamini, Maithreyan's sister-in-law and Aadhi's love interest
* [[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Professor/Aadhi's biological father
* [[T. Siva]] as Aadhi's father
* Gajaraj
* [[Vincent Asokan]]
* V. Balakrishnan as Varun Rao
* [[Charles Vinoth]] as Balu
* Ravi Venkatraman
* Girish Pradhan as Lorry owner
* Ajith Koshy as Police Commissioner
}}

== Production ==
On 10 December 2021, Kavi Creations announced their first production film, starring [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Amitash Pradhan]] and [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] and to be directed by debutant C. Aravind Raj, and was tentatively titled as ''Production No.1''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2021 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Kashmira's film begins with a puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/88204079.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826163815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/88204079.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The official title ''Paramporul'' was revealed on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Kashmira's film titled Paramporul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-titled-paramporul/articleshow/89997006.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826143949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-kashmiras-film-titled-paramporul/articleshow/89997006.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Amitash started dubbing his portions in May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2022 |title=Amitash Pradhan stars dubbing for his film Paramporul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-stars-dubbing-for-his-film-paramporul/articleshow/91542116.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826183450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-stars-dubbing-for-his-film-paramporul/articleshow/91542116.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paramporul
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = 11 August 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio = U1 Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=08}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[U1 Records]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Bommai (2023 film)|Bommai]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Iraivan]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Paramporul
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Sippara Rippara
| single1date = {{start date|2022|8|11}}
| single2 = Adiyaathi
| single2date = {{start date|2023|8|9}}
| single3 = Asaivindri
| single3date = {{start date|2023|8|24}}
}}
}}
The music and background score were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], in his maiden collaboration with Amitash and Aravind.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2022 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja to compose for Amithash and Sarath Kumar's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-to-compose-for-amithash-and-sarath-kumars-film/articleshow/89997144.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-to-compose-for-amithash-and-sarath-kumars-film/articleshow/89997144.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first single "Sippara Rippara" released on 11 August 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2022 |title=Amithash debuts as playback singer; records with Yuvan for his movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/amithash-debuts-as-playback-singer-records-with-yuvan-for-his-movie/articleshow/93468318.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/amithash-debuts-as-playback-singer-records-with-yuvan-for-his-movie/articleshow/93468318.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the second single "Adiyaathi" on 9 August 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja and Anirudh's first song together launched! watch it here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-and-anirudhs-first-song-together-launched-watch-it-here/articleshow/102563297.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826145502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-and-anirudhs-first-song-together-launched-watch-it-here/articleshow/102563297.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the third single "Asaivindri" on 24 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asaivindri song from Paramporul is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/asaivindri-song-from-paramporul-is-out-46919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826145502/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/asaivindri-song-from-paramporul-is-out-46919.html |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sippara Rippara
| length1 = 3:58
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Amitash Pradhan]]
| title2 = Adiyaathi
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = [[Snehan]]
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title3 = Asaivindri
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| total_length = 11:08
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Paramporul'' released theatrically on 1 September 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Amitash Pradhan & Sarath Kumar's 'Paramporul' to release on September 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-sarath-kumars-paramporul-to-release-on-september-1/articleshow/102710727.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814141717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhan-sarath-kumars-paramporul-to-release-on-september-1/articleshow/102710727.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> clashing with Santhanam's [[Kick (2023 film)|''Kick'']] and Hamaresh's [[Rangoli (2023 film)|''Rangoli'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Paramporul To Kushi, 5 Tamil Films Releasing On September 1 |url=https://newsd.in/paramporul-to-kushi-5-tamil-films-releasing-on-september-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902084118/https://newsd.in/paramporul-to-kushi-5-tamil-films-releasing-on-september-1/ |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Newsd.in |language=en}}</ref> The distribution rights for Tamil Nadu were acquired by Sakthi Film Factory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Mani Ratnam, Suhasini launch trailer of Sarathkumar-Amithash starrer 'Paramporul' |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/mani-ratnam-suhasini-launch-trailer-of-sarathkumar-amithash-starrer-paramporul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826181013/https://navjeevanexpress.com/mani-ratnam-suhasini-launch-trailer-of-sarathkumar-amithash-starrer-paramporul/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Navjeevan Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film earned positive reviews from critics, including reviewers at ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and ''[[Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=September 2023 |title='Paramporul' movie review: A wannabe thriller that suffers from an identity crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paramporul-movie-review-a-wannabe-thriller-that-suffers-from-an-identity-crisis/article67257437.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922181759/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paramporul-movie-review-a-wannabe-thriller-that-suffers-from-an-identity-crisis/article67257437.ece |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramporul Movie Review: A decent crime drama with lots of potential |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/01/paramporul-movie-review-a-decent-crime-drama-with-lots-of-potential-2610714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920135552/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/01/paramporul-movie-review-a-decent-crime-drama-with-lots-of-potential-2610714.html |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Paramporul Movie Review : Sarathkumar lifts this engaging crime drama on idol trade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paramporul/movie-review/103234777.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831082335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paramporul/movie-review/103234777.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28372289}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Akhini, Kaimur

2026-02-25T18:06:30Z

SheldonCruce: made a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akhini
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Tajpur Akhini
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Akhini Kamsar.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Farms of Akhini village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.38|N|83.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1600}}
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3950
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 802132
area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 6187
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 418
| imagesize = 280px
}}
'''Akhini''', on the banks of the [[Karmanasa River]], is a village in the Kaimur district of [[Bihar]]. It shares border with Ghazipur district of UttarPradesh. As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] the population of this village is 4,954. Historical records suggest that these of Kaimur were initially settled by indigenous groups such as the Bhars, Cheros, and Savars during prehistoric and early historic periods, with an agrarian lifestyle centered on the fertile lands.

==Literacy and Education==

According to the 2011 Census of India, Akhini village records an overall literacy rate of 74.34%, with male literacy at 82.69% and female literacy at 64.39%. There is an improvement as compared to the 2001 census, reflecting efforts to enhance educational access in rural Bihar. The village supports basic education through one pre-primary school, one primary school, and one middle school. Secondary and senior secondary schools are available within 5-10 km like Jaiswal High School, Nuaon, GB College, Ramgarh.

==Agriculture and Plantation==

According to the 2011 census, the village spans 418 hectares, with 362.4 hectares under net sown area, primarily irrigated by wells and tube-wells covering 323.6 hectares now canals too. The main crops cultivated include rice, wheat, and pulses such as lentils and chickpeas, with rice being the dominant kharif crop due to the region's suitability for paddy cultivation. Kaimur district is also called as '''Rice bowl of Bihar.'''

==Festivals and traditions==

In Akhini, major festivals such as Diwali and Holi are celebrated with enthusiasm, reflecting the broader cultural practices of the region. Holi, typically in March, features vibrant colors and folk music on instruments like the dholak across the village. Kali mandir, Brahma devta, Brahma Chaura, Roza are the shrine places. At Saint '''Jahangir''' Dargah many people come to visit especially on Thursday.

==Classic & Traditional Sweets==

'''Balu Shahi,''' Khurma, Gulab jamun are one of the famous dishes of Akhini village. Shopkeeper '''Nathuni Shah''' is the owner of these Sweets shop.

==Historical population==
{{Historical populations
|title= Population Growth of Akhini
|align=left
|1861|1890
|1871|2079
|1881|2286
|1891|2515
|1901|2780
|1911|3045
|1921|3348
|1931|3684
|1941|4052
|1951|4050
|1961|4080
|1971|4488
|1981|3816
|1991|3805
|2001|3900
|2011|3950
|footnote= Source:[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 census of India.|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kaimur district]]

Anand Abhyankar

2026-02-23T13:27:42Z

SheldonCruce: correct citations and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indian actor (1963–2012)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anand Abhyankar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|6|2}}<ref name=Smile>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-anand-abhyankar-was-an-ever-smiling-man-1781497 | title=Anand Abhyankar was an ever-smiling man | newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | date=24 December 2012 | access-date=13 July 2022 | author=Paranjpe, Shailendra | archive-date=16 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116214013/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-anand-abhyankar-was-an-ever-smiling-man-1781497 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|12|24|1963|7|2}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Anand-Abhyankar-Akshay-Pendse-killed-in-road-accident/articleshow/17741160.cms | title=Anand Abhyankar, Akshay Pendse killed in road accident | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 December 2012 | access-date=24 December 2012 | archive-date=24 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224193832/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Anand-Abhyankar-Akshay-Pendse-killed-in-road-accident/articleshow/17741160.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive=
| othername =
| spouse = Anjali Abhyankar
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Anand Abhyankar''' (2 June 1963<ref name=Smile/> – 24 December 2012) was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film, television and theatre. He starred in films such as ''Spandan'' (2012), ''[[Balgandharva]]'' (2011), ''Matichya Chuli'' (2006), ''[[Vaastav]]'' (1999) and ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]''. On television, he is known for his roles in ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]'', ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'', ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]'', ''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]'' and ''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]''.

Abhyankar died on 24 December 2012 in a car crash on the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai-Pune expressway]] near the Urse toll booth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalyani Jadhav to Anand Abhyankar; Marathi actors who died in fatal accidents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kalyani-jadhav-to-anand-abhyankar-marathi-actors-who-died-in-fatal-accident/photostory/95507996.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330115801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kalyani-jadhav-to-anand-abhyankar-marathi-actors-who-died-in-fatal-accident/photostory/95507996.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marathi actors Anand Abhyankar, Akshay Pendse killed in accident |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marathi-actors-anand-abhyankar-akshay-pendse-killed-in-accident-567523.html |work=Firstpost |date=24 December 2012 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330115836/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marathi-actors-anand-abhyankar-akshay-pendse-killed-in-accident-567523.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abhyankar was born and brought up in [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra in a middle-class family to parents, Moreshwar and Ashadevi, on 2 June 1963. His father was a labour welfare officer and his mother worked at the [[Indian Postal Service]]. Abhyankar completed his schooling from Nagpur and moved to [[Pune]], Maharashtra to study commerce from the [[Garware College]].

He worked at [[Bajaj Auto]] for over two years before turning to acting professionally.<ref name=Smile/>

==Career==
Abhyankar developed interest in acting while in college while performing in plays. Later, he joined various theatre groups. His first big break came with the commercial play ''Kuryat Sada Tingalam''. Written by Shivraj Gorle, this comedy play was produced by Rasikraj Productions and directed by Mangesh Kadam. The play also starred actors [[Mohan Joshi]] and Suhasini Deshpande. The play was successful and performed more than 1000 shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B4U Plus |url=https://www.b4uplus.com/star-cast/mohan-joshi |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.b4uplus.com}}</ref> Abhyankar also performed in the Marathi play ''Aai Retire Hotey'',<ref name=Smile/> alongside actress [[Bhakti Barve]]; this show was performed more than 950 times.<ref name=Director/> He also played Paropkari Gampu and Gaja Khot for the theatrical adaptations of the book ''Vyakti Aani Valli'' written by [[Pu La Deshpande]].

Abhyankar also played various [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] and side roles in many Marathi as well as [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. His [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] films include ''[[Vaastav]]'' (1999) and ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]'' (2000), both directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]. He was seen in a few commercial advertisements as well. His film career in Marathi spanned from comedy, serious to character roles. In the 2006 film ''Matichya Chuli'', he replaced the deceased actor [[Sudhir Joshi]]. The film thus has the same character played by two different actors. He also directed one Marathi film, ''Majhi Vithai Mauli''.<ref name=Director/>

Abhyankar starred in various Marathi television shows. His earliest roles include the show ''Gharkul'' that aired on [[DD Sahyadri]]. His recent role of Dinanath Shashtri from the serial ''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]'' (2009) was of an 85-year-old man, almost double his age.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-03/thane/28002351_1_senior-citizens-senior-clubs-felicitated | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917111643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-03/thane/28002351_1_senior-citizens-senior-clubs-felicitated | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 September 2011 | title=On stage, the good old grace | date=3 January 2009 | access-date=26 December 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Dr. Mandpe, Asha}}</ref> His portrayal of a man suffering with [[Parkinson's disease]] was highly appreciated and won him awards.<ref name=Director>{{cite web | url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNPUN21156 | title='I wanted to become a director' | publisher=DNA | date=30 November 2009 | access-date=26 December 2012 | author=Kharade, Pallavi | location=Pune | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005043616/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNPUN21156 | archive-date=5 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also participated in the comedy competitive show ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]'', paired with actress [[Supriya Pathare]]. Before his death in December 2012, Abhyankar was seen playing a character role in the [[Zee Marathi]]'s show ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]'', alongside actress [[Asawari Joshi]], which was later played by Rajan Bhise.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news-interviews/36112289_1_mala-sasu-havi-road-accident-zee-marathi | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news-interviews/36112289_1_mala-sasu-havi-road-accident-zee-marathi | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2013 | title=Rajan Bhise to replace ate Anand Abhyankar in Mala Sasu Havi | date=2 January 2013 | access-date=8 January 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Phadke, Aparna}}</ref> His last Marathi film ''Gadbad Gondhal'', directed by Yogesh Dattatraya Gosavi has released in 2018.

==Death==
Abhyankar died in a car crash on [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] on 23 December 2012, when his [[Suzuki Wagon R]] was hit by a ''tempo'' (an Indian 3-wheel vehicle) coming from the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paranjpe|first=Shailendra|date=2012-12-25|title=Shocked driver recalls moments before collision|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shocked-driver-recalls-moments-before-collision-1781398|access-date=2020-09-29|website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] India}}</ref> He was returning to [[Mumbai]] after finishing the shoot of his upcoming film ''Duniyadari''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17736568.cms | title=अभिनेते आनंद अभ्यंकर यांचे निधन | publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]] | date=24 December 2012 | location=Pune | language=Marathi | access-date=24 December 2012 | archive-date=27 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227003708/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17736568.cms | url-status=dead }}</ref> Akshay Pendse, his co-star from the TV show ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]'' and his two-year-old son Pratyush Pendse, also died in the same crash.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/241212-Two-Marathi-actors-killed-in-road-accident.htm | title=Two Marathi actors killed in road accident | newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] | date=24 December 2012 | access-date=24 December 2012 | archive-date=26 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226230606/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/241212-Two-Marathi-actors-killed-in-road-accident.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Abhyankar is survived by his wife Anjali, a daughter and a son.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/251212-Pune-Actors-Abhyankar-Pendse-killed-in-accident-on-e-way.htm | title=Actors Abhyankar, Pendse killed in accident on Expressway | newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] | date=25 December 2012 | access-date=26 December 2012 | location=Pune | archive-date=28 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228052750/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/251212-Pune-Actors-Abhyankar-Pendse-killed-in-accident-on-e-way.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> His family filed for compensation in [[Motor Vehicles Act|Motor Accident Claims Tribunal]] and received {{INRConvert|72|l}} in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/lok-adalat-awards-rs-72-lakh-compensation-to-late-marathi-actor-anand-abhyankar-s-family/story-O0mTUkxzfjN5gxCK2f6siK.html | title=Lok Adalat awards Rs 72 lakh compensation to late Marathi actor Anand Abhyankar’s family | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=11 February 2018 | accessdate=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'' || || Marathi
|-
| 1999 || ''Ratra Aarambha'' || || Marathi
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Vaastav]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2001 || ''Akleche Kande'' || || Marathi
|-
| 2004 || ''Kunku Lavte Mahercha'' || Dinkar Deshmukh || Marathi
|-
| 2006 || ''Hi Porgi Kunachi'' || Deshmukh || Marathi
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Matichya Chuli]]'' || || Marathi
|-
| 2007 || ''Bhulwa''|| || Marathi
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'' || || Marathi
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Chal Chalein]]'' || Vaishnavi's father || Hindi
|-
| 2009 || ''Mareparyant Fashi'' || Writer || Marathi
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Pappu Can't Dance Saala]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]'' || Balgandharva's Mama || Marathi
|-
| 2012 || ''Spandan'' || Doctor (Cerebral Palsy) || Marathi
|-
| 2013 || ''Kokanastha'' || Posthumous release || Marathi
|-
| 2018 || ''Gadbad Gondhal'' || Akhilesh Desai (posthumous release) || Marathi
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
| 1998-2001 || ''Hum Sab Ek Hain''|| Episode 4 - Mr. Alexander

Episode 41 - Mr. Matthew

Episode 139 - Mr. Jackson/ Jaikishan

|| Hindi || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 1999-2003 || ''[[Abhalmaya]]'' || || Marathi || [[Alpha TV Marathi]]
|-
| || ''Gharkul'' || || Marathi || [[DD Sahyadri]]
|-
| 2004-2006 || ''[[Vadalvaat]]''||
|| Marathi|| [[Alpha TV Marathi]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]'' || || Marathi || [[ETV Marathi]]
|-
| 2008-2010 || ''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]'' || Raghunath Mohite || Marathi || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| 2007-2009 || ''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]'' || Dinanath Shashtri || Marathi || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' || Bhau Kaka || Hindi || [[Sony Sab]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]'' || Contestant || Marathi || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]'' || Aaba || Marathi || [[Zee Marathi]]
|}

===Theater===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title !! Role
|-
| ''Kuryat Sada Tingalam'' ||
|-
| ''Aai Retire Hotey'' ||
|-
| ''Vyakti Aani Valli'' || Paropkari Gampu, Gaja Khot
|-
| ''Asa Me Kai Gunha Kela'' ||
|-
| ''Ghetla Shingawar'' ||
|-
| ''Pappa Sanga Kunache'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1237063}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhyankar, Anand}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

RISAT-1

2026-02-21T16:40:42Z

SheldonCruce: further adjusted information after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = RISAT-1
| names_list = Radar Imaging Satellite-1
| image = Render_of_Radar_Imaging_Satellite_RISAT-1_in_deployed_configuration.png
| image_caption = Render of RISAT-1 satellite
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [[Imaging radar|Radar imaging satellite]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2012-017A
| SATCAT = 38248
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned) 4 years (achieved)

| spacecraft =
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = [[RISAT]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|1858|kg}}<ref name=hindu-grandsuccess>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3355368.ece|title=RISAT-1 satellite launch a "grand success"|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 April 2012}}</ref>
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 2.2 [[Watt|kW]]

| launch_date = 26 April 2012, 00:17 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-XL]], [[PSLV-C19]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad (FLP)]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]

| entered_service = 19 October 2012<ref name="ESA">{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/r/risat-1|title=RISAT-1 (Radar Imaging Satellite-1) - Status Mission |publisher=ESA Earth Observation Portal|date=9 May 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 31 March 2017<ref name="DC"/><ref name="LS_reply"/>
| last_contact = 30 September 2016<ref name="ESA"/>

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|539|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|543|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 97.55°
| orbit_period = 95.49 minutes
| orbit_mean_motion = 14
| apsis = gee

| instruments = [[Synthetic-aperture radar]] (C-band) (SAR-C)

| programme = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation satellites series]]
| previous_mission = [[Resourcesat-2]]
| next_mission = [[SARAL]]
}}

'''Radar Imaging Satellite 1''' or '''RISAT-1''', was an Indian [[remote sensing]] [[satellite]] built and operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). The second [[RISAT]] satellite to be launched, it used a [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] 5.35 [[Hertz|GHz]] [[synthetic-aperture radar]] (SAR) for [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]].<ref name=hindu-risat1radar>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article3350204.ece|title=RISAT-1's radar can see through clouds and work in darkness|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=N. Gopal|last=Raj}}</ref>

The launch of RISAT-1 came several years after that of [[RISAT-2]], which carried an Israeli-built [[X band|X-band]] radar. The RISAT-2 mission was prioritised over RISAT-1 following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], resulting in RISAT-1 being delayed by several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/isro-launches-risat-1-radar-sensing-satellite-2012/|title=ISRO Launches India's First Radar Imaging Satellite, RISAT-1|publisher=Asian Scientist|first=Srinivas|last=Laxman|date=26 April 2012|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="ASM">{{cite web|url=http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-to-launch-risat|title=India to Launch RISAT-2|publisher=ASM|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912231400/http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-to-launch-risat|archive-date=12 September 2010|access-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="ID">{{cite news|url=http://www.indodaily.com/reports/ISRO_New_Satellite_Could_See_Through_Even_Cloudy_Sky_999.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.02.25-125019/http://web.archive.org/web/20110520224119/http://www.indodaily.com/reports/ISRO_New_Satellite_Could_See_Through_Even_Cloudy_Sky_999.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2013|title=ISRO's New Satellite Could See Through Even Cloudy Sky|date=7 November 2008|publisher=Indo Daily|access-date=21 March 2009}}</ref>

== Satellite description ==
RISAT-1 had a mass at liftoff of {{cvt|1858|kg}}, making it the heaviest Earth observation satellite to be launched by India, and the heaviest satellite to be launched using a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]. It had the capability to take images of [[Earth]] during day and night, as well as in cloudy conditions.

The satellite is equipped with a 160 × 4 [[Mbit/s]] data handling system, 50 [[Newton (unit)|Newton-metre-second]] reaction wheels, and a phased array antenna with dual polarisation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR3130|title=The importance of RISAT-1|access-date=26 February 2013|newspaper=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

The mission has an approximate cost of {{INRConvert|4.90|b}};the spacecraft itself cost {{INRConvert|3.79|b}} to develop, and a further {{INRConvert|1.11|b}} to launch.<ref name=toi-successfullaunch>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-launches-first-microwave-radar-imaging-satellite-RISAT--I/articleshow/12877123.cms|title=India successfully launches first microwave radar imaging satellite RISAT–1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 April 2012}}</ref> The satellite had a design life of five years.

The satellite was used for natural resources management, primarily agriculture planning and forestry surveys, as well as to predict and prevent [[flood]]ing. It was used for monitoring [[paddy field|paddy]] plantations and yields in the [[Kharif crop|kharif]] season and to assist India's food security planning. Pictures from RISAT-1 was used to estimate the number of hectares being farmed in India, to assess crop health and predict total yield. It was also used to identify wreckage from aircraft that crashed in forested areas.<ref name=hindu-grandsuccess/> RISAT-1 was not designed as a [[Reconnaissance satellite|surveillance satellite]], given its reliance on the [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]].<ref name=toi-successfullaunch/>

== Instrument ==
Its synthetic-aperture radar (SAR-C) has a resolution of 3 m to 50 m. It also supports a spotlight mode for prolonged focus on a given geographical area at a resolution of 1 m.<ref name=hindu-risat1radar/> Most of the design and the installation of basic instrument subsystems for the satellite was conducted in 2010.<ref name="ISRO">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/rep2005/EOS.htm|title=Earth Observation System |publisher=ISRO|access-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010150300/http://www.isro.gov.in/rep2005/EOS.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

== Mission history ==
=== Launch ===
RISAT-1 was launched at 00:17 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (05:47 IST) on 26 April 2012 by a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]], flight number C19, flying in the XL configuration with extended length solid strap-on boosters. The launch, which was the third flight of the PSLV-XL configuration, took place from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad]] of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The launch marked the twenty-first flight of the PSLV, and its nineteenth successful launch.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3355368.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|first=M. Dinesh|last=Varma|title=PSLV-C19 puts RISAT-1 in orbit|date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

After launch RISAT-1 was placed in 470 x 480 km orbit with near 97° [[Orbital inclination|inclination]]. In next two days, RISAT-1 raised its orbital altitude using on-board propulsion to place itself into its operational [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] of 536 km with 06:00 [[Local Time of Equator Crossing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isac.gov.in/earth-observation/html/risat-1.jsp|title=RISAT-1|website=isac.gov.in |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-apr-2012/radar-imaging-satellite-risat-1-successfully-placed-its-final-orbit|title=Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1) successfully placed in its final orbit|publisher=ISRO|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-22|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165106/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-apr-2012/radar-imaging-satellite-risat-1-successfully-placed-its-final-orbit|url-status=dead}}</ref> The satellite began its normal operations with a repetitive cycle of 25 days.

=== Incidents ===
On 30 September 2016, [[Joint Space Operations Center]] identified a debris generating event near RISAT-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps/status/783812350860140544|title=Debris-causing event ID'd near RISAT-1 (#38248) on 30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/Quarterly-News/pdfs/ODQNv20i4.pdf|title=NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 20, Issue 4, October 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The event created 16 pieces out of which 15 decayed and one was catalogued on 6 October 2016 under NORAD ID: 41797 and COSPAR ID: 2012-017C and decayed on 12 October 2016. Cause of this event was not officially declared but could be related to power system of satellite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Raghu |date=2018-05-09 |title=It will take 3 years for industry to absorb satellite tech: K Sivan, ISRO chairman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/it-will-take-3-years-for-industry-to-absorb-satellite-tech-k-sivan-isro-chairman/articleshow/64088256.cms |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0013-0389 |quote=In GSAT-6A, there could be a power issue. A spark could have led to a short circuit. In the last three satellites — GSAT-6, RISAT and GSAT-6A — we have shifted to a higher-powered satellite bus. We saw there were similar problems in RISAT after it completed its life.}}</ref> A month later on 3 November 2016, RISAT-1 data was declared unavailable on ESA's Copernicus Space Component Data Access portal due to satellite outage. Satellite was experiencing anomalies but ISRO denied they were related to fragmentation event.<ref name="DC">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/280317/risat-1-satellite-is-functioning-normally-says-isro.html|title=Risat-1 satellite is functioning normally, says ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/web/cscda/news/archive/-/asset_publisher/MUXrdlTX10kW/content/risat-1-unavailability|title=RISAT-1 unavailability|publisher=ESA}}</ref>

=== End of mission ===
On 26 July 2017, Department of Space released names of its operational satellites in a reply to a Parliamentary query and RISAT-1 was not included in the list.<ref name="LS_reply">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=54824&lsno=16|title=Details of satellites being operated by the country at present|last1=MORESHWAR PATIL|first1=KAPIL|last2=PATIL DANVE |first2=RAOSAHEB|date=26 July 2017|access-date=22 February 2018|last3=Singh|first3=Jitendra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/12/AU1824.pdf|title=Details of satellites being operated by the country|date=26 July 2017|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165155/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/12/AU1824.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in Annual Report 2017–18 of Department of Space, RISAT-1 was declared non-operational.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf|title=Annual Report Department of Space 2017-18|website=isro.gov.in|publisher=Department of Space, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213093132/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf|archive-date=13 February 2018|access-date=22 February 2018|quote=Anomalies have been observed towards the end of 5 years mission life and satellite is no more operational.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Reflist}}

{{RISAT satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2012}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2012]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:2012 in India]]
[[Category:RISAT]]

Bihar Regiment

2026-02-17T11:20:09Z

SheldonCruce: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Infantry regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Bihar Regiment
| image = File:Bihar Regiment Insignia.png
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Bihar Regiment
| dates = 1941–Present
| country = {{flagicon|India|British}} [[British India]] 1941-1947 {{flag|India}} 1947-Present
| allegiance =
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = [[Line Infantry]]
| role = [[Infantry]]
| size = 28 Battalions
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Danapur Cantonment]], [[Patna]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| nickname = {{plainlist|
* Veer Biharis
* Killer Machines
* Jungle Warriors
* Bajrang Bali's Army
}}
| patron =
| motto = ''Karam Hi Dharam (Work is Worship)''
| colors = ''Jai Bajrang Bali'' (Victory to [[Bajrang Bali]]) and Birsa Munda Ki Jai (Victory to [[Birsa Munda]])
| colors_label = War Cries
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = * [[Burma Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Operation Meghdoot]]
* [[Operation Pawan]]
* [[Kargil War]]
* [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
* [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations = '''Pre Independence'''<ref name="main">{{Cite web |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=NaM4vn1bPOR5uX0fJ8db9w==&ParentID=ws6zu4WcYiCLX0iVnGlE4g==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== |title=Bihar Regiment |website=indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) - 02
*[[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) - 03
*[[Military Cross]] (MC) - 03
*[[Order of British India]] (OBI) - 04
*[[Military Medal]] (MM) - 02
*IDSO - 02
*Gallantry Certificate - 03
'''Post Independence'''<ref name="main" />
*[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] (AC) - 04
*[[PVSM]] - 08
*[[Maha Vir Chakra|Mahavir Chakra]] (MVC) - 03
*[[Kirti Chakra]] (KC) - 14
*[[AVSM]] - 15
*[[Vir Chakra]] (VrC) - 19
*[[Shaurya Chakra]] (SC) - 49
*[[Yudh Seva Medal]] (YSM) - 10
*[[Sena Medal]] (SM) - 205
*[[Jeevan Raksha Padak|Jivan Rakshak Padak]] - 07
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM) - 45
*Mention in Despatches - 56
*COAS Commendation Card - 460
*GOC-in-C’s Commendation Card - 480
| battle_honours = Haka, Gangaw, Akhaura and Batalik
| theatre_honours = Burma, East Pakistan 1971, Kargil

| current_commander =
| current_commander_label =
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Major General Jai Singh Bainsla, SM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = Colonel of the Regiment

| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
*[[Joginder Singh Gharaya|Lieutenant General Joginder Singh Gharaya]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
*Lieutenant General Kulwant Singh Mann, PVSM, AVSM
}}
| identification_symbol = The Ashoka Lion
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

The '''Bihar Regiment''' is an infantry regiment of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-bihar-regiment-isnt-only-about-soldiers-from-bihar/articleshow/76563469.cms|title=Why Bihar Regiment isn't only about soldiers from Bihar|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 June 2020 }}</ref> It traces its origins back to the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Print">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/1857-indian-uprising-to-galwan-clash-the-story-of-armys-non-martial-bihar-regiment/447115/|title=1857 Indian uprising to Galwan clash: How Army's Bihar Regiment demolished 'non martial' tag|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=24 June 2020 }}</ref> The Bihar Regiment was formed in 1941 by regularising the 11th (Territorial) Battalion, the 19th Hyderabad Regiment, and raising new battalions. The Bihar Regimental Centre (BRC) is located at [[Danapur Cantonment]], [[Patna]], the second oldest [[cantonment]] of India.

