Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Dinkoism

2026-05-05T05:07:15Z

SheenaBayles: stub

{{short description|Indian religion and social movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox religion
| image = Logo_of_Dinkoism_from_Facebook_website.png
| alt =
| caption = [[Dinkan]], the supermouse God of Dinkoism
| abbreviation =
| orientation =
| scripture = [[Dinka Puranam]]<ref name= NEWSMINUTE>{{cite web |url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-dinkoists-take-akshaya-tritiya-hit-market-their-brand-underwear-42811 |title= Kerala's Dinkoists take on Akshaya Tritiya, hit the market with their brand of underwear |work= [[The News Minute]] |author= Megha Varier |date= 6 May 2016 |access-date= 9 June 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210610004349/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-dinkoists-take-akshaya-tritiya-hit-market-their-brand-underwear-42811 |archive-date= 10 June 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref> [[Balamangalam]]<ref name= GRAPHICS/>
| temples =
| website = {{Facebook|dinkoist}}
}}

'''Dinkoism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|n|k|oɪ|z|əm}}), the '''Dinkoist religion''', or '''Dinkamatham'''<ref name=QZ>{{cite web |url= https://qz.com/india/643968/praise-the-squeaky-lord-a-new-religious-minority-is-born-in-india/ |title= Praise the squeaky lord, a new religious minority is born in India! |author= Harish Pullanoor |work= Quartz India |date= 22 March 2016 |access-date= 10 June 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210611230532/https://qz.com/india/643968/praise-the-squeaky-lord-a-new-religious-minority-is-born-in-india/ |archive-date= 11 June 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= GRAPHICS>{{cite web |url= https://graphicshelf.com/curious-case-lord-dinkan/ |title= The Curious Case of Lord Dinkan |publisher= Graphics Shelf.com |date= 23 November 2017 |access-date= 9 June 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210610011217/https://graphicshelf.com/curious-case-lord-dinkan/ |archive-date= 10 June 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref> is a [[parody religion]] and [[social movement]] that emerged and evolved on [[social network]]s<ref name="twsNIE1"/> organized by independent welfare groups in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Adherents describe Dinkoism as a genuine religion.

==History==
According to a report in ''[[India Today]]'', Dinkoism<ref name="twsNIE1"/> was established in 2008 in Kerala by a group of [[Rationalism|rationalists]] with the intention of ridiculing "the absurdity of blind religious faith".<ref name="twsIT1">{{cite web
| url= https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/dinkoism-kerala-mock-religion-superhero-mouse-316378-2016-04-05 |author= KC Archana |date= 5 April 2016 |publisher= India Today |title= What is Dinkoism? Why are many Keralites worshipping a superhero mouse? |access-date= 12 October 2020
| quote=...Dinkoism, a mock religion established by a group of rationalists in Kerela in 2008, aims to ridicule the absurdity of blind religious faith. ... The Dinkoists worship a fictional mouse called Dinkan, ...}}</ref> The community planned to become politically active.<ref name="twsDC1" /> A report in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said Dinkoism is gaining members through Facebook.<ref name="twsNIE1" /> The [[BBC]] described Dinkoism in 2016 as an atheist movement with significant growth on social media.<ref name= "BBC Mouse">{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-36001999 |title= The mouse messiah bringing salvation to India's atheists |work= [[BBC News]] |date= 11 April 2016 |access-date= 12 October 2020}}</ref>

==Description==
{{main|Dinkan}}
The religion purports to worship [[Dinkan]], a comic book character.<ref name="twsDC12">{{cite web |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210316/they-gather-in-the-name-of-great-dinkan.html |date= 21 March 2016 |publisher= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |title= They gather in the name of great 'Dinkan': Dinkoists throng Kozhikode to show strength of new 'religion'. |access-date= 12 October 2020}}</ref> Dinkoists celebrate the character—a [[superhero]] mouse that appeared in 1983 in defunct [[Malayalam]]-language children's magazine ''[[Balamangalam]]''—as their God for the purpose of exposing [[Superstition in India|superstitions]] and fallacies and practices of traditional religions.<ref name= "BBC Mouse"/><ref name="twsTimesOfIndia1">{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Dinkoists-seek-minority-status/articleshow/51488716.cms |author= TNN |date= 21 March 2016 |work= [[The Times of India]] |title= Fans of Mallu comic superhero seek 'minority' tag |access-date= 12 October 2020 |quote= ...The Dinkoists are a group of people that challenge superstition and religious orthodoxy ... popular in social media ... Dinkan is a comic superhero mouse, who first appeared in 1983 in a now-defunct Malayalam children's magazine `Balamangalam'...}}</ref>

==Events and protests==
[[File:Dinkoism in schools.jpg|thumb|A group of school children campaigning for a school election under a party formed on basis of belief in Dinkoism.]]

The concept of Dinkoism has spread through social media but the movement has also organised protest events. On January 30, 2016, a group of Dinkoists, under the banner of ''Mooshikasena'' (Rat Army) held a mock protest in front of Dhe Puttu restaurant owned by popular actor [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] alleging his upcoming film [[Professor Dinkan]] hurt their religious sentiments, mocking similar protests happening worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/protest-upcoming-dileep-film-named-professor-dinkan |title= Protest against upcoming Dileep film named Professor Dinkan |date= 30 January 2016 |access-date= 12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="twsTH1">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/time-to-look-into-dinkans-ire/article8205071.ece |author=S.R. Praveen |author2=G. Krishnakumar |date= 7 February 2016 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |title= Time to look into Dinkan's ire: A mock protest against a Dileep film takes a potshot at religious groups |access-date= 12 October 2020 |quote= ...So, it was refreshing to see a group under the banner of the fake religion called 'Dinkoism' holding a mock protest in front of actor Dileep's restaurant in Kochi this past week, over his new film 'Professor Dinkan.' The idea of such a religion was floated online sometime ago as a way to take gentle pot-shots at various religious groups that takes offence at the drop of a hat...}}</ref>

Earlier Dinkoism was in news when an expatriate Dinkoist living in California obtained a license plate with the inscription DINKAN for his car, out of his devotion for Dinkan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/scitech/cyber-space/dinkan-car-license-plates-i-got-a-special-license-plate-in-the-name-of-my-god-36456 |script-title=ml:കാലിഫോർണിയയിലെ മലയാളിക്കു ഡിങ്കന്റെ നാമത്തിൽ നമ്പർ പ്ലേറ്റ്; ഡിങ്ക ഭഗവാനു സ്തുതി പാടി |language= Malayalam |trans-title= California license plate in Dinkan's name for a Keralite in California; Social media singing praises to Lord Dinkan |date= 18 January 2016 |access-date= 12 October 2020}}</ref> In 2016, [[J. Devika]] wrote an article about the concept of Dinkoism and the logic of the market.<ref>{{cite web|author1=J Devika|title=If You Can't Beat Them, Join 'em – Or, Ente Dinkeswara!|url=http://kafila.org/2016/02/08/if-you-cant-beat-them-join-em-or-ente-dinkeswara/ |website= Kafila.org |access-date= 11 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160209093500/http://kafila.org/2016/02/08/if-you-cant-beat-them-join-em-or-ente-dinkeswara/ |archive-date= 9 February 2016}}</ref>

==Conferences==
Dinkoists of Kozhikode organised a conference at the Sports Council Hall, [[Mananchira]] on March 20, 2016. They organised a variety of entertainments with a theme of [[tapioca]]. E. A. Jabbar, a prominent rationalist, endorsed Dinkoism.<ref name="twsDC12"/>

In April 2016, 25,000 Dinkoists were expected to gather for a convention called a "Dinkamatha Maha Sammelanam" to "present their rights as a minority community".<ref name="twsDC1">{{cite web |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190316/dinkoists-gear-up-for-maha-sammelanam.html |date= 19 March 2016 |publisher= Deccan Chronicle |title= Dinkoists gear up for 'Maha Sammelanam': 25,000 followers of comic superhero to meet on Sunday in Kozhikode. |access-date= 12 October 2020 |quote= ...Around 25,000 Dinkoists, the followers of comic superhero Dinkan, will hold a convention, 'Dinkamatha Maha Sammelanam,' ... actively involve themselves in politics, ahead of the Assembly polls...}}</ref> Dinkoists have received threatening messages as well as opposition from believers of other religions.<ref name="twsNIE1">{{cite web |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Dinkoists-Gather-Under-a-Troll-Tree/2016/03/21/article3337791.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160325143022/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Dinkoists-Gather-Under-a-Troll-Tree/2016/03/21/article3337791.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 25 March 2016 |author= Express News Service |date= 21 March 2016 |publisher= [[The New Indian Express]] |title= 'Dinkoists' Gather Under a Troll Tree |access-date= 12 October 2020 |quote=...threatening calls and opposition from staunch religious followers... the social media religion, 'Dinkoists' here on Sunday. ... no official registration ... attention entirely through Facebook... }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|Comedy|Philosophy|Science}}

* [[Church of the SubGenius]]
* [[Discordianism]]
* [[Dudeism]]
* [[Evolution as fact and theory]]
* [[Existence of God]]
* [[Fideism]]
* [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
* [[Intelligent falling]]
* [[Invisible Pink Unicorn]]
* [[Mighty Mouse]]
* [[Out Campaign]]
* [[Parody religion]]
* [[Reductio ad absurdum]]
* [[Religious satire]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Dinkoism }}

{{Irreligion}}
{{Portal bar|Religion}}

[[Category:Atheism activism]]
[[Category:Criticism of religion]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:New religious movements in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious parodies and satire]]

Subhankar Chattopadhyay

2026-04-29T12:19:37Z

SheenaBayles: starting initial post w/ sources

{{short description|Indian director and producer}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subhankar Chattopadhyay
| image = Subhankar Chattopadhyay and Sourav Ganguly.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Subhankar Chattopadhyay with Host [[Sourav Ganguly]] on the set of [[Dadagiri Unlimited|Dadagiri Unlimited Season 4]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}1977
| birth_place = [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]], kolkata, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film and television director
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Subhankar Chattopadhyay''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শুভঙ্কর চট্টোপাধ্যায়; born 1977) is an Indian director, scriptwriter, content creator, and producer. He is a non-fiction show creator in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]].He is known for directing television shows, including ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'', ''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'', ''[[Mirakkel]]'' and others.

He directed the film [[Handa and Bhonda|''Haanda & Bhonda'']] (2010), starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]]. Chattopadhyay and his team became known in history of the world television to air their shows twice for a duration of 10 hours continuously, for ''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer Junior]]'' finale and audition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/dadagiri-director-subhankar-chattopadhyay-has-an-other-side-too-dgtl-1.658880|title=সামনে এল 'দাদাগিরি'-পরিচালকের অন্য পরিচয়|website=ebela.in|language=bn|access-date=2020-04-02}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Jalsha to host 10-hour Super Audition for Super Singer|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/01/star-jalsha-to-host-10-hour-super-audition-for-super-singer/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=9 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Super Singer Junior to air its grand finale soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-junior-to-air-its-grand-finale-soon/articleshow/71005558.cms|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-18|title=Star Jalsha launches Super Singer|url=https://tva.onscreenasia.com/2020/02/star-jalsha-launches-super-singer/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Television Asia Plus|language=en-GB}}
</ref> He introduced [[remote work]] for a non-fiction singing reality show, ''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer]]'', amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He directed the show where the participants, hosts, and jury shot their respective parts with their mobile phones from the safety of their homes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/bengal-jisshu-sengupta-jeet-ganguly-kavita-krishnamurthy-and-kumar-sanu-shoots-for-a-reality-show-from-home-during-lockdown-684077|title=বাড়িতে বসে রিয়্যালিটি শোয়ের শ্যুটিং যিশু সেনগুপ্ত, জিত্‍ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়, কবিতা কৃষ্ণমূর্তি, কুমার শানুর|date=2020-04-11|website=bengali.abplive.com|language=EN|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/reality-show-serial-shoots-start-with-mobiles/articleshow/75189848.cms|title=Reality show, serial shoots start with mobiles|date=17 Apr 2020|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> He has directed 'Mohabijoyer Mohanayok', an event organized to celebrate 50 years of Bangladesh Independence & 100 years birth anniversary of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. All the prominent cultural personas like [[Rezwana Choudhury Bannya|Rezwana choudhury Bannya]] to Swadhin Bangla betar artists were in the show, prime minister of Bangladesh [[Sheikh Hasina]] and president of Bangladesh, Mr. [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid|Abdul Hamid]] and India, Mr. [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and many more esteemed guests were there to witness the show. Show was on air live in all the government and private satellite channels of Bangladesh.

== Life and career ==
Chattopadhyay was born in [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], in 1977. He did his schooling from [[Baruipur High School]]. He graduated from [[City College, Kolkata|City College]], Kolkata. He started his career at ''Little Magazine'', forayed into electronic media as a scriptwriter following which he worked for [[Zee Bangla]] as an executive producer for many years before directing successful non-fiction shows.

== Works ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|''[[Mirakkel]]''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Executive producer|Executive Producer.]] [[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Executive producer|Executive Producer.]] [[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dada-s-brat-pack/cid/607358|title=Dada's brat pack|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Star of Bengal''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Ke Hobe Biggest Fan''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Banglar Shera Poribar''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''[[Apur Sangsar (TV series)|Apur Sangsar]]''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Detective 2015''
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''Kotha O Kahini''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grassrootent.com/our-work/|title=OUR WORK « Grassroot Entertainment Pvt. Ltd|website=www.grassrootent.com|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222193553/http://www.grassrootent.com/our-work/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Bhyabachaka''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-jalsha-revamps-brand-identity-launches-two-new-weekend-shows/|title=Star Jalsha revamps brand identity, launches two new weekend shows|date=2019-02-21|website=TelevisionPost|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222134043/https://www.televisionpost.com/star-jalsha-revamps-brand-identity-launches-two-new-weekend-shows/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Amra Na Ora''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Amar Bor Superstar''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Ebar Jombe Moja''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer Junior]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''Dance Dance Junior''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/star-jalsha-to-host-10-hour-long-super-audition-for-super-singer-200109|title=Star Jalsha to host 10-hour long super audition for Super Singer|date=2020-01-09|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/star-jalsha-launches-super-singer-a-mega-musical-platform-for-youth-of-bengal/east/news/1854411.html|title=UNIINDIA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''Singing Star''
|[[Ruposhi Bangla (TV channel)|Ruposhi Bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Bindass Dance''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''Abbulish''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Rannaghore Rockstar''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|''Gaaner Gunto''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scppvtltd.com/show/gaaner-gnuto/|title=Gaaner Gnuto – SCP|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411075933/http://scppvtltd.com/show/gaaner-gnuto/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|-
|Pratibhara Dadagiri
|Zee Sarthak
|Director
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Webseries
!Year
!Cast
!Platform
!Extra Notes
|-
|''Case Jaundice''<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AyB4Dsk-rk|website=www.youtube.com| date=14 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Case Jaundice: Hoichoi TV's Original Series made amidst the lockdown|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/case-jaundice-hoichoi-tv-s-original-series-made-amidst-the-lockdown-200515|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=hoichoi's new web series Case Jaundice streaming now|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/hoichois-new-web-series-case-jaundice-streaming-now-200515|date=2020-05-15|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কেস জন্ডিস: লডডাউনেও পরমব্রত-অঙ্কুশের ঝগড়া পৌঁছল আদালতে|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/parambrata-chattopadhyay-ankush-hazra-starrer-hoichoi-web-series-case-jaundice-trailer-is-out_316079.html|date=2020-05-15|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Case Jaundice: Parambrata Chatterjee And Ankush Hazara Coming Together In Web Series; To Start From May 15|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/case-jaundice-parambrata-chatterjee-and-ankush-hazara-coming-together-in-web-series-to-start-from-may-15/5ebd03c50c7a3b3ddf57415e|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>
|2020
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] & [[Anirban Chakraborty]]
|Hoichoi
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|Tram Depot
|Yet to release
|
|Hoichoi
|Director
|}

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Year
!Cast
!Extra Notes
|-
|''[[Handa and Bhonda]]''
|2010
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] and [[Supriya Devi]].
|[[Film director|Director]]
|-
|''Pataligunjer Putul Khela''
|2024
|Soham Majumdar, [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Ditipriya Roy]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Tanima Sen]], [[Mir Afsar Ali]] and [[Dipankar De]].
|[[Film director|Director]]
|}

=== Events ===
{| class="wikitable"
!EVENT
!NOTES
!EXTRA NOTES
|-
|Mohabijoyer Mohanayok<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhaka Tribune {{!}} Mohabijoyer Mohanayok news update in Bangladesh, World|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/hashtag/mohabijoyer-mohanayok|access-date=2021-12-27|website=www.dhakatribune.com}}</ref>
|Director
|This is known to be one of the most prestigious events in Bangladesh. This was organized to celebrate 50 years of Bangladesh Independence & 100 years birth anniversary of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
|-
|Mirchi Music Awards Bangla
|[[Film director|Director]]
|Mirchi Music Awards Bangla are presented annually by [[Radio Mirchi]] to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Bengali language film music industry of India.
|-
|Joyo Hey
|[[Film director|Director]]
|The entire Bengali film and television fraternity gather for a star-studded evening to celebrate the selfless efforts of the Kolkata Police
|-
|Platinum Pancham
|Director
|An Event celebrating the 75th birth anniversary of R.D.Burman
|-
|Jalsha Doshe Dosh
|[[Film director|Director]], Producer
|On completion of 10 years of [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|Zee Bangla Gourab Sonman
|Director
|
|-
|[[Star Jalsha Poribar Awards]]
|Director
|
|-
|Star jalsha Poribar Awards
|Director, Producer
|2021
|-
|Bangla Cine Carnival
|Director
|Celebration of 100 years of Bengali cinema with soul-stirring performances and a musical extravaganza in the charming country of [[Thailand]].
|-
|Telly Academy Awards
|Director
|The West Bengal Tele Academy Awards cover the entire array of television productions, rewarding excellence in production, programming, photography, and technology, among others.
|-
|Gaan Priti
|Director
|One of Bengal's biggest Musical Concert, where six renowned musicians mesmerized everyone with their distinct styles, streamed on Hoichoi
|}

=== Literary works ===
He has been practicing his art of writing for years; his writing has also been published in the ''Desh'' magazine quite a few numbers of times. In between the year 2000–2003, his literary pieces 'Tobu j Ami Jiggasha Chinho' and 'Prem Porjoton phaad' was published. Beside this, he was also an editor of a magazine called ''Poddyo Chorcha''.<ref>https://ebela.in/entertainment/dadagiri-director-subhankar-chattopadhyay-has-an-other-side-too-dgtl-1.658880</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Subhankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian producers]]
[[Category:People from Baruipur]]

Turkic peoples in India

2026-04-28T21:37:52Z

SheenaBayles: starting first pg w/ sources - done

{{short description|none}}
{{distinguish|Turks in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[Turkic peoples]] have historically been associated as one of the primarily [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]-speaking peoples to have ruled [[North India]]. Various dynasties of the [[Late Medieval India|later medieval era]] and [[Early modern India|early modern era]] in India were of far descendants of Turkic and mixed Indian or Afghan descent. Two of the dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate, viz. the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Khaljis]], for instance, were of far descendants mixed Turkic origin, with Indian and Afghan ancestry respectively. The terms '''Indo-Turkic'''<ref>{{cite book|author=Audrey Truschke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipNNDwAAQBAJ|title=The Language Of History|date=2021}}</ref> or '''Turco-Indian'''<ref>{{cite book|author=Giv Nassiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0xOAQAAMAAJ|title=Turco-Persian Civilization and the Role of Scholar's Travel and Migration in Its Elaboration and Continuity|date=2002}}</ref> is used to refer to people and [[dynasties]] of mixed [[Turkic people|Turkic]] and [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indian]] descent, as well as the fusion culture formed as a result.

==Present day==
The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various [[princely states]] in the [[Kathiawar Agency]]. They are also good traders. Like other [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control.<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399</ref>

==Dynasties==
*[[Ghaznavid dynasty]]

*[[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of Delhi

*[[Khalji dynasty (Bengal)]]

*[[Khalji dynasty]]

*[[Bahmani Kingdom]]

*[[Malwa Sultanate]]

*[[Sultanate of Bijapur]]

*[[Bidar Sultanate]]

*[[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]

*[[Timurid dynasty]]

*[[Mughal Empire]]

==Notable people==

*[[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], general of the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Shah Turkan]], mistress of Iltutmish

*[[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], general of the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]], the 2nd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Iwaz Khalji]], the 3rd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Ali Mardan Khalji]], the 3rd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Malik Balkha Khalji]], the last Khalji governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Delhi Sultanate

*[[Saifuddin Aibak]], 1st governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Awar Khan Aibak]], 2nd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Tughral Tughan Khan]], 3rd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]], 4th governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]], 6th governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki]], 7th governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], 13th governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate

*[[Rukunuddin Kaikaus]], 1st governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Balban Delhi Sultanate

*[[Shamsuddin Firuz Shah]], 2nd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Balban Delhi Sultanate

*[[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]], 3rd governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Balban Delhi Sultanate

*[[Izz al-Din Yahya]], 6th governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) under the Tughlaq Delhi Sultanate
*[[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]]<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta · 2005, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, page;142</ref><ref> Military History of India, Jadunath Sarkar · 2022 page;132 </ref> first Nizam of Hyderabad
*[[Munim Khan]], 1st Mughal Subahdar of Bengal Subah

*[[Khan Jahan I]], 2nd Mughal Subahdar of Bengal Subah

*[[Jahangir Quli Beg]], Mughal Subahdar of Bengal Subah

*[[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], Governor of Multan

*[[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III]], 1st Nawab of Baoni State

*[[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]], Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire wife of prince Azam Jah

*[[Princess Niloufer]], Princess of the Ottoman Empire wife of prince Moazzam Jah

*[[Princess Esra]], wife of Mukarram Jah, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad

*[[Manolya Onur]], wife of Mukarram Jah, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad

*[[Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani]], was Qiladar and Jagirdar of Banganapalle

*[[Nawab of Banganapalle|Nawabs of Banganapalle]]

*[[Amb (princely state)|Rulers of Amb State]]

*[[Jackie Shroff]], Indian actor

*[[Anara Begum]], was the concubine of [[Gaj Singh I]], the Rathore ruler of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]]

== See also ==
*[[Indians in Turkey]]
*[[India–Turkey relations]]
*[[Rowther]]
*[[Abdal people (West Asia)|Abdal of Turkey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples of Asia]]

Hampar Vav

2026-04-25T14:45:29Z

SheenaBayles: starting basic post w/ infobox - done

{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Hampar Vav
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location_town = Hampar, Dhrangadhra Taluka, [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]]
|location_country = India
|architect = Local
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = 16th to 17th century
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Indian architecture]]
| floor_count =
|designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] State Protected Monument No. S-GJ-220
|mapframe-zoom =14
|mapframe-marker=water
}}
'''Hampar Vav''' is a [[stepwell]] in [[Hampar]] village of Dhrangadhra Taluka of [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is a state protected monument.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain-Neubauer |first=Jutta |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Stepwells_of_Gujarat/61fSwBF4bbYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vikia+stepwell&pg=PA51&printsec=frontcover |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02284-3 |pages=47–48 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
As Hampar village is located near [[Dhrangdhra]], it must be ruled by Jhala dynasty of Dhrangdhra.<ref name=":0"/> As there is no inscription or sculptures in the stepwell, the date is assumed by the architecture, construction methods and decorative elements. Based on entrance pavilion-tower and decorative element of ''purnaghata'', the stepwell is dated to 16th to 17th century. It also correspond to similarly designed Naga Bava Vav of Dhrangadhra which is dated around 1525.<ref name=":0" />

It is a state protected monument (S-GJ-220).<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Protected Monuments List |url=http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193421/http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The stepwell is constructed in north–south direction with entrance in the south and the well in the north. The stepped corridor starts from a raised platform which has steps on three sides and the fourth side leading to the well. The raised platform is covered with a half-spherical dome; forming an entrance ''[[mandapa]]''; supported by twelve pillars, eight of which form an internal octagonal plan.<ref name=":0"/>

The stepped corridor is long and narrow. It has five pavilion-towers with intermediate frames which supports them. The corridor wall is damaged near the fourth pavilion-tower and the third intermediate frame. The well is filled to the level of the first floor during monsoon season. At the east end of the fifth pavilion-tower, a spiral staircase is located which leads to lower floors.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-22 |title=Stepwells lost and vanishing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/stepwells-lost-and-vanishing/articleshow/67200553.cms |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The pilasters in the entrance ''mandapa'' are of the plain ''bhadraka'' type, square with recesses. The pillars in the entrance ''mandapa'' are of the mixed type, characterized by their elongated and tapering form, manifold horizontal divisions, and numerous recesses. The pillar grows narrower. The capital of the pillars is in a volute formation formed from circular ''bharani''. The niches in the first pavilion-tower are embellished with ''purnaghata'' elements, depicting a vase, lotus flower, and chain. The ''mandapa'' features a narrow band of a geometrical flower design arranged in squares on top of the connecting lintels of the pillars, similar to [[Dada Harir Stepwell|Dada Harir Vav]].<ref name=":0" />

The stepwell supplies fresh water and is connected to a water-pulling, channeling, and storage system. Water is channeled into a large oblong trough at the western side. The [[gargoyle]] is designed in shape of a mythical elephant.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments of India]]

S. Pattabhiraman (general)

2026-04-24T10:12:54Z

SheenaBayles: adding post.

{{Short description|Indian military general (1946–2025)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Pattabhiraman
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]] , [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|01|01}} 
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|04|26|1946|01|01}}
| death_place = Wellington, Tamil Nadu, India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 1966–2006
| rank = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit = Bombay Sappers
| commands = *Western Command
*Director General of Information Systems
*Defence Attaché to Ankara, Turkey
*Colonel Commandant, Bombay Sappers
| office1 = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start1 = 1 October 2005
| term_end1 = 31 December 2006
| predecessor1 = Lt Gen [[Bhupinder Singh Thakur]]
| successor1 = Lt Gen [[Milan Lalitkumar Naidu]]
| battles =
| awards = *[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[Sena Medal]]
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''S. Pattabhiraman''' {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]] , [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}} (1946 – 26 April 2025) was a senior officer in the [[Indian Army]] who served as the 27th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] from October 2005 to December 2006.

Over a distinguished 40-year career, he served as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], the first Director General of Information Systems, and [[Military attaché|Defence Attaché]] to [[Turkey]]. He was also the Colonel Commandant of the Bombay Sappers.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Ex-Vice Chief Of Army, Lt General S Pattabhiraman, Dies At 78 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-vice-chief-of-army-lt-general-s-pattabhiraman-dies-at-78-8266944 |publisher=NDTV |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pattabhiraman was born in 1946. He joined the [[National Defence Academy]] and was commissioned into the Corps of Engineers in 1966. He was associated with the [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]], one of the premier engineering groups of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Former Army Vice Chief Lt Gen S Pattabhiraman passes away at 78 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/former-army-vice-chief-lt-gen-s-pattabhiraman-passes-away-at-78/ |publisher=The Tribune |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Throughout his career, Pattabhiraman held several appointments including: Defence Attaché to Ankara, Turkey,<ref name="Tribune" /> Director General of [[Information system|Information Systems]],<ref name="EconomicTimes">{{cite news |title=Former vice chief of Army Lt Gen Pattabhiraman dies |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/former-vice-chief-of-army-lt-gen-pattabhiraman-dies/articleshow/120652797.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]],<ref name="Tribune" /> Honorary Colonel Commandant, Bombay Sappers.<ref name="NDTV" /> Pattabhiraman served as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] from 1 October 2005 to 31 December 2006.<ref name="VCOAS">{{cite web |title=Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India) |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> In this capacity, he was responsible for ensuring the Army's readiness and contributed to strategic planning and modernization efforts.<ref name="EconomicTimes" />

== Post-retirement ==
After retiring in December 2006, Pattabhiraman continued to serve as an administrative member of the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] in Chennai, adjudicating matters related to service personnel.<ref name="Abhipedia">{{cite web |title=Former Vice Chief of Army Staff Lt Gen S Pattabhiraman Passes Away at 78 |url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/SBICler/NTQwNzIx/Former-Vice-Chief-of-Army-Staff-Lt-Gen-S-Pattabhiraman-Passes-Away-at-78-Current-GK-SBI-CL-SBICler |publisher=Abhipedia |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Death ==
Pattabhiraman died on 26 April 2025 at the Military Hospital in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Tamil Nadu]] at the age of 78. The Indian Army paid tribute, describing him as "a soldier at heart and a leader in spirit".<ref name="NDTV" />

== Awards and decorations ==
* [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM)
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM)
* [[Sena Medal]] (SM)
* [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=23686 Press Information Bureau release on Lt Gen Pattabhiraman's retirement]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattabhiraman, S.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Tamil Nadu]]

List of Kannada films of 2025

2026-04-24T02:46:56Z

SheenaBayles:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Sandalwood film list}}

This is a list of Kannada films that were released in 2025.

