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Political funding in India

2023-10-06T11:32:51Z

Shekhar124689: creating new page - per BP:N, BP:NPOV and BP:V | intend to expand the article

{{short description|Revenue generation by political parties in India}}

'''Political funding in India''' is a major concern under need for electoral reforms in India. The financing of the world's most extensive electoral process remains a perplexing issue, as the involvement of businesses in supporting both disclosed and undisclosed expenditures during elections has been a matter of public knowledge for a considerable period.<ref name="KABdh">{{cite news |last1=Badarinath |first1=K. A. |title=Transparency in business of elections, an imperative |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/transparency-in-business-of-elections-an-imperative-726223.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 December 2020, the [[Central Information Commission]] issued a verdict that political parties cannot be classified as "public authorities" and hence the disclosure of information regarding the funding of political parties is not mandatory for voters and citizens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saying 'Political Parties Need Not Reveal Funding Sources' Kills the Spirit of RTI Act |url=https://thewire.in/rights/political-parties-public-interest-means-reversing-gains-made-rti-act |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

==Political Parties==
As per a notification dated 23 September 2021 released by the Election Commission, there exist eight '''National Parties''' and over 60 '''State Parties'''. It also recognizes and mentions an approximate count of 3,000 '''Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPP)'''. RUPPs encompass newly established parties, those unable to attain a sufficient vote share in State Assembly or Lok Sabha elections to attain state party status, or those that have abstained from participating in elections since their registration.<ref name="SMtw">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Tax evasion to multi-crore scams: Inside the world of India's sham political parties |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2023/02/11/registered-unrecognised-political-parties-in-india.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Week |date=19 Feb 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Income==
As of 2023, [[Electoral Bond]]s emerged as the primary means of income for political parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electoral Bonds chief source of donations for political parties: Report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-chief-source-of-donations-for-political-parties-report/article67068053.ece |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Taxation==
Contributions or donations solely in the form of a bank cheque or digital payments to a registered (under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951) political party, including electoral trust, in India during the financial year are eligible for deduction in taxable income under Section 80GGC of the I-T Act, 1969. Donations in the form of cash amounting more than ₹2,000 are deemed ineligible for deduction under this provision.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's How to Avail Tax Benefits For Donations Made To Political Parties |url=https://www.news18.com/business/tax/heres-how-to-avail-tax-benefits-for-donations-made-to-political-parties-7900645.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=News18 |date=24 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Expenses==
According to the Centre for Media Studies estimations, [[2019 Indian general election]] was expected to see an expense of ₹55,000 crore ($8.6 billion)<ref>{{cite news |title=Factbox: India's elections - Rules on campaign financing and spending |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-spending-factbox-idUSKCN1S7398 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=1 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Usmani |first1=Azman |title=In Charts: India’s Election Becomes The World’s Most Expensive |url=https://www.bqprime.com/elections/india-election-expenditure-2019-lok-sabha-elections-was-the-worlds-costliest |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=BQ Prime |date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Expenditure Division of the [[Election Commission of India]] publishes the declared expenditure filed by the political parties in public domain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expenditure Reports |url=https://eci.gov.in/candidate-political-parties/expenditure-reports/expenditure-reports/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>

==Disclosures==
Section 29C of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] stipulates specific requirements for public disclosures on the donations received and expenditure made by political parties.

According to a report by ADR, regional political parties garnered an approximate sum of Rs 108 crore during the fiscal year 2015-16 through donations exceeding Rs 20,000. It is noteworthy that this threshold mandates the disclosure of funding sources. Among 16 regional political parties that have publicly acknowledged receiving donations exceeding Rs 20,000, it has come to light that 9 parties, namely [[Shiv Sena]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], [[YSR Congress Party]], [[All India United Democratic Front]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], and [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], have neglected to disclose the Permanent Account Number (PAN) details of 1,567 donations. These parties have collectively amassed a substantial sum of Rs 6.79 crore through such undisclosed contributions or "unknown sources".<ref name="HTadr1516">{{cite news |title=Regional political parties got Rs 108 crore in donations above Rs 20,000: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/regional-political-parties-got-rs-108-crore-in-donations-above-rs-20-000-report/story-PqM0HdeWM6RWH1WO4cel3J.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

During the financial years of 2014-15 and 2015–16, a collective of 26 regional political parties have failed to submit their donations report to the Election Commission of India (ECI). Among these parties, 21 have neglected to file their reports for both financial years, while the remaining five ([[AIUDF]], [[DMDK]], [[JD(S)]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] and [[Shiv Sena]]) have submitted their report for 2014-15 but have failed to do so for 2015–16.
<ref name="HTadr1516" />

A comprehensive study conducted by the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] reveals that 69% of financial resources and contributions acquired by political parties during the period spanning from 2004–05 to 2014-15 originated from undisclosed origins. Income from "unknown sources" is the major chunk of revenue generated by political parties as per their mandatory disclosures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donations and disclosures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/Donations-and-disclosures/article17093825.ece |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Challenges==
===Tax Evasion===
All political parties including RUPPs are "entitled" to acquire contributions from both the general public and various organizations, while simultaneously benefiting from tax exemption as stipulated by the Income Tax Act. It is important to note that any donations received by the political party are entirely exempt from income tax, thereby affording the donor the opportunity to claim income tax exemption for the donated amount.<ref name="SMtw" />

As of 2023, tax evasion is a major concern among approximately 3,000 RUPPs in India. There were around 2,300 such parties in March 2019. Since the year 2001, there has been an increase of 300 percent in the number of RUPPs. Election Commission and the income tax authorities often report and take action against those found with "financial irregularities". During its verification drive, the Election Commission discovered that the existence of these parties, in and of itself, does not pose a significant problem. However, the extensive financial fraud in which these organizations are implicated gives rise to apprehensions regarding various financial transgressions, encompassing tax evasion and illicit money transfers. The magnitude of the sums involved in these illicit activities could potentially reach billions of rupees.<ref name="SMtw" />

EC investigations have revealed that numerous such political parties are engaged in either evading substantial amounts of income tax or participating in money-laundering activities. For instance, Jan Raajya Party of Uttar Pradesh is currently under investigation for suspected efforts to legitimize illicit funds following the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization]] in November 2016. Additionally, there are indications that certain organizations have served as intermediaries for gathering donations intended for purposes unrelated to electoral activities.<ref name="SMtw" /><ref name="IT">{{cite news |last1=Paliwal |first1=Aishwarya |title=ECI weeds out political parties indulging in fraudulent transactions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/eci-weeds-out-political-parties-indulge-in-fraudulent-transactions-1967065-2022-06-26 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=India Today |date=27 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The Election Commission furnished the I-T department with details of 2,174 Registered Unrecognized Political Parties that have failed to furnish their mandatory annual financial reports. In September 2022, the Income Tax Department conducted raids on 23 RUPPs across 110 locations.<ref name="SMtw" />

In September 2022, a kite selling shop — the premises of '''Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party''' at Dattapada Road in Borivali, Mumbai was subject to a raid conducted by officials of Income Tax Department. The president of the party, Dashrath Bhai Parekh claimed that all financial contributions were legal and the crores of rupees in party's income came from the donors of his political party comprise philanthropic entities, commercial enterprises, textile manufacturers, diamond traders, and real estate professionals.<ref name="SMtw" />

'''Jantawadi Congress Party''' located at Swadeshi Mills Road in Chunabhatti, Mumbai was also found in financial wrongdoings. The party witnessed a remarkable surge in its donation revenue from ₹2,000 in FY 2018–19 to ₹5.83 crore in the next FY 2019–20. Party president Santosh M. Katke resides at the Mhada Colony Slums in Wadala, Mumbai. He was allegedly involved in money laundering activities.<ref name="SMtw" />

It is noteworthy that the auditor of both political parties — Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party and Jantawadi Congress Party — was Kashyap Kumar Ishwarbhai Patel. Furthermore, Patel's appointment as auditor for both parties occurred on the same date of 5 January 2021, and the letters of appointment issued by both parties share the same reference number. The Election Commission has raised concerns regarding the possibility that the two parties are under the control of the same group of individuals.

Abdul Mabood, the party president of '''Apna Desh Party''' in Sultanpur (Uttar Pradesh) was investigated by tax authorities for receiving donations of nearly ₹100 crores and found that his associate Abdul B. Razak Pathan "misused" Mabood's [[PAN card]] without his knowledge . Razak established a bank account in Gujarat with the intention of facilitating this fraud.<ref name="SMtw" />

'''Jan Raajya Party''' in Kanpur was investigated and feud between its co-founders Ravi Shankar Yadav and Omendra Bharat was revealed. It was found that Bharat is known to have later joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. In November 2016, Arunesh Kumar Singh, the incumbent party president at the time, lodged a First Information Report (FIR) against Yadav, accusing him of engaging in financial misdeeds. The FIR was registered at the Naubasta police station in Kanpur.<ref name="SMtw" />

'''Bharatiya Rajnitik Vikalp Party''' was registered in Bihar's [[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiyarpur]] but all its financial transactions were carried out in [[Delhi NCR]]. This political party actively promotes the financial advantages of contributing and donating to its funds by highlighting the income tax exemption benefits associated with such donations. In 2019–20, the political party successfully amassed a substantial sum of ₹25.44 crore.<ref name="SMtw" />

Tamil Nadu-based political party, '''[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]''' reported donations amounting to Rs22.64 lakh 2018–19. However, in the subsequent year, its income surged to ₹15.77 crore, primarily due to a donation of ₹15 crore from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). The party had contested the 2019 Lok Sabha elections in alliance with the DMK. It remains unclear how the smaller party utilized the significant contribution from the DMK, as neither its audit report nor its election expenditure statement for the 2019 Lok Sabha polls were available on the website of the chief electoral officer, Tamil Nadu. While such transactions are not prohibited, it raises questions about whether the DMK donors were aware that a substantial portion of their donation would be further donated to an unrecognized party in the state.<ref name="SMtw" />

'''Bhartiya National Janta Dal''', a regional political party registered in Gujarat, received a donation of ₹1.47 lakh and ₹1.62 lakh in the fiscal years 2016-17 and 2017–18, respectively. In 2018–19, there was a significant increase in the donation which amounted to ₹4.32 crore. Notably, ₹4.23 crore was reported as being spent on "other charitable objects," without any accompanying details. This lack of transparency raises concerns about the legitimacy and accountability of this party's financial practices.<ref name="SMtw" />

Rajasthan's '''Shashakt Bharat Party''' is headquartered in Chittorgarh. Remarkably, within a year of its establishment in November 2019, the party received substantial sum of over ₹2.67 crore from a diverse pool of 159 donors located throughout the nation. It is worth noting that this period coincided with the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], which undoubtedly presented unique challenges and circumstances. Records shows this Party allocated an amount exceeding ₹1.42 crore towards activities categorized as 'election/general propaganda' and additionally, an expenditure of over ₹97 lakh was dedicated to 'administrative costs'. Further in 2020–21, the Party had tremendously increased its financial resources, accumulating an impressive sum of over ₹6.9 crore. Out of this total, an amount of ₹4.31 crore was allocated towards 'election/general propaganda' activities. It is important to highlight that this financial allocation occurred despite the absence of any elections taking place in Rajasthan during this specific timeframe.<ref name="SMtw" />

During the Corona Pandemic, the auditor of '''Garvi Gujarat Party''' revealed expenditures of an amount exceeding ₹4.0 crore in FY 2019–20. The auditor's report merely mentioned that they did not observe the actual execution of the party's programs or activities. In the year 2022, the income tax department conducted a raid on the premises of the political party's office.<ref name="SMtw" />

The audit report of the '''Jan Sangharsh Virat Party''' indicates that the address in Ahmedabad, whereas the registered office listed on the Election Commission website is situated in Sant Ravidas Ward, Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh. Interestingly, the audit report bears the countersignatures of three individuals who hold the positions of president, secretary, and treasurer. However, the identities of these individuals have not been disclosed. The audited profit and loss account for the FY 2019-20 includes a mention of an indirect income amounting to ₹1.42 crore and indirect expenses totaling ₹1.38 crore, without providing any specific details. This was also during the pandemic period. Based on this information, the Election Commission deduces that the auditor lacks knowledge regarding the sources and destinations of the aforementioned funds.<ref name="SMtw" />

The Election Commission's initiative to weed out the RUPP ecosystem has brought to light the involvement of numerous fake political parties in the acceptance of fraudulent donations through cheques or banking channels, subsequently returning the funds in cash after deducting their commission and funneling the money through various intermediaries. Primarily, this practice results in a financial loss for the government, as both these parties and their donors can seek exemptions from income tax. Furthermore, apart from the revenue loss, there exists a potential risk of fund diversion and money laundering.<ref name="SMtw" />

===Non-Disclosure===

A significant majority of the RUPPs failed to submit their contribution report for the fiscal year 2019–20, with a staggering 92 per cent of them being non-compliant. In the preceding fiscal year of 2018–19, a total of 199 RUPPs claimed income tax exemptions amounting to ₹445 crore. Subsequently, in the fiscal year 2019–20, 219 RUPPs claimed income tax exemptions worth ₹608 crore. It is worth noting that out of these 219 RUPPs, 66 of them did not fulfill the requirement of submitting their contribution report. Furthermore, for the year 2019, a substantial number of 2,056 RUPPs have yet to file their annual audited accounts. Among the 115 RUPPs located in Assam, Kerala, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry, which underwent elections in early 2021, only 15 have successfully submitted their election expenditure statement.<ref name="SMtw" />

===False Identity===
Election Commission has initiated a drive in May 2022 to cleanse the political landscape as it was observed that a significant proportion of the RUPPs had exhibited minimal electoral engagement. In the [[2009 Lok Sabha elections|2019 Lok Sabha elections]], a mere 673 parties participated, representing less than 30% of the total RUPPs. Similarly, in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], only 265 RUPPs out of over 800 registered parties contested in the poll.<ref name="SMtw" />

The commencement of the clean-up initiative involved the authentication of information furnished by the parties, including their address and particulars of office-bearers, while also considering their electoral engagement or absence thereof. In May 2022, the Election Commission removed 87 non-existent RUPPs from its registry of registered parties, whose addresses were discovered to be fraudulent through either physical verification conducted by the respective chief electoral officers or through reports of undelivered letters or notices from the postal authority.<ref name="SMtw" />

In June 2022, a total of 111 registered political parties were removed from the list due to their failure to comply with the legal obligation of informing the Election Commission about their authentic communication address. Subsequently, in September 2022, an additional 86 non-existent political parties were delisted by the electoral authority. Furthermore, 253 political parties were declared inactive and subsequently removed from the list as they had not participated in any elections, either at the assembly or Lok Sabha level, during the years 2014 and 2019. These parties also neglected to respond to any correspondence or notices sent to them by the Election Commission. Overall, since May 2022, a total of 537 political parties have been delisted by the Election Commission due to their failure to comply with various legal requirements. Nevertheless, this action primarily signifies that these parties are deprived of obtaining a symbol, thereby rendering them ineligible to participate in elections, a circumstance that a considerable number of them do not engage in regardless. Despite this limitation, these parties persist in their existence and retain the ability to receive funds and enjoy the benefits of income tax exemption. In order to revoke this exemption, an amendment to the Income Tax Act would be necessary.<ref name="SMtw" />

Another issue of concern relates to the potentiality of these registered political parties assuming the role of "proxies" or "surrogates" for other well established political parties, engaging in informal alliances to acquire illicit funds or the "black money" and restricting the utilization of campaign spaces, names, and symbols.<ref name="SMtw" />

==Controversies==
In 2018, the Modi-government with the support of opposition [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] changed the legal provisions which enforced prohibition of foreign funding to Indian political parties. Both parties were found guilty in the Court ruling for violating the norms. From an amendment in the previously existing stricter laws of Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010, political parties in India are presently granted immunity from the scrutiny of their historical foreign funding sources. This newfound privilege enables them to accept political contributions from foreign-residing Indians, as well as foreign business entities with their subsidiaries established within India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saberin |first1=Zeenat |title=A foreign firm can now ‘buy a political party’ in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/4/11/india-parties-now-can-get-foreign-funding-activists-say-not-ok |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |date=11 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Electoral Bonds]]
*[[Corruption in India]]
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political funding|India]]
[[Category:Electoral reform in India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

Hanging

2023-09-28T09:32:56Z

Shekhar124689: Death by suspension around the neck

{{short description|Death by suspension around the neck}}
{{Redirect|Death by hanging|the film|Death by Hanging{{!}}''Death by Hanging''}}
{{Other uses|Hang (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Pisanello 010.jpg|thumb|Detail from a painting by [[Pisanello]], 1436–1438]]
'''Hanging''' is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a [[noose]] or [[ligature strangulation|ligature]]. Hanging has been a common method of [[capital punishment]] since the [[Middle Ages]], and is the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first known account of execution by hanging is in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''.<ref name="JSpine2011-02" /> Hanging is also a [[Suicide by hanging|method of suicide]].