==Bihari martial tradition==
{{expand section|date=September 2018}}
The martial tradition of Bihar troops in the era of [[British Raj|British rule]] traces its origins to the 34th [[sepoy]] battalion raised in 1757 by [[Clive of India|Lord Clive]] of the [[British East India Company]] at [[Patna]].<ref name=ia-hist>{{cite web |title=Bihar Regiment |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1P2C_1.aspx?MnId=jT2Y4PlXXeo=&ParentID=VE+Qz4Hs3Yo= |website=Official Website of Indian Army |department=Infantry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216161456/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1P2C_1.aspx?MnId=jT2Y4PlXXeo%3D&ParentID=VE+Qz4Hs3Yo%3D |archive-date=16 December 2010 |df=dmy |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> The battalion was formed by men entirely from the [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]] ([[Arrah]]) district. Later battalions recruited from the entire Shahabad area (the present day districts of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] ([[Arrah]]), [[Buxar district|Buxar]], [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] & [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] in Bihar).<ref name="ia-hist" /> Their success in combat impressed [[Mir Kasim]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1760 to 1763, who began raising units trained in western combat techniques. Bihari battalions raised by Mir Kasim defeated the British in some engagements. The Bihari, or [[Purbiya]], soldiers thereafter made up the backbone of the [[Bengal Infantry]] of the British Colonial Army.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ernst |editor1-first=Waltraud |editor2-last=Pati |editor2-first=Biswamoy |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57 |date=28 November 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=57 |isbn=978-0-415-41541-5 |access-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105016/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

They were not only excellent soldiers but also quick to learn and apply the tactical drills with initiative. They were disciplined when led by good officers but capable of hostility when their beliefs and customs were disregarded. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the introduction of greased cartridges (thought to be done so with a mixture of beef and pork fat—abhorrent to Hindus and Muslims),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/asbab/bijnor/app05_letter1869.html |title=Enfield Rifle |website=columbia.edu |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808175423/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/asbab/bijnor/app05_letter1869.html |archive-date=8 August 2016 }}</ref> was led by Bihari troops, who preferred being blown by the guns exploding to losing their faith. Thereafter, Biharis were not encouraged to enter military service by the British until after [[World War I]].<ref>pp20, The Indian Mutiny: 1857, Saul David</ref>

Their victories at home including those of Buxar, Karnatic and Maratha Wars along with those in Malaya, Sumatra and Egypt won them laurels.<ref name=":1" />

== Composition and Recruitment ==
At raising, the class composition of the first battalion was - [[Adivasi]]s from [[Bihar]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Bengal]] and eastern states, and [[Ahirs]], [[Rajputs]] and [[Mussulmans]] from Bihar.<ref name="Lushai">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/617322.html|title=The Lushai Brigade|access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> The regiment continued recruitment from the state of old Bihar (i.e. present-day Bihar and [[Jharkhand]]), along with a small number from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/2798566/1/05_IV_05-05-1972_p59_p59_u5172.pdf|title=Recruitment to Bihar Regiment|date=1972-05-05|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> Most units presently have two [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of troops from Bihar and parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and two companies with tribals, mainly from Jharkhand and Odisha — [[Munda people|Mundas]], [[Santal people|Santhals]], [[Ho people|Hos]], [[Kurukh people|Oraons]] and others.<ref name="Print"/> Some units now have an all India, all class composition.<ref name="SixBihar">{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/6th-battalion-the-bihar-regiment/|title=6th Bihar Regiment|date=2014-10-01| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

== History ==
{{expand section|date=September 2018}}
The present Bihar Regiment took its initial form in 1923, when an Indian Territorial Force Battalion named the 11/19 Hyderabad Regiment was formed with its headquarters at Dinapore Cantonment. The Bihar Regiment was formed in 1941 during [[World War II]] by regularising the 11th (Territorial) [[Battalion]], [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] as the 1st Battalion, Bihar Regiment. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel John Reginald Howard Tweed. The 2nd Battalion was raised in December 1942.<ref name="IAsite">{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/the-corps-of-engineers/battle-honours-history-the-bihar-regiment|title=Motto|date=|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref><ref name="Lushai"/>

===Bihar Regiment in World War II===
{{expand section|date=September 2018}}
The newly raised 1 Bihar saw action in the [[Burma Campaign]]. The battalion was part of the famous [[Lushai Brigade]] and captured [[Hakha|Haka]] on 19 October 1944 and [[Gangaw]] on 11 January 1945.<ref name="Lushai"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626223336/https://indianarmy.nic.in/|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 Bihar formed part of [[Operation Tiderace|Operation Zipper]] under Lieutenant Colonel (Later Lieutenant General) Sant Singh for the reoccupation of [[British Malaya]].

In recognition of the gallant actions, the Battalion was awarded two Battle Honours namely ''Haka'' and ''Gangaw'', and was also bestowed with the Theatre Honour of ''[[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Burma]]''.<ref name=":0" />

===Post Independence===
Soon after independence, both battalions participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] during 1948–49.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], 7 Bihar captured Bedori, paving the way for the capture of [[Pir Panjal Range|Haji Pir Pass]].
[[File:The Bihar Regiment Centre Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Bihar Regiment Centre Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017|alt=|right]]
By the start of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the Regiment had expanded to 11 battalions. The sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth and eleventh battalions participated in operations in the eastern sector. 10 Bihar was conferred the theatre honour 'East Pakistan' for the capture of [[Akhaura]]. On 15 December 1971, a seaborne expedition was launched at [[Cox's Bazar]] to prevent Pakistani troops from escaping into [[Burma]]. 11 Bihar formed part of this amphibious task force. In the Western theatre of the war, 3 Bihar captured Wanjal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-bihar.htm|title=Bihar Regiment|author=John Pike|website=globalsecurity.org|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420015632/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-bihar.htm|archive-date=20 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

4, 7, 9 and 15 Bihar took part in [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] operations during [[Operation Pawan]] in [[Sri Lanka]].

In the Spring of 1999, [[Pakistani]] [[soldiers]] posing as Kashmiri militants crossed the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) in [[Kargil district|Kargil]] and entered Indian territory. [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] was launched by the Indian Army to flush out the intruders. More than 10,000 soldiers and officers of the Bihar Regiment were deployed to Kargil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-bihar.htm |title=Bihar Regiment |website=globalsecurity.org |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073835/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-bihar.htm |archive-date=16 December 2018 }}</ref> In a well-planned operation in the Batalik sector, soldiers of 1 Bihar, in a fierce fight with the [[Pakistan Army]], captured Point 4268 and Jubar Ridge in Kuker Thang area in the Batalik sector on the night 06/7 July 1999.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aI4R4ZkwsVQC&q=Jubar+Ridge&pg=PA129 |title=Kargil War: Past, Present, and Future |last=Sarkhar |first= Bhaskar |year=1999 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9781897829615 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

On the night of 15 June 2020, soldiers of 16 Bihar Regiment were involved in a [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|bloody skirmish]] at Galwan Valley, in Ladakh along the [[Line of Actual Control|Line of Actual Control (LAC)]]. Twenty Indian soldiers were killed, including the commanding-officer of 16 Bihar Colonel [[B. Santosh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-regiment-to-move-out-of-lac-position/story-Us57chKKSmWr3SluluYZAN.html|title=After Galwan fightback, 16 Bihar moving to Col Babu's home state|website=hindustantimes.com|date=9 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> According to Russian government owned [[TASS]] news agency, the fighting resulted in death of 45 Chinese soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The clash in May and June 2020, resulted in death of at least 20 Indian and 45 Chinese servicemen.|url=https://tass.com/world/1254813}}</ref> As per an American intelligence assessment the skirmish led to the death of 35 Chinese soldiers including a commanding officer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=American intelligence believes 35 Chinese troops died, including one senior officer, a source familiar with that assessment tells U.S. News|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2020-06-16/dozens-killed-as-india-china-face-off-in-first-deadly-clash-in-decades}}</ref>

Units of the regiment have also served in [[UN Peacekeeping]] operations in [[Somalia]] ([[UNOSOM I|UNOSOM]]),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6iygi6KElYC&q=bihar+regiment+un+peacekeeping+somalia&pg=PA100 |title=Husband Of A Fanatic |last= Kumar |first= Amitava |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143031895 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] ([[MONUC]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/attack-on-indian-un-peacekeepers-by-congolese-rebels/articleshow/61009464.cms?from=mdr |title=Attack on Indian UN peacekeepers by Congolese rebels |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=12 July 2018 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Republic of South Sudan]] ([[UNMISS]]) in 1993, 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2022

== Deployments of units of the Bihar Regiment ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
*[[Burma Campaign]], [[World War II]]
*[[Operation Tiderace|Operation Zipper]], [[World War II]]
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]]
*[[Sino-Indian War]]
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
*[[Operation Meghdoot]]
*[[Operation Pawan]]
*[[UNOSOM I|UNOSOM]]
*[[Kargil War]]
*[[MONUC]]
*[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
*[[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]]
*[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
*[[2020 China–India skirmishes]]
*[[UNMISS]]
}}

==Regimental Insignia and Traditions==

;Regimental Crest
[[File:Bihar Regiment original crest.jpg|thumb|right|Crest of the Bihar regiment at raising]]

At raising, Lieutenant Colonel JRH Tweed selected an insignia that had the words “THE BIHAR REGT” in the centre with “ASOKA SHER SHAH” in a semi-circle below. Later on, when the army headquarters asked Tweed to create an emblem for the regiment, he chose one that depicted two rivers of Bihar. This was not very popular with either the officers or the men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/neighbour-s-gift-india-s-pride-national-emblem-traced-to-officer-who-became-pak-commander/cid/855356#goog_rewarded|title=Neighbour's gift, India's pride - National emblem traced to officer who became Pak commander|date=2002-11-10|access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> Captain Habibullah Khan Khattak, as acting Commanding Officer, 1st Bihar Battalion (Later Major General in Pakistan Army) adopted the present crest from the three headed lions of [[Ashoka]] in 1941. In 1945, the then Governor of Bihar, Sir Thomas Rutherford when visiting 1st Bihar at Shillong was so impressed with the regimental crest, that he requested Lieutenant Colonel Khattak's permission to adopt the emblem for the Bihar Government. The Bihar Government then published gazette notification in May 1945 adopting the crest. Post Independence, the Government of India too adopted the [[Lion capital of Ashoka|three headed Ashoka lions]] as Government of India's Crest.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=rA1YeE4AejLz8Zyf7tLv4g==&ParentID=/r98l6LvkJdwt/eClKYG3Q==&flag=fhc0Lh5Lnl+DjhhXM92dKA==|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

[[File:Sub Maj from the Bihar Regiment.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Subedar Major from Bihar Regiment]]
;Uniform
The present uniform of the Bihar Regiment includes a red and green lanyard on the left shoulder and the shoulder title ''Bihar'' (brass / green letters over scarlet background). The green beret (common to all infantry units in India) has the regimental crest on a scarlet oval base stitched to the beret. The regimental turban is worn by personnel during ceremonial occasions, parades, on guard duty and by those in the regimental band.

;Regimental Motto
In 1974, a decision was taken to formalise the motto of the Regiment as ‘Karm Hi Dharm’, which means ‘Work is Worship’. The decision was soon approved and published in Army Order No. 347/74.<ref name="IAsite"/>

;War Cries
The Bihar Regiment traditionally uses two powerful war cries<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bihar Regiment |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/113-Bihar-Regt.html |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091246/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/113-Bihar-Regt.html |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1780094|title=ARMY REGIMENTS|date=2021-12-10|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>-
*Jai Bajrang Bali ("Victory to Bajrang Bali"—a name for Lord [[Hanuman]])
*Birsa Munda Ki Jai ("Victory to [[Birsa Munda]]"—a revered tribal leader and folk hero)

==Bihar Regimental Centre (BRC)==
The regimental centre was established on 1 November 1945, by Lieutenant Colonel RC Muller at [[Agra]], following the conversion of the 3rd Training Battalion of the 19th Hyderabad Regiment's Regimental Centre. In April 1946, it relocated to [[Ranchi]], and later that year, in November, moved to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. The first Indian Commandant was Lieutenant Colonel Hardayal Singh Randhawa, who took over command in November 1947. Finally, in March 1949, it found its permanent home in Danapur, where it remains to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-regimental-centre-celebrates-79th-raising-day-honoring-bravery-and-sacrifice/articleshow/114864221.cms|title=BRC honours bravery and legacy.|work=The Times of India |date=2024-11-02|access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gautam|title= Indian Army, a Reference Manual|page=146|publisher= Reliance Publishing House|year=2000|isbn= 978-8175101142}}</ref>

== Units ==
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 180px;"| Battalion
! scope="col" style="width: 125px;"| Raising Date
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"| Nickname
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;"| Remarks
! scope="col" style="width: 28px;"| References
|-
|1st Battalion || 15 September 1941 || || Raised at Danapur from 11/19 Hyderabad Regiment by Major JRH Tweed. It was awarded the Battle Honours ''Haka'' and ''Gangaw'' and Theatre Honour ''Burma'' during World War II. It was also awarded Battle Honour ''Batalik '' and Theatre Honour ''Kargil'' during Kargil War of 1999.||<ref name="Bihar">{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/the-bihar-regiment/|title=The Bihar Regiment|date=2016-11-19| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/1st-bihar-regiment--from-the-lands-of-origin-to-glorious-present.html|title=1st Bihar Regiment: From the lands of origin to glorious present|date=2020-10-31|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://stampdigest.in/2019/03/21/5881/|title= APS Cover Jan 2019|date=2019-01-09|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|2nd Battalion || 1 December 1942 || || Raised at Agra. ||<ref name="Bihar"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://stampdigest.in/2019/03/20/aps-cover-jan-2019-platinum-jubilee-2nd-battalion-the-bihar-regiment/|title= APS Cover Jan 2019|date=2019-01-05| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|3rd Battalion || 1 November 1945 || The indomitable || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/third-bn-the-bihar-regiment-army-postal-covers-apos/|title=Third BN the Bihar Regiment|date=2024-12-16|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|4th Battalion || 1 October 1960 || || Raised at Danapur by Lieutenant Colonel Ajmer Singh Sidhu. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/bihar-battalion-turns-50/cid/474525|title=Bihar battalion turns 50|date=2010-10-02| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1841355941502972235|title= 4th Battalion The Bihar regiment|date=2024-10-02| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|5th Battalion || 1 January 1963 || High Five || Raised at Danapur by Major RL Krishnaiya. ||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://stampsofindia.com/lists/pmk/aps/2013/2013aps09.jpg|title=5th Battalion| date=2013-02-15| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1877009240654479619|title=5th battalion|date=2025-01-08|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|6th Battalion || 1 October 1963 || Superb Six || Raised at Danapur by Lieutenant Colonel JDB Gnanaolivu. || <ref name="SixBihar"/>
|-
|7th Battalion || 1 April 1964 || Striking Seven || Raised by Major Deep Singh Mertia. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/7th-battalion-the-bihar-regiment/|title=7th Battalion The Bihar Regiment|date=2014-12-01|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|8th Battalion || 1 January 1965 || Devipur Bn / The Gallant || Raised at Danapur by Major Balbir Singh. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel RL Krishnaiya. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/8th-battalion-the-bihar-regiment/|title=8th Battalion The Bihar Regiment|date=2016-02-19| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|9th Battalion || 15 October 1965 || Navmi || Raised at Danapur by Lieutenant Colonel JS Gharaya. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/9th-bn-the-bihar-regiment-army-postal-covers-apos/|title=9th BN the Bihar Regiment|date=2024-11-28|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1847613777585352764|title=9th Bn|date=2024-10-24| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|10th Battalion || 1 June 1966 || Ashok Chakra Paltan || Raised at [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] by Lieutenant Colonel LW Beglin. Battle honour ''Akhaura'' and Theatre Honour ''East Pakistan,1971''. ||<ref name="Tribute">{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tributes-paid-to-martyrs-of-bihar-regiment-battalions/articleshow/121549388.cms|title=Tribute paid to martyrs of Bihar Regiment|work=The Times of India |date=2025-06-01| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1399979335520423936|title=Raising day|date=2021-06-02|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|11th Battalion || 1 June 1971 || Double First Forever|| Raised at Danapur by Lieutenant Colonel RK Kala. ||<ref name="Tribute"/>
|-
|12th Battalion || 1 January 1976 || || Raised at Danapur by Lieutenant Colonel Kulwant Singh Mann. ||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1877010196922323006|title= 12th Battalion The Bihar regiment|date=2025-01-08|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|14th Battalion || 15 October 1977 || The Formidables|| Raised by Lieutenant Colonel ARK Reddy at [[Jhansi]]. ||<ref name="BRC">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/brc-celebrates-raising-day-honoring-the-valor-of-bihars-war-heroes/articleshow/114264470.cms|title=BRC pays tribute to valorous heroes|work=The Times of India |date=2024-10-16| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|15th Battalion || 1 September 1980 || Keep On|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myindiamint.com/products/india-2005-army-cover-15th-battalion-the-bihar-regiment-a3|title=India 2005 Army Cover 15th Battalion The Bihar Regiment|date=2005-09-01| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|16th Battalion || 11 February 1985 || || Raised at Danapur by Major SD Salokhe. ||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1895837914959135095|title=Raising the 16th Battalion The Bihar regiment.|date=2025-03-01| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|17th Battalion || || || ||
|-
|18th Battalion || 7 November 2009 || || Raised at [[Ranchi]]. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1860312754264908193|title=18th Bn|date=2024-11-23| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|19th Battalion || 29 October 2010|| Uttam Unnis || Raised at [[Ranchi]] by Colonel Attri ||
|-
|20th Battalion || 20 November 2011 || Team Twenty || Raised by Colonel Rakesh Kumar Bora at [[Namkum]] Cantonment. ||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1777683801604591982/photo/1|title=Team Twenty|date=2024-04-09|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|21st Battalion || 20 July 1981 || || Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Mohammad Mansoor Mallick.|| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-regiment-marks-44th-foundation-day-of-its-21st-battalion/articleshow/122797659.cms|title= Bihar Regiment marks 44th foundation day of its 21st-battalion|work= The Times of India|date=2025-07-20| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|22nd Battalion || || || ||
|-
|23rd Battalion || || || ||
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|4 RR Battalion || 15 October 1990 || || Raised at Grenadiers Regimental Centre, [[Jabalpur]] under Colonel Rohitas Rajpal. ||<ref name="BRC"/>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|24 RR Battalion
|| 1 August 1994 || || Raised at Danapur by Colonel Umed Singh. || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1951496745625797064/photo/1|title= Remembering the sacrifices of the heroes of 24 RR|date=2025-08-02| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|47 RR Battalion || 15 September 2001 || || Raised at Danapur by Colonel Sudhansh Ranjan. || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fLeFko7HN8|title= 21st Raising Day of 47 Rashtriya Rifles|website= [[YouTube]]|date=2021-09-16| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|63 RR Battalion || 30 June 2004 || || Raised at Danapur by Colonel Anand Bhushan. ||
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|120 Infantry Battalion (TA) || 22 August 1949 || Kalinga Terriers || Raised by Lieutenant Colonel JM Shahane. Based at [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha. || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://x.com/BravesBiharRegt/status/1959060543744221243/photo/1|title= Remembering the Kalinga Terriers|date=2025-08-23| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|154 Infantry Battalion (TA) || 10 September 2001|| Island Terriers || Raised by Colonel RS Kaldian at [[Bangalore]]. Based at Brichgunj, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/154-infantry-battalion-ta-bihar-awarded-3102876/|title=154 Infantry Battalion (TA) Bihar awarded|date=2016-10-26| access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Affiliations==
[[File:Affiliation of INS Vikramaditya with the Bihar Regiment and No. 6 Squadron, Indian Air Force (2).jpg|thumb|right|Affiliation of INS Vikramaditya with the Bihar Regiment and [[No. 6 Squadron IAF|No. 6 Squadron, Indian Air Force]]]]
[[INS Vikramaditya]], the Indian Navy's largest ship and one of its two aircraft carriers was affiliated to the Bihar Regiment in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1517060|title=Affiliation of INS Vikramaditya with the Bihar Regiment and no. 6 Squadron, Indian Air Force
|date=2018-01-18|access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

==Decorations==

===Theatre Honours===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

|-
| (i) || Burma || 1942-45
|-
| (ii) || East Pakistan || 1971
|-
| (iii) || Kargil || 1999
|}

===Battle Honours===
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh presenting the President’s Colours, at Bihar Regimental Centre, in Danapur on November 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|250px|The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh presenting the President’s Colours, at Bihar Regimental Centre, in Danapur on November 19, 2016.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

|-
| (i) || Haka || [[Burma Campaign]], [[World War II]]
|-
| (ii) || Gangaw || [[Burma Campaign]], [[World War II]]
|-
| (iii) || Akhaura || [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
|-
| (iv) || Batalik || [[Kargil War]] 1999
|}

===Chief of Army Staff (COAS) Unit Citation===
The following units were awarded the COAS unit citation<ref name="IAsite"/>-
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

|-
| (i) || 1 BIHAR || 1999
|-
| (ii) || 2 BIHAR || 2015, 2025
|-
| (iii) || 5 BIHAR || 2004
|-
| (iv) || 8 BIHAR || 1998, 2020
|-
| (v) || 10 BIHAR || 1994, 2024
|-
| (vi) || 11 BIHAR || 2020
|-
| (vii) || 14 BIHAR || 1992, 2018
|-
| (viii) || 17 BIHAR || 1998, 2026
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
| (ix) || 24 RR || 2013
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
| (x) || 47 RR || 2018
|}

==Gallantry awards==
The regiment is one of the highly decorated regiments of the Indian Army. The tally of awards, with prominent awardees till date are as under:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=NaM4vn1bPOR5uX0fJ8db9w==&ParentID=ws6zu4WcYiCLX0iVnGlE4g==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=Honours and Awards, Bihar Regiment}}</ref>-
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2025}}
;Pre independence
*[[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO ) - 2
**Lieutenant Colonel John Reginald Howard Tweed<ref name="Gazette1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37262/supplement/4558|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 37262, Page: 4558|date=1945-09-11|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
* [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) - 3
**Major (temporary) Michael Sunil Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37262/supplement/4556|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 37262, Page: 4556|date=1945-09-11|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
**Lieutenant Anil Behari Saran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36309/supplement/13|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 36309, Page: 13|date=1943-12-31|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
*[[Military Cross]] (MC) - 5
**Major (temporary) Kenred Vernon Mitchell<ref name="Gazette1"/>
**Captain (temporary) David Farmer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37349/supplement/5575|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 37349, Page: 5575|date=1945-09-15|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
**Lieutenant Saiyed Anwar Hasan Rizvi<ref name="Gazette2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36994/supplement/1545|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36994, Page:1545|date=1945-03-20|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
**Lieutenant (temporary Captain) (acting Major) Michael Sunil Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36928/supplement/802|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 36928, Page: 802|date=1945-02-06|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
**Jemadar Nehemias<ref name="Gazette2"/>
*[[Order of British India]] (OBI) - 4
*[[Military Medal]] (MM) - 02
**Havildar Qurban Mian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37262/supplement/4559|title=The London Gazette, Supplement: 37262, Page: 4559|date=1945-09-11|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
**Sepoy Louis Toppo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36994/supplement/1546|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36994, Page:1546|date=1945-03-20|access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>

;Post independence
*[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] (AC) - 4
**Lieutenant Colonel [[Harsh Uday Singh Gaur]], (Posthumous), 10 BIHAR, [[Baramulla district]], 1994<ref name="husgaur">{{cite web|url=http://www.tbra.org.in/lt-col-hus-gaur-ashok-chakra=|title=The BIHAR Regimental Association|access-date=26 January 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
**Captain [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]] {{small|SM}}, (Posthumous), 8 BIHAR, later [[Para (Special Forces)|9 Para Commando (Special Forces)]], 1995 [[Kashmir]].
**Lieutenant Colonel [[Shanti Swaroop Rana]], (Posthumous), 3 BIHAR, [[Kupwara district]], 1997<ref name="im-ssrana">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmartyr.com/2011/11/lt-col-shanti-swarup-rana.html|title=Lt Col Shanti Swarup Rana|publisher=Indian Martyr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109233358/http://www.indianmartyr.com/2011/11/lt-col-shanti-swarup-rana.html|archive-date=2012-01-09|access-date=2011-12-29}}</ref>
**[[Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan]], (Posthumous), 7 BIHAR (on deputation to [[National Security Guards|NSG]]), [[Black Tornado|Operation Black Tornado]], 2008.
*[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) - 8
*[[Maha Vir Chakra]] (MVC) - 3
**Brigadier (later Lieutenant General) [[Joginder Singh Gharaya]] {{small|[[Kirti Chakra|KC]]}}, {{small|[[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}}, [[Indo-Pak War of 1971]]
**Captain [[Gurjinder Singh Suri]], (Posthumous), 12 BIHAR, [[Kargil War]]
**Colonel [[B. Santosh Babu]], (Posthumous), 16 BIHAR, Operation Snow Leopard
*[[Kirti Chakra]] (KC) -14
**Captain (later Lieutenant General) [[Joginder Singh Gharaya]], 1 BIHAR, [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo, 1948]]
**Jemadar Sham Bahadur Singh, (Posthumous), 2 BIHAR
**Jemadar Sheopujan Singh, 2 BIHAR
**Sepoy Gorakh Nath Singh, (Posthumous), 9 BIHAR
**Captain Ajit Singh, 14 BIHAR
**Major (later Major General) Mahavir Singh Balhara {{small|SM}}, 5 BIHAR
**Captain Rakesh Rana, 14 BIHAR
**Sepoy Gouri Shanker Sah, (Posthumous), 8 BIHAR
**Naik Vishwa Kerketta, (Posthumous), 17 BIHAR
**Havildar Rudal Prasad, (Posthumous), 4 BIHAR
**Major Sushil Kumar Singh, [[Rashtriya Rifles|63 RR]]/ BIHAR
**Major Anup Joseph Manjali, [[Rashtriya Rifles|24 RR]]/ BIHAR
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM) - 15
*[[Vir Chakra]] (VrC) - 19
*[[Shaurya Chakra]] (SC) - 49
*[[Yudh Seva Medal]] (YSM) - 10
*[[Sena Medal]] (SM) - 205
*[[Jeevan Raksha Padak]] - 07
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM) - 45
*[[ Mentioned in dispatches|Mention in Despatches]] - 56

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments|B]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947|Bihar]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]

Indian classical drama

2026-02-16T16:42:35Z

SheldonCruce:

{{Short description|Dramatic tradition of classical India}}
{{History of literature5}}
{{History of literature by era}}

The term '''Indian classical drama''' refers to the tradition of dramatic literature and performance in ancient [[India]]. The roots of drama in the Indian subcontinent can be traced back to the [[Rigveda]] (1200-1500 BCE), which contains a number of hymns in the form of dialogues, or even scenes, as well as hymns that make use of other literary forms such as animal fables<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stoneman|first=Richard|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691154039/the-greek-experience-of-india|title=The Greek Experience of India|date=2019-02-05|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-15403-9|pages=413|language=en}}</ref> However, Indian drama begins its classical stage in the [[Classical India|classical period]] with the composition of the [[Natya Shastra|Nātyaśāstra]] (''lit. The Science of Drama'').<ref name="History of Indian Theatre">{{Cite book|last1=Varadpande|first1=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC|title=History of Indian Theatre|last2=Varadpande|first2=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-221-5|language=en}}</ref> Indian classical drama is regarded as the highest achievement of [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="Brandon 1981, xvii">Brandon (1981, xvii).</ref>

The [[Buddhist]] playwright, poet and philosopher [[Asvaghosa]], who composed the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', is considered to have been one of the first Sanskrit dramatists along with [[Bhāsa]], who likely lived in the 2nd century BCE, and is famous for writing two of the only surviving tragedies in Sanskrit drama.