==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2025, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.The total collection of sandalwood movies in 2025 is 1,500 crores. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#'''
|Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2025
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
!Ref
|-
!1
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]] ''
|[[Hombale Films]]
| style="text-align:right; " | {{INR|850-900 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{efn|name=bo|Various sources mentioned the gross theatrical collections to be around ₹850{{ndash}}900 crore (₹850 crore,<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2025 |title='Kantara' Goes Global in English|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/kantara-goes-global-in-english-1911794|access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025|title=Kantara Chapter 1|url=https://www.vijayavani.net/kantara-chapter-1-ott-release-october-31|access-date=30 October 2025|website=[[Vijayavani]]|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 27वें दिन भी 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1' की कमाई में दिखा उछाल, बुधवार को हुआ इतना कलेक्शन; अब इस माइलस्टोन पर निगाहें|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-day-27-rishab-shetty-starrer-movie-nears-to-complete-600-crore-2025-10-28?pageId=2|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2025 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-epic-crosses-rs-600-crore-in-india-beats-chhaava-to-become-highest-grossing-film-in-india-in-2025-3186064|title=Kantara Chapter 1: Rishab Shetty's epic crosses Rs 600 crore in India, beats Chhaava to become highest-grossing film in...|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|language=en}}</ref>
₹852 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Kantara 2 OTT Release: ओटीटी पर इस दिन रिलीज होगी 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1', ऋषभ शेट्टी ने शेयर कीं फोटोज जताया आभार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/web-series-kantara-chapter-1-release-ott-platform-amazon-prime-video-rishab-shetty-shared-filmmaking-photos-and-expressed-gratitude-9792909.html |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital Media|News18 Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2025 |title=Did Rishab Shetty Make Kantara Chapter 1 For Money? Director Reveals 'I Knew I Had To...'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-cinema/did-rishab-shetty-make-kantara-chapter-1-for-money-director-reveals-i-knew-i-had-to-ws-kl-9671788.html|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital Media|News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28|title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: Chapter 1' crosses Rs 852 crore at box-office, sets new record|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-852-crore-at-box-office-sets-new-record-3777835#google_vignette|access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28|title=Kantara: Chapter 1' Crosses Rs 852 Crore Worldwide, Becomes Biggest Diwali Box Office Winner|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-852-crore-worldwide-becomes-biggest-diwali-box-office-winner-2977356.html|access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[Zee News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28|title=Kantara: Chapter 1' Creates History With Rs 852 Cr Worldwide, Dominates Festive Season|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-creates-history-with-rs-852-cr-worldwide-dominates-festive-season-1808495|access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[ABP News]]|language=en}}</ref> ₹855 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 box office collection day 27: Rishab Shetty's epic all set to cross Stree 2's lifetime earnings, enter Rs 600 cr club ahead of OTT release|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-day-27-rishab-shetty-film-rs-597-cr-10333157|access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> ₹867 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=29 ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಯಾವ್ಯಾವ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಎಷ್ಟೆಷ್ಟು ಹಣ ಗಳಿಸಿದೆ? ಈವರೆಗಿನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-chapter-1-movie-box-collection-day-29-report-and-ott-release-update/articleshow/124999243.cms|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date= 31 October 2025|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲೆ‌ ಬರೆದ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ'|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/entertainment/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-record-karnataka-news-kas25103103966|website=ETV|access-date=31 October 2025 |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31|title=ಕಾಂತಾರ ಹೊಸ ದಾಖಲೆ – ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲೇ 250 ಕೋಟಿ ಗಡಿ ದಾಟಿದ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್‌!|url=https://publictv.in/kantara-chapter-1-sets-a-new-record-collection-crosses-250-crore-mark-in-karnataka/|access-date=2025-10-31|website=Public TV|language=kn}}</ref> and ₹900 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Hindi OTT release date: When and where Hindi version of Rishab Shetty's blockbuster movie releasing? Here's what we know|access-date=9 November 2025 |url=https://www.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-chapter-1-hindi-ott-release-date-heres-what-we-know/amp_articleshow/125102936.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":900"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=हिंदी पट्टी में 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1' का बवंडर, 200 करोड़ क्लब में लगाई छलांग; जानिए ओटीटी पर कब देगी दस्तक?|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/kantara-chapter-1-hindi-version-box-office-collection-movie-enters-in-200-crore-club-know-ott-release-update-2025-10-29?pageId=4|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>)}}
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |2
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''{{efn-lg|name="mn"|There is no clear evidence of a primary language. The film's main languages are deemed to be Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu according to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian film censorship body]].}}
| {{ubl||Kleem Productions}}
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;" | {{INR|300{{ndash}}325 crore}} '''#'''
| style="text-align: center;" |{{efn|name="mahavatar"|''Mahavatar Narsimha''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between
₹300 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When and where to watch mythological epic that became India's biggest animated hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-that-became-india-s-biggest-animated-hit-101758202695503.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha finally gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/18/mahavatar-narsimha-finally-gets-ott-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Mythological Epic That Became A Box Office Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-box-office-blockbuster-ws-kl-9581810.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) –
₹324.5 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>) –
₹325 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When, where to watch Ashwin Kumar's blockbuster animated film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ashwin-kumar-blockbuster-animated-film-netflix-3180718 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
!3
| ''[[Su From So]]''
| [[Raj B. Shetty|Lighter Buddha Films]]
| style="text-align:right; " | {{INR|125 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Su From So crosses 100 crores at the box office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/18/kannadanews2025aug18su-from-so-crosses-100-crores-at-the-box-office |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]''
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]] Kiccha Creations
| style="text-align: right;" |{{Indian rupee|51.30 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=ʻಮಾರ್ಕ್ʼ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್‌ ಆಫೀಸ್‌ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್; 2 ವಾರಕ್ಕೆ ‌ʻಕಿಚ್ಚʼ ಸುದೀಪ್‌ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದು ಎಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ ಗೊತ್ತಾ?|url=https://vishwavani.news/movies/kiccha-sudeep-starrer-mark-movie-crosses-50-crore-rs-in-box-office-66058.html|access-date=2026-01-09 |website=[[Vishwavani News]]|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
!5
|''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]''
|Vaishno Studios Jai Mata Combines
| style="text-align: right;" |{{Indian rupee|43 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Makers of Darshan's The Devil celebrate piracy-free run |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Jan/02/makers-of-darshans-the-devil-celebrate-piracy-free-run |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
!6
|''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
|Suraj Productions
| style="text-align: right;" |{{Indian rupee|21 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/december-lucky-devil-mark-45-movies-80-crore-earnings-shutter-dvp-ws-l-2268915.html</ref>
|-
!7
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''{{efn-lg|name="ju"|The film was produced in Kannada and Telugu}}
|[[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;" |{{Indian rupee|16 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junior box office collection day 7: Kireeti Reddy's film slow down but grosses Rs 16 crore |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/junior-box-office-collection-day-7-kireeti-reddys-film-slow-down-but-posts-decent-numbers/38b5518c3e381 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!8
|''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
|[[PRK Productions]] [[KRG Studios]] [[Jayanna Films]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{Indian rupee|12 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/sandalwood/kannada-cinema-ekka-movie-to-cross-10-crore-at-the-box-office-this-year-mrq-ym2pzq8|title=Ekka Box Office Collection: ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕರ ಜೇಬು ತುಂಬಿಸ್ತಿದೆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಗಲ್ ಬಂಗಾರಿ; ಈವರೆಗಿನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು?|first1=Mahmad Rafik Published|last1=Jul 23 2025|first2=09:37 Pm|last2=Ist|website=Asianet Suvarna News|accessdate=Aug 15, 2025}}</ref>
|-
!9
|''[[Choo Mantar]]''
|Tharun Studios
| style="text-align: right;" |{{Indian rupee|5 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranganath |first=Ishita |date=2025-02-01 |title=Are Kannada films making profits in 2025? Sandalwood’s quantity over quality strategy |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/kannada/sandalwood-box-office-collection-2025-so-far-january-kannada-movies-2811573 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:45%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Studio
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|- January!
|rowspan="22" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdabf;" |'''J A N U A R Y'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''3'''
| align="center" |''After Breakup''
| align="center" | Biju
| {{hlist|Dhanush| Nisarga Manjunath}}
| align="center" |Friday Magic Studios
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Breakup (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/after-breakup/ET00427514 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Guns and Roses''
| align="center" | H. S. Srinivas Kumar
| {{hlist| Arjun Vishwakarma| Yashvika Nishkala| [[Kishore (actor)|Kishore]]| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]}}
| align="center" |Dhrona Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='Guns and Roses' is the first Kannada film of 2025 |url=https://www.sstvmedia.in/en/trending-news/guns-and-roses-is-the-first-kannada-film-of-2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=SSTVMedia.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Swechha''
| align="center" | Suresh Raju
| {{hlist| Anvish Anand| Shree Lakshmi| Spandana Prasad| Murahari Reddy}}
| align="center" |Star Masth Victory Arts
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swechha (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/swecha/ET00427515 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''10'''
| align="center" |''[[Choo Mantar]]''
| align="center" |Navaneeth
|{{Hlist|[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]|[[Meghana Gaonkar]]|[[Aditi Prabhudeva]]|[[Chikkanna]]|[[Prabhu Mundkur]]}}
| align="center" |[[Tarun Shivappa|Tarun Studios]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=South Indian Movies Releasing In Theatres In January 2025: Game Changer, Thudaram, Vidaamuyarchi And More |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/south-indian-movies-releasing-in-theatres-january-2025-telugu-malayalam-tamil-kannada-game-changer-thudaram-vidaamuyarchi-and-more-10208953 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu]]''
| align="center" |Keshav Murthy
|{{Hlist|[[Dileep Raj]]|[[Shilpa Manjunath]]|Madhusudan Govind|Apoorva Bharadwaj|Prasanna Shetty}}
| align="center" |Native Craft Picture Shop
|-
| align="center" |''Teddy Bear''
| align="center" | Lokesh B.
| {{hlist| Bhargav B. V.| Shyamala Simha| [[Sparsha Rekha]]| [[Disha Poovaiah]]}}
| align="center" |Adhyalakshmi Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teddy Bear(2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/teddy-bear/ET00421618 |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''17'''
| align="center" |''Kanna Muchhe Kaade Goode''
| align="center" |Nataraj Krishnegowda
| {{hlist|[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]|Atharva Prakash|Prarthana Suvarna|Jyothish Shetty|[[Aravind Bolar]]}}
| align="center" |Darling Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanna Muchhe Kaade Goode (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kanna-muchhe-kaade-goode/ET00427530 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Ravanapura''
| align="center" |Kumar M. Bagvalli
| {{hlist|Rathan Kalyan|Raksha Nimbargi|Vasanth Kalyan|Rajeshwari Kollegala}}
| align="center" |Singnalluru Chowdeshwari Combines
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravanapura (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ravanapura/ET00428803 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]''
| align="center" |[[Nagashekar]]
| {{hlist|[[Srinagar Kitty]]|[[Rachita Ram]]|[[Ragini Dwivedi]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Sadhu Kokila]]|[[Sampath Raj]]}}
| align="center" |Pavithra International Movie Makers Mahanadi Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanju Weds Geetha 2 (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sanju-weds-geetha-2/ET00427553 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''24'''
| align="center" |''[[Forest (2025 film)|Forest]]''
| align="center" | Chandra Mohan
| {{hlist|[[Chikkanna]]|[[Anish Tejeshwar]]|[[Gurunandan]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Sharanya Shetty]]|[[Archana Kottige]]}}
| align="center" |NMK Cinemas
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/forest/ET00403595 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |''[[Royal (film)|Royal]]''
|align="center" |[[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]
|{{Hlist|[[Viraat (actor, born 1995)|Viraat]]|[[Sanjana Anand]]|[[Chaya Singh]]|[[Raghu Mukherjee]]|[[Pramod Shetty]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]}}
|align="center" |[[Jayanna Combines]]
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-12-10 |title=Dinakar Thoogudeepa's Royal set to hit theatres in the New Year |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Dec/10/dinakar-thoogudeepas-royal-set-to-hit-theatres-in-the-new-year |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |''Ride''
|align="center" |N. Bhanu Teja
|{{Hlist|R. Venkatesh Gowda|P. Thanvi|Neeraj Kumar|Ravi}}
|align="center" |Shri Varasiddhi Vinayaka Production
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ride (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ride-kannada/ET00422684 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Rudra Garuda Purana]]''
| align="center" | K. S. Nandeesh
| {{hlist|[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]| Priyanka Kumar| [[Avinash Yelandur]]|[[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]|Giri}}
| align="center" |Ashwini Arts
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-12-10 |title=Rishi's Rudra Garuda Purana gets a new release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/10/rishis-rudra-garuda-purana-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''30'''
| align="center" |''Alle Draw Alle Bahumana''
| align="center" | Rathna Theertha
| {{hlist|Shourya Vikas|Rushika Raj|[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]|[[Vijay Chendoor]]}}
| align="center" |Janani Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alle Draw Alle Bahumana (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/alle-draw-alle-bahumana/ET00430925 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''31'''
| align="center" |''#ParuParvathy''
| align="center" | Rohit Keerthi
| {{hlist|Deepika Das|Fawaz Ashraf|Poonam Sirnaik|K. S. Shridhar}}
| align="center" |Eighteen Thirty Six Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#ParuParvathy - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/paruparvathy/ET00430502 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Begur Colony''
| align="center" | Flying King Manju
| {{hlist|Rajeev Hanu|Pallavi Parva|Flying King Manju|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| align="center" |Srima Cinemas
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begur Colony - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/begur-colony/ET00429959 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Gana (film)|Gana]]''
| align="center" | Hari Prasad Jakka
| {{hlist|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]|[[Vedhika (actress)|Vedhika]]|Yasha Shivakumar|[[Sampath Raj]]|[[Ravi Kale]]}}
| align="center" |Cherry Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gana - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gana/ET00377024 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Hyena''
| align="center" | [[Venkat Bharadwaj]]
| {{hlist|Harsh Arjun| [[Venkat Bharadwaj]]| Laxman Shivashankar| Diganth Dhanush}}
| align="center" |Ms. Amrutha Film Center
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyena- Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hyena/ET00427039 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Ittige Goodinalli Raja Rani''
| align="center" | Ranadheer Vijay
| {{hlist|Ranadheer Vijay|Rithanya Shetty|Jai Prakash Reddy|[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]}}
| align="center" |Sri Chamundeshwari movie makers
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ittige Goodinalli Raja Rani- Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ittige-goodinalli-raja-rani/ET00431378 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Kaadu Male''
| align="center" | Samartha Manjunath
| {{hlist|Artha Harshan| Sangeetha Rajaram| Karthik Bhat| Gilli Manju}}
| align="center" |Cosmos Movies
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadu Male - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kaadu-male/ET00431071 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Nodidavaru Enanthare]]''
| align="center" | Kuldeep Cariappa
| {{hlist|[[Naveen Shankar]]|Apoorva Bharadwaj|[[Padmavati Rao]]|Spandana Prasad|Shwetha Srinivas}}
| align="center" |Hippo and Kiddo Motion Pictures Pvt. Ltd
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nodidavaru Enanthare - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nodidavaru-enanthare/ET00325824 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Ravutha''
| align="center" | Siddu Vajrappa
| {{hlist|Raj Prawin|Bhavani Purohith|Maresh Yadav|Narsihma Murthy}}
| align="center" |Shree Vishwakarma Cinemas
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravutha - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ravutha/ET00430932 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="34" style="text-align:center;background:#ede4fe;" |'''F E B R U A R Y'''
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''7'''
| align="center" |''[[Adhipatra]]''
| align="center" | Chayan Shetty
| {{hlist|[[Roopesh Shetty]]|Jahnavi Mahadi|[[Prakash Thuminad]]|Raghu Pandeshwar}}
| align="center" |Belaku Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adhipatra (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/adhipatra/ET00405959 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Anamadheya Ashok Kumar]]''
| align="center" | Sagar Kumar
| {{hlist|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar. G]]|Harshil Koushik|Sudheendran Nair|Gagana}}
| align="center" |SKN Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anamadheya Ashok Kumar (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/anamadheya-ashok-kumar/ET00423453 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Bhagiratha''
| align="center" | Ram Janardhan
| {{hlist|Jaya Prakash|Nisarga Annappa|Chandana Raghavendra|Shivaraj K. R. Pete|[[Ravi Kale]]}}
| align="center" |Sai Ramesh Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagiratha (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bhagiratha/ET00431592 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Gajarama]]''
| align="center" | Sunil Kumar VA
| {{hlist|[[Raja Vardan]]|Tapaswini Poonachha|[[Ragini Dwivedi]]|[[Kabir Duhan Singh]]|[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]}}
| align="center" |Life Line Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajarama (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gajarama/ET00420120 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Mandya''
| align="center" | Sanjay Niranjan
| {{hlist|[[Gavie Chahal]]|[[Deepshika Nagpal]]|Danish Muhammad|Prakash Dhotre}}
| align="center" |Sanam Productions India
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandya (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mandya/ET00371600 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Mr. Rani''
| align="center" | Madhu Chandra
| {{hlist|Deepak Subramanya|[[Parvati Nair]]|Shrivatsa Shyam|Lakshmi Karanth}}
| align="center" |Excel Orbit Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Rani (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mr-rani/ET00395468 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Sharanara Shakti''
| align="center" | Dileep V. Sharma
| {{hlist|Ramesh Pandit|Shruti Hegde|Manjunath Gouda Patil|Sachi Jain}}
| align="center" |Srisha Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharanara Shakti (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sharanara-shakti/ET00411173 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Talwar''
| align="center" | Mumtaz Murali
| {{hlist|[[Dharma Keerthiraj]]|Adithi Rao|[[Jayram Karthik]]|[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]|Avinash. S}}
| align="center" |Touch Pictures
| align="center" |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Talwar (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/talwar/ET00431762 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Unlock Raghava''
| align="center" | Deepak Madhuvanahalli
| {{hlist|Milind Gautham|[[Rachel David]]|[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]|[[Bhoomi Shetty]]|[[Ramesh Bhat]]}}
| align="center" |Mayura Motion Pictures
| align="center" |<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''
| align="center" |''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]''
| align="center" | Gireesh Mulimani
| {{hlist|[[Pruthvi Ambaar]]|Pramod|[[Rachel David]]|Ponnu Ashwathi|[[Achyuth Kumar]]}}
| align="center" |SVC Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvanam Gaganam (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bhuvanam-gaganam/ET00424249 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Justice''
| align="center" | Karthik Venkatesh
| {{hlist|Sarkar Sahill| Manya Riya| Chethan Krishna| Ali Baba| Riya Bhaskar}}
| align="center" |Max Entertainment
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/justice/ET00430859 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Nimitta Matra''
| align="center" | Roshan D'Souza
| {{hlist|[[Poornachandra Mysore]]| [[Sangeetha Rajeev]]| Aravind Kuplikar| Lakshmi Karanth}}
| align="center" |Silver Opera Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimitta Matra (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nimitta-matra/ET00429189 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Raju James Bond]]''
| align="center" | Deepak Madhuvanahalli
| {{hlist|[[Gurunandan]]| Mrudula Pattanshetti| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| [[Chikkanna]]| [[Sadhu Kokila]]}}
| align="center" |Karma Bros Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju James Bond (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raju-james-bond/ET00379980 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Sidlingu 2]]''
| align="center" |[[Vijaya Prasad]]
|{{Hlist|[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]|[[Sonu Gowda]]|[[Suman Ranganathan]]|[[B. Suresha]]}}
| align="center" |Niharika Movies
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-04 |title='Sidlingu 2' to release this Valentines Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/04/sidlingu-2-to-release-this-valentines-day |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''21'''
| align="center" |''Bhaava Theera Yaana''
| align="center" | Mayur Ambekallu Thejas Kiran
| {{hlist|Thejas Kiran| [[Ramesh Bhat]]| [[Vidya Murthy]]| Arohi Naina| Anoosha Krishna}}
| align="center" |Aroha Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaava Theera Yaana (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bhaava-theera-yaana/ET00433910 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Eddelu Manjunatha 2''
| align="center" | [[Guruprasad]]
| {{hlist|[[Guruprasad]]|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]|[[Chaithra J. Achar]]|[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]}}
| align="center" |Ram Movies
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eddelu Manjunatha 2 (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/eddelu-manjunatha-2/ET00432048 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Gagana Kusuma''
| align="center" | Nagendra Kumar Jain
| {{hlist|S. K. Prakash Sannakki| Kavya Prakash| Harini Nataraj| Dinesh Gowda}}
| align="center" |SS Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagana Kusuma (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gagana-kusuma/ET00434596 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Nanagu Love Aagidhe''
| align="center" | Vijay Rajashekar
| {{hlist|Soma Vijay| Thejaswini Reddy| Naveen Rishi| Ravi Raaj}}
| align="center" |Sri Kaali Amman Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanagu Love Aagidhe (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nanagu-love-aagidhe/ET00433175 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Navami 9-9-1999''
| align="center" | Pavan Narayan
| {{hlist|Yashas Abhi| Nandini Gowda| [[S. Narayan]]| [[Om Prakash Rao]]| [[Huccha Venkat]]}}
| align="center" |Shree Annapoorneshwari Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navami (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/navami/ET00431987 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Nimagondu Sihi Suddi]]''
| align="center" | Raghu Bhat Sudhindra. N
| {{hlist|Raghu Bhat| [[Kavya Shetty]]| Harini Shreekanth| [[Vijay Raghavendra]]| Sujay Shastry}}
| align="center" |Avyakta Cinemas
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimagondu Sihi Suddi (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nimagondu-sihi-suddi/ET00432260 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Olavina Payana''
| align="center" | Kishan Balnad
| {{hlist|Sunil Kumar| Kushi P. S.| Priya Hegde| [[Padmaja Rao]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| align="center" |Mulagund Creation
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olavina Payana (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/olavina-payana/ET00432502 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Raja Roja''
| align="center" | Uday Prem
| {{hlist|Divakar| Preethi Yesudas| Kuri Sunil| Mirchi Manikanta}}
| align="center" |Adrushta Combines
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Roja (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raja-roja/ET00420553 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Shanubhogara Magalu''
| align="center" | [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| {{hlist|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar. G]]| Ragini Chandran| [[Ramesh Bhat]]| [[Sudha Belawadi]]}}
| align="center" |Bhuvan Films
| align="center" |<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Shanubhogara Magalu (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/shanubhogara-magalu/ET00434548 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''VidyaGanesh''
| align="center" | Dr. Umeshchandra
| {{hlist|Mallu Jhamkandi| Sulaksha Kaira| [[Suchendra Prasad]]| [[Ramesh Bhat]]}}
| align="center" |Deviputra Cine Creations
| align="center" |<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Vishnu Priya]]''
| align="center" | [[V. K. Prakash]]
| {{hlist|[[Shreyas Manju]]| [[Priya Prakash Varrier]]| [[Suchendra Prasad]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| Nihal Raj Gowda}}
| align="center" |[[K. Manju|K. Manju Cinemaas]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Priya (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vishnu-priya/ET00430596 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Yello Jogappa Ninnaramane''
| align="center" | Hayavadana
| {{hlist|Anjan Nagendra| Venya Rai| Sanjana Doss| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]}}
| align="center" |Pandoras Box Productions Krishnachhaya Chitra
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yello Jogappa Ninnaramane (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/yello-jogappa-ninnaramane/ET00417089 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''28'''
| align="center" |''1990s''
| align="center" | Nandakumar C. M.
| {{hlist|Arun Kumar| Rani Warad| Swapna Shettigar| Suprith}}
| align="center" |Manasu Mallige Combines
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=1990s (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/1990s/ET00433895 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Apaayavide Eccharike]]''
| align="center" | Abhijith Thirthahalli
| {{hlist|Vikash Uthaiah| Radha Bhagavathi| Raghav Kodachadri| Harini Shreekanth| Mithun Thirthahalli}}
| align="center" |Yashaswini Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apaayavide Eccharike (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/apaayavide-eccharike/ET00429932 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[FIR 6 to 6]]''
| align="center" | Ramana Raj K. V.
| {{hlist|[[Vijay Raghavendra]]| Siri Raju| Yash Shetty| Swati Satish| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| align="center" |Yasha Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIR 6 To 6 (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/fir-6-to-6/ET00433814 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Monk The Young''
| align="center" | Maschith Suriya
| {{hlist|Sarovar. R| Soundarya Gowda| [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]| Usha Bhandary}}
| align="center" |Volcano Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monk The Young (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/monk-the-young/ET00435114 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Nagavalli Bangale''
| align="center" | Kavi Rajesha
| {{hlist|Yashwant Kumar| Roopashree Gowda| N. L. Narendra Babu| Sushma Kumari}}
| align="center" |Hamsah Visions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagavalli Bangale (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nagavalli-bangale/ET00434225 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Pratyartha''
| align="center" | Arjun Kamath
| {{hlist|Ramnath Shanbag| Akshay Karkala| Shruthi Chandrashekar| [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]| [[Naveen D. Padil]]}}
| align="center" |Sandalwood Films Vishishta Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratyartha (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/pratyartha/ET00433176 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Shabhash Baddimagane''
| align="center" | B. S. Rajashekar
| {{hlist|[[Pramod Shetty]]| Adya Priya| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]]| Kavya Ramesh }}
| align="center" |Kishan Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabhash Baddimagane (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/shabhash-baddimagne/ET00431297 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Viramada Nantara''
| align="center" | Vishwanath Singarmatt
| {{hlist|Vvihan Kaarthik| Pavithra Raj| Sanvi Raju| Naveen Kumar Mandya| Raghu Ramanakoppa}}
| align="center" |Sri Sugureshwara Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viramada Nantara (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/viramada-nantara/ET00431334 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''6'''
| align="center" |''Soori Loves Sandhya''
| align="center" | Yadav Raj
| {{hlist|Abhhimanyuu Kashinath| Apurva| Prathap Narayan| Pradeep Kabra}}
| align="center" |7 Crore Entertainments
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soori Loves Sandhya (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/soori-loves-sandhya/ET00435361 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''7'''
| align="center" |''Apple Cut''
| align="center" | Sindhu Gowda
| {{hlist|Surya Gowda| Ashwini Polepalli| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| Amrutha Pawar| Santhosh G.}}
| align="center" |Sanvi Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Cut (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/apple-cut/ET00436546 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Interval''
| align="center" | Bharatvarsh
| {{hlist|Shashi Raj|Sukesh Suki|Prajwal Kumar Gowda|Charithra Rao|Sahana Aradhya }}
| align="center" |BharatVarsh Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interval (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/interval/ET00428214 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Kanasondu Shuruvagide''
| align="center" | Manjesh Bhagwath
| {{hlist|Santosh Billava| Saathvika| [[Shravya Rao]]| [[Thriller Manju]]| Kuri Sunil}}
| align="center" |KKR Media House
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanasondu Shuruvagide (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kanasondu-shurvagide/ET00436703 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Kapati]]''
| align="center" | Ravikiran D. Chetan S. P.
| {{hlist|Dev Devaiah| [[Sukrutha Wagle]]| Sathvik Krishnan| Pavan Venugopal}}
| align="center" |[[Dayal Padmanabhan|Dayal Pictures]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kapati (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kapati/ET00406059 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Mithya''
| align="center" | Sumanth Bhat
| {{hlist|Athish Shetty| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| Roopa Varkady}}
| align="center" |[[Paramvah Studios]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithya (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mithya/ET00434570 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Rakshasa (2025 film)|Rakshasa]]''
| align="center" | Lohith H.
| {{hlist|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]| [[Sonal Monteiro]]| Shobhraj| K. S. Shridhar| Arna Rathod}}
| align="center" |Shanvi Entertainments
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakshasa (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rakshasa/ET00410765 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Tarka''
| align="center" | Puneeth Manava
| {{hlist|Anjan Murthy| Prathima Thakur| Swetha Srinivas| Nivas Sri}}
| align="center" |Vismaya Enterprises
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarka (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/tarka/ET00434400 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''14'''
| align="center" |''Ah!''
| align="center" | G. Srinivas Ramanagara
| {{hlist|Sreejith| Ameeta S. Kulal| Anusha Rai| [[Yamuna Srinidhi]]}}
| align="center" |Yashogiri Chitralaya
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ah! (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ah/ET00437304 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Paarithoshaka''
| align="center" | Pradeep Thumbinakere
| {{hlist|Rakshith. R| Jitendra Nayaka| Aishwarya. C| Akash. M}}
| align="center" |SAGV Production Pradeep Madakari Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarithoshaka (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/paarithoshaka/ET00438032 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''21'''
| align="center" |''Barget Basya''
| align="center" | Rishi Hiremath
| {{hlist|Rishi Hiremath| Advika Smitha| Pooja Emmanuel| Punith Chandra}}
| align="center" |Yarram Reddy Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barget Basya (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/barget-basya/ET00430050 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Narayana Narayana''
| align="center" | Srikanth Kenchappa
| {{hlist|Dharshan Surya| Kreethi Krishna| Bhimbika Rao| Puneeth B. A.| Gururaj Basavaraj}}
| align="center" |Sri Krishna Movies Sumnima Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayana Narayana (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/narayana-narayana/ET00438004 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Yalpi''
| align="center" | M. M. Oblesh Yalpi
| {{hlist|M. M. Vijay Chakravarthi| Lohana J. M.}}
| align="center" |Nakshatra Entertainment
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yalpi (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ballari-jille-ballari-taluk-grama-yalpi/ET00387241 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''28'''
| align="center" |''[[Bad (2025 film)|Bad]]''
| align="center" | [[PC Shekhar]]
| {{hlist|Nakul Gowda| [[Manvita Kamath]]| Apoorva Bharadwaj| Sai Krishna}}
| align="center" |Naada Kiran Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bad-2025/ET00395441 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Manada Kadalu]]''
| align="center" | [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| {{hlist|[[Sumukha]]| Rashika Shetty| Anjali Anish| [[Rangayana Raghu]]| [[H. G. Dattatreya]]}}
| align="center" |E. K. Entertainers
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manada Kadalu (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/manada-kadalu/ET00427614 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Mylaapura''
| align="center" | Phaneesh Bharadwaj
| {{hlist|Kishan Bilagali| Aishwarya Sindhogi| [[Nidhi Subbaiah]]}}
| align="center" |Reel Load Entertainment
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mylaapura (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mylaapura/ET00439665 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:45%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Studio
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R I L'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''4'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Benkiyabale''
|style="text-align:center;| Shivaji
|{{hlist| Niranjan Raj| Preethi Yashika| Lokesh Raj| [[Mandya Ramesh]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shivaji Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benkiyabale (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/benkiyabale/ET00440287 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Nimbiya Banada Myaga Page 1]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Ashok Kadaba
|{{hlist| Shanmukha Govindraj| Sunad Raj| Thanushree| [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]| [[Padma Vasanthi]]| [[Bhavya]]| [[Sundeep Malani]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|MGPX Enterprises
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimbiya Banada Myaga Page-1 (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nimbiya-banada-myaga-page-1/ET00428625 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Nimde Kathe]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Raghavendra Raj
|{{hlist| Abhilash Dalapathi| Rashika Shetty| [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]| Manohar Gowda| Reshma V. Gowda}}
|style="text-align:center;|Blue Sky Studios
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimde Kathe (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nimde-kathe/ET00438224 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''10'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Vaamana]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Shankar Raman
|{{hlist| [[Dhanveer Gowda]]| [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]| [[Sampath Raj]]| [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]| [[Adithya Menon]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Equinox Global Entertainment
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaamana (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vaamana/ET00368453 |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Vidyapati (2025 film)|Vidyapati]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Esham Khan, Haseen Khan
|{{hlist|[[Nagabhushana]] | [[Rangayana Raghu]]| Malaika Vasupal}}
|style="text-align:center;|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Daali Pictures]]
|<ref>{{Citation |last1=Khan |first1=Esham |title=Vidyapati |date=2025-04-10 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31599160/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |others=Dhananjaya, Rangayana Raghu, Malaika Vasupal |publisher=Daali Pictures |last2=Khan |first2=Haseen}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''11'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Agnyathavasi (2025 film)|Agnyathavasi]]''
|style="text-align:center;|[[Janardhan Chikkanna]]
|{{hlist|[[Rangayana Raghu]]| [[Paavana Gowda]]| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| Siddu Moolimani| [[Ravishankar Gowda]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Dakshayini Talkies
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Chikkanna|first=Janardhan|title=Agnyathavasi|date=2025-04-10 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27470862|access-date=2025-04-04 |others= Rangayana Raghu |publisher=Dakshayini Talkies}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''18'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Kadeema''
|style="text-align:center;|Sai Pradeep
|{{hlist|Chandan. N| Anoosha K. Bhat| Yash Shetty| [[Shobhraj]]| [[V. Manohar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shiveshu Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadeema (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kadeema/ET00441694 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Kora''
|style="text-align:center;|Orata Shree
|{{hlist|Tsunami Kitty| Charishma Chondamma| P. Murthy| Sowjanya D. V.}}
|style="text-align:center;|Rathnamma Movies
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kora (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kora/ET00430257 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Preethiya Huccha''
|style="text-align:center;|V. Kumar
|{{hlist|Vijay Victory| Kumkum Harihar| Patre Nagaraj}}
|style="text-align:center;|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethiya Huccha (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/preethiya-huccha/ET00440942 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Ricksha Chalaka''
|style="text-align:center;|Aayush Shashikumar
|{{hlist|Chiranth Kumar| Rajini Gowda| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| Harini Shreekanth}}
|style="text-align:center;|Aayush Cine Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ricksha Chalaka (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/ricksha-chalaka/ET00438871 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Veera Chandrahasa]]''
|style="text-align:center;|[[Ravi Basrur]]
|{{hlist|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]|Shithil Shetty|Nagashree GS|Prasanna Shettigar Mandarti}}
|style="text-align:center;|[[Ravi Basrur|Ravi Basrur Movies]] Omkar Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-04-03 |title=Hombale Films to distribute Ravi Basrur's Veera Chandrahasa; release date revealed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/03/hombale-films-to-distribute-ravi-basrurs-veera-chandrahasa-release-date-revealed |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Yuddhakaanda Chapter 2]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Pavan Bhat
|{{hlist| [[Ajay Rao]]| [[Archana Jois]]| Radnya Rakesh| [[Prakash Belawadi]]| [[T. S. Nagabharana]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shree Krishna Arts and Creations [[Ajay Rao|Ajay Rao Productions]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuddhakaanda Chapter 2 (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/yuddhakaanda-chapter-2/ET00436618 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''24'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Vamshi Krishna Srinivas
|{{hlist|Vamshi Krishna Srinivas|[[Rachana Inder]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| [[Sudharani]]| Sheetal Shetty}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shri Mutthu Cine Services & Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firefly (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/firefly/ET00400387 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''25'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Amara Premi Arun''
|style="text-align:center;|Praveen Kumar G.
|{{hlist|Harishaarva| Deepika Aradhya| Dharmanna Kadur| Krithi Bhat}}
|style="text-align:center;|Olavu Cinema
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara Premi Arun (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/amara-premi-arun/ET00437718 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Dasarahalli''
|style="text-align:center;|M. R. Srinivas
|{{hlist|[[Dharma Keerthiraj]]| Neha}}
|style="text-align:center;|Vaishnavi Vasundare Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasarahalli (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/dasarahalli/ET00442302 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Book My Show |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" | '''M A Y'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''1'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Puppy (2025 film)|Puppy]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Ayush Malli
|{{hlist| Jagadish Koppala| Adithya Sindhanuru| Adrushta Sankanuru| Ruthvik Bellary}}
|style="text-align:center;|B B Sankanur Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puppy (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/puppy/ET00441133 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''2'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Faizu Matthu Hunja''
|style="text-align:center;| Sharath Bilinele
|{{hlist| Belagola Babu| Varshini| M N Suresh| Mohammed Faizan}}
|style="text-align:center;|Unity Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faizu Mattu Hunja (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/faizu-mattu-hunja/ET00444225 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Nan Poli''
|style="text-align:center;| Yashwanth M
|{{hlist| Yashwanth M.| Disha Shetty| Raichur Devaraj| Shobha Maganur}}
|style="text-align:center;|Parvathy Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nan Poli (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/nan-poli/ET00430858 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Preethi Prema Panganama''
|style="text-align:center;| Srikanta B. A.
|{{hlist| Mutthuraj M. S.| Srikanta B. A.| Dheeraj| Dayana Lessika|}}
|style="text-align:center;|M S Mutthuraj Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puppy (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/preeti-prema-panganaama/ET00444050 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''9'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Daskath''
|style="text-align:center;| Aneesh Poojary Venur
|{{hlist| Deekshith K. Andinje| Mohan Sheni| Naveen Bondel| Bhavya Poojary}}
|style="text-align:center;|Jai Bhajarangi Films Seventy7 Studios Bodhi Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daskath (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/daskath-kannada/ET00444094 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa]]''
|style="text-align:center;| [[Abhilash Shetty]]
|{{hlist| Samruddhi Kundapura| Sanidhya Acharya| Radha Ramachandra| Prabhakar Kunder}}
|style="text-align:center;|Plan A Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa/ET00435862 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Suthradaari''
|style="text-align:center;| Kiran Kumar R
|{{hlist| [[Chandan Shetty]]| [[Navarasan]]| [[Sanjana Anand]]| Apurva | [[Tabla Nani]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Eagle Media Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suthradaari (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/suthradaari/ET00439637 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Vicky''
|style="text-align:center;|Deepak S. Avandkar
|{{hlist|[[Raju Talikote]]|Bharat Talikote|Sreenidhi Gowda|Vindhya Hegde|Manju Guledgudda}}
|style="text-align:center;|Kesari Nandana Cine Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Vicky gears up for statewide release across Karnataka this week |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/May/07/vicky-gears-up-for-statewide-release-across-karnataka-this-week |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''15'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Rhythm''
|style="text-align:center;| Manju Milan
|{{hlist| Manju Milan| Meghashree| [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]| [[Vinaya Prasad]]| [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Manju Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhythm (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/rhythm/ET00420068 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''16'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Arindam''
|style="text-align:center;| Sawad. M Kalki Agasthya
|{{hlist| Kalki Agasthya| Shwetha Bhat Karwar}}
|style="text-align:center;|Royal Arch Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/arindam/ET00430924 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Bande Saheb''
|style="text-align:center;| Chinmay Ram
|{{hlist| Santhosh Ram| Kavya Bharadwaj| [[Vijanath Biradar]]| Parveez Simba}}
|style="text-align:center;|Mallige Cine Combines
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bande Saheb (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bande-saheb/ET00445913 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Dee''
|style="text-align:center;| Vinay Vasudev
|{{hlist| Vinay Vasudev| Disha Ramesh| Harini Shreekanth| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| Nagendra Urs}}
|style="text-align:center;|VDK Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dee (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/dee-kannada/ET00445537 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Light House''
|style="text-align:center;| Sandeep Kamath Ajekar
|{{hlist| Vijay Shobaraj| Manasi Sudhir| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| [[Pruthvi Ambaar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Astra Productions Amche Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Light House (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/light-house/ET00444617 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Love You''
|style="text-align:center;| S. Narasimhamurthy
|{{hlist| [[AI-generated|AI-generated characters]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|KPM Studio
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love You (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/love-you/ET00445669 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Takila''
|style="text-align:center;| K. Praveen Nayak
|{{hlist| [[Dharma Keerthiraj]]| Nikitha Swamy| Suman Sharma| Nagendra Urs| Kote Prabhakar}}
|style="text-align:center;|Sri Siddhivinayak Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takila (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/takila/ET00445623 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Udaya Surya''
|style="text-align:center;| S. S. Prakash Raj
|{{hlist| Jai Raj| S. S. Prakash Raj| Lavanya Gangadharayya| Tanu Prasad}}
|style="text-align:center;|Sri Siddheshwara Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaya Surya (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/udaya-surya/ET00446043 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''23'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Jai Kissan''
|style="text-align:center;| Vikas Vilas Misaal
|{{hlist| Janmejay Telang| Smita Tambe| Tanvi Samant}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shree Sai Utsav Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Kissan (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jai-kissan/ET00447014 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Kirik''
|style="text-align:center;| Nagathihalli Gangadhar
|{{hlist| Ravi Shetty| Pooja Ramachandra| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| [[Tennis Krishna]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shri Muktinaaga Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirik (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kirik/ET00386171 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Kuladalli Keelyavudo''
|style="text-align:center;| K. Ram Narayan
|{{hlist| Madenur Manu| Mouna Guddemane| [[Sonal Monteiro]]| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| Dragon Manju}}
|style="text-align:center;|[[Yogaraj Bhat|Yogaraj Cinemas]] Pearl Cine Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuladalli Keelyavudo (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kuladalli-keelyavudo/ET00444078 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Manku Thimmana Kagga''
|style="text-align:center;| Raja Ravishankar
|{{hlist| [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]| Bhavyashree Rai}}
|style="text-align:center;|Honey Film Makers
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manku Thimmana Kagga (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/manku-thimmana-kagga/ET00446028 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''30'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Taane C/O Srirampura''
|style="text-align:center;| S. Bhagat Raj
|{{hlist| Praveen R| Harinakshi| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| Rohith Nagesh}}
|style="text-align:center;|PCO2 Film Factory
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taane C/O Srirampura (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/taane-co-srirampura/ET00420330 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Thayavva''
|style="text-align:center;| Sathvik Pavan
|{{hlist| Geetha Priya}}
|style="text-align:center;|Jayashankar Talkies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thayavva (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/thayavva/ET00446927 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align: center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''J U N E'''
|rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''6'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''College Kalavida''
|style="text-align:center;| Sanjay Malavalli
|{{hlist| Aarav Surya| Chaitra Loknath| Harini Shreekanth| [[Ramesh Bhat]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Gajanana Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Kalavida (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/college-kalavida/ET00447419 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Maadeva]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Naveen Reddy B.
|{{hlist|[[Vinod Prabhakar]]|[[Sonal Monteiro]]|[[Srinagara Kitty]]|[[Malashri]]|[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Radhakrishna Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Maadeva locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/May/02/maadeva-locks-release-date |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=2 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |''Neethi''
| style="text-align: center;" |Raja Gopal
|{{hlist|[[Kushee Ravi]]| Sampath Maithreya| Praveen Atharva}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Director's cut Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web| last=Manivannan |first=Gowtham |date=22 May 2025 |title=NEETHI movie details |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37022983/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=[[IMDB]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''School Ramayana''
|style="text-align:center;| Ved M. S.
|{{hlist| Deekshith Gowda| Supritha Raj| Apurva Shri| Kiran Aarya}}
|style="text-align:center;|Chahanashree Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Ramayana (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/school-ramayana/ET00447934 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Sees Kaddi''
|style="text-align:center;| Rathan Gangadhar
|{{hlist| Cithin Appaiah| Manvi Balgar| B. S. Ramamurthy| Pratham Raje Urs}}
|style="text-align:center;|Grahana
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sees Kaddi (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/sees-kaddi/ET00447688 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''13'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Churumuriya''
|style="text-align:center;| Supriya Nippani
|{{hlist| Mahadev Hadapad| Sharadha Mullur}}
|style="text-align:center;| S J Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churumuriya (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/churumuriya/ET00449119 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Edagaiye Apaghatakke Karana]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Samarth Kadkol
|{{hlist| [[Diganth Manchale]]| [[Nirup Bhandari]]| [[Nidhi Subbaiah]]| Dhanu Harsha| [[Radhika Narayan]]}}
|style="text-align:center;| Hyphen Pictures Keelambi Media Lab
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edagaiye Apaghatakke Karana (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/edagaiye-apaghatakke-karana/ET00447426 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''20'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Black Sheep''
|style="text-align:center;| Jeevan Hallikar
|{{hlist| Vishal Kiran| Prashanth V. Hari| Shivangi Davey| Nisha Hegde}}
|style="text-align:center;| Glitterers Star House Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sheep (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/churumuriya/ET00449119 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Bullet''
|style="text-align:center;| Sathyajith Shabbir
|{{hlist| [[Dharma Keerthiraj]]| Shreeya Shukla| Ajitha Jha| [[Bhavya]]| [[Shobhraj]]}}
|style="text-align:center;| Zaks International
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bullet (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/churumuriya/ET00449119 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Deadly Lovers''
|style="text-align:center;| Nagendra
|{{hlist| Akhil Kumar| Thanu Prasad| Lahari Velu| Prema Gowda}}
|style="text-align:center;| Anagha Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deadly Lovers (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/churumuriya/ET00449119 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Kaalave Mosagara''
|style="text-align:center;| Sanjay S Puranic
|{{hlist| Bharath Sagar| Yashaswini Ravindra| Shankar Murthy| [[Kuri Prathap]]| [[Bank Janardhan]]}}
|style="text-align:center;| Bhava Spandana Productions BMW Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaalave Mosagara (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/churumuriya/ET00449119 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; " |''Maatonda Heluve''
| style="text-align:center;" |Mayur Kadi
|{{hlist|Mayur Kadi|Apoorva Aradhya|Girish Shivanna|P. D. Satish Chandra|Prateek Radder}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Maheshwara Motion Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=RJ-turned-filmmaker Mayur Kadi's Maatonda Heluve locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/May/22/rj-turned-filmmaker-mayur-kadis-maatonda-heluve-locks-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=22 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''27'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Athani''
|style="text-align:center;| Samarth M
|{{hlist| Samarth M | Madhu B C| [[Shobhraj]]| [[Bhavya]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;| Abhay Kushi Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athani (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/athani/ET00448965 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Avanirabekittu''
|style="text-align:center;| Ashok N Samrat
|{{hlist| Bharath Hassan| Sowmya John| [[Prashanth Siddi]]| Kiran Naik| [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;| Novica Cine Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athani (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/avanirabekittu/ET00437173 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Bloody Babu''
|style="text-align:center;| Rajesh Murthy
|{{hlist| Dilip Kumar| Yashaswa Murthy| Smitha Gaur| N. L. Narendra Babu}}
|style="text-align:center;| Angel Dreams Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloody Babu (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bloody-babu/ET00448476 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Raja Rathnakara''
|style="text-align:center;| Veeresh Bommasagar
|{{hlist| Chandan Raj| Vidya Shri| Yamuna Srinidhi| Chethan Durga}}
|style="text-align:center;| Chowmuda Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Rathnakara (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/raja-rathnakara/ET00448599 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''[[Timmana Mottegalu]]''
|style="text-align:center;| Rakshith Theerthahalli
|{{hlist| [[Suchendra Prasad]]| Ashika Somashekar| Keshav Guttalike| Raghu Ramanakoppa}}
|style="text-align:center;| SriKrishna Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timmana Mottegalu (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/timmana-mottegalu/ET00448910 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''X & Y''
|style="text-align:center;| [[D. Satya Prakash]]
|{{hlist| Atharva Prakash| [[D. Satya Prakash]]| [[Brinda Acharya]]| Ayaana| Harini Shreekanth}}
|style="text-align:center;| Sathya Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=X & Y (2025) Movie review, cast and release dates |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/x-y/ET00448017 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=bookmyshow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:45%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Studio
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''4'''
|style="text-align:center;|''Capital City''
| style="text-align: center;" |R. Anantha Raju
|{{hlist|Rajeev Reddy| Prerana Kambam| [[P. Ravishankar]]| [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]| [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Shridhar]]| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Infinity Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital City (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/capital-city/ET00451426 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Hebbuli Cut]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Bheemarao P
|{{hlist|Mounesh Nataranga| Ananya M. K.| Mahantesh| Mahadev Hadapad}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Saada Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hebbuli Cut (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/hebbuli-cut/ET00451596 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Jungle Mangal''
| style="text-align: center;" |Rakshit Kumar
|{{hlist|Yash Shetty| Harshitha Ramachandra| Ugramm Manju| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Sahyadri Studios
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jungle Mangal (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jungle-mangal/ET00451647 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Pendrive''
| style="text-align: center;" |Sebastin David
|{{hlist|[[Malashri]]| Tanisha Kuppanda| Kishan Bilagali| Kari Subbu}}
| style="text-align: center;" | RH Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendrive (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/pendrive/ET00449792 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''5'''
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Kapata Nataka Sutradhari]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Dhiraj M. V.
|{{hlist|Dhiraj M. V.| Abhirama Arjuna| Murali Shankar| Greeshma Sridhar}}
| style="text-align: center;" | VSK Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kapata Nataka Sutradhari (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kapata-nataka-sutradhari/ET00443906|access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Tapassi''
| style="text-align: center;" |Spencer Matthew
|{{hlist|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]| Ammayra Goswami| Anusha Kini| Sachin Wairal}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Bangalore Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapassi (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/tapassi/ET00451359 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''11'''
|style="text-align:center;|''1st Day 1st Show''
| style="text-align: center;" |Girish G
|{{hlist|Girish G| Jeevitha Vasishta| Aniruddha Shastry| Rohit Srinath}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Maanika Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Day 1st Show (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/1st-day-1st-show/ET00452395 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Doora Theera Yaana]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Mansore
|{{hlist|Vijay Krishna| Priyanka Kumar| [[Shruti Hariharan]]| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| [[Sudha Belawadi ]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | D Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doora Theera Yaana (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/doora-theera-yaana/ET00449109 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Jaava Coffee''
| style="text-align: center;" |Sanvika Sreerangam
|{{hlist|Ajay Vardhan| Sanvika Sreerangam| [[Viji Thampi]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| [[Saju Kodiyan]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Adri Star Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaava Coffee (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jaava-coffee/ET00452042 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Lakshya''
| style="text-align: center;" |Arjun P. Donur
|{{hlist|Hithesh Hiremath| Nidhi Chakravarthy| Tejas Pujar| Sankalpa Sugate| Sumith Bhajantri}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Samrata Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshya (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/lakshya/ET00451787 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''18'''
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Rohit Padaki]]
|{{hlist|[[Yuva Rajkumar]]| [[Sanjana Anand]]| Sampada Hulivana| [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]]| [[Atul Kulkarni]]| [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]| Rahul Dev Shetty}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[PRK Productions]] [[Jayanna Films]] [[KRG Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekka (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/ekka/ET00420551 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|[[Junior (2025 film)|''Junior'']]{{efn-lg|name="tk"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Kannada languages}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Radha Krishna Reddy
|{{hlist|Kireeti Reddy|[[Sreeleela]]|[[Genelia D'Souza]]|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema Buzz Junior Movie: Kireeti Reddy's Debut Film 'Junior' to Release in July |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-telugu-bilingual-film-junior-to-release-in-july-3542967 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''25'''
|style="text-align:center;|''Bandook''
| style="text-align: center;"| Mahesh Ravikumar
|{{hlist|Partha | Balaji Manohar| Shwetha Prasad|[[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]| Harish Rai}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Sri Honnadevi Combines
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandook (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bandook/ET00448396 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
| Ashwin Kumar
|{{hlist|Animated characters}}
|Kleem Productions [[Hombale Films]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Mahavatar Narsimha Became A Viral Hit In Hindi With 1200% Increase In Box Office Collection In 10 Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-mahavatar-narsimha-became-a-viral-hit-in-hindi-with-1200-increase-in-box-office-collection-9015906 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Su From So]]''
| style="text-align: center;"| [[J. P. Thuminad]]
|{{hlist|Shaneel Gowtham| [[J. P. Thuminad]]| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| Sandhya Arakere| [[Raj B. Shetty]]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Lighter Buddha Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Su From So (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/su-from-so/ET00454128 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Swapna Mantapa]]''
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
|{{hlist|[[Vijay Raghavendra]]| [[Ranjani Raghavan]]| [[Sundar Raj]]| Shobha Raghavendra| Ambarish Sarangi| Rajini Gowda}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Malai Madeshwara Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapna Mantapa (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/swapna-mantapa/ET00454634 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center; background:#ff91af; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G U S T'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''1'''
|style="text-align:center;|''Eltuu Muthaa''
|style="text-align:center;|Raa Suryaa
|{{Hlist| Shaurya Prathapa| Raa Suryaa| Priyanka Malali| [[Naveen D Padil]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|High5 Studios
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eltuu Muthaa (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/su-from-so/ET00454128 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Kidnap Kavya''
|style="text-align:center;|Shadakshari B. Neelakantaiah
|{{Hlist| Lapanga Raja| Raja Vamshi| Revanth. R| Rakshitha Mallikarjun| Sahana. M}}
|style="text-align:center;|26 Yes Studios
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidnap Kavya (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kothalavadi/ET00450796 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Kothalavadi]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Sri Raju G
|{{Hlist| [[Pruthvi Ambaar]]| Kavya Shaiva|[[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]| [[Rajesh Nataranga]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|PA Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothalavadi (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kothalavadi/ET00450796 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Vritta]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Likith Kumar
|{{Hlist| Maahir Moinuddin| Harini Sundararajan| [[Chaithra J Achar]]| Srinivas Prabhu}}
|style="text-align:center;|Lakshay Arts
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vritta (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/vritta/ET00455176 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''8'''
|style="text-align:center;|''10 Ne Classu Swalpa Massu''
|style="text-align:center;|Deepu T. S.
|{{Hlist| Abhi. S| Sneha T. M.| Raam Kumar| Mahin Kuber}}
|style="text-align:center;|Peppermints Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Ne Classu Swalpa Massu (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/10-ne-classu-swalpa-massu/ET00457142 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Bharavase''
|style="text-align:center;|Mutthu A. N.
|{{Hlist| Vinay Raj| Amrutha V. Raj| Ahalya Suresh| [[Shobhraj]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|R. R. Movie Makers
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharavase (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bharavase/ET00454488 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Custody''
|style="text-align:center;|J. J. Srinivas
|{{Hlist| Priya Shatamarshan| J. J. Srinivas| Cockroach Sudhir| Srinivas G. T.}}
|style="text-align:center;|J. J. Srinivas Production
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Custody (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/custody/ET00456765 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Palguni''
|style="text-align:center;|J. J. Srinivas
|{{Hlist| Rekha Shri| Nagendra Urs| Pavan Kumar| Jayarame Gowda}}
|style="text-align:center;|Brindavan Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palguni (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/palguni/ET00456961 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Rajadrohi''
|style="text-align:center;|Prakasha Boraiah
|{{Hlist| [[Anant Nag]]| [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]| [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]| [[Abhijeeth]]| Orata Prashanth| Manasa Shivanna| Ajit Patre}}
|style="text-align:center;|Dhanush Combines
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajadrohi (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/rajadrohi/ET00446720 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''22'''
|style="text-align:center;|''Hacche''
|style="text-align:center;|Yashodhara. A
|{{Hlist| Abhimanyu N. S.| Adya Priya| Anu Prema| Devatha Manu}}
|style="text-align:center;|Ashwa Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hacche (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/hacche/ET00458110 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''
|style="text-align:center;|C. R. Bobby
|{{Hlist| [[Shine Shetty]]| Ankita Amar| [[Devaraj]]| [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]| [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]| [[Anup Bhandari]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|[[B. Ajaneesh Lokanath|ABBS Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Just Married (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/just-married/ET00457312 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Kamaro2''
|style="text-align:center;|A. Paramesh
|{{Hlist| [[Priyanka Upendra]]| Swaminathan Anantharama| Rajini Bharadwaj| Nagendra Urs| [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Kanasu Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamaro2 (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kamaro2/ET00444633 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Love Matteru''
|style="text-align:center;|Virata Bilwa
|{{Hlist| Virata Bilwa| [[Sonal Monteiro]]| [[Suman Ranganathan]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| Anitha Bhat}}
|style="text-align:center;|INK Cinemas Silverhythm Production BR Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Matteru (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/love-matteru/ET00454433 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''29'''
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Andondittu Kaala]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Keerthi Krishnappa
|{{Hlist|[[Vinay Rajkumar]]|[[Aditi Prabhudeva]]|[[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]|[[Aruna Balraj]]|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Bhuvan Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Vinay Rajkumar's Andondittu Kaala locks release date; second single rekindles 90s school romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jul/01/vinay-rajkumars-andondittu-kaala-locks-release-date-second-single-rekindles-90s-school-romance-2 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Balya''
|style="text-align:center;|V. M. Raju
|{{Hlist| Narayan Swamy| Apsara Suresh| Nischitha Neel| Bullet Vinod| Dakshith Ramesh}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shri Jaganmathe Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balya (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/balya/ET00456277 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Gandhi Matthu Notu''
|style="text-align:center;|Yogi Devagange
|{{Hlist| Divija Nagendra Prasad| Purushotham Talwat| Prajna Brahmavar| Lokesh Kogile}}
|style="text-align:center;|Bhavana Combines
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandi Mattu Notu (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/gandi-mattu-notu/ET00457635 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Gowrishankara''
|style="text-align:center;|Anees
|{{Hlist| [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]| Apoorva}}
|style="text-align:center;|Omkar Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gowrishankara (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/gowrishankara/ET00460006 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Muruga S/O Kaanunu''
|style="text-align:center;|Vijay Praveen
|{{Hlist| Muni Krishna| Chirashree Anchan| Mamatha Rahuth| [[Vinaya Prasad]]| [[Shobhraj]]| [[Thriller Manju]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|A. S. A. Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muruga S/O Kaanunu (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/muruga-so-kaanunu/ET00459715 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Rippan Swamy]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Kishor Moodbidre
|{{Hlist|[[Vijay Raghavendra]]|Ashwini Chandrashekhar|[[Prakash Thuminad]]|Vajradeer Jain|[[Yamuna Srinidhi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Panchaanana Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-28 |title=Vijay Raghavendra's Action-Packed Film Rippon Swamy Set for August 29 Release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vijay-raghavendras-action-packed-film-rippon-swamy-set-for-august-29-release/articleshow/122946349.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Usiru''
|style="text-align:center;|Panem Prabhakar
|{{Hlist| [[Thilak Shekar]]| Priya Hegde| Naidile Shaiva| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| Raaghu Ramanakoppa}}
|style="text-align:center;|RSP Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usiru (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/usiru/ET00459369 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000; " |'''S E P T E M B E R'''
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''5'''
|style="text-align:center;|''31 Days''
|style="text-align:center;|Raja Ravikumar
|{{Hlist| Niranjan Kumar Shetty| Prajwaly Suvarna| Chillar Manju| Akshay Karkala}}
|style="text-align:center;|N Star Production
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 Days (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/31-days/ET00457744 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Austin na Mahan Mouna''
|style="text-align:center;|Vinay Kumar Vaidyanathan
|{{Hlist| Vinay Kumar Vaidyanathan| Prakriti Prasad| Risha Gowda| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|AVV Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austin na Mahan Mouna (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/austin-na-mahan-mouna/ET00460710 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Elumale''
|style="text-align:center;|Punit Rangaswamy
|{{Hlist|Raanna|Priyanka Achar|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[T. S. Nagabharana]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|De Arte Studios [[Tharun Sudhir|Tharun Sudhir Kreativez]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Elumale locks official release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/18/kannadanews2025aug18elumale-locks-official-release-date |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Kudla Namdu Uuru''
|style="text-align:center;|Durga Prasad RK
|{{Hlist| Durga Prasad RK| Anika Shetty| Ramesh BH| Shreya Shetty}}
|style="text-align:center;|Kritartha Production
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudla Namdu Uuru (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kudla-namdu-uuru/ET00458312 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Naanu Matthu Gunda 2''
|style="text-align:center;|Raghu Hassan
|{{Hlist| [[Rakesh Adiga]]| [[Rachana Inder]]| Govinde Gowda| [[Vijay Chendoor]]| Manju Pavagada}}
|style="text-align:center;|Poem Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naanu Matthu Gunda 2 (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/naanu-matthu-gunda-2/ET00460301 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Namo Venkatesha''
|style="text-align:center;|Vijay Bhardwaj
|{{Hlist| Vijay Bharadwaj| Anvita Sagar| Deepa KM| Shyam Sundar}}
|style="text-align:center;|Vijay Dhwaja Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naanu Matthu Gunda 2 (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/naanu-matthu-gunda-2/ET00460301 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Om Shivam''
|style="text-align:center;|Alwin Francis
|{{Hlist| Bhargav Krishna| Viranika Shetty| Cockroach Sudhir| Ravi Kale}}
|style="text-align:center;|Deepa Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Om Shivam (2025) Kannada movie release info |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/om-shivam/ET00453167 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''12'''
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Green Girl]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Sarthak Hegde
|{{Hlist|Sucharitha Haritas| Mayur Gowda| Sudarshan Yekkar}}
|style="text-align:center;|Sarthak Hegde Film
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Girl (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/green-girl/ET00459562 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Guri''
|style="text-align:center;|Selvam Mathappan
|{{Hlist|[[Achyuth Kumar]]| Ugramm Manju| Jivith Bhushan| Sai Thej| Jayashree Raj}}
|style="text-align:center;|Vishnu Durga Production
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guri (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/guri/ET00461480 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Jambu Circus''
|style="text-align:center;|[[M. D. Sridhar]]
|{{Hlist|[[Praveen Tej]]| [[Anjali Aneesh]]| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| [[Ravishankar Gowda]]| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Sri Mahathi Combines
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jambu Circus(2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jambu-circus/ET00461877 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Maayavi''
|style="text-align:center;|Shankar G.
|{{Hlist|Raghu Ram R.|Nischitha Shetty|M. K. Mata|Surya Praveen|Samartha Suresh Babu}}
|style="text-align:center;|Sri Durga Security Services
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayavi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/uttara-kannada/maayavi/ET00447160?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Middle Class Ramayana''
|style="text-align:center;|Dhanush Gowda V.
|{{Hlist|Vinu Gowda|Mokshitha Pai|Yukta Pervi|[[S. Narayan]]|[[Veena Sundar]]|[[Shobaraj]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Anjanadhri Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Class Ramayana (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bengaluru |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/middle-class-ramayana/ET00460513?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Nidradevi Next Door]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Suraag Sagar
|{{Hlist|[[Shine Shetty]]| Praveer Shetty| Rishika Naik| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]| [[Sudharani]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Suram Movies
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidradevi Next Door (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/nidradevi-next-door/ET00445392 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Ramanagara''
|style="text-align:center;|Vijay Raj
|{{Hlist|Prabhu Swamy| Meghana SK| Himashree}}
|style="text-align:center;|Chandan Surya Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanagara (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/ramanagara/ET00460757 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Room Boy''
|style="text-align:center;|Ravi Nagadadinni
|{{Hlist|Likhit Surya| Raksha Nimbargi| Yash Shetty| Ammu Rajani| Ashwin Hassan}}
|style="text-align:center;|I Can Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Room Boy (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/room-boy/ET00461493 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''September 10''
|style="text-align:center;|Om Sai Prakash
|{{Hlist|[[Shashi Kumar]]|Jayasimha Kotapati|Rishitha Malnad|[[Ramesh Bhat]]|[[Padma Vasanthi]]|Ganesh Rao|[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shridevi Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=September 10 (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in India |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/indi/september-10/ET00455382?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''S/O Muthanna''
|style="text-align:center;|Srikanth Hunsur
|{{Hlist|Pranam Devaraj|[[Kushee Ravi]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Suchendra Prasad]]|Girish Shivanna|[[Tabla Nani]]|[[Srinivas Prabhu]]|[[Sudha Belawadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Purathana Films
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-19 |title=S/O Muthanna pushes its date for a simultaneous release in three languages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/19/so-muthanna-pushes-its-date-for-a-simultaneous-release-in-three-languages |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''19'''
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Arasayyana Prema Prasanga]]''
|style="text-align:center;|JVR Deepu
|{{Hlist|Mahantesh Hiremath| Rashmitha R Gowda| PD Sathish| [[Vijay Chendoor]]| Raghu Ramanakoppa}}
|style="text-align:center;|Raj Kamala Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arasayyana Prema Prasanga (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/arasayyana-prema-prasanga/ET00459361 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Jotheyagi Hithavagi''
|style="text-align:center;|A. R. Krishna
|{{Hlist|Agastya K| Suvartha M| Anand Ninasam| Bhumika Deshpande| Chetan Durga}}
|style="text-align:center;|Shriratna Film Company
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jotheyagi Hithavagi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jotheyagi-hithavagi/ET00462251 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''[[Kamal Sridevi]]''
|style="text-align:center;|Sunil Kumar VA
|{{Hlist|Sachin Cheluvarayaswami| [[Sangeetha Bhat]]| [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]| Akshitha Bopaiah| [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Swarnambika Pictures
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Sridevi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kamal-sridevi/ET00459453 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Khaali Dabba''
|style="text-align:center;|K Prakash Ambale
|{{Hlist|Ram Gudi| Adya Priya| Haritha Shah| [[Kuri Prathap]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|SUA Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaali Dabba (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/khaali-dabba/ET00462261 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;|''Soul Mates''
|style="text-align:center;|Shankar P V
|{{Hlist|Sreejith| Prasanna V Shetty| Yashvika Nishkala| Yash Shetty| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| Aravind Rao}}
|style="text-align:center;|AV Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soul Mates (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/soul-mates/ET00462762 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''26'''
|style="text-align:center;|''Kunte Bille''
|style="text-align:center;|Siddegowda GBS
|{{Hlist|Yadu Balaji| Meghashree| [[Suchendra Prasad]]| [[Bhavani Prakash]]| [[Sudha Belawadi]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;|Jeevitha Creations
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunte Bille (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Uttara Kannada |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kunte-bille/ET00463440 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:45%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Studio
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T O B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Rishab Shetty]]
|{{hlist|[[Rishab Shetty]]| [[Rukmini Vasanth]]| [[Gulshan Devaiah]]| [[Jayaram]]| [[Pramod Shetty]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Hombale Films]]
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-release-date-out-to-hit-the-screens-on-gandhi-jayanti-2025/articleshow/115384947.cms|title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: Chapter 1' release date out, to hit the screens on Gandhi Jayanti 2025|website=TheNewIndianExpress.com|date=18 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''17'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Premigala Gamanakke''
|style="text-align:center;" | Vincent Inbaraj
|{{hlist|Shashikumar B. S.| [[Chirashree Anchan]]| Subbu S}}
|style="text-align:center;" | Citadil Films Joita Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/premigala-gamanakke/movieshow/123171934.cms|title=Premigala Gamanakke Movie - Kannada
|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Time Pass''
|style="text-align:center;" | K. Chethan Jodidhar
|{{hlist|Imran Pasha| Ratsha Ram| Ashwini Srinivas| Om Shri| Prabhakar Rao}}
|style="text-align:center;" | Sri Chethan Services
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/16/kannadainterviews2025oct16chethan-jodidhar-they-called-me-a-time-pass-so-i-turned-it-into-a-film|title=Chethan Jodidhar: They called me a 'time pass,' so I turned it into a film
|website=TheNewIndianExpress.com|date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''23'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''Aridra''
|style="text-align:center;" |Ajay Surya
|{{Hlist| Ajay Surya| Navya Shree| Yogeesh Tiptur| Manjesh Gowda}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Ajay Surya Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aridra (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/aridra/ET00458787 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''24'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''Bili Chukki Halli Hakki''
|style="text-align:center;" |Mahesh Gowda
|{{Hlist| Mahesh Gowda| Kaajal Kunder| [[Veena Sundar]]| Jahangeer M. S.}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Honnudi Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bili Chukki Halli Hakki (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/billi-chukki-halli-hakki/ET00466111 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Dilmaar]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |M Chandramouli
|{{Hlist| Ram Gowda| [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]| [[Dimple Hayathi]]| [[P. Sai Kumar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sri Vigneshwara Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-17 |title=Shivarajkumar backs Chandramouli-Ram’s actioner Dilmaar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/17/shivarajkumar-backs-chandramouli-rams-actioner-dilmaar |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Green''
|style="text-align:center;" |Raaj Vijay
|{{Hlist|[[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]| Balaji Manohar| RJ Vikki| Dimpy Fadhya}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Bourn Films Savika Enterprises
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/green/ET00463122|access-date=2025-10-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Newton's 3rd Law''
|style="text-align:center;" |Sudhaakar Reddy
|{{Hlist| Vishuo Siid| Vidyashree Gowda| Shrinidhi H. R.| [[Vijay Chendoor]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sunn Craft
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newton's 3rd Law (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/newtons-3rd-law/ET00467792|access-date=2025-10-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Tortoise: The Tale of Murders''
|style="text-align:center;" |Venkatesh N
|{{Hlist| Suraj Shetty| Vidya Prabhu| Chillar Manju}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Suraj Setty Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tortoise: The Tale of Murders (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/tortoise-the-tale-of-murders/ET00432334|access-date=2025-10-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Yarigoo Helbedi''
|style="text-align:center;" |Shiva Ganesh
|{{Hlist| Chethan Vicky| [[Chaithra J Achar]]| Appanna Ramdurga| Ashwini Polepalli| Shabareesh Kabbinale}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sunil Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yarigoo Helbedi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/yaarigu-helbedi/ET00465713|access-date=2025-10-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''31'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Brat (2025 film)|Brat]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Shashank (director)|Shashank]]
|{{Hlist|[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]]|Manisha Kandkur|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|Ramesh Indira|Dragon Manju}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Dolphin Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Brat Movie: "ಬ್ರ್ಯಾಟ್" ಚಿತ್ರದ ವಿತರಣೆ ಹಕ್ಕು ಯಾರ ಪಾಲು? ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟರ್ ಶಶಾಂಕ್ ಕೊಟ್ರು ಬಿಗ್ ನ್ಯೂಸ್ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/darling-krishna-acted-brat-movie-latest-updates-rvj-dvp-2188918.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=kannada.news18.com |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Kona''
|style="text-align:center;" |Hari Krishna S
|{{Hlist| [[Komal Kumar]]| Tanisha Kuppanda| Raghu Ramanakoppa| [[Vijay Chendoor]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Kuppandas Production
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kona (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kona/ET00467331|access-date=2025-10-31 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Omen''
|style="text-align:center;" |Vibhin S. Santhosh
|{{Hlist| Ajay Kumar| Nishma Shetty| Mythri Jaggi| Keerthana Phulki}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Maravanji Productions Sri Angala Parameshwari Movie Makers
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omen (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/omen/ET00463118 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="30" style="text-align:center; background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;"| '''N O V E M B E R'''
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#f9fab3;"|'''7'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''DDD''
|style="text-align:center;" |B. Manjunath
|{{Hlist|Raghu Shivamogga| Gagana Malnad| Chals Tony| Arun Venkatraj| Mohan Suri}}
|style="text-align:center;" |KBM Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=DDD (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/ddd/ET00469232 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Hey Prabhu''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Venkat Bharadwaj]]
|{{Hlist|[[Venkat Bharadwaj]]| [[Samhita Vinya]]| Laxman Shivashankar| [[Yamuna Srinidhi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Amruth Film Center 24 Reels
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hey Prabhu (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/hey-prabhu/ET00468258 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''I Am God''
|style="text-align:center;" |Ravi B Gowda
|{{Hlist|Ravi B Gowda| Vijetha Pareek| [[P. Ravishankar]]| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]| [[Aruna Balraj]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |CBG Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am God (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/i-am-god/ET00468049 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Jai Gadakesari''
|style="text-align:center;" |Manju Hosapeta
|{{Hlist|Raj Charan Brahmavar| Eshwar Nayaka| Jeevitha Vasishta| [[Prashanth Siddi]]| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]| Dharma. B}}
|style="text-align:center;" |BB Movie Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Gadakesari (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jai-gadakesari/ET00468814 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Love U Muddu]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Kumaar L
|{{Hlist|[[Siddu Moolimani]]| Reshmaa L| [[Rajesh Nataranga]]| [[Tabla Nani]]| Girish Shivanna}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Kishan Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love You Muddu (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/love-you-muddu/ET00467954 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Nishiddha''
|style="text-align:center;" |Susamaya Dinesh
|{{Hlist|Anjan Thammaiah| Shwetha Poojari| Shruthi. R| Lalu Sab}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sneha Jivi Creation
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishiddha (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/nishiddha/ET00468024 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Rona''
|style="text-align:center;" |K. Sathish Kumar
|{{Hlist|Raghu Raja Nanda| Prakruthi Prasad| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |BKR Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rona (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/rona/ET00467443 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#f9fab3;"|'''14'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Gatha Vaibhava]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Suni (director)|Suni]]
|{{Hlist|S. S. Dushyanth|[[Ashika Ranganath]]|Kishan Bilagali}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Suni Cinemas Servegara Silver Screens
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-09-30 |title=Suni: Gatha Vaibhava journey felt like making four films in one |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/30/kannadainterviews2025sep28suni-gatha-vaibhava-journey-felt-like-making-four-films-in-one |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Hikora''
|style="text-align:center;" |Ninasam Kitty
|{{Hlist|Yash Shetty| Spandana| Ninasam Kitty| [[Prakash Belawadi]]| [[Guruprasad]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Neelakanteshwara Cine Combines
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hikora (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/hikora/ET00470000 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Iniyana Aathma''
|style="text-align:center;" |Naresh Siddaghatta
|{{Hlist|Siddharth Hari| Nisha Reddy| Kolar Surya| Raksha Hiremath}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sri Vinayaka Venkateshwara Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iniyana Aathma (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/iniyana-aatma/ET00470655 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Jai (2025 film)|Jai]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Roopesh Shetty]]
|{{Hlist| [[Roopesh Shetty]]| Adhvithi Shetty| Raj Deepak Shetty| [[Naveen D. Padil]]| [[Suniel Shetty]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |R S Cinemas Shoolin Films Mugrody Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jai/ET00463119 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Kite Brothers''
|style="text-align:center;" |Viren Sagar Bagade
|{{Hlist|Praneel Nadgir| Vinod Bagade| Samarth Aashi| Shreya Harihara}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Bhajaranga Cinema
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kite Brothers (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kite-brothers/ET00468966 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Love OTP]]''{{efn-lg|name="tk"}}
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]
|{{Hlist|[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]| [[Rajeev Kanakala]]| [[Swaroopinii]]| Jhanvika Kalakeri}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Bhavaprita Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=Aniissh Tejeshwar juggles love, laughter and dual roles in Love OTP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aniissh-tejeshwar-juggles-love-laughter-and-dual-roles-in-love-otp/articleshow/125297385.cms |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Premam Madhuram''
|style="text-align:center;" |Gandhi Reddy
|{{Hlist|Gandhi Reddy| Aishwarya Dinesh| [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]| Anusha Sampath Jain| Lapanga Raja}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Ruby Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premam Madhuram (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/premam-madhuram/ET00470253 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Udaala]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Amol Patil
|{{Hlist|Pruthvi Shamanur| Hrithika Srinivas| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| [[Vijanath Biradar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Ravi Shamanur Films [[Yogaraj Bhat|Yogaraj Movies]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udala (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/udaala/ET00469786 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#f9fab3;"|'''21'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''Congratulations Brother''
|style="text-align:center;" |Prathap Gandharva
|{{Hlist|Rakshith Nag| Sanjana Doss| Anusha A| [[Shashikumar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Kallur Cinemas Pen & Paper Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations Brother (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/congratulations-brother/ET00458034 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Full Meals]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |N Vinayaka
|{{Hlist|[[Likith Shetty]]| [[Kushee Ravi]]| Thejaswini Sharma| [[Rangayana Raghu]]| [[Rajesh Nataranga]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Ambiencia Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Meals (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/full-meals/ET00456333 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Giduga''
|style="text-align:center;" |Kempegowda Magadi
|{{Hlist|Rathish Coorg| Bhavani| Bhanu Asha| Revanna Magadi}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Shri Cinimas
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giduga (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/giduga/ET00431626 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Marutha (2025 film)|Marutha]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[S. Narayan]]
|{{Hlist|[[Shreyas Manju]]|[[Duniya Vijay]]|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]|[[Brinda Acharya]]|[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]|[[Nishvika Naidu]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Eesha Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಎಸ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ್ ನಿರ್ದೇಶನದ 'ಮಾರುತ' ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ದುನಿಯಾ ವಿಜಯ್ ಪಾತ್ರವೇನು? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/s-narayan-directorial-marutha-to-release-on-october-31st/articleshow/123919295.cms |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Radheyaa]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Vedaguru
|{{Hlist|[[Krishna Ajai Rao]]| [[Sonal Monteiro]]| [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]| Aravind Rao}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Keerthi Chahna Cinema Karkhaane
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radheyaa (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/radheyaa/ET00469134 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''The Task''
|style="text-align:center;" |Raghu Shivamogga
|{{Hlist|Jaya Surya Azad| Sagar Ram| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| [[Sangeetha Bhat]]| Balaji Manohar}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Lokapujya Picture House
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Task (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/the-task/ET00470303 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#f9fab3;"|'''28'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''Acharya Sri Shankara''
|style="text-align:center;" |Raja Ravishankar
|{{Hlist|[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]| [[Vinaya Prasad]]| [[Ramesh Bhat]]| Prathama Prasad| Ravindra Bhagavat}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Yammanoor Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya Sri Shankara (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/acharya-sri-shankara/ET00471511 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bank of Bhagyalakshmi]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Abhishek Manjunath
|{{Hlist|[[Dheekshith Shetty]]|[[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]|[[Brinda Acharya]]|[[Sadhu Kokila]]|[[Sruthi Hariharan]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Shree Devi Entertainers]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of Bhagyalakshmi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vita/bank-of-bhagyalakshmi/ET00465417?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Bicchugatthiya Bantana Ballirena''
|style="text-align:center;" |Anil Dorasamudra
|{{Hlist|Cheluvaraj Gowda| Sweedal D'Souza| Basuma Kodagu| Shylesh Kengeri| Yashas B}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Dorasamudra Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicchugatthiya Bantana Ballirena (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bicchugatthiya-bantana-ballirena/ET00471212 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Flirt''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Chandan Kumar]]
|{{Hlist|[[Chandan Kumar]]| [[Nimika Ratnakar]]| Akshitha Bopaiah| Vinay Gowda| Girish Shivanna| [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Everest Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flirt (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/flirt-kannada/ET00467862 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[GST (film)|GST]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Srujan Lokesh]]
|{{Hlist|[[Srujan Lokesh]]| Rajani Bharadwaj| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| [[Vinaya Prasad]]| [[Girija Lokesh]]| [[Ravishankar Gowda]]| Nivedita Gowda}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sandesh Productions Lokesh Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=GST (Ghosts in Trouble) (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/gst-ghosts-in-trouble/ET00471001 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Operation London Cafe''{{efn-lg|name="km"|The film was produced in both the Kannada and Marathi languages}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sadagara Raghavendra
|{{Hlist|[[Arjun Kapikad]]| Kaveesh Shetty| [[Megha Shetty]]| [[Shivani Surve]]| Virat Madake| Ashwini Chavare}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Indian Film Factory
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation London Cafe (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/operation-london-cafe/ET00330566 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Nayi Ide Yecharikae''
|style="text-align:center;" |Kali Gowda
|{{Hlist|[[Pramod Shetty]]| Leela Mohan| Manasa Gowda| Dinesh Mangalore}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Laughing Peacock Production
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayi Ide Yecharikae (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/nayi-idae-yecharikae/ET00470940 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Paatashaala''
|style="text-align:center;" |Heddur Manjunath Hegde
|{{Hlist|Balaji Manohar| Kiran Nayak| Baby Manya| Samruddhi Kumar}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Final Cut Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paatashaala (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/paatashaala/ET00469230 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Tantra''
|style="text-align:center;" |Vishwanath Kalagi
|{{Hlist|Shashikant Natikar| Meghana Malnad| Soujanya Raj| Vikrant Patil}}
|style="text-align:center;" |First Copy Movies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tantra (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/tantra-2025/ET00470001 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C E M B E R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#d88579;" |'''5'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''Chitralahari''
|style="text-align:center;" |K. R. Suresh
|{{Hlist|Varun Devaiah| Ganavi Suresh| Srikanth Sriki| Harshitha Nagaraj}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Kesari Nandana Cine Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitralahari (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/chitralahari/ET00471237 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Dharmam''
|style="text-align:center;" |Nagamukha Akki Alur
|{{Hlist|Sai Shashi Kumar| Viranika Shetty| Ashok Hegde}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Shantha Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/dharmam/ET00471296 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Kempu Haladi Hasiru''
|style="text-align:center;" |Mani A J Karthikeyan
|{{Hlist|Srihan Deepak| Divya Suresh| Shailashree Mukki| [[Aravind Bolar]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Sunrise Entertainment and Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kempu Haladi Hasiru (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kempu-haladi-hasiru/ET00472592 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Samaya''
|style="text-align:center;" |S. R. Pramod
|{{Hlist|S. R. Pramod| Ramya R| Bhimanna Nayak}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Pramod Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samaya (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/samaya/ET00389110 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''Vishwaroopini Sri Vasavi''
|style="text-align:center;" |Vemagal Jagannath Rao
|{{Hlist|Amrutha Murthy| Aryan B S| Rohith Nagesh| Sunil Banawasi| Hema Dutt}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Paratpara Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwaroopini Sri Vasavi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/vishwaroopini-sri-vasavi/ET00472927 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#d88579;" |'''11'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Prakash (director)|Prakash Veer]]
|{{Hlist|[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]| Rachana Rai| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]| [[Sharmiela Mandre]]| [[Gilli Nata]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Vaishno Studios Jai Mata Combines
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshan Thoogudeepa's The Devil sets December release date; fans have one major hope |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/darshan-thoogudeepas-the-devil-sets-december-release-date-fans-have-one-major-hope/f05852b916490 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#d88579;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align: center;" |''Padmagandhi''
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Suchendra Prasad]]
| {{Hlist|G. L. Bhat| Paripoorna Chandrashekar| Dr. Gowri Subramanya}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Suchit Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmagandhi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/padmagandhi/ET00474365|access-date=2025-12-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Peotu]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Karthik Rajan
| {{Hlist|Likith M. N. |Ashwini Chavare| Manjula Reddy| Ganesh D. S.}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Grace film company
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peotu (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Vita |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/gonda/peotu/ET00471791 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#d88579;"|'''25'''
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Arjun Janya]]
|{{Hlist| [[Shiva Rajkumar]]| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]| [[Raj B. Shetty]]| [[Jisshu Sengupta]]| Kaustubha Mani}}
|style="text-align:center;" |Suraj Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-21 |title=Pan-India film 45 set for grand Christmas release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/21/pan-india-film-45-set-for-grand-christmas-release |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Vijay Kartikeyaa
|{{Hlist|[[Sudeepa]]| [[Naveen Chandra]]| [[Roshni Prakash]]| [[Shine Tom Chacko]]| [[Vikranth]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Sathya Jyothi Films]] [[Sudeepa|Kichcha Creations]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudeep's 'Mark', Darshan's 'Devil' and Upendra's '45' Lock December Release |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/sudeeps-mark-darshans-devil-and-upendras-45-lock-december-release-dates |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Kannada films of 2024]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films|List of Kannada films]]
* [[List of Kannada films of 2026]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{2025 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2025]]
[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language|Kannada]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films| ]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|K]]