The past and past participle of ''hang'' in this sense is ''hanged'' rather than ''hung''.

==Methods of judicial hanging==
There are numerous methods of hanging in execution which instigate death either by [[cervical fracture]] or by strangulation.

===Short drop===
[[File:Biskupia Gorka executions - 14 - Barkmann, Paradies, Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff (left to right).jpg|thumb|Execution of guards and kapos of the [[Stutthof concentration camp]] on 4 July 1946 by short-drop hanging. In the foreground are the female overseers: [[Jenny-Wanda Barkmann]], [[Ewa Paradies]], [[Elisabeth Becker]], [[Wanda Klaff]], [[Gerda Steinhoff]] (left to right)]]
The short drop is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support such as a stool, ladder, cart, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope.<ref name="Hughes2012">{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33 |access-date=29 September 2014 |date=11 January 2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-307-81560-6 |pages=33ff |quote=Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was 'turned off' or 'twisted' by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184941/https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Potter1965">{{cite book|last=Potter|first=John Deane|title=The Art of Hanging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22turned%20off%22&pg=PA23|access-date=29 September 2014|year=1965|publisher=A. S. Barnes|page=23|isbn=9780498073878|quote=... condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'—they were literally turned off the ladder.|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&q=%22turned%20off%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting [[strangulation]] and death. This typically takes 10–20 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Agonal Sequences in a Filmed Suicidal Hanging: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=957–959 |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00459.x |pmid=17524058 |year=2007 |last1=Sauvageau |first1=Anny |last2=Racette |first2=Stéphanie |s2cid=32188375 }}</ref>

Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in [[suicides]] and extrajudicial hangings (such as [[lynchings]] and [[summary execution]]s) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and [[Official Table of Drops|drop-length calculation tables]] used in the newer methods.

==== Pole method ====
[[File:Hromadná poprava Srbů.jpg|thumb|Mass execution of Serbs by [[Austro-Hungarian army]] in 1916]]
A short-drop variant is the [[Austro-Hungarian]] "pole" method, called {{lang|de|Würgegalgen}} (literally: strangling gallows), in which the following steps take place:

# The condemned is made to stand before a specialized vertical pole or pillar, approximately {{convert|3|metres|ft}} in height.
# A rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.
# The condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.
# A narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.
# The chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.
# The executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately {{convert|1.2| metres|ft}} high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.

This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by [[Czechoslovakia]], where the "pole" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the [[Capital punishment in the Czech Republic|abolition of capital punishment]] in 1990. Nazi war criminal [[Karl Hermann Frank]], executed in 1946 in [[Prague]], was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.<ref name="KHF">{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/05/22/1946-karl-hermann-frank/|title=1946: Karl Hermann Frank|date=22 May 2009|website=Executedtoday.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019024441/http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/05/22/1946-karl-hermann-frank/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Standard drop===
[[File:Execution of Henry Wirz.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The execution of [[Henry Wirz]] in 1865 near the U.S. Capitol; Wirz was given a standard drop, which did not break his neck]]
The standard drop involves a drop of between {{convert|4|and(-)|6|ft}} and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor [[Samuel Haughton]]. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.

It was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to [[cervical fracture|break the person's neck]], causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Does Death by Hanging Work?|work=How Stuff Works|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm|date=2007-01-04|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084920/https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cause of death in judicial hanging: a review and case study |journal=Medicine, Science, and the Law |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |pmid=19306616 |year=2009 |last1=Hellier |first1=C. |last2=Connolly |first2=R. |doi=10.1258/rsmmsl.49.1.18 |s2cid=34469210 }}</ref>

This method was used to execute condemned [[Nazism|Nazis]] under United States jurisdiction after the [[Nuremberg Trials]], including [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]].<ref>Report by Kingsbury Smith, International News Service, 16 October 1946.</ref>{{nonspecific|date=January 2023}} In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: "The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired."<ref>MacDonogh G., ''After the Reich'' [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], London (2008) p. 450.</ref> A ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine report on the execution merely says: "The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 "The Gallows Chamber"]. ''Life'', 28 October 1946. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512222220/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=12 May 2016 }}.</ref>

===Long drop===
{{See also|Official Table of Drops}}
[[File:KetchumDecapitated.jpg|left|thumb|Sepia-tone photo from a contemporary 1901 postcard showing [[Tom Ketchum]]'s decapitated body following a botched execution by long drop hanging. Caption reads "Body of Black Jack after the hanging showing head snapped off."]]
[[File:Karl Morgenschweis prays for condemned prisoner.jpg|thumb|upright|Execution of an unidentified Nazi war criminal after [[World War II]]]]
The long drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by [[William Marwood]] as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html|title=History of British judicial hanging|website=Capital Punishment UK|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=27 August 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6JBOzgVZL?url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.

Prior to 1892, the drop was between four and 10 feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of {{convert|1,260|ft.lbf|lk=on}}, which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th [[cervical vertebrae]]. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of [[Tom Ketchum|Black Jack Ketchum]] in [[New Mexico Territory]] in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about {{convert|1,000|ft.lbf}}. The decapitation of [[Eva Dugan]] during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of [[Arizona]] to switch to the [[gas chamber]] as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D7113BF936A15757C0A964958260 "Gruesome death in gas chamber pushes Arizona towards injections"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 April 1992. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103182212/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D7113BF936A15757C0A964958260 |date=3 January 2011 }}. Retrieved 7 January 2008.</ref> One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when [[Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti]] was hanged in Iraq in 2007.<ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm |title=Saddam Hussein's top aides hanged |date=15 January 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302020820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of [[Arthur Lucas]], one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/1299928--the-end-of-the-rope-the-story-of-canada-s-last-executions |title=The end of the rope: The story of Canada's last executions |date=10 December 2012 |publisher=Toronto Star |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211071224/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/1299928--the-end-of-the-rope-the-story-of-canada-s-last-executions |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nazis executed under British jurisdiction, including [[Josef Kramer]], [[Fritz Klein]], [[Irma Grese]] and [[Elisabeth Volkenrath]], were hanged by [[Albert Pierrepoint]] using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.<ref name="isbn0-340-21307-8">{{cite book |last=Pierrepoint |first=Albert |title=Executioner: Pierrepoint |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-340-21307-0 }}</ref>

==As suicide==
{{Main|Suicide by hanging}}
{{See also|List of people who died by hanging}}
[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -47- - Desperation.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Suicide]] by hanging]]
Hanging is a common [[suicide method]]. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal [[prison]]ers (see [[suicide watch]]). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a [[ligature strangulation|ligature]] around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bennewith |first1=Olive |last2=Gunnell |first2=David |last3=Kapur |first3=Navneet |last4=Turnbull |first4=Pauline |last5=Simkin |first5=Sue |last6=Sutton |first6=Lesley |last7=Hawton |first7=Keith |title=Suicide by hanging: multicentre study based on coroners' records in England |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |date=January 2, 2018 |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=260–261 |doi=10.1192/bjp.186.3.260|pmid=15738509 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [[Canada]], hanging is the most common method of suicide,<ref name="cansuicide">{{cite news |title=Canadian Injury Data |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/injury-bles/cid98-dbc98/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001035528/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/injury-bles/cid98-dbc98/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2005}}</ref> and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted [[gunshot wounds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preventsuicidenow.com/suicide-statistics.html |title=Suicide Statistics |access-date=2006-05-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418164047/http://www.preventsuicidenow.com/suicide-statistics.html |archive-date=18 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/HSQ20.pdf |title=Trends in suicide by method in England and Wales, 1979 to 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=16 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144048/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/HSQ20.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Those who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or [[Strangling#Ligature strangulation|ligature point]], or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including [[cerebral anoxia]] (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause [[paralysis]]), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7274994|title=ResearchGate – Share and discover research|website=Researchgate.net|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084916/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7274994_Near-hanging_injuries_A_10-year_experience|url-status=live}}</ref>

==As human sacrifice==
There are [[Norse rituals#Human sacrifice|some suggestions]] that the [[Vikings]] practiced hanging as human sacrifices to [[Odin]], to honour Odin's own [[sacrifice]] of hanging himself from [[Yggdrasil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|year=2007|others=Translated by Angela Hall|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]]|isbn=978-0-85991-513-7}}</ref> In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the [[Bog body#Iron Age|Iron Age bog bodies]], many who show signs of having been hanged were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.<ref name="bog">{{cite book|last = Glob|first = P|title = The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved|publisher = New York Review of Books|location = New York|year = 2004 | pages = 304|isbn = 978-1-59017-090-8 }}</ref>

==Medical effects==
{{original research|section|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Anoxicbraininjury.png|thumb|upright|[[Cerebral hypoxia|Anoxic brain injury]] following a hanging. The loss of grey white matter differentiation and small ventricles due to brain swelling are visible.]]

A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:
* Closure of [[carotid arteries]] causing [[cerebral hypoxia]]<ref name=JSpine2011-02/>
* Closure of the [[jugular vein]]s
* Breaking of the [[neck]] ([[cervical fracture]]) causing traumatic [[Cervical spine injury|spinal cord injury]] or even unintended [[decapitation]]
* Closure of the [[airway]]<ref name=JSpine2011-02/>

The cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic "[[hangman's fracture]]" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra).<ref>James R, Nasmyth-Jones R., "The occurrence of cervical fractures in victims of judicial hanging", ''Forensic Science International'', April 1992; 54(1):81–91.</ref> The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic "hangman's fracture".

According to ''Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture'', the phrase in the usual execution order, "hanged by the neck until dead", was necessary.<ref name=JSpine2011-02/> By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly.

The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to the spinal cord.<ref>Wallace SK, Cohen WA, Stern EJ, Reay DT, "Judicial hanging: postmortem radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features with autopsy confirmation", ''Radiology'', October 1994; 193(1):263–7.</ref> Death from a "hangman's fracture" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe [[subluxation]] of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts the vertebral arteries. Hangman's fractures from other hyperextension injuries (the most common being unrestrained motor vehicle accidents and falls or diving injuries where the face or chin suddenly strike an immovable object) are frequently survivable if the applied force does not cause a severe subluxation of C2 on C3.

[[File:Hanged, drawn and quartered.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Ogilvie (saint)|John Ogilvie]], who in 1615 was hanged and disembowelled after torture for his refusal to give up the Catholic faith and convert to Protestantism]]

In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than [[asphyxia]]tion. Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to [[cerebral oedema]] and then [[cerebral ischemia]]. The face will typically become engorged and [[cyanosis|cyanotic]] (turned blue through lack of oxygen). There will be the classic sign of strangulation, [[petechiae]], little blood marks on the face and in the eyes from burst blood capillaries. The tongue may protrude.

Compromise of the cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins. Where death has occurred through carotid artery obstruction or cervical fracture, the face will typically be pale in colour and not show petechiae. Many reports and pictures exist of actual short-drop hangings that seem to show that the person died quickly, while others indicate a slow and agonising death by strangulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html#causes|title=How hanging causes death|access-date = 27 April 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060426025804/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html#causes  |archive-date = 26 April 2006}}</ref>

When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although the heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the [[hyoid bone]]. If broken, it often means the person has been [[murder]]ed by manual [[strangulation]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Notable practices across the globe==
[[File:Hanging from The Miseries and Misfortunes of War by Jacques Callot.jpg|thumb|''La Pendaison'' (''The Hanging''), a plate from French artist [[Jacques Callot]]'s 1633 series ''[[Les Grandes Misères de la guerre|The Great Miseries of War]]''.]]
Hanging has been a method of [[capital punishment]] in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long-drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging is common in Iran. 

===Afghanistan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Afghanistan}}
Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in [[Afghanistan]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Australia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Australia}}
Capital punishment was a part of the [[legal system of Australia]] from the establishment of [[New South Wales]] as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty;<ref name="relTolerance">[http://www.religioustolerance.org/executh.htm Countries that have abandoned the use of the death penalty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215204942/http://www.religioustolerance.org/executh.htm |date=15 December 2006 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 8 November 2005</ref> in practice, the last execution in Australia was the hanging of [[Ronald Ryan]] on 3 February 1967, in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref>[http://www.nswccl.org.au/issues/death_penalty/australia.php Death penalty in Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145248/http://www.nswccl.org.au/issues/death_penalty/australia.php |date=29 March 2010 }}, New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties</ref>

During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included [[burglary]], sheep theft, [[forgery]], [[sexual assault]]s, murder and [[manslaughter]]. During the 19th century, there were roughly eighty people hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Bahamas===
{{Main|Capital punishment in the Bahamas}}
Bahamas employs hanging to execute the condemned but no executions have been conducted in the country since 2000. In recent years, there have been some inmates on death row but their sentences have been commuted<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ournews.bs/david-mitchell-put-to-death-23-years-ago/ | title=David Mitchell Put to Death 23 Years Ago | date=7 January 2023 }}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Bangladesh}}
Hanging is the only method of execution in [[Bangladesh]], ever since its independence.

===Brazil===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Brazil}}
Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like [[Tiradentes]] (1792) were killed by hanging. The last man executed in Brazil was the slave Francisco, in 1876. The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890.<ref name="encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543496/Capital_Punishment_Worldwide.html Capital Punishment Worldwide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101054012/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543496/Capital_Punishment_Worldwide.html |date=1 November 2009 }}, MSN Encarta. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091101054012/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543496/Capital_Punishment_Worldwide.html Archived] 31 October 2009.</ref>

===Bulgaria===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Bulgaria}}
Bulgaria's national hero, [[Vasil Levski]], was executed by hanging by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] court in [[Sofia]] in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19 February, to his monument where the gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998.<ref name="encarta" />

===Canada===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Canada}}
Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offences. The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences to the National Defence Act in 1976 and was completely abolished in 1998.<ref>Susan Munroe, [http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/crime/a/cappuntimeline.htm History of Capital Punishment in Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716235031/http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/crime/a/cappuntimeline.htm |date=16 July 2011 }}, About: Canada Online,</ref> The last hangings in Canada took place on 11 December 1962.<ref name="encarta" />

===Egypt===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Egypt}}
In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying.<ref>{{cite book|author=Phyllis Bennis|title=Before and After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8VzP0eiLW0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=Olive Branch Press|isbn=978-1-56656-462-5|page=35}}</ref> In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the [[assassination of Anwar Sadat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq= |title=Sadat Assassins are Executed |date=16 April 1982 |publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]] |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083657/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq= |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2 |title=Articles about Egypt - Page 2 - New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516064142/http://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country.