Despite its name, a classical Sanskrit drama uses both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] languages giving it a bilingual nature.<ref name="Baumer Brandon 1993">{{cite book|author1=Rachel Van M. Baumer|author2=James R. Brandon|title=Sanskrit Drama in Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA25|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0772-3|pages=25–}}</ref> Sanskrit drama utilised [[stock character]]s, such as the hero (''nayaka''), heroine (''nayika''), or clown (''vidusaka''). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. [[Mahābhāṣya]] by [[Patañjali]] contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517">Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This treatise on [[grammar]] provides a feasible date for the beginnings of [[theatre in India]].<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517"/>

[[Kālidāsa]] in the 4th-5th century CE, was arguably one of ancient [[India]]'s greatest Sanskrit dramatists. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' (''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''), ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' (''Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi''), and ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala|Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' (''The Recognition of Shakuntala''). The last was inspired by a story in the ''Mahabharata'' and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]]. ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Śakuntalā]]'' (in English translation) influenced [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe's]] ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' (1808–1832).<ref name="Brandon 1981, xvii"/> The next great Indian dramatist was [[Bhavabhuti]] (c. 7th century CE). He is said to have written the following three plays: ''Malati-Madhava'', ''Mahaviracharita'' and ''Uttararamacarita''. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of ''Ramayana''. The powerful Indian emperor [[Harsha]] (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy ''[[Ratnavali]]'', ''[[Priyadarsika]]'', and the [[Buddhist]] drama ''[[Nagananda]]''. Other famous [[Sanskrit]] [[drama]]tists include [[Śhudraka]], [[Bhasa]], and [[Asvaghosa]]. Though numerous plays written by these playwrights are still available, little is known about the authors themselves.

==Beginnings==
The roots of Indian drama go back to the Rigveda, which contains a number of dialogues, acts and scenes, as well as literary devices such as animal fables and riddles. In many Vedic rituals, musical instruments like the flute and lyre are invariably used<ref name=":0" /><ref name="History of Indian Theatre"/> [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (~800–700 BCE) has [[Shloka|verses]] in chapter 13.2 written in the form of a play between two actors.<ref name="var1">ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, page 48</ref> Early Buddhist literature provides the earliest evidence for the existence of Indian theatre. The Pali [[Sutta Pitaka|suttas]] (ranging in date from the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE) refer to the existence of troupes of actors (led by a chief actor), who performed dramas on a stage. It is indicated that these dramas incorporated dance, but were listed as a distinct form of performance, alongside dancing, singing, and story recitations.<ref>Rachel Van M. Baumer and James R. Brandon (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&dq=actor+drama+pali&pg=PA11 ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''] (University of Hawaii Press, 1981), pp.11</ref>{{efn|group=note|According to later Buddhist texts, King [[Bimbisara]] (a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]]) had a drama performed for another king. This would be as early as the 5th century BCE, but the event is only described in much later texts, from the 3rd-4th centuries CE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&dq=actor+drama+pali&pg=PA11 ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''], p.11</ref>}}

A terracotta mask that was likely used in theatrical performances was excavated in Chirand, Bihar. Stratigraphical analysis dates the find to the 3rd or 4th century BCE, thus making it likely that theatre in India was fairly developed during this time. It is broad enough to have been worn comfortably on the nose, and the actor can easily see through the perforated nose. [[Bharata Muni|Bharatamuni]] mentions ''Pratishirsha'' in his Natyashastra, and these masks were likely full-headed masks with diadems and appropriate hair style appendages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varadpande|first=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuJWxLv-U0C&dq=Chirand+Bihar+theatre+mask&pg=PA111|title=Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre|date=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-147-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chirand+Bihar+theatre+mask&pg=PA388|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Mills|first3=Margaret|date=2020-10-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-10122-5|language=en}}</ref>

Some of the earliest-surviving fragments of Sanskrit drama date from c.200 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Theatre in Your Life|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeUbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|author=Robert Barton, Annie McGregor|publisher=CengageBrain|isbn=9781285463483|date=2014-01-03}}</ref><ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 516-517).</ref> The ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' by [[Patañjali]] contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of classical Sanskrit drama.<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517"/> This treatise on [[grammar]] from the 2nd century BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of [[theatre in India]].<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517"/>

Since the time of [[Alexander the Great]], the Indian subcontinent came into direct contact with [[Greek culture]]. This has led to a scholarly debate about how much influence [[Theatre of ancient Greece|Ancient Greek drama]] had upon the development of Indian theatre.<ref>Arthur Berriedale Keith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sfqRhylNBpwC&dq=greek+influence+sanskrit+drama&pg=PA57 ''The Sanskrit Drama in Its Origin, Development, Theory & Practice''] (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1992), p.57-68</ref>

==Theory==

=== Natya Shastra ===
{{main|Natya Shastra}}
A major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is ''[[Natyashastra|A Treatise on Theatre]]'' (''Nātyaśāstra''), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to [[Bharata Muni]]. The ''Treatise'' is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world{{according to whom|date=August 2023}}. It addresses [[acting]], [[dance]], [[music]], [[Dramaturgy|dramatic construction]], architecture, [[Costume design|costuming]], [[Theatrical makeup|make-up]], [[Theatrical properties|props]], the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] account of the origin of theatre.<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517"/> In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in an hereditary process. Its aim was both to educate and to entertain.

Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (''sutradhara''), who may also have acted.<ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a [[Puppetry|puppeteer]]—the literal meaning of "''sutradhara''" is "holder of the strings or threads".<ref name="Richmond 1998, 517"/> The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518).</ref> There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played characters younger or older than themselves. Of all the elements of theatre, the ''Treatise'' gives most attention to acting (''abhinaya''), which consists of two styles: realistic (''lokadharmi'') and conventional (''natyadharmi''), though the major focus is on the latter.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518). The literal meaning of ''abhinaya'' is "to carry forwards".</ref>

==Plays==
{{further|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}

===''Mricchakatika'' (''The Little Clay Cart'')===

{{main|Mrichakatika}}
One of the earliest known Sanskrit plays, this play was composed by [[Śudraka]] in the 2nd century BC. Rife with romance, sex, royal intrigue and comedy, the juicy plot of the play has numerous twists and turns. The main story is about a young man named Charudatta, and his love for Vasantasena, a rich courtesan or [[nagarvadhu]]. The love affair is complicated by a royal courtier, who is also attracted to Vasantasena. The plot is further complicated by thieves and mistaken identities, and thus making it a greatly hilarious and entertaining play. It invited widespread admiration when staged in New York in 1924. The play was made into a 1984 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] movie ''[[Utsav]]'', directed by [[Girish Karnad]]. The Indian play depicted in the 2001 film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' may have been based on ''The Little Clay Cart''.

===Bhāsa===
{{Main|Bhāsa}}
The plays written by Bhāsa were known to historians only through the references of later writers, as the manuscripts themselves were lost. Manuscripts of 13 plays written by him were discovered in an old library in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) in 1913 by the scholar [[T. Ganapati Sastri|Ganapati Sastri]]. A 14th play was later discovered and attributed to Bhāsa, but its authorship is disputed.

Bhāsa's most famous plays are ''Svapnavasavadattam (Swapnavāsadatta)'' ("Vasavadatta's dream"), ''Pancharātra'', and ''Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam'' ("The vows of Yaugandharayana"). Some other plays being ''Pratimanātaka, Abhishekanātaka, Bālacharita, Dūtavākya, Karnabhāra, Dūtaghatotkacha, Chārudatta, [[Madhyamavyayoga|Madhyamavyāyoga]]'' and ''[[Urubhanga|Ūrubhaṅga]]''.

''Karnabharam'' is a critically acclaimed play and it is being subjected to lot of experimentation by the modern theatre groups in [[India]].

Bhāsa is considered to be one of the best [[Sanskrit]] playwrights, second only to [[Kalidasa]]. He is earlier than Kalidasa and is dated to the 3rd or 4th century CE.<ref>Robert E. Goodwin (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=p_PKcu23-xoC&pg=PR18 ''The Playworld of Sanskrit Drama''], Introduction, pg. xviii</ref><ref>Moriz Winternitz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA204 ''History of Indian Literature''], p.204-205</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfqRhylNBpwC&pg=PA95 |title = The Sanskrit Drama in Its Origin, Development, Theory & Practice|isbn = 9788120809772|last1 = Keith|first1 = Arthur Berriedale|year = 1992| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROvDtaUI9xMC&pg=PA419 | title=Configurations of Culture Growth| last1=Kroeber| first1=Alfred Louis| year=1969}}</ref>

===Kālidāsa===
[[File:Nirupama Rajendra Dance Theater musical Shakunthala.jpg|thumb|A performance of the play ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakunthala]]'']]
{{main|Kālidāsa}}

Kālidāsa (4th-5th century CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310169 Kalidasa] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>[[Sheldon Pollock]] (ed., 2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=kalidasa+fourth+century&pg=PA79 ''Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia''], p.79</ref>) is easily the greatest poet and playwright in Sanskrit, and occupies the same position in Sanskrit literature that [[Shakespeare]] occupies in [[English literature]]. He deals primarily with famous [[Hindu]] legends and themes; three famous plays by Kālidāsa are ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' ("Vikrama and Urvashi"), ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' ("Malavika and Agnimitra"), and the play that he is most known for: ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"). The last named play is considered to be greatest play in Sanskrit. More than a millennium later, it would so powerfully impress the famous German writer [[Goethe]] that he would write:

{{Poemquote|Wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of its decline
And all by which the soul is charmed, enraptured, feasted, fed,
Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one sole name combine?
I name thee, O Sakuntala! and all at once is said.
|source=translation by [[Edward Backhouse Eastwick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alka-pratap/hinduisms-influence-on-indian-poetry_b_9124050.html|title=Hinduism's Influence on Indian Poetry|first=Alka|last=Pratap|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=2 February 2016}}</ref>}}

Kālidāsa also wrote two large epic poems, ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'' ("The Genealogy of Raghu") and ''[[Kumārasambhava]]'' ("Birth of Kumara"), and two smaller epics, ''[[Ṛitusaṃhāra]]'' ("Medley of Seasons") and ''[[Meghadūta]]'' ''(The Cloud Messenger)'', another 'perfect' work.

Kālidāsa's writing is characterized by the usage of simple but beautiful Sanskrit, and by his extensive use of [[simile]]s. His similes have earned him the saying, ''Upama Kalidasasya'' (Kālidāsa ''owns'' simile).
The full śloka reads: ''upamā Kālidāsasya, Bhāraver artha gauravam | Daṇḍinah padalālityam, Māghe shanti trayoguṇah ||''

===''Mudrarakshasa''===
Amongst Sanskrit plays, the historical play ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' by [[Vishakhadatta]] is unique because it contains political intrigue and is full of life, action and sustained interest. The time period of composition is prior to 800 C.E. In the play, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] is ruling from Pataliputra, having deposed the last of the Nanda kings. ''Rakshasa'' the minister of Nanda, attempts to avenge his late master. [[Chanakya]], the minister of Chandragupta succeeds in winning over Rakshasa to his master's side.<ref>Macdonell A.A. A history of Sanskrit plays(1913 p 365)</ref>

===Other major plays and playwrights===
Other great plays include ''[[Ratnavali]]'', ''[[Nagananda]]'' and ''[[Priyadarsika]]'' by Sri [[Harsha]] (7th century CE), Mahendra Vikram Varman ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'', Shakti Bhadra's ''Āścaryacūḍāmaṇi'', Kulasekhara's ''Subhadra Dhananjaya'' and ''Tapatisamvarana'', Neelakanta's ''Kalyana Saugandhika'' and ''Sri Krishna Charita''.

[[Bhavabhuti]] (8th century) is one of the great playwrights after Kalidasa.<ref>Gaurinath Bhattacharyya Shastri (1987). ''A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature,'' p. 109. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</ref> Other major Sanskrit playwrights include [[Vishakhadatta|Visakhadatta]], [[Bhatta Narayana|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]], Murari, [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]], Kshemisvara, Damodaramishra, and Krishnamishra.<ref>Gaurinath Bhattacharyya Shastri (1987). ''A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature,'' pp. 111-119. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</ref>

==Performances==
[[File:Mani Damodara Chakyar as Nayaka.jpg|thumb|A [[Koodiyattam]] performance of [[Bhasa]]'s ''Swapnavasavadattam'']]

Sanskrit plays were very popular and were staged in ancient times all over India. Now the only surviving ancient Sanskrit drama theatre is [[Koodiyattam]], which is preserved in [[Kerala]] by the [[Chakyar]] community. This form of Sanskrit drama is thought to be at least 2000 years old and is one of the oldest living theatrical traditions in the world. All major Sanskrit plays such as that of Bhasa, Sri Harsha, Shakti Bhadra etc. are performed in Koodiyattam. Guru ''Nātyāchārya Vidūshakaratnam [[Padma Shri]]'' [[Mani Madhava Chakyar|Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] choreographed and directed plays like Kalidasa's ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'', ''[[Vikramorvaśīya]]'' and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitra]]''; Bhasa's ''Swapnavāsadatta'' and ''Pancharātra'' for the first time in the history of Koodiyattam. He popularised Koodiyattam and rejuvenated the only surviving Sanskrit drama theatre in India.

One of the hypotheses (as yet without consensus) of the origins of the "Trivandrum plays" of Bhasa is that these 13 plays were adapted from their original sources and brought to Kerala for choreography in the Koodiyattam tradition.

==Modern Sanskrit plays==
[[Manmohan Acharya]], a modern Sanskrit playwright has written many plays and dance dramas. Some worth-mentioning plays are ''Arjuna-Pratijnaa, Shrita-kamalam, Pada-pallavam, Divya-Jayadevam, Pingalaa, Mrtyuh, Sthitaprajnah, Tantra-mahasaktih, Purva-sakuntalam, Uttara-sakuntalam'' and ''Raavanah''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1092.html | title=Report - the 17th edition of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award Festival - Lalitha Venkat }}</ref>

[[Vidyadhar Shastri#Plays in Sanskrit|Vidyadhar Shastri]] wrote three Sanskrit plays viz. [[Vidyadhar Shastri#Purnanandanam|''Purnanandam'']], ''Kalidainyam'' and ''Durbala Balam''.

Prafulla Kumar Mishra has written the plays ''Chitrangada'' and ''Karuna''.

==See also==
*[[Classical Indian musical theatre]]
*''[[Urubhanga]]''
*[[Malayalam drama]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}.
* Brandon, James R. 1981. Introduction. In Baumer and Brandon (1981, xvii-xx).
* ---, ed. 1997. ''The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.''' 2nd, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58822-5}}.
* Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. ''History of the Theatre''. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. {{ISBN|0-205-41050-2}}.
* Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. 1981. ''Sanskrit Theatre in Performance.'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0772-3}}.
* {{cite book| title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |year=1900 |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton and company |chapter=[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature/Chapter 13|The drama]]|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell }}
* Richmond, Farley. 1998. "India." In Banham (1998, 516–525).
* Richmond, Farley P., Darius L. Swann, and Phillip B. Zarrilli, eds. 1993. ''Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance.'' U of Hawaii P. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-1322-2}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectspecimenso01wils#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1827|publisher= V.Holcroft at The Asiatic Press, Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|last=Dhanamjaya |translator=George C.O. Haas |title=The Dasarupa or Treatise on Ten Forms of Drama - A Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy|url=https://archive.org/stream/dasarupatreatise00dhanrich#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1912|publisher=Columbia University}}
*{{cite book|last=Nandikeśvara |author-link=Nandikeshvara |translator=[[Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy]] |translator2=Gopala Kristnayya Duggirala |title=The Mirror of Gesture - Being the Abhinaya Darpana of Nandikeśvara. |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Harvard University Press }}
*{{cite book|last=Schuyler Jr |first=Montgomery |title=A bibliography of the Sanskrit drama, with an introductory sketch of the dramatic literature of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliographyofsa00schu#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1965|publisher=AMS Press Inc., New York}}
* {{cite book|last= Baumer|first=Rachel Van M.|author2=James R. Brandon |title=Sanskrit drama in performance|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1993|volume=2|chapter=A Sanskrit Play In Performance by Shanta Gandhi|isbn=81-208-0772-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA110|pages=110–140}}

==External links==
* {{wikisource-inline|Portal:Sanskrit drama|Indian classical drama}}

{{Sanskrit language topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanskrit Drama}}
[[Category:Sanskrit plays| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature|Drama]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Classical theatre of india]]

[[fr:Théâtre indien]]

Khatija Rahman

2026-02-09T19:22:22Z

SheldonCruce: Adding basic article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khatija Rahman
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Singer|composer}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| height =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Riyasdeen Riyan|2022}}<ref>{{cite news |title=AR Rahman's daughter Khatija marries audio engineer Riyasdeen Riyan, Oscar winner shares pic from Nikkah |newspaper=[[India TV]] |language=en |date=5 May 2022 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ar-rahman-daughter-khatija-married-audio-engineer-riyasdeen-riyan-oscar-winner-shares-pic-from-nikkah-2022-05-05-774526 |access-date=21 December 2025 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122905/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ar-rahman-daughter-khatija-married-audio-engineer-riyasdeen-riyan-oscar-winner-shares-pic-from-nikkah-2022-05-05-774526 |archive-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
| father = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| relatives = [[A. R. Ameen]] (brother)
| family = [[List of Indian music families#The R. K. Shekhar family|R. K. Shekhar family]]
| awards = [[#Awards and nominations|Full list]]
| honours =
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = Yes
| instrument = {{Hlist|[[Vocals]]}}
| label = {{Hlist|[[Think Music]]|[[Island Records]]|[[YRF Music]]|[[Zee Music Company]]|[[Sony Music]]|[[Universal Music Group]]|[[Tips Industries]]|[[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio Tamil]]|[[KM Music Conservatory|KM Musiq]]}}
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Filmi music|Filmi]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]}}
}}
}}
'''Khatija Rahman'''{{Efn|{{IPA|ta|kɐt̪iːd͡ʑaː ɾɐkʊmaːn}}.}} ({{IPA|ta|kɐt̪iːd͡ʑaː ɾɐkʊmaːn}}; born 29 December 1995) is a music composer and singer from [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Fans are in love with AR Rahman's daughter Khatija Rahman and Arivu's Coke Studio Tamil song Sagavaasi |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |pages= |language=en |publisher= |date=3 February 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627/| access-date = 24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=14 June 2022 |title=More Pics From AR Rahman's Daughter Khatija's Wedding Reception |newspaper=[[NDTV]] |page= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/more-pics-from-ar-rahmans-daughter-khatijas-wedding-reception-3065419| access-date = 24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AR Rahman's daughter Khatija gets married to audio engineer Riyasdeen |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |date=6 May 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija-gets-married-to-riyasdeen-shaik-mohamed/article65387567.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506062812/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija-gets-married-to-riyasdeen-shaik-mohamed/article65387567.ece |archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Khatija Rahman made her playback debut in the 2010 sci-fi action film ''[[Enthiran]]'', singing the [[Enthiran (soundtrack)|title track]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] alongside musical legends including her father, [[A. R. Rahman]], and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/song/puthiya-manidha|title=Puthiya Manidha (புதிய மனிதா) Song {{!}} S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Khatija Rahman {{!}} Enthiran|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|date=31 July 2010|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211083003/http://gaana.com/album/enthiran|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/songs/o-maramanishi-237047|title=O Maramanishi from Robo|website=[[Raaga.com]]|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211084241/http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Robo-songs-A0002637|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/o-naye-insaan/B1haVAcHVnc |title=O Naye Insaan – Song Download from Robot @ JioSaavn |publisher=[[JioSaavn]] |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211195431/http://m.saavn.com/Robot-2010/Hindi-songs_A-YhvDwj-S47s_.html |archive-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, she collaborated with the Irish band [[U2]] on their single "Ahimsa", which emphasised the power of non-violence. She also performed the track during U2's Joshua Tree Tour in [[Mumbai]] the same year.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2019 |title=A.R. Rahman and U2 collaborate on new track 'Ahimsa' before band's visit to India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |page= |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-and-u2-collaborate-on-new-track-ahimsa-before-bands-visit-to-india/article30048072.ece/| access-date = 24 April 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124135039/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-and-u2-collaborate-on-new-track-ahimsa-before-bands-visit-to-india/article30048072.ece/amp/ |archive-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Khatija released her debut single, "Farishton", in 2020. The song, composed and produced by A. R. Rahman with lyrics by Munna Shaokath Ali, was a meditative invocation of solidarity and cultural harmony.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-farishton-is-an-attempt-to-show-the-beauty-of-diversity-ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija/364367 |title='Farishton Is An Attempt To Show The Beauty Of Diversity', AR Rahman's Daughter Khatija |last=P Basheer |first=Intifada |date=18 November 2020 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |publisher=|access-date= 24 April 2023 |quote=Khatija Rahman says the character of the song’s protagonist Amal is based on herself, and the song, partly inspired by Rumi’s teachings, traces Amal’s longing to explore the unknown.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anvita |title=Khatija Rahman's Farishton is a beautiful composition |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |pages= |language=en |publisher= |date=28 October 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-farishton-is-a-beautiful-composition-6907097/| access-date = 24 April 2023}}</ref> Its music video was recognised at multiple international film festivals and received an honourable mention at the [[2021 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|2021 Los Angeles Film Awards]]. In the same year, she was a featured artist on Grammy Award-winning composer [[Ricky Kej]]’s song "Iltaja", a track highlighting sustainability.