N. Ramanathan

2026-04-22T10:53:30Z

SheenaBayles: created first entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2011}}

Professor '''N. Ramanathan''' (born 1946)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1998 |title=Back Matter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/768630 |journal=[[Yearbook for Traditional Music]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=30 |pages=218 |issn=0740-1558 |jstor=768630}}</ref> is a [[musicologist]] in [[India]]. He taught and guided research in the Department of Indian Music at the [[University of Madras]] since 1978, and retired in 2004.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Biography==
He obtained a bachelor's degree in [[Violin]] (South Indian Art Music) from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], and obtained his master's and Ph.D. degree in musicology at the [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]].<ref name=":0" />

He has produced many publications and has presented papers at seminars on the ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' and the ''Brhaddesi''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Major publications==

* ''Musical Forms in the Sangita Ratnakara''. Sampradaya, Chennai, 1999{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
* ''Vadi, Samvadi, Anuvadi, and Vivadi Svaras''. Journal of the Music Academy, Madras, 1983{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
* ''Influence of Sastra on Prayoga: The Svara System in the Post-Sangitaratnakara Period'' with special reference to south Indian music. The traditional Indian theory and practice of music and dance by Jonathan Katz.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/ Dr.N.Ramanathan's website musicology research website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanathan, N}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Indian ethnomusicologists]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Mahagama Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:59Z

SheenaBayles: created basic entry initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Deepika Pandey Singh.jpg
| constituency_no = 18
| name = Mahagama
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Godda district|Godda]]
| established = 2000
| mla = [[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = Mahagama constituency map.svg
}}
'''Mahagama''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency) covers: Mahagama and Meherma Police Stations in [[Godda district|Godda]] district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

Mahagama Assembly constituency is part of [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Sagar Mohan Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Mahendra Mahto || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||rowspan=2|Rajpati Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Sayeed Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Awadh Bihari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Sayeed Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=2|Awadh Bihari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Faiyaz Bhagalpuri || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||Awadh Bihari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Ashok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||Ashok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Rajesh Ranjan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Ashok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan =2|[[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dipika Pandey Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,14,069 |percentage=51.03% |change={{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=95,424 |percentage=42.69% |change={{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Lal Yadav |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,117 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Harunrasid |party=Independent politician |votes=2,185 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Kamran Khan |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=1,783 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,922 |percentage=1.31% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,645 |percentage=8.34% |change= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,23,545 |percentage=66.91% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,34,116 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepika Pandey Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,224 |percentage=45.49% |change={{increase}}35.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=76,725 |percentage=39.12% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Singh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=5,719 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouri Priya |party=Independent politician |votes=4,136 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Sah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,703 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjiv Kumar Mishra |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,506 |percentage=1.28% |change={{decrease}}20.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ataur Rahaman Siddiki |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,198 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,700 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,499 |percentage=6.37% |change= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,96,119 |percentage=65.90% |change= {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,97,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,635 |percentage=39.16% |change={{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahid Iqbal |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=39,075 |percentage=21.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Ranjan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,355 |percentage=10.18% |change={{decrease}}20.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Mohan Keshri |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=13,770 |percentage=7.63% |change={{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Sah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,998 |percentage=6.10% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawaharlal Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,806 |percentage=4.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudama Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,044 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,892 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,560 |percentage=17.50% |change= {{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,80,359 |percentage=65.43% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,75,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Ranjan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,834 |percentage=31.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,648 |percentage=25.34% |change={{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Bihari Sah |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,237 |percentage=8.70% |change={{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Sah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,388 |percentage=6.67% |change={{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Bhagat |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,183 |percentage=5.11% |change={{decrease}}23.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunwar Gopal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,865 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saryu Prasad Panjiyara |party=Independent politician |votes=4,227 |percentage=3.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,186 |percentage=5.82% |change= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,695 |percentage=57.33% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,253 |percentage=33.49% |change={{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ataur Rahaman Siddiki |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=39,825 |percentage=28.84% |change={{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,885 |percentage=9.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pervez Hassan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=9,160 |percentage=6.63% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Ranjan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,669 |percentage=3.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Sah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,843 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,151 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,428 |percentage=4.65% |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,102 |percentage=57.05% |change= {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,063 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahagama<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,025 |percentage=25.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ataur Rahaman Siddiki |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=21,519 |percentage=17.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awadh Bihari Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,622 |percentage=10.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Kumar Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,181 |percentage=9.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Prasad Yadav |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,113 |percentage=9.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usman Gani |party=Independent politician |votes=6,786 |percentage=5.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Enamul Haque |party=Bhartiya Jana Congress (Rashtriya) |votes=5,646 |percentage=4.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,506 |percentage=8.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,273 |percentage=60.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,995 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Meharama]]
* [[Mahagama (community development block)]]
* [[Mahagama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Godda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Telinga adolphei

2026-04-19T18:55:08Z

SheenaBayles: starting first article added tags - done

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Redeye bushbrown
| image = Telinga adolphei.jpg
| image2 = Red-eye bushbrown butterfly (2009).jpg
| genus = Telinga
| species = adolphei
| authority = ([[Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville|Guérin-Ménéville]], 1843)<ref name=funet/>
| synonyms = *''Satyrus adolphei'' Guérin-Ménéville, 1843
*''Mycalesis adolphei'' (Guérin-Ménéville, 1843)
*''Mycalesis onatas'' Hewitson, 1864
}}

'''''Telinga adolphei''''', the '''red-eye bushbrown''',<ref name=funet/><ref name=Smetacek/> is a species of [[Satyrinae|satyrine]] butterfly found in southern [[India]].<ref name=funet>{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/satyrinae/heteropsis/|title=Heteropsis Westwood, 1850|last=Savela|first=Markku|website=Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths|access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref><ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=175–171|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref> The species name is after [[Adolphe Delessert]] who collected the first specimens based on which the species was described.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/souvenirsdunvoya00dele#page/76/mode/1up|author=Delessert, Adolphe| title= Souvenirs d´un voyage dans l´Inde exécuté de 1834 à 1839|place=Paris |publisher= Bétrune et Plon for Fortin, Masson et Cie & Langlois et Leclerq|year=1843 | page=76}}</ref>

==Description==
Upperside dark umber brown. Forewing with a large, white-centred, fulvous-ringed black median [[eyespot (mimicry)|ocellus]] and a white-centred preapical much smaller black spot. Hindwing uniform, a post-median series of from two to four white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, sub-equal and smaller than the posterior ocellus on the forewing. Underside: ground colour similar, but irrorated (sprinkled) with obscure transverse striae of a deeper brown; the terminal margins of both forewings and hindwings very broadly paler; the dark basal portion of the wings sharply defined by a very dark brown line; a postmedian series on both wings of rather small white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli—two on the forewing, a median and a preapical; seven, placed in a slight curve, on the hindwing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark umber brown, paler beneath. Male sex-mark of form 2, the patch of specialized scales on both forewing and hindwing very small; the nacreous area surrounding the specialized scales on the underside of the forewing very pale brown.<ref name=bingham>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/butterfliesvolii00bing#page/60/mode/2up/|title=Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1|last=Bingham|first=Charles Thomas|author-link=Charles Thomas Bingham|publisher=London, Taylor and Francis; Calcutta and Simla, Thacker, Spink, & Co.; [etc.,etc.]|year=1905|pages=60}}}}</ref><ref name=MooreIndica>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103554#page/228/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. I|last=Moore|first=Frederic|author-link=Frederic Moore|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1890|location=London|pages=210–211}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
<references/>

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |author-link=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Butterflies |volume=1 |edition=1st |publisher= [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis, Ltd.]] |location=London |year=1905 |title-link=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5747516}}

[[Category:Elymniini]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1843]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville]]
{{Heteropsis-stub}}

Deolali Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:18:21Z

SheenaBayles: bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{other uses|Deolali (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deolali
| constituency_no = 126
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 126-Deolali.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Saroj Ahire|Saroj Babulal Ahire]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =288,816
}}
'''Deolali Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly Devlali)'' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|288 constituencies]] of the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nashik district]], and is one of the six assembly segments under [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deolali Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/deolali.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Shankarrao Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nivruttirao Gaidhani
|{{Party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" |Babulal Ahire
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhikchand Donde
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Babanrao Gholap]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Yogesh Gholap]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Saroj Ahire]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Devlali">{{cite news |last1= |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Devlali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13126.htm |accessdate=13 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213173247/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13126.htm |archivedate=13 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Saroj Ahire|Saroj Babulal Ahire]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,683 |percentage = 44.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ahirrao Rajashri Tahasildartai |party=Shiv Sena (2022–present) |votes = 41,004 |percentage = 22.50% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 39,027 |percentage = 21.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Avinash Niranjan Shinde |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,831 |percentage = 6.49% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Mohini Gokul |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,931 |percentage = 2.16% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,406 |percentage = 0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Samapatrao Gawali |party=Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 1,269 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,679 |percentage = 22.32% |change= {{decrease}}6.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,627 |percentage = 63.58% |change= {{increase}}8.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,221}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,816|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Saroj Ahire|Saroj Babulal Ahire]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 84,326 |percentage = 58.59% |change={{increase}}44.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,624 |percentage = 29.62% |change={{decrease}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gautam Sukdeo Wagh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,223 |percentage = 6.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siddhant Laxman Mandale |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,198 |percentage = 2.22% |change={{decrease}}9.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Changdeo Pathade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 0.86% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,702 |percentage = 28.98% |change= {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,270 |percentage = 54.85% |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,924}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,873|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}20.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 49,751 |percentage = 37.88% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba) |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,580 |percentage = 16.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Nivrutti Mohite |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 18,402 |percentage = 14.01% |change={{decrease}}16.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mehrolia Pratap Rohtash |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 15,001 |percentage = 11.42% |change={{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Unavane Ganesh Sukdeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,115 |percentage = 6.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Londhe Prakash Mogal |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,589 |percentage = 6.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhiware Jaipal Pralhad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,609 |percentage = 1.99% |change={{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,288 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,171 |percentage = 21.45% |change= {{increase}}12.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,668 |percentage = 54.36% |change= {{increase}}0.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,348}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,051|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=31 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 45,761 |percentage = 38.73% |change={{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanasaheb Sampatrao Sonawane |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 35,641 |percentage = 30.16% |change={{decrease}}15.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vairagar Raju Laxman |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 22,783 |percentage = 19.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Jadhav Sanjay Damu |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,511 |percentage = 4.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Nanasaheb Baburao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,338 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Sampat Kambale |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,248 |percentage = 1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rokade Manojkumar Nana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 1.28% |change={{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,120 |percentage = 8.56% |change= {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,160 |percentage = 53.26% |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,159}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,855|ref = |change= {{decrease}}42.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 85,297 |percentage = 48.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba) |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,695 |percentage = 45.72% |change={{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohite Kiran Baburao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,907 |percentage = 3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tayade (Madam) Manaswi Milind |party= Indian Justice Party |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghule Tukaram Sarjerao |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,221 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,602 |percentage = 3.21% |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,321 |percentage = 45.44% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,303}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 383,594|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Gholap]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 58,657 |percentage = 47.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba) |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 54,949 |percentage = 44.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Vilas Sitaram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,016 |percentage = 5.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Arvind Haribhau Pathade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwat Laxman Kanade |party=Independent politician |votes = 885 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,708 |percentage = 2.97% |change= {{decrease}}19.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,020 |percentage = 47.11% |change= {{decrease}}15.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,334|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 78,339 |percentage = 47.48% |change={{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Vishawanath Madhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,420 |percentage = 25.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba) |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,205 |percentage = 18.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katare Annasheb Namdeo |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,670 |percentage = 2.22% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karade Kamlesh Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,509 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dangle Arjun Thamaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,218 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salunke Nandkumar Trimbak |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,577 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,919 |percentage = 22.38% |change= {{decrease}}11.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,713 |percentage = 61.77% |change= {{increase}}12.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,988}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,760|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Gholap]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,400 |percentage = 56.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba) |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,153 |percentage = 22.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Dadubhau Nanaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,913 |percentage = 9.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Chandrakant Waman |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,629 |percentage = 2.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Donde Shankuntala Bhikchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,418 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dive Ashok Namdeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,202 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tank Charansinha Ratanlal |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,247 |percentage = 34.32% |change= {{increase}}27.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,098 |percentage = 48.10% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,968}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,710|ref = |change= {{increase}}37.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Donde Bhikchand Haribhau |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,235 |percentage = 35.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Ranchandra Ganpat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,986 |percentage = 28.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Babulal Soma |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,696 |percentage = 13.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Shailendra Damodar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,985 |percentage = 7.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Madhukar Bhagwat |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,034 |percentage = 4.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gholap Baban Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,774 |percentage = 4.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barve Bhaskar Shivram |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,411 |percentage = 3.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,249 |percentage = 6.46% |change= {{decrease}}11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,731 |percentage = 46.48% |change= {{increase}}1.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,790}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,560|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}16.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Babulal Soma |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 28,876 |percentage = 52.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohekar Hiraman Chataru |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,778 |percentage = 33.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khobragade Kisan Raybhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,856 |percentage = 6.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Reporte Baburao Bhagaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Divekar Chandan Nanaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 917 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanade Bhagwant Laxman |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 355 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,098 |percentage = 18.26% |change= {{decrease}}18.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,210 |percentage = 45.10% |change= {{decrease}}13.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,296}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,621|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Babulal Soma |party=Independent politician |votes = 37,821 |percentage = 60.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Reporte Baburao Bhagaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,688 |percentage = 23.51% |change={{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ohol Sadashiv Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,207 |percentage = 8.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohekar Hiraman Chatru |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,720 |percentage = 2.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayane Bhagwan Keshao |party=Independent politician |votes = 660 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Ramchandra Gampat |party=Independent politician |votes = 552 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sansane Pandit Baburao |party=Independent politician |votes = 398 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,133 |percentage = 37.03% |change= {{increase}}31.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,163 |percentage = 59.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,468}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,831|ref = |change= {{increase}}50.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}18.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nivruttirao B. Gaidhani |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,224 |percentage = 42.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao N. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,723 |percentage = 36.54% |change={{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gitabai B. Gaikwad |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,437 |percentage = 19.61% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,501 |percentage = 5.81% |change= {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,201 |percentage = 61.52% |change= {{decrease}}4.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,033}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,845|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deolali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. N. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,394 |percentage = 43.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. T. Aringale |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,066 |percentage = 27.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. Dani |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 9,814 |percentage = 24.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. R. Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,640 |percentage = 4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,328 |percentage = 15.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,016 |percentage = 69.44% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,951|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|19.90|73.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:04Z

SheenaBayles: Creating Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhainsdehi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 133
| map_image = 133-Bhainsdehi.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Betul district|Betul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 1952
| mla = [[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Dharmu Singh Sirsam
}}
'''Bhainsdehi''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="constlist">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="constlist2">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Betul District]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Anandrao Lokhande
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Somdatta Deo
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Daddusingh Balaji
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kalyasingh Balaji
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Patiram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Keshar Singh Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Satish Kumar Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Keshar Singh Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ganjan Singh Suratsingh Kumre
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Dharmu Singh Sirsam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Dharmu Singh Sirsam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhainsdehi<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97938}}
|percentage = 43.84
|change = +7.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dharmu Singh Sirsam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89708}}
|percentage = 40.15
|change = -11.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sandeep Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:10478}}
|percentage = 4.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Prahar Janshakti Party
|candidate = Rahul Satish Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:9603}}
|percentage = 4.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hemraj Baraskar
|votes = {{formatnum:5236}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Annulal Dada
|votes = {{formatnum:2248}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chaitram Kasdekar
|votes = {{formatnum:2126}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5131}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change = -1.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8230}}
|percentage = 3.69
|change = -11.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223410}}
|percentage = 84.92
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhainsdehi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dharmu Singh Sirsam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:104592}}
|percentage = 52.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Chouhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73712}}
|percentage = 36.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Sevaram Ewaney
|votes = {{formatnum:5693}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narbadi Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:3128}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Rangilal Meshram
|votes = {{formatnum:2410}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yogendra Singh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1951}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7948}}
|percentage = 3.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30880}}
|percentage = 15.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200749}}
|percentage = 84.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhainsdehi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.64|77.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]

V. M. Thomas

2026-04-13T00:30:39Z

SheenaBayles: starting some pg needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. V. M. Thomas
| constituency = [[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]]
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| image = V M Thomas.jpg
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|6|28|df=yes}}
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = Anarkali Reddy
| children = VM Rahul, VM Roshan
| father = V Prakasam
| mother = V Rani
| profession = Embryology Scientist
}}
'''Vadingadu Munaswamy Thomas''' (born 28 June 1974) is an Embryology Scientist & Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=VM Thomas takes out big rally before filing nomination at GD Nellore assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/vm-thomas-takes-out-big-rally-before-filing-nomination-at-gd-nellore-assembly/articleshow/109537758.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency]] which is in [[Chittoor district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2024-02-15 |title=Dr Thomas confident of defeating Deputy CM in GD Nellore seat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/dr-thomas-confident-of-defeating-deputy-cm-in-gd-nellore-seat-858638 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Vm. Thomas, TDP Election Results LIVE Latest Updates On Dr. Vm. Thomas, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/dr.-vm.-thomas-01171-4 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01171.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611071847/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01171.htm |archive-date=2024-06-11 |access-date= |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> and was appointed Whip on 12 November 2024.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thomas was born into a middle class family to Vadingadu Prakasam and Vadingadu Rani. He is an embryologist. He did his M.Sc. and completed his doctorate in Zoology in 2000 at [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{Citation |title=24. Thomas Reid to [Thomas Miller] |date=2002-01-01 |work=The Edinburgh Edition of Thomas Reid: The Correspondence of Thomas Reid |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00106413 |access-date=2024-11-14 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-1163-8}}</ref> He is a specialist in fertility and runs the Chennai Fertility Centre. Earlier, he did his B.Sc. at Government Degree College, Puttur, Karnataka. He did his schooling at CSI school, Kollagunta.

== Political career ==
Thomas joined Telugu Desam party in June 2023. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled {{formatnum:101176}} votes and defeated Krupalakshmi, daughter of deputy chief minister [[K. Narayana Swamy]], by a margin of 26,011 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangadhara Nellore (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Gangadhara Nellore (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/gangadhara-nellore |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangadhara Nellore Assembly Election Results 2024: Gangadhara Nellore Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share – IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/gangadhara-nellore-constituency-result-1171 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He became Whip to Andhra Pradesh government, currently serving as MLA & Whip to Andhra Pradesh Government.<ref>{{ |title=Whip |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719|}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, V. M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]

Mithun Ramesh

2026-04-10T17:09:33Z

SheenaBayles: created some details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actor, television presenter (born 1981)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mithun Ramesh
| image = Mithun Ramesh.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Mithun Ramesh Chandrashekaran Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1981|5|4}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|television presenter}}
| alma mater =
| years active = 2000–present
| parents =
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}
'''Mithun Ramesh''' (born 4 May 1981<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mithun Ramesh News {{!}} Latest News of Mithun Ramesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mithun-Ramesh/news|access-date=2021-03-15|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>) is an Indian actor and television presenter working in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television.

==Early life and career==
Mithun Ramesh was educated at the [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and at [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Ramesh in powerful villainous role |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/mithun-ramesh-in-powerful-villainous-role |work=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

He is also a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] on [[Hit 96.7|Hit 96.7 FM]] in [[Dubai]]. He made his acting debut in 2000 with the film ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''. In 2013, along with his colleague Sindhu Biju, he set a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the "longest marathon for a radio music show" that lasted for 84 hours and 15 minutes.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/12/dubai-station-djs-set-world-record-for-longest-marathon-for-a-radio-music-show-53697/ Dubai station DJs set world record for longest marathon for a radio music show] Guinness World Records</ref> Ramesh hosts ''Comedy Utsavam'' on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]].