===Germany===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Germany}}
[[File:WWII Krakow - 04.jpg|thumb|[[Public execution]] of Polish civilians by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] in German occupied [[Kraków]] in 1942]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-031-2436-03A, Russland, Hinrichtung von Partisanen.jpg|thumb|Alleged Soviet partisans hanged by the Nazis in January 1943]]

In the territories occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by [[guillotine]] than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were [[Partisan (military)|partisans]] and [[black market]]eers, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British and US Occupation Zones]] under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the [[Constitution of Germany|German constitution]] as adopted in 1949. West Berlin was not subject to the ''Grundgesetz'' ([[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]]) and abolished the death penalty in 1951. The [[German Democratic Republic]] abolished the death penalty in 1987. The last execution ordered by a West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949. The last hanging in Germany was the one ordered of several war criminals in [[Landsberg am Lech]] on 7 June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck.<ref name="relTolerance" />

===Hong Kong===
Even though Hong Kong is now part of China it has no capital punishment; it is a special administrative region of China. When Hong Kong was still a part of the British it had hanging as the method of execution. The last person who was executed was a Chinese Vietnamese man who attacked a security guard and another person. This was in 1966.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/449278/demise-death-penalty | title=Demise of the death penalty | date=23 March 2004 }}</ref>

===Hungary===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Hungary}}
The prime minister of Hungary, during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Revolution]], [[Imre Nagy]], was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Nagy was later publicly exonerated by Hungary.<ref>Richard Solash, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html Hungary: U.S. President To Honor 1956 Uprising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709055810/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html |date=9 July 2008 }} (20 June 2006), radio Free Europe; RadioLiberty.</ref> Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990.<ref name="relTolerance" />

===India===
{{Main|Capital punishment in India}}
[[File:The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion of 1857..jpg|thumb|The hanging of two participants in British India ([[Indian Rebellion of 1857]])]]
Hanging was introduced by the British. All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad. In 1949, [[Nathuram Godse]], who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India.<ref name="TIE">{{cite web|title=Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=March 12, 2018|date=2015-07-30|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203233129/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] has suggested that [[capital punishment]] should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html |last1=Sakhrani |first1=Monica |last2=Adenwalla |first2=Maharukh |work=Economic & Political Weekly |title=Death Penalty – Case for Its Abolition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817155243/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html |archive-date=17 August 2005}}</ref>

Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]], the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on 14 August 2004 in [[Alipore Jail]], Kolkata. [[Ajmal Kasab]], the lone surviving terrorist of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] was executed on 21 November 2012 in [[Yerwada Central Jail]], Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later. [[Afzal Guru]], a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament]], was executed by hanging in [[Tihar Jail]], Delhi on 9 February 2013. [[Yakub Memon]] was convicted over his involvement in the [[1993 Bombay bombings]] by Special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities court on 27 July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail. In March 2020, [[2012 Delhi gang rape|four prisoners convicted of rape and murder]] were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=hanged to death |first1=Nirbhaya convicts |title=Four Nirbhaya case convicts hanged to death in Tihar jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece |website=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320010211/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Iran===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Iran}}
[[File:Public execution for a convicted of rape in Qarchak, Varamin - 26 October 2011 (13900804092511).jpg|thumb|A public execution for a man convicted of rape, [[Qarchak]], 26 October 2011.]]
Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran, which carries out one of the highest numbers of annual executions in the world. The method used is the short drop, which does not break the neck of the condemned, but rather causes a slower death due to strangulation. It is legal for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays [[diyya]] to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness (see [[Sharia]]). If the presiding judge deems the case to be "causing public outrage", he can order the hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Mark |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/06/opinion/la-oe-wallace-cranes-iran-20110706 |title=Iran's execution binge |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=21 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121020129/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/06/opinion/la-oe-wallace-cranes-iran-20110706 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 July 2005, two boys, [[Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni]], aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in [[Mashhad]], on charges of [[homosexuality]] and [[rape]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html|title=Iran executes 2 gay teenagers|website=Direland.typepad.com|access-date=27 April 2006|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902014011/http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118175201/http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2005|title=Exclusive interview with gay activists in Iran on situation of gays, recent executions of gay teens and the future|access-date=27 April 2006}}</ref> On 15 August 2004, a 16-year-old girl, [[Atefeh Sahaaleh]] (also called Atefeh Rajabi), was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with [[chastity]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE13/036/2004/en/Gj2vcmpR0sAJ |title=Iran: Amnesty International outraged at reported execution of a 16 year old girl |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=23 August 2004 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104016/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE13/036/2004/en/Gj2vcmpR0sAJ |archive-date=9 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

At dawn on 27 July 2008, the Iranian government executed 29 people at [[Evin Prison]] in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7527431.stm|title=Iran executes 29 in jail hangings|date=27 July 2008|website=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521011617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7527431.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 December 2008, an unnamed man was hanged for murder at Kazeroun Prison, just moments after he was pardoned by the murder victim's family. He was quickly cut down and rushed to a hospital, where he was successfully revived.<ref>[http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGMDE131742008&lang=e IRAN: Halted execution highlights inherent cruelty of death penalty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116083030/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGMDE131742008&lang=e |date=16 January 2009 }}. [[Amnesty International USA]] (9 December 2008). Retrieved on 2008-12-11.</ref>

The conviction and hanging of [[Reyhaneh Jabbari]] caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on 25 October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer; according to Jabbari's testimony she stabbed him during an attempt at rape and then another person killed him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/amnesty-iran-set-hang-woman-at-dawn-2014102422855125759.html|title=Iran hangs woman despite international uproar|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025105449/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/amnesty-iran-set-hang-woman-at-dawn-2014102422855125759.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kuwait ===
Kuwait has always used hanging for execution. During the [[Gulf War]], Iraqi government officials executed different people for different reasons. After the war, Kuwait hanged Iraqi collaborators.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-03-19-1991078145-story.html | title=Suspected Iraqi collaborators being executed in Kuwait Human rights official says up to 3,000 people are unaccounted for }}</ref> Sometimes the executions are in public. The most recent executions were in 2022.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/16/kuwait-executes-seven-people-despite-international-outcry | title=Kuwait hangs seven people in first executions since 2017 }}</ref>

===Iraq===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Iraq}}
{{See also|Execution of Saddam Hussein}}
Hanging was used under the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html|title=Clark, Richard; ''The process of Judicial Hanging''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020809210711/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html|archive-date=9 August 2002|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|access-date=29 December 2005}}</ref> but was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU200903209818&lang=e|title=Scores face execution in Iraq six years after invasion|date=20 March 2009|publisher=[[Amnesty International USA]]|access-date=21 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513021829/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU200903209818&lang=e|archive-date=13 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|insurgents]] by hanging.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=266369&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/ | title=More bombs bring death to Iraq | publisher=Mail & Guardian Online | date=10 March 2006 | access-date=27 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706193136/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=266369&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F | archive-date=6 July 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for [[crimes against humanity]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html |title=Saddam Hussein sentenced to death by hanging |publisher=CNN |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=5 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113081326/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html  |archive-date=13 November 2006}}</ref> on 5 November 2006, and was executed on 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long-drop hanging.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272610730.shtml |title=Saddam Hussein Hanging Video Shows Defiance, Taunts and Glee |work=nationalledger.com |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=20 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120132227/http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272610730.shtml |archive-date=20 January 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Barzan Ibrahim]], the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and [[Awad Hamed al-Bandar]], former chief judge, were executed on 15 January 2007, also by the long-drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall.<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/international/view.bg?articleid=177248&format=&page=1] {{dead link|date=October 2017}}</ref>

Former vice-president [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] had been sentenced to life in prison on 5 November 2006, but the sentence was changed to death by hanging on 12 February 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6354205.stm|title=Top Saddam aide sentenced to hang|date=12 February 2007|website=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084847/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6354205.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the fourth and final man to be executed for the 1982 crimes against humanity on 20 March 2007. The execution went smoothly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070320/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq |title=Former Saddam aide buried after hanging - Yahoo! News |access-date=2017-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322130508/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070320/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq |archive-date=22 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

At the Anfal genocide trial, Saddam's cousin [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]] (''alias'' Chemical Ali), former defence minister [[Sultan Hashim Ahmed]] al-Tay, and former deputy Hussein Rashid Mohammed were sentenced to hang for their role in the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] against the Kurds on 24 June 2007.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19394865 Iraq's "Chemical Ali" sentenced to death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923221242/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19394865 |date=23 September 2020 }}, ''MSNBC.com'', 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 24 June 2007.</ref> Al-Majid was sentenced to death three more times: once for the 1991 suppression of a Shi'a uprising along with Abdul-Ghani Abdul Ghafur on 2 December 2008;<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28011270 Second death sentence for Iraq's 'Chemical Ali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084902/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28011270 |date=25 January 2022 }}, ''MSNBC.com'', 2 December 2008. Retrieved on 2 December 2008.</ref> once for the 1999 crackdown in the assassination of [[Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr|Grand Ayatollah Mohammad al-Sadr]] on 2 March 2009;<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_IRAQ?SITE=CAGRA&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' gets 3rd death sentence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222184931/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_IRAQ?SITE=CAGRA&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |date=22 December 2009 }}, ''Associated Press'', 2 March 2009. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.</ref> and once on 17 January 2010 for the gassing of the Kurds in 1988;<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34904200 'Chemical Ali' gets a new death sentence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905004155/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34904200 |date=5 September 2020 }}, ''MSNBC.com'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.</ref> he was hanged on 25 January.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/7072155/Saddam-Husseins-henchman-Chemical-Ali-executed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/7072155/Saddam-Husseins-henchman-Chemical-Ali-executed.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Saddam Hussein's Henchman Chemical Ali Executed |access-date=25 January 2010 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | date=25 January 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 26 October 2010, Saddam's top minister [[Tariq Aziz]] was sentenced to hang for persecuting the members of rival Shi'a political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/10/26/2010-10-26_tk.html?r=news&asid=172f6dff|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906070226/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/10/26/2010-10-26_tk.html?r=news&asid=172f6dff|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2012|title=Tariq Aziz, Saddam Hussein's former aid, sentenced to hang in Iraq for crimes against humanity|access-date=26 October 2010|work=New York Daily News|date=26 October 2010|first=Philip|last=Caulfield}}</ref> His sentence was commuted to indefinite imprisonment after Iraqi president [[Jalal Talabani]] did not sign his execution order and he died in prison in 2015.

On 14 July 2011, US forces transferred condemned prisoners Sultan Hashim Ahmed al-Tay and two of Saddam's half-brothers, [[Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti]] and [[Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti]], to Iraqi authorities for execution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-prison-idUSTRE76E2CR20110715 |title=U.S. turns Saddam's half-brothers over to Iraq |access-date=17 July 2011 |work=Reuters |date=15 July 2011 |first=Khalid |last=al-Ansary |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040754/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-prison-idUSTRE76E2CR20110715 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Iraqi High Tribunal had sentenced Saddam's half-brothers to death on 11 March 2009 for their roles in the executions of 42 traders who were accused of manipulating [[food prices]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saddam-s-deputy-pm-tariq-aziz-gets-15-year-prison-sentence-1.789502 | work=CBC News | title=Saddam's deputy PM Tariq Aziz gets 15-year prison sentence | date=11 March 2009 | access-date=26 January 2020 | archive-date=27 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927082027/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saddam-s-deputy-pm-tariq-aziz-gets-15-year-prison-sentence-1.789502 | url-status=live }}</ref> None of the three men were executed.

It is alleged that Iraq's government keeps the execution rate secret, and hundreds may be carried out every year. In 2007, Amnesty International stated that 900 people were at "imminent risk" of execution in Iraq.

===Israel===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Israel}}
Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has been used only twice, and only one of those executions was by hanging. On 31 May 1962, Nazi leader [[Adolf Eichmann]] was captured, taken to Israel and then executed by hanging.<ref name="encarta" />

===Japan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Japan}}
All executions in Japan are carried out by hanging.

On 23 December 1948, [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Kenji Doihara]], [[Akira Mutō]], [[Iwane Matsui]], [[Seishirō Itagaki]], [[Kōki Hirota]], and [[Heitaro Kimura]] were hanged at [[Sugamo Prison]] by the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|U.S. occupation authorities]] in [[Ikebukuro]] in [[Occupation of Japan|Allied-occupied Japan]] for [[war crimes]], [[crimes against humanity]], and [[crimes against peace]] during the Asian-Pacific theatre of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japanese-war-criminals-hanged-in-tokyo|title=Japanese war criminals hanged in Tokyo – Dec 23, 1948|website=History.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042245/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japanese-war-criminals-hanged-in-tokyo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2008/12/23/1948-hideki-tojo-and-six-other-japanese-war-criminals/|title=1948: Hideki Tojo and six other Japanese war criminals|date=23 December 2008|website=Executedtoday.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007101230/http://www.executedtoday.com/2008/12/23/1948-hideki-tojo-and-six-other-japanese-war-criminals/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 February 2004, the mastermind of the [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]], [[Shoko Asahara]], was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. On 25 December 2006, serial killer [[Hiroaki Hidaka]] and three others were hanged in Japan. Long-drop hanging is the method of carrying out judicial capital punishment on civilians in Japan, as in the cases of [[Norio Nagayama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260|title=In Secrecy, Japan Hangs a Best-Selling Author, a Killer of 4|newspaper=New York Times|date=7 August 1997|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218005941/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mamoru Takuma]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm|title=Japanese school killer executed|work=BBC News|date=14 September 2004|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711120322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php|title=Reports: Japan executes man convicted of killing and mutilating young girls in 1980s|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|date=17 June 2008|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=4 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804054712/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018 [[Shoko Asahara]] and several of his cult members were hanged for committing the 1995 sarin gas attack.

===Jordan===
Death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in [[Jordan]]. On 14 August 1993, Jordan hanged two Jordanians convicted of spying for Israel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=16 August 1993 | title=Jordan 'hangs Israeli spies' | access-date=29 August 2017 | archive-date=11 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811204322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sajida al-Rishawi]], "The 4th bomber" of the [[2005 Amman bombings]], was executed by hanging alongside [[Ziad al-Karbouly]] on 4 February 2015 in retribution for the [[Death by burning|immolation]] of Jordanian pilot [[Muath Al-Kasasbeh]].

===Lebanon===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Lebanon}}
Lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267,1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en|title=Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search|website=News.google.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519205717/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267%2C1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> However, capital punishment ended up being altogether suspended in Lebanon, as a result of staunch opposition by activists and some political factions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf|title=LEBANON : Stakeholder Submission to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review|website=Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152102/https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Liberia===
[[File:ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - The Hanging of the Harper Seven, Liberia - 16 February 1979 - 03.jpg|thumb|The Hanging of the [[Harper Seven]], Liberia – 16 February 1979]]
On 16 February 1979, seven men convicted of the [[Maryland ritual killings|ritual killing]] of the popular Kru traditional singer Moses Tweh, were publicly hanged at dawn in [[Harper, Liberia|Harper]].<ref>[http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm The Maryland Ritual Murders. The Final Verdict: Death By Hanging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084938/http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm |date=25 January 2022 }}. Liberiapastandpresent.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html Ritualistic Killings Spark Mob Action in Maryland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234800/http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html |date=30 November 2019 }}. Theperspective.org Jan 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</ref>

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Malaysia}}
Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Malaysia and has been used to execute people convicted of murder, drug trafficking and waging war against the government. The [[Barlow and Chambers execution]] was carried out as a result of new tighter drug regulations.

===Portugal===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Portugal}}
The last person executed by hanging in Portugal was Francisco Matos Lobos on 16 April 1842. Before that, it had been a common death penalty.

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Pakistan}}
In Pakistan, hanging is the most common form of execution.

===Russia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Russia}}
Hanging was commonly practised in the [[Russian Empire]] during the rule of the [[Romanov Dynasty]] as an alternative to [[impalement]], which was used in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Hanging was abolished in 1868 by [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] after [[serfdom]],{{clarify|date=February 2020}} but was restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. This also included the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] and [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] under the Russian crown. [[Taavetti Lukkarinen]] became the last Finn to be executed this way. He was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916.

The hanging was usually performed by short drop in public. The gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in the case of Lukkarinen, or a makeshift gallows constructed for the purpose.

After the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, capital punishment was, on paper, abolished, but continued to be used unabated against people perceived to be enemies of the regime. Under the Bolsheviks, most executions were performed by shooting, either by firing squad or by a single firearm. In 1943, hanging was restored primarily for German servicemen and native collaborators for atrocities committed against Soviet POWs and civilians. The last to be hanged were [[Andrey Vlasov]] and his companions in 1946.

===Singapore===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Singapore}}
In [[Singapore]], long-drop hanging is currently used as a mandatory punishment for crimes such as [[drug trafficking]], [[murder]] and some types of [[kidnapping]]. It was introduced by the British, when they occupied Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. It has also been used for punishing those convicted of unauthorised discharging of firearms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx|title=Singapore clings to death penalty|publisher=Sunday Times (South Africa)|date=21 November 2005|access-date=2 April 2006|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052132/http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Sri Lanka}}
Hanging was abolished in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. In 1975, the day before the execution of [[Maru Sira]], he had been overdosed by the prison guards to prevent him from escaping. On the day of his execution he was unconscious, so when he was brought to the gallows, he was slumped over on the trapdoor with a noose around his neck, and when the executioner pulled the lever, his execution was botched and he strangled.

===Syria===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Syria}}
[[File:Eli Cohen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eli Cohen]], publicly hanged by Syria on 18 May 1965]]

Syria has publicly hanged people, such as two Jews in 1952, Israeli spy [[Eli Cohen]] in 1965, and a number of Jews accused of spying in 1969.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baylis Thomas|title=How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0064-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl/page/154 154]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mitchell G. Bard, Ph.D.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict, 4th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193|date=September 2, 2008|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-101-21720-7|page=193|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011218/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael L. Brown|title=Our Hands Are Stained with Blood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2PseStkG3sC&pg=PA190|year=1992|publisher=Destiny Image Publishers|isbn=978-1-56043-068-1|page=190}}</ref>

According to a 19th-century report, members of the [[Alawite]] sect centred on [[Lattakia]] in Syria had a particular aversion towards being hanged, and the family of the condemned was willing to pay "considerable sums" to ensure its relations were [[Impalement|impaled]], instead of being hanged. As far as [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt]] could make out, this attitude was based upon the Alawites' idea that the soul ought to leave the body through the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion.<ref>Burckhardt, J.L.:"[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22956  Travels in Syria and the Holy Land]", London 1822, p.156</ref>

ISIS also used hanging, when it executed people in ISIS-occupied Syria. It also used shooting, beheading and fire <ref>{{cite web | url=https://nypost.com/2016/09/13/isis-butchers-hang-prisoners-from-meat-hooks/ | title=ISIS butchers hang prisoners from meat hooks | date=13 September 2016 }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Capital punishment in the United Kingdom}}
As a form of [[judiciary|judicial]] execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon period]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hanging |volume=12 |pages=917–918 |first=William Feilden |last=Craies}}</ref> Records of the names of British [[Executioner|hangmen]] begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s;{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, [[Robert Leslie Stewart]] and [[Harry Allen (executioner)|Harry Allen]], who conducted the last British executions in 1964.