She continued to showcase her versatility with film songs, including "Rock A Bye Baby" from ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi (2021)]]'', "Tum Bhi Raahi (Reprise)" from ''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili (2022)]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Mili film's song Tum Bhi Raahi releases; A.R Rahman number shows romance between Janhvi Kapoor and Sunny Kaushal; watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mili-films-song-tum-bhi-raahi-releases-r-rahman-number-shows-romance-janhvi-kapoor-sunny-kaushal-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117021255/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mili-films-song-tum-bhi-raahi-releases-r-rahman-number-shows-romance-janhvi-kapoor-sunny-kaushal-watch/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> and "Kaayam" from Iravin Nizhal (2022). She also contributed vocals to Rahman's 2022 Tamizh anthem "Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye", collaborating with multiple artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/video/1020400/moopilla-thamizhe-thaaye-musician-ar-rahman-and-daughter-khatijas-new-song-for-tamil-new-year |title='Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye': Musician AR Rahman and daughter Khatija's new song for Tamil new year |author=Scroll Staff |date=26 March 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |publisher= |access-date=13 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/mar/26/moopilla-thamizhe-thaaye-ar-rahmans-uplifting-melodious-ode-to-tamil-30495.amp |title=Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye: AR Rahman's uplifting, melodious ode to Tamil |last= |first= |date=26 March 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |publisher= |access-date=24 April 2023 |quote=The song has vocals by Saindhavi Prakash, Khatija Rahman, AR Ameen, Amina Rafiq, Gabriella Sellus and Poovaiyar |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424191109/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/mar/26/moopilla-thamizhe-thaaye-ar-rahmans-uplifting-melodious-ode-to-tamil-30495.amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023, Khatija released her debut album ''Kuhu Kuhu'', a collection of melodic renditions paying tribute to the legendary [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. The all-acoustic album features the [[Firdaus Orchestra]], an all-female ensemble from the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Its lead single, “Piya Tose”, was accompanied by a music video symbolising global representation and collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=3 October 2023 |title=Khatija Rahman, AR Rahman's daughter, releases debut album 'Kuhu Kuhu' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/khatija-rahman-ar-rahmans-daughter-releases-debut-album-kuhu-kuhu-549932 |url-status= |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |location= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> She also made her debut as a music composer with the film ''[[Minmini (2024 film)|Minmini]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ar-rahman-daughter-khatija-debut-composer-halitha-shameem-film-minmini-8658101/ |title=AR Rahman's daughter Khatija to make debut as composer in Halitha Shameem's Minmini |author=Entertainment Desk |date=12 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher= |access-date=13 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref> releasing the lead single “Iru Perum Nadhigal”, a song centered on self-love and healing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rockstar-anirudhs-iru-pernum-nadhigal-from-minmini-is-a-feel-good-road-trip-song/articleshow/104774669.cms/ |title=Anirudh Ravichander launches 'Iru Pernum Nadhigal' from 'Minmini'; a feel-good road trip song |author= |date=28 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India|Times Entertainment]] |publisher= |access-date=13 May 2024 |quote=Composed by Khatija Rahman, there is a level of subtlety and serenity in the lyricism}}</ref> That year, she further demonstrated her vocal range with songs such as “Chinnanjiru (Marumurai)” from ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)#Track listing|Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023)]]'', "Pranama Pranama" from ''Nayakudu'' (2023), and her [[Coke Studio Tamil]] single "Sagavaasi" with [[Arivu]], which received widespread acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|author=Entertainment Desk|date=3 February 2023|title=Fans are in love with AR Rahman's daughter Khatija Rahman and Arivu's Coke Studio Tamil song Sagavaasi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
!Composer
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010|| "Puthiya Manidha" || ''[[Enthiran]]''
| rowspan="11" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Vairamuthu]]|| A. R. Rahman, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Puthiya Manidha by S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, A.R. Rahman & Khatija Rahman |url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/puthiya-manidha/1108797266?i=1108797413|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Music to the ears2">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Divya |date=2 August 2010 |title=Music to the ears |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Music-to-the-ears/article16117778.ece |access-date=25 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211194714/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Music-to-the-ears/article16117778.ece |archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"O Maramanishi"
|''[[Enthiran|Robo]]'' (dubbed-language from ''Enthiran)''
|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|A. R. Rahman, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=O Maramanishi by S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Srinivas D. & Khatija Rahman |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/o-maramanishi/1241865481?i=1241865622|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"O Naye Insaan"
|''[[Enthiran|Robot]]'' (dubbed-language from ''Enthiran'')
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|A. R. Rahman, Srinivas
|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=O Naye Insaan by Srinivas D. & Khatija Rahman |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/o-naye-insaan/1127720910?i=1127721028|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|"Rock A Bye Baby"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|Julia Gartha
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Rock A Bye Baby |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Gja8zsgCA3QqCCdt33GL5?autoplay=true |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Rihaayi De"
|A. R. Rahman
|Hindi
|Backing vocals
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Rihaayi De |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5C10OXEl9FAz4hcktww0le |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Kaayam"
|''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|[[R. Parthiban]]
|[[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar]], Veena Murali, [[Deepthi Suresh]], Sowmya, Elfe Choir
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaayem by A.R. Rahman|url=https://music.apple.com/ml/album/kaayam/1628062107?i=1628062109|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501103150/https://music.apple.com/ml/album/kaayam/1628062107?i=1628062109|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaayem by A.R. Rahman |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6eSioMPiEsciUZLcG7tliQ|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"Tum Bhi Raahi (Reprise)"
| ''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]''
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|Solo
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Tum Bhi Raahi – Reprise |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4kGXOhN5zSILT2IdLtLDNx |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|"Chinnanjiru (Marumurai)"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|Ilango Krishnan
|A. R. Rahman
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Chinnanjiru (Marumurai) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4MxqsGZD8pMWFndWJg3hdS |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Minnanchula Vennelaa (Reprise)"
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|A. R. Rahman
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Minnanchula Vennelaa (Reprise) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4fHGqGoFDjcmSNC24nsrqf |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Mera Aasmaan Jal Gaya (Reprise)"
|[[Gulzar]]
|A. R. Rahman
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Mera Aasmaan Jal Gaya (Reprise) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5TVzkxrruE8abjgbmui39p |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Pranama Pranama"
|''[[Maamannan|Nayakudu]] (Dubbed from [[Maamannan]])''
|[[Rakendu Mouli]]
|Vijay Yesudas
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2023 |title=Pranama Pranama |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2Gzphs2caJugCimAchDive |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Niraye"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Philip's (film)|Philip's]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Anu Elizabeth Jose
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|"Vizhigal Seraa"
|Sangeeth Ravindran
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|"Anbalane"
|''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]''
| rowspan="13" |A. R. Rahman
|[[Yugabharathi]]
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Deepthi Suresh]]
|Tamil
|Backing vocals
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Anbalane |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1YRIHylSE3zkflVkevXoiW?autoplay=true |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Ulagam Oru Naal"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maidaan]]''
|[[Snehan]]
|[[Shridhar Ramesh]]
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Ulagam Oru Naal |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1SK6ySKyrNLjFRAt19rGRY |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Thaaraa Gaganamlo"
|Saraswathi Putra, Ramajogayya Sastry
|[[Sarath Santosh]]
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Thaaraa Gaganamlo |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5U19TSTOYweCF5avuAtYDZ |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Maanja Nee"
|''[[Ayalaan]]''
|Sivakarthikeyan, A. R. Rahman, thoughtsfornow
|A. R. Rahman, [[A. R. Ameen]]
|Tamil
|Backing vocals
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Maanja Nee |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2evmZa93wRifY0BBcPW6SZ |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"The Silent Sovereign"
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|Ilango Krishnan
|A. R. Rahman
|Tamil
|Backing vocals
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|"Jigar Thanda (Female)"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Tere Ishk Mein]]''
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|Amina Rafiq, [[Adithya RK]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|"Yaavum Neeye"
|Mashook Rahman
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|"Chere Premaga"
|Samrat
|
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|"Rummy Rummy"
| rowspan="5" |''[[Gandhi Talks]]''
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=19 January 2026 |title='Rummy Rummy' from Gandhi Talks out |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |page= |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/19/rummy-rummy-from-gandhi-talks-out | access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2026 |title=Rummy Rummy |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_AFeq9U08Ew&si=XXNc2aJJo_qOjc0c |access-date=20 January 2026 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Nindiya Pari"
|Vishwadeep Zeest
|Sarthak Kalyani
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|last=Kalyani
|first=Sarthak
|date=30 January 2026
|title=Nindiya Pari
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUItfxNjWnW/?igsh=MWgxYXg4cGt2NmxvYQ==
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref><ref name="GT Lullaby">{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=31 January 2026
|title=Nindiya Pari, Kalangaamale, Shubharatri Than Maalakhaye, and Angai
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUIr1QYjA58/?igsh=eW5xNmlzNW50OHc2
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref>
|-
|"Kalangaamale"
|Madrashe
|Sreekanth Hariharan
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|last=Hariharan
|first=Sreekanth
|date=31 January 2026
|title=Kalangaamale
|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DUJ7kWPEiwG/?igsh=cno2NGt5dmhkNzVp
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref><ref name="GT Lullaby" />
|-
|"Shubharatri Than Maalakhaye"
|[[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|[[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|last=Raj
|first=Jithin
|date=31 January 2026
|title=Shubharatri Than Maalakhaye
|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DUKdnH7EqXq/?igsh=MWpvdDgwcnlrZnAzOQ==
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref><ref name="GT Lullaby" />
|-
|"Angai"
|Sameer Samant
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|last=Jodhpurkar
|first=Abhay
|date=30 January 2026
|title=Angai
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUIr1QYjA58/?igsh=eW5xNmlzNW50OHc2
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref><ref name="GT Lullaby" />
|}

===Film background scores===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Director
!Music director
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Language
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2025
|[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]
|"[[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]]"
|Khatija Rahman, Adam Greig
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Franz Schubert]]
|[[Walter Scott]]
|German
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=8 July 2025
|title=Ave Maria ft Khatija Rahman
|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DL2MSPPS2xN/?igsh=Ym94dnRpMWUxb2I3
|website=Instagram
|access-date=14 July 2025
}}</ref>
|}

===Non-film songs===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer(s)
!Language
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
|"Ahimsa"
|Single
|[[U2]], A. R. Rahman
|Traditional
|U2, A. R. Rahman
|English and Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2019 |title=Ahimsa |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4PE2uKSpV0mQsLflT9Ylko |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Farishton"
|Single
|A. R. Rahman
|Munna Shaokath Ali
|
|[[Urdu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Farishton |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6pAhvOwiPw9pVUKEu1zZFQ?autoplay=true |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Farishtha"
|Single
|A. R. Rahman
|Mashook Rahman
|
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Farishtha |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1DpiMKsTbyLhYsR30fqeWH |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"EK"
|Iltaja
|[[Ricky Kej]]
|IP Singh, Lonnie Park, Dominic D'Cruz, Ricky Kej
|Varijashree Venugopal, Manoj George, Arun Kumar, Aparna Ramakrishnan
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Iltaja |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/29N4W3VV7AhBCR4UJ36wtD |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"The 99 Names"
|Single
|[[Sami Yusuf]]
|Chorus
|Sami Yusuf, Raihanah, Isshrathquadhre, Raheema Rahman
|Arabic
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=The 99 Names |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0WzT4u1fj2F42UN5y7PPqU |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Hum Haar Nahin Maanenge"
|Single
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Prasoon Joshi]]
|A. R. Rahman, [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Amna Bibi"
|Sing A Lullaby
|Traditional
|Traditional
|Gurupriya Atreya, Vedanth Bharadwaj
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Amna Bibi (Sing A Lullaby) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7sXc7hvrnZC5ht8jzfkVbq |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye"
|Single
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Thamarai]]
|A. R. Rahman, Saindhavi Prakash, [[A. R. Ameen]], Amina Rafiq, Gabriella Sellus, Poovaiyar, Rakshita Suresh, Niranjana Ramanan, Aparna Harikumar, Nakul Abhyankar
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7JMquaNX3CBWWmqyFnRuFA |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|"Sagavaasi"
|[[Coke Studio Tamil|Coke Studio Tamil (Season 1)]]
|[[Arivu]]
|Arivu
|Arivu
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Sagavaasi |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6e1AEcNa3ECIOJPw4xpMjb |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|"Woman of Power"
|Single
|Sterlin Nithya
|Lavita Lobo
|Lavita Lobo, Sterlin Nithya
|English
|
|
|-
|2025
|"Engal Thamizhe"
|Indie track
|Vilva
|Vilva
|Vilva
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2025
|"Shukrana"
|Single
|Asad Khan
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|English and Urdu
|Islamic devotional song
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Ahimsa |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4FHWy4dvPj4Q1o6s9X2xPh?si=2nt9LwlrTci4YLousG9xZw |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|}

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023|| rowspan="5" | ''Kuhu Kuhu''|| "Piya Tose Naina Lage Re"
|[[Sachin Dev Burman]]
|[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]|| [[Firdaus Orchestra]] || Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Khatija Rahman, AR Rahman's daughter, releases debut album 'Kuhu Kuhu'|date=3 October 2023|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/khatija-rahman-ar-rahmans-daughter-releases-debut-album-kuhu-kuhu-549932 |publisher=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Piya Tose Naina Lage Re |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6br9un9rA9AqqRTSgWq3jJ |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha"
|[[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]]
|[[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
|Firdaus Orchestra
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4Mx5wtGW23kKOp3asDW56W |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"O Sajana Barkha Bahar"
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|Shailendra
|Firdaus Orchestra
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=O Sajana Barkha Bahar |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4ZNtTyyJ8lpqHZmKRsCmBt |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia"
|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
|[[Bharat Vyas]]
|Firdaus Orchestra, Sarthak Kalyani
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0XiwdXAtiAnKPUnCK72N5w |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Bekas Pe Karam Keejiye"
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|Firdaus Orchestra
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Bekas Pe Karam Kijiye |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5EijuhzdTO3H5hftG2nRB1 |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|}

===Compositions===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| rowspan="4" |''[[Minmini (2024 film)|Minmini]]''
|"Iru Perum Nadhigal"
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Halitha Shameem]]
| rowspan="4" |Halitha Shameem
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="4" |
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=24 July 2024 |title=Full album of Halitha Shameem's Minmini out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/24/full-album-of-halitha-shameems-minmini-out |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minmini Songs: Minmini MP3 Tamil Songs by Khatija Rahman Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/minmini |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=1 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Iru Perum Nadhigal |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Nj6a21fignMFTmsv1szvd |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Minmini Nee"
|Sarthak Kalyani, Sireesha Bhagavatula
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Minmini Nee |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6Mux8q9Od8oHBsdg6fCu6H |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Uyirai"
|Suryansh
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Uyirai |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/31oiXnD8dwOhUUdCY9hZNH |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Jananam"
|Khatija Rahman, Sireesha Bhagavatula
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Jananam |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4ef6rRXhuAqGjp8Ansxu6D |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
|}

===Voice-overs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5%| Year
! scope="col" width=20%| Film
! scope="col" width=20%| Actor
! scope="col" width=20%| Director
! scope="col" width=20%| Producer
! scope="col" width=20%| Writer
! scope="col" width=20%| Language
! scope="col" width=20%| Notes
! scope="col" width=20%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2021
!scope="row"|''[[99 Songs]]''
|Edilsy Vargas
|Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy
|A. R. Rahman
|Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy, A. R. Rahman
|Tamil
|For Tamil version
|
|-
|2025
!scope="row"|''Stardust''
|–
|–
|Pollachi Papyrus and Faraway Originals
|Pankaj Singh
|English
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2025 |title=Stardust |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=kxDVM-Fzvic&si=aWOexYTvU1CFFd3k |access-date=6 April 2025 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== Live performances ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
!Title
!Date
!Venue
!Performed song(s)
!Shows
!Attendance
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[The Joshua Tree Tours 2017 and 2019|The Joshua Tree Tour 2019]]
|15 December 2019
|[[DY Patil Stadium]], Mumbai
|Ahimsa
|1
|42,590
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-u2-team-up-with-ar-rahman-for-new-track-ahimsa-at-first-ever-show-in-india-2588039|title=Watch U2 team up with AR Rahman for new track 'Ahimsa' at first ever show in India|website=[[NME]]|first=Damian|last=Jones|date=16 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2068104/watch-u2-debut-ahimsa-with-a-r-rahman-play-desire-and-one-with-noel-gallagher-in-mumbai/news/|title=Watch U2 Debut 'Ahimsa' With A.R. Rahman, Play 'Desire' And 'One' With Noel Gallagher In Mumbai|website=[[Stereogum]]|first=Tom|last=Breihan|date=16 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|World Children's Day Concert at [[Expo 2020]]
|21 November 2021
|[[Al Wasl, Dubai|Al Wasl Plaza, Dubai]]
|–
|1
|–
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman's daughter Khatija wows audiences at Expo 2020 Dubai |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=29 November 2021 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/expo-2020/2021/11/29/ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija-wows-audiences-at-expo-2020-dubai/ |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman’s daughter, teen pianist to perform with all-women orchestra at Expo 2020 Dubai |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |date= |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/expo-2020-dubai-ar-rahmans-daughter-teen-pianist-to-perform-with-all-women-orchestra |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nandkeolyar |first=Karishma H. |title=Why Khatija Rahman is more than just AR Rahman’s daughter |website=[[Gulf News]] |publisher=Al Nisr Publishing LLC |date=18 November 2021 |url=https://gulfnews.com/parenting/mums-dads/why-khatija-rahman-is-more-than-just-ar-rahmans-daughter-1.1637243298778 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Wings of Love: The AR Rahman Sufi Experience
|19 March 2023
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai]]
|–
|1
|–
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |title=In conversation with AR Rahman on his upcoming sufi music concert |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-ar-rahman-on-his-upcoming-sufi-music-concert/article66617701.ece |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|TEDxGateway Opening Act Performance
|4 June 2023
|[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA, Mumbai]]
|–
|1
|–
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Rahman |first=Khatija |title=Instagram post by Khatija Rahman |website=Instagram |date=4 June 2023 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CtE9qNFIdSD/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=Grateful to tedxgatevway for having us perform two independent songs close to my heart.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TEDx Event 54785 |website=[[TED (conference)|TEDxGateway]] |date=4 June 2023 |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/54785 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Marakkuma Nenjam Concert
|20 August 2023
|Codissia Ground, [[Coimbatore]]
|–
|1
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Marakkuma Nenjam – A. R. Rahman Live Coimbatore |website=ACTC Events |date=20 August 2023 |url=https://actcevents.com/marakkuma-nenjam-ar-rahman-live-coimbatore/ |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Not only Chennai, but a mishap also happened during AR Rahman’s Coimbatore concert, watch the video |website=The Times of India |date=13 September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-only-chennai-but-a-mishap-also-happened-during-ar-rahmans-coimbatore-concert-watch-the-video/articleshow/103626337.cms |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Marakkuma Nenjam Concert
|10 September 2023
|Adityaram Palace City, Chennai
|–
|1
|45,000
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Staff |first=TNM |title=Khatija Rahman lends support to ARR after concert fiasco, calls out ‘cheap politics’ |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=11 September 2023 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/khatija-rahman-lends-support-to-arr-after-concert-fiasco-calls-out-cheap-politics |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=Khatija Rahman and AR Rahman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=K |first=Janani |title=AR Rahman concert fiasco: Daughters Raheema, Khatija defend composer |website=[[India Today]] |publisher=India Today Group |date=12 September 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-concert-fiasco-daughters-raheema-khatija-defend-composer-2434459-2023-09-12 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman’s daughter Khatija hits back at trolls against the composer, reminds fans about the past |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija-hits-back-at-trolls-against-the-composer-reminds-fans-about-the-past/articleshow/103596249.cms |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman's Chennai concert fiasco: Daughters Raheema, Khatija defend composer, call out 'cheap politics' |website=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=Firstpost |date=12 September 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahmans-chennai-concert-fiasco-daughters-raheema-khatija-defend-composer-call-out-cheap-politics-13114512.html |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|South Side Story
|31 August – 1 September 2024
|[[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, New Delhi]]
|–
|2
|–
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |title=Khatija Rahman on creating her own identity while balancing AR Rahman’s legacy |website=[[News18 India]] |publisher=News18 India |date=8 September 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/khatija-rahman-on-creating-her-own-identity-balancing-ar-rahman-legacy-exclusive-9041987.html |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=This time, she was at the vibrant and lively Red FM’s ‘South Side Story’, her first-ever performance in Delhi, backed by a live band she personally assembled for the occasion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Instagram post by {{nowrap|@southsidestory.fest}}: "THE Khatija Rahman is performing LIVE at South Side Story!" |website=[[Instagram]] |date=2 June 2024 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C7tdsYoyBOd/?igsh=eWFybjFyaTg4cGdu |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Tanweer Festival
|21 November 2015
|[[Mleiha]], Sharjah
|–
|1
|
|World Premier of Rooh-e-Noor, an all-women ensemble
|<ref>{{cite news |title=AR Rahman launches Rooh-e-Noor, an all-women band celebrating Indian music |newspaper=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=5 November 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/ar-rahman-launches-rooh-e-noor-an-all-women-band-celebrating-indian-music-2814046-2025-11-05 |access-date=13 January 2026 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115031933/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/ar-rahman-launches-rooh-e-noor-an-all-women-band-celebrating-indian-music-2814046-2025-11-05 |archive-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Sheikh Zayed Festival]]
|29 November 2025
|[[Al Wathba, Abu Dhabi]]
|–
|1
|–
|Rooh-e-Noor, an all-women ensemble
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ashwani |title=Video: Dazzling fireworks, concerts launch AR Rahman’s UAE National Day track |website=[[Gulf News]] |publisher=Al Nisr Publishing LLC |date=30 November 2025 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/video-dazzling-fireworks-concerts-launch-ar-rahmans-uae-national-day-track-1.500364615/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=The surprise highlight of the night was the soulful performance by an all-women Rooh-E-Noor Band led by Rahman’s daughter Khatija.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Music Legend AR Rahman Unveils a Song of Hope Honoring the UAE’s Spirit at the Sheikh Zayed Festival |website=UAE News4U |date=1 December 2025 |url=https://uaenews4u.com/2025/12/01/music-legend-ar-rahman-unveils-a-song-of-hope-honoring-the-uaes-spirit-at-the-sheikh-zayed-festival/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=The night also featured a mesmerizing performance by prominent Lebanese-American singer-songwriter Mayssa Karaa, soulful rendition by the Rooh-E-Noor Band led by Khatija Rahman, and a vibrant piano and kathak fusion performance.}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Khatija Rahman Live — The Garden of Echoes
|5 December 2025
|[[Government Museum, Chennai|Museum Theatre, Egmore, Chennai]]
|–
|1
|450
|Sold-out show
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Khatija Rahman’s ‘The Garden of Echoes’ bloomed with diverse songs |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |date=12 December 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/khatija-rahmans-the-garden-of-echoes-bloomed-with-diverse-songs/article70379466.ece |access-date=11 January 2026 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218074506/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/khatija-rahmans-the-garden-of-echoes-bloomed-with-diverse-songs/article70379466.ece |archive-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Concert in the Dark
|10 December 2025
|[[Naam Foundation]]
|2
|1
|–
|Launched by [[Anil Srinivasan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last=James |first=Merin |title=Anil Srinivasan returns with a soulful concert in the dark this Margazhi |website=[[DT Next]] |date=9 December 2025 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyle/anil-srinivasan-returns-with-a-soulful-concert-in-the-dark-this-margazhi-855976 |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=This edition brings together Naveen Napier and Krishna Kishor, along with playback singers Saindhavi and Khatija Rahman.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=TNN |title=Beyond the kutcheri: Margazhi’s quieter acts of giving |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/beyond-the-kutcheri-margazhis-quieter-acts-of-giving/articleshow/126052207.cms |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=An unexpected addition to Concert In The Dark was Khatija Rahman, who says the concept “inspired” her.}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominated work !! Awarded by !! Result !! {{Ref.}}
|-
| 2020 || Trend Setter Award || – || – || Global Women Inspiration Awards and Conclave || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=1 November 2020
|title=Trend Setter Award
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CHDeNdrj3OA/?igsh=Z3R5dXpoNmp0bW84
|website=Instagram
|access-date=18 January 2025
}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Coastal Star Award || – || – || Rotary Club of Chennai Coastal || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=12 April 2021
|title=Coastal Star Award
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CNk_A1mD3NL/?igsh=Yzh5bDZ1dnVraDg5
|website=Instagram
|access-date=18 January 2025
}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || [[14th Mirchi Music Awards]] || [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year]] || "Rock A Bye Baby" ([[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|''Mimi'']]) || [[Radio Mirchi]] || {{nom}} ||
|-
| 2022 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] || "Kaayam" (''[[Iravin Nizhal]]'') || [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016 to 2022 announced — Check out the list of winners |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/29/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-films-from-2016-to-2022-announced-check-out-the-list-of-winners |work=[[Cinema Express]] |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TN2016-22">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards (2016-2022) winners list: Sai Pallavi’s Gargi, Dhanush’s Vada Chennai Suriya’s Jai Bhim win top honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-2022-winners-list-sai-pallavi-dhanush-suriya-vijay-sethupathi-10502762/ |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=30 January 2026
|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Playback Singer (Female)
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUIqudfglCj/?igsh=MXZwNDljemptbWVtcQ==
|website=Instagram
|access-date=31 January 2026
}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || IMW Indian Award || Best Debut Music Director of the Year || [[Minmini (2024 film)|''Minmini'']] || Indian Media Works || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=22 December 2024
|title=IMW Indian Award
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DD46NiwI9Ox/?igsh=YmNhNW9zamhoOTBm
|website=Instagram
|access-date=18 January 2025
}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] || Best Music Composer (Songs) || ''Minmini''|| [[Ananda Vikatan]] || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rahman
|first=Khatija
|date=30 May 2025
|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKRrWlgyEJr/?img_index=1&igsh=MXJtMXVvMmVldXYzNg==
|website=Instagram
|access-date=30 August 2025
}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Devi Awards
|For remarkable contributions to music and art
| –
|[[The New Indian Express]]|| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jan/29/honouring-the-spirit-of-devis-in-chennai |title=Honouring the spirit of 'devis' in Chennai |author= |date=29 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher= |access-date=3 February 2025 |quote=Joining these powerhouses was Khatija Rahman, who began her singing career working with her father AR Rahman.}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] || Best Music Director – Tamil || ''Minmini''|| Vibri Media || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Awards
|first=SIIMA
|date=22 December 2024
|title=SIIMA 2025 Best Music Director Tamil
|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMxRdJcS4A6/?igsh=dG0ydGc2cWRyNWJy
|website=Instagram
|access-date=30 August 2025
}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || 12th Annual Raindropss Women Achievers Awards || Excellence in Music and Arts || – || Raindropss Charity Foundation || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web
|last=Charity Foundation
|first=Raindropss
|date=24 February 2025
|title=12th Annual Raindropss Women Achievers Awards
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGdNp4oyb9D/
|website=[[Instagram]]
|access-date=13 January 2026
}}</ref>
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm4452829}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Khatija}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Qadiri order]]

Thuli Thuli

2026-02-05T21:17:19Z

SheldonCruce: quick adjusted page after review as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Thuli Thuli
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (composer) and [[Haricharan]], [[Tanvi Shah]] (performer)
| album = [[Paiyaa (soundtrack)]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = 12 February 2010
| format =
| recorded = 2009
| studio = Kalasa Studios, [[Chennai]]
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 4:29
| label = [[Think Music]]
| writer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (music), [[Na. Muthukumar]] (lyrics)
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
}}

"'''Thuli Thuli'''" is a song from the 2010 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil feature film]] ''[[Paiyaa]]'', composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The song, with lyrics by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and performed by [[Haricharan]] and [[Tanvi Shah]], was released as part of the soundtrack album of the film on 12 February 2010.

Lyrically, the song tells the feelings of a young man who saw and fell in love with a young, attractive girl at first sight. The song, along with its entire soundtrack album, has received highly positive reviews from music critics, achieving commercial success, staying for over 8 months in the charts.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Happy-and-happening-Haricharan/articleshow/5926835.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614052738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-14/news-interviews/28300705_1_song-singer-yuvan | url-status=live | archive-date=14 June 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Happy and happening: Haricharan | date=14 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Yuvan’s musical magic!">{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|date=1 June 2010|title=Yuvan's musical magic!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Yuvans-musical-magic/articleshow/5994947.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103120556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-01/news-and-interviews/28277283_1_song-music-industry-paiyaa|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 June 2010}}</ref> The song has become the first Tamil song to be featured in an all India index of the Top 20 songs on radio for the month of April 2010, indicating this song was played on all Indian FM radio stations more often than any other song in the history of [[Tamil film music]] ever.<ref name="Yuvan’s musical magic!"/>

== Inspiration and development ==
Composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] said, that the tune of this song came "immediately to his mind", when director [[N. Linguswamy]] was explaining the situation about the film's protagonist falling in love at first sight. He further more, revealed that he had developed this tune even some years earlier, when he saw a "beautiful girl", while driving in rain. However, he was too shy to express his feelings and instead developed a tune in his mind, which he and Linguswamy decided to reuse for this song.<ref name="Yuvan’s musical magic!"/>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Name
! Outcome
|-
|rowspan="5"|{{center|2011 [[Vijay Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Rhythmic ripples of 'Mellisai' mark function |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |publisher=thehindu.com |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 May 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517090521/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=17 May 2011 }}</ref>}}
|Best Male Singer (Jury)
|[[Haricharan]] for "Thuli Thuli"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Popular Song of the Year 2010
|"Thuli Thuli"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Popular Melody of the Year 2010
|"Thuli Thuli"
|{{nom}}
|-
| Popular Male Singer of the Year 2010
|[[Haricharan]] for "Thuli Thuli"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Mirchi Listener's Choice of the Year 2010
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] & [[Haricharan]] for "Thuli Thuli" (also for [[Rahul Nambiar]] for "Adada Mazhaida")
|{{won}}
|}

==Other versions==
The song was dubbed in Telugu as "Chiru Chiru" and reused in the Kannada remake ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]'' (2014) as "Hani Hani".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news-interviews/36576742_1_kannada-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-music-composer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617070734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news-interviews/36576742_1_kannada-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-music-composer |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-17 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja's music for Paiyaa remake|date=2013-01-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref> Despite the release of a Kannada remake, the song was dubbed in Kannada as "Hani Hani Maleyagi" when the film was dubbed as ''Preetiya Payana'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHfWcQLS0pQ&list=PLlD5mQq-IQhdtZFESjl5q7EG5tCugFh_N&index=3|title=Hani Hani Maleyagi Lyrical | Preetiya Payana Kannada Movie | Karthi, Tamannaah, Yuvan Shankar Raja|date=19 November 2020|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]

Gene bank

2026-02-04T00:06:58Z

SheldonCruce: improved citations per sources

{{short description|Facility that preserves genetic material}}
{{about|preservation of genetic material|gene banks in Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism |Genomic library|Duke University star and former NBA basketball player|Gene Banks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:ICRISAT active genebank.jpg|thumb|The active gene bank of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.]]
A '''gene bank''' is a type of [[biorepository]] that is used across the world to store the genetic material of animals, plants, and other organisms. It preserves their [[genetic information]] in the form of reproductive material like seeds, sperm, eggs, [[embryo]]s, cells and other kinds of DNA. Oftentimes, these banks house the genetic material of species that are [[endangered]] or [[extinction|close to extinction.]]They are also used for the preservation of major crop species and cultivars, in order to preserve [[crop diversity]].This protects the organism from threats like [[extinction]], [[disease]]s, and [[climate change]].

== Preservation methods ==
[[Preservation (library and archive)|Preservation]] is done via the collection and storage of reproductive material from an organism. For example, [[seeds]] and [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] may be collected from plants, [[spores]] may be collected from [[Fungus|fungi]], and [[Spermatozoon|sperm]] and [[egg cells]] may be collected from animals. [[Pollen]] is also an essential component for the reproduction of seed plants. It contains the male genetic material for fertilization of other plants and is stored through [[cryopreservation]]'''.''' Aquatic organisms, such as [[coral]], are preserved via the collection of fragments that are sustained alive in a carefully controlled aquatic environment.