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mithun Ramesh film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' || Rajan Panicker ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2002 || ''[[Sesham]]'' || Nithin ||
|-
| ''[[2002 film|Kadha]]'' || Janko ||
|-
| ''[[Nammal]]'' || Reji || Also dubbing artist for Jishnu Raghavan
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]'' || Freddy ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Gaurisankaram]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Felix ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || Sudeep ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nammal Thammil]]'' || Vicky's Friend ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Ashokan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2012 || ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Manilal ||
|-
| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Vishnu Ramachandran ||
|-
| ''Perinoru Makan'' || Anil ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]]'' || Manu || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[100 Degree Celsius (film)|100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Lovely's Husband ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Karimban Joby ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 ||''[[Madhura Naranga]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]'' || Najeeb ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || Emil Kurian ||
|-
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Grand Prix Announcer ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' || Sachin Vaikundam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''March Randam Vyazham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam]]'' || Jimmy John Adakkakaran || Lead role
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''Varky'' || Dr.Abbas ||
|-
| ''[[Al Mallu]]'' || Fasal ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namitha Pramod's Al Mallu to be released on January 10 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/05/namitha-pramods-al-mallu-to-release-on-january-10-16375.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''Baby Sam'' || Anto || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]'' || Basheer ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Suresh Gopi's Mei Hoom Moosa gets OTT release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suresh-gopis-mei-hoom-moosa-gets-ott-release-date-8259309/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Two Men'' || Sony ||
|-
| ''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]'' || Navas ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan's Shefeekinte Santhosham teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/nov/14/unni-mukundans-shefeekinte-santhosham-teaser-out-36629.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Made in Caravan'' || Prem ||{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''Jamalinte Punjiri'' || Adv. Sandeep||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jamalinte Punjiri To Sree Muthappan, 3 Malayalam Films Releasing This Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jamalinte-punjiri-to-sree-muthappan-3-malayalam-films-releasing-this-week-8923270.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paalum Pazhavum]]'' || Sumesh||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-10 |title=Meera Jasmine's Palum Pazhavum trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/10/meera-jasmines-palum-pazhavum-trailer-out |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Innocent (2025 film)|Innocent]]''|| Bineesh ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-21 |title=Althaf Salim-starrer Innocent gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/21/althaf-salim-starrer-innocent-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As voice actor ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mithun Ramesh film voice acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Dubbed for
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Director
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2002 || ''[[Nammal]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Jishnu Raghavan]] || Shivan || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' || Renju || Karthik || [[Rajasenan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' || || || [[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramaphone]]'' || Firoz Khan || Piyush Soni || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' || [[Biyon]] || Young Sathyaprathapan || [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chakram (2003 film)|Chakram]]'' || Binoy Angamaly || Giri || [[A. K. Lohithadas]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Akale]]'' || [[Tom George Kolath]] || Freddy Evans || [[Shyamaprasad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]'' || [[Richard Rishi]] || Harikrishnan || Jayaprakash ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || [[Nishanth Sagar]] || Mani || Murali Nagavally ||
|-
| ''[[Aparichithan]]'' || Siraj || Vinod Varghese || Sanjeev Sivan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || [[Unni Mukundan]] || Hari Narayanan Alias Harinder Singh Alias Mallu Singh || [[Vysakh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Kannur]]'' || [[Rajeev Pillai]] || Mohit Nambiar || Haridas ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] || Premanand || [[Diphan]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]'' || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] || Neil Fernandez || Raaj Prabhavathy Menon ||
|-
|}

==Television==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mithun Ramesh television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2000||''Butterflies''|||Host||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2001||''Little Masters''||Host||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2003||''Sthreejanmam''||actor||[[Surya TV]]||Serial
|-
|2004 ||''Valayam''||actor||DD||Serial
|-
| ||''Suryakanthi''||actor||DD||Serial
|-
|2007 ||''Narmadipudava''||actor|| DD||Serial
|-
|2015–2016||''Smart Show 60'' ||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2016–2020||''Comedy Utsavam'' ||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||<ref name="comedyutsavam">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mithun Ramesh expresses gratitude to wife Lakshmi for her extraordinary act of love |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mithun-ramesh-expresses-gratitude-to-wife-lakshmi-for-her-extraordinary-act-of-love/articleshow/105708407.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018||''Comedy Utsava Yathra''||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2018–2019||''Kidilan comedy Utsavam'' ||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2019 ||''[[Badai Bungalow]]''||Host||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
||Comedy Talk Show<ref name="comedyutsavam"/>
|-
|2019||''[[D 4 Dance|D 5 Juniors]]''||Co-Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Grand finale only
|-
|2019||''[[Uppum Mulakum]]''||Jimmy
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|serial
|-
|2021||''Comedy Utsavam Chapter 2''||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2021||''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4 Season 2]]''||Co-Host||Mazhavil Manorama||Grand finale only
|-
|2021-2022||''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4 juniors]]''||Host||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2022||''kuttykalavara''||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2022-2024||''Comedy Utsavam Chapter 3''||Host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2566797}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Mithun}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Jajala Surender

2026-04-10T00:42:37Z

SheenaBayles: starting new entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 12 December 2018<ref name="PRS India">{{Cite web
|title = Jajala Surender
|url = https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/jajala-surender
|work = PRS India
|access-date =27 July 2025
}}</ref><ref name="Times Now">{{Cite web
|title = Yellareddy Assembly Constituency Election 2018: TRS' Eanugu Ravinder Reddy faces Jajala Surender
|url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/yellareddy-assembly-constituency-election-2018-trs-eanugu-ravinder-reddy-faces-jajala-surender-telangana-assembly-election-banala-laxma-reddy-bjp/322196
|work = Times Now
|access-date =27 July 2025
}}</ref>
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
| successor = [[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|03|25|df=y}}<ref name="Telangana State Legislative">{{Cite web
|title = MLA Member Details - Jajala Surender (Yellareddy Constituency)
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?q=bWVtaWQ9MzM5OCZjb25zdGlkPTE1JnRlcm1pZD0xNSZvcmRlcmJ5PTE=
|work = Telangana State Legislature
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Member official profile
}}</ref>
| birth_place = Nallamadugu<ref name="Telangana State Legislative">{{Cite web
|title = MLA Member Details - Jajala Surender (Yellareddy Constituency)
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?q=bWVtaWQ9MzM5OCZjb25zdGlkPTE1JnRlcm1pZD0xNSZvcmRlcmJ5PTE=
|work = Telangana State Legislature
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Member official profile
}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<ref name="New Indian Express">{{Cite web
|title = Congress MLA Yellareddy's Surender Joins TRS, Tenth to Defect From Grand Old Party
|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/Mar/28/congress-mla-yellareddys-surender-joins-trs-tenth-to-defect-from-grand-old-party-1957025.html
|work = The New Indian Express
|date = 2019-03-28
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref> (2019{{endash}}present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite web
|title = MLA Jajala Surender joins TRS, woe piles for Congress
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mla-jajala-surender-joins-trs-woe-piles-for-congress/articleshow/68607526.cms
|work = The Times of India
|date = 2019-03-28
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Jajala Surender (Yellareddy MLA) defected from Congress to TRS
}}</ref> (2018{{endash}}2019)
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:#FF0090; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
|title =Other Positions
|bullets = on
|2019 – 2023: Member of Estimates Committee of Telangana<ref name="Telangana Legislature">{{Cite web
|title = Committee Member of Estimates - Jajala Surender
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMemberDetails?q=Y29tbV90eXBlPTImYXNzZW1ibHlfdHlwZT0wJnRlcm1faWQ9MTUmY29tbV9pZD0zMSZwcm9maWxlX2lkPTUy
|work = Telangana State Legislature
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Official legislative profile confirming membership on Estimates Committee
}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Jajala Surender'''<ref name="MyNeta">{{Cite web
|title = Jajala Surender - Yellareddy Constituency Candidate Profile
|url = https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4756
|work = MyNeta.info
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref><ref name="ECI Affidavit">{{Cite web
|title = Election Affidavit of Jajala Surender (Yellareddy Constituency)
|url = https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IlkrcTVjclpOb0Yrb3NOZGtDVXZXaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSGdoNHJNTlQ5Y3JkVDJYTGZEalVidz09IiwibWFjIjoiZmQ5NTFjMGQ4MzdiNjI4NDE3Y2VkNDU3OWRlNGJmMmJiZmFmNTVkOTQyNWQxMGQxN2Q1NzZmZWQ2OGQ2MTgzMiIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InVHenJrTXRyMkpqRTlhNlU2YVhMV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnFMcGJ5OGV4SWoxc2FTcE9ZMnNldz09IiwibWFjIjoiM2Y5N2Y4MTFlY2JiODI2N2NkMWZhOTBhMjA1M2YzZTVhZDQzMGZmYmQ3ZmFlNTBhY2QxMWZmNWJkZDQ0NDIxMSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InF6MVFFY3B6aVBYbEM3QjQ2LzMrb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkM5TjdiVWhYdFptOUFNQ2l2VlhxQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNDkxYjU0ZTFiNmQwNzM4ZGU0MjA1N2VjZmQ0MDQ5MDc5MzU4OGExNTg1MDM5MmMzOWEzMjExNDYyYjExYTY0MyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6IjZWeXZtLzFkYXFacmg4UlZKUWVXSmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUUg0NjBxdkVJd05WSkNZZkhQRHpvZz09IiwibWFjIjoiMzlkNzJiMzhmYmEwOGVhYzU0YzEzZTlmNTBkZDFiNmE4YzAyNDllMTQ1NDE5MGUwNDQwMWQ0ODA2YTYwNThhOSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6ImxYQzcwVEFzNWF4bzdaenJ1REQ2MHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnpSS2VaU0xLZXZ5VE9YOEpDcGJ0UT09IiwibWFjIjoiZjVhNDY4NTA0Njg5M2IyZjdjNjg5YzUzZGE3M2RiOGI2YzQ1ZjQwNzFkYTA0ZDFlYTgyNzAyZTYxOTUxYjE4MSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9
|work = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref> (sometimes spelled '''Jajala Surendar''') is an Indian politician served as the Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly representing the Yellareddy constituency from 2018<ref name="News18">{{Cite web
|title = Yellareddy Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Jajala Surender of INC Wins
|url = https://www.news18.com/news/politics/yellareddy-election-result-2018-live-updates-jajala-surender-of-inc-wins-1968847.html
|work = News18
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref> to 2023. He was<ref name="ABP Live">{{Cite web
|title = Surendar Jajala Telangana Yellareddy Candidate Profile
|url = https://news.abplive.com/elections/surendar-jajala-telangana-yellareddy-candidate-profile.html
|work = ABP Live
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref> 2023 Telangana election MLA candidate for Yellareddy assembly constituency but lost the seat against congress candidate K Madan Mohan Rao.<ref name="India TV">{{Cite web
|title = Telangana Assembly Elections: Yellareddy Constituency
|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections/kamareddy/constituencies-yellareddy
|work = India TV News
|access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref>

==Election performance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Telangana Election Results
! Year
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Result

|-
| 2018<ref name="IndiaVotes2018">{{Cite web
|title = Yellareddy Assembly Constituency Election Results (2018) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/telangana/yellareddy/61/42737/266
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2018-12-11
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Jajala Surender (INC): 91,510 votes (55.0% vote share) - Winner
}}</ref>
| style="background:#87CEEB;" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| 91,510
| 55.0
| {{won}} (Elected)

|-
| 2023<ref name="IndiaVotes">{{Cite web
|title = Yellareddy Assembly Constituency Election Results (2023) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/yellareddy/61/46943/296
|work = IndiaVotes
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Jajala Surender ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]) - Runner Up: 62,988 votes
}}</ref><ref name="ECI Results">{{Cite web
|title = Yellareddy (S2915) Assembly Constituency - 2023 Election Results
|url = https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2915.htm
|work = Election Commission of India
|date = 2023-12-03
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231204000000/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2915.htm
|archive-date = 2023-12-04
|quote = Jajala Surender (INC): 62,988 votes (Runner Up)
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FF0090;" | [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| 62,988
| 34.1
| {{lost}} (Defeated)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surender, Jajala}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Kamareddy district]]

Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)

2026-03-31T19:34:07Z

SheenaBayles: adding a stub

{{short description|1967 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninaivil Nindraval
| image = Ninaivil Nindraval 1967 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| screenplay = [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]
| story = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| producer = V. Ramasamy
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = T. N. Sundarababu
| editing = L. Balu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| distributor = Balaji
| released = {{film date|1967|9|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=273}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ninaivil Nindraval''''' ({{Translation|She Remembered}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]], with [[Nagesh]], Cho, [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[C. L. Anandan|Anandan]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and Devaki in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who, following her marriage, suffers amnesia, forgetting the events of her marriage.

The screenplay of ''Ninaivil Nindraval'' was written by [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] from a story by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 October 1967 |title=நினைவில் நின்றவள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/oct/01-10-1967/p12.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725073011/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/oct/01-10-1967/p12.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> The film was produced by V. Ramasamy, photographed by T. N. Sundarababu and edited by L. Balu, with the music composed by [[V. Kumar]].{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=273}} It was released on 1 September 1967, and emerged a success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Prema stays at her paternal uncle Doctor Sammandham's house in Bangalore for her higher studies. Prema has a bike accident and suffers from amnesia. Then she wanders and reach Chennai by train, where she meets an unemployed young man Prakash, and his friend Balu, protects her. Prema and Prakash fall in love and get married. She is then in another accident and loses the memories of her marriage. Prema's father Umapathi engages his General Manager Mohan. Balu moves to Trichy for his job, where he meets Prema and sends a message for his friend Prakash. Prakash reaches Trichy and tries to prove Prema is his wife, but fails. Finally, Prema falls down the steps and recollects all her memories, her identity and her husband. Balu and his lover Meera get married.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Prakash
* [[Nagesh]] as Balu
* [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Doctor Sammandham
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Umapathi
* [[C. L. Anandan|Anandan]] as Mohan

;Female cast
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Prema/Radha
* [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]] as Meera
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Sarala
* Devaki as Typist Kala

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[V. Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ninaivil Nindraval |url=http://gaana.com/album/ninaivil-nindraval |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819195436/http://gaana.com/album/ninaivil-nindraval |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Enna Theriyum Entha Chinna" || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=4|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 03:27
|-
| "Thambi Vaadaa Adichathu Yogam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela, Tharapuram Sundararajan || 03:51
|-
| "Thottatha Thodathathaa" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:42
|-
| "Paravaigal Siraginaal Anaikka" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:35
|-
| "Nandhan Vandhan Kovililae" || S. Sarala || C. N. Muthu || 03:30
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ninaivil Nindraval'' was released on 1 September 1967,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1967- நினைவில் நின்றவள் – முக்தா பிலிம்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725074237/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails24.asp |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> and distributed by Balaji.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=273}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said all the film's flaws were compensated by its comedy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 September 1967 |title=நினைவில் நின்றவள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/sep/17-09-1967/p33.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=33 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725073044/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/sep/17-09-1967/p33.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> Though the film did not run for over 100 days in theatres, it was still a success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 December 2016 |title=Ninaivil Nindraval (1967) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Ninaivil-Nindraval-1967/article16969846.ece |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104093457/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Ninaivil-Nindraval-1967/article16969846.ece |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&dq=Nenjirukkum+Varai&pg=PA273 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=Tantivy Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-498-01565-3 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-last2=Elley |editor-first2=Derek}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Cho Ramaswamy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kadamba script

2026-03-30T18:39:40Z

SheenaBayles: starting basic data w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Historic abugida of South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Kadamba script
| type = [[Abugida]]
| sample = Sri-manarashi.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| time = 4–7th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |date=1948 |page=381}}</ref>
| languages = [[Old Kannada]] [[Old Telugu]] [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi]]
| children = [[Kannada-Telugu alphabet]], [[Goykanadi]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/goykanadi.htm | title=Goykanadi script }}</ref> [[Pyu script]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael | title=The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma | edition=illustrated | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=2005 | location=Honolulu | isbn=978-0-8248-2886-8}}</ref>
}}
{{brahmic|state=uncollapsed}}
The '''Kadamba script''' is the first [[writing system]] devised specifically for writing [[Kannada]], and later adopted to write [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |date=1948 |page=381}}</ref> The Kadamba script is also known as '''Pre-Old-Kannada script'''.

The Kadamba script is one of the oldest scripts of the southern group of writing systems that developed from the ancient [[Brahmi script]]. By the 5th century CE it became distinct from other Brahmi variants and was used in what are now the South Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It evolved into the [[Kannada-Telugu script]] by the 10th century CE and was used to write the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/scripts-fading-away-with-time/articleshow/21534740.cms
|title=Scripts fading away with time
|access-date=2013-08-28
}}</ref> It is also distantly related to the [[Sinhala script]].<ref>Jayarajan, Paul M. (1 January 1976). ''History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet''. Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited.</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Kadamba coinage
| image1 = Coin of Kadamba king Sri Manarashi.jpg
| caption1 = Coin of Kadamba king ''Sri Manarashi'', name written in Kadamba script
| image2 = Sri-manarashi.jpg
| caption2 = ''Sri manarashi'' written in Kadamba script on Kadamba coin
| image3 = Coin of Kadamba king Sri Dosharashi.jpg
| caption3 = Coin of the Kadambas written in Kadamba script as ''sri dosharashi'' and other side ''Shri shashankaha''
| image4 = Kannada legend of Sri-dosharashi.jpg
| caption4 = ''Sri dosharashi'' written in Kadamba script on Kadamba coin
| footer=
}}
During the rule of [[Kadamba dynasty]] (325-550), major change in the Brahmi script resulted in the Kadamba Kannada script, letters were shorter and round in shape. During (325 to 1000 AD) the rule of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] in the southern parts of Karnataka the Kannada script used differently (also known as Ganga script) in rock edicts and copper plate inscriptions.
During 6th to 10th century, the [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]] stabilized during the rule of the [[Chalukya dynasty#Chalukyas of Badami|Chalukyas of Badami]] from 500-1000<ref>{{cite book|last=Kipfer|first=Barbara Ann|author-link=Barbara Ann Kipfer|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA692|year=2000|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|page=692}}</ref> and [[Rastrakutas]].{{cn|date=August 2019}}

==Inscriptions in Kadamba script==
[[File:Copper plates NMND-9.JPG|thumb|Sanskrit language written in Kannada-Telugu script of [[Eastern Chalukyas]] in 10th century AD]]
[[File:Kadamba inscription from Kerala.jpg|thumb|Prakrit Grantha inscription of Kadamba ruler [[Vishnuvarman]] (c. 5th-6th century CE) from [[Edakkal]] (northern Kerala)]]
* Gudnapur Inscription on 20-foot-long stone pillar written in Kadamba script<ref>{{cite news|author=Rajiv Ajjibal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/monuments-crying-for-attention/article2719672.ece |title=Monuments crying for attention |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2011-12-16 |access-date=2014-03-13}}</ref>
* Copper plate inscriptions in Kadamba (Pre - Chalukya) script, Kadamba-Pallava script, Kannada-Telugu script are available at Chennai museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/07/copper2.htm |title=Government Museum Chennai |publisher=Chennaimuseum.org |access-date=2014-03-13}}</ref>
* [[Halmidi inscription]]
* [[Talagunda pillar inscription]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html|title=Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest|date=12 January 2017|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Similarity with other scripts==
The Kadamba script shares similarities with scripts of certain languages belonging to the alphasyllabary or abugida family, including [[Goykanadi]], [[Bhattiprolu script]], Salankayana script,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyknowledge.com/brahmi-pallava.jpg |title=Comparison of Brahmi and Pallava scripts |publisher=SkyKnowledge.com |accessdate=2025-12-14}}</ref> [[Pallava script]], [[Gupta script]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/gupta.html |title=Gupta |publisher=Ancient Scripts |accessdate=2014-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065531/http://www.ancientscripts.com/gupta.html |archive-date=2020-03-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as the [[ Kannada script.]] {{cn|date=March 2026}}{{or|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Kadamba Script.jpg|thumb|center|438px|Latin symbols corresponding to Kadamba script.]]

==See also==
*[[Ancient Philippine scripts]]
*[[Kalinga script]]
*[[Kannada script]]
*[[Palaeography#South India|Palaeography-Kannada]]
*[[Telugu script]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-history/evolution-of-kannada-script/ Evolution of Kannada script]

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992

2026-03-26T10:21:07Z

SheenaBayles:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
| image =
| imagesize = 150
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the establishment of a Board to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate, the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/acts/jan-1992/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-act-1992-as-amended-by-the-international-financial-services-centres-authority-act-2019-w-e-f-october-01-2020-_3.html Act No. 15 of 1992]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 4 April 1992
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = 30 January 1992
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by =
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = In force
}}

The '''Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992''' is a [[Act of Parliament|legislation]] enacted for regulation and development of [[Security (finance)|securities]] market in India. It was amended in the years 1995, 1999, and 2002 to meet the requirements of changing needs of the securities market.

It was the 15th Act of 1992. The [[Act of Parliament|Act]] provides for the establishment of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] following the [[Harshad Mehta]] [[1992 Indian stock market scam|scam]].

The Act contains 10 chapters and 91 sections.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Security and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.pdf |website=www.sebi.gov.in |publisher=SEBI |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== Preamble ==
The Securities and Exchange Board of India is the sole regulator of the Indian securities market. Its preamble describes its basic function as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/about-sebi.html|title=SEBI Website|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Management ==
The management of Board is run by its members appointed by the central Government: <ref name=":0" />

# Chairman
# Two members from the Ministry of Finance of the Union.
# One member from the Reserve Bank
# five other members.

== Functions of Board ==

# Protect the interest of investors in securities market, regulate the securities market in India.
# Registering the depositories, investment schemes, mutual funds.
# Promoting fundamental education needed to invest in securities markets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhar|first=Kaushik|date=2012-03-01|title=Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992: A Summary|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2014351|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2014351 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

#

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1992]]
[[Category:Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Chandigarh chair

2026-03-25T18:11:53Z

SheenaBayles: stub - done

{{Short description|Chair designed by Pierre Jeanneret and Eulie Chowdhury}}
{{Infobox furniture
| name = Chandigarh chair
| image = File:Pierre-Jeanneret-PJ-SI-29A-Armchair-P-Galerie-Zurich.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| designer = [[Pierre Jeanneret]], [[Eulie Chowdhury]], et al.
| date = 1950s
| materials = Variations of wood / woven cane; wood / leather
| style = [[Modernism#Modernism_in_Asia|Indian Modernism]]
| height = 70.7 cm
| width = 52.4 cm
| depth = 72 cm
}}
[[File:Pierre Jeanneret Chair P! Galerie Zurich.jpg|thumb|Chandigarh chair, side and front views]]

The '''Chandigarh chair''' was designed in the 1950s by [[Pierre Jeanneret]], [[Eulie Chowdhury]] and other Indian designers for use in public buildings in the planned city of [[Chandigarh]]. The city was being developed as part of a major post-independence project and was designed by the architect [[Le Corbusier]], who was invited by Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to create a city for the newly-independent India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1019840/personal-history-my-grandfather-and-the-humble-backstory-of-a-jeanneret-chair-from-chandigarh|title=Personal history: My grandfather and the humble backstory of a Jeanneret chair from Chandigarh|first=Ajay|last=Gandhi|date=March 20, 2022|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] described the design as a "humble-looking wooden chair [that] has become a 20th-century design classic – much revered, reproduced and replicated."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chandigarh Chair |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-chandigarh-chair |website=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]}}</ref>

==Authorship question==
The chairs are sometimes referred to as 'Jeanneret chairs' by auction houses, which overlooks the role of [[Eulie Chowdhury]] (and possibly others) in their creation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Codignola-Bo |first=Federica |date=March 20, 2025 |title=The Symbolic Power of Collectible Design: Mapping a Multifaceted Field.
|url=https://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/477540 |location= |publisher=Ethics International Press |page=145 |isbn=9781804416518 |access-date=|quote=p.145:...there has clearly been a focus in design in building a narrative and shifting the focus from these being 'Chandigarh chairs' to 'Jeanneret chairs'...thereby creating a new market.}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune-2023">{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2023 |title=Standing Out: Remembering Eulie Chowdhury, the only Indian woman architect in Le Corbusier's Chandigarh Project team |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/standing-out-remembering-eulie-chowdhury-the-only-indian-woman-architect-in-le-corbusiers-chandigarh-project-team-553396/ |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> There is no definitive evidence regarding the true designer of the chair as the workshop set up to design all the furniture worked in a collaborative way, and authorship was not documented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phantomhands.in/journal/the-genesis-of-the-chandigarh-chair-furniture-as-infrastructure|title=The Genesis of the Chandigarh Chair: Furniture as Infrastructure|website=Phantom Hands}}</ref>

A Chandigarh-based architect was quoted in ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'': "...the Indian architects were apparently not as keen on claiming authorship. As a result, their work continues to be overshadowed by the Western architects who worked here."<ref name="The Tribune-2023"/> In ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', the Jeanneret expert [[Maristella Casciato]] stated that Chowdhury was "managing" the furniture production and that "she was extremely important in creating that network and supporting the production and all the detailing."<ref name="Medford-2019">{{Cite web |last=Medford |first=Sarah |date=August 14, 2019 |title=Is Your Jeanneret a Fake? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-your-jeanneret-a-fake-11565785593 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200602163436/https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-your-jeanneret-a-fake-11565785593 |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

==Renewed interest in the late 1990s and subsequent looting==
For most of their history in India, Chandigarh chairs merely served a functional purpose. Their design value has only been recognized since the late-1990s, when European dealers arrived in Chandigarh and started buying them in bulk after they were "thrown out" by the government and "sold for peanuts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/world/asia/19chandigarh.html|title=A City That Sat on Its Treasures, but Didn't See Them|first=Amelia|last=Gentleman|date=March 18, 2008|website=The New York Times}}</ref> These chairs were taken to the West, restored, exhibited, gained a cult following, and were sold at auctions for significant sums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/scrap-in-india-star-abroad-the-chandigarh-chair-is-a-hot-mesh/|title=Scrap in India, star abroad: the Chandigarh Chair is a hot mesh|first=Ela|last=Das|date=October 29, 2023|website=Condé Nast Traveller India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dreith |first=Ben |date=2024-10-25 |title=The Chandigarh chair "problematises standard notions of revival" |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2024/10/25/chandigarh-chair-mid-century-modern-jeanneret-criticism/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref>

Recent scholarship on the chairs has pointed out several issues associated with their history: overlooking the role of Indian designers in the workshop to play up the "Jeanneret-Corbusier" connection, in order to fetch higher prices in the Western auction houses; their procurement at extremely low rates by European dealers who knew more than their Indian counterparts; and appropriation of the out-of-copyright design by global studios and erasing their historical context during the sale.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darknlight.com/projects/article/the-chandigarh-chair-exploring-the-nuances-of-a-revival/|title=The Chandigarh Chair: Exploring the Nuances of a Revival|date=March 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epoch-magazine.com/post/modernist-design-from-chandigarh-to-christies|title=Modernist Design: From Chandigarh to Christies'|date=June 1, 2021|website=Epochmagazine}}</ref>

Following a 2011 Ministry of Home Affairs ban on further sales and export of Chandigarh furniture from India, subsequent disappearances and international auctions have involved documented theft and smuggling, with organized networks reportedly bribing officials and forging documentation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parashar |first1=Saurabh |title=No inventory of hundreds of Chandigarh heritage furniture, says French cop |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/inventory-heritage-furniture-french-police-embassy-9047956/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=13 January 2026|date=November 30, 2023}}</ref> From 2015 onward, there is also a documented pattern of theft cases inside Chandigarh. Reports detail stolen chairs and tables from institutions such as the [[Government College of Art & Craft]] and [[Panjab University]], consignments intercepted at airports, and internal inquiries against staff involved in unauthorised removals, all occurring after the MHA order came into force.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parashar |first1=Saurabh |title=Furniture to manhole covers, how rare artefacts found their way out of Chandigarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/furniture-to-manhole-covers-how-rare-artefacts-found-their-way-out-of-chandigarh-8270407/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=13 January 2026 |date=November 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Virk |first1=Akashdeep |title=8 years on, heritage furniture gathers dust at police station |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/8-years-on-heritage-furniture-gathers-dust-at-police-station/ |access-date=13 January 2026 |date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> There has been an emergence of a "furniture mafia" and "organised gangs" that bribe officials, forge documents, and even replace originals with replicas to smuggle furniture abroad, explicitly linking this activity to the continued appearance of Chandigarh pieces in international auctions despite the legal ban.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gakhar |first1=Aashna |title=Chandigarh heritage furniture: Design, legacy & a story of allure |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/guest-column-chandigarh-heritage-furniture-design-legacy-a-story-of-allure-101738432321920.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 January 2026 |date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

==Current production==
There are no exclusive licenses for the production of Chandigarh chairs, as Jeanneret "never filed for patents or copyrights".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/the-complex-constructed-history-of-chandigarh-chairs-111614005107494.html|title=The complex, 'constructed' history of Chandigarh Chairs|first=Shrabonti|last=Bagchi|date=February 23, 2021|website=mint}}</ref> As their popularity has grown in the 21st-century, multiple studios across the world have produced their own versions.<ref name="Medford-2019"/>

==See also==
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[List of chairs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-chandigarh-chair The Chandigarh Chair]'', [[Victoria & Albert Museum]]
* ''[https://collectiononline.design-museum.de/#/en/object/42784 Untitled / Cane and Teak Wood Easy Armchair, {{circa|1955/56}}]'', [[Vitra Design Museum]]
* [https://chandigarhchairs.com/ The Chandigarh Chair Project]

[[Category:1950s in art]]
[[Category:Chairs]]
[[Category:History of furniture]]
[[Category:Indian furniture]]
[[Category:Individual models of furniture]]
[[Category:Products introduced in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Furniture designed by architects]]

Nenjil

2026-03-20T21:54:31Z

SheenaBayles: adding a data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nenjil.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]
| producer = Manish Nair
| starring = [[Navdeep]] [[Aparna Pillai|Aparna]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Gatpaham Entertainment Candy Films
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|01|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nenjil''''' ({{Translation|In the heart}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]] and produced by Manish Nair, and Bhavani Kanagasapay under the banners Candy Films Ltd & Gatpaham Entertainment Ltd. The film stars [[Navdeep]] and [[Aparna Pillai|Aparna]] in the lead roles, while [[Vadivelu]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], and [[Ranjitha]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] with cinematography by [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]. The film was released on 1 December 2006.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
The film is about a group of people who win a competition and are taken to London for a free trip. The group includes Anand and Priya, but the joyous journey sours when the lead pair falls in love at the beginning of the holiday. Enters Rishi, a tour guide for London. He resolves to separate the lovers and plans to marry Priya. The rest is a cat and mouse game between Anand and Rishi and how their love overcomes all problems. There are also two people who separate him. They were in love before but got separated, and so they hate love. They decide to split them up so that they win the competition against Priya and Anand. In the end they tell them the truth, and Priya and Anand reunite.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Navdeep]] as Anand
*[[Aparna Pillai|Aparna]] as Priya
*[[Vadivelu]] as Vellam (Tamilman)/ Englishman
*Manish Nair as Rishi
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Krishnamurthy
*[[Ranjitha]] as Kalyani
*[[Paravai Muniyamma]] as Paatti
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Vellam's assistant
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Sibiraj]] as himself (cameo appearance)
*[[D. Imman]] as cameo appearance in song "Nenjil"
}}

== Production ==
[[File:On the set of Nenjil Jil Jil filmed on a private rail station, arranged by Train Chartering.jpg|thumb|right|On the set of ''Nenjil'' filmed on a private rail station, arranged by Train Chartering]]
The film was launched on 17 February 2006 at Prasad Studios under the title ''Nenjil Jil Jil''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title='Nenjil…Jil Jil' pooja / with pics |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/17022006-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220045058/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/17022006-4.shtml |archive-date=20 February 2006 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Scenes for the film were shot at [[Woolacombe]] in [[Devon]] in March 2006 with the 30-strong cast and crew would also be visiting Weymouth, Bath and London.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2006 |title=Bollywood descends on north Devon |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/4808818.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413041101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/4808818.stm |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[D. Imman]]. It was released under the film's original title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2006 |title=Nenjil Jil Jil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nenjil-jil-jil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1706188752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250429150429/https://music.apple.com/in/album/nenjil-jil-jil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1706188752 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> A nine-year-old, Siddharth, entered the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the youngest musician to record for the film with his drums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2007 |title=Drums are his destiny |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/06/stories/2007090658610200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023203321/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/06/stories/2007090658610200.htm |archive-date=23 October 2007 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 33:58
| title1 = Nenjil Jil Jil
| extra1 = [[D. Imman]]
| lyrics1 = [[D. Imman]]
| length1 = 02:39
| title2 = Chattu Puttu
| extra2 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics2 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| length2 = 05:01
| title3 = Kannukkul Kalavaram
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length3 = 04:44
| title4 = Unakkagathaane
| extra4 = Solar Sai, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| length4 = 05:33
| title5 = Kaadhal Thaana
| extra5 = [[Chitra Sivaraman]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| lyrics5 = [[Thamarai]]
| length5 = 04:29
| title6 = Kaanchanaye
| extra6 = Adarsh
| lyrics6 = [[D. Imman]]
| length6 = 04:46
| title7 = Punnagaiye
| extra7 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| lyrics7 = Pa. Vijay
| length7 = 04:51
| title8 = Carnivore's Behaviour
| note8 = Instrumental
| lyrics8 = –
| extra8 = –
| length8 = 01:55
}}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' described Senthil Kumar's cinematography as the film's only positive, adding, "If you are looking for any value from screenplay or direction just banish the thought".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2006 |title=Nenjil |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-review--pclwhNhfhagja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112022800/http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-review--pclwhNhfhagja.html |archive-date=12 November 2018 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Nenjil'' is laughable in patches you could say, but the romantic thread is so common and run of the mill that it pulls down the interest quotient terribly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 December 2006 |title=Feel-good film gone askew – Nenjil |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120800020200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210053558/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120800020200.htm |archive-date=10 December 2006 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "There's nothing here that can hold you to the film. It's a lacklustre script, insipid narration and performances that fail to excite".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manath |first=Malini |date=11 December 2006 |title=Nenjil |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/12nenjil.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127215326/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/12nenjil.asp |archive-date=27 January 2007 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of lead pair, cinematography and called Vadivelu's humour as both positive and negative and also praised the director for keeping scenes short without dragging but felt after interval, the sag could have been avoided.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=31 December 2006 |title=நெஞ்சில் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-31/page/56/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240412173115/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-31/page/56/mode/2up |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "It is quite enjoyable to see the little tiffs between Navdeep and Aparna and how they hide their love within their hearts. But this is something we have seen umpteen times, so one gets impatient for the film to get a move on".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjil Jil Jil |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/nenjil.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210010022/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/nenjil.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2006 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Selva (director)}}

[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selva (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Shubha Tole

2026-03-20T11:40:49Z

SheenaBayles: adjust article and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Indian neuroscientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubha Tole
| image = Photo Credits Ajay Jaiswar (46972857555).jpg
| caption = Shubha Tole presenting "Our flexible brains" at a TED talk March 30, 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text| August 1967}}
| birth_place =
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| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education = St Xavier's, Mumbai
California Institute of Technology, USA
| employer = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
| occupation = Neuroscientist
| title =
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = [[Sandip Trivedi]]
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
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}}

''Shubha Tole''' (born August 1967) is an Indian [[neuroscientist]], professor and [[Principal investigator|principal Investigator]] at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Her research investigates the development and evolution of the mammalian brain. In 2014, she won the [[Infosys Prize]] in the Life Sciences category.

==Early life and education==
Tole was born in August 1967 in [[India]]. Her mother, Aruna P. Tole, was an [[occupational therapist]] responsible for the design of prostheses, aids, and appliances for cancer patients.<ref name="careers1">{{Citation
| url = http://www.motivation.careers360.com/news/4875-Meet-Shanti-Swarup-Bhatnagar-Awardee-Dr-Shubha-Tole
| title = Meet India's best scientist, Shubha Tole
| publisher = Careers 360
| accessdate = November 18, 2015
| ref = none
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170428003449/http://www.motivation.careers360.com/news/4875-Meet-Shanti-Swarup-Bhatnagar-Awardee-Dr-Shubha-Tole
| archive-date = 28 April 2017
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Her father was the director of SAMEER, an institute under the Department of Electronics, Government of India,<ref name="mumbaimirror1">{{Citation
| url = http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Science-of-life/articleshow/45154146.cms
| title = Science of life
| publisher = [[Mumbai Mirror]]
| accessdate = November 17, 2015
| ref = none
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094110/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Science-of-life/articleshow/45154146.cms
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref> in August 1967.

Tole studied life sciences and biochemistry at [[St. Xavier’s College]] in Mumbai and earned her master's and doctoral degrees at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in the United States. Tole conducted post-doctoral research at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="infosys-science-foundation1">{{Citation
| url = http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2014/shubha-tole.asp
| title = Infosys Prize
| publisher = [[Infosys Science Foundation]]
| accessdate = November 17, 2015
| ref = none
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151119074007/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2014/shubha-tole.asp
| archive-date = 19 November 2015
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Research and career==
In 1999, [https://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/S_Tole.html Dr. Tole started her research group] at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Citation |title=Do not precompromise on your dreams: Dr.Shubha Tole |url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/219825/do-pre-compromise-dreams-dr-shubha-tole/page/1#sthash.MrUDMHGK.dpuf |df=dmy-all |publisher=[[BioSpectrum]] |ref=none |accessdate=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119055255/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/219825/do-pre-compromise-dreams-dr-shubha-tole/page/1#sthash.MrUDMHGK.dpuf |archivedate=19 November 2015}}</ref>

Dr. Tole and her research group is credited with the discovery of the role of the regulatory gene [[LHX2]], which controls aspects of how the [[amygdala]], [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]], and [[hippocampus]] form during early brain development. Dr. Tole's research group also proposed a possible mechanism for how the [[neocortex]] may have come to be in mammals, linking it to a much older structure of the brain, the amygdala. Her research group also discovered dual developmental origins for structures that control reproductive and aggressive behavior in the accessory [[olfactory bulb]] in mammals.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Shetty |first1=Ashwin S. |last2=Godbole |first2=Geeta |last3=Maheshwari |first3=Upasana |last4=Padmanabhan |first4=Hari |last5=Chaudhary |first5=Rahul |last6=Muralidharan |first6=Bhavana |last7=Hou |first7=Pei-Shan |last8=Monuki |first8=Edwin S. |last9=Kuo |first9=Hung-Chih |last10=Rema |first10= V. |last11=Tole |first11=Shubha |display-authors=5 |date=November 21, 2003 |title=Lhx2 regulates a cortex-specific mechanism for barrel formation|journal= PNAS |volume=110 |issue=50 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1311158110 |pages=E4913–E4921 |pmid=24262147 |pmc=3864327|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Tole has also held a membership with academic groups such as the [[International Affairs Committee]] of the [[American Society for Cell Biology]]. She is also a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]], India and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="infosys-science-foundation1" />

==Personal life==
Dr. Tole is married to theoretical physicist [[Sandip Trivedi]] since 1989. They have two sons.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lF4PrBb8sQVhJNkTW0V8WN/String-duet.html
| title = String Duet
| date = 8 February 2013
| publisher = [[LiveMint]]
| accessdate = November 18, 2015
| ref = none
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151119020910/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lF4PrBb8sQVhJNkTW0V8WN/String-duet.html
| archive-date = 19 November 2015
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
Tole has received the Wellcome Trust Senior International Fellowship (1999), the Swarnajayanti Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India (2005), the National Woman Bioscientist award from the Department of Biotechnology of Government of India (2008), the Research Award for Innovation in Neurosciences (RAIN award) from the [[Society for Neuroscience]], United States (2008), and the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] (2010).<ref name="infosys-science-foundation1"/>
She was also awarded the Wellcome Trust Flexible Travel Award grant by Stanford University for a Sabbatical year in 2008.<ref>{{Citation| url = http://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/5128466062550156?referrer=GOOGLE| title = Shubha Tole| publisher = [[F1000 Prime]]| accessdate = November 18, 2015| ref = none| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151119112315/http://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/5128466062550156?referrer=GOOGLE| archive-date = 19 November 2015| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2014, Tole was awarded the [[Infosys Prize]] of 55 lakh rupees for her work elucidating the mechanisms and genes involved in the formation of the [[hippocampus]].<ref name="infosys-science-foundation1"/> In 2016, she became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==Publications==
* LHX2 Interacts with the NuRD Complex and Regulates Cortical Neuron Subtype Determinants Fezf2 and Sox11<ref>Muralidharan B, Khatri Z, Maheshwari U, Gupta R, Roy B, Pradhan SJ, Karmodiya K, Padmanabhan H, Shetty AS, Balaji C, Kolthur-Seetharam U, Macklis JD, Galande S, Tole S. .J Neurosci. 2017 Jan 4;37(1):194-203. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2836-16.2016</ref>
* Dmrt5, a Novel Neurogenic Factor, Reciprocally Regulates Lhx2 to Control the Neuron-Glia Cell-Fate Switch in the Developing Hippocampus<ref>Muralidharan B, Keruzore M, Pradhan SJ, Roy B, Shetty AS, Kinare V, D'Souza L, Maheshwari U, Karmodiya K, Suresh A, Galande S, Bellefroid EJ, Tole S. J Neurosci. 2017 Nov 15;37(46):11245-11254. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1535-17.2017. Epub 2017 Oct 12. PMID 29025924</ref>
* Novel functions of LHX2 and PAX6 in the developing telencephalon revealed upon combined loss of both genes.<ref>Novel functions of LHX2 and PAX6 in the developing telencephalon revealed upon combined loss of both genes. Godbole G, Roy A, Shetty AS, Tole S. Neural Dev. 2017 Nov 15;12(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s13064-017-0097-y.PMID 29141678</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Jayan, T.V. (27 August 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173456/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070827/asp/knowhow/story_8239147.asp "Snakes on ropes"]. ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]''
* [https://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/S_Tole.html Shubha Tole TIFR Profile]
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tole, Shubha}}
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]

Angada

2026-03-15T04:36:29Z

SheenaBayles: rework formatting further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Son of Vali and Tara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Angada
| parents = [[Bali (Ramayana)|Vali]] (father), [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] (mother)
| children = Dhruva (son)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dhruva|title = Dhruva, Dhruvā: 33 definitions|date = 29 June 2012}}</ref>
| image = File:The monkey prince Angad is first sent to give diplomacy one last chance.jpg
| caption = Angada at Ravana's court
| affiliation = [[Vanara]], [[Vaishnavism]]
| texts = [[Ramayana]]
| region = [[Kishkindha]]
| gender = [[Male]]
| birth_place = [[Kishkindha]] [[Monarchy|Kingdom]]
}}

'''Angada''' ([[Sanskrit]]: अङ्गदः, [[IAST]]: Aṅgada) is a legendary [[vanara]] in [[Hinduism]]. He helps [[Rama]] find his wife [[Sita]] and fight her abductor, [[Ravana]], in the epic [[Ramayana]]. He is the son of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and prince of [[Kishkindha]], and is later crowned as the kingdom's monarch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Angad? What is Angad's role in Ramayana?|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/who-was-angad-what-is-angads-role-in-ramayana/578108|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Angada smites the demon Narantaka.jpg|thumb|Angada slays Narantaka]]

== Legend ==
Angada is a son of the powerful vanara king [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and his wife Tara. He is the nephew of [[Sugriva]]. After Rama and Sugriva kill his father, Angada joins Rama's forces to rescue mata Sita from Ravana's captivity.