Until 1868 hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at [[Tyburn]], a settlement west of the [[City of London|City]] on the main road to [[Oxford]], which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been transferred to the street outside [[Newgate Prison]], [[Old Bailey]], now the site of the [[Old Bailey|Central Criminal Court]].

Three British subjects were hanged after [[World War II]] after having been convicted of having helped [[Nazi Germany]] in its war against Britain. [[John Amery]], the son of prominent British politician [[Leo Amery]], became an [[expatriate]] in the 1930s, moving to France. He became involved in pre-war [[fascist]] politics, remained in what became [[Vichy France]] following France's defeat by Germany in 1940 and eventually went to Germany and later the German puppet state in Italy headed by [[Benito Mussolini]]. Captured by Italian [[Italian resistance movement|partisans]] at the end of the war and handed over to British authorities, Amery was accused of having made [[propaganda]] broadcasts for the Nazis and of having attempted to recruit British [[prisoners of war]] for a [[Waffen SS]] regiment later known as the [[British Free Corps]]. Amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on 28 November 1945<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058,10264400&dq=british%20free%20corps&hl=en |title=Toronto Daily Star – Google News Archive Search |website=News.google.com |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084852/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058%2C10264400&dq=british+free+corps&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and was hanged at [[Wandsworth Prison]] on 19 December 1945. [[William Joyce]], an American-born Irishman who had lived in Britain and possessed a British [[passport]], had been involved in pre-war fascist politics in the UK, fled to Nazi Germany just before the war began to avoid arrest by British authorities and became a naturalised German citizen. He made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, becoming infamous under the nickname [[Lord Haw Haw]]. Captured by British forces in May 1945, he was tried for treason later that year. Although Joyce's defence argued that he was by birth American and thus not subject to being tried for treason, the prosecution successfully argued that Joyce's pre-war British passport meant that he was a subject of the British Crown and he was convicted. After his appeals failed, he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison on 3 January 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/history/h4jan/03hawhaw.html#haw4|title=Lord Haw-Haw: the myth and reality|last=Helen|website=Safran-arts.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092422/http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/history/h4jan/03hawhaw.html#haw4|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theodore Schurch]], a British soldier captured by the Nazis who then began working for the Italian and German intelligence services by acting as a spy and informer who would be placed among other British prisoners, was arrested in Rome in March 1945 and tried under the [[Treachery Act 1940]]. After his conviction, he was hanged at [[HM Prison Pentonville]] on 4 January 1946.

The [[Homicide Act 1957]] created the new offence of [[capital murder]], punishable by death, with all other murders being punishable by life imprisonment.

In 1965, Parliament passed the [[Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act]], temporarily abolishing capital punishment for murder for five years. The Act was renewed in 1969, making the abolition permanent. With the passage of the [[Crime and Disorder Act 1998]] and the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases. Following its complete abolition, the gallows were removed from [[Wandsworth (HM Prison)|Wandsworth Prison]], where they remained in full working order until that year.

The last woman to be hanged was [[Ruth Ellis]] on 13 July 1955, by [[Albert Pierrepoint]] who was a prominent hangman in the 20th century in England. The last hangings in Britain took place in 1964, when [[Peter Anthony Allen]] was executed at [[Liverpool (HM Prison)|Walton Prison]] in [[Liverpool]]. [[Gwynne Owen Evans]] was executed by [[Harry Allen (executioner)|Harry Allen]] at [[Strangeways Prison]] in [[Manchester]]. Both were executed for the [[murder of John Alan West]].<ref>{{citation |last=Fielding |first=Steve |title=The Executioner's Bible |publisher=John Blake Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84454-648-0}}</ref>

Hanging was also the method used in many colonies and overseas territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/common.html|title=The death penalty in the British Commonwealth|website=Capitalpunishmentuk.org|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231042530/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/common.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Silken rope====
In the UK, some felons were traditionally executed by hanging with a silken rope:
* [[Hereditary peer]]s who committed [[capital offence]]s,<ref>[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980212/text/80212-26.htm Lords Hansard text for 12 February 1998] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033305/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980212/text/80212-26.htm |date=5 June 2011 }}, Hansard, Col. 1350.</ref> as anticipated by the fictional [[Duke of Denver]], brother of [[Lord Peter Wimsey]]. The Duke was accused of murder in the novel ''[[Clouds of Witness]]'', and this execution would have been his fate, after conviction by his peers in a trial in the [[House of Lords]]. It has been claimed that the execution of [[Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers|Earl Ferrers]] in 1760 – the only time a peer was hanged after trial by the [[House of Lords]] – was carried out with the normal hempen rope instead of a silk one. The writ of execution does not specify a silk rope be used,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageandlaw.org/TEXTS/WRITS/EXECUTE.HTM |title=WRIT OF EXECUTION |last=tiersma |first=peter |website=Languageandlaw.org |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823175959/http://www.languageandlaw.org/TEXTS/WRITS/EXECUTE.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Newgate Calendar]]'' makes no mention of the use of such an item<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng284.htm |title=The Newgate Calendar – LAURENCE, EARL FERRERS |website=Exclassics.com |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118233700/http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng284.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> – an unusual omission given its highly sensationalist nature.
* Those who have the [[Freedom of the City of London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/scripts/htm_hl.pl?DB=col&STEMMER=en&WORDS=histori%20history&ALL=&ANY=&EXACTB=0&PHRASE=&EXACTP=0&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=history&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&URL=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Freedom_of_City/priveleges.htm#muscat_highlighter_first_match |publisher=City of London |access-date=12 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204545/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/scripts/htm_hl.pl?DB=col&STEMMER=en&WORDS=histori%20history&ALL=&ANY=&EXACTB=0&PHRASE=&EXACTP=0&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=history&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoflondon.gov.uk%2FCorporation%2FLGNL_Services%2FLeisure_and_culture%2FLocal_history_and_heritage%2FFreedom_of_City%2Fpriveleges.htm#muscat_highlighter_first_match |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">File:Witches Being Hanged.jpg|An image of suspected [[witch]]es being hanged in England, published in 1655.
File:Balvenie Pillar 2017-05-27.jpg|Balvenie Pillar, also known as Tom na Croiche (Hangman's Knoll). The pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the Atholl region of Scotland in 1630.
Image:ExecutionNoose.JPG|Hanging noose used at public executions outside [[Lancaster Castle]], {{ca.|1820s–1830s}}.
</gallery>

===United States===
{{Main|Capital punishment in the United States}}
[[File:Execution Lincoln assassins.jpg|thumb|300px|The execution of Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt, who were all convicted by a [[military tribunal]] for being involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 7 July 1865]]

Hanging was one means by which [[Puritans]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] enforced religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merrill |first1=Louis Taylor |title=The Puritan Policeman |journal=American Sociological Review |publisher=American Sociological Association |date=1945 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=766–776 |doi=10.2307/2085847 |jstor=2085847 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085847}}</ref> The best known hanging carried out by the Puritans, [[Mary Dyer]] was one of the four executed [[Quakers]] known as the [[Boston martyrs]].<ref>Rogers, Horatio, 2009. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L5_5yIgpa-YC&q=Among+the+most+pathetic+chapters+ Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151223/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5_5yIgpa-YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mary+dyer+1660&hl=en&ei=8p99TMePDpGO4QayguXHBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA |date=15 January 2016 }}'' pp. 1–2. BiblioBazaar, LLC</ref>

Capital punishment in the U.S. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. Hanging is no longer used as a method of execution.

When Black pastor [[Denmark Vesey]] of the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] was suspected of plotting to launch a [[slave rebellion]] in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, 35 people, including Vesey, were judged guilty by a city-appointed court and were subsequently hanged, and the church was burned down.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408|title=Nine shot, multiple fatalities reported in downtown church shooting|newspaper=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=June 18, 2015|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728072115/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The largest mass execution in the United States, of 38 Sioux Indians sentenced to death after being charged for engaging in massacres of white settlers, was carried out by hanging in [[Mankato, Minnesota]] in 1862. Originally, 303 had been sentenced to hang, but the convictions were reviewed by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the sentences of all but 38 were commuted.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Carley |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/46685050 |title=The Dakota War of 1862 |date=2001 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=0-87351-392-4 |oclc=46685050}}</ref> A total of 40 suspected [[Unionists (American)|Unionists]] were hanged in [[Gainesville, Texas]] in October 1862.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01|author=McCaslin, Richard B.|date=2010-06-15|title=Great Hamging at Gainesville|publisher=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172409/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July 1865, four people involved in the [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassination of President Abraham Lincoln]]—[[Mary Surratt]], [[Lewis Powell (assassin)|Lewis Powell]], [[David Herold]], and [[George Atzerodt]]—were hanged at [[Fort McNair]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

[[Image:duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg|thumb|left|White men pose for a photograph of the [[1920 Duluth lynchings|1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings]]. Two of the Black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground. Public spectacles for the white community to celebrate white supremacy, hanging was a popular method of [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]].<ref>{{cite news |title=History of Lynching in America |url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america |access-date=March 14, 2022 |agency=NAACP}}</ref>]]

While relatively uncommon, [[gibbeting|hanging in chains]] has also been practiced (mainly during the colonial era), the first being a slave after the [[New York Slave Revolt of 1712]]. The last hanging in chains was in 1913, of John Marshall in [[West Virginia]] for murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DeathPenaltyUSA, the database of executions in the United States |url=https://deathpenaltyusa.org/usa1/other.htm |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=deathpenaltyusa.org}}</ref> The last public hanging in the United States (not including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]], one of the last of which was [[Lynching of Michael Donald|Michael Donald in 1981]]) took place on 14 August 1936, in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]]. [[Rainey Bethea]] was executed for the rape and murder of 70-year-old Lischa Edwards. The execution was presided over by the first female [[sheriff]] in Kentucky, [[Florence Shoemaker Thompson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2001/apr/010430.execution.html |title=The Last Public Execution in America |publisher=Npr.org |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808204951/https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2001/apr/010430.execution.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html |title=On This Day: Kentucky Holds Final Public Execution in the US |date=14 August 2011 |publisher=Findingdulcinea.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311201258/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In California, [[Clinton Duffy]], who served as warden of [[San Quentin State Prison]] between 1940 and 1952, presided over ninety executions.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gene |last=Blake |title=Famed warden Duffy of San Quentin dead at 84 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=14 October 1982}}</ref> He began to oppose the death penalty, and after his retirement, wrote a memoir entitled ''Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women'' in support of the movement to abolish the death penalty. The book documents several hangings gone wrong and describes how they led his predecessor, Warden [[James B. Holohan]], to persuade the California Legislature to replace hanging with the [[gas chamber]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Clinton |year=1962 |title=Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY |oclc=1317754}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fimrite |first=Peter |date=20 November 2005 |title=Inside death row. At San Quentin, 647 condemned killers wait to die in the most populous execution antechamber in the United States. |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/20/INGFUFHCFL56.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702063038/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2FINGFUFHCFL56.DTL |url-status=live }}</ref>

Various methods of capital punishment have been replaced by [[lethal injection]] in most states and the federal government. Many states that offered hanging as an option have since eliminated the method. Condemned murderer [[Victor Feguer]] became the last inmate to be executed by hanging in the state of [[Iowa]] on 15 March 1963. Hanging was the preferred method of execution for capital murder cases in Iowa until 1965, when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with [[life imprisonment]] without [[parole]]. [[Barton Kay Kirkham]] was the last person to be hanged in Utah, preferring it over [[execution by firing squad]]. No subsequent inmate in Utah had been hanged by the time the option was replaced with lethal injection in 1980.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Laws in [[Delaware]] were changed in 1986 to specify lethal injection, except for those convicted before 1986 (who were still allowed to choose hanging). If a choice was not made, or the convict refused to choose injection, then hanging would become the default method. This was the case in the 1996 execution of [[Billy Bailey]], the most recent hanging in American history; since then, no Delaware prisoner fit the category, and the state's gallows were later dismantled.

====Upright Jerker====
{{Main|Upright jerker}}
The "Upright Jerker" is a method of hanging, that originated from the United States in the late 19th century, where the person to be hanged is jerked into the air by weights and pulleys. It proved to be ineffective at breaking the neck of the condemned and use of the method ceased in late 1930s.

==Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment==
[[File:Picture of inverted hanging.png|thumb|Woodcut by [[Johann Stumpf (writer)|Johann Stumpf]], who witnessed this type of execution in 1553]]
A completely different principle of hanging is to hang the convicted person from their legs, rather than from their neck, either as a form of torture, or as an execution method. In late medieval Germany, this came to be primarily associated with Jewish thieves, called the {{lang|de|Judenstrafe}}. The jurist Ulrich Tengler, in his highly influential {{lang|de|Layenspiegel}} from 1509, describes the procedure as follows, in the section {{lang|de|italic=no|"Von Juden straff"}}:<ref>Tengler, U. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&q=juden "Layenspiegel"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513023935/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:layenspiegel&hl=no&sa=X&ei=Y8wDUeb_CtKO4gSb0YGoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=juden&f=false |date=13 May 2016 }}. p.119</ref>

{{quote|To drag the Jew to the ordinary execution place between two angry or biting dogs. After dragging, to hang him from his feet by rope or chain at a designated gallows between the dogs, so that he is directed from life to death<ref>Original German text: {{lang|de|Den Juden zwischen zweyen wütenden oder beissenden hunde zu der gewonlichen gerichtstatt zu ziehen. vel schlieffen, mit dem strang oder ketten bey seinen füssen an eynen besondern galgen zwischen die hund nach verkerter mass hencken damit er also von leben zom tod gericht wird}}</ref>}}

{{ill|Guido Kisch|de}} showed that originally, this type of inverted hanging between two dogs was not a punishment specifically for Jews. Esther Cohen writes:<ref>Cohen, Esther (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92 ''The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114622/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Brill. p.92–93</ref>

{{quote|
The inverted hanging with the accompaniment of two dogs, originally reserved for traitors, was identified from the fourteenth century as the "Jewish execution", being practised in the later Middle Ages in both northern and Mediterranean Europe. The Jewish execution in Germany has been thoroughly studied by G. Kisch, who has argued convincingly that neither the inverted hanging nor the stringing up of dogs or wolves beside the victim were particularly Jewish punishments during the High Middle Ages. They first appeared as Jewish punishments in Germany only towards the end of the thirteenth century, never being recognized as exclusively Jewish penalties.