The collected material is oftentimes stored at a temperature below {{convert|0|°C}}. It may also be stored in [[cryogenic]] conditions using [[liquid nitrogen]]. Certain gene banks, called Field gene banks, are based around the continuous cultivation of living organisms, such as certain species of plants being raised in a controlled nutrient medium, or artificially created habitats that then harbor certain species.

The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, [[Genesys (website)|Genesys]]. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the [[CGIAR]] [https://www.genebanks.org/genebanks/ Genebank Platform].

== Types of gene banks ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault,_inside_the_vault_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Inside Svalbard Global Seed Vault]]

=== Seed bank ===
[[Seed bank]]s, also known as '''seed vaults,''' are large repositories where many different species of seeds are stored at freezing temperatures. They are used to preserve the [[genetic diversity]] for possible future uses. The temperature that the seeds are stored at depends on the type of seed and the length of the preservation. Short-term storage refers to seeds that are stored anywhere from 3–5 years and are typically stored at temperatures of {{convert|5|to|10|°C}}. Medium term storage refers to seeds stored from 10 to 15 years and are typically stored at a temperature of {{convert|0|°C}}. Seeds that are in long-term storage have been stored for 50+ years and are typically at a temperature of {{convert|-18|to|-20|°C}}. It is also important that when seeds are stored, the moisture content of the seeds and the surrounding medium is kept low, otherwise the seeds will not be viable after long periods in freezing temperatures.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Babasaheb |first=Jige Sandipan |date=December 2021 |title='NEW TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION' |url=https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIRFI06067 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.jetir.org|volume=8 }}</ref> The largest seed bank in the world is the [[Millennium Seed Bank Project|Millennium Seed Bank]] housed at the [[Wellcome Trust]] Millennium Building (WTMB), located on the grounds of [[Wakehurst Place]] in [[West Sussex]], near [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosling |first=Rebecca |date=2 December 2020 |title=What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important? |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Woodland Trust}}</ref>
[[File:Beans in hand, gene bank.jpg|thumb|Beans stored at a seed vault]]

===''In-Vitro'' bank===
An ''in vitro'' bank is another type of gene bank that stores plant or animal genetic material. It is a controlled, lab-based environment and not a traditional vault with dry or cytogenetic conditions similar to those seen in seed banks. In-vitro banks are responsible for storing genetic material like plant cells, [[embryo]]s, and tissues. The samples are usually preserved in a nutrient medium, such as a test tube or culture dish. For example, buds, protocorm and [[Meristem|meristematic cells]] are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either a gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or require preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In vitro bank|url=https://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/procedures-mainmenu-243/conservation-mainmenu-198/in-vitro-bank-mainmenu-200|access-date=20 April 2021|website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416005837/https://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/procedures-mainmenu-243/conservation-mainmenu-198/in-vitro-bank-mainmenu-200|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oftentimes, these specimens require specific conditions for growth, so this bank is useful for preserving living tissues in a controlled and artificially supported environment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In vitro bank |url=https://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/procedures-mainmenu-242/conservation-mainmenu-198/in-vitro-bank-mainmenu-200 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org}}</ref>

===Cryobank===
In a cryobank, biological material such as [[sperm]], eggs, and [[embryo]]s, are preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of {{convert|-196|°C}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cryo bank |url=http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=201 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817003502/http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By freezing the seeds or embryos at this temperature, they can stay viable for at least a century.<ref name=":04" /> Cryobanks are often utilized for the [[Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources]]. These types of gene banks are helpful for the conservation of species facing extinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i3017e/i3017e00.pdf |journal=Rep. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |volume=FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print. |issue=}}</ref> An example of one of the largest animal cryobanks in the world is the [[Frozen zoo]] made by the [[San Diego Zoo]], in [[San Diego, California|San Diego California]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisco |first=Jacopo |date=31 March 2022 |title=Back from the brink: How 'frozen zoos' could save dying species |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/31/world/frozen-zoo-save-species-scn-c2e-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The Frozen Zoo's collection contains over 10,000 living cells, oocytes, embryos, and other genetic material from thousands of species, including one extinct species.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-26 |title=Frozen Zoo® |url=https://science.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance |language=en}}</ref> With animal cryobanks, freezing embryos is the preferred method instead of separating the egg and sperm because they are more resistant to the freezing process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=The Frozen Zoo |url=http://arabianwildlife.uaeinteract.com/current/fr_zoo.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521054237/http://arabianwildlife.uaeinteract.com/current/fr_zoo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:Cryopreservation USDA Gene Bank.jpg|thumb|USDA cryopreservation gene bank]]

=== Storage of pollen ===
[[Pollen]] is stored through a cryopreservation technique called [[vitrification]]. Vitrification, in this context, is based around the freezing of pollen grains without the formation of ice crystals that would heavily damage the pollen.<ref name=":1" /> The pollen, which is stored in [[liquid nitrogen]], is kept at temperatures of {{convert|-180|to|-196|°C}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220121194528/http://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/fort-collins-co/center-for-agricultural-resources-research/paagrpru/docs/seed/history-of-ncgrp/ The National Seed Storage Lab] in [[Fort Collins]], [[Colorado]] currently uses this technique to store pollen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Connor |first1=Kristina F. |last2=Towill |first2=Leigh E. |date=1 January 1993 |title=Pollen-handling protocol and hydration/dehydration characteristics of pollen for application to long-term storage |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024157 |journal=Euphytica |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.1007/BF00024157 |bibcode=1993Euphy..68...77C |issn=1573-5060|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pollen can also be [[freeze dried]] and stored at temperatures of {{convert|5|to|-18|°C}}.<ref name=":04" /> An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen's life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLVW6QDNHxIC&q=pollen+moisture&pg=PA179 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 13 |date=7 April 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65004-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kartha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG-XCKyDs_wC&dq=pollen+storage+and+the+levels+of+moisture+for+different+plants&pg=PA171 |title=Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs |date=3 April 1985 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-6102-9 |language=en}}</ref> Ideal levels of moisture content to be allowed in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be divided into two groups. One is [[binucleate]] pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is [[Multinucleate|trinucleate]] pollen, which has a thinner [[exine]]. Binucleate pollen has a higher lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level. Trinucleate pollen, however, has a higher lifespan when frozen at a high moisture level.<ref name=":3" /> Moisture level in the pollen can be decreased by exposing the pollen to diluted salt solutions, silica gel and dry air or by chemical treatment with vitrification solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinato |first1=N. B. |last2=Santos |first2=I. R. I. |last3=Vigna |first3=B. B. Z. |last4=Ferreira de Paula |first4=A. |last5=Favero |first5=A. P. |date=2020 |title=PERSPECTIVE: Pollen Cryopreservation for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation |journal=Cryo Letters |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=115–127 |issn=0143-2044 |pmid=33988640}}</ref>

=== Field gene banks ===
[[File:Field gene bank of Garcinia mangostana.JPG|thumb|Field gene bank in Malaysia]]
'''Field gene banks''' are gene banks based around the management of live specimens, such as fruit trees and other plants, that require specific conditions to grow. In contrast to a [[seed bank]], a Field gene bank focuses on the facilitation of backups of [[germplasm]], typically in the form of seeds. Field gene banks are vulnerable to natural disasters, pests and disease. As such, they are typically used as a method of last resort if a species cannot be preserved via normal means, such as [[Asexual reproduction|if it didn't produce seeds]]. This method also uses more land, energy and water than other methods, thus making it a less ideal option.

An example of a Field gene bank includes the [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) located in the [[Philippines]]. This organization contributes to the preservation of thousands of rice species by maintaining Field gene banks of the rice varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.irri.org/about-us |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=International Rice Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> These rice species often have special traits such as the resistance to pests, disease, and [[drought]]. Each variety is important for the future development of new and more resilient species to address challenges around food security in countries with higher poverty and hunger concerns.

=== Animal genetic resource bank ===
In an Animal Genetic Resource bank, genetic material is stored to ensure the long term preservation and accessibility of it for possible future uses. The DNA inhabited here comes from a variety of different animal species that range from livestock and poultry to other organisms like insects and aquatic animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Genetic Resources Animals |url=https://agrin.ars.usda.gov/main_webpage_dev/embrapa?language=EN&record_source=BR |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=agrin.ars.usda.gov}}</ref> More specifically, eggs, [[embryo]]s, [[sperm]], and other tissues are stored at very low temperatures using the advanced techniques of [[cryopreservation]]. These banks are crucial for guarding the genetic diversity of these populations, which is essential for the long term survival and adaptability of these populations.

These facilities are particularly important for conserving genetic material from endangered species to support breeding programs that aim to save them. For species that risk extinction, the DNA in these banks provide a form of genetic insurance. It allows for the possibility of bringing back genetic diversity to the species if need be. Genetic material can be used to reintroduce diversity to a wild population who faces threats, such as [[genetic drift]] or [[inbreeding]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genome Resource Banking |url=https://sezarc.org/what-we-do/genome-resource-banking/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=SEZARC |language=en-US}}</ref> In a situation where an animal cannot reproduce naturally due to disease or environmental changes, the genetic material can be used to assist the populations natural reproductive efforts via genetic rescue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal genetic resources conservation by management, data banks and training. |url=https://www.fao.org/4/ah808e/AH808E06.htm |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> This type of preservation allows for a wide range of management strategies for future interventions.

== Facilities ==
* The [[Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees]] (CePaCT) plant gene bank in [[Suva]], Fiji, focuses on propagating (and re-propagating) seedlings of plants (using clippings and [[tissue culture]], rather than as seeds), to preserve the genetic diversity of the most important varieties of food crops of the Pacific region, such as banana, taro, breadfruit and yam.<ref>Smith, Carl. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2023-10-17/pacific-gene-bank-cepact-crops-seedlings-climate-change/102631070 Inside the Pacific's CePaCT plant gene bank, a last line of defence for crop species loss], ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', 17 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</ref>
* Gene banks are present all over the world, with differing objectives and resources. One of the largest is the [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]].<ref>On practical and theoretical differences between a storage and a gene bank, see [[Nicole C. Karafyllis]] (ed.): ''Theorien der Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken'' (in German), Freiburg: Karl Alber 2018 (''Lebenswissenschaften im Dialog'' Vol. 25) {{ISBN|978-3-495-48975-8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Liu |first=Rita |date=15 April 2022 |title=Seed banks: the last line of defense against a threatening global food crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/15/seed-banks-the-last-line-of-defense-against-a-threatening-global-food-crisis |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Management Systems ==
* The Federal ''[[Ex situ conservation|Ex situ]]'' gene bank is another example of one of the largest germplasm collections. It is established to collect, conserve, and characterize plant genetic resources to promote conservation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gene Bank - Leibniz-Institut (IPK) |url=https://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en/infrastructure/gene-bank |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.ipk-gatersleben.de}}</ref> The Federal ''[[Ex situ conservation|Ex situ]]'' gene bank also conducts relevant research to develop new techniques for resource conservation.<ref name=":4" />
* In context of the United States, the Federal ''[[Ex situ conservation|Ex situ]]'' gene bank includes facilities managed by government agencies such as the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA). The USDA helps to maintain a variety of gene banks like the [[National Plant Germplasm System]] (NPGS). The [[National Plant Germplasm System|NPGS]] serves to store genetic resources for crops and wild plants, thus providing a backup against the loss of biodiversity as well an option for breeding programs and research.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Plant Germplasm System |date=2017-12-21 |url=https://agdatacommons.nal.usda.gov/articles/dataset/National_Plant_Germplasm_System/24661221?file=43365543 |access-date=2025-04-08 |publisher=USDA Agricultural Research Service |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sperm bank]]
* [[Ova bank]]
* [[Biobank]]
* [[Biological database]]
* [[Germplasm]]
* [[Seedbank|Seed bank]]
* [[Plant genetic resources]]
* [[Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor|Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor (MCPD)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|author1 = Ellis, R.H.
|author2 = T.D. Hong
|author3 = E.H. Roberts
|year = 1985
|title = Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks Vol. II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations
|publisher = IBPGR (now Bioversity International). Rome, Italy
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web%5Fversion/52/
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023031/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/52/
|archive-date = 11 December 2008
}}
* {{cite book |author= |year=2003 |editor-last=Engels |editor-first=Jan |title=A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections |publisher=CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |url-status=dead |editor-last2=Visser |editor-first2=Bert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525135543/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |archive-date=25 May 2007 }} 174 p.
* {{cite book
|author1 = Kameswara, N.
|author2 = J. Hanson
|author3 = M. E. Dulloo
|author4 = K. Ghosh
|author5 = A. Nowell
|author6 = M. Larinde.
|year = 2006
|title = Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
|publisher = Bioversity International, CTA (Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), FAO, ILRI
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1167
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121190945/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1167
|archive-date = 21 January 2008
}} 147 p.
* {{cite book
|author1 = Koo, B.
|author2 = Pardey, P. G.
|author3 = Wright, B. D.
|year = 2004
|title = Saving Seeds
|publisher = CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/1013/default.asp
|display-authors = etal
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211022959/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/1013/default.asp
|archive-date = 11 December 2008
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140901011906/http://aegis.cgiar.org/ AEGIS A European Genebank Integrated System]
* [http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/ The Crop Genebank Knowledge Base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714224805/http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/ |date=14 July 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225164324/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Themes/Genebanks/index.asp Genebanks]
* [https://www.genesys-pgr.org/ Genesys]
* [http://dad.fao.org/ DAD-IS: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]

{{Natural resources}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gene banks| ]]

T. P. R. Selvame

2026-01-30T12:34:19Z

SheldonCruce:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. P. R. Selvame
| image = TPR SELVAM.jpg
| caption = T. P. R. Selvam
| birth_name = R. Selvam
| birth_date = 14 May 1971
| birth_place = Pondicherry
| residence = Thirukkanur, Pondicherry

| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mannadipet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mannadipet]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[P. Arulmurugan]]

| successor = [[A. Namassivayam]]
| office1 = Deputy [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2016
| predecessor1 = A.Kumar@Krishnan

| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[All Indian N.R. Congress]]
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''T. P. R. Selvame''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected from the [[Mannadipet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mannadipet]] constituency in [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry Legislative Assembly election in 2016]] as well as in [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry Legislative Assembly election in 2011]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/puducherry2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=264 | title=T P R SELVAM (Winner) MANNADIPET (PUDUCHERRY) | publisher=My Neta | access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/assembly-elections-2016/puducherry-polls/Tussle-in-Puducherry-Congress-for-the-top-job/2016/05/21/article3443870.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522120029/http://www.newindianexpress.com/assembly-elections-2016/puducherry-polls/Tussle-in-Puducherry-Congress-for-the-top-job/2016/05/21/article3443870.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 May 2016 | title=Tussle in Puducherry Congress for the top job | publisher=[[New Indian Express]] | access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/congress-dmk-alliance-wins-puducherry-116051900929_1.html | title=Congress-DMK alliance wins Puducherry | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrc-members-speak-in-different-voices-on-l-g/article18572504.ece | title=AINRC members speak in different voices on L-G | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvame, T. P. R.}}
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

{{Puducherry-politician-stub}}

Jervoise Athelstane Baines

2026-01-29T09:19:07Z

SheldonCruce: Adding new post added tags

{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
'''Sir Jervoise Athelstane Baines''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CSI|FRGS}} (17 October 1847 – 26 November 1925) was an administrator in the [[Indian Civil Service]] during the period of the [[British Raj]].

== Early life ==
Baines was the son of Edward Baines, the [[vicar]] of [[Yalding]] in Kent, and his wife, Catherine Eularia Baines.<ref>{{cite book |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |page=20 |first=Arthur Charles |last=Fox-Davies |edition=Fifth |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/arthur-charles-fox-davies/armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-hci/page-20-armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-hci.shtml |access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190717/http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/arthur-charles-fox-davies/armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-hci/page-20-armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-hci.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born on 17 October 1847 in the village of [[Bluntisham]] in the former English county of [[Huntingdonshire]].<ref name=Times>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=27 November 1925 |title=Obituary: Sir Athelstane Baines}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rugby School]] and at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. In 1868, he passed the [[competitive examination]] for entry into the Indian Civil Service, spent two years in training and was then posted to the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=Times /><ref name=List1905p431>{{cite book |title=The India List and India Office List for 1905 |page=431 |year=1905 |author=direction of the Secretary of State for India in Council |location=London |publisher=Harrison and Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

== India ==
Baines arrived in India in 1870, approximately halfway through the five-year-long attempt to collect statistical population data, which was the first such exercise by the Raj administration. In 1881, he was deputy superintendent of the census in the Presidency and excelled to the degree that he was appointed [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Census Commissioner]] for the [[1891 Census of India|national census of 1891]].<ref name=RSS1926 /> He had worked as an assistant [[District collector|collector]] and magistrate at [[Poona]] from 1883<ref name=Venn>{{cite book |title=Alumni Cantabrigienses; a Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 |url=https://archive.org/details/p2alumnicantabri01univuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/p2alumnicantabri01univuoft/page/123 123] |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1940 |volume=1 |editor-first=John Archibald |editor-last=Venn |editor-link=John Archibald Venn |access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> and held various other posts while in India both in British India as well as in native states such as Travancore.<ref name=List1905p431 /><ref name=Bodleian />

Baines spent much of his time organising the censuses and also analysing and producing reports based on their data, which were "widely recognised as the work of a brilliant ethnographer and statistician", according to an obituary published in ''[[Nature (magazine)|Nature]]''. For the 1891 census, Baines changed the classification from that which had been used in the exercise of 1881. His obituary in the Journal of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] describes the changes as being "first the separation of caste from religion and, secondly, the substitution of the population ''subsisting'' by an occupation for that ''exercising'' it." He wrote the resultant 300-page General Report.<ref name=RSS1926 /> His work influenced that of his successors, such as [[H. H. Risley]] and [[Edward Albert Gait|Edward Gait]],<ref name=Nature1909p909>{{Cite journal |journal=Nature |volume=116 |page=909 |date=19 December 1925 |doi=10.1038/116909a0 |title=Sir Athelstane Baines |issue=2929 |bibcode=1925Natur.116Q.909. |doi-access=free }}</ref> and his obituary in the Journal of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] noted that {{blockquote|he brought to the presentation and interpretation statistical of data not only all the resources of a well-stored mind but also a gift of sympathetic insight which enabled him to develop with almost dramatic vividness " the story behind the figures".<ref name=RSS1926 />}}

== Later life and recognition ==
In January 1894, Baines was made a [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26472 |page=2 |date=2 January 1894 }}</ref> He had worked on the decennial Report on Moral and Material Progress for 1891 and he was appointed as Secretary to the [[Royal Opium Commission]] for the period 1894–1895. He retired near to the end of 1895.<ref name=Times /><ref name=Nature1909p909 /> Returning to England, he initially settled in London and became involved in local politics and administration, becoming an [[Alderman]] of [[London County Council]] between 1898 and 1902. He moved to [[Kidlington]], [[Oxford]] in 1904, was knighted in 1905.<ref name=RSS1926 /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27821 |page=5143 |date=25 July 1905 }}</ref> and was a member of the [[Oxfordshire County Council]] from 1917 until 1922.<ref name=RSS1926 /><ref name=Venn /> Much of his involvement in Oxfordshire politics concerned education.<ref name=Times />

Baines was elected a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1881 and served a term as its president between 1909 and 1910, following a continuous period as a member of the Society's Council from 1895.<ref name=RSS1926>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society |volume=89 |issue=1 |date=January 1926 |pages=182–184 |title=Obituary: Sir Athelstane Baines, C.S.I. |author1=R.H.R. |author2=S. de J. |publisher=Royal Statistical Society |location=London |jstor=2341501 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=486 |title=Past Presidents |publisher=The Royal Statistical Society |access-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317044817/http://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=486 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref> The society awarded him its [[Guy Medal|Guy Medal in Gold]] in 1900, making him one of the eight people to receive the honour between its inception in 1892 and 1930.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=55 |issue=289 |year=1960 |title=Leading British Statisticians of the Nineteenth Century |doi=10.1080/01621459.1960.10482048 |first=Paul J. |last=Fitzpatrick |page=50 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Previous recipients: Guy Medal in Gold |url=http://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=479 |publisher=The Royal Statistical Society |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317045440/http://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=479 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref> Baines was also a fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] from 1896,<ref>{{cite book |title=List of Honorary Members, Honorary Corresponding Members and Fellows |page=6 |year=1921 |publisher=Royal Geographical Society |location=London |url=http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/1/35/listofhonoraryme00royauoft/listofhonoraryme00royauoft.pdf |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232716/http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/1/35/listofhonoraryme00royauoft/listofhonoraryme00royauoft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Honorary Member of the [[American Statistical Association]] and an elected member of the [[International Statistical Institute]] from 1897.<ref name=RSS1926 />

He died at Kidlington on 26 November 1925.<ref name=Nature1909p909 /> He had married Constance Pyne in 1874, and the couple had a son and a daughter.<ref name=Bodleian>{{cite web |title=Papers of Sir Jervoise Athelstane Baines, and his son-in-law, Philip Edward Percival, both of the Indian Civil Service, 1862–1929 |first=C. |last=Parker |year=2003 |publisher=Bodleian Library, University of Oxford |url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/baines-percival/baines-percival.html |access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

Baines was popular and well liked in the princely state of [[Travancore]] both for his services to the Maharajah, as well as his generosity to the ordinary citizens of Travancore. The erstwhile Baines residence in Trivandrum, the stately Lyndhurst house, is currently owned by the government of Kerala as a residence of one of the government ministers.<ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/22/kerala-ministers-allotted-official-residences-cars.html</ref> The Baines family owned land at two locations in the leafy suburbs in [[Trivandrum]] city. Whilst they were leaving India, the Baines family parcelled and sold these pieces of land, at very affordable prices, to the local citizens. These two locations in Trivandrum (the Nanthancode Bains Compound in Nanthancode suburb, and the Museum Bains Compound between Nanthancode and Palayam, opposite to the present day Napier Zoological gardens/Trivandrum zoo) are named "Bains Compound" in his memory.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/A-house-in-an-orchard/article14477876.ece| title = Elie House in Nanthancode stands tall - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fading-memories/article28201720.ece| title = Fading MEMORIES - TVDM - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/r-vasudeva-poduvals-contribution-to-architectural-and-artistic-heritage-of-travancore/article7540311.ece.</ref>

== Works ==
Among his written works are ''Ethnography (castes and tribes)'', which was published in 1912,<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnography (castes and tribes) |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnographycaste00bainuoft |first=Athelstane |last=Baines |location=Strassburg |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |year=1912 |access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> contributions to the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] (as ''J.A.B.''), and numerous journal papers. The latter mostly concerned demographics,<ref name=RSS1926 /> such as ''The Recent Trend of Population in England and Wales''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baines |first=Jervoise Athelstane |title=The Recent Trend of Population in England and Wales |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society |date=July 1916 |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=399–417 |doi=10.2307/2341000 |jstor=2341000 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Census of India prior to independence]]

==References==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Guy Medal}}
{{Royal Statistical Society presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baines, Jervoise Athelstane}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British ethnologists]]
[[Category:British statisticians]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society]]
[[Category:People from Bluntisham]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]

Three Hundred Ramayanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation

2026-01-25T12:51:07Z

SheldonCruce: minor cleanup

"'''Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation'''" is an essay written by Indian writer [[A. K. Ramanujan]] for a Conference on Comparison of Civilizations at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], February 1987.

The essay was a required reading on [[Delhi University]]'s syllabus for history undergraduates from 2006–7 onward. On October 9, 2011, the Academic Council of the University decided to remove the essay from the BA curriculum for its next academic cycle. This action of the Academic Council attracted a lot of attention and several people viewed this as an act of unwarranted censorship.

==Ramanujan's thesis==

''Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas'' is a scholarly essay that summarizes the history of the [[Rāmāyaṇa]] and its spread across India and Asia over a period of 2,500 years or more. It seeks to demonstrate factually how the story of Rama has undergone numerous variations while being transmitted across different languages, societies, geographical regions, religions, and historical periods. It does not seek to document all the recorded tellings and re-tellings of the Rāmāyaṇa. Instead, it focuses on only five specific tellings of the Rāmāyaṇa from different languages, regions, cultures, and periods, which serve purely as indicators of a much larger range of actual variations.

The count of 300 Ramayanas in the title of the essay is based on a work of [[Camille Bulcke]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camille Bulcke |author-link=Camille Bulcke |title=Ramakatha: utpatti aur Vikas(The rama Story: Origin and Development) (Hindi) |date=1950 |publisher=Hindi Parishad Prakasan |location=Prayag}}</ref> and it has been pointed out that it is an underestimate of the actual count. However, Ramanujan considers only five tellings of Ramayana, namely, the tellings by [[Valmiki]], [[Kamban]], the Jain telling, the Thai [[Ramakien]] and the South Indian folk tellings. Ramanujan specifically prefers the term "tellings" to the usual terms "versions" and "variants" because the latter terms can and do imply the existence of an invariant original text. One of Ramanujan's main observations in the essay is that there is no such original Ramayana and that Valmiki's Ramayana telling is only one among many Ramayana tellings.

==Publication history==

# A. K. Ramanujan, ‘Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation’, in ''Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia'', ed. by Paula Richman (Berkeley: [[University of California Press]], 1991), pp. 22–48. {{isbn|9780520075894}}. Available at http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3j49n8h7/.
# A. K. Ramanujan, ‘Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation’, in ''The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan'' (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2004), pp. 131–60, available [http://www.trans-techresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/three-hundred-Ramayanas-A-K-Ramanujan.pdf here].