Angada and Rama are instrumental in reconciling [[Rama]] and his brother, [[Lakshmana]], with [[Sugriva]], after the king fails to fulfill his promise to help Rama find and rescue his wife. Together, they are able to convince Sugriva to honour his pledge to Rama, instead of spending his time carousing and drinking.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZTc1xwm8XEC&q=Angada+and+Tara+lakshmana&pg=PT98|title=The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic|date=2006-08-29|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-2327-1|language=en}}</ref> Sugriva then arranges for ''vanaras'' to help [[Rama]] and organises the monkey army that will battle Ravana's demonic host. Angada leads the particular search party, which consists of [[Hanuman]] and [[Jambavan]]ta and is able to find [[Sita]], [[Rama|Rama's]] wife.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Neela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDvXkEgcXwsC&q=Angada+Hanuman+Jambavan+south&pg=PA72|title=Ramayana for Children|date=2005|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-489-6|language=en}}</ref>

A legend goes by that no one could move Angada's leg. Just before the war, Rama sends Angada to Ravana's court as a peace messenger to give him one last chance to send Sita back to him and stop the war. Angada travels to Ravana's court, and issues him a last warning but Ravana retorts by stating that his father, [[Bali (Ramayana)|Vali]], is his friend. Angada, however, rejects Ravana's stance, and retorts by saying that there was nothing as divine as serving Rama, and then proceeds to mock Ravana for his foolishness and pride, in front of the entire court. He challenges the present courtiers to move his leg, upon which he promises that he would retreat from the island, forgetting about rescuing Sita. Almost all courtiers take turns to move his leg, but fail to even give it a budge. Even [[Indrajit]], the most powerful son of Ravana, is unable to move the leg. Seeing Indrajit defeated, Ravana rises in fury, and proceeds to accept the challenge, upon which Angada moves his leg out of the way, and Ravana's crown falls off. When the king reaches for his crown, Angada rhetorically wonders why Ravana wishes to touch his leg, and that touching the feet of Rama would be much more fruitful instead. He hurls the crown with such force that it is supposed to have landed at Rama's feet. The prince flies away before Ravana could seize him. Rama is pleased by this act of Angada.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sah|first=Anusuya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRzBDwAAQBAJ&q=Angada+legs&pg=PA81|title=Valmiki's Ramayana- The Saga of a Scion Born in Ayodhya|date=2019-11-23|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=en}}</ref>

In the Battle of Lanka that ensues, Angada slays many great warriors from [[Lanka]], including [[Ravana]]'s son [[Narantaka]], and the chief general of [[Ravana]]'s army, Mahaparshva.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&q=Angada+Narantaka&pg=PA200|title=History Of Ancient India (a New Version) : From 7300 Bb To 4250 Bc|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0615-4|language=en}}</ref>

Angada marries the eldest daughter of the vanara Mainda, and has a son, Dhruva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/angada|title = Angada, Aṅgada: 25 definitions|date = 29 June 2012}}</ref>

When his uncle Sugriva decides to retire from the earth and return to his father, [[Surya]], he crowns Angada as the next king of Kishkindha, and of the vanaras.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/who-was-angad-what-is-angads-role-in-ramayana/578108 | title=Who was Angad? What is Angad's role in Ramayana? }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/angada.htm

{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Vanara in the Ramayana]]

Sexual harassment

2026-03-14T16:03:58Z

SheenaBayles: enhance section after review and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Unwanted sexual attention or advances}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Bullying Sexual.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Acted depiction of a man making an unwelcome sexual advance on a woman by putting his hand on her thigh]]
{{Sex and the law}}
'''Sexual harassment''' is a type of [[harassment]] based on gender or sex. It encompasses a spectrum of behavior including [[Sexual abuse|sexual coercion]], unwanted sexual attention, and [[Sexism|sexist]] acts.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> Although some types of sexual harassment seem to be motivated by [[sexual desire]], they are more often committed to [[Misogyny|hurt women]] or punish people for violating [[Gender role|gender norms]].<ref name=":22" /> Popular understanding of sexual harassment primarily focuses on sexual coercion and unwanted sexual advances, which are less common than other types of harassment. All types of sexual harassment can harm victim physical and mental health and affect their personal and professional lives.<ref name=":7" />

Sexual harassment may involve harassers or victims of any [[gender]], occur between friends or [[catcalling|strangers]], involve equal or [[subordinate]] relationships, and consist of verbal, physical, or indirect actions.<ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> Examples may involve insulting sexual or sexist remarks, offensive [[sexual innuendo]], [[indecent exposure]], [[sexting]], [[sexual roleplay]], collecting or disseminating photos of the victim in private moments, demanding or requesting [[sexual favors]] as [[bribery]], and [[sexual assault]] like [[groping]] or [[rape]].<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>

In most countries, certain types of workplace sexual harassment are illegal as a form of [[employment discrimination]]. The legal and social understanding of sexual harassment varies by culture.<ref name=":15" /> Employment laws do not impose a "general civility code", so they generally do not prohibit minor isolated harassment incidents.<ref>{{caselaw source |case=''Oncale v.Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.'', 528 U.S. 75 (1998) |findlaw=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/523/75.html |justia=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/523/75/case.html}}</ref> In many countries, harassment may be considered illegal when it is frequent or severe enough to create a hostile or offensive work environment, or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim's demotion, firing, or quitting). Over 100 countries have laws against both hostile environment and ''[[quid pro quo]]'' types of sexual harassment, and dozens have laws specifically addressing sexual harassment based on [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]].<ref name=":15" /> For many businesses or organizations, preventing sexual harassment and defending employees from sexual harassment charges have become key goals of legal decision-making.

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==Etymology and history==
The term "sexual harassment" was coined in the 1970s, and its meaning and popularity as a concept has grown over time.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Crouch |first=Margaret A. |date=December 1998 |title=The "Social Etymology" of 'Sexual Harassment' |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9833.1998.tb00118.x |journal=Journal of Social Philosophy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9833.1998.tb00118.x |issn=0047-2786 |via=Wiley}}</ref> However, the behaviors it describes are common across cultures and eras, and have also been described by other terms. Although discussion of sexual harassment has frequently been silenced and trivialized over time, reports of workplace sexual harassment have been documented since at least the 1600s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segrave |first=Kerry |title=The Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace, 1600 to 1993 |publisher=McFarland |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7864-7615-2 |edition=Reprint |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=}}</ref>

The framing of sexual harassment as a legal issue also originated in the 1970s.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Catherine Mackinnon defines sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination |url=https://www.genderequalitiesat50.ed.ac.uk/timeline/catherine-mackinnon-defines-sexual-harassment-as-a-form-of-sex-discrimination/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=The University of Edinburgh – Gender Equalities at Work |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since the 1990s, many countries have adopted laws targeting sexual harassment, and social movements like [[MeToo movement|#MeToo]] have raised awareness of the concept and spurred social and legal change.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>

=== The term "sexual harassment" ===
The first documented use of the term "sexual harassment" was in a 1973 report about discrimination called ''"Saturn's Rings"'' by [[Mary Rowe]], Ph.D.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kamberi|first1=Ferdi|last2=Gollopeni|first2=Besim|date=1 December 2015|title=The Phenomenon of Sexual Harassment at the Workplace in Republic of Kosovo|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316515762|journal=International Review of Social Sciences|volume=3|pages=13|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003100810/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316515762|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, Rowe was the Special Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Women and Work at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which form part of the scaffolding of sex and gender discrimination throughout contemporary society; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. {{ISBN|978-0-13-645382-6}}.</ref> Due to her efforts at MIT, the university was one of the first large organizations in the U.S. to develop specific policies and procedures aimed at stopping sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=A Profound Impact |url=https://magazine.swarthmore.edu/issue/spring-summer-2024/a-profound-impact/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=Swarthmore College Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rowe says that harassment of women in the workplace was being discussed in women's groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} At [[Cornell University]], instructor [[Lin Farley]] discovered that women in a discussion group repeatedly described being fired or quitting a job because they were harassed and intimidated by men.<ref name = "ss">{{cite book|last=Farley|first=Lin|title=Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job|isbn=0070199574|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualshakedowns00far_x3q|year=1978|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url-access=registration}}</ref> She and colleagues used the term "sexual harassment" to describe the problem and generate interest in a "Speak Out" event in May 1975. She later described sexual harassment at length in 1975 testimony before the New York City Human Rights Commission.<ref>"Testimony given by Lin Farley", ''Hearings on women in blue-collar, service, and clerical occupations|publisher=Commission on Human Rights of the City of New York,'' 21 April 1975</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|last2=Siegel|first2=Reva B.|title=Directions in Sexual Harassment Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhYip0PqV4EC&q=lin+farley&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-09800-6|page=8|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175235/https://books.google.com/books?id=IhYip0PqV4EC&q=lin+farley&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref> In the book ''In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution'' (1999), journalist [[Susan Brownmiller]] says the women at Cornell became public activists after being asked for help by [[Carmita Dickerson Wood]], a 44-year-old single mother who was being harassed by a faculty member at Cornell's Department of Nuclear Physics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aron|first=Nina Renata|url=https://timeline.com/carmita-wood-sexual-harrassment-f2c537a0e1e8|title=Groping in the Ivy League led to the first sexual harassment suit—and nothing happened to the man|date=20 October 2017|work=Timeline|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929070012/https://timeline.com/carmita-wood-sexual-harrassment-f2c537a0e1e8|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuY_BAAAQBAJ&q=carmita+wood&pg=PA146|title=Cornell: A History, 1940–2015|last1=Altschuler|first1=Glenn C.|last2=Kramnick|first2=Isaac|date=12 August 2014|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801471889|pages=146|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175235/https://books.google.com/books?id=nuY_BAAAQBAJ&q=carmita+wood&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brownmiller|first=Susan|title=In our time : memoir of a revolution|date=1999|publisher=Dial Press|isbn=0-385-31486-8|location=New York|pages=281|oclc=41885669}}</ref>

These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne, went on to form [[Working Women United]], which, along with the [[Alliance Against Sexual Coercion]] (founded in 1976 by [[Freada Klein]], Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz), was among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Carrie N. |date=1 October 2007 |title=The Emergence of Organized Feminist Resistance to Sexual Harassment in the United States in the 1970s |url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/swg_facpubs/12 |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=161–184 |doi=10.1352/jowh.2007.0051 |doi-broken-date=28 January 2026 }}</ref> Farley also wrote a book to raise awareness, ''Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job'', first published by McGraw-Hill in 1978.<ref name="ss" /> ''Sexual Shakedown'' inspired the first workplace training video on sexual harassment.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job, 1978 |url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/541410/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=The Henry Ford |language=en}}</ref>

=== Legal view ===
The legal understanding of sexual harassment developed through lawsuits women brought forward in the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=":14" /><ref name="Lipsitz-2017">{{Cite news |last=Lipsitz |first=Raina |date=20 October 2017 |title=Sexual Harassment Law Was Shaped by the Battles of Black Women |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/sexual-harassment-law-was-shaped-by-the-battles-of-black-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408074746/https://www.thenation.com/article/sexual-harassment-law-was-shaped-by-the-battles-of-black-women/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=The Nation |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> The development of U.S. laws on sexual harassment in workplaces shaped similar developments in other countries.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Earle |first1=Beverley H. |last2=Madek |first2=Gerald A. |date=June 1994 |title=An International Perspective on Sexual Harassment Law |url=https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1528&context=lawineq |journal=Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=70–87}}</ref> Many of the women pursuing the earliest U.S. cases were African American, often former civil rights activists, who applied principles of civil rights to sex discrimination.<ref name="Lipsitz-2017" /> Early precedent was set with ''[[Diane R. Williams|Williams]] v. Saxbe'' (1976) and ''[[Barnes v. Train|Paulette L. Barnes, Appellant, v. Douglas M. Costle, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]]'' (1977) which determined it was sex discrimination to fire someone for refusing a supervisor's advances.<ref name="Lipsitz-2017" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Carrie N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wBPD1vvTCYC&q=%22Diane+Williams%22&pg=PA92 |title=The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521879354 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175236/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wBPD1vvTCYC&q=%22Diane+Williams%22&pg=PA92 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1979, American legal scholar and activist [[Catharine MacKinnon]] published a seminal book called ''Sexual Harassment of Working Women''.<ref name="U.Mich-2018">{{Cite web |title=MacKinnon, Catharine A. |url=https://www.law.umich.edu/FacultyBio/Pages/FacultyBio.aspx?FacID=camtwo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411204853/https://www.law.umich.edu/FacultyBio/Pages/FacultyBio.aspx?FacID=camtwo |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=University of Michigan Law School |language=en-US}}</ref> She popularized the argument that some workplace sexual harassment was consistent with sex discrimination and therefore prohibited behavior under [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite book |last=MacKinnon |first=Catharine |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualharassment00cath |title=Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1979 |isbn=9780300022995 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |url-access=registration}}</ref> MacKinnon also developed the legal classification of sexual harassment types, as ''quid pro quo'' or hostile environment harassment.<ref name=":5" /> MacKinnon's arguments were key to developing international legal understandings of sexual harassment.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16" />

In the U.S., sexual harassment case law continued soon after with ''[[Bundy v. Jackson]]'' (1981), the first [[United States courts of appeals|federal appeals court]] case to hold that workplace sexual harassment was employment discrimination. Five years later the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] agreed with this holding in ''[[Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson]].''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mullins |first=Luke |date=4 March 2018 |title=#HerToo: 40 Years Ago This Woman Helped Make Sexual Harassment Illegal |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/03/04/hertoo-40-years-ago-this-woman-helped-make-sexual-harassment-illegal-sandra-bundy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135537/https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/03/04/hertoo-40-years-ago-this-woman-helped-make-sexual-harassment-illegal-sandra-bundy/ |archive-date=10 April 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=Washingtonian |language=en-US}}</ref> Another pioneering legal case was ''[[Alexander v. Yale]]'' (1980), which established that the sexual harassment of female students could be considered sex discrimination under [[Title IX]], and was thus illegal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Eric T. |date=2024 |title=Alexander v. Yale: The Transformative Power of Social Forces to Bend Legal Doctrine |url=https://www.nacua.org/docs/default-source/jcul-articles/volume49/butler_titleixyale.pdf?sfvrsn=a16d48be_1 |journal=Journal of College and University Law |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=52}}</ref> The first class-action lawsuit, ''[[Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.]]'', was filed in 1988 (concluding nine years later).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dill |first=Emma |date=26 February 2018 |title=The sexual harassment class-action started at a Minnesota mine that helped set national precedent |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/02/sexual-harassment-class-action-started-minnesota-mine-helped-set-national-precedent/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=MinnPost |language=en-US}}</ref>

Similar precedents were set throughout the 1980s in the UK based on the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975|1975 Sex Discrimination Act]].<ref name=":14" /> Throughout the late 1980s, other countries began to establish laws against sexual harassment, and by 1994, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and Sweden had established laws targeting sexual harassment.<ref name=":17" /> By 2021, 142 countries had laws against sexual harassment in the workplace, with 103 countries prohibiting both ''quid pro quo'' and hostile environment harassment. 39 countries had laws explicitly prohibiting sexual harassment based on sexual orientation and 24 countries explicitly addressed harassment based on gender identity.<ref name=":15" />

=== Beyond sexual advances ===
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Definitions of sexual harassment have changed over time, and common legal definitions now differ in some ways from those used by psychologists and other researchers. All tend to incorporate an element of unwelcome behavior, but researchers often define sexual harassment by the behavior that occurred, while legal definitions focus on whether certain requirements are met.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Louise F. |title=Sexual harassment in work organizations: A view from the 21st century. |date=2018 |work=APA handbook of the psychology of women: Perspectives on women's private and public lives (Vol. 2). |pages=216–218 |editor-last=Travis |editor-first=Cheryl B |url=https://content.apa.org/books/16035-012 |access-date=25 July 2025 |place=Washington |publisher=American Psychological Association |language=en |doi=10.1037/0000060-012 |isbn=978-1-4338-2801-0 |last2=Cortina |first2=Lilia M. |editor2-last=White |editor2-first=Jacquelyn W. |editor3-last=Rutherford |editor3-first=Alexandra |editor4-last=Williams |editor4-first=Wendi S.}}</ref>

Over the 1980s and 1990s, psychologists defined ''gender harassment'' as a key subtype of sexual harassment. Gender harassment is a class of verbal or nonverbal behaviors that insult or provoke based on gender: examples include sexual comments or jokes, sexualized imagery, and comments based on gendered stereotypes.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berdahl |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Magley |first2=Vicki J. |last3=Waldo |first3=Craig R. |date=1996 |title=The Sexual Harassment of Men? |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00320.x |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=20 |pages=531–532 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00320.x |via=Sage Journals|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Notably, all of these examples were provided in Rowe's original 1973 ''Saturn's Rings'' report on sexual harassment and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowe |first=Mary P. |date=December 1973 |title=The Progress of Women in Educational Institutions: The Saturn's Rings Phenomenon |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/155302/Rowe_PA_1973_Saturns-Rings-with-Case-Study.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Report to MIT Academic Council}}</ref> There are many motivations for gender harassment, but two important ones are sexist beliefs and [[gender policing]]. Both factors cause gender harassment to reinforce existing [[gender role]]s, causing legal scholar [[Katherine Franke]] to label gender harassment as "a technology of sexism".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rabelo |first1=Verónica Caridad |last2=Cortina |first2=Lilia M. |date=2014 |title=Two Sides of the Same Coin: Gender Harassment and Heterosexist Harassment in LGBQ Work Lives |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000087 |journal=Law and Human Behavior |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=379–380|doi=10.1037/lhb0000087 |pmid=24933169 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Gender harassment has nothing to do with sexual attraction and is not a type of sexual advance. This can make it confusing that it is a type of sexual harassment, because the word "sexual" seems to imply underlying sexual desire.<ref name=":1" /> Initial legal and social theories of sexual harassment often viewed it as motivated by sexual desire. However, explanations of the underlying cause later changed to a male desire to dominate or a desire for anyone to maintain their sex-based social status.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Berdahl |first=Jennifer L. |date=April 2007 |title=Harassment Based on Sex: Protecting Social Status in the Context of Gender Hierarchy |url=https://www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/facBios/file/BerdahlAMR2007.pdf |journal=Academy of Management Review |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=641–644 |doi=10.5465/amr.2007.24351879 }}</ref> These theories reframe sexual harassment as harassment based on sex or gender, rather than something inherently sexual. Various legal and sociological definitions of sexual harassment include nonsexual, sexist behavior, but the emphasis on the word "sexual" means the definitions often cause confusion and debate.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Saguy |first1=Abigail C. |last2=Rees |first2=Mallory E. |date=31 July 2021 |title=Gender, Power, and Harassment: Sociology in the #MeToo Era |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-031147 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |language=en |volume=47 |issue= |pages=417–435 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-031147 |issn=0360-0572}}</ref> Some laws explicitly cover unwanted sexual and sex-based behavior under their definition of "sexual harassment," while others define sex-based harassment and sexual harassment as two different types of harassment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=Overview and Definition |url=https://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/817-overview-and-definition.html |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=UN Women – Virtual Knowledge Center to End Violence against Women and Girls}}</ref> Some researchers have advocated for the term "sexual harassment" to be replaced with "sex-based harassment" to emphasize the fact that these types of harassment center on gender, not the presence of sexual desire in harassment.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":19" />

In the late 1990s, some legal scholars began to advocate for more explicitly including gender harassment in sexual harassment law, but this was a minority view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leskinen |first1=Emily A. |last2=Cortina |first2=Lilia M. |last3=Kabat |first3=Dana M. |date=2010 |title=Gender Harassment: Broadening Our Understanding of Sex-Based Harassment at Work |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9241-5 |journal=Law and Human Behavior |volume=35 |issue=1|pages=25–39 |doi=10.1007/s10979-010-9241-5 |pmid=20661766 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Existing sexual harassment law frequently does cover some instances of gender harassment, but it is often viewed as less severe than other types of sexual harassment in a legal context. However, psychologists continue to emphasize study of gender harassment because it is by far the most common type of harassment and has major negative consequences both for the individuals faced with it and the groups who are exposed to repeated gender harassment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Sharon K. |last2=Griffin |first2=Mark A. |date=2002 |title=What Is So Bad About a Little Name-Calling? Negative Consequences of Gender Harassment for Overperformance Demands and Distress |url=https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.7.3.195 |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=195–196|doi=10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.195 |pmid=12148952 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Aspects ==
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There is no universal definition of sexual harassment: understandings of it vary across legal, scientific, and cultural settings.<ref name=":12" /> Social scientists define sexual harassment by the type of behavior involved and its effect on victims. By these definitions, sexual harassment includes hostile sexist acts (gender harassment), unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion.<ref name=":7" /> Legal definitions of workplace sexual harassment tend to classify it into ''quid pro quo'' demands for sexual favors in exchange for job impacts, or offensive conduct that creates a hostile environment. Laws differ on whether both are considered illegal sexual harassment and whether sexual harassment includes only sexually-related harassment or also harassment based on gender.<ref name=":15" />

Sexual harassment also has other types of behavior. Examples can be making sexual comments or jokes, touching someone without their consent and sending unwanted messages. Actions like this can make people feel uncomfortable or even disrespected. Because of things like this a lot of workplaces have created policies to prevent sexual harassment and also to help people to report it.<ref name=":23" />

=== Labeling behavior as sexual harassment ===
One of the difficulties in understanding sexual harassment is that it involves a range of [[behavior]]s. In most cases (although not in all cases) it is difficult for the victim to describe what they experienced. This can be related to difficulty classifying the situation or could be related to [[stress (biology)|stress]] and [[humiliation]] experienced by the recipient. Moreover, behavior and motives vary between individual cases.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Louise |first=Fitzgerald |year=1995 |title=Why Didn't She Just Report Him? The Psychological and Legal Implications of Women's Responses to Sexual Harassment |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=51 |pages=117–138 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01312.x}}</ref>

Many instances of sexual harassment are not actually labeled that way by involved parties. For female victims of experiences that match social science definitions of sexual harassment, victims only self-label the experience as sexual harassment 25% of the time. The rate is even lower for male victims. However, whether victims label an incident as sexual harassment or not, they report the same levels of distress and negative impact.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=294–295|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref> This labeling issue was first discovered after other researchers found that victims of rape are similarly unlikely to label their experience as rape.<ref name=":4" />

Many contextual factors affect how likely people are to label an incident as sexual harassment, and the power dynamics between the perpetrator and victim are a key influence on people's perceptions. People's labeling decisions are also correlated with their gender and relationship to gender roles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bursik |first1=Krisanne |last2=Gefter |first2=Julia |date=21 April 2011 |title=Still Stable After All These Years: Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Academic Contexts |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00224541003628081 |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=151 |issue=3 |page=333 |doi=10.1080/00224541003628081 |issn=0022-4545 |pmid=21675185}}</ref> During the 1990s and 2000s, women who self-labeled their experiences as sexual harassment were often derided as too sensitive or aiming to make trouble, in addition to being questioned about misinterpreting the harassment, especially if it could be claimed to be unintentional behavior. One 2001 analysis found that women often self-labeled their experiences of unwanted gendered and sexual behavior as "sexism" or the product of a "sexualized environment" rather than sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazard |first1=Lisa |last2=Capdevila |first2=Rose |last3=Turner |first3=Jim |date=2025 |title=Calling it out? A Q Methodological Study of Sexual Harassment Labelling |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=331 |doi=10.1177/10778012231209011 |issn=1077-8012 |pmc=11610199 |pmid=37880954}}</ref>

=== Types of sexual harassment ===
Scientists commonly classify types of sexual harassment via Fitzgerald's Tripartite Model of Sexual Harassment, which has been validated across gender, ethnicity, nation, and industry. The model divides sexual harassment into gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion.<ref name=":7" />

Gender harassment includes insults based on gender stereotypes, sexual slurs or imagery, and other degrading or hostile communications that aim to "put people down and push them out" due to their sex.<ref name=":7" /> There are two types of gender harassment: sexist hostility, like insulting gendered jokes, insults based on gender stereotypes, or even sabotage; and crude harassment, which includes gendered slurs and sexualized insults.<ref name=":4" /> In contrast, unwanted sexual attention refers to unwelcome sexual advances, like inappropriately talking about sex, pestering someone for sexual or romantic purposes, non-consensual physical touch, and in extreme cases, sexual assault. Sexual coercion includes explicit and implicit attempts to bribe or threaten someone into sexual cooperation.<ref name=":7" />

Gender harassment is by far the most common type of sexual harassment, and coercion is the rarest, but popular awareness of harassment is the opposite, making it harder to identify and understand sexual harassment. Psychology researcher Lilia Cortina developed an iceberg model to describe the many behaviors of sexual harassment, showing how sexual coercion and unwanted sexual attention are the small set of harassment behaviors easily viewable on the surface, but the vast majority of sexual harassment types lie underneath the surface in the category of gender harassment.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>

=== Intersectional forms of sexual harassment ===
When women of color are sexually harassed, it often includes racial harassment, and when non-straight women are harassed, it often is a combination of sexual and heterosexist harassment. Both populations experience much greater harassment than people with only one of their intersecting identities.<ref name=":4" /> Racialized sexual harassment may involve sexual remarks that also bring up race, pet names with racial histories, or even explicitly racialized nicknames. All of these may be built off of existing stereotypes that combine race and gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=301|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>

When men sexually harass men, it tends to take the form of gender harassment for the purpose of punishing their targets for deviating from traditional male [[gender role]]s. The harasser may see their victim as not fulfilling traditional [[masculinity]] values, whether they are gay, young or inexperienced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=292 |doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606}}</ref> Women harassing men is reported less frequently than men harassing women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Paula |last2=Charlesworth |first2=Sara |date=2016 |title=Workplace sexual harassment at the margins |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014564615 |journal=Work, Employment and Society |language=EN |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=118–134 |doi=10.1177/0950017014564615 |issn=0950-0170}}</ref>

=== Motivations for sexual harassment ===
Author Martha Langelan describes four different classes of harassers.<ref>Langelan, Martha. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=laA-lkQq8soC Back Off: How to Confront and Stop Sexual Harassment and Harassers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082011/https://books.google.com/books?id=laA-lkQq8soC&printsec=frontcover |date=5 January 2016 }}''. Fireside, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-671-78856-8}}.</ref>
* A predatory harasser: a person who gets sexual thrills from humiliating others. This harasser may become involved in sexual extortion, and may frequently harass just to see how targets respond. Those who do not resist may even become targets for rape.
* A dominance harasser: the most common type, who engages in harassing behavior as an ego boost.
* Strategic or territorial harassers who seek to maintain privilege in jobs or physical locations, for example a man's harassment of a female employee in a predominantly male occupation.
* A [[Street harassment|street harasser]]: Another type of sexual harassment performed in public places by strangers. Street harassment includes verbal and nonverbal behavior, remarks that are frequently sexual in nature and comment on physical appearance or a person's presence in public.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Street Harassment and the Informal Ghettoization of Women |first=Cynthia Grant |last=Bowman |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=106 |issue=3 |date=Jan 1993 |pages=517–80 |jstor=1341656 |doi=10.2307/1341656 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=facpub |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109090954/http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=facpub |archive-date=9 January 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The perpetrators of sexual harassment are more likely to be male than another gender. In one 2018 survey of U.S. federal workers who were asked to recall the most distressing times they had been sexual harassed, 82% of the harassers were men. Researchers theorize that men are more likely to sexually harass because it is an expression of power that strengthens the harasser's gender-based social status. Because today's societies empower men over people of other genders, sexual harassment is most effective at reinforcing the social privileges of men.<ref name=":20" />

This power-based theory of harassment also explains why sexual harassment often targets and punishes people for deviating from traditional gender roles. People are more likely to sexually harass when they hold hostile, sexist beliefs and believe in the [[gender binary]], thinking that men and women should stay in certain proper roles. However, whether they actually harass others strongly depends on the situation: organizations that tolerate or don't care about harassment, and places that prioritize men by numbers or leadership are very likely to have sexual harassment occur.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287, 292, 295–296|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>

Sexual harassment's usefulness in reinforcing power and gender roles shapes how it occurs. Even when harassment seems to express a harasser's sexual desire, it is often motivated by the desire to punish someone for not conforming to gender roles or to devalue women due to their gender. Harassment is often ambient: not targeted at an individual, but public or pervasive in a setting so that it affects many bystanders. Even targeted harassment can affect and harass other observers when it takes place publicly.<ref name=":4" />

==Situations==
Sexual harassment may occur in a variety of circumstances and in places as varied as factories, schools, colleges, the theater, and the music business.<ref>{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-18-ca-24123-story.html|title=Cover Story: You've Still Got a Long Way to Go, Baby|date=18 April 1993|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061308/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-18/entertainment/ca-24123_1_chief-executive-officer|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sexual harassment 1">{{cite news|last=Becklund Philips|first=Laurie Chuck|title=Sexual Harassment Claims Confront Music Industry: Bias: Three record companies and a law firm have had to cope with allegations of misconduct by executives|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-03-mn-1568-story.html|access-date=22 July 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=3 November 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061222/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-03/news/mn-1568_1_sexual-harassment|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sexual harassment 2">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-05-ca-4917-story.html|title='Anita Hill of Music Industry' Talks : * Pop music: Penny Muck, a secretary whose lawsuit against Geffen Records sparked a debate about sexual harassment in the music business, speaks out in her first extended interview|date=5 March 1992|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220034850/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-05-ca-4917-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sexual harssment 3">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=Geffen Firm Said to Settle Case of Sex Harassment : Litigation: An out-of-court settlement of $500,000 is reportedly reached in one suit, but another may be filed|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-17-ca-801-story.html|access-date=22 July 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=17 November 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061158/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-17/entertainment/ca-801_1_sexual-harassment|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sexual Harassment 4">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=Controversial Record Exec Hired by Def|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-21-ca-4385-story.html|access-date=22 July 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=21 July 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061137/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-21/entertainment/ca-4385_1_sexual-harassment|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="review of Chuck Philips women in music article">{{cite news|last=Laursen|first=Patti|title=Women in Music|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-02-ca-30043-story.html|access-date=10 September 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=3 May 1993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061242/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-02/entertainment/ca-30043_1_recording-industry-classical-labels-cbs-masterworks|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Philips uncovers sexual harassment in the music business">{{cite book |last1=Barnet |last2=Burriss |last3=Fischer |first1=Richard |first2=Larry |first3=Paul |title=Controversies in the music business |date=30 September 2001 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0313310942 |pages=112–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKG5er5AnBkC&q=Chuck+Philips+sexual+harassment&pg=PA113 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175237/https://books.google.com/books?id=PKG5er5AnBkC&q=Chuck+Philips+sexual+harassment&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref> Often, the perpetrator has or is about to have [[Power (social and political)|power]] or authority over the victim (owing to differences in social, political, educational or employment relationships as well as in age). Harassment relationships are specified in many ways:
* The perpetrator can be anyone, such as a client, a partner, a co-worker, a parent or legal guardian, relative, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger.
* Harassment can occur in varying locations, in schools,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00415|title=Reporting of violence against women in University. [Social Impact]. VGU. Gender-based Violence in Spanish Universities (2006–2008).|date=2017|website=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository|publisher=Universitat de Barcelona|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030651/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00415|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> colleges, workplaces, in public, and in other places.
* Harassment can occur whether or not there are witnesses to it.
* The perpetrator may be completely unaware that their behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment. The perpetrator may be completely unaware that their actions could be unlawful.<ref name="eeoc" />
* Incidents of harassment can take place in situations in which the targeted person may not be aware of or understand what is happening.
* An incident may be a one-time occurrence.
* Adverse effects on harassed persons include stress, social withdrawal, sleep disorders, eating difficulties, and other impairments of health.
* The victim and perpetrator can be any gender.
* The incident may arise from misunderstanding by the perpetrator and/or the victim. These misunderstandings can be reasonable or unreasonable.
* The perpetrator may be motivated by many things, including wanting to belittle, embarrass, or intimidate the victim because of their sex, or in wanting to express sexual desire<ref>{{Cite web |title=Questions and Answers for Employees: Harassment at Work |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/questions-and-answers-employees-harassment-work |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |language=en}}</ref>
With the advent of the internet, social interactions, including sexual harassment, increasingly occur online, for example [[sexual harassment in video gaming|in video games]] or in chat rooms.

According to the 2014 PEW research statistics on online harassment, 25% of women and 13% of men between the ages of 18 and 24 have experienced sexual harassment while online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/10/22/online-harassment/|title=Online Harassment|last=Duggan|first=Maeve|date=22 October 2014|website=Pew Research Center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015535/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/10/22/online-harassment/|archive-date=1 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

=== In the workplace in the United States ===
{{Further|Sexual harassment in education|Sexual harassment in the workplace in the United States}}

The United States' [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) defines workplace sexual harassment as harassment based on a victim's sex, including "offensive remarks about a person's sex" or "unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature."<ref name="eeoc" /> Harassment is illegal "when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 1997 |title=Fact Sheet: Sexual Harassment Discrimination |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/fact-sheet-sexual-harassment-discrimination |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |language=en}}</ref> "The challenged conduct must be unwelcome in the sense that the employee did not solicit or incite it, and in the sense that the employee regarded the conduct as undesirable or offensive."<ref name="unwelcome">{{cite web |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/policy-guidance-current-issues-sexual-harassment |title=Policy Guidance on Current Issues of Sexual Harassment |author= |website= |date=19 March 1990 |publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |access-date=6 August 2021 |quote= |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132047/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/policy-guidance-current-issues-sexual-harassment |url-status=live }}</ref> "Particularly when the alleged harasser may have some reason (e.g., prior consensual relationship) to believe that the advances will be welcomed, it is important for the victim to communicate that the conduct is unwelcome."<ref name="unwelcome" />

Surveys vary widely in determining how frequently sexual harassment occurs in workplaces. A well-regarded 2003 meta-survey concluded that about 58% of women have been sexually harassed at work.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |doi=10.17226/24994 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref> Another survey concluded that 13% of male employees have been harassed at work.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} In a 2024 study, 42% of transgender employees reported having been sexually harassed at work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Workplace Experiences of Transgender Employees |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/transgender-workplace-discrim/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=UCLA School of Law Williams Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Women made 78.2% of the workplace sexual harassment complaints filed with the EEOC from 2018 to 2021.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sexual Harassment in Our Nation's Workplaces |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/data/sexual-harassment-our-nations-workplaces#_ftn2 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |language=en}}</ref> Only about 30% of workplace sexual harassment victims tell their supervisor or union representative about the harassment, and only 6-13% ever file a formal complaint. Managers often relabel sexual harassment claims as mere interpersonal disagreements and retaliation is common.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Feldblum |first1=Chai R. |last2=Lipnic |first2=Victoria A. |date=June 2016 |title=Select Task Force on the Study of Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/select-task-force-study-harassment-workplace#_ftn65 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |language=en}}</ref> Thus 43.5% of EEOC sexual harassment complaints included retaliation complaints in 2018–2021.<ref name=":2" /> A survey of harassment case plaintiffs found that 24% had been fired for complaining of harassment, and another 42% had resigned due to the harassment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Raymond F. |title=Unwelcome and Unlawful: Sexual Harassment in the American Workplace |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2018 |location=Ithaca |pages=157}}</ref>

Most workplace sexual harassment is perpetrated by coworkers or peers rather than managers. Workplace culture is one of the strongest determining factors for sexual harassment: sexual harassment is more likely in fields that are seen as traditionally masculine, or companies where men outnumber women, or leadership is dominated by men. Organizational tolerance of harassment, sexism, or alcohol use, and institutions with strong power hierarchies also increase the likelihood of harassment.<ref name=":4" /> Based on data from the EEOC, the industries with the most sexual harassment reports between 2005 and 2015 were restaurant and hospitality, health care, academia, and the military. Sources of harassment vary widely by industry. For nurses, 58% have been harassed by a patient, 26% by a colleague, and 19% by a patient's acquaintances. In the U.S. military, 60% of sexual harassment is caused by a supervisor.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} For restaurant industry employees, around 66% of women and 50% of men have been sexually harassed by management, and around 80% of women and 55% of men had been sexually harassed by customers.<ref>The Restaurant Opportunities Centers United Forward Together. (2024). ''[https://www.scribd.com/document/242133572/The-Glass-Floor-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Restaurant-Industry The Glass Floor: Sexual Harassment in the Restaurant Industry]''. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</ref>

Most sexual harassment at work takes the form of gender harassment. A far smaller number of harassment victims report experiencing sexual coercion at work: this was about 4% of women surveyed across factory settings and academia in 1997. Workplace sexual harassment is frequently repeated, with less than a third of victims describing harassment as a one-time occurrence, and many stating it had lasted for weeks to months.<ref name=":4" /> Whether sexual harassment incidents include physical harassment usually depends on industry: around 50% of sexual harassment complaints by blue-collar workers included a physical component, compared to 32% of complaints by managers. A study of harassment legal cases in 1986-1995 found that more than half of their instances of workplace harassment happened entirely outside of the normal workplace, with a third including letters, phone calls, or visits to the victim's house.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Raymond F. |title=Unwelcome and Unlawful: Sexual Harassment in the American Workplace |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2018 |location=Ithaca |pages=28, 78}}</ref>

{{See also|Anita Hill|Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination}}
[[File:"I Believe Anita Hill" Button.jpg|thumb|upright=.90|An "I Believe Anita Hill" pin in support of [[Anita Hill]]'s 1991 testimony to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], where she accused [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] nominee [[Clarence Thomas]] of sexual harassment]]
In 1991, [[Anita Hill]] witnessed and testified to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] against [[Supreme Court of the United States]] nominee [[Clarence Thomas]], citing sexual harassment.<ref name="techrep">Bowers, Toni; Hook, Brian. [http://www.techrepublic.com/article/hostile-work-environment-a-managers-legal-liability/5035282 Hostile work environment: A manager's legal liability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710203301/http://www.techrepublic.com/article/hostile-work-environment-a-managers-legal-liability/5035282/ |date=10 July 2016 }}, Tech Republic. 22 October 2002. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> Hill said on 11 October 1991, in televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|EEOC]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anita Hill's Testimony and Other Key Moments From the Clarence Thomas Hearings |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/us/politics/anita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211229221215/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/us/politics/anita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html |url-status=bot: unknown |last1=Jacobs |first1=Julia }}</ref> According to Hill, Thomas asked her out socially many times during her two years of employment as his assistant,<ref name="Suro">{{Cite news |last=Suro |first=Roberto |date=8 October 1991 |title=The Thomas Nomination – A Law Professor Defends Integrity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/08/us/the-thomas-nomination-a-law-professor-defends-integrity.html |access-date=15 July 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022630/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/08/us/the-thomas-nomination-a-law-professor-defends-integrity.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and after she declined his requests, he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects and push advances.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh102-1084pt4/41-124.pdf |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107034024/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh102-1084pt4/41-124.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2011|title=Testimony of Anita Hill }}</ref><ref name="Suro"/> Since Hill testified in 1991, the term ''sexual harassment'' became known outside academic and legal circles, and the number of cases reported in the United States and Canada increased markedly, climbing steadily since.<ref name="techrep" /> Sexual harassment is discussed a lot in modern society. People are becoming more and more concerned about the laws of sexual harassment therein. Many school groups are focusing on this matter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pilgaard |first1=Frida |last2=Agardh |first2=Anette |last3=Östergren |first3=Per-Olof |last4=Priebe |first4=Gisela |date=20 December 2022 |title=Association between Experiences of Different Types of Harassment or Derogatory Treatment and Sexual Harassment among Employees at a Large Swedish University |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20010011 |pmid=36612332 |pmc=9819109 |issn=1660-4601 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{See also|Paula Jones|Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations}}

In 1994, [[Paula Jones]], a civil servant and former Arkansas state employee, sued President [[Bill Clinton]] for sexual harassment. In the initial lawsuit, Jones cited Clinton for sexual harassment at a hotel in 1991. Following a series of civil suits and appeals the case was settled in 1998. President Clinton reached an out-of-court settlement with Jones, agreeing to pay her $850,000 but acknowledging no wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Washingtonpost.com: Jones v. Clinton Special Report |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/pjones/timeline.htm |access-date=15 July 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912124457/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/pjones/timeline.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sexual bribery====
A sexual bribe is the solicitation of sex, any sexual activity or other sex-linked behavior for a promise of elevation in work status or pay. It is in an employment setting in which a sexual relationship with an employer or superior is made an explicit or implied condition for obtaining or retaining employment or its benefits. A sexual bribe may be either overt or subtle but falls under the type of [[quid pro quo]] sexual harassment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bjarnegård |first1=Elin |last2=Calvo |first2=Dolores |last3=Eldén |first3=Åsa |last4=Jonsson |first4=Sofia |last5=Lundgren |first5=Silje |title=Sex instead of money: Conceptualizing sexual corruption |journal=Governance |date=October 2024 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=1349–1367 |doi=10.1111/gove.12844}}</ref>

==== Girl watching ====

Girl watching is considered a game amongst men in which they sexually evaluate women. This game is a form of sexual harassment, one that is very common in the workplace.<ref name="Quinn-2002b">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Beth A. |date=2002 |title=Sexual Harassment and Masculinity: The Power and Meaning of "Girl Watching" |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243202016003007 |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=386–402 |doi=10.1177/0891243202016003007 |s2cid=145230013 |issn=0891-2432 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407061826/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243202016003007 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This game, just like other forms of sexual harassment are not the actions of an individual outside of the norm, but rather of those within it.<ref name="Messner-2016"/> An analysis of sexual harassment surveys, conducted by Ilies, revealed that when the question regarding sexual harassment was phrased 'if women had ever experienced sexual harassment' then the frequency of women's responses was 24%, whereas if women were asked 'if they had experienced sexually harassing behaviors' then the frequency was 58%.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Remus |last=Ilies |title=Reported incidence rates of work-related sexual harassment in the United States : using meta-analysis to explain reported rate disparities. |date=1 September 2003 |publisher=Personnel Psychology, Inc |oclc=926296251 }}</ref>

Beth Quinn (2002), the author of "Sexual Harassment and Masculinity: The Power and Meaning of 'Girl Watching{{' "}} originally was not researching girl watching when she stumbled upon the game, however, Quinn (2002) stated that her work was more exploratory than confirmatory, explaining why she continued exploring the idea of Girl Watching.<ref name="Quinn-2002b" /> At first, Quinn was researching the difference between what women and men see as sexual harassment. It was through the [[interview]]s (43) that she conducted that she noticed an occurrence of the game upon her interviews with men. As well as interviews Quinn (2002) [[Observation|observed]] the participants of her interviews and gathered more information regarding the game through said observations. She learned that men, usually when in a group, will watch the women around them and make comments towards them.<ref name="Quinn-2002b" />

Quinn (2002) found that men saw no problems with this and simply thought of it as a game that caused no harm to the women. According to Quinn, men are able to excuse sexual harassment, becomes it is not seen as such to them; men see it as a 'game' or 'playing'.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Kristin |last=Bumiller |title=In an Abusive State : How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement against Sexual Violence. |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8907-1 |oclc=1058328198 }}</ref><ref name="Armstrong-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Gleckman-Krut |first2=Miriam |last3=Johnson |first3=Lanora |date=30 July 2018 |title=Silence, Power, and Inequality: An Intersectional Approach to Sexual Violence |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=99–122 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041410 |s2cid=150083345 |issn=0360-0572|doi-access=free }}</ref> Men, as well, use humor to sexually harass women. Through humor, men can make crude remarks, and if caught can claim that it was only a joke and that women need to loosen up. This results in the continuation of sexual harassment against women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deegan |first=Mary Jo |date=2014 |title=Goffman on Gender, Sexism, and Feminism: A Summary of Notes on a Conversation with Erving Goffman and My Reflections Then and Now |journal=Symbolic Interaction |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=71–86|doi=10.1002/symb.85 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Through instances like these, men sexually harassing women or their advances are encouraged, in turn forcing women to reject men politely, only resulting in more sexual advances from men.<ref name="Goffman-1977">{{Cite journal |last=Goffman |first=Erving |date=1977 |title=The arrangement between the sexes |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00206983 |journal=Theory and Society |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/BF00206983 |s2cid=11045745 |issn=0304-2421 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022028/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00206983 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Armstrong-2018"/> Through Quinn (2002) asking men to imagine themselves as women, they unintentionally revealed the harm it causes women. The men began to claim they would make sure to dress appropriately and in ways to not draw the attention of other men so that they would not be targeted. It was this information that revealed the harm Girl Watching caused to women.<ref name="Quinn-2002a">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Beth A. |date=2002 |title=Sexual Harassment and Masculinity: The Power and Meaning of "Girl Watching" |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243202016003007 |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=386–402 |doi=10.1177/0891243202016003007 |s2cid=145230013 |issn=0891-2432 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022030/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243202016003007 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Quinn continued to learn more about men's feelings towards the game and its effect on women through her interviews. Quinn learned that it was fun for men until they got caught. If a woman looked towards the group that was watching her during their remarks or said something to them, it would make things awkward and no longer the fun game they were playing. This is because men were looking at women as objects and as soon as the women made notice of them or they got caught, they would become a subject objecting, ruining their game because she was no longer an object for their enjoyment.<ref name="Quinn-2002a" /> Women are seen as objects, with no feelings or thoughts, not as subjects.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schwalbe |first=Michael L. |title=Social structure and the moral self |date=29 March 1991 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511527722.015 |work=The Self-Society Dynamic |pages=281–304 |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511527722.015 |isbn=9780521384339 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022033/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/selfsociety-dynamic/social-structure-and-the-moral-self/3C854CD7905583DB3D0CC35484725576 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