In France the inverted, animal-associated hanging came to be connected with Jews by the later Middle Ages. The inverted hanging of Jews is specifically mentioned in the old customs of Burgundy in the context of animal hanging. The custom, dogs and all, was still in force in Paris shortly before the final expulsion of the Jews in 1394.}}

In Spain 1449, during a mob attack against the [[Marranos]] (Jews nominally converted to Christianity), the Jews resisted, but lost and several of them were hanged up by the feet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Archuleta|first=Roy A.|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46|title=Where We Come From|year=2006|publisher=Where We Come From,collect. |isbn=9781424304721|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012644/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> The first attested German case for a Jew being hanged by the feet is from 1296, in present-day [[Soultzmatt]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Jörg R.|pages=81, footnote 31|title=Beziehungsnetze aschkenasischer Juden während des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit|year=2008|publisher=Hahnsche Buchhandlung|isbn=9783775256292}}</ref> Some other historical examples of this type of hanging within the German context are one Jew in [[County of Hainaut|Hennegau]] 1326, two Jews hanged in [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] 1444,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter">Kriegk, G. L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243 "Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114626/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243 |date=13 May 2016 }} Frankfurt am Main 1868, p.243</ref> one in [[Halle (region)|Halle]] in 1462,<ref>Limmer, K.A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721 ''Bibliothek der sächsischen Geschichte'']. Vol. 2. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024316/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Ronneburg 1831 p.721</ref> one in [[Dortmund]] 1486,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90 ''Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums'']. Vol. 9 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114438/https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Leipzig 1860, p.90</ref> one in [[Hanau]] 1499,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> one in [[Breslau]] 1505,<ref>Henne am Rhyn, O.:"[https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566 ''Kulturgeschichte der neuern Zeit: Vom Wiederaufleben d. Wiss. bis...''] Vol. 1. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512225019/https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Leipzig 1870, p.566</ref> one in [[Württemberg]] 1553,<ref>Battenberg, F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86 ''Von Enoch bis Kafka: Festschrift für Karl E. Grözinger zum 60. Geburtstag'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232903/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Wiesbaden 2002, p.86</ref> one in [[Bergen, Lower Saxony|Bergen]] 1588,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> one in [[Öttingen]] 1611,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen|title=Öttingen|website=Jewish Encyclopedia|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen|url-status=live}}</ref> one in Frankfurt 1615 and again in 1661,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> and one condemned to this punishment in [[Prussia]] in 1637.<ref>Haym, R: "[https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123 ''Preussische Jahrbücher'']. Vol. 8. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512230501/https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Berlin 1861 p.122–23</ref>

The details of the cases vary widely: In the 1444 Frankfurt cases and the 1499 Hanau case, the dogs were dead prior to being hanged, and in the late 1615 and 1661 cases in Frankfurt, the Jews (and dogs) were merely kept in this torture for half an hour, before being garroted from below. In the 1588 Bergen case, all three victims were left hanging till they were dead, ranging from 6 to 8 days after being hanged. In the Dortmund 1486 case, the dogs bit the Jew to death while hanging. In the 1611 Öttingen case, the Jew "Jacob the Tall" thought to blow up the {{lang|de|italic=no|Deutsche Ordenhaus}} with gunpowder after having burgled it. He was strung up between two dogs, and a large fire was made close to him, and he expired after half an hour under this torture. In the 1553 Württemberg case, the Jew chose to convert to Christianity after hanging like this for 24 hours; he was then given the mercy to be hanged in the ordinary manner, from the neck, and without the dogs beside him. In the 1462 Halle case, the Jew Abraham also converted after 24 hours hanging upside down, and a priest went up on a ladder and baptised him. For two more days, Abraham was left hanging, while the priest argued with the city council that a true Christian should not be punished in this way. On the third day, Abraham was granted a reprieve, and was taken down, but died 20 days later in the local hospital having meanwhile suffered in extreme pain. In the 1637 case, where the Jew had murdered a Christian jeweller, the appeal to the [[Maria Anna of Spain|empress]] was successful, and out of mercy, the Jew was condemned to be merely pinched with glowing pincers, have hot lead dripped into his wounds, and then be [[Breaking wheel|broken alive on the wheel]].

Some of the reported cases may be myths, or wandering stories. The 1326 Hennegau case, for example, deviates from the others in that the Jew was not a thief, but was suspected (even though he was a convert to Christianity) of having struck an al fresco painting of [[Virgin Mary]], so that blood had begun to seep down the wall from the painting. Even under all degrees of judicial torture, the Jew denied performing this sacrilegious act, and was therefore exonerated. Then a brawny smith demanded from him a [[trial by combat]], because, supposedly, in a dream the Virgin herself had besought the smith to do so. The court accepted the smith's challenge, he easily won the combat against the Jew, who was duly hanged up by the feet between two dogs. To add to the injury, one let him be slowly roasted as well as hanged.<ref>{{cite book|last=von Heister|first=Carl|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|title=Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel: Die Juden: aufgebürdete Verbrechen. Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach|volume=3|publisher=Tauerschmidt|year=1863|location=Naumburg|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513013515/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref> This is a very similar story to one told in France, in which a young Jew threw a lance at the head of a statue of the Virgin, so that blood spurted out of it. There was inadequate evidence for a normal trial, but a frail old man asked for trial by combat, and bested the young Jew. The Jew confessed his crime, and was hanged by his feet between two mastiffs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/caudatusanglicus00neiliala#page/10/mode/2up|at=p. 11, footnote 2|last=Neilson|first=George|year=1896|title=Caudatus Anglicus|location=Edinburgh|publisher=George p. Johnston}}</ref>

The features of the earliest attested case, that of a Jewish thief hanged by the feet in Soultzmatt in 1296 are also rather divergent from the rest. The Jew managed somehow, after he had been left to die, to twitch his body in such a manner that he could hoist himself up on the gallows and free himself. At that time, his feet were so damaged that he was unable to escape, and when he was discovered 8 days after he had been hanged, he was strangled to death by the townspeople.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tschamser|first=P. F. Malachiam|year=1864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250|pages=250|title=Annales oder Jahrs-Geschichte der ...: Minderen Brüdern S. Franc. ord. Conventualen genzunt, zu Thann ... 1724|volume=1|publisher=K. A. Hoffmann|location=Colmar|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513015127/https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250|url-status=live}}</ref>

As late as in 1699 [[Celle]], the courts were sufficiently horrified at how the Jewish leader of a robber gang (condemned to be hanged in the normal manner) declared blasphemies against Christianity, that they made a ruling on the ''post mortem'' treatment of Jonas Meyer. After 3 days, his corpse was cut down, his tongue cut out, and his body was hanged up again, but this time from its feet.<ref>The author regards this as probably the last case in which a Jew (although in this case dead) was hanged up by the feet in Germany. {{cite book|last1=Schnitzler|first1=Norbert|pages=292|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WntiDRp3hdsC&pg=PA292|editor-last1=Schlosser|editor-first1=Hans |editor-last2=Sprandel|editor-first2=Rolf |editor-last3=Willoweit|editor-first3=Daniel |title=Herrschaftliches Strafen seit dem Hochmittelalter: Formen und Entwicklungsstufen|chapter=Juden vor Gericht: Soziale Ausgrenzung durch Sanktionen |language=de |publisher=Böhlau |location=Cologne, Weimar |year=2002 |isbn=9783412086015}}</ref>

===Punishment for traitors===
Guido Kisch writes that the first instance he knows where a person in Germany was hanged up by his feet between two dogs until he died occurred about 1048, some 250 years earlier than the first attested Jewish case. This was a knight called Arnold, who had murdered his lord; the story is contained in [[Adam of Bremen]]'s ''History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen''.<ref>On Kisch's assessment, see for example: {{cite book|last=Kisch|first=Guido|year=1943|title=Historia Judaica: A Journal of Studies in Jewish History, Especially in Legal and Economic History of the Jews|volume=5–6|pages=119|publisher=Historia Judaica}} On locus in Adam of Bremen's text, see {{cite book|last1=Adam of Bremen|translator-last=Tschan|translator-first=Francis J. |translator-last2=Reuter|translator-first2=Timothy|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120|title=History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780231500852|location=New York|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010628/https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example of a non-Jew who suffered this punishment as a torture, in 1196 [[Richard, Count of Acerra]], was one of those executed by [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] in the suppression of the rebelling Sicilians:<ref>[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc ''Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312011115/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc |date=12 March 2004 }} trans. G. A. Loud</ref>

{{quote|He [Henry VI] held a general court in Capua, at which he ordered that the count first be drawn behind a horse through the squares of Capua, and then hanged alive head downwards. The latter was still alive after two days when a certain German jester called Leather-Bag [Follis], hoping to please the emperor, tied a large stone to his neck and shamefully put him to death}}
A couple of centuries earlier, in France 991, a viscount Walter nominally owing his allegiance to the French King [[Hugh Capet]] chose, on instigation of his wife, to join the rebellion under [[Odo I, Count of Blois]]. When Odo found out he had to abandon [[Melun]] after all, Walter was duly hanged before the gates, whereas his wife, the fomentor of treason, was hanged by her feet, causing much merriment and jeers from Hugh's soldiers as her clothes fell downwards revealing her naked body, although it is not wholly clear if she died in that manner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78|pages=78–79|title=The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328|publisher=Conitunuum Books|location=London|isbn=9780826435149|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214932/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Elizabethan maritime law===
During Queen [[Elizabeth I]]'s reign, the following was written concerning those who stole a ship from the Royal Navy:<ref>{{cite book|last=Hurton|first=William|year=1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULBWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84|pages=84|title=Hearts of Oak, or Naval yarns. By the author of 'Vonved the Dane'|publisher=Richard Bentley|location=London}}</ref>

{{quote|If anye one practysed to steale awaye anye of her Majesty's shippes, the captaine was to cause him to be hanged by the heels {{Not a typo|unt|ill}} his braines were beaten out against the shippe's sides, and then to be cutt down and lett fall intoe the sea. }}

==Hanging by the ribs==
[[File:Blake after John Gabriel Stedman Narrative of a Five Years copy 2 object 2-detail.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Man Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows'' by [[William Blake]]. Originally published in Stedman's ''Narrative''.]]
In 1713, [[Juraj Jánošík]], a semi-legendary Slovak outlaw and [[folk hero]], was sentenced to be hanged from his left rib. He was left to slowly die.<ref>"[http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html Modern-day 'outlaws' gather to honour Jánošík] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516130403/http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html |date=16 May 2013 }}". ''[[The Slovak Spectator]]''. 9 July 2012.</ref>

The German physician Gottlob Schober (1670–1739),<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html|title=Schober, Gottlob – Deutsche Biographie|access-date=8 October 2017|year=1891|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805111436/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who worked in Russia from 1712, notes that a person could hang from the ribs for about three days prior to expiring, his primary pain being that of extreme thirst. He thought this degree of insensitivity was something peculiar to the Russian mentality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Gerhard F.|year=1762|title=Sammlung Rußischer Geschichte, 1st and 2nd Part of 7th Volume|publisher=Kayserl. Academie der Wißenschafften|location=St. Petersburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23|pages=23|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Dutch in [[Suriname]] were also in the habit of hanging a slave from the ribs, a custom amongst the African tribes from whom they were originally purchased. [[John Gabriel Stedman]] stayed in South America from 1772 to 1777 and described the method as told by a witness:<ref>Stedman, J.G.: "[https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey00stedgoog  Narrative, of a five years' expedition]", Vol.1, London 1813, p.116</ref>
{{blockquote|Not long ago, (continued he) I saw a black "man suspended alive from a gallows by the ribs, between which, with a knife, was first made an incision, and then clinched an iron hook with a chain: in this manner he kept alive three days, hanging with his head "and feet downwards, and catching with his tongue the "drops of water" (it being in the rainy season) that were "flowing down his bloated breast. Notwithstanding all this, he never complained, and even upbraided a negro "for crying while he was flogged below the gallows, by calling out to him: "You man?—Da boy fasy? Are you a man? you behave like a boy". Shortly after which he was knocked on the head by the commiserating sentry, who stood over him, with the butt end of his musket.}}
[[William Blake]] was specially commissioned to make illustrations to Stedman's narrative.<ref>Honour, Hugh (1975). The European Vision of America Cleveland, Ohio; The Cleveland Museum of Art, p.343</ref>

==Grammar==
The standard past tense and past participle form of the verb "hang", in this sense, is "hanged",<ref>Oxford English Dictionary (2015 update), OUP, Oxford, UK</ref><ref>Online {{cite web
|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019030127/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 October 2004
|title=Hang
|publisher=[[Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English]]
|access-date=6 July 2009
}}</ref><ref>Online {{cite dictionary
|url = http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang
|title = Hang
|dictionary = [[American Heritage Dictionary]]
|access-date = 6 July 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133742/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang
|archive-date = 18 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> although some dictionaries give "hung" as an alternative.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang
|title=Hang
|access-date=6 July 2009
|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary]]
|archive-date=21 April 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421185137/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Random House Dictionary of the English Language
|date=1979
|edition=1st
|editor=Jess Stein
|title-link=Random House Dictionary of the English Language
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Capital punishment]]
* [[Death erection]]
* [[Dule tree]]
* [[Erotic asphyxiation]]
* [[Executioner]]
* [[Gallows]]
* [[Garrote#Execution_device|Garrote]]
* [[Hand of Glory]]
* [[Hanging judge]]
* [[Hanging tree (United States)]]
* [[Hangman (game)]]
* [[Hangman's knot]]
* [[Jack Ketch]]
* [[List of people who died by hanging]]
* [[List of suicides]]
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Lynching in the United States]]
* [[Suicide by hanging]]
*[[Rope]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=JSpine2011-02>{{cite journal |url=http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman's_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf |access-date=27 August 2016 |title=Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective |author1=Mahmoud Rayes |author2=Monika Mittal |author3=Setti S. Rengachary |author4=Sandeep Mittal |journal=[[Journal of Neurosurgery]] |date=February 2011 |quote=It was not until the introduction of the standard drop by Dr. Samuel Haughton in 1866, and the so-called long drop by William Marwood in 1872 that hanging became a standard, humane means to achieve instantaneous death. |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075751/http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman%27s_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Jack Shuler, ''The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose.'' New York: Public Affairs, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1610391368}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073312/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_002_no_002/papers/paper005.html A Case Of Strangulation Fabricated As Hanging]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073439/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_007_no_001/papers/paper005.html Obliquity vs. Discontinuity of ligature mark in diagnosis of hanging – a comparative study]
*[http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm Death Penalty Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215756/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm |date=13 November 2013 }} Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.

{{Capital punishment}}

[[Category:Hanging| ]]
[[Category:Execution methods]]
[[Category:Human positions]]

Godse (surname)

2023-09-13T15:36:38Z

Shekhar124689:

{{Short description|Indian surname}}

'''Godse''' is a [[Marathi Brahmin]] surname.
*[[Dattatraya Ganesh Godse]] (1914–1992), Indian playwright
*[[Gopal Godse]] (1919–2005), brother and co-conspirator of Nathuram
*[[Hemant Godse]] (born 1970), Indian politician
*[[Mugdha Godse]] (born 1986), Indian model
*[[Nathuram Godse]] (1910–1949), assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Vishnubhat Godse]] (1827–1904), Hindu priest

==See also==
*[[Godse]], disambiguation

[[Category:Surname]]
[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Hindu surnames]]

Amar Virdi

2023-08-23T21:07:14Z

Shekhar124689:

{{short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Amar Virdi
| image =1 36 Amar Virdi.jpg
| country = England
| fullname = Guramar Singh Virdi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|7|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chiswick]], London, England
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 10
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| club1 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2016–present}}
| clubnumber1 = 19
| club2 = → [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] (on loan)
| year2 = 2022
| clubnumber2 =

| type1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| debutdate1 = 26 May
| debutyear1 = 2017
| debutfor1 = Surrey
| debutagainst1 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| type2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| debutdate2 = 2 August
| debutyear2 = 2022
| debutfor2 = Surrey
| debutagainst2 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 41
| runs1 = 229
| bat avg1 = 9.54
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 21[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6,903
| wickets1 = 123
| bowl avg1 = 30.71
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 8/61
| catches/stumpings1 = 10/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 10
| runs2 = 31
| bat avg2 = 5.16
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 8
| deliveries2 = 300
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 41.42
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/38
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| date = 23 August 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/1037701.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Guramar Singh Virdi''' (born 19 July 1998), known as '''Amar Virdi''', is an English [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{Cite book| editor-last=Marshall |editor-first =Ian |title=Playfair Cricket Annual, 2017 |year=2017 |publisher=Headline |isbn=978-1-4722-3256-4| page =173}}</ref> An off-spin bowler,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53199096 |title=Amar Virdi: Surrey spinner believes he can win England Test place |work=BBC Sport |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Virdi played in two Under-19 internationals for England against Sri Lanka in 2016.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1037701.html |title=Amar Virdi |access-date=29 May 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in the [[2017 County Championship]] on 26 May 2017.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1068544.html |title=Specsavers County Championship Division One, Essex v Surrey at Chelmsford, May 26-29, 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==Career==
Virdi was the leading English-born spin bowler in the [[2018 County Championship]] with 39 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2019|last1=Hobson |first1=Richard |title=Amar Virdi substitute appearance for Surrey blocked by last-minute ECB ruling |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27146738/amar-virdi-substitute-appearance-surrey-blocked-last-minute-ecb-ruling |website=Cricinfo |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> He struggled with a stress injury to his back in January 2019, which kept him out of the opening weeks of the 2019 cricket season, and was asked by Surrey to lose some weight and improve his fitness while he recovered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/notts-doomed-as-amar-virdi-leads-spinning-show-xdfgz9m27|title = Notts doomed as Amar Virdi leads spinning show|last1 = Scott|first1 = Neville}}</ref> Surrey's director of cricket, [[Alec Stewart]], called it "tough love".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/amar_virdi_responding_tough_love_surrey_seek_improvement.html|title=Amar Virdi responding to tough love as Surrey seek improvement|website=www.thecricketer.com}}</ref> When Virdi returned to the Surrey team in mid-July for his first match of the season he took 14 wickets in the victory over [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]: 8 for 61 and 6 for 78.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2019|last1=Culley|first1=Jon|title=Amar Virdi claims 14 wickets for the match as Surrey crush Nottinghamshire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8052/report/1166950/nottinghamshire-vs-surrey-specsavers-county-championship-division-one-2019 |website=Cricinfo |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref>