==Further reading==

:*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130816020016/https://300ramayanas.wikispaces.com/ A website devoted to a discussion of the essay and its impacts on the academic world in India]

:* {{cite journal |last1=R. Mahalakshmi |title=Ramanujan's Three Hundred Ramayanas: Transmission, Interpretation And Dialogue In Indian Traditions |journal=Mainstream Weekly |date=November 26, 2011 |volume=XLIX |issue=49 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3163.html |accessdate=15 November 2015}}

:* {{cite journal |last1=Ajoy Ashirwad Mahaprashasta |title=The rule of unreason |journal=Frontline |date=18 November 2011 |volume=28 |issue=23 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2823/stories/20111118282312500.htm |accessdate=15 November 2015}}

:* {{cite journal |last1=Priscilla Jebaraj |title=Interview with Romila Thapar: The richness of the Ramayana, the poverty of a University |journal=The Hindu |date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/article2574398.ece |accessdate=16 November 2015}}

:* {{cite news |last1=Anuradha Raman |title=Among the Ramayanas, Sita's ascent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/among-the-ramayanas-sitas-ascent/article7912968.ece |accessdate=25 November 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=November 25, 2015}}

:* {{cite journal |last1=Manash Pratim Gohain |title=Ramanujan essay: Debate turns political |journal=The Times of India (Delhi) |date=October 25, 2011 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ramanujan-essay-Debate-turns-political/articleshow/10480716.cms?referral=PM |accessdate=16 November 2015}}

:* {{cite journal |last1=Ragini Bhuyan |title=Ramanujan & the Ramayana |journal=The Sunday Guardian |date=30 October 2011 |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/ramanujan-a-the-ramayana |accessdate=16 November 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904212026/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/ramanujan-a-the-ramayana |url-status=dead }}

:* {{cite journal |last1=Soutik Biswas |title=Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy |journal=BBC News |date=19 October 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15363181 |accessdate=15 November 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130816020016/https://300ramayanas.wikispaces.com/ Ramanujan's Three Hundred Ramayanas] – [[Wikispaces]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Essays about literature]]
[[Category:Essays about culture]]
[[Category:Essays about translation]]
[[Category:1987 essays]]
[[Category:Indian essay collections]]
[[Category:Works about Hinduism]]

Kasturi (2023 TV series)

2026-01-25T08:16:04Z

SheldonCruce:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kasturi CM.jpg
| image_upright =
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| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
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| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 102
| list_episodes =
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| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
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| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|06|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|10|13}}
| related = ''[[Kendasampige (TV series)|Kendasampige]]''
}}

'''''Kasturi''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which premiered from 26 June 2023 aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='३ इडियट्स'चा मिलीमीटर आता सेंटीमीटर झालाय! झळकणार कलर्स मराठीच्या नव्या मालिकेत, प्रोमो चर्चेत|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/three-idiots-fame-dushyant-wagh-new-serial-kasturi-on-colors-marathi/amp_articleshow/100613187.cms|access-date=2023-06-27|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> It stars Ashok Phaldesai, Ekta Labde and [[Dushyant Wagh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New TV show 'Kasturi' featuring Ekta Labde and Dushyant Wagh is all set to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-tv-show-kasturi-featuring-ekta-labde-and-dushyant-wagh-is-all-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/100790625.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> It is an official remake of Kannada series ''[[Kendasampige (TV series)|Kendasampige]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New TV show Jeev Zala Yedapisa fame Ashok Phal Dessai to make a comeback with the upcoming show Kasturi, says, "Coming to meet you once again with double energy" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jeev-zala-yedapisa-fame-ashok-phal-dessai-to-make-a-comeback-with-the-upcoming-show-kasturi-says-coming-to-meet-you-once-again-with-double-energy/articleshow/100791797.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kasturi and Nilesh are siblings whose bond is stronger than anything. The latter joins politics along with a local hero - Samar - but unfortunately, dies in a rally. Kasturi now decides to complete what he started but a revelation of his death tears her apart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अवघ्या तीन महिन्यातच गुंडाळावी लागली ‘ही’ मालिका; अचानक घेतला प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/colors-marathi-kasturi-serial-off-air-yesterday-telecast-last-episode-pps-98-3984589/|access-date=2023-10-14|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ashok Phaldesai as Samar Kuber<ref>{{Cite web|title=कस्तुरी नवी मालिका लवकरच, अशोक फळदेसाई साकारणार समर कुबेरची भूमिका|url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/ashok-faldesai-will-see-in-the-upcoming-marathi-tv-serial-kasturi|access-date=2023-06-08|website=[[Pudhari]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Ekta Labde as Kasturi<ref>{{Cite web|title=महाराष्ट्रभर आनंदाचा गंध पसरवायला येत आहे "कस्तुरी"|url=https://pudhari.news/latest/upcoming-marathi-tv-serial-kasturi-will-release-on-26-june-in-this-year|access-date=2023-06-27|website=[[Pudhari]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Dushyant Wagh]] as Nilesh<ref>{{Cite web|title=कस्तुरी मालिकेतील कस्तुरी-समरची जोडी हिट, अभिनेत्री म्हणते, दुःख असूनही इतरांना सुखात...|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/kasturi-marathi-serial-episodic-a-a592/|access-date=2023-07-27|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Pratiksha Jadhav]] as Urmila Kuber
* Vidya Karanjikar
* Jaywant Wadkar
* Madhavi Juvekar
* Swapnil Ajgaonkar
* Sanika Banaraswale<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanika Banraswale gets emotional as her TV show Kasturi goes off-air - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sanika-banraswale-gets-emotional-as-her-tv-show-kasturi-goes-off-air/articleshow/104416061.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Kendasampige (TV series)|Kendasampige]]'' ಕೆಂಡಸಂಪಿಗೆ
| 22 August 2022
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 27 September 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Kasturi'' कस्तुरी
| 26 June 2023
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 13 October 2023
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Suman Indori]]'' सुमन इंदौरी
| 3 September 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| 27 April 2025
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kasturi/1971003214 ''Kasturi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Nikitha Narayan

2026-01-18T18:00:31Z

SheldonCruce: Adding A Stub

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Indian name|Nikitha|Narayan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikitha Narayan
| education = Bachelors in Management Studies B.M.S from St. Francis College, Begumpet, Hyderabad
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[Actress]]
}}

'''Nikitha Narayan''' is an Indian actress and model. Working as a model since the age of 10, she entered the Telugu film industry in 2011 after participating and winning beauty pageants.

==Early life and family==
She graduated in Bachelor of Management Studies from the St. Francis College, Begumpet, [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessoftollywood.com/2011/07/nikitha-narayan/ |title=Nikitha Narayan |publisher=Business of Tollywood |date=19 July 2011 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> She interned as a Business Analyst at [[Goldman sachs]] Bangalore and later got placed in the [[Facebook]] company. After her first film, she worked for [[Amazon.com]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/id-like-to-do-a-high-fashion-film/20150206.htm |title='I'd like to do a high-fashion film' - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

==Career==

===Modelling===
Nikitha's modeling career began at the age of 10, when she worked with noted director [[Rajiv Menon]] on a television advertisement for Annapurna Iodised salt.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tryst-with-beauty/article878877.ece |title=Tryst with beauty |work=The Hindu |date=11 November 2010 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> It was followed by ads for [[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]] and other brands over the next few years. In 2009 she won the Dabur Miss Fresh Face of Hyderabad,{{cn|date=April 2025}} after which she participated at the 2010 [[Miss South India]] contest, earning the second runner-up title <ref name="thehindu1"/> along with a host of sub-titles (Miss Congeniality and Miss Beautiful Skin). She next represented the Southern region alongside three other models at the Miss Queen of India 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/fashion/article453735.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812165629/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/fashion/article453735.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2014 |title=The Manappuram Miss Queen of India 2011 |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> She finished under the Top 5 and won the Miss Beautiful Eyes title.

Nikitha has also walked the ramp in many fashion shows and designer week, and has modeled for brands in various categories including jewelry and clothing.

===Acting===
In November 2011, Nikitha entered the film industry when she won the lead role in the Telugu film ''[[It's My Love Story]]'' directed by [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]]. The film ran successfully for over 50 days across Andhra Pradesh and she received good reviews for her performance. [[The Hindu]] wrote that she "makes a sparkling debut" <ref>{{cite web |author=Y Sunita Chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/its-my-love-story-dialect-dilemma/article2621454.ece |title=It's My Love Story: Dialect dilemma |work=The Hindu |date=12 November 2011 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote that she "looks fresh and has the potential to grow into an actor".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-its-my-love-story/20111111.htm |title=Review: It's My Love Story is boring - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=11 November 2011 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> She was nominated in the Best Female Debutant category at the [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]] held in [[Dubai]].

Later, she worked for a Telugu project titled ''[[Race (2013 film)|Race]]'' under Bhavya creations banner which got released on 1 March 2013. Her next film was the unreleased bilingual project titled ''Made in Vizag'' in Telugu <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nikitha-Narayan-on-a-roll/articleshow/16966394.cms |title=Nikitha Narayan on a roll |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2012 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> and ''Nee Naan Mattum'' in Tamil. A remake of the Marathi film, ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'', it was directed by [[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhil Raghavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/etcetera-flair-for-languages/article4178336.ece |title=Etcetera: Flair for languages |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2012 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> Her first 2015 release was ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]'' directed by Manjunath, in which she was seen as a homemaker.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140609/entertainment-tollywood/article/nikitha-narayan-play-modern-housewife |title=Nikitha Narayan to play a modern housewife |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> A week later, she was seen in ''Pesarattu'', which was the first crowd funded Telugu film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywoods-first-crowd-funded-film/articleshow/45842813.cms |title=Tollywood's first crowd funded film |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

She did a movie with the renowned yesteryear national award winning director [[Vamsy]]'s ''[[Vennello Hai Hai]]'' opposite Ajmal of ''Ko'' fame.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[It's My Love Story]]'' || Vandana || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Nominated—[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Race (2013 film)|Race]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="3" | Telugu || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]''|| Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Pesarattu (2015 film)|Pesarattu]]''|| Bhavana ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Madamakki]]''|| || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Vennello Hai Hai]]''|| Sathya || Telugu ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mugulu Nage]]'' || Siri || Kannada || <ref>{{cite news |last1=SM |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Mugulu Nage movie review: Smile with a teary end |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010917/mugulu-nage-movie-review-smile-with-a-teary-end.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4950745}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikitha Narayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]

Battle of Palkhed

2026-01-14T01:31:58Z

SheldonCruce: cleaned up formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos

#redirect [[Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon]]

Qazi Abdul Sattar

2025-12-12T03:39:59Z

SheldonCruce: Adding Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Qazi Abdul Sattar''' (8 February 1933 at Machreta – 29 October 2018 at [[New Delhi]]) was an Indian [[novelist]] and short story writer who wrote in [[Urdu]].

He had penned several Urdu novels – mainly set in historical contexts – including ''Shab Gazida'', ''Dara Shikoh'', ''Salahuddin Ayyubi'', ''Khalid Ibn-e-Waleed'', and ''Ghalib''.<ref name="mill_Work">{{Cite web |title = Works of Qazi Abdus Sattar being translated |work = milligazette.com |date = 25 May 2013 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url = http://www.milligazette.com/news/6962-works-of-qazi-abdus-sattar-being-translated}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
He was born in 1933 in Machreta near Sitapur. He completed his post graduation from [[Lucknow University]]. In 1954 he joined [[Aligarh Muslim University]] as a researcher. He served as a Professor of Urdu in Aligarh Muslim University until his retirement in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 30, 2018|title=Noted fiction writer Professor Qazi Abdus Sattar passes away {{!}} Agra News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/noted-fiction-writer-prof-qazi-abdus-sattar-passes-away/articleshow/66419848.cms|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Mohammad Asim|date=2018-11-09|title=The glorious contradictions of Qazi Abdus Sattar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-glorious-contradictions-of-qazi-abdus-sattar/article25444176.ece|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Books ==

'''Fiction'''

* ''Shikast ki Awaaz'' (also published as ''Pehli Aur Akhiri Kitaab'')
* ''Shab-Ghazida'' (1966)<ref name="QaziAbdulBooks">[https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-glorious-contradictions-of-qazi-abdus-sattar/article25444176.ece The Glorious Contradictions of Qazi Abdus Sattar]. [[The Hindu]].</ref>
* Kaali Raat Ka Dasa Hua (2023, Rajmangal Prakashan)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qazi Abdul |first=Sattar |title=Kaali Raat Ka Dasa Hua |publisher=Rajmangal Prakashan |year=2023 |isbn=978-8195978779 |edition=1 |location=India |pages=200 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* ''Baadal''
* ''Majju Bhaiya''
* ''Gubaar-e-Shab''
* ''Salahuddin Ayyubi'' (1968)<ref name="QaziAbdulBooks" />
* ''Dara Shikoh'' (1968)<ref name="QaziAbdulBooks" />
* ''Ghalib'' (1976)
* ''Hazrat Jaan''
* ''Khalid Ibn-e-Waleed''
* ''Tajam Sultan''
* ''Aaen-e-Ayyam''
* ''Peetal ka Ghanta''

'''Critics'''

* ''Urdu Shaiyri Mein Qunutiat''
* ''Jamaliyaat Aur Hindustani Jamaliyaat''

==Awards received==

In 1974 he won the ''[[Padma Shri]]''.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sattar, Qazi Abdul}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]

Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)

2025-11-24T13:02:40Z

SheldonCruce: basic add formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Battle of World War II}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Deir ez-Zor
| partof = the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = SyriaWWII en.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of Syria and Lebanon during World War II
| date = 3 July 1941
| place = [[Deir ez-Zor]], [[Syria]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35|20|00|N|40|09|00|E|display=title}}
| map_type = Syria
| map_relief =
| map_size = 200
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = {{center|Deir ez-Zor {{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east of [[Damascus]] on the [[Euphrates River]]}}
| map_label = Deir ez-Zor
| territory =
| result = Allied victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}
* {{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|British India]]
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Vichy France}}
* {{flagicon image|Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|23px}} [[Mandatory Syrian Republic|Syria]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Henry Maitland Wilson|Henry Wilson]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Vichy France}} [[Henri Dentz]]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syria-Lebanon}}
}}
The '''Battle of Deir ez-Zor''' was part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Syria]] during the [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]] in [[World War II]].

The Battle of Deir ez-Zor is noted for the bold outflanking tactics employed by Allied field commander [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William "Bill" Slim]] of ''[[Iraqforce|Iraq Command]]''. These tactics presaged Slim's employment of similar tactics in 1945 while commanding the [[British Fourteenth Army]] in [[Burma]].

== Background ==
On 8 June 1941, the Allies had launched attacks from the [[Mandatory Palestine|British mandate of Palestine]] and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Trans-Jordan]] in the south into [[Lebanon]] and south-west [[Syria]]. The intention was to prevent [[Nazi Germany]] from using [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] territory as a springboard for attacks on the Allied stronghold of [[History of modern Egypt|British Egypt]] as the Allies fought a major campaign against [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces further west, in [[North Africa]]. By 20 June, [[Battle of Damascus (1941)|Damascus]] had been captured, and the Allied campaign commander [[Henry Maitland Wilson]] ordered two further attacks from western [[Iraq]] toward [[Battle of Palmyra (1941)|Palmyra]] and [[Aleppo]].

The force which gathered at [[Haditha]] comprised the [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]] and the [[25th Indian Infantry Brigade]] of Bill Slim's [[10th Indian Infantry Division]] plus the 2/[[8th Gurkha Rifles]] from [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (which had been detached for a different task). The division was to advance up the river [[Euphrates]] and take, successively, [[Abu Kamal]], Deir ez-Zor, [[Raqqa]] and [[Meskene]] on the river before advancing on Aleppo in the far north-west of the country.

[[Deir ez-Zor]] was the chief city of eastern Syria with two important bridges across the Euphrates River.

== The battle ==
The advance units of 10th Indian Division left Haditha on 27 June and captured Abu Kamal without opposition. By 30 June, the main force was concentrated there and moved out on 1 July toward Deir ez-Zor. Progress on the poor road was slow and made more difficult by air attacks from Vichy aircraft but by early afternoon there were units within 9 miles of Deir ez-Zor.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, p. 122</ref>

Slim's original plan was to attack the city from the south-east whilst sending a flanking force wide round the south-east and which would attack along the road to Aleppo in the enemy's rear. Fuel was running low and the risk of the flanking force running dry and becoming immobile just as it came into contact with the enemy had to be considered. Slim decided that the risk was justified by the opportunity it afforded of taking the Vichy defenders by complete surprise.

The 2/[[10th Gurkha Rifles]] attacked from the south-west at 09:00 on 3 July. The flanking column (comprising infantry of 4/[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] and armoured cars of the [[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]]) had left [[Mayadin]] at 04:15, crossing the [[Palmyra]] road running south-west across their path about {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Deir ez-Zor and reaching the Aleppo road by 10:30. As Slim had hoped, surprise was complete and the flanking force advanced rapidly into the city, capturing the bridges intact and destabilizing the defences facing the Gurkhas advancing from the south-east. By 11:00, these positions were abandoned and the two attacking forces joined up in the city. By 15:30, the last opposition in the city had been silenced although the Vichy air force continued to make telling attacks on the Allied ground forces.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, pp. 123-4</ref>

Only 100 prisoners were taken because the bulk of the Syrian troops changed into civilian clothes and merged into countryside. However, 50 lorries, nine guns and five aircraft were captured and a considerable haul of arms, ammunition and petrol was made.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, p.123</ref>

== Aftermath ==

[[File:The British Army in the Middle East 1941 E4409.jpg|thumb|[[Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car|Marmon Herrington armoured cars]] in [[Aleppo]] on 22 July 1941]]

On 5 July, Raqqa was taken without opposition although the Vichy continued to hold the upper hand in the air and the Vichy airforce continued to inflict casualties such that supply convoys took to travelling at night. Meanwhile, two brigade groups each with two infantry battalions—operating independently under HQ British Troops Iraq—made moves in northern Iraq: [[10th Indian Infantry Division]]'s [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]] made a feint from [[Mosul]] and [[8th Indian Infantry Division]]'s [[17th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (1/[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] and 5/[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]) advanced into the far north-east of Syria (the ''Bec du Canard'' or ''Duck's Bill'' province)<ref>Playfair, p. 217</ref> capturing a long length of railway intact and large stores of arms and ammunition whilst sustaining no casualties. The Vichy forces withdrew westward along the Mosul-Aleppo railway, and Slim detached some of the Gurkha and Lancers force to head northwards from Raqqa on the Euphrates. They were involved in a skirmish at the Euphrates crossing at [[Jarabulus]].<ref>Compton Mackenzie, p. 124</ref>

By 8 July, 10th Indian Division was advancing on Aleppo threatening the rear of the main Vichy forces around Beirut. The Vichy position had become untenable provoking General Dentz—the Vichy commander—to ask for an armistice. Negotiations began on 11 July, and the armistice terms were signed on 14 July.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, p 125</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Compton |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Compton Mackenzie |title=Eastern Epic |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1951 |oclc=1412578}}
* {{cite book |first1=Major-General I.S.O. |last1=Playfair |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2= Flynn |first2=Captain F.C. (RN) |last3=Molony |first3=Brigadier C.J.C. |last4=Toomer |first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J.R.M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941) |volume=II |publisher=Naval & Military Press|location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1956 |isbn=1-84574-066-1 |name-list-style=amp}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== See also ==
* [[Iraqforce#Order of Battle - Syria June and July 1941|Iraqforce - Order of Battle - Syria 1941]]
{{Deir ez-Zor}}
{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deir ez-Zor, Battle}}
[[Category:Syria–Lebanon campaign]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Military battles of Vichy France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:1941 in France]]
[[Category:1941 in Mandatory Syria]]
[[Category:Military history of Deir ez-Zor]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Deir ez-Zor]]
[[Category:July 1941 in Asia]]

Karnabharam

2025-11-05T05:50:59Z

SheldonCruce: refined content additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Sanskrit play attributed to Bhāsa}}
{{Essay-like|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Death of Karna.jpg|thumbnail|The death of Karna]]
[[File:Karna in Kurukshetra.jpg|thumbnail|Karna at [[Kurukshetra]]]]
[[File:The Fight between Arjuna and Karna.jpg|thumbnail|The war between Arjuna and Karna]]
[[File:Raja Pandu and Matakunti LACMA M.69.13.6.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kunti]] Devi, Karna's mother with her husband Pandu]]
'''Karṇabhāram''' or ''The Anguish of Karna'' (literally: ''The Burden of Karna'') <ref>Dr.G.K.Bhat, 1947. The problem of Karnabhara. Bombay University</ref> is a [[Sanskrit]] one-act play written by the Indian dramatist [[Bhasa]], an Indian playwright complimented even by the Kalidasa in the beginning of his play Malavikagnimitram.<ref>Kashinath Pandurang Parab, 1924. The Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa: with commentary of Katyavema (Ed.),(6th Ed.), P.4. Bombay</ref> The play describes the mental pain of [[Karna]] on the previous day of the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianscriptures.com/scriptures/introduction-of-scriptures/classical-sanskrut-literature/karnabharam | title=Hindu Scriptures | Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Smrutis }}</ref> '''Karṇabhāram''' is essentially the retelling of an episode of the Indian epic [[Mahabharata]] but the story is presented in a different perspective in the play. It is perhaps the only potential tragedy in the classic Sanskrit literature, presented in a form that comes closest to the "Vyayoga" (Sanskrit: व्यायोग) form of one-act play.<ref>P. C. Dave and S. J. Dave, 2012. Mahakavi Kalidasa Virachitam Karnabharam (in Gujarati). Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad</ref> That is so perhaps because the [[Natya Shastra]] ordains the playwrights to create plays for recreation, and essentially create happy endings.<ref>A. B. Keith, 1924. The Sanskrit Drama in its Origin, Development, Theory & Practice. P.110, Oxford University Press, Great Britain</ref> In Karnabharam, the tragedy does not occur on-stage (Unlike Urubhanga, a tragedy that shows Duryodhana dying - again, written by Bhasa). Karnabharam shows the valiant, generous, righteous Karna riding out towards the battle-ground, where his death under heart-wrenching circumstances is certain. The basic plot of this play is inspired by Mahabharata.

Karnabharam is known today as one of the 13 manuscripts of plays which are generally attributed to Bhasa with some dissent.<ref>Bhat, G.K., 1954. ‘The problem of the Mahābhārata plays of Bhāsa’. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 35, 73–83</ref> The Malayalam script of these plays was found on 105 palm leaves, believed to be about 300 years old when found. Mahamahopadhyaya T. Ganapati Sastri made this discovery as part of his field research at the site called Manalikkar located in Kanyakumari district, which is now within the city of Trivandrum (now Thiruvananthapuram).<ref>Bhat, G.K., 1968. Bhāsa Studies. Kolhapur: Maharashtra Granth Bhandar</ref> The discovery of these manuscripts was made over a period starting from 1909 when ten plays and some parts of the eleventh play were found. None were carrying the name of their author.<ref>Unni, N.P., 1978. New Problems in Bhāsa Plays. Trivandrum: College Book House</ref> Soon after, two more were found and lastly, another intact play, ascertained as Dootavakyam was found - thus bringing the number of plays to 13.<ref>Brückner, H., 1999–2000. ‘Manuscripts and performance traditions of the so-called “Trivandrum Plays” ascribed to Bhāsa: a report on work in progress’. Bulletin d’Études Indiennes 17–18, 499–549</ref>

==Synopsis==
Karnabharam is the shortest and the least action-oriented among the plays written by [[Bhasa]].<ref>Bruckner, H. (?) Karnabhara - An Edition of the One-Act Play Ascribed to Bhasa Based on Three Manuscripts, [http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol28/vol28_art05_BRUCKNER.pdf]</ref>

Major elements of this play are the [[Mangalacharana|Mangala Shloka]], Prologue, Entry of the soldier, Anguish of Karna, Curse of Parashurama, Finding of inner brilliance by Karna, Donation of Kavacha and Kundala, Receiving of Vimala power and Bharat Vakya.<ref>Dave, P. C. and Dave S. J., 2012-13. Mahakavi Bhasa Virachitam: Karnabharam. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad (in Gujarati)</ref>

The play begins with a scene in which, a soldier sent by [[Duryodhana]] informs Karna that the time to go to the battlefield had arrived. Karna finds himself filled with extreme agony and grief that manifest themselves from his whole demeanor, which was ironic given that it was a day of great battle for him (Shloka-6). But, Karna cannot shake off his recent discovery of the fact that he was the eldest son of [[Kunti]] (Shloka-7), who did not want him to kill his arch enemy - and now also his younger brother - [[Arjuna]] (Shloka-8). Karna also remembers the event involving his Guru's curse. As he narrates these things to Shalya, the king of Madra and Karna's charioteer, [[Indra]] approaches Karna with a request for a great favor. Indra is in the attire of a [[Brahmin]], and he does not reveal his identity. Karna offers him many things, all of which were refused by Indra, until the time when Karna offers his armor and earrings. Indra accepts and goes away. "Indra cheated you!", cries Shalya. "No, it was Indra who was cheated by me", responds Karna. This is a thought-provoking response, as the reader wonders how exactly did Karna cheat Indra. It is true that Indra was obliged, favored and even dwarfed, but how Karna thinks that Indra was cheated, is a question that does not have a ready answer.<ref>P. C. Dave and S. J. Dave, 2012. Mahakavi Kalidasa Virachitam Karnabharam (in Gujarati). Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad</ref>

When Karna promises Indra to give him whatever he wants, Indra blesses him with 'undying glory'. Karna wonders why, as it was customary, the receiver did not give the usual blessing of 'live long' ({{Langx|sa|दीर्घायु भव}}). Karna is suspicious but goes ahead with the gracious act of giving unconditionally and with unshaken faith. A little while later, a messenger sent by Indra arrives and gives him what Indra sent in reciprocation - a weapon named Vimla, which never failed in killing the target. Karna again responds valiantly that "I never seek the return on what I have gifted." ({{Langx|sa|दत्तस्य न प्रतिगृह्णामि}}) But, the messenger insists that he keep it "because of the request from a Brahmin." ({{Langx|sa|ननु ब्राह्मणवचनात् गृह्यताम्}}) Karna accepts and asks Shalya once again to take his chariot to where stands Arjuna ({{Langx|sa|यत्रासावर्जुनस्तत्रैव चोध्यतां मम रथ:}}).

Thus, the play starts with a messenger of Duryodhana and ends with a scene involving the messenger from Indra.

==Karna==
'''[[Karna]]''' was the Grey Character warrior of ancient India as given in the Mahabharatha. He was the king of Anga kingdom. According to Mahabharatha, Karna, along with Arjuna, were the only warriors who had the capacity to conquer the entire world.

==Depiction of Karna==
The play depicts Karna's mental agony a day before the Kurukshetra War, as he thinks about his past and his faith. The play projects the mortal anguish of a man unsure of his identity. Karna, the protagonist is heroic and pathetic at the same time as he tries to find his place between the mocking and adulation of social forces on one side and the taunting challenges of fate on the other.

The treatment of the play takes it beyond reality, beyond the caricature of farce into a realm that transcends the space and time and gets related to the social realities of today. Karna lingers in one’s consciousness as the symbol of Universal man in search of his own self-the ultimate dilemma of existence.

==Plot==
The time and space of action is from the eleventh day in the war-field of Mahabharata.

The great warrior Karna, the son of Surya is seen disturbed and depressed in the war-field instead of being mighty and powerful. The play analyses the reasons.

He is worried of his birth, his caste and his social status. Whether he is the son of Kunti and Surya, or Radha and Adhiratha? The mockery and adulation of the society moulds his person and fate. For a while he is moved by the meaninglessness of the war where men kill each other. He says that irrespective of his victory or defeat, war is a real waste. This vision adds to his turbulence.

Karna tells Shalya about the curse given by his Guru, Parashurama. This episode is enacted by correlating the narration of the present with the enacting of the past. The astra advised by Parashurama is found powerless at the needed hour.

The entry of Indra disguised as a Brahmin, follows, who cunningly takes away the divine Kavacha and Kundala from Karna. He understands that the whole plot is masterminded by the shrewd Krishna and accepts his fate. The messenger from Indra offers a powerful weapon ''Vimala'' which can destroy one among the Pandavas.

Accepting the challenge from Arjuna and Krishna the revitalized Karna proceed to this ultimate fate heroically. Thus ends Bhasa’s play Karnabharam.

==Sources of the play==
Jay bharata by Vyasa
# [[Shanti Parva]]. Chapter 3. The story of Karna learning the 'Astravidya' (art of warfare) and divyastras (divine weapons) from Parasuram. The curse of the guru.
# [[Vana Parva]]. Chapter. 310. The visit of Indra and the giving away of the armour and the ear rings in exchange for a magic power.
# [[Udyoga Parva|Udyogaparva]]. Chapter 146. Kunti’s request that her children may be spared. Karna’s promise (exception Arjuna)
# [[Karna Parva]]: Karna’s march to the battlefield with Salya as the charioteer.

==Title of the play==
'Bhara' or burden is the central theme. The word 'bhara' in the title may refer to

* The weight of the armour and the ear rings
* The thought of killing his own brothers.
* The thought of the three curses.
* The thought of his weapons becoming useless at the crucial time.
* The loss of the ear rings and the armour at the crucial time which increased his bhara or responsibility as the commander of the army.

==Deviation from Vyasa's Mahabharata==
The play has many deviations from the original Mahabharata and all deviations are purposeful. Three major changes are:

First, the play is characterized by a friendly dialogue between Karna and Shalya, his Charioteer.<ref>Dave, P. C. and Dave S. J., 2012-13. Mahakavi Bhasa Virachitam: Karnabharam. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad (in Gujarati)</ref> Shalya is consistently empathetic towards Karna, and even concerned about his interests - he warns Karna not to give away his armor and earrings to the brahmin-looking stranger. In the original story, Shalya was the king of Madra, and sympathetic towards the Pandavas. Karna had accepted to be a General of the Kaurava army provided Shalya drove his chariot. Shalya could not deny Duryodhana's request, but keeps a condition of his own - that Karna would say or do nothing in response to whatever he said to him. Karna accepts, and on the battlefield Shalya continually criticizes Karna, reminding him of his low birth and other failures in life. The Karna of the Mahabharata (in Karnaparva) fights bravely in spite of nagging criticism of Shalya. The Karna of Karnabharam finds an ally in Shalya.