This sexual harassment not only occurs because of men's attraction to women, but rather more as a power move. Similar to most cases of sexual harassment, men tend to harass as a way of staying in power.<ref name="Cassino-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Cassino |first1=Dan |last2=Besen-Cassino |first2=Yasemin |date=2019 |title=Race, threat and workplace sexual harassment: The dynamics of harassment in the United States, 1997–2016 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwao.12394 |journal=Gender, Work & Organization |language=en |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1221–1240 |doi=10.1111/gwao.12394 |s2cid=197738092 |issn=0968-6673|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When men feel threatened, they will resort to sexual harassment as a way of maintaining their power. Men also harass as a way of maintaining their masculinity, especially when they feel it is threatened.<ref name="Goffman-1977"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=West |first1=Candace |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Don H. |date=1987 |title=Doing Gender |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243287001002002 |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=125–151 |doi=10.1177/0891243287001002002 |s2cid=220519301 |issn=0891-2432 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329160146/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243287001002002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> When some men feel that their masculinity or their gender are threatened, they may resort to sexual harassment as a means of reinforcing their dominance and assuring themselves of their identity. Along with this, when men felt threatened, the likelihood of their participation in sexual harassing behaviors increased.<ref name="Cassino-2019" /> There is an unequal power balance between men and women, and this is a result of sexual harassment. This power balance being unequal is partly rooted in the sexual harassment of women by men with a view to the perpetuation of the latter's power.<ref name="Messner-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Messner |first=Michael A. |date=2016 |title=Bad Men, Good Men, Bystanders: Who Is the Rapist? |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1177/0891243215608781 |s2cid=147250801 |issn=0891-2432|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== In the military ===
{{Main|Sexual harassment in the military}}

Studies of sexual harassment have found that it is markedly more common in the [[military]] than in [[civilian]] settings.<ref name="British Army-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/446224/ADR005000-Sexual_Harassment_Report.pdf|title=Sexual harassment report 2015|last=British Army|year=2015|website=gov.uk|publisher=Ministry of Defence|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309034706/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/446224/ADR005000-Sexual_Harassment_Report.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2020}}<ref name="Anderson-2013">{{Cite book|title=Military psychologists' desk reference|last1=Anderson|first1=E H|last2=Suris|first2=A|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199928262|editor-last=Moore|editor-first=Brett A|location=Oxford|pages=264–269|chapter=Military sexual trauma|oclc=828143812|editor-last2=Barnett|editor-first2=Jeffrey E. }}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 20,500 people in the US armed forces (about 13,000 women and 7,500 men) were assaulted, up from 14,900 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sapr.mil/sites/default/files/DoD_Annual_Report_on_Sexual_Assault_in_the_Military.pdf|title=Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military Fiscal Year 2018|publisher=Department of Defense Sexual Assault Prevention and Response|year=2019|pages=3|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130180512/https://www.sapr.mil/sites/default/files/DoD_Annual_Report_on_Sexual_Assault_in_the_Military.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> A Canadian study found that key risk factors associated with military settings are the typically young age of personnel, the 'isolated and integrated' nature of accommodation, the minority status of women, and the disproportionate number of men in senior positions.<ref name="Watkins-2018b">{{Cite web|url=https://cimvhr.ca/conference/mh-symposium/documents/presentations/5-Watkins.pdf|title=Sexual Assault in the Canadian Armed Forces: Prevalence, Circumstances, Correlates, and Mental Health Associations|last1=Watkins|first1=Kimberley|last2=Bennett|first2=Rachel|access-date=8 March 2018|last3=Richer|first3=Isabelle|last4=Zamorski|first4=Mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232031/https://cimvhr.ca/conference/mh-symposium/documents/presentations/5-Watkins.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Masculinity|traditionally masculine]] values and behaviors that are rewarded and reinforced in military settings, as well as their emphasis on [[conformity]] and obedience, are also thought to play a role.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gallagher|first1=Kathryn E.|last2=Parrott|first2=Dominic J.|date=May 2011|title=What accounts for men's hostile attitudes toward women? The influence of hegemonic male role norms and masculine gender role stress|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=17|issue=5|pages=568–583|doi=10.1177/1077801211407296 |pmc = 3143459 |pmid = 21531691 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parrott|first1=Dominic J.|last2=Zeichner|first2=Amos|title=Effects of hypermasculinity oh physical aggression against women.|journal=Psychology of Men & Masculinity|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=70–78|doi=10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.70|year=2003|s2cid=145121461}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rosen |display-authors=etal|first=Leora N|date=September 2003|title=The Effects of Peer Group Climate on Intimate Partner Violence among Married Male U.S. Army Soldiers|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=9|issue=9|pages=1045–1071|doi=10.1177/1077801203255504|s2cid=145571984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baugher|first1=Amy R.|last2=Gazmararian|first2=Julie A.|title=Masculine gender role stress and violence: A literature review and future directions|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=24|pages=107–112|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.002|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Deschamps-2015" /> Canadian research has also found that the risk increases during deployment on [[military operation]]s.<ref name="Watkins-2018a">{{cite web|url=https://cimvhr.ca/conference/mh-symposium/documents/presentations/5-Watkins.pdf|title=Sexual Assault in the Canadian Armed Forces: Prevalence, Circumstances, Correlates, and Mental Health Associations|last1=Watkins|first1=Kimberley|last2=Bennett|first2=Rachel|access-date=8 March 2018|last3=Richer|first3=Isabelle|last4=Zamorski|first4=Mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232031/https://cimvhr.ca/conference/mh-symposium/documents/presentations/5-Watkins.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

While some male military personnel are sexually harassed, women are substantially more likely to be affected.<ref name="British Army-2015" /><ref name="Watkins-2018a" /><ref name="Leila-2014">{{cite book |title=La guerre invisible: révélations sur les violences sexuelles dans l'armée française |last1=Leila|first1=Miñano|last2=Pascual|first2=Julia|publisher=Les Arènes |year=2014|isbn=978-2352043027|location=Paris |language=fr|oclc = 871236655 }}</ref><ref name="US DOD-2017">{{cite web|url=http://sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY16_Annual/FY16_SAPRO_Annual_Report.pdf|title=Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military: Fiscal Year 2016|last=US, Department of Defense|year=2017|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508115225/https://sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY16_Annual/FY16_SAPRO_Annual_Report.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Women who are younger and joined the military at a younger age face a greater risk, according to American, British and French research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/23/11/19/cessation-of-military-recruiting-in-public-elementary-and-secondary-schools|title=Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools|last=American Public Health Association|date=30 October 2013|website=www.apha.org|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213204348/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/23/11/19/cessation-of-military-recruiting-in-public-elementary-and-secondary-schools|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rutherford-2006">{{cite web |url = http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/538E55EE-9CA4-4177-9A0B-6853A431B283/0/20060522SRReport.pdf |title=Quantitative & qualitative research into sexual harassment in the armed forces |last1=Rutherford|first1=Sarah|last2=Schneider|first2=Robin |last3=Walmsley|first3=Alexis |year=2006|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121018171845/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/538E55EE-9CA4-4177-9A0B-6853A431B283/0/20060522SRReport.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status = dead|access-date=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Lichfield-2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-battles-sexual-abuse-in-the-military-9271383.html|title=France battles sexual abuse in the military|last=Lichfield|first=John|date=20 April 2014|work=Independent|access-date=8 March 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308234637/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-battles-sexual-abuse-in-the-military-9271383.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Child recruits (under the age of 18) and children in cadet forces also face an elevated risk. In the UK, for example, hundreds of complaints of the sexual abuse of cadets have been recorded since 2012.<ref name="Razzall-2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40457123|title=Sex abuse against cadets 'covered up'|last1=Razzall|first1=Katie|date=4 July 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=9 March 2018|last2=MacSorley|first2=Jane|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511151936/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40457123|archive-date=11 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quinn-2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/dec/28/ministry-of-defence-pays-out-2m-settle-cadets-sexual-abuse-claims|title=Ministry of Defence pays out £2m to settle cadets' sexual abuse claims|last=Quinn|first=Ben|date=28 December 2014|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125442/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/dec/28/ministry-of-defence-pays-out-2m-settle-cadets-sexual-abuse-claims|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rawlinson-2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/04/mod-admits-over-350-sexual-abuse-complaints-have-been-made-by-cadets|title=MoD admits over 350 sexual abuse complaints have been made by cadets|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=4 July 2017|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010633/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/04/mod-admits-over-350-sexual-abuse-complaints-have-been-made-by-cadets|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In Canada, one in ten complaints of sexual assault in military settings are from child cadets or their parents.<ref name="Razzall-2017" /><ref name="Quinn-2014" /><ref name="Rawlinson-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ling|first=Justin|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/canadian-military-cadet-program-has-a-sexual-assault-problem-documents-show-674/|title=Documents Show the Canadian Army Cadets Program Is Plagued With Sexual Abuse Allegations|date=26 November 2014|work=Vice|access-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live|language=en-ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141145/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/xdm7kn/canadian-military-cadet-program-has-a-sexual-assault-problem-documents-show-674|archive-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mercier-2014">{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/our-militarys-disgrace/|title=Our military's disgrace|last1=Mercier|first1=Noémi|date=16 May 2014|work=Maclean's|access-date=10 March 2018|last2=Castonguay|first2=Alec|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516222347/http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/our-militarys-disgrace/|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Individuals detained by the military are also vulnerable to sexual harassment. During the [[Iraq War]], for example, personnel of the [[United States Army|US army]] and [[Central Intelligence Agency|US Central Intelligence Agency]] committed a number of [[human rights violations]] against detainees in the [[Abu Ghraib prison]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html|title=Chapter 5: Nov. 4–5, 2003 "Other government agencies"|last1=Scherer|first1=Michael|last2=Benjamin|first2=Mark|date=14 March 2006|editor-last=Walsh|editor-first=Joan|work=Salon.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212035108/http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html|archive-date=12 February 2008|access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> including [[rape]], [[sodomy]], and other forms of sexual abuse.<ref name="New Yorker 2004-05-17">{{cite news|last=Hersh|first=Seymour M.|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/17/040517fa_fact2?currentPage=all|title=Chain of Command|date=10 May 2004|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=13 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101055751/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/17/040517fa_fact2?currentPage=all|archive-date=1 January 2012|quote=NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers "severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and 'acting inappropriately with a dead body.' The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys."}}</ref><ref name="Benjamin2009">{{cite news|last=Benjamin|first=Mark|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/30/taguba/|title=Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama|date=30 May 2008|work=Salon.com|access-date=6 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611145722/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/30/taguba/|archive-date=11 June 2009|quote=The paper quoted Taguba as saying, "These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency." [...] The actual quote in the Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said – but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq}}</ref><ref name="hersh2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/25/070625fa_fact_hersh?printable=true|title=The general's report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties.|last=Hersh|first=Seymour Myron|date=25 June 2007 |magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070912104000/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/25/070625fa_fact_hersh?printable=true |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status = live |quote=Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee"|author-link=Seymour Hersh}}</ref>

Although the risk of sexual misconduct in the armed forces is widely acknowledged, personnel are frequently reluctant to report incidents, typically out of fear of reprisals, according to research in Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the US.<ref name="British Army-2015" /><ref name="Deschamps-2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/caf-community-support-services-harassment/era-final-report-(april-20-2015)-eng.pdf|title=External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces|last=Deschamps|first=Marie|date=2015|website=forces.gc.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232139/http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/caf-community-support-services-harassment/era-final-report-(april-20-2015)-eng.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Leila-2014" /><ref name="Rutherford-2006" /><ref name="Lichfield-2014" /><ref name="Cornall-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceabusetaskforce.gov.au/Reports/Documents/Dart-final-report-2016.pdf|title=Defence Abuse Response Taskforce: Final report|last=Defence Abuse Response Taskforce|date=March 2016|publisher=Australian Government|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313191521/https://www.defenceabusetaskforce.gov.au/Reports/Documents/Dart-final-report-2016.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moon Cronk|first=Terri|url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1168765/dod-releases-latest-military-sexual-assault-report/|title=DoD Releases Latest Military Sexual Assault Report|date=1 May 2017|work=DOD News|access-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|publisher=US Department of Defence|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309182920/https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1168765/dod-releases-latest-military-sexual-assault-report/|archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

Women affected by sexual harassment are more likely than other women to suffer [[Stress (biology)|stress]]-related [[Mental disorder|mental illness]] afterwards.<ref name="Watkins-2018b" /> Research in the US found that when [[sexual abuse]] of female military personnel is [[Psychological trauma|psychiatrically traumatic]], the odds of suffering from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) after deployment on operations increase by a factor of nine.<ref name="Anderson-2013" />

== Measurement ==
{{Copy edit|date=March 2026|section}}

=== Research design ===

==== Sampling techniques ====
Sampling techniques are important to all types of research. The sampling matters because it affects the generalizability of the results and how they can used to better understand sexual harassment.{{Editorializing|date=May 2023}} Two methods of sampling include probability sampling and non-probability sampling which both provide different strengths and weaknesses to the study.<ref name="Gillespie-1987">{{Cite journal |last1=Gillespie |first1=Dair L. |last2=Leffler |first2=Ann |date=December 1987 |title=The Politics of Research Methodology in Claims-Making Activities: Social Science and Sexual Harassment |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800543 |journal=Social Problems |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=490–501 |doi=10.2307/800543 |jstor=800543 |issn=0037-7791 |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022034/https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article-abstract/34/5/490/1666015?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Probability sampling involves taking a sample from a subset of the population using random selection. The random selection used in probability sampling is key to making the results generalizable to the population that is being studied, which makes it more used than other nonrandom methods.<ref name="Gillespie-1987" /> Although the use of probability sampling has its perks, the data may not be representative or generalizable because the research is limited to certain contexts/environments. Sampling just people in a particular environment makes the results only applicable to that environment. For example, the results from a study of sexual harassment done in an office space in China cannot apply to the occurrence of sexual harassment at an American university.<ref name="Gillespie-1987" /> Similarly, if the sample being used is too small it cannot apply and be generalized to the larger population.

Despite its potential for bias, non-probability sampling may be used in cases where the research lacks funding or the number of participants available to sample from is small.<ref name="Gillespie-1987" /> The selection of participants in non-probability sampling is nonrandom and is often the most convenient. Many of the early studies of sexual harassment such the survey by Working Women's Institute (1975) and the Redbook Survey; have relied on connivence/non-probability sampling to conduct their research.<ref name="Gillespie-1987" /> The sampling was often done at conventions, meetings, or sent out in letters or magazines.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===== Importance of wording =====
In every study used to measure sexual harassment, the wording of questions, introductions, definitions and other parts of the survey or interview can impact the responses. Language can be used in many ways to get certain responses from the participants.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Work done by Psychologist Mary Koss describes a problem in wording used to ask participants about sexual violence and how this can impact the results and assumption of prevalence.<ref name="Armstrong-2018"/> Koss explained the problem with other estimation methods was that the prevalence of sexual violence was skewed because the beliefs of the people being asked were that nonconsensual heterosexual sex was normative.<ref name="Armstrong-2018" /> Many sociologists believe that heterosexual relationships often involve nonconsensual sex that has been normalized because of the roles men and women fill in society. Men are dominant and aggressive, and women submit to their advances. This normality around nonconsensual heterosexual sex causes the spread of rape myths and the misrepresentation of rape prevalence in society.<ref name="Armstrong-2018" /> To combat this bias, Koss created a new instrument used neutral wording in her questions to dig deeper into their experiences with nonconsensual sex.<ref name="Armstrong-2018" /> She focused on women college students and found the prevalence of rape was much higher than was being reported. Koss' work displayed the importance of wording in surveys and her work received a lot of attention both good and bad.<ref name="Armstrong-2018" />

=== History ===
Past measurement methods relied on simple checklists of what was considered sexual harassment, but these lacked reliability and validity which made results invalid and non-generalizable.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995">{{Cite journal |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Louise F. |last2=Gelfand |first2=Michele J. |last3=Drasgow |first3=Fritz |date=December 1995 |title=Measuring Sexual Harassment: Theoretical and Psychometric Advances |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2 |journal=Basic and Applied Social Psychology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=425–445 |doi=10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2 |issn=0197-3533 |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022531/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> These past methods left many unanswered questions on how to measure sexual harassment in the best way.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The first attempt at creating a way to classify and measure sexual harassment was created in 1980. Before there was a legal framework to follow, Till (1980) created a system based on a sample of college women, that classified different sexual harassment behaviors into five categories: Gender harassment, seductive behavior, sexual bribery, sexual coercion, sexual imposition, or assault.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" />

Later in 1992, Gruber created another classification system that included 11 specific types of harassment organized into three categories in decreasing order of severity. The three categories were verbal requests, verbal remarks, nonverbal displays.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" />

==== Early surveys ====
These early surveys lacked scientific methods of sampling, but they clearly demonstrated the prevalence of sexual harassment and were cited to prove the importance of sexual harassment as a social issue.<ref name="Baker-2007">{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Carrie N. |title=The Women's Movement against Sexual Harassment |date=3 December 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87935-4}}</ref>

===== Working Women's United (WWU) =====
Working Women's United (WWU) created one of the first studies to measure sexual harassment. The survey was given out during a speak out event designed to ask women about their experiences with sexual harassment. 155 women responded to the survey and 7 out 10 experienced sexual harassment. The respondents' occupations ranged from teacher to factory worker. This helped them conclude that sexual harassment was happening in all workplaces. Although this survey was not scientific, it was the first of its kind and inspired may other organizations and researchers to conduct studies of their own.<ref name="Baker-2007" />

===== Working Office Workers (WOW) =====
Women Office Workers (WOW) created a survey in 1975 that surveyed 15,000 women about their experiences and feelings about their workplace including the prevalence of sexual harassment. 1/3 of the respondents reported that they had experienced "direct sexual harassment".<ref name="Baker-2007" />

===== Redbook Survey =====
In 1975, the Redbook Survey was created and was used to survey women on a naval base on their experiences with sexual harassment. A survey was included in an issue of the Redbook magazine gathered data from 9,000 respondents. 81% of respondents reported they had experienced sexual harassment. This survey was then used again in other environments to test the prevalence of sexual harassment, proving its high external validity.<ref name="Baker-2007" />

===== US Merit System Protection Board (USMSPB) =====
From 1981 to 1987, The US Merit System Protection Board (USMSPB) created another classification system and data collection method.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> The Office of Merit Systems Review and Studies (MSPBs) created this scientific survey to measure sexual harassment in the federal workplace in response to the many questions people were posing around workplace sexual harassment. The survey was created after reviewing past research, cases of sexual harassment, and by working with community members, academic researchers and federal officials.<ref name="Alexanderstreet-2023">{{Cite web |title=Document 36: U.S. Office of Merit Systems Review and Studies, Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Is I... {{!}} Alexander Street Documents |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000670042 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=documents.alexanderstreet.com |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203154709/https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000670042 |url-status=live }}</ref> After revisions and testing, the final survey was created. They tested the survey on a stratified random sample from employees in the executive branch from a different sexes, minorities, salaries, and organizations.<ref name="Alexanderstreet-2023" /> The survey was conducted from May 1978 – May 1980. In this model, seven harassing behaviors were classified into three levels of severity: less severe, moderately severe, and most severe.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> Examples of these levels were: less severe: unwelcome sexual remarks, suggestive looks and gestures, and deliberate touching, moderately severe: pressure for dates, pressure for sexual favors, and unwelcome letters and telephone calls, and most severe: actual or attempted rape or sexual assault.<ref name="Alexanderstreet-2023" /> This data collection method requires participants to indicate if they had experienced the behavior described. They found that 42% of women and 15% of men had experienced and reported sexual harassment in the workplace.<ref name="Alexanderstreet-2023" /> They also received more details information on who was more likely to report/experience sexual harassment and what types of harassment were taking place. They also observed the consequences of harassment which was mostly reported as victims leaving their jobs. Overall, concluded that harassment in widespread, has negative consequences, and impacts a variety of victims. This method has been critiqued because it ignores the need for reliability and validity of its measures.<ref name="Alexanderstreet-2023" />

===== Uniform Crime Report (UCR) =====
The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) served as the basis for reaching statistics on the prevalence of rape against women in the 1980s.<ref name="Fisher-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Bonnie |date=2004 |title=Violence Against Women and Family Violence: Developments in Research, Practice, and Policy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e532602006-001 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset |doi=10.1037/e532602006-001 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022546/https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/PE |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although this survey were useful, it was often criticized for underestimating the true prevalence of rape. Critics argued that one of the main issues with the UCR was that it relied on reported crimes for its reports of prevalence, but many rapes are not reported or are mishandled which skews the data.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

===== Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) =====
Developed by Fitzgerald et al. in 1988, the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ), was the first attempt to study the prevalence of sexual harassment in a scientific manner.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> The SEQ used self-reporting and required participants to respond with the answer that they felt best described their experience. They picked from three options on a scale measure: never, once, and more than once.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> The scenarios were only listed in behavior terms, and they did not use the word sexual harassment until the end to avoid confounding variables of self-labeling. The survey resulted in frequencies and percentages used in statistical analyses. The test was retested multiple times and produced reliable and valid results. The SEQ is very widely used in a variety of environments and cultures. The SEQ is often cited as the best instrument of measurement available. Example questions included: Have you ever been in a situation where a supervisor or coworker habitually told suggestive stories or offensive jokes?.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> Despite the high praise for the SEQ, there are also several critiques on its design. For example, the wording of the questions causes skewed answers, and the scoring method can only produce frequency distributions.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" />

===== SEQ-W (1995) =====
Fitzgerald et al. (1995), created and tested the SEQ-W, an updated version of the SEQ considering the critiques. Their framework consists of three dimensions: sexual coercion, unwanted sexual attention, and gender harassment.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" /> They defined gender harassment as behaviors, both verbal and nonverbal that project/express violent and insulting feelings about women. Examples of this include gestures, taunts, hazing, threats, sexual slurs, etc. Gender harassment is the most widespread form of harassment but its typically ignored because it is not seen as big of an issue as other forms of sexual harassment. Sexual coercion includes the exchange of sexual acts/favors for job related benefits (quid pro quo). This model was tested on different samples of women from a variety of occupations, education levels, and cultures. After testing, the model was found to be structurally valid across different settings and cultures. The model was reported as reliable, efficient, valid, and practical.<ref name="Fitzgerald-1995" />

===== Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) =====
In an attempt to go beyond the past methods and create a more accurate representation of the occurrence of rape and other sexual victimizations, Koss and colleagues developed a new measurement tool called the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES).<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> The SES included a legal definition of rape, accounted for other experiences of sexual harassment/assault and used graphic language and "behaviorally specific" questions to cue the victims recall.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

The SES and its first testing caused a large increase in the research done on rape. Despite its strengths, the SES was critiqued for using broad and "poorly phrased" definitions and question.<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> They argued that the language used caused women report that they had experienced a form of sexual harassment but not been raped. These critics concluded that the SES overestimates rape.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

In 1992, the SES went through a redesign and a new name. The now called National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) built on the critiques from the past survey and built a brand-new methodological tool.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

===== Nationwide Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) =====
The Nationwide Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) annually conducts research and reports information about different types of criminal victimization such as robbery, theft, household burglary and sexual victimization.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018">{{Citation |title=Sexual Assault and Affirmative Consent |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108671255.007 |work=Campus Sexual Assault |year=2018 |pages=141–162 |access-date=26 April 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108671255.007 |isbn=9781108671255 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022556/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/campus-sexual-assault/sexual-assault-and-affirmative-consent/4EA739424F1D3E7755868FD4F75AA26A |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The NCVS has been conducted since 1973 and uses the same methods as when it was created which makes it the only source to compare the prevalence of sexual harassment across time.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" />

To investigate this claim of underestimation of rape, the National Research Council held a panel to review and identify the errors within the NCVS.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" /> The conclusion from this panel was that the NCVS had several methodological problems that caused this underestimation of rape and sexual assault.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" />

One of the main issues with NCVS was that using language that is focused on crime and victimization which caused respondents to answer different ways. Whether respondents did not want to label their experiences as rape or if they feared that their perpetrator was going to be punished the use of language was leading to inaccurate results.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" /> Additionally, the NCVS fails to protect the privacy of its participants. The interviewer has to ask one of the questions to everyone 12 and older in a certain house. This causes everyone asked in that area aware of the others' participation and what questions everyone is being asked.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" /> This risk of lack of privacy could lead respondents to not answer honestly, or answer in a socially desirable way. Finally, the NCVS has limited definitions of rape that lead to confusion and ambiguity.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" />

=== College sexual harassment surveys ===
{{See also|Campus sexual assault}}

==== National College Women Sexual Victimization Survey (NCVS) vs National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAW) ====
Two of the widely used surveys, the NCVS and the NVAW can be compared to examine the strengths and weakness of each and how this impacts their results.The sample used for the National College Women Sexual Victimization Survey was made of 233 higher education institutions (194 four-year institutions and 39 two-year institutions) in the United States with 1,000 students or more.<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> The sampling method used was a stratified sampling method to pick institutions and then a random sample was taken of students. The sample size who took the survey was 4,446 students. The National Violence Against Women Survey used the same sampling method but had slightly different sample numbers. The title of the surveys and the survey description were different.<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> The NCVS named their survey "The Extent and Nature of Sexual Victimization of College Women" and the NVAW named it "Victimization Among College Women".<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

The methods used were also similar, such as that both the surveys were given by professionally trained women interviewers. The interviews were completed using a computer assisted telephone interviewing system (CATI).<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> The average interview time was longer for the NCVS than the NVAW (25.9 minutes vs 12.7 minutes).<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> They both had similar response rates, but the NVAW had a higher response rate of 91.6% compared the NCVS rate of 85.6%.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

The surveys gave the same introduction to the interview with the same wording:

"As you may recall, the purpose of the study is to better understand the extent and nature of criminal victimization among college women. Regardless of whether or not you have ever personally been victimized, your answers will help us to understand and deal with the problem of victimizations at your campus and nationally.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />"

The two surveys used different definitions of completed rape, attempted rape, and threat of rape. The NCVS used a broader definition of completed rape that included other instances other than just penile vaginal penetration, whereas the NVAW used a more objective and narrow definition.<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> Attempted rape and threat of rape was defined by the NVAW more broadly and included the element of psychological coercion as an element of force.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

The two surveys first had the women answer the survey questions to determine if they had experienced an incident of victimization, then if they had they would fill out an incident report to determine the nature of victimization.<ref name="Fisher-2004" />

The estimates of rape were statistically lower for the NVAW study than the estimates from the NSCVS.<ref name="Fisher-2004" /> The difference in estimation is due to the use of wide definition and behaviorally specific questions used in the NSCVS.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The differences in these methods displays the important implications of measurement methods such as the importance of the wording of questions and language used in introductions or interviews because this can influence responses.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==== National College Women Sexual Victimization Survey (NCWSV) ====
Through an experiment, Bonnie Fisher, and colleagues (1996) created the NCWSV to compare the wording of questions to see how the results from the NCVS would compare to the NCWSV. The NCWSV questions included behavioral specific questions rather than questions centered around confusing terminology that was not clearly defined. Specifically, the NCVS does not ask about rape occurring when incapacitated (due to drugs or alcohol). The results of this study were shocking because they found that the wording used in the NCVS caught less than 10% of the incidents of rape that the NCWSV did. These results lead to suggestions that the NCVS needed to be reworked or a new survey needed to be created to accurately measure sexual assault.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==== Online College Social Life Survey (OCSLS) ====
The Online College Social Life Survey, used from 2005 to 2011, asked questions about incapacitated and attempted rape. The respondents were asked to answer these questions: "Since you started college, has someone tried to physically force you to have sexual intercourse, but you got out of the situation without having intercourse?" and "Since you started college, has someone had sexual intercourse with you that you did not want when you were drunk, passed out, asleep, drugged, or otherwise incapacitated?".<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" /> This survey resulted in small estimations of rape. The reason for this underestimation is that they did not ask questions that would include unwanted touching/grabbing or psychological coercion.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" /> Other college surveys such as the Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) survey, created in 2007, had limited samples, only drawing responses few universities making data inapplicable to most of the female college population.<ref name="Campus Sexual Assault-2018" />

==== Self Labeling, Latent Class Cluster (LCC), and Behavioral Experiences ====
A study done by Nielsen et al. (2010), tested three different estimation/measurement methods to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of different methods of measurement.<ref name="Nielsen-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Morten Birkeland |last2=Bjørkelo |first2=Brita |last3=Notelaers |first3=Guy |last4=Einarsen |first4=Ståle |date=19 April 2010 |title=Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Outcomes, and Gender Differences Assessed by Three Different Estimation Methods |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10926771003705056 |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=252–274 |doi=10.1080/10926771003705056 |s2cid=145338999 |issn=1092-6771 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122190354/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10926771003705056 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Current research methods are often criticized for having faulty research design that impacts the validity of the results. The results are often biased due to variations in the operational definitions and the lack of representative samples. The article expresses the importance of accurate measurement methods because the conclusions taken from these studies are used to make judgements for prevention and treatment of sexual harassment. The three methods of surveying tested were Self labeling, Latent Class Cluster (LCC) modeling and behavioral experiences.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" />

* '''Self Labeling''' is a good method because it is easy to administer and does not take up a lot of space on the survey. But it does not provide details on the nature of their experiences or how frequent the experience is. Self-labeling is also very subjective because it forces the participant to define sexual harassment themselves and that definition may differ based on the individual. Finally, self-labeling might make some participants feel threatened to admit that they are victims/label themselves.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" />
* '''Latent Class Cluster (LCC)''' is beneficial because it creates several different groups based on the nature and frequency of the respondents' experiences rather than creating just two groups of respondents (harassed or non-harassed). It also shows stronger predictive validity.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" />
* '''Behavioral experiences''' is effective because its more objective and does not make them label their experiences.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" /> They suggest that the best measurement method is a combination of the LCC and behavioral experience approach.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" />

==== Bergen Sexual Harassment Scale (BSHS) ====
The Bergen Sexual Harassment Scale (BSHS) consists of two parts. The first part measures exposure to sexual harassment by asking participants to respond to 11 items categorized into different types of sexual harassment: unwanted verbal sexual attention, unwanted physical sexual behaviors, and sexual pressure.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" /> The second part asks participants to indicate if they believe they had been exposed to sexual harassment at work in the time. They answered it with (no, yes to a certain extent, or yes to a large extent). They were not given a definition of sexual harassment when doing part two.<ref name="Nielsen-2010" />

==== Computer Based Interaction Model ====
A new measure created by Maass and colleagues using a computer-based model that measures gender harassment through behavior. Male participants are told they are interacting with a female partner through the computer.<ref name="Grabowski-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Grabowski |first1=Matthew |last2=Dinh |first2=Tuyen K. |last3=Wu |first3=Wei |last4=Stockdale |first4=Margaret S. |date=June 2022 |title=The Sex-Based Harassment Inventory: A Gender Status Threat Measure of Sex-Based Harassment Intentions |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11199-022-01294-1 |journal=Sex Roles |language=en |volume=86 |issue=11–12 |pages=648–666 |doi=10.1007/s11199-022-01294-1 |hdl=1805/29232 |s2cid=249142296 |issn=0360-0025 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022535/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-022-01294-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> They want to see if the participants will send harassing content/messages to the partner (computer). They found that men were more likely to harass their partner if the partner threatened the males standing in gender hierarchy/masculinity (example: partner identifies as feminist). This article presents an alternative measure than other studies.<ref name="Grabowski-2022" /> This article forces the male participants to imagine themselves in scenarios and answer on what behavior they would most likely do. They were attempting to determine if men were more likely to harass a female coworker if that coworker was threatening their masculinity.<ref name="Grabowski-2022" />

== Prevention ==
[[File:US Army SHARP Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault Prevention Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster created by the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention]] (SHARP)]]
Sexual harassment is a longstanding and ubiquitous social issue, but it is often normalized, left unacknowledged, and even trivialized.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Jenner |first1=Sabine C. |last2=Djermester |first2=Pia |last3=Oertelt-Prigione |first3=Sabine |date=2022 |title=Prevention Strategies for Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine: A Qualitative Study |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520903130 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=37 |issue=5–6 |pages=2504–2508 |doi=10.1177/0886260520903130 |pmid=31999215 |pmc=8921881 |via=Sage Journals}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Bondestam |first1=Fredrik |last2=Lundqvist |first2=Maja |date=1 October 2020 |title=Sexual harassment in higher education – a systematic review |journal=European Journal of Higher Education |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=397–419 |doi=10.1080/21568235.2020.1729833 |issn=2156-8235|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Deborah M. |date=1994 |title=The woman in the street: Reclaiming the public space from sexual harassment |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem6&div=14&id=&page= |journal=Yale Journal of Law and Feminism |volume=6 |pages=313–348 |via=Hein Online}}</ref> Certain settings make harassment more likely, making it an institutional and societal problem that can be solved by changes at the organizational and cultural level. However, many attempted institutional interventions are not motivated by an understanding of how harassment works, and are instead chosen because they are simple or they fit a legal minimum standard.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Clancy |first1=Kathryn B. H. |last2=Cortina |first2=Lilia M. |last3=Kirkland |first3=Anna R. |date=15 September 2020 |title=Use science to stop sexual harassment in higher education |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=37 |pages=22614–22618 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2016164117 |doi-access=free |pmc=7502731 |pmid=32817430|bibcode=2020PNAS..11722614C }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last1=Dobbin |first1=Frank |last2=Kalev |first2=Alexandra |date=1 May 2020 |title=Why Sexual Harassment Programs Backfire |url=https://hbr.org/2020/05/why-sexual-harassment-programs-backfire |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Harvard Business Review |language=en |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> This has resulted in a wide range of intervention styles and research on their effectiveness, with changing and sometimes conflicting conclusions.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Quick |first1=James Campbell |last2=McFadyen |first2=M. Ann |date=2017 |title=Sexual harassment: Have we made any progress? |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ocp0000054 |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=286–298 |doi=10.1037/ocp0000054 |pmid=27732009 |issn=1939-1307 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

=== Organizational changes ===
Harassment in large organizations like workplaces or schools can be predicted by certain aspects of the organization: if these change, the amount of harassment can change.<ref name=":9" /> The first step to decreasing organizational harassment is talking about it, acknowledging how large of a problem it is and signalling a willingness to find real solutions.<ref name=":8" />[[File:A photo about sexual harassment.jpg|thumb|A sexual harassment prevention poster]]Organizational tolerance for sexual harassment is a large factor in enabling harassment. If leadership is vocal about not tolerating harassment and actively intervenes when it comes up, this limits harassment in the organization.<ref name=":9" /> Leaders who commit themselves to decreasing harassment by joining dedicated task forces and putting personal effort into working on the problem are likely to drive the organization to change.<ref name=":11" /> Leaders are also effective at limiting harassment because they can design creative solutions, operating outside of basic processes or policies that are ineffective at curbing harassment.<ref name=":10" /> Finally, leaders serve as role models to the rest of the organization, and their stance on harassment can shape organizational culture.<ref name=":8" /> This is especially important for decreasing intersectional sexual harassment. For one example, having school leaders be educated on allyship and signaling institutional support for smaller student populations can result in lower harassment of [[LGBTQ]] students at those schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Domínguez-Martínez |first1=Tecelli |last2=Robles |first2=Rebeca |date=19 March 2019 |title=Preventing Transphobic Bullying and Promoting Inclusive Educational Environments: Literature Review and Implementing Recommendations |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.009 |journal=Archives of Medical Research |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=551 |doi=10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.009 |pmid=32036103 |via=Elsevier|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Organizational structure also affects harassment within an organization. If employees feel more secure in their jobs due to their contract structure, they are less likely to be harassed.<ref name=":9" /> If an organization promotes a more respectful culture, it can also reduce sexual harassment.<ref name=":10" /> This has additional benefits in that incivility tends to disproportionately alienate women and people of color.<ref name=":12" /> Changes that increase engagement with an organization, or employee job satisfaction, often serve to reduce harassment at the same time.<ref name=":9" />

Gender imbalances at an organization are a large factor in the likelihood of sexual harassment.<ref name=":10" /> Changing an organization's practices and structure so that power is more equally distributed across people regardless of their gender can decrease harassment. Hiring, retaining, and promoting people into positions of power in ways that even out gender imbalances also reduces harassment. Studies have mostly examined this in the context of increasing women's power in workspaces dominated by men.<ref name=":9" />

=== Training and awareness ===
Prevention strategies often start with raising awareness and advocating for cultures and organizations to stop tolerating harassment.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=Laura S. |date=2015 |title=Street Harassment: Current and Promising Avenues for Researchers and Activists |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soc4.12248 |journal=Sociology Compass |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=196–211 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12248 |issn=1751-9020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sexual harassment and assault may be prevented by [[secondary school]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10538712.2011.622355 |title=A Sexual Assault Primary Prevention Model with Diverse Urban Youth |year=2011 |last1=Smothers |first1=Melissa Kraemer |last2=Smothers |first2=D. Brian |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=708–27 |pmid=22126112|s2cid=20570694 }}</ref> college,<ref name="Foubert">{{cite journal |pmid=10650733 |year=2000 |last1=Foubert |first1=JD |title=The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men's attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=158–63 |doi=10.1080/07448480009595691 |journal=[[Journal of American College Health]]|s2cid=38521575 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21196436 |year=2011 |last1=Vladutiu |first1=CJ |last2=Martin |first2=SL |last3=Macy |first3=RJ |title=College- or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of program outcomes, characteristics, and recommendations |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=67–86 |doi=10.1177/1524838010390708 |journal=Trauma, Violence & Abuse|s2cid=32144826 }}</ref> and workplace education programs.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10520434 |year=1999 |last1=Yeater |first1=EA |last2=O'Donohue |first2=W |title=Sexual assault prevention programs: Current issues, future directions, and the potential efficacy of interventions with women |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=739–71 |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00075-0|citeseerx=10.1.1.404.3130 }}</ref> At least one program for [[fraternity]] men produced "sustained behavioral change".<ref name="Foubert" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1939-3938.2010.01094.x |title=Sexual assault prevention programs for college-aged men: A critical evaluation |year=2011 |last1=Garrity |first1=Stacy E. |journal=Journal of Forensic Nursing |volume=7 |pages=40–8 |pmid=21348933 |issue=1|s2cid=39471249 }}</ref>

Many sororities and fraternities in the United States take preventive measures against [[hazing]] and hazing activities during the participants' pledging processes (which may often include sexual harassment). Many [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek organization]]s and universities nationwide have anti-hazing policies that explicitly recognize various acts and examples of hazing, and offer preventive measures for such situations.<ref>[http://www.hazingprevention.org/ Pualwan, CEO Emily N. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707180335/http://hazingprevention.org/ |date=7 July 2018 }} HazingPrevention.org. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Current workplace anti-sexual harassment training programs, policies, and reporting mechanisms have little evidence of effectiveness. Many trainings succeed at teaching people about harassment-related laws and policies but not on acting better, and "some studies suggest that training may in fact backfire, reinforcing gendered stereotypes that place women at a disadvantage".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/whats-the-point-of-sexual-harassment-training-often-to-protect-employers/2017/11/17/18cd631e-c97c-11e7-aa96-54417592cf72_story.html|title=What's the point of sexual harassment training? Often, to protect employers.|last=Edelman|first=Lauren B.|date=17 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124092635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/whats-the-point-of-sexual-harassment-training-often-to-protect-employers/2017/11/17/18cd631e-c97c-11e7-aa96-54417592cf72_story.html|archive-date=24 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There is evidence that ineffective trainings can make men scared to interact with women due to heightened fears that they will be falsely accused of harassment, thus leading to gender-based discrimination.<ref name=":10" />

In-person trainings that are customized to one workplace and involve active tasks, lasting longer than a few hours, have more evidence of effectiveness and less chance of backfiring.<ref name=":10" /> How leaders have signaled their intentions behind the trainings is also important: employees react differently to trainings depending on why they think their manager is providing the training.<ref name=":12" /> Anti-harassment training that solely targets managers is also effective, because it is often presented in a way that reduces managers' defensiveness at receiving the training. These often present harassment as a common issue that managers must root out, and managers are treated as potential allies who are being taught new techniques, rather than potential harassers.<ref name=":11" />

Evidence has shown that [[bystander intervention]] training is a more effective method for changing harassment culture than standard anti-harassment trainings. Bystander intervention focuses on teaching positive skills that people can use to intervene if they see harassment or other problems happening. These trainings don't make students as defensive as sexual harassment trainings: students are taught positive skills rather than told what to avoid, and are treated as potential allies rather than harassers.<ref name=":11" /> Systematic, well-made bystander intervention training has been shown to decrease the amount of harassment where it is implemented in higher education institutions.<ref name=":9" />

=== Non-institutional methods ===
In settings where people don't receive institutional support against sexual harassment, people find their own safety, advocacy, and response mechanisms. People have organized public protests and performance art to raise awareness of street harassment in their communities and decrease tolerance for it.<ref name=":13" /> There is evidence that people grow less likely to sexually harass or believe harassment myths when they learn about how harassment affects victims through personal stories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Diehl |first1=Charlotte |last2=Glaser |first2=Tina |last3=Bohner |first3=Gerd |date=2014 |title=Face the consequences: Learning about victim's suffering reduces sexual harassment myth acceptance and men's likelihood to sexually harass |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.21553 |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=489–503 |doi=10.1002/ab.21553 |pmid=25079949 |via=EBSCO|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Projects like [[HARASSmap]] and [[Right to Be|Hollaback!]] collect harassment stories to raise awareness and lower tolerance for harassment in certain communities, using the stories to safely intervene and educate people about stopping harassment where it is prevalent.<ref name=":13" />

The use of [[Sound|audio]] and video [[Video recording|recording]] can help in documenting sexual harassment for use in reporting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_157626.pdf |title=Guide on Prevention of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122190357/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_157626.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Audio recording apps are available for use on [[smartphone]]s, and can for instance be used during [[job interview]]s.