On 29 May 2020, Virdi was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/1674230/england-men-confirm-back-to-training-group |title=England Men confirm back-to-training group |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29239315/alex-hales,-liam-plunkett-left-england-name-55-man-training-group |title=Alex Hales, Liam Plunkett left out as England name 55-man training group |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> On 17 June 2020, Virdi was included in England's 30-man squad to start training [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] for the [[Test cricket|Test]] series [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1683417 |title=England announce 30-man training squad ahead of first West Indies Test |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1225177.html |title=Moeen Ali back in Test frame as England name 30-man training squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>

In December 2020, Virdi was named as one of seven reserve players in England's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020–21|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-in-sri-lanka-2020-21-ben-stokes-jofra-archer-rested-for-england-test-tour-of-sri-lanka-1243521 |title=Ben Stokes, Jofra Archer rested for England Test tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, he was also named as a reserve player in England's Test squad for their series [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|against India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55747795 |title=India v England: Ben Stokes and Jofra Archer return to Joe Root's squad for first two Tests in Ahmedabad |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Virdi is a practising [[Sikh]].<ref name="quart">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25301992/surrey-england-graduates-inspire-amar-virdi-set-sights-higher-honours |title=Surrey's England graduates inspire Amar Virdi to set sights on higher honours |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> His family originate from the [[Punjab]], but his parents emigrated to the UK from [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]].<ref name="quart"/> He grew up in a sporting family: his father represented Kenya in junior [[tennis]] and his brother introduced him to cricket.<ref name="quart"/> As a teenager, he turned down offers of scholarships from private schools because he didn't wish to board, and because he had been playing adult cricket since he was 13.<ref name="quart"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1037701}}

{{Surrey County Cricket Club squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virdi, Amar}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Surrey cricketers]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chiswick]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Greater London]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]

Shubham (film)

2023-07-14T18:27:33Z

Shekhar124689:

{{Infobox film
| name = Shubham
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Ravi Garani
| writer = Ravi Garani
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = N R Shetty
| starring = Shivadhwaj [[Sanjeeda Sheikh|Sanjitha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| studio = N Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|3|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shubham''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language romantic drama film directed by Ravi Garani and starring Shivadhwaj and [[Sanjeeda Sheikh|Sanjitha]].

== Cast ==
*Shivadhwaj as Venky
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh|Sanjitha]] as Priya
*[[Lokanath ]]
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
*[[Vanitha Vasu]] as Priya's sister-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms|title=Straight answers|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316022506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==
Two versions of this film were shot for the class and mass audiences, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shubham.asp|title='Shubham' to set a new trend!|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316023511/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shubham.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/shubham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1182412810|title=Shubham (Original Motion picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aaha Yuvaraani
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = C Ashwath, Nandini
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Ee Dhamani Dhamani
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Ee Mounava
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Enaaytho
| extra4 = Gurukiran
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Hani Hani
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj]]
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:53
| title6 = Love Kane
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| extra6 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length6 = 4:07
| title7 = Thale Kerkond Barthaane
| extra7 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length7 = 3:45
| title8 = Yaarivanu
| lyrics8 = Kaviraj
| extra8 = Gurukiran, [[Usha Uthup]], Vidya
| length8 = 4:05
| total_length = 34:34
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "The film will be more remembered for Giri’s photography than any other thing. He is certainly the best in the team. "Shubham’ has rich technical values but with a poor story and script".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2888/kannada/shubham/721/review.htm|title=Shubham Kannada Movie Review|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|last=Vijayasarthy|first=R. G.|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082359/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2888/kannada/shubham/721/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "It is the story and direction that is the major letdown".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11shubham.htm|title=Review: Shubham|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|last=Vijayasarthy|first=R. G.|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082359/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11shubham.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/100406shubham.html|title=ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಸಾಹಸ!|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|via=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|language=kn|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/100406shubham.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nutshell, watch Shubham if you haven't seen a technically good Kannada film in the recent past".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_shubham.asp|title=Shubham - film review|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-12-21|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_shubham.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitraloka'' wrote that "N Films has made a very good attempt to remain different from the usual run of the mill films. This is worth more than your ticket price. Go watch it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/742-shubham-review.html|title=Shubham Movie Review|work=Chitraloka|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/742-shubham-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14338492}}

[[Category:2000s Kannada-language films]]

Rajshree Singh

2023-07-12T17:51:22Z

Shekhar124689: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajshree singh
| image = Rajshree singh.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shamshabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shamshabad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|50|2018|11|28}}<ref name="MyNeta">[https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4013 Rajshree Singh (Winner) Bharatiya Janata Party Shamshabad (Vidisha)] Madhya Pradesh 2018.</ref>
| birth_place = Satna
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Rudra Pratap Singh
| website = {{URL|rajshreesingh.com/}}
}}

'''Rajshree Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=शमशाबाद में प्याऊ का लोकार्पण विधायक राजश्री रूद्र प्रताप सिंह ने किया |url=https://mp.punjabkesari.in/madhya-pradesh/news/mla-rajshree-singh-inaugurated-drink-in-shamshabad-1542309 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> is an Indian politician. She was elected{{When}} to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh MLAs list |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/sadasyasuchi.htm |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.rajshreesingh.com/|Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajshree}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhauma-Kara dynasty

2023-01-16T21:30:28Z

Shekhar124689: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|8th-10th century Indian dynasty}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Bhauma-Kara dynasty
| common_name = Bhauma-Kara dynasty
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| year_start = c. 8th century CE
| year_end = c. 10th century CE
| religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| capital = [[Jajpur]]
| common_languages =
| p1 = Shailodbhava dynasty
| s1 = Somavamshi dynasty
| s2 = Bhanja dynasty
| image_map =
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The '''Bhauma dynasty''', also known as '''Kara dynasty''', ruled in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala (IAST: Toṣala), included parts of present-day [[Odisha]].

By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the former [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]] territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followed [[Buddhism]], and its later rulers followed [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. The [[dynasty]], whose rulers included five women, was supplanted by the [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanjas]] and the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]] in the 10th century.

== Origin ==

The origin of the Bhauma-Kara family is not certain.{{sfn|K. C. Panigrahi|1981|p=20}} The earliest records of the dynasty name their family as "Bhauma". "Kara" is first mentioned as a dynastic name in an inscription of the dynasty's sixth king, Shubhakara II. The names of all the male kings ended in "-kara", which may explain the usage of "Kara" as a family name.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=31}}

Some scholars, such as Binayak Misra and [[R. C. Majumdar]], argued that the dynasty was associated with a tribe called Bhauma, whose members originally lived on the [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendra mountain]]. This theory is based on the occurrence of the phrase "Mahendra Bhauma" in a manuscript of ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=25}} The text also associates the Bhauma tribe with a king called Guha, which according to Misra, explains the name of dynasty's capital - Guhadevapataka (or Guheshvarapataka). Critics of this theory point out that the term "Mahendra Bhauma" occurs in only one manuscript of ''Vishnu Purana'', and its meaning is not clear.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=26}} Moreover, the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' suggests that king Guha lived in the 4th century, while the Bhauma-Kara rule started in the 8th century: the gap between the two cannot be explained satisfactorily. Finally, if the Bhauma-Karas were really descended from a reputed legendary king like Guha, they would not have failed to mention this king as their ancestor in their records.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=27}}

Misra also believed that the Bhauma tribe was connected with the ancient "[[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] race", because the Chaurasi copper-plate inscription of king Shivakara II states that he belonged to the "Bhauma lineage of the Utkala family". However, according to Biswarup Das, "Utkala" here is a geographic designation indicating the family's contemporary residence.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|pp=30-31}}

One theory connects the Bhauma-Karas with the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribe.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}} N. K. Sahu and some other scholars connected the Bhauma-Karas to the Bhuyan tribe of northern Odisha or the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan aristocrats]]. This theory is based on the similarity of the words "Bhuyan" and "Bhauma". However, this evidence is not strong, as several similar-sounding words are derived from the Sanskrit word ''bhu'' (land). Another point cited in support of this theory is the fact that among some Bhuyan aristocratic families, the eldest son was named after his grandfather. This also appears to be true for the Bhauma-Kara kings. However, in these Bhuyan families, the second son was named after the great grandfather, a tradition not followed in the Bhauma-Kara family. Moreover, there is no evidence that the ancestors of the Bhuyans ruled any area before the 10th century.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=28}}

Yet another theory connects the family to the legendary [[Bhauma dynasty]] of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]] (modern [[Assam]]). According to some ancient texts, the Bhaumas of Pragjyotisha descended from [[Narakasura|Naraka]] (alias Bhauma), who was a son of the god [[Vishnu]]. Similarly, the 15th century writer [[Sarala Dasa]], in his [[Odia language]] version of ''[[Mahabharata]]'', states that "Vishnukara" was the founder of the Kara family.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|pp=31-32}} According to this theory, the Bhauma-Karas originally served as feudatories to the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] ruler Harsha, who may have captured a part of Odisha.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=36-37}} However, this theory is not supported by any concrete evidence either.{{sfn|Ramprasad Mishra|1991|p=216}}

== History ==

=== Early rulers ===

The Bhauma-Kara inscriptions are dated in the years of an unspecified [[calendar era]], simply called ''samvat'' ([[Sanskrit]] for calendar era).{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=191}} Historian [[Krishna Chandra Panigrahi]] believed that this era begins from year 736 [[Common Era|CE]], and marks the beginning of the Bhauma-Kara rule.{{sfn|K. C. Panigrahi|1981|p=20}} However, [[Dineshchandra Sircar]] dated the beginning of this era to 831 CE, based on his analysis of the astronomical data in the [[Dashapalla]] inscription of the Bhauma-Kara feudatory Shatrubhanja II. [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard G. Salomon]] calls Sircar's suggestion as most convincing, although he notes that it is not conclusive.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|pp=190-191}}

The earlier Bhauma-Kara kings appear to have ruled the northern [[Toshali]] area, contemporaneously with the [[Shailodbhava]]s, who ruled the southern Kongoda region.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=6}} The dynasty probably ruled most of the coastal Odisha by the time of king [[Sivakara Deva I|Shivakara I]] (c. 756 or 786).{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}} According to the Ganjam inscription of the Shvetaka Ganga king Jayavarmadeva, Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northern part of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. The Talcher inscription of his descendant Shivakara III states that he defeated the king of [[Rarh|Rāḍha]] (in present-day [[West Bengal]]), and married the daughter of the defeated king.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=6}}

=== Pala and Rashtrakuta invasions ===

Shubhakara I (c. 790), according to his [[Neulpur]] inscription, crushed a revolt by his relatives, who had claimed the throne.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}} Between 790 and 829, during the reigns of Shubhakara I and his elder son Shivakara II, a series of [[Rashtrakuta]] and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] invasions weakened and disintegrated the Bhauma kingdom.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}}{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}}

Shantikara I, the younger son of Shubhakara I, married [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I|Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I]], a daughter of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] king Rajamalla. The [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 846) suggests that the Bhauma-Kara kingdom was in a bad shape before her father Rajmalla put an end to the Rashtrakuta-Pala domination.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}} She reunified the kingdom, but the family probably never regained its former power.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}} Her Talcher inscription suggests that she abdicated the throne when her grandson Shantikara II became an adult.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|pp=7-8}}

=== Internal strife ===

The Bhauma-Kara family appears to have suffered from internal strifes starting around c. 880, which gradually led to its downfall. The reign of Shubhakara IV, the dynasty's first known [[Shaivite]] king, lasted for less than five years (c. 881-884). He was succeeded by his brother Shivakara III, whose reign lasted for around nine years.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}}

The next ruler was Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II (c. 894), who was the queen of Shubhakara IV.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}} Her inscriptions falsely claim that Shivakara III died heirless, a deliberate attempt to ignore the claims of her nephews to the throne.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=8}} Most modern scholars believe that she acquired the throne with the help of her father Janmejaya I, who was a ruler of the neighbouring [[Somavamshi dynasty]].{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}} A [[Brahmeswara Temple]] inscription suggests that Janmejaya killed the king of the [[Odra Kingdom|Odra]] country. Panigrahi identified the slain king as Shivakara III, but other historians identify him as a rebel Bhanja vassal of Janmejaya.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=24}} The reign of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II was probably very short, as her ascension may have been disputed by the court factions.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}} The records of the later Bhauma-Kara kings do not mention her reign, which suggests that she was not recognized as a legitimate ruler by the sons of Shivakara III, who probably set up parallel governments.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=8}}

At least five rulers claimed the Bhauma-Kara throne during 894-923, which suggests that the kingdom had become unstable. Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II was succeeded by two of her nephews Shantikara III and Shubhakara V. Subsequently, Gauri-Mahadevi, the queen of Shubhakara V, controlled the kingdom, probably as a regent for their young daughter Dandi-Mahadevi. After Dandi (c. 916 or 923), her step-mother Vakula-Mahadevi (another queen of Shubhakara V) ascended the throne.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=51}} Vakula's paternal family may have helped her dethrone Dandi.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=8}} Her rule was followed by Dharma-Mahadevi, a queen of Shantikara III.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}} These queens assumed the imperial titles ''Parama-Maheshvari'', ''Parama- Bhattarika'', ''Maharajadhiraja'', and ''Parameshvari''.{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|p=51}}

It appears that the neighbouring Somavamshi and Bhanja dynasties attempted to take over the Bhauma-Kara kingdom, leading to dissensions and political intrigues. According to historian [[Krishna Chandra Panigrahi]], the Bhanjas of Khinjali married two of their princesses (Vakula and Dharma) into the Bhauma-Kara family, and later controlled the Bhauma-Kara throne through them. The Bhauma-Kara territory ultimately came under the control of the Somavamshis.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}}

== Territory ==

The Bhauma-Kara kingdom was called Toshala, a name believed to be derived from [[Toshali]], the ancient capital of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. Their land grant inscriptions suggest that in its palmy days<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/246213040 |title=Economic history of Orissa |publisher=Indus Pub |isbn=81-7387-075-6 |oclc=246213040}}</ref> their kingdom included a major part of [[Odisha]], as well as the [[Midnapore district]] of [[West Bengal]]. A part of this territory was administered by their semi-autonomous feudatories.{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=32}} These feudatories included the Gangas of Shvetaka, the Shulkis of Kodalaka, the Tungas of Yamagartta, the Nandodbhavas of Jayapura, and the Bhanjas (of Khigingakotta, Khinjali, and Vajulvaka).{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=33}}

The Bhauma-Kara period saw the beginning of the unification of historically distinct regions such as Odra, Toshala, Kongoda and Utkala.{{sfn|Kailash Chandra Dash|2010|p=167}} The kingdom was divided into administrative units called the ''mandala''s (revenue divisions), ''[[vishaya]]''s (districts), ''khanda''s (sub-divisions), and villages (''Pataka''s, ''Patika''s and ''grama''s).{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|pp=32-33}}

Their capital was located at Guhadevapataka (or Guheshvarapataka), identified with modern Gohiratikar (or Gohiratikra) in [[Jajpur district]].{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=6}}{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=33}} This was either a new name for the city that was earlier called Viraja, or was a new city built in the vicinity of ancient Viraja.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=51}} The later Somavamshi rulers moved their capital from Yayatinagara (modern [[Binika|Binka]]) to Guheshvarapataka, and renamed the city Abhinava-Yayatinagara ("the new city of Yayati").{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=51}}

== Religion ==
[[File:Sculpture of a couple in Vaital Deul, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|A sculpture at the [[Vaital Deula|Vaitala Deula]] temple]]

The Bhauma-Kara kings were tolerant towards Buddhism as well as Shaivism. Shubhakara I, a Buddhist, married Madhava-devi, who was a [[Shaivite]]. Shubhakara III, also a Buddhist, granted a portion of the Noddilo village to the Pulindeshvara shrine dedicated to Vaidyanatha-bhattaraka (an aspect of [[Shiva]]), as attested by his [[Hindol, Odisha|Hindol]] inscription. Shivakara III, a Shaivite, granted two villages to a Buddhist temple in Jayashrama-[[vihara]]. According to the [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I, her predecessors Shivakara I and Shantikara I "exhausted treasures of their vast empire on religious works in order to enlighten their country and others", and constructed several [[matha]]s, monasteries and temples.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}}