Second, in the original, Surya - Karna's father visits him in his dream and warns him of a possible cheating by Indra (Vanaparva). Karna of Karnabharam is not aided or supported by anyone from his family, and it appears ironic that Indra, Arjun's biological father goes to Karna to protect his son, while Surya, the biological father of Karna, watches on from the sky. In the original, Indra feigning as a brahmin asks for the armor and earrings, and Karna obliges. In Karnabharam, Karna offers one thing after another, refused by Indra and in the end, offers on his own, his armor and earrings. Karna of Karnabharam is a compulsive giver. Also, in the original, when asked by Indra to get something in return for a great act of charity, Karna asks for the ability to kill the enemy. In Karnabharam, a guilty Indra sends the weapon, which Karna refuses to accept, saying that he does not seek the return on charity. Bhasa's Karna is gallant and very, very generous.

Third, the mental agony experienced by Karna is an exploration and presentation by Bhasa. Although Karna's story appears in various parts of Mahabharata, all of them appearing together and serving the backdrop for Karna's intense stress, feeling of being let down in life and un-auspicious omens pointing at impending fate, Bhasa's Karna tells Shalya,

"हतोSपि लभते स्वर्गं जित्वा तु लभते यश:
उभे बहुमते लोके नास्ति निष्फलता रणे ॥ १२॥

[Meaning: If killed, one attains heaven and if victorious, gains glory. Both are highly esteemed in this world - there is nothing like failure in war.]

Fourth, in the original, when Karna goes to Parashurama, he identifies himself as a [[brahmin]]. In Karnabhara, he simply tells him "नाहं क्षत्रिय:" (meaning: I am not a [[Kshatriya]]). It makes sense, because, if Karna did not know that Kunti was his mother until the announcement of war, then he only knew that his foster parents were Sutas - the charioteers of Duryodhana. In that case, Karna's statement that he was not a Kshatriya was probably not a lie. Again, in Mahabharata, Parashurama's curse is limited to use of Brahmastra by Karna. But in Karnabhara, the curse of Parashurama is, "Your weapons will be powerless at the moment of need (Shloka 10)." - this Karna of Bhasa faces a much more ominous threat.

Further, the time of [[Indra]]’s appearance in the play happens on the 17th day of the battle. In the [[Vyasa]] version, it happens much earlier.

==Major scenes==
An interesting discussion around the major scenes of this play is found in Pusalkar.<ref>Pusalkar, A. D. 1940. (2nd Ed.) Munshiram Manoharlal Oriental Publishers & Booksellers, Delhi.</ref> Selected parts appear below:

=== Mangala shloka ({{Langx|sa|मंगलश्लोक}}) ===
It is noticeable that the shloka seeking blessings from a deity is presented by the Sutradhara, who is introduced as "नान्द्यन्ते तत: प्रविशति सूत्रधार:।" (meaning: Sutradhara enters after Nandi). The Nandi occurs first, but we do not know how it was being performed in Bhasa's plays. After Nandi, the Sutradhara presents the auspicious shloka, a seeking blessing or wishing well for the audience.

It is also worth noting that the Mangala Shloka of Karnabharam seeks blessings of the [[Narasimha]] avatar of Vishnu. In this avatar, Vishnu is a furious and ferocious half-lion and half-man, who kills the demon [[Hiranyakashipu]] with his bare hands using the nails. Invocation of Narasimha may stir the emotions of fear and cast the dark shadows of killing and death, which is also indicative of the nature of the plot of the play.<ref>Dave, P. C. and Dave S. J., 2012-13. Mahakavi Bhasa Virachitam: Karnabharam. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad (in Gujarati)</ref>

===Karna's anguish===
Karna's memories of his mother's request not to kill his own brothers and the curse of his Guru are fresh in this scene.<ref>Dave, P. C. and Dave S. J., 2012-13. Mahakavi Bhasa Virachitam: Karnabharam. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad (in Gujarati</ref> The battle of his life awaits him, as he is now the General of the [[Kaurava]] army. Yet, he knows that none of his expertise and his weapons will serve his will. Death is imminent in this case, as his adversary is none other than Arjuna, one of the greatest warriors of that time. As if reflecting this inner shadows, his horses and elephants also appear dull, weak and frightened. From Karna's narration to Shalya, one cannot help but sense Karna's distress: What was he being punished for? Was it his fault that he was the first son of unmarried Kunti? Was it his fault that a [[Shudra]] Charioteer adopted him? Was he really lying when he told his Guru that he was not a Kshatriya? In fact, rather than countering to the unfairness of the world by unfairness, Karna turned himself out as a great warrior and a philanthropist, a gracious giver, who gave unconditionally, without any expectations of returned favors. Yet, why did his enemy's father cheat him and robbed him of the only protection that was left with him? When the world was unapproving of him, refusing to recognize his true identity, only Duryodhana had helped him. Was it not a [[Dharma]] to act kindly towards someone who had been kind?

And yet, valiant Karna, the hero of Karnabharam, manages to retain his composure while telling the story of [[Parashurama]]'s curse. Soon, cheating by Indra follows and Karna lives up to his reputation of the supreme donor - Daneshvari (({{Langx|sa|दानेश्वरी}}). With unshaken valor, he asks Shalya to find Arjuna for him.

===Vimala power===
Indra seems curiously happy to have accomplished his goal of robbing Karna of his life-protecting armor and earrings with which he was born. He is now eager to watch the battle between Arjuna and Karna from the heavens by sitting on the back of his elephant [[Airavata]]. But, he also feels guilty of his own deceit, and so sends his messenger with an unfailing, deadly, single-use weapon called Vimala. Karna refuses it but accepts it only because he has never before refused a word of a Brahmin.

==Challenge in performing Karnabharam==
Awasthi and Schechner (1988)<ref>Awasthi, S. and Schechner, R. (1989). "Theatre of Roots": Encounter with Tradition, TDR Vol. 33, No. 4 (Winter, 1989), MIT Press, pp. 48-69</ref> note that the length of "Karnabharam" should be given its due importance. Karnabharam is a one-act play, and its reading time is short. However, the play contains a multitude of staging signs, and their variety increases its performance time greatly (p. 51). So much so, that according to the authors, Bhasa's Madhyama Vyagoga, Urubhanga and Karnabharam take four times as long as it takes to read.

==Staging==
''Karnabharam'', the Sanskrit language play was staged at the [[Siri Fort Auditorium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 29 March 2001. The play was performed as part of the [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav|National Theatre Festival]] of [[National School of Drama]]. It was designed and directed by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]. The play had a duration of 55 minutes. Indian film actor [[Mohanlal]] portrayed [[Karna]] in the play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/13mohan.htm|title=Mohanlal's new obsession|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Jose|first=D.|date=13 March 2001|accessdate=12 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205135444/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/13mohan.htm|archivedate=5 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Suresh|title=Karnabharam comes to town|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Karnabharam-comes-to-town/articleshow/1586278485.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2001}}</ref>

==Stories from Mahabharata forming the base of Karnabharam==
Karnabharam is created by weaving together several instances and situations that have been mentioned in different parts of Mahabharata, but as it was customary, Bhasa made his own modifications <ref>Dave, P. C. and Dave S. J., 2012-13. Mahakavi Bhasa Virachitam: Karnabharam. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad (in Gujarati)</ref> discussed above. In the background is the story that identifies Karna as the son of Kunti, born of [[Surya]] ({{Langx|sa|सूर्य}}) at the time when she was still unmarried. Kunti felt ashamed of it, put Karna in a basket and floated him across the river. He was rescued and reared by a charioteer family.

[[File:Surya Poona painting 1800-05.jpg|500px|The Sun God is the father of Karna]]

As the legend goes, Karna was born with a chest-armor ({{Langx|sa|कवच}})and earrings ({{Langx|sa|कुण्डल}}) of Gold. Of course, after Kunti married the king [[Pandu]] ({{Langx|sa|पाण्डु}}), who was cursed to die if and when he attempted to make love, Kunti had three more sons ([[Yudhisthira]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Bhima]]) by three different Gods. Kunti had a boon, given by Rishi [[Durvasa]], which empowered her to invoke a god by chanting a mantra for obtaining a son. The mantra could be used five times. Because she had Karna at a very young age before her marriage as she used the mantra out of curiosity, Kunti abandoned Karna by putting him in a box and leaving the box afloat in the river. Now, before the great battle of Mahabharata, when Kunti knew that Karna had vowed to kill Arjuna in battle, she went to Karna, identified herself as his mother, and asked him to spare his brothers. Generous Karna, rather than asking her why she had remembered him after all these years, and asking if her sons won't kill him if he did not kill them, assured her that she will remain the mother of five Pandavas as always - either he or Arjun would die.

The second story is that of Karna's sojourn with his Guru, [[Parashurama]]. Parashurama was a sworn enemy of Kshatriyas and he taught archery (Dhanurvidya) only to the Brahmins. Karna, however, had decided to learn from Parashurama only, so at the time of admission, when Parashurama asked for his Jati, Karna said he was a Brahmin - which was a lie. Then, once upon a time, when Parashurama had taken his disciples in the forest, Parashurama slept with his head on Karna's lap during siesta. A bug sat on Karna's thigh and began to bite so viciously that Karna started bleeding. Not wanting to disturb his Guru's sleep, Karna did not move or even make a sound. But the stream of warm blood touched Parashurama, who woke up and realized that such fortitude was beyond a Brahmin. When confronted by the Guru, Karna admitted that he had lied about his Jati. Angered by this treachery, Parashurama cursed Karna that he would forget all his lie-begotten vidya in the moment of true need.

The third story is about Karna's generosity and the vow of charity that remained unbroken even at the cost of his own life. Every morning, Karna performed puja of Surya, followed by a session of charity wherein he granted all the favors requested by the people who came to him for help. His reputation spread far and wide, and people lined up waiting for Karna's Surya-puja to be over, so that they could request for Karna's charity. Just before the day of battle when Karna took part in it (he had abstained initially as he did not accept the generalship of [[Bhishma]]), Indra, who fathered Arjuna, approached Karna in the form of a Brahmin and asked for Karna's gold chest-armour and earrings. Karna suspected treachery, but since he did not want to break his vow of granting every wish made after his puja, he gave those two objects away. However, he knew that without those two divine objects on his body, he was vulnerable to death. Indra felt guilty at his own treachery and reciprocated by giving to Karna a single-use weapon that could never fail and caused certain death of the enemy for whom it was used.

==See also==
* [[List of Sanskrit plays in English translation]]

== Further reading ==
* Thirteen Trivandrum plays ascribed to Bhāsa( 2 Vols), translated by H.C.Woolner, Lakshman Sarup, 193
* {{Citation
| author=Māni Mādhava Chākyār
| author-link=Māni Mādhava Chākyār
| title=[[Nātyakalpadruma]]
| publisher=Kerala Kalamandalam, Vallathol Nagar
| year=1975
| id=
}}
* {{cite book|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna Bhargava |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year=2005|isbn=0-87745-961-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA314|ref=Da}}
* ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Theatre: Bhasa'', by Biswajit Sinha, Ashok Kumar Choudhury. Raj Publications, 2000. {{ISBN|81-86208-11-9}}.
*A.D. Pusalker : Bhasa – a study. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India 1968
*[[V. Venkatachalam]] : Bhasa (A monograph in the 'Indian Men of Letter Series'), Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1986; Second Edn. 1994; (pp. 16+192) (Translated into Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada and Telugu-Pub. By Sahitya Akademi)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Bhāsa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasa}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Sanskrit dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramas]]

3 Idiots (soundtrack)

2025-11-04T00:39:40Z

SheldonCruce: rework section for consistency

{{short description|2009 soundtrack album by Shantanu Moitra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = 3 Idiots
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover = File:3idiots.jpg
| alt = Album cover
| released = 27 November 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:22
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] (2009-2021) [[Zee Music Company]] (2021-present)
| producer = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| prev_title = [[Phir Kabhi]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Well Done Abba]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
'''''3 Idiots''''' is the soundtrack to the 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film of [[3 Idiots|the same name]] written and directed by [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and co-written by [[Abhijat Joshi]]. The soundtrack featured five original songs and two remixes composed and produced by [[Shantanu Moitra]] and lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]].

The soundtrack album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 27 November 2009, to positive reviews from critics praising Moitra's composition and it was one of the "highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of 2009".<ref name=":6" /> The album received two [[National Film Awards]], six [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], five [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] and one nomination at the [[Filmfare Awards]]. The track "Aal Izz Well" was one of the "Top 10 Bollywood songs of the year" and became a sensation among the younger generation in that period. It was later re-released by [[Zee Music Company]] in 2021.

== Background ==
According to [[Shantanu Moitra]], the album of ''3 Idiots'' was curated with the inspiration of his college days. Each tracks had been written from a state of mind of the youth. Moitra said that "it has been one of the most complex ones on this film, and that is because we were talking about the youth, and there has been no more complex creature on the face of the Earth than the youth".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2009-11-25|title=College days were an inspiration for '3 Idiots' music: Composer, lyricist|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/college-days-were-an-inspiration-for-3-idiots-music-composer-lyricist_47287.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> [[Swanand Kirkire]] was the primary lyricist of the film and had involved during its scripting stage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I used to travel in search of music: Shantanu Moitra|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/i-used-to-travel-in-search-of-music-shantanu-moitra.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The album had five original songs curated and two tracks being [[remix]]ed.<ref name=":0" /> [[Sonu Nigam]] was the primary playback singer, rendering five out of seven tracks. The song "Jaane Nahin Denge Tujhe" was recorded in one take from start to finish.

"Give Me Some Sunshine" is the first song composed for the film. The track was sung by [[Suraj Jagan]] and [[Sharman Joshi]] (one of the leads in the film), thereby making his singing debut. Another track "Aal Izz Well" being pictured on the lead actors at a college hostel. It is a "fun track", which also shares thought about the philosophy and mindset of students. Instead of using musical instruments, Shantanu used to record the track with bottles, plates and tables.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIHQI2R0qCI|title=Shantanu Moitra talks about his work {{!}} PK {{!}} 3 Idiots {{!}} Sonu Nigam|date=2017-05-05|type=Interview|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|place=India|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> "Zoobi Doobi" is a "sweet melody track", pictured on Aamir and [[Kareena Kapoor]] which had a "retro vibe". Shantanu Moitra said the track "is kind of a tribute to the great Hindi film love songs" and also praised its picturisation.<ref name=":1" />

== Track listing ==
All lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], all music composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]]. Remixes composed and arranged by DJ A-Myth and Darshan.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Aal Izz Well
| extra1 = {{hlist|[[Sonu Nigam]]|[[Swanand Kirkire]]|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]}}
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Zoobi Doobi
| extra2 = {{hlist|Nigam|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh
| extra3 = {{hlist|Shaan|[[Shantanu Moitra]]}}
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Give Me Some Sunshine
| extra4 = {{hlist|[[Suraj Jagan]]|[[Sharman Joshi]]}}
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Jaane Nahin Denge Tujhe
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length5 = 3:31
| title6 = Aal Izz Well Remix
| extra6 = {{hlist|Nigam|Kirkire|Shaan}}
| length6 = 4:41
| title7 = Zoobi Doobi Remix
| extra7 = {{hlist|Nigam|Ghoshal}}
| length7 = 3:28
| headline =
}}

== Release ==
A unique promotional activity was conducted for the film, with its music being launched on the internet instead of a grand event for the music release. On 27 November 2009, the makers of the film released the audio on the official website of the film, ''idiotsacademy.com'', and in addition, the cast and crew members organised a video chat for the fans.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-27|title=Aamir's new trick: Releases 3 Idiots music online|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/aamir-s-new-trick-releases-3-idiots-music-online/story-usGlSba6LodKRD5Y5dwmeI.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/aamir-s-new-trick-releases-3-idiots-music-online/story-usGlSba6LodKRD5Y5dwmeI.html |archive-date=28 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2009-11-29|title=Aamir Khan unhappy with 3 Idiots chat & online music launch? : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-unhappy-with-3-idiots-chat-online-music-launch/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028173153/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-unhappy-with-3-idiots-chat-online-music-launch/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 }}</ref> Though Aamir Khan initially disapproved the idea of a low-key music launch, he felt that the unique promotion may work in favour of the film.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=3 Idiots|date=2009-11-27|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5RpLgeHQA69nLrBzxELRxP|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> Song promos were aired in television channels and online streaming sites during December 2009, prior to the film's release.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="planetbollywood">{{cite web|date=10 December 2009|title=3 Idiots : Big Procures Worldwide Rights (Sans Satellite & Home Video) for 65 Crore!|url=http://planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=n083109031345|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107095130/http://planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=n083109031345|archive-date=7 November 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|website=Planet Bollywood News}}</ref> [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] purchased the music rights of the film at an amount of {{INRConvert|120|m}},<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2009-07-25|title=T-Series acquires the music rights of 3 Idiots : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/t-series-acquires-the-music-rights-of-3-idiots/|access-date=2021-10-19|language=en}}</ref> while initial reports falsely slated that [[Sony Music]] had gained acquisition for the marketing of the film's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-07|title=The Bollywood conundrum|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/07/bollywood-global-influence|access-date=2021-10-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The company released the [[audio CDs]] for purchasing online on the day of its music launch, and later released it in stores,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2009-12-18|title=Aamir's using unique publicity tricks for promoting "3 Idoits"|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/aamirs-using-unique-publicity-tricks-for-promoting-3-idoits/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904113101/http://indianexpress.com:80/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/aamirs-using-unique-publicity-tricks-for-promoting-3-idoits/ |archive-date=4 September 2017 }}</ref> which had a 22-page booklet of stills from the film and song lyrics and credits in tri-fold cover.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shantanu Moitra, Swanand Kirkire – 3 Idiots (2009, CD)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/6996594-Shantanu-Moitra-Swanand-Kirkire-3-Idiots|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>

A two-sided [[Phonograph record|vinyl]] [[LP record|LP record-disc]] format was released by T-Series during mid-2010, included the seven tracks with a remix in each side of the record-disc.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, the track "Kaise Mujhe" composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] for ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008), which also had Aamir Khan in the lead, and the same music company distributed the album, was featured in the B-side of the LP record.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Shantanu Moitra, Swanand Kirkire – 3 Idiots (2009, Vinyl)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/8868534-Shantanu-Moitra-Swanand-Kirkire-3-Idiots|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> The songs were attached with the "Premium" and "Collector's Edition" discs launched by [[Reliance Big Entertainment|Reliance Big Home Video]] during early-October and late-November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-01|title=Premium version of 3 Idiots DVD launched|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/premium-version-of-3-idiots-dvd-launched/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In April 2021, [[Zee Music Company]] acquired the rights and re-released the soundtrack in streaming and digital music platforms.<ref>{{Citation|title=3 Idiots (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Shantanu Moitra|date=2009-12-25|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/3-idiots-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1562303431|language=en-US|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=3 Idiots - Full Songs {{!}} Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Madhavan, Sharman Joshi {{!}} Swanand K {{!}} Shantanu M| date=9 April 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCcGNpsG2uk|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5 stars (out of 5) stating it as "a good quality album" and "the strength of the film which translates in the box-office success".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|date=29 November 2009|title=3 Idiots : Music Review by|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13910/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519105032/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13910/index.html|archive-date=19 May 2009|access-date=19 October 2021|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'', gave three out of five saying "''3 Idiots'' isn't for the ready-steady-go listener. But if you pay this short 'n' sweet soundtrack some extra bit of attention, its curious tunes are bound to grow on you."<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-11-29|title=3 Idiots music review: Short 'n' sweet soundtrack|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/11/music-review-3-idiots.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|work=Rediff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114160026/http://movies.rediff.com:80/report/2009/nov/11/music-review-3-idiots.htm |archive-date=14 November 2009 }}</ref>

''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]''-based critic writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that "the album is a good mix of slow and fast-paced songs. Shantanu Moitra has scored quality music that has melody and generates lots of interest."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-03|title=Music Review: 3 Idiots|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-3-idiots/story-yk3y12LbOpMkDt560VkBUP.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] through HT correspondent|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517112238/http://www.hindustantimes.com:80/music/music-review-3-idiots/story-yk3y12LbOpMkDt560VkBUP.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 }}</ref> In a review published by [[BBC]], Jaspreet Pandohar stated it as "Bollywood’s most playful soundtrack".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandohar|first=Jaspreet|title=BBC - Music Review of Shantanu Moitra's 3 Idiots|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/2w6m/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118182652/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/music/reviews/2w6m |archive-date=18 January 2010 }}</ref> Anand Vaishnav of [[News18]] stated that "the album is not an instant chartbuster like ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''. But like ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', if the movie clicks, the tracks will justify their meaning."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-29|title=Music review of Aamir-starrer 3 Idiots|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-of-aamir-starrer-3-idiots-328404.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=News18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029181003/https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-of-aamir-starrer-3-idiots-328404.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 }}</ref> ''Music Aloud''<nowiki/>'s Vipin Nair said "Shantanu Moitra delivers a soundtrack that is mostly the typical Moitra fare, simple hummable kind of tunes with the occasional retro touch. But being an Aamir Khan movie one might have hoped for more variety."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-09|title=3 Idiots – Music Review|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2009/11/09/3-idiots-music-review/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> The review published by ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that Kirkire's lyrics were the main highlight of the album. The songs "Aal Izz Well" and "Zoobi Doobi" were appreciated.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-12-02|title=3 Idiots: Music Review|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/3-Idiots/article16851098.ece|access-date=2021-10-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Sales and records ==
According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', the album was the highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of 2009,<ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=14 March 2021|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> with about 1.5 million sales. Despite the decline of music sales in [[CD|CD format]], the album was the "most-downloaded Hindi musical album of the year".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Future is digital: Audio labels - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/future-is-digital-audio-labels/articleshow/6063400.cms|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The album topped the charts for 12 consecutive weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Idiots on air!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/i3-idiotsi-on-air-imagegallery-bollywood-jm3mbGfbijjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029233039/https://www.sify.com/movies/i3-idiotsi-on-air-imagegallery-bollywood-jm3mbGfbijjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Many top websites published it as "one of the top Hindi albums of 2009", with "Aal Izz Well" subsequently being listed in the "Top 10 Bollywood Songs of 2009" by ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Sify]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top 10 Bollywood songs of 2009 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2009/articleshow/5391997.cms|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Times of India|date=31 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Bollywood songs of 2009|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2009--imagegallery-bollywood-jmossbcfcbhsi.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-10-19|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030000056/https://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2009--imagegallery-bollywood-jmossbcfcbhsi.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 }}</ref> Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[HuffPost]]'', who listed it as one among the "Top 20 Bollywood Albums since 2000" for the edition published in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Tatsam|date=9 December 2020|title=The Top 20 Bollywood Albums Since 2000, Ranked|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/the-top-20-hindi-film-albums-since-2000-ranked_in_5f5ced54c5b6b485080127c7|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317022428/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/the-top-20-hindi-film-albums-since-2000-ranked_in_5f5ced54c5b6b485080127c7|archive-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> It has still been considered as one of Moitra's best works till date.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=The Shantanu Moitra interview: 'The word hit has an aggressiveness I don't like'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/873639/the-shantanu-moitra-interview-the-word-hit-has-an-aggressiveness-i-dont-like|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Scroll.in|date=April 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Zoobi Doobi")
|{{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=55th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations|url=https://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301112206/https://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html|archive-date=1 March 2010|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Filmfare}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Here are the stars that were crowned the winners of Filmfare awards 2009|url=http://awards.filmfare.com/winners1.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302132811/http://awards.filmfare.com/winners1.php|archive-date=2 March 2010|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
|[[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]
|''3 Idiots'' – [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title='3 Idiots' Wins Five at Global Indian Music Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/3-idiots-wins-five-global-44507|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507155433/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/3-idiots-wins-five-global-44507|archive-date=7 May 2020|access-date=7 May 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=11 November 2010|title='3 Idiots' triumphs at first edition of GIMA awards|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/111833/3-idiots-triumphs-first-edition.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505165819/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/111833/3-idiots-triumphs-first-edition.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=5 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|[[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shantanu Moitra]] – ("Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh")
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]] – ("Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh")
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Sound Engineer
|[[Bishwadeep Chatterjee]], Anup Dev
|{{Won}}
|-
|Most Popular Song
|"Aal Izz Well" – [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|{{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ghanta Awards]]
|Worst Song
|"Aal Izz Well"
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ghanta Awards 2011|url=http://theghantas.com/the-ghanta-awards-archives/the-ghanta-awards-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731063909/http://theghantas.com/the-ghanta-awards-archives/the-ghanta-awards-2011/|archive-date=31 July 2013|access-date=5 May 2020|website=Ghanta Awards}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=IIFA Awards 2010 Winners: Complete list of winners|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/iffa-awards-winners/2010/117|access-date=2020-11-26|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title='3 Idiots' Leads IIFA Nomination List|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/3-idiots-leads-iifa-nomination-list/681290|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126201651/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/3-idiots-leads-iifa-nomination-list/681290 |archive-date=26 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] – ("Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh")
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Sonu Nigam]] – ("Aal Izz Well")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Zoobi Doobi")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|Sanjay Wanderkar, Atul Raninga, [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
|[[Bishwadeep Chatterjee]], Nihal Ranjan Samel
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Re-Recording]]
|Anup Dev
|{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]] – ("Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh")
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=57th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107085940/http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2018|access-date=5 May 2020|website=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|Anup Dev
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shantanu Moitra}}

[[Category:2009 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:2000s film soundtrack albums]]

List of villages in Desri block

2025-10-12T02:24:32Z

SheldonCruce: expanded content

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
This is a '''list of villages in Desri block''', [[Vaishali district]], Bihar state, India.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_10.pdf census data official, Desri starting page number 507 ]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140912162230/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/(S(w33fpg55sa04nd55vwexlr45))/Content/General/Dist.aspx?typ=B&id=37&ln=en Bihar Government official web portal, vaishali district block list]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=269 |title=Desri Block |accessdate=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606061335/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=269 |archivedate=2012-06-06 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!STCode

!DTCode
!SubdtCode
!VillCode
|-
| 10||18||014||0000
|-
| 10||18||014||0001
|-
| 10||18||014||0002
|-
| 10||18||014||0003
|-
| 10||18||014||0004
|-
| 10||18||014||0005
|-
| 10||18||014||0006
|-
| 10||18||014||0007
|-
| 10||18||014||0008
|-
| 10||18||014||0009
|-
| 10||18||014||0010
|-
| 10||18||014||0011
|-
| 10||18||014||0012
|-
| 10||18||014||0013
|-
| 10||18||014||0014
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==See also==
{{Block wise village list of vaishali district}}
*[[List of villages in Vaishali district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of villages in Vaishali district|Desri]]

Manipur Police SC

2025-09-20T16:15:01Z

SheldonCruce: creating new info...