== Impact ==
The impact of sexual harassment can vary. In research carried out by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency, 17,335 female victims of sexual assault were asked to name the feelings that resulted from the most serious incident of sexual assault that they had encountered since the age of 15. 'Anger, annoyance, and embarrassment were the most common emotional responses, with 45% of women feeling anger, 41% annoyance, and 36% embarrassment. Furthermore, close to one in three women (29%) who has experienced sexual harassment have said that they felt fearful as a result of the most serious incident, while one in five (20%) victims say that the most serious incident made themselves feel ashamed of what had taken place.<ref>{{cite book |title=Violence against women : an EU-wide survey : main results|others=European Union. Agency for Fundamental Rights.|isbn=9789292393427|location=Vienna |oclc = 876847362 |year = 2014}}</ref> In other situations, harassment may lead to temporary or prolonged stress or depression depending on the recipient's psychological abilities to cope and the type of harassment and the social support or lack thereof for the recipient. Harnois and Bastos (2018) show an association between women's perceptions of workplace sexual harassment and self-reported physical health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harnois |first1=Catherine |last2=Bastos |first2=JL |title=Discrimination, Harassment, and Gendered Health Inequalities: Do Perceptions of Workplace Mistreatment Contribute to the Gender Gap in Self-reported Health? |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |year=2018 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=283–299 |doi=10.1177/0022146518767407 |pmid=29608325 |s2cid=4568183 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, a study conducted in 2010 indicated that workplace sexual harassment is linked to greater mental health issues and lower job satisfaction, regardless of assessment technique or gender.<ref name="Nielsen-2010"/> Psychologists and social workers report that severe or chronic sexual harassment can have the same psychological effects as rape or sexual assault.<ref>Koss, Mary P. "Changed Lives: The Psychological Impact of Sexual Harassment." in ''Ivory Power: Sexual Harassment On Campus.'' Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 1987. pp. 73–92 {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0457-7}}.{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> For example, in 1995, Judith Coflin committed suicide after chronic sexual harassment by her bosses and coworkers. Her family was later awarded six million dollars in punitive and compensatory damages.<ref name="Adebowale2019">{{Cite journal |title=Sexual Harassment and its Implications on Girl-Child's Educational Performance |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331982727 |last=Adebowale |first=Titilola Adedoyin |journal=International Journal of the Forum for African Women Educationalists |volume=4 |number=1 |page=5 |date=March 2019 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.28433.07522 |access-date=15 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Victims who do not submit to harassment may also experience various forms of retaliation, including isolation and bullying.

As an overall social and economic effect every year, sexual harassment deprives women from active social and economic participation and costs hundreds of millions of dollars in lost educational and professional opportunities for mostly girls and women.<ref name="ReferenceA">Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> However, the quantity of men implied in these conflicts is significant.

===Coping===
Sexual harassment, by definition, is unwanted and not to be tolerated. There are ways, however, for offended and injured people to overcome the resultant psychological effects, remain in or return to society, regain healthy feelings within personal relationships when they were affected by the outside relationship trauma, regain social approval, and recover the ability to concentrate and be productive in educational and work environments. These include [[stress management]] and therapy, [[cognitive-behavioral therapy]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11495093 |year=2001 |last1=Foa |first1=EB |last2=Street |first2=GP |title=Women and traumatic events |volume=62 |pages=29–34 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|issue=Suppl 17 }}</ref> friends and family support, and advocacy.<ref name="Advocacy as coping mechanism">{{Cite news|url=https://lifehacker.com/how-to-cope-with-the-current-news-cycle-as-a-sexual-abu-1820823444|title=How to Cope With the Current News Cycle as a Sexual Abuse Survivor|last=Schwartz|first=Deb|date=5 December 2017|website=Lifehacker|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142415/https://lifehacker.com/how-to-cope-with-the-current-news-cycle-as-a-sexual-abu-1820823444|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sexual Assault Advocates">{{Cite news|url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-metoo-affects-sexual-assault-advocates|title=How #METOO Affects Sexual Assault Advocates|last=Books Olsen|first=Hanna|date=22 December 2017|newspaper=Pacific Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141717/https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-metoo-affects-sexual-assault-advocates|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

A 1991 study done by K.R. Yount found three dominant strategies developed by a sample of women coal miners to manage sexual harassment on the job: the "lady", the "flirt", and the "tomboy".
The "ladies" were typically the older women workers who tended to disengage from the men, kept their distance, avoided using profanity, avoided engaging in any behavior that might be interpreted as suggestive. They also tended to emphasize by their appearance and manners that they were ladies. The consequences for the "ladies" were that they were the targets of the least amount of come-ons, teasing and sexual harassment, but they also accepted the least prestigious and lowest-paid jobs.<ref name="Landrine 1997">{{cite book |last1=Landrine |first1=Hope |author-link1=Hope Landrine |first2=Elizabeth A. |last2=Klonoff |year=1997 |title=Discrimination Against Women: Prevalence, Consequences, and Remedies |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |publisher=Sage Publications}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref>

The "flirts" were most often the younger single women. As a defense mechanism, they pretended to be flattered when they were the targets of sexual comments. Consequently, they became perceived as the "embodiment of the female stereotype,... as particularly lacking in potential and were given the fewest opportunities to develop job skills and to establish social and self-identities as miners."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Landrine|first1=Hope|author-link1=Hope Landrine|title=Discrimination against women: prevalence, consequences, remedies|last2=Klonoff|first2=Elizabeth|date=1997|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0-7619-0954-0|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|oclc=36548828}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2013}}

The "tomboys" were generally single women, but were older than the "flirts". They attempted to separate themselves from the female stereotype and focused on their status as coal miners and tried to develop a "thick skin". They responded to harassment with humor, comebacks, sexual talk of their own, or reciprocation. As a result, they were often viewed as sluts or sexually promiscuous and as women who violated the sexual double standard. Consequently, they were subjected to intensified and increased harassment by some men. It was not clear whether the tomboy strategy resulted in better or worse job assignments.<ref name="Landrine 1997" />

The findings of this study may be applicable to other work settings, including factories, restaurants, offices, and universities. The study concludes that individual strategies for coping with sexual harassment are not likely to be effective and may have unexpected negative consequences for the workplace and may even lead to increased sexual harassment. Women who try to deal with sexual harassment on their own, regardless of what they do, seem to be in a no-win situation.<ref name="Landrine 1997" /> For example, after an anti-groping device allowing victims to mark their assailants with an invisible ink stamp has been released in Japan, some experts claimed it is wrong to put the onus on the victim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49509231|title=Anti-groping stamp lets victims mark assailants|date=29 August 2019|website=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902031332/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49509231|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Common effects on the victims===
Common psychological, academic, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation:
* Becoming publicly [[sexualization|sexualized]] (i.e. groups of people "evaluate" the victim to establish if he or she is "worth" the sexual attention or the risk to the harasser's career)
* Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip
* Decreased work or school performance as a result of stress conditions; increased [[absenteeism]] in fear of harassment repetition
* [[Defamation]] of character and reputation
* Effects on sexual life and relationships: can put extreme stress upon relationships with [[significant other]]s, sometimes resulting in divorce
* Firing and refusal for a job opportunity can lead to loss of job or career, loss of income
* Having one's personal life offered up for public scrutiny—the victim becomes the "accused", and his or her dress, lifestyle, and private life will often come under attack.
* Having to drop courses, change academic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition) in fear of harassment repetition or as a result of stress
* Having to relocate to another city, another job, or another school
* Loss of references/recommendations
* Loss of trust in environments similar to where the harassment occurred
* Loss of trust in the types of people that occupy similar positions as the harasser or his or her colleagues, especially in case they are not supportive, difficulties or stress on peer relationships, or relationships with colleagues
* Psychological stress and health impairment
* Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles (friends, colleagues, or family may distance themselves from the victim, or shun him or her altogether)

Some of the psychological and health effects that can occur in someone who has been sexually harassed as a result of [[stress (biology)|stress]] and [[humiliation]]:
[[Major depressive disorder|depression]]; [[anxiety]]; [[panic attack]]s; sleeplessness; [[nightmare]]s; [[shame]]; [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]]; difficulty concentrating; headaches; [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]; loss of motivation; stomach problems; [[eating disorder]]s (such as weight loss or gain); [[alcoholism]]; feeling betrayed, violated, angry, violent towards the perpetrator, powerless or out of control; increased blood pressure; loss of confidence or self-esteem; withdrawal; [[Solitude|isolation]]; overall loss of [[Trust (sociology)|trust]] in people; traumatic stress; [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD); [[complex post-traumatic stress disorder]]; [[Suicidal ideation|suicidal thoughts]] or attempts, and [[suicide]].<ref name="SHSF_effects" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html|title=Women's Crisis Support Services|last=Dervin Flower|first=Hillary|date=9 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070709085048/http://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html|archive-date=9 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uoregon.edu/~counsel/harass.htm|title=Sexual Harassment: Myths and Realities|publisher=Journal of the American Psychological Association|via=University of Oregon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085341/http://www.uoregon.edu/~counsel/harass.htm|archive-date=16 May 2008|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="VAW_effects">{{cite web |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/Effects_of_Sexual_Harassment.html |title=Effects of Sexual Harassment |publisher=Stop Violence Against Women |date=9 May 2007 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007000059/http://www.stopvaw.org/effects_of_sexual_harassment.html |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ILO--2002">{{Cite journal|date=23 May 2002|title=Gender Issues|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/gender/encyclo/psy14ae.htm|url-status=dead|journal=ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|volume=2|pages=34.1–34.77|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220123857/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/gender/encyclo/psy14ae.htm|archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref>

===Post-complaint retaliation and backlash===
{{See also|Victim blaming}}
Retaliation and backlash against a victim are very common, particularly a complainant. Victims who speak out against sexual harassment are often labeled troublemakers who are on their own "power trips", or who are looking for attention. Similar to cases of [[rape]] or sexual assault, the victim often becomes the accused, with their appearance, private life, and character likely to fall under intrusive scrutiny and attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dittmann|first=M.|date=October 2003|title=Sexual harassment too often leads to humiliation for victims|url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct03/harass.html|journal=Monitor on Psychology|publisher=American Psychological Association|volume=34|issue=9|pages=13|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502213700/https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct03/harass.html|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Excuses for [[victim blaming]] include clothing and behavior.<ref name="a604">{{cite journal | last1=Bergenfeld | first1=Irina | last2=Clark | first2=Cari Jo | last3=Sandhu | first3=Seema | last4=Yount | first4=Kathryn M. | last5=Essaid | first5=Aida A. | last6=Sajdi | first6=Jude | last7=Abu Taleb | first7=Rand | last8=Robbin | first8=Zoe | last9=Batayeh | first9=Brian | last10=Zwooqar | first10=Ahad | last11=Spencer | first11=Rachael A. | title="There Is Always an Excuse to Blame the Girl": Perspectives on Sexual Harassment at a Jordanian University | journal=Violence Against Women | volume=28 | issue=14 | date=2022 | issn=1077-8012 | doi=10.1177/10778012221079373 | pages=3457–3481| pmid=35200046 }}</ref><ref name="z956">{{cite web | title=The myth of how the hijab protects women against sexual assault | website=Women’s Media Center | date=6 September 2012 | url=https://womensmediacenter.com/women-under-siege/the-myth-of-how-the-hijab-protects-women-against-sexual-assault | access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> They risk hostility and isolation from colleagues, supervisors, teachers, fellow students, and even friends. They may become the targets of [[mobbing]] or [[relational aggression]].<ref name="SHSF_effects">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/effects.html|title=Common Effects of Sexual Harassment|website=Sexual Harassment Support|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417080143/http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/effects.html|archive-date=17 April 2010}}</ref>

Women are not necessarily sympathetic to other women complainants who have been sexually harassed. If the harasser was male, internalized sexism (or jealousy over the sexual attention towards the victim) may encourage some women to react with as much hostility towards the complainant as some male colleagues.<ref name="webcom">[http://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html Dealing With Sexual Harassment] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070709085048/http://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html |date=9 July 2007 }} (link is not active)</ref> Fear of being targeted for harassment or retaliation themselves may also cause some women to respond with hostility.<ref name="backlash">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/Backlash.html|title=Sexual Harassment Retaliation, Backlash, and Victim-blaming|website=Sexual Harassment Support|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130061955/http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/Backlash.html|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> For example, when Lois Jenson filed her lawsuit against Eveleth Taconite Co., the women [[shunning|shunned]] her both at work and in the community—many of these women later joined her suit.<ref>Bingham, Clara; Gansler, Laura Leedy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ur03ZVbot6IC Class Action: The Landmark Case that Changed Sexual Harassment Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082011/https://books.google.com/books?id=ur03ZVbot6IC&printsec=frontcover |date=5 January 2016 }}''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} New York, Anchor Books, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-385-49613-1}}.</ref> Women may even project hostility onto the victim in order to bond with their male coworkers and build trust.<ref name="backlash" />

Retaliation has occurred when a sexual harassment victim suffers a negative action as a result of the harassment. For example, a complainant be given poor evaluations or low grades, have their projects [[sabotage]]d, be denied work or academic opportunities, have their work hours cut back, and other actions against them which undermine their productivity, or their ability to advance at work or school, being fired after reporting sexual harassment or leading to unemployment as they may be suspended, asked to resign, or be [[Termination of employment|fired]] from their jobs altogether. Retaliation can even involve further sexual harassment, and also [[stalking]] and [[cyberstalking]] of the victim.<ref name="webcom" /><ref name="backlash" /> Moreover, a school professor or employer accused of sexual harassment, or who is the colleague of a perpetrator, can use their power to see that a victim is never hired again (blacklisting), or never accepted to another school.

Of the women who have approached her to share their own experiences of being [[Sexual harassment in education|sexually harassed by their teachers]], [[Feminism|feminist]] writer [[Naomi Wolf]] wrote in 2004:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/features/n_9932/index.html|title=The Silent Treatment|last=Wolf|first=Naomi|date=23 February 2004|publisher=New York Metro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011083501/http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/features/n_9932/index.html|archive-date=11 October 2008|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>
<blockquote>I am ashamed of what I tell them: that they should indeed worry about making an accusation because what they fear is likely to come true. Not one of the women I have heard from had an outcome that was not worse for her than silence. One, I recall, was drummed out of the school by [[peer pressure]]. Many faced bureaucratic stonewalling. Some women said they lost their academic status as golden girls overnight; grants dried up, letters of recommendation were no longer forthcoming. No one was met with a coherent process that was not weighted against them. Usually, the key decision-makers in the college or university—especially if it was a private university—joined forces to, in effect, collude with the faculty member accused; to protect not him necessarily but the reputation of the university, and to keep information from surfacing in a way that could protect other women. The goal seemed to be not to provide a balanced forum, but damage control.</blockquote>

Another woman who was interviewed by sociologist Helen Watson said, "Facing up to the crime and having to deal with it in public is probably worse than suffering in silence. I found it to be a lot worse than the harassment itself."<ref>Watson, Helen. "Red herrings and mystifications: Conflicting perceptions of sexual harassment," in Brant, Clare, and Too, Yun Lee, eds., ''Rethinking Sexual Harassment''. Boulder, Colorado, Pluto Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-7453-0837-1}}.</ref>

===Backlash stress===
Backlash stress is stress resulting from an uncertainty regarding changing norms for interacting with women in the workplace.<ref name="Taylor Schneider">{{cite book|last=Taylor Schneider|first=Kimberly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gH18NQAACAAJ|title=Bystander Stress: The Effect of Organizational Tolerance of Sexual Harassment on Victim's Co-workers|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|year=1996|isbn=9780591088458|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102214053/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bystander_Stress.html?id=gH18NQAACAAJ|archive-date=2 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Backlash stress now deters many male workers from befriending female colleagues, or providing them with any assistance, such as holding doors open. As a result, women are being handicapped by a lack of the necessary networking and mentorship.<ref name="daubney">{{cite news|last=Daubney|first=Martin|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/relationships/11904203/Well-done-feminism.-Now-man-are-afraid-to-help-women-at-work.html|title=Well done, feminism. Now men are afraid to help women at work|date=1 October 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225095856/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/relationships/11904203/Well-done-feminism.-Now-man-are-afraid-to-help-women-at-work.html|archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="elsesser">{{cite book |first=Kim |last=Elsesser |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SSf-CQAAQBAJ |title=Sex and the Office: Women, Men, and the Sex Partition That's Dividing the Workplace |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2015 |isbn=978-1630761219 }}</ref>

== Women of color ==
The sexual harassment [[women of color]] face are often ignored when discussions about sexual harassment women face occur.<ref name="Welsh-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Welsh |first1=Sandy |last2=Carr |first2=Jacquie |last3=MacQuarrie |first3=Barbara |last4=Huntley |first4=Audrey |date=2006 |title="I'm Not Thinking of It as Sexual Harassment": Understanding Harassment across Race and Citizenship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27640867 |journal=Gender and Society |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.1177/0891243205282785 |jstor=27640867 |s2cid=145101291 |issn=0891-2432 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405190921/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27640867 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Harassment of women of color tends to stem from [[racial discrimination]].<ref name="Welsh-2006"/> Poor African American women are more likely to experience sexual harassment but less likely to be seen as a victim.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buchanan |first1=Nicole T. |last2=Ormerod |first2=Alayne J. |date=29 October 2002 |title=Racialized Sexual Harassment in the Lives of African American Women |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1300/J015v25n03_08 |journal=Women & Therapy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |pages=107–124 |doi=10.1300/J015v25n03_08 |s2cid=144425126 |issn=0270-3149 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022534/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J015v25n03_08 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stockdale |first=Margaret |date=1996 |title=Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Perspectives, Frontiers, and Response Strategies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483327280 |doi=10.4135/9781483327280 |isbn=9780803957947 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022535/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/sexual-harassment-in-the-workplace |url-status=live }}</ref> It is conditions like these that make it difficult for women of color to report sexual harassment, allowing the cycle to continue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feagin |first=Joe R. |date=1992 |title=On Not Taking Gendered Racism Seriously: The Failure of the Mass Media and the Social Sciences |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021886392283007 |journal=The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=400–406 |doi=10.1177/0021886392283007 |s2cid=144210172 |issn=0021-8863 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407001052/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021886392283007 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Earlier studies revealed that there was no difference between the sexual harassment rates of white women and women of color.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 September 1997 |title=Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: 1978-1980, 1987, and 1994 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr06893.v1 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=ICPSR Data Holdings |doi=10.3886/icpsr06893.v1 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022547/https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/6893/versions/V1 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crosby |first=Faye J. |date=1987 |title=Sex and the Workplace: The Impact of Sexual Behavior and Harassment on Women, Men, and Organizations, by Barbara A. Gutek. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985. 216pp. (xv). $19.95 hard cover. |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/036168438701100101 |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=130–132 |doi=10.1177/036168438701100101 |s2cid=146819853 |issn=0361-6843 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606161929/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/036168438701100101 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, there is evidence that reveals women of color deal with sexual harassment, this sexual harassment is on more severe lines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gruber |first1=James E. |last2=Bjorn |first2=Lars |date=1982 |title=Blue-Collar Blues: The Sexual Harassment of Women Autoworkers |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0730888482009003002 |journal=Work and Occupations |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=271–298 |doi=10.1177/0730888482009003002 |s2cid=143586619 |issn=0730-8884 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407001059/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0730888482009003002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Welsh |first=Sandy |date=1999 |title=Gender and Sexual Harassment |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/199590842 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=25 |pages=169–190 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.169 |id={{ProQuest|199590842}} |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020130956/https://www.proquest.com/docview/199590842 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Race and gender influence most of the sexual harassment that women of color face. Women of color are less likely to report sexual harassment if the perpetrator is the same race. This is known as the code of silence. This is influenced by the race of the harasser, and predominately affects women of color.<ref name="Richardson-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Brian K. |last2=Taylor |first2=Juandalynn |date=4 August 2009 |title=Sexual Harassment at the Intersection of Race and Gender: A Theoretical Model of the Sexual Harassment Experiences of Women of Color |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570310903082065 |journal=Western Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=248–272 |doi=10.1080/10570310903082065 |s2cid=143660626 |issn=1057-0314 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314025838/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570310903082065 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Black women do not usually see things that a white woman would claim to be sexual harassment because they are accustomed to it, it is normal to them and so there is not much of a problem.<ref name="Welsh-2006"/>

Something that is unique to the sexual harassment of women of color is the common bond factor. The common bond factor is when a man of color sees someone of their own race or culture, and they feel as if it is okay to sexually harass them. They think that they can act and talk without regard to the law because they feel as if it is not being broken.<ref name="Richardson-2009"/>

The perception of sexual harassment from women of color includes racism and sexism whereas white women's perception only includes sexism. There is this interlocking of relations, commonly known as [[intersectionality]], within the sexual harassment women of color face, between racism and sexism. White women, when speaking about sexual harassment, speak from the role of a victim whereas women of color speak from the role of a harasser. Women of color, as well, have stereotypes taken into consideration when it comes to harassment. These stereotypes make it difficult for women of color to come forward about sexual harassment, as they will likely not be believed.<ref name="Richardson-2009"/> For instance, there is the stereotype that Latin women are super emotional and tend to overreact. This stereotype may be conveyed when a Latin woman comes forward about sexual harassment, resulting in her claim not being taken seriously. Speaking up results in stereotypes being put on the person coming forward, making them uncomfortable with doing so.<ref name="Richardson-2009" /> Similarly, it is difficult for women of color to be supported when speaking out, as their experiences are different from those of white women, as is the case of Anita Hill.<ref name="Pantheon Books-1992">{{Cite book |title=Race-ing justice, en-gendering power : essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality |date=1992 |publisher=Pantheon Books |others=Toni Morrison |isbn=0-679-74145-3 |edition=1 |location=New York |oclc=25632335 }}</ref> Particularly, the feminist movement is geared towards helping white women rather than women of color due to women of color's experiences being foreign. In turn, women of color do not join feminist movements or groups because they do not see their experiences reflected.<ref name="Pantheon Books-1992" />

There is a relationship between legal status and sexual harassment; there is an [[intersectionality]] between them. Citizen status can influence women experiencing or reporting sexual harassment. Being undocumented can make it difficult to come forward for fear of being deported.<ref name="Welsh-2006"/> White women with citizenship say that sexual harassment is unwanted behavior, women of color without citizenship found it difficult to explain what they thought sexual harassment was, but that it did include race.<ref name="Welsh-2006" /> This however makes it difficult for Black women to differentiate sexual harassment in the workplace from sexual harassment in society.<ref name="Welsh-2006" />

==Organizational policies and procedures==
Most companies have policies against sexual harassment; however, these policies are not designed and should not attempt to "regulate romance" which goes against human urges.<ref name="markschickman" />

Act upon a report of harassment inside the organization should be:
{{blockquote|The investigation should be designed to obtain a prompt and thorough collection of the facts, an appropriate responsive action, and an expeditious report to the complainant that the investigation has been concluded, and, to the full extent appropriate, the action taken.|Mark I. Schickman, Sexual Harassment. The employer's role in prevention. [[American Bar Association]]<ref name="markschickman">{{cite journal|last=Schickman|first=Mark I|title=Sexual Harassment – The employer's role in prevention|journal=The Compleat Lawyer|date=1996|volume=13|issue=1|pages=24–28|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gpsolo13&div=11&id=&page=|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614003552/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gpsolo13&div=11&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref>|title=|source=}}

When organizations do not take the respective satisfactory measures for properly investigating, stress and psychological counseling and guidance, and just deciding of the problem this could lead to:
* Decreased productivity and increased team conflict
* Decreased study or job satisfaction
* Loss of students and staff. Loss of students who leave school and staff resignations to avoid harassment. Resignations and firings of alleged harassers.
* Decreased productivity and increased absenteeism by staff or students experiencing harassment
* Decrease in success at meeting academic and financial goals
* Increased health-care and sick-pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment or retaliation
* The knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine ethical standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff or students lose respect for, and trust in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, or treat improperly sexual harassment
* If the problem is ignored or not treated properly, a company's or school's image can suffer
* High jury awards for the employee, attorney fees and litigation costs if the problem is ignored or not treated properly (in case of firing the victim) when the complainants are advised to and take the issue to court.<ref name="techrep" /><ref name="VAW_effects" /><ref name="ILO--2002" /><ref>Boland, 1990{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref><ref name="janaraver" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=42b98262192e9|title=Sexual harassment bad for victims and for business|date=22 June 2005|website=Queen's News Centre|publisher=Queen's University School of Business|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907233138/http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=42b98262192e9|archive-date=7 September 2009|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/pubs/guides/S/63925/7|title=For Help with the Handling of Harassment|last=Prekel|first=Truida|date=2005|publisher=Western Cape Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018012030/http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/pubs/guides/S/63925/7|archive-date=18 October 2012|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

Studies show that [[organizational climate]] (an organization's tolerance, policy, procedure etc.) and workplace environment are essential for understanding the conditions in which sexual harassment is likely to occur, and the way its victims will be affected (yet, research on specific policy and procedure, and awareness strategies is lacking).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dougherty |first1=Debbie S |last2=Goldstein Hode |first2=Marlo |date=August 2016 |title=Binary logics and the discursive interpretation of organizational policy: Making meaning of sexual harassment policy |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0018726715624956 |journal=Human Relations |language=en |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=1729–1755 |doi=10.1177/0018726715624956 |s2cid=148340272 |issn=0018-7267 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207183751/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0018726715624956 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another element which increases the risk for sexual harassment is the job's gender context (having few women in the close working environment or practicing in a field which is perceived as atypical for women).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x |title=A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual Harassment |year=2007 |last1=Willness |first1=Chelsea R. |last2=Steel |first2=Piers |last3=Lee |first3=Kibeom |journal=Personnel Psychology |volume=60 |pages=127–162 |citeseerx=10.1.1.472.6532 }}</ref>

Although research on occupational sexual assault is still in its infancy, the European Union reports that 40–50% of women report having encountered inappropriate sexual conduct or sexual harassment at work (World Health Organization, 2012). According to Burn (2018), In order to reduce sexual harassment, organisational climates and circumstances that support sexual harassment must change. Changes to the normative environments that sustain sexual harassment include the adoption of explicit anti-harassment rules and practices. Sexual harassment rules have the potential to deter sexual harassment and provide victims with channels for redress. According to Medeiros (2019),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Kelsey |last2=Griffith |first2=Jennifer |date=March 2019 |title=#Ustoo: How I-O psychologists can extend the conversation on sexual harassment and sexual assault through workplace training |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/industrial-and-organizational-psychology/article/abs/ustoo-how-io-psychologists-can-extend-the-conversation-on-sexual-harassment-and-sexual-assault-through-workplace-training/634BE392AA182B153850A1B2452380AB |journal=Industrial and Organizational Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1017/iop.2018.155 |s2cid=181392874 |issn=1754-9426 |access-date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020130916/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/industrial-and-organizational-psychology/article/abs/ustoo-how-io-psychologists-can-extend-the-conversation-on-sexual-harassment-and-sexual-assault-through-workplace-training/634BE392AA182B153850A1B2452380AB |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> the current endeavor puts out a framework for creating workplace sexual harassment prevention programmes and is based on research on training and development, college sexual assault, and workplace sexual harassment. The suggestions for preventing sexual harassment are mostly based on the research on sexual assault on college campuses. The persistent curiosity in and study of educational institutions for sexual assault preventative measures, despite this approach's shortcomings, has produced a database of researched interventions that fills in the gaps left by the dearth of empirical studies on sexual assault preventive interventions. Additionally, sexual harassment and assault have been characterized as a continuum where less severe behaviors have the potential to escalate into more violent acts over time if left unchecked (Department of Defence, 2014; Fitzgerald,1993). Hence, even if sexual harassment and assault are distinct behavior's, their increasing prevalence indicates that interventions ought to address the entire range of behaviors', particularly considering the restricted time and financial resources allocated to educational programs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dougherty |first=Debbie S. |title=Sexual harassment in organizational culture: a transformative approach |date=2023 |publisher=Cognella |isbn=978-1-5165-8635-6 |location=San Diego}}</ref>

According to Dr. Orit Kamir, the most effective way to avoid sexual harassment in the workplace, and also influence the public's state of mind, is for the employer to adopt a clear policy prohibiting sexual harassment and to make it very clear to their employees. Many women prefer to make a complaint and to have the matter resolved within the workplace rather than to "air out the dirty laundry" with a public complaint and be seen as a traitor by colleagues, superiors and employers, adds Kamir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.idc.ac.il/he/lawreview/volumes/volume09/pages/kamir.aspx|last=Orit|first=Kamir|date=2008|website=IDC Herzliya|language=he, en|script-title=he:החוק הישראלי למניעת הטרדה מינית — איפה אנחנו במלאת לו עשור?|trans-title=Israel's Sexual Harassment Law After Its First Decade: An Assessment of Its Achievements and Failings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202032950/http://portal.idc.ac.il/He/lawreview/volumes/volume09/Pages/kamir.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2012|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="maryrowe">Rowe, Mary. [http://web.mit.edu/ombud/publications/deal.pdf "Dealing with Harassment: A Systems Approach,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106173032/http://web.mit.edu/ombud/publications/deal.pdf |date=6 November 2012 }} in ''Sexual Harassment: Perspectives, Frontiers, and Response Strategies, Women & Work, Vol. 5''. Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 241–271. {{ISBN|978-0-8039-5794-7}}.{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref><ref name="DoiBFMissing">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01000611 |title=People who feel harassed need a complaint system with both formal and informal options |year=1990 |last1=Rowe |first1=Mary P. |journal=Negotiation Journal |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=161–172|s2cid=145016770 }}</ref>

Most prefer a pragmatic solution that would stop the harassment and prevent future contact with the harasser rather than turning to the police. More about the difficulty in turning an offense into a legal act can be found in Felstiner & Sarat's (1981) study,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=William L.F. |last1=Felstiner |first2=Richard L. |last2=Abel |first3=Austin |last3=Sarat |year=1980 |title=The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming… |journal=Law & Society Review |volume=15 |issue=3/4 |pages=631–54 |jstor=3053505 |doi=10.2307/3053505|s2cid=56047694 }}</ref> which describes three steps a victim (of any dispute) must go through before turning to the justice system: naming—giving the assault a definition, blaming—understanding who is responsible for the violation of rights and facing them, and finally, claiming—turning to the authorities.

==Evolution of law in different jurisdictions==
{{Criminal law}}
It may include a range of actions from mild transgressions to [[sexual abuse]] or [[sexual assault]].<ref name="auto" /> Sexual harassment is a form of [[Law|illegal]] [[employment discrimination]] in many countries, and is a form of [[abuse]] (sexual and [[psychological abuse]]s) and [[bullying]].

The [[Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women]] classifies [[violence against women]] into three categories: that occurring in the family, that occurring within the general community, and that perpetrated or condoned by the State. The term ''sexual harassment'' is used in defining violence occurring in the general community, which is defined as: "Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf|title=Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women|last=United Nations General Assembly|date=20 December 1993|work=United Nations|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214081113/http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

Sexual harassment is subject to a [[Directive (European Union)|directive in the European Union]].<ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0207:20021005:EN:PDF "{O}n the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women ... (76/207/EEC)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204010321/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0207:20021005:EN:PDF |date=4 February 2014 }}, Council of the [[European Communities|European Economic Communities]], 9 February 1976. Amended 23 September 2002.</ref> The [[United States]]' [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) states, "It is unlawful to harass a person (an applicant or employee) because of that person's sex."

In India, the case of ''[[Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan]]'' in 1997 has been credited with establishing sexual harassment as illegal.<ref name="india_rape">{{cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/rape_laws.htm|title=Redefining the Rape laws in India: a constructive and comparative approach|last=Desal|first=Dhruv|date=30 December 2003|publisher=Legal Service India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115194231/http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/rape_laws.htm|archive-date=15 January 2013|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> In Israel, the 1988 Equal Employment Opportunity Law made it a crime for an employer to retaliate against an employee who had rejected sexual advances, but it was not until 1998 that the Israeli Sexual Harassment Law made such behavior illegal.<ref name="Kamir" />

In May 2002, the [[European Union]] Council and Parliament amended a 1976 Council Directive on the equal treatment of men and women in employment to prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace, naming it a form of sex discrimination and violation of dignity. This Directive required all Member States of the European Union to adopt laws on sexual harassment, or amend existing laws to comply with the Directive by October 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stopvaw.org/Domestic_Legal_Framework.html?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BD7FABC81-256E-41C1-BF3A-563AD89AA809%7D|title=Domestic Legal Framework|last=Stop Violence Against Women|date=13 July 2007|publisher=The Advocates for Human Rights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116004349/http://www.stopvaw.org/Domestic_Legal_Framework.html?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BD7FABC81-256E-41C1-BF3A-563AD89AA809%7D|archive-date=16 November 2018|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2005, China added new provisions to the ''Law on Women's Right Protection'' to include sexual harassment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625913.stm |title=China to outlaw sexual harassment |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2005 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625913.stm |archive-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, "The Shanghai Supplement" was drafted to help further define sexual harassment in China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Cao |last2=South |first2=Mark |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/27/content_718147.htm |title=Draft bill details sexual harassment |publisher=China Daily |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024012122/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/27/content_718147.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sexual harassment was specifically criminalized for the first time in modern Egyptian history in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sexual-assault-on-student-sparks-outrage-in-egypt/|title=Sexual assault on student sparks outrage in Egypt Read more: Sexual assault on student sparks outrage in Egypt|date=10 June 2014|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=7 November 2014|url-status=live|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107120444/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sexual-assault-on-student-sparks-outrage-in-egypt/|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

{{As of|2016||df=}}, sexual harassment remains legal in Kuwait<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kuwait|title=World Report 2016: Kuwait|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|year=2016|chapter=Women's Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605213413/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kuwait|url-status=live}}</ref> and Djibouti.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252887.pdf "Djibouti 2015 Human Rights Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907015343/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252887.pdf |date=7 September 2019 }}, [[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]].</ref>

===Varied legal guidelines and definitions===
'''The [[United Nations]] General Recommendation 19 to the convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women''' defines sexual harassment of women to include:

<blockquote>such unwelcome sexually determined behavior as physical contact and advances, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography and sexual demands, whether by words or actions. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem; it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.</blockquote>

While such conduct can be harassment of women by men, many laws around the world which prohibit sexual harassment recognize that both men and women may be harassers or victims of sexual harassment. However, most claims of sexual harassment are made by women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/sexual_harassment.cfm |title=Sexual Harassment Charges: EEOC & FEPAs Combined: FY 1997 – FY 2011 |publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007201224/http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/sexual_harassment.cfm |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are many similarities, and also important differences in laws and definitions used around the world.

===Africa===
====Egypt====
Sexual harassment is rife in Egypt. A 2013 study from the United Nations showed that 99.3 percent of Egyptian women have suffered some form of sexual harassment. Authorities punish women when they do speak out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190722-egypt-15-year-old-girl-detained-for-stabbing-her-rapist/|title=Egypt: 15-year-old girl detained for stabbing her rapist|date=22 July 2019|website=Middle East Monitor|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212024928/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190722-egypt-15-year-old-girl-detained-for-stabbing-her-rapist/|archive-date=12 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/node/egyptians-defend-young-girl-killed-her-rapist-face-law-1298118|title=Egyptians Defend Young Girl Who Killed Her Rapist In Face of The Law|date=18 July 2019|website=Al Bawaba|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613105943/https://www.albawaba.com/node/egyptians-defend-young-girl-killed-her-rapist-face-law-1298118|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191106-egypt-girl-who-stabbed-her-rapist-released/|title=Egypt girl who stabbed her rapist released|date=6 November 2019|website=Middle East Monitor|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107135752/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191106-egypt-girl-who-stabbed-her-rapist-released/|archive-date=7 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Morocco====
In 2016, a stricter law proscribing sexual harassment was proposed in Morocco specifying fines and a possible jail sentence of up to 6 months.<ref name="tmt_24March2016">{{cite news|url=http://themoroccantimes.com/2016/03/18929/sexual-harrassement-morocco-jail-sentence|title=Up to 6 Months in Jail if You Sexually Harass a Woman in Morocco|date=24 March 2016|work=The Moroccan Times|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143631/http://themoroccantimes.com/2016/03/18929/sexual-harrassement-morocco-jail-sentence|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> The existing law against harassment was reported to not be upheld, as harassment was not reported to police by victims and even when reported, was not investigated by police or prosecuted by the courts.<ref name="tmt_24March2016" /><ref name="bbc_mag_10Oct2016">{{cite news |title=The Moroccan women fighting daily sexual harassment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37589687 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=BBC Magazine |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010235625/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37589687 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 1 June 2023, a Moroccan court sentenced a 32-year-old man to two years in prison for sexually harassing and forcibly kissing a woman inside a church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themoroccantimes.com/2023/06/25902/man-sentenced-to-two-years-in-jail-for-sexual-harassment-and-kissing-inside-tangier-church|title=Man Sentenced to Two Years in Jail for Sexual Harassment and Kissing Inside Tangier Church|work=The Moroccan Times |date=3 June 2023|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602161339/https://themoroccantimes.com/2023/06/25902/man-sentenced-to-two-years-in-jail-for-sexual-harassment-and-kissing-inside-tangier-church|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Australia===
The [[Sex Discrimination Act 1984]] defines sexual harassment as "... a person sexually harasses another person (the person harassed ) if: (a) the person makes an unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for sexual favours, to the person harassed; or (b) engages in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the person harassed; in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated the possibility that the person harassed would be offended, humiliated or intimidated."<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|sda1984209|Sex Discrimination Act 1984|28A}}.</ref>

===Europe===
In the [[European Union]], there is a [[Directive (European Union)|directive]] on sexual harassment. The ''Directive 2002/73/EC – equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions'' states:<ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu" />
<blockquote>For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply: (...)
* sexual harassment: where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment
Harassment and sexual harassment within the meaning of this Directive shall be deemed to be discrimination on the grounds of sex and therefore prohibited.</blockquote>

The [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence]] also addresses the issue of sexual harassment (Article 40), using a similar definition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/210.htm|title=Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No. 210)|last=Council of Europe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210455/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/210.htm|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

====Denmark====
Sexual harassment is defined as when any verbal, non-verbal or physical action is used to change a victim's sexual status against the will of the victim and resulting in the victim feeling inferior or hurting the victim's dignity. Men and women are looked upon as equal, and any action trying to change the balance in status with the differences in sex as a tool, is also sexual harassment. In the workplace, jokes, remarks, etc., are only deemed discriminatory if the employer has stated so in their written policy. Law number 1385 of 21 December 2005 regulates this area.<ref name="Denmark law">{{cite web|url=http://www.ku.dk/regel/2/2002.html#LOV%20nr%201385|title=Denmark Law|date=29 June 2016|publisher=Københavns Universitet|language=da|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321222932/http://www.ku.dk/regel/2/2002.html#LOV%20nr%201385|archive-date=21 March 2012|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/r0710.aspx?id=137042|title=Ligebehandlingsloven – Bekendtgørelse af lov om ligebehandling af mænd og kvinder med hensyn til beskæftigelse m.v|website=www.retsinformation.dk|language=da|trans-title=The Equal Treatment Act – Executive Order on the Equal Treatment Act for men and women with regard to employment, etc.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214022811/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137042|archive-date=14 December 2018|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

====France====
In [[France]], both the Criminal Code and the Labor Code are relevant to the issue of sexual harassment. Until 4 May 2012, article 222-33 of the French Criminal Code described sexual harassment as "The fact of harassing anyone in order to obtain favors of a sexual nature".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000408905|title=Loi n° 2002–73 du 17 janvier 2002 de modernisation sociale|date=17 January 2002|website=Legifrance|language=fr|trans-title=Art. 179 of the Law no. 2002-73 of 17 January 2002 on social modernization|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182819/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000408905|archive-date=7 February 2018|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Since 2002, it recognized the possibility of sexual harassment between co-workers and not only by supervisors. On 4 May 2012, the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Supreme Court of France]] quashed the definition of the criminal code as being too vague.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/2012/2012240QPC.htm|title=Decision no. 2012-240 QPC of May 4, 2012|website=Conseil constitutionnel|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602055255/https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/2012/2012240QPC.htm|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2012 decision resulted from a law on priority preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality. As a consequence of this decision, all pending procedures before criminal courts were cancelled. Several feminist NGOs, such as AFVT, criticized this decision. President [[François Hollande]], the Minister of Justice (Christiane Taubira) and the Minister of Equality (Najat Belkacem) asked that a new law be voted rapidly. As a result, ''LOI n°2012-954 du 6 août 2012'' was voted in, providing a new definition.<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000021796942&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719 "Code pénal: Article 222-33" (in French)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163504/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000021796942&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719 |date=12 June 2018 }}, ''legifrance.gouv.fr''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/loi-6-aout-2012-relative-au-harcelement-sexuel|title=Loi du 6 août 2012 relative au harcèlement sexuel|date=20 September 2012|website=Le portail de la Fonction publique [The Civil Service Portal]|language=fr|trans-title=Law of August 6, 2012 on sexual harassment|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001072531/https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/loi-6-aout-2012-relative-au-harcelement-sexuel|archive-date=1 October 2019|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> In addition to criminal provisions, the French Labor code also prohibits sexual harassment.<ref>Act of 2 November 1992</ref> The legislator voted a law in 2008<ref>Act of 27 May 2008</ref> that copied the 2002/73/EC Directive<ref>Directive of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (Text with EEA relevance)|date=5 October 2002|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/73/oj/eng|volume=OJ L|issue=32002L0073|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518023047/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/73/oj/eng|url-status=live}}</ref> definition without modifying the French Labour Code.

According to Abigail C. Saguy in her book ''What is Sexual Harassment: From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne'', "According to French penal law, '''sexual''' '''harassment''' is also different from rape and sexual assault in that it does not involve physical contact. Rather, with '''sexual harassment''', economic dependence and official authority alone are used to pressure a person into having sexual relations(pg.24)."