=== Buddhism ===
The first three kings of the dynasty - Keshmankara, Shivakara I (alias Unmattasimha) and Shubhakara I were [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}} At least two of their successors - Shivakara II and Shubhakara III - were also Buddhists.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}} The Bhauma-Kara patronage played an important role in the growth of [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] as a major Buddhist centre.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=5}} The Bhauma-Kara territory also included other important Buddhist sites of [[Lalitgiri|Lalitagiri]], [[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]], and [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]]. Their rule saw a gradual shift from [[Mahayana]] to [[Vajrayana]] in the region.{{sfn|Kailash Chandra Dash|2010|p=167}}

According to the Chinese records, [[Śubhakarasiṃha|Shubhakara-simha]], a former king of [[Odra Kingdom|Odra]], arrived at the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] capital in 716, at the invitation of emperor [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuanzong]]. He bought several Buddhist texts with him, and helped popularize Vajrayana in China.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=6}} This Shubhakara-simha may have been an ancestor of the Bhauma-Kara kings.{{sfn|Richard K. Payne|2006|p=237}}{{sfn|Klaus Pinte|2011|p=340}}

The Chinese records also state that, in 795, the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] emperor [[Emperor Dezong of Tang|Dezong]] received an autographed manuscript as a gift from the king of the Odra country. The manuscript contained the last section of the Buddhist texts ''[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Gandavyuha|Gandavyuha Sutra]]''. The Indian king can be identified as either [[Sivakara Deva I|Shivakara I]] or his son Shubhakara I, who ruled the Odra region at the time. In the 9th century, the Buddhist monk [[Prajna (Buddhist monk)|Prajna]], who had earlier visited several important Buddhist sites including [[Nalanda]], settled in a monastery in Odra. This suggests the Buddhist monasteries of Odra had become reputed throughout the Buddhist world by this time.{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=6}}

According to the Baudh inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II, Shubhakara I (c. 790) constructed lofty stone [[vihara]]s. During his reign, the Buddhist leader dedicated an image of [[Padmapani]], as attested by an inscription on the image. According to a [[Dhauli]] cave inscription, Bhimata and Bhatta Loyamaka constructed a monastery named Arghyaka Varatika in the Bhauma year 93 (c. 829), during the reign of Shantikara I. Another inscription of Bhimata, who was the son of a famous physician, has been found at the Ganeshagumpha cave in [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]].{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}}

<gallery>
File:Ratnagiri ei3-29.jpg|Ratnagiri
File:Mahastupha at Lalitgiri.jpg|Lalitgiri
File:Udayagiri WIKI.JPG|Udayagiri
File:Pushpagiri (Langudi Hill) - Jajpur - Odisha - Buddhist site - Rock-Cut Stupas - 2.JPG|Pushpagiri
</gallery>

=== Brahmanism ===
[[File:Baitala Temple, Bhubaneswr. Odisha.jpg|thumb|Vaitala-Deula temple]]
The later part of the Bhaumakara rule marked the revival of [[Brahmanism]] in Odisha, which may have resulted from the royal attempts to curb the unconventional activities being carried out in name of Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana).{{sfn|Kailash Chandra Dash|2010|pp=168-169}} Madhava-devi, the queen of Shubhakara I constructed a temple dedicated to Madhaveshvara ([[Shiva]]), and appointed a Shaivite [[acharya]] (religious leader) for conducting worship.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}}

Queen [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I|Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I]] (c. 846), whose father appears to have played an important role in evicting the Rashtrakuta and Pala invaders from the kingdom, was a [[Vaishnavite]].{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=7}}

The tenth king Shubhakara IV (c. 881) is the earliest known Bhauma-Kara ruler to have called himself a devotee of Shiva (''Parama-Maheshvara''). The subsequent rulers of the family were all Shaivites. Nearly all the temples constructed by the family were Shiva shrines, the only exception being the [[Vaital Deula|Vaitala Deula]] temple dedicated to the goddess [[Chamunda]].{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=22}}

== List of rulers ==

The Bhauma-Kara rulers are known from their copper-plate inscriptions, which are dated in their own [[calendar era]], as well as in the regnal years of the issuing rulers. These dates are further corroborated by records of other dynasties, such as the Somavamshis. The following is a list of Bhauma rulers, with approximately regnal dates (in [[Common Era|CE]]), assuming 736 CE as the start of the Bhauma-Kara calendar era.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|pp=21-22}}{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|pp=207-211}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Name ([[IAST]] in bracket) !! Known dates !! Spouse !! Note
|-
| Kshemankara-deva (Kṣemaṃkaradeva) {{aka}} Lakshmikara || c. 736 || Vatsa-devi ||
|-
| [[Sivakara Deva I|Shivakara-deva I]] (Śivakaradeva) {{aka}} Unmattasimha {{aka}} Unmattakeshari || c. 756 or 786 || Jayavali-devi (daughter of king of [[Rarh|Radha]]) || Son of Kshemankara
|-
| Shubhakara-deva I (Śubhākaradeva) || c. 790? || Madhava-devi || Son of Shivakara I
|-
| Shivakara-deva II || c. 809? || Mohini-devi || Son of Shubhakara I
|-
| Shantikara-deva I (Śāntikaradeva) {{aka}} Lalitahara I / Lalitabhara {{aka}} Gayada I || || [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I|Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I]] || Son of Shubhakara I
|-
| Shubhakara-deva II || c. 836 || || Son of Shivakara II
|-
| Shubhakara-deva III {{aka}} Kusumahara I / Kusumabhara {{aka}} Simhaketu || c. 839 || || Son of Shantikara I and Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I
|-
| [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I|Tribhuvana-Mahādevī I]] || c. 846 || Shantikara I || Daughter of [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] king Rajamalla, Mother of Shubhakara III
|-
| Shantikara-deva II {{aka}} Lavanabhara I / Lonabhara {{aka}} Gayada II || || Hira-Mahadevi (daughter of Simhamana) || Son of Shubhakara III
|-
| Shubhakara-deva IV {{aka}} Kusumahara II || c. 881-884 || Prithvi-Mahadevi Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II || Son of Shantikara III
|-
| Shivakara-deva III {{aka}} Lalitahara II || c. 885 || || Son of Shantikara III
|-
| [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi II|Tribhuvana-Mahadevī II]] || c. 890 || Shubhakara IV || Daughter of Somavamshi king Janmejaya I
|-
| [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi III|Tribhuvana-Mahadevī III]] || c. 896 || Shivakara III ||
|-
| Shantikara-deva III (Śāntikaradeva) {{aka}} Lavanabhara II / Lonabhara II || || Dharma-Mahadevi || Son of Shivakara III, Nephew of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II
|-
| Shubhakara-deva V || || Gauri-Mahadevi and Vakula-Mahadevi || Son of Shivakara III
|-
| [[Gauri Mahadevi|Gaurī-Mahadevī]] || || Shubhakara V || Probably a regent for her daughter Dandi
|-
| [[Dandi Mahadevi|Daṇḍi-Mahadevī]] || c. 916 or 923 || || Daughter of Shubhakara V and Gauri
|-
| [[Vakula Mahadevi|Vakula-Mahadevī]] || || Shubhakara V || Daughter of a Bhanja king, Step-mother of Dandi
|-
| [[Dharma Mahadevi|Dharma-Mahadevī]] || || Shantikara III ||
|}

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions of Bhauma-Karas and their feudatories have been discovered:{{sfn|Biswarup Das|1978|pp=217-222}}

=== Issued by the Bhauma-Kara family ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Find-spot / Place of issue || Issuer || Type
|-
| Neulpur || Shubhakara || Copper-plate
|-
| [[Varahi Deula, Chaurasi|Chaurasi]] || Shivakara || Copper-plate
|-
| Dhanurjayapur || Shantikara || Copper-plate
|-
| Terundia || Shubhakara II || Copper-plate
|-
| Hindol || Shubhakara || Copper-plate
|-
| Dharakota || Shubhakara || Copper-plate
|-
| Dhehkanal || Tribhuvana-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Talcher || Shubhakara || Copper-plate
|-
| Talcher || Shivakara || Copper-plate
|-
| Boudh || Tribhuvana-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Ganjam || Dandi-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Kumurang || Dandi-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Santiragrama || Dandi-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Aruala || Dandi-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Unknown || Vakula-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Angul || Dharma-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Taltali || Dharma-Mahadevi || Copper-plate
|-
| Khadipada || Shubhakara || Stone
|-
| Dhauli Cave || Shantikara || Stone
|-
| [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Ganesh Gumpha]] || Santikara || Stone
|-
| Hameseshvara Temple || Madhava-devi || Stone
|-
| Chamunda image || Vatsa-devi || Stone
|-
| Back of Avalokitesvara Padmapani, found at Santamadhava near Jajpur{{sfn|Thomas E. Donaldson|2001|p=51}} || Unknown || Stone
|}

=== Issued by the Bhauma-Kara feudatories ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Find-spot / Place of issue || Issuer || Dynasty
|-
| Dhenkanal || Jayastambha || Shulki
|-
| Puri || Ranastambha || Shulki
|-
| Dhenkanal || Ranastambha || Shulki
|-
| Unknown || Ranastambha || Shulki
|-
| Talcher || Kulastambha || Shulki
|-
| Dhenkanal || Kulastambha || Shulki
|-
| Hindol || Kulastambha || Shulki
|-
| Dhenkanal || Jayastambha || Shulki
|-
| Dhenkanal || Nidayastambha || Shulki
|-
| Bonaigarh || Vinitatuhga || Tunga
|-
| Kharagprasad || Vinitatuhga || Tunga
|-
| Talcher || Vinitatuhga II || Tunga
|-
| Talcher || Gayadatunga || Tunga
|-
| Talcher || Gayadatunga || Tunga
|-
| Jayapur || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Unknown (now at Baripada Museum) || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Jurepur || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Narasinghpur || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Dashapalla || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Tamra || Devananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Talmula (Talamulasasan) || Dhruvananda-deva || Nandodbhava
|-
| Ganjam || Jayavarma-deva (during Unmattakeshari's rule) || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Svalpavelur || Anantavarman || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Bishamagiri || Indravarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Goutami || Indravarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Badakhimundi || Danarnava-deva || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Dhanantara || Samantavarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Pherava || Samantavarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Kama Nalinakshapur || Samantavarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Sanakhemundi || Indravarma || Gangas of Shvetaka
|-
| Dashapalla || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Tasapaikera || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Singhara || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Aida || Ranaka Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Unknown (now at Patna Museum) || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Boudh || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Boudh || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Angapada || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Boudh || Ranabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Boudh || Kanakabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Boudh || Solanabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Kumarkera || Shatrubhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Sonepur || Shatrubhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Tekkali || Shatrubhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Ganjam || Shatrubhanja-deva || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| [[Dashapalla]] || Shatrubhanja-deva || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Ganjam || Vidyadharbhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Odisha || Vidyadharbhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Antrigam || Yashabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Antrigam || Jayabhanja || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Unknown (now at Orissa Museum) || Ranabhanjadeva || Bhanjas of Khinjali
|-
| Pandiapathara || Bhimasena || Nala
|}

==References==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Biswarup Das |title=The Bhauma-Karas: Buddhist Kings of Orissa and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcEBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Oriental |oclc=565999815 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. C. Panigrahi |author-link=Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |title=Chronology of the Bhauma-Karas and the Somavaṁs̀īs of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jo0eAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Modern |oclc=17780838 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kailash Chandra Dash |title=A traditional account on Yayati Keshari: Its formation and historical authenticity |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |issue=2010–2011 |year=2010 |pages=165–178 |jstor=44147485 }}
* {{cite book |author=Klaus Pinte |chapter=Śubhakarasiṃha (637-735) |editor1=Charles Orzech |editor2=Henrik Sørensen |editor3=Richard Payne |title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA340 |year=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18491-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ramprasad Mishra |title=Sahajayāna: A Study of Tantric Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItQKAAAAYAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-85094-45-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Richard K. Payne |title=Tantric Buddhism in East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y0PUmrAxyMC&pg=PA39 |year=2006 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-487-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Richard Salomon |author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA190 |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Thomas E. Donaldson |title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA51 |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-406-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |title=The Bhauma-Karas of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scQBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=695276579 }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |chapter=Economic Life of Orissa under the Bhauma-Karas |editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik |title=Economic History of Orissa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA32 |year=1997 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128809 The Bhauma karas of Orissa] by Biswarup Das
* [https://archive.org/details/orissaunderthebh035464mbp Orissa Under the Bhauma Kings] (1934) by Binayak Misra. Although outdated, the book contains useful descriptions of the dynasty's inscriptions

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]

UK Statistics Authority

2022-09-16T21:32:49Z

Shekhar124689: Created an inspiring work.

{{Infobox government agency
| name = UK Statistics Authority
| native_name = {{lang-gd|Am Bòrd an Staitistig}} {{lang-cy|Y Bwrdd Ystadegau}}
| seal =
| logo = UK Statistics Authority logo.svg
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2008|04|01}}
| jurisdiction = United Kingdom
| headquarters = 1 Drummond Gate [[London]] SW1V 2QQ<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/contact-us/ |website=UK Statistics Authority |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>
| employees = 3685<ref name="accounts">{{Cite book|title=UK Statistics Authority Annual Report and Accounts 2017/18|last=UK Statistics Authority.|isbn=9781528605892|location=London|oclc=1053733779|year = 2018}}</ref>
| budget = [[Pound sterling|£]]256m (2018)<ref name="accounts" />
| minister1_name = [[Jeremy Quin]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]]
| chief1_name = [[Robert Chote|Sir Robert Chote]]
| chief1_position = Chair of the UK Statistics Authority
| chief2_name = [[Ian Diamond]]
| chief2_position = [[National Statistician]]
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Cabinet Office]]
| child1_agency = {{flatlist|
* [[Office for National Statistics]]
* [[Government Statistical Service]]
* Office of Statistics Regulation}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
The '''UK Statistics Authority''' ('''UKSA''', {{lang-cy|Awdurdod Ystadegau'r DU}}) is a [[non-ministerial government department]] of the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] responsible for oversight of the [[Office for National Statistics]], maintaining a national [[code of practice]] for [[official statistics]], and accrediting statistics that comply with the Code as ''National Statistics''. UKSA was established on 1 April 2008 by the [[Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007]], and is directly accountable to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].

== Background ==
[[Gordon Brown]], then [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], announced on 28 November 2005, that the government intended to publish plans in early 2006 to legislate to render the [[Office for National Statistics]] (ONS) and the statistics it generates independent of government on a model based on the independence of the [[Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)|Monetary Policy Committee]] of the [[Bank of England]]. This was originally a 1997 [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] manifesto commitment and was also the policy of the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] parties. Such independence was also sought by the [[Royal Statistical Society]] and the [[Statistics Commission]]. The [[National Statistician]], who is the chief executive of the ONS, would be directly accountable to Parliament through a widely constituted independent governing Statistics Board. The ONS would be a non-ministerial government department so that the staff, including the Director, would remain as civil servants but without being under direct ministerial control. The National Statistician at the time, [[Karen Dunnell]], stated that the legislation would help improve public trust in official statistics although the ONS already acts independently according to its own published guidelines, the National Statistics Code of Practice, which sets out the key principles and standards that official statisticians, including those in other parts of the [[Government Statistical Service]], are expected to follow and uphold.

The details of the plans for independence were considered in Parliament during the 2006/2007 session and resulted in the [[Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007]]. In July 2007, Sir [[Michael Scholar]] was nominated by the government to be the three-day-a-week non-executive chairman of the Statistics Board which, to re-establish faith in the integrity of government statistics, has statutory responsibility for oversight of UK government statistics and of the Office for National Statistics. It also has a duty to assess all UK government statistics. Following Gordon Brown's later announcement on his 2007 appointment as [[Prime Minister]] of new constitutional arrangements for public appointments, Sir Michael also became, on 18 July, the first such nominee to appear before the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] Treasury Committee and to have his nomination subject to confirmation by the House. On 7 February 2008, following the first meeting of the shadow board, it was announced that the body would be known as the UK Statistics Authority.

UKSA was established on 1 April 2008 by the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, and is directly accountable to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK
| type = act
| year = 2007
| chapter = 18
| number =
| act = Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/archive/about-the-authority/uk-statistical-system/history/timeline.html|title=Timeline|website=www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK
| type = si
| chapter =
| number = 839
| si = The Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008
}}</ref> It reports to Parliament through the Minister for the Cabinet Office.