{{short description|Indian institutional association football club}}
{{one source|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Manipur Police SC
| fullname = Manipur Police Sports Club
| image =
| founded =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Oinam Bembem Devi]]`(women's)
| league = [[Manipur State League]] (men's) [[Manipur Women's League]] (women's)
| current =
| website =
}}

'''Manipur Police Sports Club''' is an Indian institutional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Manipur]]. Their men's team plays in the [[Manipur State League]], while their women's team plays in the [[Manipur Women's League]]. The club also played in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9634|title=SABITRA BHANDARI SHINES AS SETHU FC WIN A THRILLER|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135002/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sabitra-bhandari-shines-as-sethu-fc-win-a-thriller|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Women's team==
=== Club officials ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Post
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|[[Oinam Bembem Devi]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|Muthum Surmala Chanu
|-
|Team manager
|Lourembam Ronibala Chanu
|-
|Physiotherapist
|Laiphrakpam Ranjita Devi
|}

=== 2019 players ===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|name=[[Okram Roshini Devi]]|pos=GK|no=1|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=[[Elangbam Panthoi Chanu]]|pos=GK|no=15|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Khumanthen Soni Devi|pos=GK|no=21|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Gurumayum Radharani Devi|pos=DF|no=2|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=[[Ashem Romi Devi]]|pos=DF|no=3|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Wayenbam Ranjibala Devi|pos=DF|no=4|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Thokchom Umapati Devi|pos=DF|no=5|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Thokchom Devjani Devi |pos=DF|no=12|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|name=Rebika Oinam|pos=DF|no=17|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name= Salam Pramodini Devi |pos=MF|no=6|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Irom Prameshwori Devi |pos=MF|no=7|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Moirangthem Mandakini Devi |pos=MF|no=8|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=[[Salam Rinaroy Devi]] |pos=MF|no=9|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Leihourungbam Sanathoi Devi |pos=MF|no=14|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Phanjoubam Bina Devi |pos=MF|no=19|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs player|name=Yumnam Laxmi Devi |pos=FW|no=16|nat=IND|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

==Honours==
===Men's team===
* '''[[Churachand Singh Trophy]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-02 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Churachand Singh Invitation Football Trophy |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html |access-date=2021-12-20 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002195550/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html |archive-date=2 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roll of Honour at Sir Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE Memorial Football Tournament — From 1950|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-Pao News Manipur|date=20 December 2015|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709223424/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950}}</ref>
**Champions (7): 1973, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1989
**Runners-up (4): 1976, 1991, 2001, 2005–06
* '''Thangjam Birchandra-Maipakpi Memorial Winners' Cup'''
** Champions (1): 2019<ref name="mpsc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipurpolice.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Manipur-Police-Sports-Acheivement-.pdf|title=Achievements of Manipur Police Sports Club w.e.f. 01/04/2019 to 31/01/2020|website=|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707163416/http://www.manipurpolice.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Manipur-Police-Sports-Acheivement-.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''S Birendra Singh Memorial Super Division Football League (Imphal West)'''
** Champions (1): 2019<ref name="mpsc"/>
* '''Mayanglambam Chittamani Memorial Winners Cup'''
** Champions (2): 2002, 2004<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/mchittamanicup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Mayanglambam Chittamani Memorial Winners Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202061058/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/mchittamanicup.html|archive-date=2 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Women's team===
* '''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
** Runners-up (1): [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]]
* '''[[Manipur Women's League]]'''
** Champions (6): 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2023–24

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.manipurpolice.gov.in/?p=6127 Achievements of Manipur Police Sports Club] at manipurpolice.gov.in

{{Football in Manipur}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Manipur]]
[[Category:Police football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Maravar

2025-05-22T00:34:41Z

SheldonCruce: revised

{{Short description|Tamil community in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Maravar
| image = Bhaskara Sethupathy of Ramnad.jpg
| caption = Bhaskara Sethupathi, former Marava ruler of Ramnad kingdom
| poptime =
| popplace = [[India]]: [[Ramnad]], [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]] regions of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]], [[Agamudayar]], [[Tamil people]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Maravar''' (also known as '''Maravan''' and '''Marava''') are a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] community in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. These people are one of the three branches of the [[Mukkulathor]] confederacy.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-47208-187-5 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC&pg=PA73 |authorlink=Nicholas Dirks}}</ref> Members of the Maravar community often use the honorific title ''[[Thevar]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |first=Stephen |last=Neill |authorlink=Stephen Neill |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-52154-885-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbVNvsZWH5EC&pg=PA76 |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change |first=Robert L. |last=Hardgrave |publisher=University of California Press |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&pg=PA280 |page=280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Crooked Stalks: Cultivating Virtue in South India |first=Anand |last=Pandian |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-82239-101-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOqgYpCgCXsC&pg=PA286 |page=286}}</ref> They are classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] or a [[Denotified Tribes|Denotified Tribe]] in Tamil Nadu, depending on the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm|title = List of Backward Classes Approved}}</ref>

The [[Sethupathi]] rulers of the erstwhile [[Ramnad kingdom]] were from this community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKSTs4ajsAC&q=setupati+maravar+caste&pg=PA26|title=Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India|author=Pamela G. Price|date=14 March 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 14-Mar-1996 - History - 220 pages|page=26|isbn=9780521552479}}</ref> The Maravar community, along with the Kallars, had a reputation for thieving and [[robbery]] from as early as the medieval period.<ref name=" Vijaya Ramaswamy">{{cite book | first= Vijaya | last= Ramaswamy | year=2007| title= Women and Work in Precolonial India: A Reader| page=74| publisher= Sage Publications| isbn= 9789351507406 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TzxwDQAAQBAJ&q=medieval+kallar+robbers&pg=PT104 }}</ref><ref name="Nicholas B Dirks">{{cite book | first= Nicholas | last=Dirks | year=2007| title= The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom| page=74| publisher= University of Michigan Press| isbn=9780472081875 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC&q=maravar++bandits&pg=PA74 }}</ref><ref name=" Dr R Balasubramanian ">{{cite book | first= R | last= Balasubramanian | year=2001| title= Social and Economic Dimensions of Caste Organisations in South Indian States | page= 88| publisher= University of Madras| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wG3aAAAAMAAJ&q=criminal+tribes+act+maravar }}</ref><ref name=" Peter Pels, Oscar Salemink ">{{cite book | first= Peter Pels | last= Oscar Salemink | year=2002| title= Colonial Subjects| page= 160| publisher= Wiesbaden| isbn= 0472087460 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R9YPYpVE64wC&q=criminal+tribes+act+maravar&pg=PA160 }}</ref><ref name=" Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi ">{{cite book | first= Gabriella Eichinger | last= Ferro-Luzzi |author-link=Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi | year=2002| title= The Maze of fantasy in Tamil folktales| page= Glossary| publisher= Wiesbaden| isbn= 9783447045681 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XFD0Py9zBpwC&q=maravar+bandits&pg=PA187 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''Maravar'' has diverse proposed etymologies;<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India, C. 1600-1801: A Case Study |year=1986 |first=T. K. |last=VenkatasubramanianIndia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8dp_b7GBrEC&pg=PA49 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=49}}</ref> it may come simply from a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''maram'', meaning such things as ''vice'' and ''murder''.<ref>{{cite book | first= Susan| last= Bayly | year=2004| title= Saints, Goddesses and Kings Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900| page=213| publisher= Taylor and Francis| isbn= 9780521372015 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&dq=maravar+sin&pg=PA213
}}</ref> or a term meaning "bravery".<ref name="Ramaswamy2007">{{cite book|first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&pg=PA143|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5379-9|page=143}}</ref>

==Social status==

The Maravars were considered as Shudras and were free to worship in Hindu temples.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singer|first1=Milton B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&q=Maravars+shudras&pg=PA305|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|last2=Cohn|first2=Bernard S.|date=1970|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-202-36933-4|language=en}}</ref> According to Pamela G, Price, the Maravar were warriors who were in some cases [[zamindar]]s. The zamins of Singampatti, Urkadu, Nerkattanseval, Thalavankottai, all ruled by members of Maravar caste.<ref>{{cite book | first= Andrew John | last= Stuart | year=1879| title= A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras | page=24 | publisher= E. Keys, at the Government Press | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DyYPAQAAIAAJ&dq=maravar%20poligars&pg=PA24}}</ref> Occasionally the Setupathis had to respond to the charge they were not ritually pure.<ref>{{cite book | first= Pamela | last= Price | year=1996| title= Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India| page=62| publisher= University of Cambridge| isbn= 9780521552479 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKSTs4ajsAC&dq=Maravar+sudra&pg=PA62}}</ref>

During the formation of Tamilaham, the Maravars were brought in as socially outcast tribes or traditionally as lowest entrants into the shudra category.<ref name="Vijaya Ramasamy">{{cite book | first= Vijaya | last= Ramasamy | year=2016| title= Women and work in Precolonial India| page=62| publisher= SAGE| isbn= 9789351507406 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TzxwDQAAQBAJ&dq=maravar+kshatriyas&pg=PT110 }}</ref>{{cn|date=June 2021}} The Maravas to this day are feared as a thieving tribe and are an ostracised group in Tirunelveli region.<ref name="Vijaya Ramasamy">{{cite book | first= Vijaya | last= Ramasamy | year=2016| title= Women and work in Precolonial India| page=62| publisher= SAGE| isbn= 9789351507406 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TzxwDQAAQBAJ&dq=maravar+kshatriyas&pg=PT110 }}</ref><ref name="Robert Parkin University of Oxford">{{cite book | first= Robert | last= Parkin | year=2001| title= Perilous Transactions| page=130| publisher= Sikshasandhan | isbn= 9788187982005 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vIuL8n5hHCUC&q=maravar+shudra }}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]], freedom fighter<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToZuAAAAMAAJ|title=Tamil Revivalism in the 1930s|last=[[Eugene F. Irschick]] |date=1986|publisher=Cre-A|pages=239|quote= |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Uthumalai]]
*[[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]
*[[Agamudayar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mukkulathor]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]

Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant

2025-02-13T05:39:33Z

SheldonCruce: Adding New Biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox desalination plant
| name = Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| location_map_text = Location within Tamil Nadu
| location = [[Nemmeli]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord|12|42|13.41|N|80|13|32.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| estimated output = 100 million litres per day
| extended output =
| cost = {{INR}} 5,333.8 million
| energy usage =
| energy generation offset =
| cost offsets =
| technology = [[Desalination]]
| percent of water supply =
| operation date = {{start-date|22 February 2013}}
| website =
}}

The '''Nemmeli Desalination Plant''' is a [[water desalination]] plant at [[Nemmeli]], [[Chennai]], on the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]] that supplies water to the city of Chennai. Initially the desalination plant experienced operational issues since the beginning and was shut down most of the time as contractor had installed the desalination plant without dissolved air floatation units leading to severe and regular choking of filters. It is located about 35 km south of the city centre, along the [[East Coast Road]]. Built at a cost of {{INR}} 5,333.8 million, the plant is the second desalination plant in the city after the 100-MLD (million litres per day) [[Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant|plant]] at [[Minjur]] and itself has a capacity to treat 100 million litres of seawater a day.<ref name="Hindu_TrialRunSoon"/>

The plant was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[Jayalalithaa|J.Jayalalithaa]] on 22 February 2010.<ref name="Hindu_PlantBringsHopeToChennai">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Nemmeli plant brings hope to parched Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 22 February 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nemmeli-plant-brings-hope-to-parched-chennai/article4442998.ece
| accessdate = 24 Feb 2013}}</ref> was built to provide piped water to residents of south Chennai and the newly merged areas.<ref name="Hindu_TrialRunSoon"/>

==The plant==
The plant, owned by [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board|Chennai Metrowater]], was constructed by [[VA Tech Wabag]], in consortium with [[IDE Technologies]] in [[Israel]],<ref name="IBNLive_CMToOpenPlant"/> and [[Larsen and Toubro|Larsen and Toubro (L&T) Limited]] laid the 65-km-long pipeline from the plant to various parts of the city and built underground sumps en route.<ref name="Hindu_TrialRunSoon"/> [[MECON Limited]], a Govt. of India Enterprises, carried out the project management consultancy services for plant construction. The DPR ([[Detailed Project Report|detailed project report]]), complete design and detailed engineering and bid document was also prepared by MECON Limited. The plant was constructed with a grant obtained from the [[Government of India|central government]].<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPipelineComplete"/> Underground sumps and water distribution stations are located in [[Tiruvanmiyur]], [[Velachery]], [[Nemmeli]], [[Kelambakkam]], and [[Akkarai Vattam|Akkarai]].<ref name="Hindu_TrialRunSoon">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Trial run at Nemmeli desalination plant soon
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 11 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/trial-run-at-nemmeli-desalination-plant-soon/article3985430.ece
| accessdate = 7 Jan 2013}}</ref> The pumping stations at Nemmeli, Akarai, Tiruvanmiyur and Velachery have a combined capacity of 1,375 HP.<ref name="IBNLive_CMToOpenPlant">{{cite news
| last = Express News Services
| first =
| title = Chief Minister to open Nemmeli desalination plant
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = IBNLive.com
| date = 10 October 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chief-minister-to-open-nemmeli-desalination-plant/299233-60-118.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216065012/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chief-minister-to-open-nemmeli-desalination-plant/299233-60-118.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| accessdate = 7 Jan 2013}}</ref> The process technology involves marine sea water intake system and pre-treatment system consisting of [[disc filter]]s followed by [[Ultrafiltration|ultra filtration]] (UF). A 1,050-metre-long pipeline with a diameter of 1,600 mm ([[High-density polyethylene|HDPE]]) has been sunk at a depth of about 14.1 m in the sea side and 5.5 m in the shore side,<ref name="WABAG_CrucialMilestoneAchieved">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| title = Nemmeli desalination plant, Chennai – crucial milestone achieved with the successful launch of the marine intake system pipeline
| publisher = WABAG
| date = 16 April 2012
| url = http://www.wabag.com/fr/wabagmedia/nemmeli-desalination-plant-chennai-crucial-milestone-achieved-with-the-successful-launch-of-the-marine-intake-system-pipeline/
| doi =
| accessdate = 7 Jan 2013}}</ref> capable of drawing nearly 265 MLD of seawater<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPipelineComplete"/> by means of [[gravity]].<ref name="IBNLive_CMToOpenPlant"/> Another 750-metre-long pipeline with a diameter of 1,200 mm discharges waste water from the plant. Disc filters and ultra-filtration membranes that remove sediment and finer sand particles from the raw seawater were imported from [[Israel]], while additional [[reverse osmosis]] membranes were imported from [[Japan]].<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPipelineComplete">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Work on pipeline for Nemmeli desalination plant complete
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 19 April 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3329190.ece
| accessdate = 7 Jan 2013}}</ref>

The pipeline, varying in diameter from 500 mm to 700 mm,<ref name="Hindu_PlantToBeCommissionedSoon">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Desalination plant at Nemmeli to be commissioned soon
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 9 January 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/desalination-plant-at-nemmeli-to-be-commissioned-soon/article4287857.ece
| accessdate = 9 Jan 2013}}</ref> runs for a distance of 64.371 km, and bridges have been constructed above the pipelines in areas such as [[Kelambakkam]], [[Muthukadu|Muttukadu]], and [[Kovalam]].<ref name="Hindu_PlantNearsCompletion">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Second desalination plant at Nemmeli nears completion
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 25 November 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/second-desalination-plant-at-nemmeli-nears-completion/article4130926.ece
| accessdate = 7 Jan 2013}}</ref>

Although 40.5 acres of land was allotted for the plant, only 20 acres were required as fewer treatment units were built at the site. This is because the plant uses a compact and faster treatment process compared to the conventional filtration system used in the [[Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant|Minjur desalination plant]].<ref name="Hindu_PlantBringsHopeToChennai"/>

==Operations==
The desalination plant experienced problems in the beginning and was shut down most of the time as contractor proposed the design without dissolved air floatation leading to severe and regular choking of filters. The plant treats the seawater by means of several units, including those containing disc filters and ultra filtration membranes, to remove the suspended solids in the seawater. Then the water is sent to the final stage of the treatment process through reverse osmosis membranes before distribution, which reduces the total dissolved solids in seawater from about 40,000 parts per million (ppm) to 300 ppm, thus making it potable.<ref name="Hindu_PlantToBeCommissionedSoon"/>

In the first phase of its operation, about 50 MLD of treated water is expected to be transmitted due to plant downtime, with the amount getting stepped up gradually after contactor addressed faulty pre treatment design.<ref name="Hindu_PlantToBeCommissionedSoon"/>

In December 2013, the plant reached its full capacity generation of 100 MLD.<ref name="Hindu_NemmeliDesalGeneratesFull">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Nemmeli desal plant generates at full capacity
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 23 December 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nemmeli-desal-plant-generates-at-full-capacity/article5490472.ece
| accessdate = 21 Mar 2014}}</ref> As of 2019, the plant produces 93 MLD on an average, catering to 1 million residents in South Chennai.<ref name="TH_WorkOnThirdBegins"/>

==Cost==
The production cost of treated water at the plant has been calculated approximately as {{INR}}36 per kilolitre of water.<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPipelineComplete"/>

==Expansion==
A second desalination plant at the Nemmeli premises, and the third in the city, with a capacity of 150 MLD at a cost of {{INR}} 12,593.8 million is under construction on the 10.50-acre plot of vacant land near the existing plant. Planned in 2013,<ref name="Hindu_NemmeliDesalGeneratesFull"/> it will employ the reverse osmosis process as the current one, but with additional components in the pre-treatment process including dissolved air flotation and ultra filtration to prevent particles such as sea algae from hindering the purification process as it happened in Nemmeli Phase 1. The treated water will be distributed via a 49-km-long pipeline, serving about 900,000 people in southern areas of the city including Alandur, Sholinganallur, Medavakkam, Nanmangalam, Kovilambakkam, and St. Thomas Mount. The project is partly funded by KfW, the German Development Bank. The production cost for treated water is estimated to be {{INR}}42 per kiloliter as against {{INR}}36 per kiloliter in the first Nemmeli plant. A 1-km pipeline will be laid in the sea at a depth of 10 meters to draw seawater. A 750-meter-long pipeline will discharge the waste water.<ref name="TH_WorkOnThirdBegins">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Work on a third desalination plant in Nemmeli to begin by October-end
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 18 October 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/work-on-a-third-desalination-plant-to-begin-by-this-month-end/article29729178.ece
| accessdate = 28 December 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant]]
* [[Reverse osmosis plant]]
* [[Water management in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Water}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wabag.com/wabag-projects/nemmeli-desalination/ Nemmeli Desalination Plant (RO) from WABAG website]
* [http://www.meconlimited.co.in/FlashNews/flash%20news%201.pdf]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/desalination-plant-in-nemmeli-to-be-shut-for-15-days/articleshow/74648021.cms]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}

[[Category:Desalination plants in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 2013]]

Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in or (Permanent Return) to the State Act, 1982

2025-02-05T21:47:26Z

SheldonCruce: Adding first entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
The '''Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in or (Permanent Return) to the State Act''' of 1982 is a law passed by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] that was enacted to facilitate the return and permanent resettlement of people who left [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and migrated after the first day of March 1947 to the territory now included in [[Pakistan]] and before the fourteenth day of May 1954.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in or (Permanent Return) to the State Act, 1982 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5552/1/grant_of_permit_for_resettlement_act.pdf}}</ref>

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in or (Permanent Return) to the State Act, 1982
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for regulation of procedure for grant of permit for resettlement in or (permanent return) to the State, of the permanent residents of the State.
| territorial_extent = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| enacted_by = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| date_assented = 6 October 1982
| date_commenced = 7 October 1982
| introduced_by = a member of NC
| date_introduced = 8 March 1980
| summary = Stayed by Supreme court of India
| status = not yet in force
}}

== History ==
This bill was moved in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] on 8 March 1980, by a member of the ruling [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference (NC)]] party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-09 |title=Resettlement bill continues to draw fire from opposition groups in J&K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820615-resettlement-bill-continues-to-draw-fire-from-opposition-groups-in-j-k-771890-2013-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> When the bill was passed all opposition members were absent from the assembly except for [[Indian National Congress|Congress(I)]].<ref name=":0" /> But then governor of J&K, [[Braj Kumar Nehru|B.K. Nehru]] returned the bill for reconsideration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=shanKariasacademy |title=Jammu & Kashmir Resettlement Law {{!}} Current Affairs |url=https://www.shankariasparliament.com/current-affairs/jammu-kashmir-resettlement-law |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.shankariasparliament.com}}</ref> It was again passed by the assembly but by that time President [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] had already sent a presidential reference to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] seeking its opinion on the law's constitutional validity.<ref name=":2" /> Later [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], also filed a petition before the [[Supreme Court of India|apex court]] seeking intervention.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2018-12-13 |title=SC poser to J&K govt on resettlement law |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-poser-to-jk-govt-on-resettlement-law/article25733749.ece |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This matter was later listed before the constitutional bench of [[Supreme Court of India]] on a presidential reference and was later returned to president with a three-word pronouncement: ‘Returned, respectfully, unanswered’.<ref name=":3" /> [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] filed a writ petition before the Supreme Court to quash the 'Resettlement Bill'.<ref name=":3" /> The bill has been pending for hearing in Supreme Court since 2018.<ref name=":3" />

== Provisions ==
This bill allows a State Subject of Class I or of Class II to return and permanently resettle, who left Kashmir and migrated after the first day of March, 1947 to the territory now included in [[Pakistan]] and before the fourteenth day of May, 1954.<ref name=":1" /> In order to avail benefits of this bill the person who is applying for resettlement has to go through a proper inquiry by a 'Competent Authority'.<ref name=":1" /> After which if the state government is satisfied with the application and the recommendation of Competent Authority prescribe, the person to be eligible for resettlement in the State.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]]
* [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian nationality law]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir state legislation]]
[[Category:October 1982 in India]]

Chilkur, Ranga Reddy district

2025-02-04T16:27:24Z

SheldonCruce: cleaned up intro for accuracy per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chilkur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Gopuram at Chilkur Temple1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gopuram at Chilkur Temple
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.350475|N|78.28612|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rangareddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1 C.E
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayath
| governing_body = Mandal Office
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 31.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7756
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 501504
| registration_plate =TS
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Panchayat
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mandal Office
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chilkur''' or Chilkoor<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Rangareddy.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214095606/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Rangareddy.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a village and [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Moinabad (mandal)|Moinabad]] mandal. The popular [[Chilkur Balaji Temple]] and [[Mrugavani National Park]] are located here. Chilkur is a biggest and most populated village in Moinabad Mandal.

Chilkur village was established near 1500 years ago.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} It was under rule of Chalukyas, Rastrakutas, kakatiyas, Quthubshahis, Nizams. Archeological department has done excavations in this village after 1948. So many old inscriptions were found and they have been moved to Golconda archeological museum.
According to these inscriptions in this village so many Hindu, Buddhist and Jain temples, A rigid Fort were constructed. Invadors demolished and looted these temples. We can still see many temples like Chenna Keshava, Mallikharjuna and fort Burjus in the village today.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

Azaad

2025-01-17T14:11:27Z

SheldonCruce:

{{wiktionary|azad|Azad}}
'''Azaad''' may refer to:

* [[Azaad (1955 film)|''Azaad'' (1955 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language drama film by S. M. Sriramulu
* [[Azaad (1978 film)|''Azaad'' (1978 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language action film by Pramod Chakravorty
* [[Azaad (TV channel)|''Azaad TV'']], an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment channel 2021–2022
* [[Azaad Liadi]] (born 1998), American soccer player
* [[Azaad (2025 film)|''Azaad'' (2025 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language period drama film by Abhishek Kapoor

==See also==
* [[Azad (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|given name}}

2nd Punjab Assembly

2025-01-01T05:07:17Z

SheldonCruce: made pg

{{short description|Second election of Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Second Punjab Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 1957–1962
| body =
| houses = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation = 25 April 1957
| disbanded = 1 March 1962
| preceded_by = [[First Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[Third Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]<ref name="speakerpunjab">{{cite web|url=http://speakerpunjab.gov.in/former-speakers/|website=speakerpunjab.gov.in|title=Former speaker of punjab vidhan sabha|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
|leader2 =
| party1 =
|election1 =
| leader3_type = [[List of Deputy Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 =[[Ch. Sarup Singh|Sarup Singh]]<ref name="page13">page xiii of ''[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/compendium_doc.pdf Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium]''. [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. Retrieved on 2 July 2019.</ref>
|leader4=
| leader5_type = [[List of chief ministers of the Punjab (India)|Leader of the House]]
| leader5 = [[Pratap Singh Kairon]]
|leader6=
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[Baldev Prakash]]
| leader8 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 =[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| next_election1 =[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| redistricting =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| members = '''154'''<ref name="eci">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/?do=download|website=eci.gov.in|title=Statistical Report of 1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election (PDF)|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
| structure1 = 2nd Punjab Legislative Assembly.svg
| structure1_res = 280px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Punjab, India|Government]] (120)'''
* {{Color box|#00DDFF|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (120)
'''Opposition (34)'''
* {{Color box|#FF9933|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] (9)
* {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (6)
* {{Color box|#00FFFF|border=darkgray}} [[Scheduled Caste Federation|SCF]] (5)
* {{Color box|#00B2B2|border=darkgray}} [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] (1)
* {{Color box|#DDDDDD|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Ind]] (13)
}}
The '''1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election''' was the Second [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]) election of the state when the [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the largest party with 120 seats in the 154-seat legislature in the election. The [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] became the official opposition, holding 9 seats.

==Background==
Before 1957 General election [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] merged with Congress and 1957 election was fought by Akali candidates on Congress tickets and 28 Akali leaders won.<ref name=Politics>[http://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/elections/Electoral_Politics_in%20_Punjab_2021_updated.pdf Electoral politics in Punjab]. (Pdf) P. 38. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</ref> However, the understanding didn't last long and Akali President [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] ordered the Congress MLAs who belonged to Akali Dal to withdraw from Congress, but only 8 MLAs resigned.<ref name=Politics/>

Kairon used strong-arm methods to crush the agitations. During his tenure as Chief Minister (1956–1964), he was able to bring about the failure of every agitation launched against his Government.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P.59</ref>

==Punjabi Suba==
{{Main|Punjabi Suba movement}}
During 1960, [[Akali Dal]] launched Second phase of [[Punjabi Suba movement#Renewed efforts for the Punjabi Suba|Punjabi Suba Agitation]] for a separate state on the basis of [[Punjabi language]]. Initially Kairon dealt with the protests successful but with the passage of time the pressure had been increased on the Government of India with the hunger strike of [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] and [[Sant Fateh Singh]]. There were several meetings between Tara Singh and [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]]. With these agitations [[Akali Dal]] was gaining popularity among Punjabi Speaking regions and [[Sikh]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781316025338 |pages=181–209 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |access-date=25 December 2021|author1-link=J. S. Grewal}}</ref>

==Conflicts in Cabinet==
Kairon had to face a tough time throughout his term as chief minister because the Congress party itself was a divided house. There were several factions within the Congress itself led by his political opponents. There were five main factions in the Congress party. One function was led by Giani Kartar Singh (a turncoat who shuttled between the [[Akali Dal]] and Congress party), another faction was led by [[Gian Singh Rarewala]], 3rd faction being led by [[Prabodh Chandra (politician)|Prabodh Chandra]]. Chandra nursed a grudge against Kairon because his mentor, Sachar, was dethroned by Kairon, the fourth faction was led by Kairon himself and other faction was led by [[Devi Lal]]. In 1958, due to factional feud in the Congress, a [[No-confidence motion]] was tabled against Kairon. Jawaharlal Nehru and [[Sriman Narayan]] intervened and saved Kairon by manipulating support of other factions. In 1959, again owing to a feud in the cabinet itself, Kairon took over the health portfolio from his colleague Guru Gurbanta Singh on the pretext of "strain of overwork".<ref>Hindustan Times (Delhi), 25 July 1959.</ref> Later in the same your Kairon took over the Irrigation portfolio from his cabinet colleague Gian Singh Rarewala and instituted a personal enquiry against him. Gyan Singh rarewala characterized the move for an enquiry against him with a lot of publicity as a 'sheer political victimization'. Kairon neither asked Rarewala to resign nor did he get him dismissed from cabinet. Kairon's Cabinet instead of being a monolithic body or working as a team was rather a divided house. Kairon failed to provide ministerial berths to certain Congressmen and they became his strong critics.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. pp. 60–61.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|2nd]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1957–1962| ]]