== Functions ==

Formally, the UK Statistics Authority has two main functions: a production arm – the Office for National Statistics – and a regulatory arm – the Office for Statistics Regulation.

=== Office for National Statistics ===
The ONS is responsible for collecting, analysing and distributing statistical information about the UK's economy, society and population. It replaces the role previously performed by [[HM Treasury]] ministers.<ref>{{cite web |title=What we do - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

=== Office for Statistics Regulation ===
The Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) performs independent monitoring of official statistics, including assessment of the coverage, completeness and usefulness of statistics in particular areas. The OSR is also responsible for maintaining a Code of Practice for Official Statistics,<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Code |url=https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/the-code/ |website=Code of Practice for Statistics |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> and accrediting Code-compliant statistics as 'National Statistics'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/what-we-do/|title=What we do|work=UK Statistics Authority|access-date=2022-01-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the chair can also act to comment on perceived misuse of official statistics by persons responsible or accountable for them. The assessment function has an operational role of producing reports on code compliance of specific sets of national statistics, and also a role making more strategic recommendations for the improvement of statistical outputs, in terms of both the presentation and coverage of official statistics as well as monitoring public trust in government statistics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cosstick |first1=Nick |title=Communicating uncertainty to recapture trust in experts - Networks of evidence and expertise for public policy |url=https://www.csap.cam.ac.uk/news/article-communicating-uncertainty/ |website=www.csap.cam.ac.uk |access-date=3 January 2022 }}</ref>

The UKSA has reported on the need to improve commentary supporting the release of official statistics, and the procedures and extent of pre-release access to official statistics by government ministers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Georgiou |first1=Andreas V. |title=Prerelease access to official statistics is not consistent with professional ethics |journal=Statistical Journal of the IAOS |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=317 |doi=10.3233/SJI-200620 |s2cid=219144205 |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/statistical-journal-of-the-iaos/sji200620 |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=en |issn=1874-7655 |quote=prerelease access by the government was significantly curtailed in the UK in 2017}}</ref> The authority has also produced reports on the impact of cuts to specific statistical activity, such as the citizenship survey, especially where these changes affect users in other bodies. Other reports focus on statistics relating to a particular sector such as health and charities both of which have relevant data collected by more than one government body. A specific stream of work has been on user engagement, identifying the uses of official statistics and the extent to which the needs of users are taken into account by producers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Applied Data Ethics |url=https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/what-we-do/data-ethics/centre-for-applied-data-ethics/ |website=UK Statistics Authority |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

== Current Board members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Member
! Current rôle
! Started
|-
|[[Robert Chote|Sir Robert Chote]]|| Chair || 1 June 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sir-robert-chote-appointed-as-chair-of-the-uk-statistics-authority|title=Robert Chote appointed as chair of UKSA|website=Cabinet Office}}</ref>
|-
| Sian Jones || Deputy Chair||1 July 2016<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-statistics-authority-board-appointments|title=UK Statistics Authority: board appointments|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
|-
| Dr. Jacob Abboud || Non-executive member ||13 February 2023
|-
|[[John Aston (statistician)|Prof. Sir John Aston]]|| Non-executive member ||1 July 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/news/appointment-of-professor-sir-john-aston-to-the-uk-statistics-authority-board/|title=Appointment of Professor Sir John Aston to the UK Statistics Authority Board|website=UK Statistics Authority}}</ref>
|-
| Richard Dobbs || Non-executive member ||27 May 2020<ref name="statisticsauthority.gov.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/news/appointment-of-two-new-non-executive-directors-to-the-uk-statistics-authority-board/|title=Appointment of two new Non-Executive Directors to the UK Statistics Authority Board|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|Nora Nanayakkara|| Non-executive member ||1 July 2016<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Prof. Dame [[Carol Propper]] DBE|| Non-executive member ||13 February 2023
|-
| [[David Spiegelhalter|Prof. Sir David Spiegelhalter FRS]] || Non-executive member ||27 May 2020<ref name="statisticsauthority.gov.uk"/>
|-
| Penny Young || Non-executive member ||13 February 2023
|}

=== ''Ex officio'' executive members ===
As well as the nine non-executive members of the Board, there are three civil servants who serve as executive members as a part of their jobs. They are:

* [[Ian Diamond|Prof. Sir Ian Diamond]] FBA FRSE FAcSS, the [[National Statistician]] and head of the [[Government Statistical Service]], took up post 22 October 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/about-the-authority/meet-the-board/about-the-national-statistician/|title = The Board}}</ref>
* Ed Humpherson CB, the Authority's Head of Assessment, responsible for the independent assessment of official statistics
* Sam Beckett, second permanent secretary, takes the third executive place on the board which had previously been held on a rotational basis by the deputy national statisticians
The three Office for National Statistics (ONS) Directors General normally attend meetings of the board but are formally not members:<ref name="The Board">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/about-the-authority/meet-the-board/index.html|title=The Board}}</ref>
* Mike Keoghan, ONS Director General and Deputy National Statistician for Economic, Social & Environmental Statistics
* Alison Pritchard, ONS Director General and Deputy National Statistician for Data Capability
* Pete Benton, ONS Director General and Deputy National Statistician for Health, Population & Methods

== Former Board members<ref name="The Board" /> ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Member
! Role
! Started
! End
|-
|[[Jonathan Haskel|Prof. Jonathan Haskel CBE]]|| Non-Executive Director || 1 February 2016 || 1 February 2023
|-
|[[Helen Boaden]]|| Non-Executive Director || 1 June 2019 || 31 December 2022
|-
|[[Anne Trefethen|Prof. Anne Trefethen]] FBCS FREng || Non-Executive Director || 1 June 2018 || 31 December 2022
|-
|[[David Norgrove|Sir David Norgrove]] || Chair || April 2017 || 31 March 2022
|-
|Prof. [[David Hand (statistician)|David Hand]] OBE FBA ||Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2013 || 30 June 2021
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Adrian Smith (statistician)|Prof. Sir Adrian Smith]] FRS ||rowspan="2"| Non-Executive Director ||1 September 2012 || 31 March 2020
|-
| 1 April 2008 || 1 September 2008
|-
|Prof. Sir [[Ian Diamond]] FBA FRSE || Non-Executive Director ||1 June 2018 || 5 August 2019
|-
| Dr David Levy || Non-Executive Director ||1 August 2012 || 30 May 2019
|-
| Dame [[Colette Bowe]] DBE || Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2008 || 31 March 2018
|-
| Dame [[Moira Gibb]] DBE || Non-Executive Director ||1 February 2008 || 31 January 2018
|-
| [[Andrew Dilnot|Sir Andrew Dilnot CBE]] || Chair ||1 April 2012 || 31 March 2017
|-
| Dame [[Carolyn Fairbairn]] DBE || Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2013 || 30 September 2015
|-
| [[David_William_Rhind|Professor David Rhind CBE]] || Deputy Chair (Statistics System) ||1 July 2012 || 30 June 2015
|-
| Mr Partha Dasgupta || Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2008 || 30 June 2014
|-
| Sir [[Jon Shortridge]] || Non-Executive Director ||1 February 2010 || 30 October 2012
|-
| [[David Rowe-Beddoe|Lord (David) Rowe-Beddoe]] || Deputy Chair (ONS) ||1 April 2008 || 31 August 2012
|-
| Sir [[Michael Scholar]] KCB || Chair ||1 April 2008 || 31 March 2012
|-
| [[Roger Jowell|Professor Sir Roger Jowell CBE]] || Deputy Chair (Statistics System) ||11 November 2008 || 26 December 2011
|-
| Professor [[Stephen Nickell]] CBE FBA || Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2008 || 31 October 2010
|-
| Sir [[Alan Langlands]] FRSE || Non-Executive Director ||1 April 2008 || 12 April 2009
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}

{{Cabinet Office}}
{{Departments of the United Kingdom Government}}
{{Economy of the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Non-ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Office for National Statistics]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi

2022-03-23T09:02:29Z

Shekhar124689: Initiated a new article structure.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{cleanup|reason=Film titles need italics per [[MOS:ITALICTITLE]].}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Photograph of Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi.jpg
| name = Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|04|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kana Kacha, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|05|11|1926|04|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], India
| occupation = Poet, author, [[bollywood]] lyricist
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]
| nationality = Indian
| relatives = [[Simran Judge]] (granddaughter)
| awards = {{awd|[[Padma Shri]]|(1966)}} {{awd|[[Rajkavi]]|(1962)}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
}}
}}
'''Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi''' (2 April 1926 – 11 May 1984), was an Indian patriotic poet, Bollywood lyricist, and author. His writings in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], and [[Urdu]] covered every aspect of life, including religion, romance, labor's life, country's struggles, etc. Moreover, he was known for the simplicity in his writings.

Tulsi was regarded as one of India's most influential poets.<ref>Singh, Jagjit [https://jagjitchitra.wordpress.com/interviews/i-am-simple/] I am Simple, 2002</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the [[Rajkavi]] in 1962 and the [[Padma Shri]] in 1966 for his contributions towards the arts.

==Early life==

Tulsi was born on 2 April 1926 to Sardarni Basant Kaur and Sardar Mool Singh in Kanakaccha, Lahore, present-day Pakistan but then India. He lost his father when he was only 2 years old.

His father, belonging to the profession of landlords, had left him many lands. This was at the time that women could not own property and it was common to murder young male heirs for land. As he was the only son, his mother who taught Shabads and Kirtans (Sikh Hyms), would hide and cover him in white sheets until the age of 12, out of fear that people would kill him and snatch their land.

At the age of 9, when people were raising their voice against the British Raj, he was arrested by British Police for writing 6 lines of poetry which he recited on stage, requesting the Britishers to leave the country. Being a minor, he was released same day.

In 1947, the partition between India and Pakistan and the environment due to that split at the moment, inspired him to continue his writing, while working for the Indian Railway.

He married Surinder Kaur at the age of 18, during his college years. After partition, the couple settled in [[Ferozpur]], Punjab where he began work for the Indian Railways.

Tulsi's eldest son was a Punjabi Film Director and Oil Transport Businessman and granddaughter, [[Simran Judge]] is an American-Indian actor and model, who has appeared in several tv commercials, walked the runway for Lakme Fashion Week in India and was the lead of Ashutosh Gowariker's Everest. She is based in USA and has held senior positions in the Information Technology sector specializing in CyberSecurity and FinTech.

==Education==
Tulsi was sent to Amritsar to study Ghyani (Singing of Sikh Hymns) at [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]], Punjab.

==Fame==

After partition, the couple moved to Ferozpur, where Tulsi obtained a job in the railways. While reciting poetry for a railway celebration, Railway Minister Jeevan Ram, impressed by his poetry gave him a promotion and transferred him to New Delhi. In New Delhi, Inderjeet Singh Tulsi was progressing, reciting poetry at Kavi Samelans.

In 1955, he was awarded the Raj Kavi (Poet Laureaut) of Punjab, by the Governor of Punjab.

During this time, Tulsi became very close to Indian Prime Minister Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who was very impressed by his poetry and was very fond of him. It was Nehru that invited him to recite poetry at numerous National Ceremonies, where Tulsi would be the first to open the show.

In 1966, Tulsi became very popular and a known figure in India after he was awarded the Padm Shree award for Arts and Literature.

During the [[Sino-Indian War]], Tulsi was sent by Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to the frontier areas of Ladakh to boost the morale of the soldiers. While reciting poetry there, a soldier happened to be alone at a big height, where he was not able to hear his poetry. Tulsi especially walked up 1000 ft high area and went to that soldier so that he could boost his morale.

After returning from Ladakh, Tulsi wrote his first book of various collections of poetry in Hindi and Punjabi: "Baraf Bane Angaare" (Snow turns into Fire Balls), inspired by the troops and his time spent in Ladak, followed by his second book, "Sur Singhar" (Beauty of Melody).

He also wrote books on the Sikh religion. One was specifically focused on the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak's Life, called "Param Purukh Guru Nanak Dev Ji" and the second was on the last guru, called "Darvesh Padshah Guru Gobind Singh Ji". He was also a Senior Executive at Indian Railways by then.

==Bollywood career==

Tulsi gained recognition in 1962 when he was titled the Rajkavi of Punjab by the governor of Punjab, [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]<ref>All-India Centre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fustAQAAIAAJ&q=rajkavi+tulsi "The Literary Scene in India"], ''Indian P.E.N (volume 28)'', 1962</ref><ref>R. P. Malhotra, Kuldeep Arora [https://books.google.com/books?id=WLAwnSA2uwQC&dq=raj+kavi+inderjeet+singh+tulsi&pg=PA15 "Alahnian"], ''Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Punjabi Literature: A-L'', 2003</ref> Following the Rajkavi award, in 1966, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri Award]] for his contribution to Arts and Education by Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
He is also the author of Param Purkh (Guru Nanak Patshah), Darvesh Badshah Guru Gobind Singh Ji, which continue to be a part of Punjab University's Syllabus today, Baraf Bane Angare, and Sur Shinghar.<ref>R. P. Malhotra, Kuldeep Arora [https://books.google.com/books?id=WLAwnSA2uwQC&dq=raj+kavi+inderjeet+singh+tulsi&pg=PA15 "Epic"], ''Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Punjabi Literature: A-L'', 2003</ref>

Being a patriotic poet, Raj Kavi Tulsi was more focused and interested in serving his country and never thought of writing songs for films. A few years later, [[Manoj Kumar]] was attending a [[Kavi Darbar]], where he heard Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh reciting one of his poems. [[Manoj Kumar]] really appreciated his work and requested him to write for his upcoming film [[Shor (film)|Shor]], i.e. Pani Re Pani Tera Rang Kaisa and Jeevan Chalne Ka Naam. The songs became a hit and Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi went on to work with many more filmmakers like [[Raj Kapoor]], [[N.N. Sippy]], and [[B.R. Chopra]]. He continued to deliver hits like Le Jayenge Le Jayenge Dilwale Dulhanya Le Jayenge ([[Chor Machaye Shor]]), Beshak Mandir Masjid Todo ([[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]), Samay Tu Dheere Dheere Chal ([[Karm]]), and Jaa Re Jaa Oo Harjayee ([[Kalicharan]]).<ref>Rachel Dwyer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5gBAAAQBAJ&dq=inderjit+singh+tulsi+bollywood&pg=PT43 "Bobby"], ''100 Bollywood Films'', 2005</ref>

He went on to produce Punjabi films under his own banner "Tulsi Productions", called "yaar Gariba Da" starring Yograj Singh and Geeta Behl, and "Ladli" starring Kiran Kumar and pakistani heroine Zaira.

==Death==

In 1984, Tulsi passed away due to a heart attack. He always wished to pass away on stage and so he did, while reciting poetry.

==Awards==
*In 1962, Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi was awarded with the [[Rajkavi]] Title of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] by the governor of Punjab, [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]<ref>All-India Centre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fustAQAAIAAJ&q=rajkavi+tulsi "The Literary Scene in India"], ''Indian P.E.N (volume 28)'', 1962</ref>
*In 1966, Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi was awarded with the [[Padma Shri Award]] (the fourth highest [[civilian award]] in the Republic of India) for his contribution in Arts and Education by Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JF5OAAAAYAAJ&q=padma+shri+inderjeet+singh+tulsi] Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal-Volumes 4–5, 1966</ref>

==Filmography==

===As a lyricist===

* [[Shor (film)|Shor]] 1972
* [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]
* [[Chor Machaye Shor]] 1974
* [[Sauda]] 1974
* [[Do Jasoos]] 1975
* [[Zameer (1975 film)|Zameer]] 1975
* [[Fakira (film)|Fakira]] 1976
* [[Kalicharan]] 1976
* [[Santo Banto]] 1976 Punjabi Movie
* [[Karm]] 1977
* [[Pratima Aur Paayal]] 1977
* [[Zamaanat (1977 film)|Zamaanat]]
* [[Bhakti Mein Shakti]] 1978
*''Laadli'' 1978-Punjabi Movie
* [[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath (film)]] 1978
* [[Ahimsa (1979 film)|Ahimsa]] 1979
* [[Jaandaar]] 1979
* [[The Gold Medal]] 1979
* [[Raaj Mahal]] 1982
*''Yaar Gareeba Daa-1986 Punjabi Movie

===As an author===

* [[Baraf Bani Angare]]
* [[Darvesh Badshah Guru Gobind Singhji]]
* [[Sur Singar]] – Poetry
* [[Param Purkh (Guru Nanak Patshah)]] – Depicts the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji through poems

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulsi, Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education]]