====Germany====
[[File:1833 Neder Im Gasthof anagoria.JPG|thumb|''At the Tavern'', by Johann Michael Neder, 1833, [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]]]]
In June 2016, the governing coalition decided about the key points of a tightening of the law governing sexual offenses (Sexualstrafrecht, literally: law on the punishment of sexual delicts). On 7 July 2016, the Bundestag passed the resolution<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bundestag-beschliesst-neues-sexualstrafrecht-a-1101813.html|title=Votum: Bundestag beschließt neues Sexualstrafrecht|date=7 July 2016|journal=Spiegel Online|access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live|language=de|trans-title=Vote: Bundestag passes new sexual criminal law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707120628/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bundestag-beschliesst-neues-sexualstrafrecht-a-1101813.html|archive-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> and by fall of that year, the draft bill will be presented to the second chamber, the Bundesrat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/sexualstrafrecht-alles-was-sie-zu-nein-heisst-nein-wissen-muessen-a-1101658.html|title=Neues Sexualstrafrecht: Nein heißt Nein. Und was bedeutet das jetzt?|date=7 July 2016|journal=Spiegel Online|access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live|language=de|trans-title=New Sexual Criminal Law: No means No. And what does that mean now?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120202657/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/sexualstrafrecht-alles-was-sie-zu-nein-heisst-nein-wissen-muessen-a-1101658.html|archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> By this change, sexual harassment shall become punishable under the ''Sexualstrafrecht''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/de/nein-hei%C3%9Ft-nein-koalition-reformiert-sexualstrafrecht/a-19336217|title='Nein heißt Nein' – Koalition reformiert Sexualstrafrecht|date=16 June 2016|publisher=Deutsche Welle|language=de|trans-title="No means No" – coalition reforms sexual criminal law|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617135723/http://www.dw.com/de/nein-hei%C3%9Ft-nein-koalition-reformiert-sexualstrafrecht/a-19336217|archive-date=17 June 2016|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref>

Now sexual harassment is punishable by law according to § 184i of the law governing sexual offenses. The law only states unwanted physical contact as sexual harassment but has been extended in 2020 to include "cybergrooming" as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184i.html|title=Sexuelle Belästigung|access-date=10 July 2020|website=dejure.org|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025502/https://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184i.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Greece====
In response to the EU Directive 2002/73/EC, [[Greece]] enacted Law 3488/2006 (O.G.A.'.191).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/europe/greece/2006/law-3488-2006-on-the-implementation-of-the-principle-of-equal-treatment-of-men-and-women|title=Law 3488/2006: Framework on Equal Treatment of Men and Women|website=Global Database on Violence against Women|publisher=[[United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women|UN Women]]|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518023104/https://data.unwomen.org/evaw/database|url-status=live}}</ref> The law specifies that sexual harassment is a form of gender-based discrimination in the workplace. Victims also have the right to compensation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId%3D10297%26baseHREF%3Dcountry%26baseHREFId%3D563|title=LAW 3488/2006 ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE FIELDS OF ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND PROMOTION, TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF WORK|date=7 September 2009|website=The UN Secretary-General's database on violaence against women|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171917/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10297&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=563|archive-date=1 February 2014|access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> Prior to this law, the policy on sexual harassment in Greece was very weak. Sexual harassment was not defined by any law, and victims could only use general laws, which were very poor in addressing the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408&context=hrbrief|title=The New European Union Directive on Sexual Harassment and Its Implications for Greece|last=Tsekos|first=Mary Ellen|date=2003|website=Human Rights Brief|publisher=Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613233629/https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408&context=hrbrief|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum3/en/ITL03p015025_Sexual%20Harassment%20in%20the%20Greek%20Criminal%20Law_Elissavet%20Symeonidou%20Kastanidou.pdf|title=The Sexual Harassment in Greek Criminal Law (Law 3488/2006)|last=Symeonidou-Kastanidou|first=E.|date=30 May 2007|website=Intellectum|others=Translated by Victor Tsilonis and Danai Roussou|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101821/http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum3/en/ITL03p015025_Sexual%20Harassment%20in%20the%20Greek%20Criminal%20Law_Elissavet%20Symeonidou%20Kastanidou.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

====Russia====
As of 2023, there is no formal law in Russia that prohibits or criminalizes repeated sexual harassment or any sexual advancements that result in women or men losing their jobs or some other adverse effects that can be proven in a court of law. Per articles 132-133 of the [[Criminal Code of Russia|Criminal Code of Russian Federation]] (CC RF) only criminal sexual conduct is outlawed, including all non-consensual sex between individuals: [[rape]], sex with underage etc. Per article 133 (previously, Article 118 of CC RF 1990) various kinds of extortion and coercion are also criminalized.<ref name=":0" />

According to the Moscow Center for Gender Studies study published in 1997, practically in all cases authorities did not investigate or enforce these articles.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://shsf.invisionzone.com/index.php?s=a1f5e83af0f492d74310d4d1a073b792&showtopic=279|title=Sexual Harassment in Russian Workplaces|last=Khotkina|first=Dr. Zoya|date=25 April 1997|publisher=Moscow Centre for Gender Studies|via=Sexual Harassment Support Forum|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311060132/http://shsf.invisionzone.com/index.php?s=a1f5e83af0f492d74310d4d1a073b792&showtopic=279|archive-date=11 March 2007}}</ref>

In 2008, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' quoted a survey in which "100 percent of female professionals [in Russia] said they had been subjected to sexual harassment by their bosses, 32 per cent said they had had intercourse with them at least once and another seven per cent claimed to have been raped."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/2470310/Sexual-harrassment-okay-as-it-ensures-humans-breed-Russian-judge-rules.html |title = Sexual harassment okay as it ensures humans breed, Russian judge rules |last = Blomfield |first = Adrian |date = 29 July 2008 |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |access-date = 15 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711120823/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/2470310/Sexual-harrassment-okay-as-it-ensures-humans-breed-Russian-judge-rules.html |archive-date = 11 July 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=January 2024}}

====Switzerland====
A ban on discrimination was included in the Federal Constitution (Article 4, Paragraph 2 of the old Federal Constitution) in 1981 and adopted in Article 8, paragraph 2 of the revised Constitution. The ban on sexual harassment in the workplace forms part of the Federal Act on Gender Equality (GEA) of 24 March 1995, where it is one of several provisions which prohibit discrimination in employment and which are intended to promote equality. Article 4 of the GEA defines the circumstances, Article 5 legal rights and Article 10 protection against dismissal during the complaints procedure.<ref name="Swiss.gov-2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19950082/index.html|title=Federal Act on Gender Equality|date=1 January 2017|website=The Federal Council – The Portal of the Swiss Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324102217/https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19950082/index.html|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Article 328, paragraph 1 of the Code of Obligations (OR), Article 198 (2) of the Penal Code (StGB) and Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Employment Act (ArG) contain further statutory provisions on the ban on sexual harassment. The ban on sexual harassment is intended exclusively for employers, within the scope of their responsibility for protection of legal personality, mental and physical well-being and health.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Article 4 of the GEA of 1995 discusses the topic of sexual harassment in the workplace: "Any harassing behaviour of a sexual nature or other behaviour related to the person's sex that adversely affects the dignity of women or men in the workplace is discriminatory. Such behaviour includes in particular threats, the promise of advantages, the use of coercion and the exertion of pressure in order to obtain favours of a sexual nature."<ref name="Swiss.gov-2017" />

====United Kingdom====
The Discrimination Act of 1975 was modified to establish sexual harassment as a form of discrimination in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoc-law.org.uk/default.aspx?page=4666|title=Strathclyde Regional Council v Porcelli [1986] IRLR 134 Court of Session|work=Equal Opportunities Commission|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408051338/http://www.eoc-law.org.uk/default.aspx?page=4666|archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref> It states that harassment occurs where there is unwanted conduct on the ground of a person's sex or unwanted conduct of a sexual nature and that conduct has the purpose or effect of violating a person's dignity, or of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. If an employer treats someone less favourably because they have rejected, or submitted to, either form of harassment described above, this is also harassment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoc.org.uk/Default.aspx?page=15657|title=Sexual Harassment: what the law says|date=10 August 2010|website=Equal Opportunities Commission|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831002533/http://www.eoc.org.uk/Default.aspx?page=15657|archive-date=31 August 2007|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2021, a study by UN Women UK found out that 97% of young women 18-24 have experienced some sort of sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2021 |title=Four-fifths of young women in the UK have been sexually harassed, survey finds |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/10/almost-all-young-women-in-the-uk-have-been-sexually-harassed-survey-finds |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518023044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/10/almost-all-young-women-in-the-uk-have-been-sexually-harassed-survey-finds |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sexual harassment is also now considered discrimination under [[Equality Act 2010|the Equality Act 2010.]] The Equality Act 2010 merged over 116 separate pieces of legislation under one act that protects the rights of citizens and promotes equality for all people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/equality-act-2010/what-equality-act|title=What is the Equality Act?|publisher=Equality and Human Rights Commission|website=www.equalityhumanrights.com|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320021852/https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/equality-act-2010/what-equality-act|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new law strengthened the protection of individuals from discrimination in a number of areas. It is designed to protect individuals from discrimination on the basis of age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. It covers a wide range of areas, including employment, education, housing, public accommodations, and the provision of goods and services. Under the Equality Act 2010, it is unlawful to discriminate against someone on the basis of any of these protected characteristics. This includes direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimization. The Act also places a duty on public authorities, such as local councils and government departments, to consider the impact of their policies and decisions on people who have protected characteristics, and to take steps to promote equality of opportunity and to eliminate discrimination.<ref>Maria Khan, and Ayesha Ahmed, "The protection against harassment of women at the workplace act 2010: A legislative review." ''Lahore University of Management Sciences law Journal'' 3 (2016): 91+ [https://scholar.archive.org/work/os3iqu54obhdxblxehylrico5q/access/wayback/https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/harassment_of_women.pdf online].</ref>

Although the 2010 Equality Act is in place, many are pushing the UK government to put even more policies in place to stop sexual harassment in the workplace. One group in particular, "This is Not Working", acts because according to recent surveys done by the Women and Equalities Committee, workplace sexual harassment is still very prevalent, even with the current legislation. The movement pushes for even more employers to take responsibility and proactively prevent sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/not-working-answer-one-consultation-please-uk|title=This is Not Working – the Answer? One Consultation, Please (UK)|website=The National Law Review|language=en|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614105311/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/not-working-answer-one-consultation-please-uk|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
==== China ====
In [[China]], the 2005 Law for the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests of the People's Republic of China states "sexual harassment against women is prohibited"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/protection-of-womens-rights-and-interests-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of|title=Protection of Women's Rights and Interests Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese and English Text)|website=Congressional-Executive Commission on China|date=28 August 2005 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130448/https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/protection-of-womens-rights-and-interests-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of|archive-date=18 April 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> although the law does not explicitly define what sexual harassment is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-china-anti-harassment-requirements.aspx|title=China: Time to Review Your Policies Against Sexual Harassment|last1=Ligorner|first1=K. Lesli|last2=Wang|first2=Dora|date=24 August 2018|website=SHRM|language=en-US|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130446/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-china-anti-harassment-requirements.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sexual harassment is still pervasive within Chinese culture. A 2018 survey of female journalists revealed that 80% had experienced unwanted behavior,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2142703/why-chinese-women-dont-speak-out-about-sexual-harassment|title=Why sexual harassment in the workplace goes unreported in China|last=Zuo|first=Mandy|date=21 April 2018|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130448/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2142703/why-chinese-women-dont-speak-out-about-sexual-harassment|archive-date=18 April 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> and an online survey of college students from all 34 [[Provinces of China|provinces]] the same year revealed that 75% of female students and 35% of male students had experienced sexual harassment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/sexual-harassment-common-on-chinese-campuses/82604|title=Sexual harassment common on Chinese campuses|date=20 June 2018|website=UCA News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130448/https://www.ucanews.com/news/sexual-harassment-common-on-chinese-campuses/82604|archive-date=18 April 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
As of 2020, it is estimated that one in four women in [[Lebanon]] have been subjected to some form of unsolicited sexual advance, ranging from verbal to physical.<ref name="Yassine-2020">{{Cite web|last=Yassine|first=Hussein|date=21 December 2020|title=Lebanese Parliament Just Voted To Criminalize Sexual Harassment|url=https://www.the961.com/lebanese-parliament-sexual-harassment/|access-date=21 December 2020|website=The961|language=en-US|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221120026/https://www.the961.com/lebanese-parliament-sexual-harassment/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 December 2020, the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese Parliament]] passed a law criminalizing sexual harassment.<ref name="Yassine-2020" /> There was no national legislation to directly criminalize sexual harassment prior, with draft laws being proposed several times without effect.<ref name="Yassine-2020" />

====India====
{{Further|Sexism in India|Eve teasing|The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013}}

Sexual harassment in [[India]] is termed "[[Eve teasing]]" and is described as: unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as sexually colored remarks; physical contact and advances; showing pornography; a demand or request for sexual favours; any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature or passing sexually offensive and unacceptable remarks. The critical factor is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour, thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator.<ref name="india_rape" /> According to the [[Indian constitution]], sexual harassment infringes the fundamental right of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21.<ref name="amicus.iupindia.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.amicus.iupindia.org/Lels_WorkplaceHarassment_ovw.asp|title=ICFAI University – Workplace Harassment|website=Amicus.iupindia.org|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202183755/http://www.amicus.iupindia.org/Lels_WorkplaceHarassment_ovw.asp|archive-date=2 December 2017|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Supreme Court of India]] in a [[Public Interest Litigation]] defined sexual harassment at workplace, preventive measures and redress mechanism. The judgment is popularly known as Vishaka Judgment.<ref name="Vishaka 001">{{cite journal |url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ |title = Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August 1997 |author1=Manohar, SV |author2=Kirpal, BN |journal=Supreme Court of India |date=August 1997 |volume=241 |id = SCC Ref:(1997)6. SCC 241 : (1997 AIR SCW 3043) |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120605101608/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ |archive-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref> In April 2013, India enacted its own law on sexual harassment in the workplace—[[The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]]. Almost 16 years after the Supreme Court's landmark guidelines on prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace (known as the "[[Vishaka Guidelines]]"), the Act has endorsed many of the guidelines, and is a step towards codifying gender equality. The Act is intended to include all women employees in its ambit, including those employed in the unorganized sector, as well as domestic workers. The Indian law does not permit the victim or complainant to take assistance of a legal professional in the inquiry, however, in Arti Devi Vs Jawaharlal Nehru University,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195150471/|title=The Redressal of Public Grievances Rules, 1998|work=Indian Kanoon|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228064147/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195150471/|url-status=live}}</ref> the High Court of Delhi permitted the complainant to avail the services of a counsel as her defence assistant.

The Act has identified sexual harassment as a violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under article 21 of the Constitution; as well as the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment. The Act also states that the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rights by international conventions and instruments such as Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, which has been ratified on 25 June 1993 by the Government of India.<ref>[[The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2020}}

The [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] introduced changes to the [[Indian Penal Code]], making sexual harassment an expressed offense under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense.

====Israel====
The 1998 Israeli Sexual Harassment Law interprets sexual harassment broadly, and prohibits the behavior as a discriminatory practice, a restriction of liberty, an offense to human dignity, a violation of every person's right to elementary respect, and an infringement of the right to privacy. Additionally, the law prohibits intimidation or retaliation thus related to sexual harassment are defined by the law as "prejudicial treatment".<ref name="Kamir">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamir | first1 = Orit | title = Israel's 1998 Sexual Harassment Law: Prohibiting Sexual Harassment, Sexual Stalking, and Degradation Based on Sexual Orientation in the Workplace and in all Social Settings | url = http://sitemaker.umich.edu/Orit_Kamir/files/sexharas2.pdf | journal = International Journal of Discrimination and the Law | volume = 2005 | issue = 7 | pages = 315–336 | access-date = 7 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017132743/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/Orit_Kamir/files/sexharas2.pdf | archive-date = 17 October 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

====Japan====
[[File:Chikan Sign.jpg|301x301px|thumb|SexPublic sign in [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba, Japan]], warning of [[Chikan (body contact)|''chikan'']]]]

The Department of Labor received 11,289 consultations regarding sexual harassment (approximately 60% from female workers, 5% from male workers, and 35% from others) in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/h27/zentai/html/zuhyo/zuhyo01-04-14.html |title=都道府県労働局雇用均等室に寄せられた職場におけるセクシュアル・ハラスメントの相談件数 |publisher=内閣府 |language=ja |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235221/https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/h27/zentai/html/zuhyo/zuhyo01-04-14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, given the generally low rate of reported sexual offenders (about 10%), the [[Dark figure of crime|dark figure]] of sexual harassers is believed to be substantial, with 34.7% of full-time employees experiencing sexual harassment, according to the Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apj.aidem.co.jp/current/detail/1352.html |title=妊娠等を理由とする不利益取扱い及びセクシュアルハラスメントに関する実態調査 |publisher=労働政策研究・研修機構 |language=ja |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518023046/https://apj.aidem.co.jp/current/detail/1352.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It appeared most dramatically in Japanese discourse in 1989, when a court case in Fukuoka ruled in favor of a woman who had been subjected to the spreading of sexual rumors by a co-worker. When the case was first reported, it spawned a flurry of public interest: 10 books were published, including English-language feminist guidebooks to 'how not to harass women' texts for men.<ref name="Huen">{{cite journal |last1=Huen|first1 = Y. |title=Workplace Sexual Harassment in Japan: A Review of Combating Measures Taken |journal=Asian Survey |year=2007|volume=47|issue=5|pages=811–827 |doi = 10.1525/as.2007.47.5.811 }}</ref> Sekuhara was named 1989's 'Word of the Year'. The case was resolved in the victim's favor in 1992, awarding her about $13,000 in damages, the first sexual harassment lawsuit in Japanese history.<ref name="MacGregor">{{cite news |last = MacGregor |first = Hillary |title = In Japan, Many Men Just Don't Get It : Nation only got word for sexual harassment after '89 court case. |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-13-mn-56533-story.html |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = 26 October 2015 |date = 13 October 1995 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082011/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-13/news/mn-56533_1_sexual-harassment/2 |archive-date = 5 January 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Laws then established two forms of sexual harassment: ''taika-gata'', in which rewards or penalties are explicitly linked to sexual acts, and ''kankyo-gata'', in which the environment is made unpleasant through sexual talk or jokes, touching, or hanging sexually explicit posters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/koyou_roudou/koyoukintou/seisaku06/index.html#h2_free5 |title=職場におけるセクシュアルハラスメントについて |publisher=厚生労働省 |language=ja |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802222316/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/koyou_roudou/koyoukintou/seisaku06/index.html#h2_free5 |url-status=live }}</ref> This applies to everyone in an office, including customers.<ref name="Huen" />

====Malaysia====
{{main|Sexual harassment in Malaysia}}

In Malaysia, sexual harassment as defined by the [http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Act%20265%20-%20Employment%20Act%201955.pdf Employment Act 1955] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235552/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Act%20265%20-%20Employment%20Act%201955.pdf |date=11 November 2020 }}, is "any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, visual, gestural or physical, directed at a person which is offensive, humiliating or a threat to their well-being". The Act does not distinguish between male and female or employer and employee. As such, sexual harassment can be committed by a female against a male, or an employee against an employer.

Sexual harassment is common, and since 2010 trains on the Malaysian Railway have included pink-colored [[women-only passenger car|women-only cars]] as a means of cutting down on it.<ref name="buses">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40468372|title=Women-only buses aim to halt sex harassment|work=NBC News|date=2 December 2010|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021054650/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40468372/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/women-only-buses-aim-halt-sex-harassment/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also women-only buses in Kuala Lumpur since 2010.<ref name="buses" /> In 2011, the government launched a women-only taxi service in the greater Kuala Lumpur area.<ref name="taxis">{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/27/179417.html|title=Malaysia launches women-only taxis, hoping to reduce number of rape and robbery cases|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Al Arabiya News|date=27 November 2011|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034930/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/27/179417.html|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The taxis have women drivers, and operate on an on-call basis.<ref name="taxis" />

==== New Zealand ====
In 2018, Statistics New Zealand published the Survey of Working Life findings, which queried employed individuals about their work schedules, employment circumstances, and level of job satisfaction and work-life balance. 9% of males and 14% of women reported having dealt with bullying, harassment, or discrimination at work in the preceding year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continued reports of sexual harassment, assault and bullying at work; steps towards change {{!}} New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse |url=https://nzfvc.org.nz/news/continued-reports-sexual-harassment-assault-and-bullying-work-steps-towards-change |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=nzfvc.org.nz |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020130128/https://nzfvc.org.nz/news/continued-reports-sexual-harassment-assault-and-bullying-work-steps-towards-change |url-status=live }}</ref> Any invitation for sexual activity, whether direct or indirect, is considered sexual harassment according to the Employment Relations Act of 2000. The individual harassing the victim may be a boss, an employee, a volunteer, a coworker, an employer's representative, or even a customer, contractor, or supplier who is not an employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is sexual harassment |url=https://www.employment.govt.nz/resolving-problems/types-of-problems/bullying-harassment-and-discrimination/sexual-harassment/what-is-sexual-harassment/ |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Employment New Zealand |language=en-NZ |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020132734/https://www.employment.govt.nz/resolving-problems/types-of-problems/bullying-harassment-and-discrimination/sexual-harassment/what-is-sexual-harassment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Health and Safety at Work Act 2015, the duties of PCBU (person undertaking a business or undertaking) responsibility according to the act 36, subpart 2, Duties of PCBU is

· “The provision and maintenance of a work environment that is without risks to health and safety”; and

· “The provision and maintenance of safe plant and structures”; and

· “The provision and maintenance of safe systems of work”; and

· “The safe use, handling, and storage of plants, substances, and structures”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0070/latest/DLM5976894.html#DLM5976894 |access-date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812161708/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0070/latest/DLM5976894.html#DLM5976894 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As per the Employment Relations Act 2000, it is possible for you to file a personal grievance. A worker may file a personal grievance against their employer. You have 12 months from the date when the assault happened or became aware of your knowledge, whichever comes first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steps for workers to address sexual harassment |url=https://www.employment.govt.nz/resolving-problems/types-of-problems/bullying-harassment-and-discrimination/sexual-harassment/steps-for-workers-to-address-sexual-harassment/ |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Employment New Zealand |language=en-NZ |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020212630/https://www.employment.govt.nz/resolving-problems/types-of-problems/bullying-harassment-and-discrimination/sexual-harassment/steps-for-workers-to-address-sexual-harassment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Employment Relations (Extended Time for Personal Grievance for Sexual Harassment) Amendment Act 2023 and, section 54 amended states, an explanation in simple terms of the resources that are available for resolving issues with relationships at work, in relation to the 12-month period that must pass before filing a personal grievance under section 114(1) if the grievance relates to sexual harassment under section 103(1)(d).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2023/0028/latest/LMS577477.html |website=New Zealand Legislation |access-date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701094045/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2023/0028/latest/LMS577477.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Human Rights Act 1993 under 62 sexual harassment states that, in the course of engaging in any of the activities covered by the provisions of subsection (3), it is illegal for anyone to ask another person for sexual relations, sexual contact, or any other type of sexual activity when doing so contains an implicit or overt guarantee of favorable treatment. During one's engagement in each of the areas where subsection (3) applies, it is forbidden for an individual to subject another individual to the conduct of the actions that follow:

(a) a conduct that is unwanted or offensive to that individual (regardless of whether that is communicated to the first-mentioned individual); and

(b) an act that is either repeated or of a significant nature as to negatively impact that individual in relation to any of the regions where subsection (3) applies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights act 1993 |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304651.html |website=New Zealand Legislation |access-date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215200435/https://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
Pakistan introduced the [[Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010|''Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act'']] in 2010. This law defines the act of harassment as. "[A]ny unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favors or other verbal or written communication or physical conduct of a sexual nature or sexually demeaning attitude, causing interference with work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment, or the attempt to punish the complainant for refusal to such a request or is made a condition for employment."

The Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010 was the first legislative measure in South Asia specifically enacted to address sexual harassment in professional environments. The Act was designed, drafted, and advocated by the civil society network AASHA ([[Alliance Against Sexual Harassment]], which played a central role in its development. Simultaneously, a companion amendment to Section 509 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV 1860)<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PAKISTAN PENAL CODE |url=https://pakistancode.gov.pk/pdffiles/administratord5622ea3f15bfa00b17d2cf7770a8434.pdf}}</ref> and the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 (Act V of 1898) Section 509 was passed and signed. While the Protection Act established internal mechanisms within organizations for the review and resolution of harassment complaintstan’ sexual harassment law,<ref>{{Cite web |title=understanding pakistan' sexual harassment law |url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/90571/understanding-pakistans-sexual-harassment-law-part-1 https://tribune.com.pk/article/91190/understanding-pakistans-sexual-harassment-law-part-ii}}</ref> the Penal Code amendment extended the scope of legal recourse by allowing individuals to file harassment complaints nationwide, mandating police registration of such cases.

Following presidential assent on 8 March 2010, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani constituted the ''National Implementation Watch Committee'' [1] to oversee the enforcement of the Act. Dr. [[Fouzia Saeed]], a founding member of AASHA, was appointed Chairperson of the committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aziz |first=Farieha |title=Interview: Dr Fouzia Saeed, National Implementation Watch Committee |url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/interview-dr-fouzia-saeed-national-implementation-watch-committee/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Newsline |language=en}}</ref> The implementation rules were formally published in The Gazette of Pakistan<ref>{{Citation |title=The Gazette of Pakistan |date=14 September 2025 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gazette_of_Pakistan&oldid=1311320169 |access-date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> on 15 January 2011, marking the beginning of nationwide enforcement.

The legislative process leading to the enactment of the Act spanned a decade and has been documented extensively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saeed |first=Fouzia |title=The AASHA Experience: A Decade of Struggle Against Sexual Harassment in Pakistan |publisher=Mehergarh Research and Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-969-9659-07-2}}</ref> Subsequent efforts to amend the Act, both successful and unsuccessful, have also been recorded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saeed |first=Fouzia |title=On Their Own Terms: Early 21st Century Women's Movements in Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-070259-5 |location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref> A comprehensive review of the Act’s implementation over the following ten years was published by Mehergarh authored by Maliha Husain, highlighting both achievements and ongoing challenges.,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Maliha |title=An Objective Analysis of Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act 2010 |publisher=Mehergarh Research and Publications |year=2022 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Maliha |title=A Game Changer for Women: Reviewing Ten Years of Implementing the Anti-Sexual Harassment Laws in Pakistan, 2010–2020 |publisher=Mehergarh Research and Publications |year=2020 |isbn=978-969-9659-13-3 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan}}</ref>

====Philippines====
The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 was enacted:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=L00000000018 |title = Republic Act No. 7877 Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 |website = Filipiniana.net |access-date=7 October 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120713063240/http://filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=L00000000018 |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>

<blockquote>primarily to protect and respect the dignity of workers, employees, and applicants for employment as well as students in educational institutions or training centers. This law, consisting of ten sections, provides for a clear definition of work, education or training-related sexual harassment and specifies the acts constituting sexual harassment. It likewise provides for the duties and liabilities of the employer in cases of sexual harassment, and sets penalties for violations of its provisions. A victim of sexual harassment is not barred from filing a separate and independent action for damages and other relief aside from filing the charge for sexual harassment.</blockquote>

Assistant Solicitor General Derek Puertollano was dismissed from service over 3 administrative charges for violations of RA 7877 "The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995" filed by a complaint from his legal interns. He was convicted of the grave offense of sexual harassment through unwanted touching of private part of the body, and the less grave offenses of sexual harassment through unwanted touching or brushing against a victim's body, and through surreptitiously looking at a person's private part. "These harrowing incidents left complainants traumatized, scarring them both for life,” said [[Lucas Bersamin]] in his decision dated 20 February 2024. [[Menardo Guevarra]] appointed an OIC to the vacated legal division.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Buan |first1= Lian|title=Malacañang fires assistant solicitor general for sexual harassment|url= https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/malacanang-fires-assistant-solicitor-general-for-sexual-harassment/|accessdate=27 February 2024 |publisher= [[Rappler]]|date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

===United States===
====Evolution of sexual harassment law====
=====Workplace=====
{{main|Sexual harassment in the workplace in the United States}}

In the United States, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] prohibits [[employment discrimination]] based on [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[sex]], [[color]], [[national origin]] or [[religion]]. {{UnitedStatesCode|42|2000e-2}} was initially intended to only combat sexual harassment of women, but the prohibition of [[sex discrimination]] covers both men and women. This discrimination occurs when the sex of the worker is made as a condition of employment (i.e. all female waitpersons or male carpenters) or where this is a job requirement that does not mention sex but ends up preventing many more persons of one sex than the other from the job (such as height and weight limits). This act only applies to employers with 15 or more employees.<ref name="EEOC-2018">{{Cite web |title=Sexual Harassment |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308120009/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=11 February 2020 |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission}}</ref>

''[[Barnes v. Train]]'' (1974) is commonly viewed as the first sexual harassment case in America, even though the term "sexual harassment" was not used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wendymcelroy.com/ifeminists/2004/1027.html|title=The Sad Evolution of Sexual Harassment|last=McElroy|first=Wendy|date=27 October 2004|website=ifeminists.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807125033/http://www.wendymcelroy.com/ifeminists/2004/1027.html|archive-date=7 August 2011|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> In 1976, ''Williams v. Saxbe'' established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination when sexual advances by a male supervisor towards a female employee, if proven, would be deemed an artificial barrier to employment placed before one gender and not another. In 1980 the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) issued regulations defining sexual harassment and stating it was a form of sex discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the 1986 case of ''[[Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson]]'', the Supreme Court first recognized "sexual harassment" as a violation of Title VII, established the standards for analyzing whether the conduct was welcome and levels of employer [[legal liability|liability]], and that speech or conduct in itself can create a "[[hostile environment sexual harassment|hostile environment]]".<ref>{{caselaw source |case=''Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson'', 477 U.S. 57 (1986) |findlaw=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=477&page=57 |justia=http://supreme.justia.com/us/477/57/case.html}}</ref> This case filed by Mechelle Vinson ruled that the sexual conduct between the subordinate and supervisor could not be deemed voluntary due to the hierarchical relationship between the two positions in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Women and the law stories |year=2011|publisher=Foundation Press/Thomson Reuters |last1= Schneider |first1 = Elizabeth M. |last2 = Wildman |first2 = Stephanie M. |isbn = 978-1599415895 |location=New York, NY |oclc = 671639786 }}</ref> Following the ruling in ''[[Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson]]'', reported sexual harassment cases grew from 10 cases being registered by the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|EEOC]] per year before 1986 to 624 case being reported in the subsequent following year.<ref name="Cochran-2004">{{cite book |title=Sexual harassment and the law : the Mechelle Vinson case |last=Cochran |first=Augustus B. |year=2004 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700613236 |location=Lawrence, KS |oclc=53284947 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualharassment0000coch }}</ref> This number of reported cases to the EEOC rose to 2,217 in 1990 and then 4,626 by 1995.<ref name="Cochran-2004" />

The [[Civil Rights Act of 1991]] added provisions to Title VII protections including expanding the rights of women to sue and collect compensatory and punitive [[damages]] for sexual discrimination or harassment, and the case of ''Ellison v. Brady'' (US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit – 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991)) resulted in rejecting the [[reasonable person]] standard in favor of the "reasonable woman standard" which allowed for cases to be analyzed from the perspective of the complainant and not the defendant.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://shsf.invisionzone.com/index.php?showtopic%3D445 |title=Sexual Harassment Support Forum |access-date=19 July 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310223845/http://shsf.invisionzone.com/index.php?showtopic=445 |archive-date=10 March 2007 }}{{full citation needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> However, some legal scholars have argued this does not go far enough and that the reasonable person standard also needs to take [[intersectionality]] into account.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Onwuachi-Willig |first1=Angela |author-link=Angela Onwuachi-Willig |title=What About #UsToo?: The Invisibility of Race in the #MeToo Movement |journal=Yale Law Journal Forum |date=18 June 2018 |volume=128 |page=109 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1331&context=faculty_scholarship |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221161738/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1331&context=faculty_scholarship |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 1991, ''[[Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.]]'' became the first sexual harassment case to be given [[class action]] status paving the way for others. Seven years later, in 1998, through that same case, new precedents were established that increased the limits on the "[[Discovery (law)|discovery]]" process in sexual harassment cases, that then allowed psychological injuries from the [[litigation]] process to be included in assessing damages awards. In the same year, the courts concluded in ''Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, Florida'', and ''[[Burlington v. Ellerth]]'', that employers are liable for harassment by their employees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=000&invol=97-282 |title=U.S Supreme Court: Beth Ann Faragher, petitioner v. City of Boca Raton |work=FindLaw |date=26 June 1998 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624090220/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=000&invol=97-282 |archive-date=24 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=000&invol=97-569 |title = U.S. Supreme Court: Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth |work = FindLaw |date = 26 June 1998 |access-date = 7 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624090225/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=000&invol=97-569 |archive-date = 24 June 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> Moreover, ''[[Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services]]'' set the precedent for same-sex harassment, and sexual harassment without motivation of "sexual desire", stating that any discrimination based on sex is actionable so long as it places the victim in an objectively disadvantageous working condition, regardless of the gender of either the victim, or the harasser.

In the 2006 case of ''[[Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White]]'', the standard for retaliation against a sexual harassment complainant was revised to include any adverse employment decision or treatment that would be likely to dissuade a "reasonable worker" from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.

During 2007 alone, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and related state agencies received 12,510 new charges of sexual harassment on the job.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marshall |first1=David |last2=Andronici |first2 = Justine |title=Sexual Harassment Law: A Brief Introduction for New Practitioners |url = http://www.kmblegal.com/index.php/160/Sexual_Harassment_Law_A_Brief_Introduction_for_New_Practitioners |publisher=Katz, Marshall & Banks |access-date=18 March 2011|date=23 October 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203063912/http://www.kmblegal.com/index.php/160/Sexual_Harassment_Law_A_Brief_Introduction_for_New_Practitioners |archive-date=3 February 2009 }}</ref> In ''Astra USA v. Bildman'', 914 N.E.2d 36 (Mass. 2009), applying New York's [[faithless servant]] doctrine, the court held that a company's employee who had engaged in financial misdeeds and sexual harassment must "forfeit all of his salary and bonuses for the period of disloyalty."<ref name="auto6x">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3RaGDwAAQBAJ&q=%22faithless+servant%22&pg=PA472|title=Employment Law: Private Ordering and Its Limitations |first1=Timothy P. |last1=Glynn |first2=Rachel S.|last2=Arnow-Richman |first3=Charles A. |last3=Sullivan |year = 2019 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Law & Business |via=Google Books |isbn=9781543801064 }}</ref> The court held that this was the case even if the employee "otherwise performed valuable services", and that the employee was not entitled to recover restitution for the value of those other services.<ref name="auto6x" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Faithless Servants Beware: Massachusetts Forfeiture Law is More Severe than Astra USA, Inc. v. Bildman Might Suggest |first1=James R.|last1=Carroll|first2=Jason Collins|last2=Weida|journal=Boston Bar Journal |issue = Winter 2010 |date=1 January 2010 |ssrn = 1775205}}</ref>

The 2010 case, ''[[Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.]]'' ruled that a hostile work environment can be created in a workplace where sexually explicit language and [[pornography]] are present. A [[hostile workplace]] may exist even if it is not targeted at any particular employee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.employmentlawblog.info/2010/01/reeves-v-ch-robinson-worldwide-inc-no-07-10270-11th-cir-jan-20-2010.shtml|title=Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., No. 07-10270 (11th Cir. Jan. 20, 2010)|last=Mollica|first=Paul|date=19 January 2010|website=Employment Law Blog|publisher=Outten & Golden LLP|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521135648/http://www.employmentlawblog.info/2010/01/reeves-v-ch-robinson-worldwide-inc-no-07-10270-11th-cir-jan-20-2010.shtml|archive-date=21 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref>

From 2010 through 2016, approximately 17% of sexual harassment complaints filed with the EEOC were made by men.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charges Alleging Sex-Based Harassment (Charges filed with EEOC) FY 2010 – FY 2016|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/sexual_harassment_new.cfm|website=Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815232935/https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/sexual_harassment_new.cfm|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Education=====
{{Main|Sexual harassment in education in the United States}}

[[Title IX]] of the Education Amendments of 1972 (United States) states "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

In ''[[Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools]]'' (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court held that private citizens could collect damage awards when teachers sexually harassed their students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0503_0060_ZS.html |title=Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools |publisher=Legal Information Institute |date=26 February 1992 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025214756/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0503_0060_ZS.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser]]'' (1986), the courts ruled that schools have the power to discipline students if they use "obscene, profane language or gestures" which could be viewed as substantially interfering with the educational process, and inconsistent with the "fundamental values of public school education".<ref>{{cite web |first = Doug |last = Linder |url = http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/firstamendment/bethel.html |title = Bethel School District v. Fraser |website = Law.umkc.edu |access-date = 7 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120927043125/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/firstamendment/bethel.html |archive-date = 27 September 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> Under regulations issued in 1997 by the U.S. [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]], which administers [[Title IX]], school districts should be held responsible for harassment by educators if the harasser "was aided in carrying out the sexual harassment of students by his or her position of authority with the institution."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/sexhar00.html|title=Sexual Harassment Guidance|date=13 March 1997|website=Office for Civil Rights|publisher=U.S. Department of Education|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919234735/http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/sexhar00.html|archive-date=19 September 2012|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> In ''Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education'', and ''Murrell v. School Dist. No. 1'', 1999, schools were assigned liability for peer-to-peer sexual harassment if the plaintiff sufficiently demonstrated that the administration's response shows "deliberate indifference" to "actual knowledge" of discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=97-843 |title=Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education |work=FindLaw |date=24 May 1999 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024014255/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=97-843 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-10th-circuit/1261260.html|title=MURRELL v. ACLU IX|last=United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.|date=4 August 1999|website=FindLaw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320050213/http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-10th-circuit/1261260.html|archive-date=20 March 2016|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

====Additionally====
There are a number of legal options for a complainant in the U.S.: [[mediation]], filing with the EEOC or filing a claim under a [[U.S. state|state]] Fair Employment Practices (FEP) statute (both are for workplace sexual harassment), filing a common law [[tort]], etc.<ref name="whattodo">{{cite web|url=http://www.feminist.org/911/harasswhatdo.html|title=Sexual Harassment Fact Sheet: What to Do if You or Someone You Know is Sexually Harassed|date=2014|publisher=Feminist Majority Foundation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020062451/http://www.feminist.org/911/harasswhatdo.html|archive-date=20 October 2012|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Not all sexual harassment will be considered severe enough to form the basis for a legal claim. However, most often there are several types of harassing behaviors present, and there is no minimum level for harassing conduct under the law.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The section below "EEOC Definition" describes the legal definitions that have been created for sexual harassment in the workplace. Definitions similar to the EEOC definition have been created for academic environments in the U.S. Department of Education Sexual Harassment Guidance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/shguide.html |title=Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance |publisher=Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education |date=19 January 2001 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919234743/http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/shguide.html |archive-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====EEOC Definition====
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission claims that it is unlawful to harass an applicant or employee of any sex in the workplace. The harassment could include sexual harassment. The EEOC says that the victim and harasser could be any gender and that the other does not have to be of the opposite sex. The law does not ban offhand comments, simple teasing, or incidents that are not very serious. If the harassment gets to the point where it creates a harsh work environment, it will be taken care of.<ref name="eeoc"/> In 1980, the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] produced a set of guidelines for defining and enforcing Title VII (in 1984 it was expanded to include educational institutions). The EEOC defines sexual harassment as:

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:

# Submission to such conduct was made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment,
# Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual was used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
# Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

1. and 2. are called "[[quid pro quo]]" (Latin for "this for that" or "something for something"). They are essentially "sexual bribery", or promising of benefits, and "sexual coercion".

Type 3. known as "[[hostile work environment]]", is by far the most common form. This form is less clear cut and is more subjective.<ref name="webcom" />

'''Note:''' A workplace harassment complainant ''must'' file with the EEOC and receive a "right to sue" clearance, before they can file a lawsuit against a company in federal court.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=====''Quid pro quo'' sexual harassment=====
[[File:Stop à la violence sexiste au travail.jpg|thumb|right|[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (2015–2017)]]

Quid pro quo means "this for that". In the workplace, this occurs when a job benefit is directly tied to an employee submitting to unwelcome sexual advances. For example, a supervisor promises an employee a raise if he or she will go out on a date with him or her, or tells an employee he or she will be fired if he or she does not sleep with him or her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/publiced/practical/sexualharassment_quidproquo.html|title=The Law & Your Job: What is quid pro quo harassment?|date=18 March 2013|publisher=American Bar Association|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209001311/http://www.abanet.org/publiced/practical/sexualharassment_quidproquo.html|archive-date=9 February 2009|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Quid pro quo harassment also occurs when an employee makes an evaluative decision, or provides or withholds professional opportunities based on another employee's submission to verbal, nonverbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Quid pro quo harassment is equally unlawful whether the victim resists and suffers the threatened harm or submits and thus avoids the threatened harm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/SHworkplace.html|title=Sexual Harassment in the Workplace|website=Sexual Harassment Support|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402083730/http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/SHworkplace.html|archive-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>

===== Hostile environment sexual harassment=====
{{Main|Hostile work environment}}

This occurs when an employee is subjected to comments of a sexual nature, unwelcome physical contact, or offensive sexual materials as a regular part of the work environment. For the most part, a single isolated incident will not be enough to prove hostile environment harassment unless it involves extremely outrageous and egregious conduct. The courts will try to decide whether the conduct is both "serious" and "frequent". Supervisors, managers, co-workers and even customers can be responsible for creating a hostile environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/publiced/practical/sexualharassment_hostileenvironment.html|title=The Law & Your Job: What is hostile environment harassment?|date=18 March 2013|publisher=American Bar Association|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802171805/http://www.abanet.org/publiced/practical/sexualharassment_hostileenvironment.html|archive-date=2 August 2009|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

The line between "[[quid pro quo]]" and "hostile environment" harassment is not always clear and the two forms of harassment often occur together. For example, an employee's job conditions are affected when a sexually hostile work environment results in a constructive discharge. At the same time, a supervisor who makes sexual advances toward a subordinate employee may communicate an implicit threat to retaliate against her if she does not comply.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/currentissues.html|title=Policy Guidance on Current Issues of Sexual Harassment|date=19 March 1990|publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910004803/https://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/currentissues.html|archive-date=10 September 2019|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

<blockquote>"Hostile environment" harassment may acquire characteristics of "quid pro quo" harassment if the offending supervisor abuses his authority over employment decisions to force the victim to endure or participate in the sexual conduct. Sexual harassment may culminate in a retaliatory discharge if a victim tells the harasser or her employer she will no longer submit to the harassment, and is then fired in retaliation for this protest. Under these circumstances it would be appropriate to conclude that both harassment and retaliation in violation of section 704(a) of Title VII have occurred.</blockquote>

=====Sexual orientation discrimination=====
In the United States, there are no federal laws prohibiting discrimination against employees based on their sexual orientation. However, [[Executive Order 13087]], signed by President Bill Clinton, outlaws discrimination based on sexual orientation against federal government employees. If a small business owner owns his or her business in a state where there is a law against sexual orientation discrimination, the owner must abide to the law regardless of there not being a federal law. Twenty states and the District of Columbia have laws against this form of discrimination in the workplace. These states include California, Connecticut, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Discrimination Laws|url=http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/non_discrimination_laws|website=MAP|publisher=Movement Advancement Project|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814110642/http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/non_discrimination_laws|archive-date=14 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, California has laws in place to protect employees who may have been discriminated against based upon sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation. California law prohibits discrimination against those "with traits not stereotypically associated with their gender", such as mannerisms, appearance, or speech. Sexual orientation discrimination comes up, for instance, when employers enforce a dress code, permit women to wear makeup but not men, or require men and women to only use restrooms designated for their particular sex regardless of whether they are transgender.

=====Retaliation=====
Retaliation has occurred when an employee suffers a ''negative action'' after he or she has made a report of sexual harassment, file a grievance, assist someone else with a complaint, or participate in discrimination prevention activities. Negative actions can include being fired, demotion, suspension, denial of promotion, poor evaluation, unfavorable job reassignment—any adverse employment decision or treatment that would be likely to dissuade a "reasonable worker" from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. (See ''Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White''.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003256.php|title=Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, Sheila|date=5 December 2005|website=Medill Journalism|via=Northwestern University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614052101/http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003256.php|archive-date=14 June 2006|access-date=10 July 2006}}</ref> Retaliation is as illegal as the sexual harassment itself, but also as difficult to prove. Also, retaliation is illegal even if the original charge of sexual harassment was not proven.

=====New Jersey=====
New Jersey was historically known to have one of the strongest anti-sexual harassment laws in the United States. The Law Against Discrimination used to hold an employer liable if the sexual harassment was done by a member of upper-level management.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} In 2015, the New Jersey Supreme Court modified the precedence in the State of New Jersey and prevented the company from being liable if they had a well-published and enforced anti-harassment policy. Accordingly, if a policy existed and was enforced, the victim or witness to the sexual harassment would need to complain about the conduct. The company would not be liable if they investigate the matter and take some remedial measures to make sure that the harassment stops. The company only becomes liable if the activity occurs again. (See ''Aguas v. NJ''.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-supreme-court/1692580.html|title=Aguas vs State|last=Supreme Court of New Jersey|date=11 February 2015|website=Findlaw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922162731/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-supreme-court/1692580.html|archive-date=22 September 2019|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=March 2019}}

=====Military=====
In January 2022, sexual harassment was made illegal under U.S. military law under an executive order by president [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=27 January 2022|title=Vanessa Guillén's murder led the U.S. to deem military sexual harassment a crime|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/27/1076143481/vanessa-guillen-murder-military-sexual-harassment-crime|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127212542/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/27/1076143481/vanessa-guillen-murder-military-sexual-harassment-crime|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Though the phrase ''sexual harassment'' is generally acknowledged to include clearly damaging and morally deplorable behavior, its boundaries can be broad and controversial. Accordingly, misunderstandings can occur. In the US, sexual harassment law has been criticized by persons such as the [[criminal defense lawyer]] [[Alan Dershowitz]] and the legal writer and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] [[Eugene Volokh]], for imposing limits on the right to [[free speech]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/ |title=Freedom of Speech vs. Workplace Harassment Law — A Growing Conflict |publisher=UCLA Law School |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028060846/http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/ |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jana Rave, professor in organizational studies at the [[Queen's School of Business]], criticized sexual harassment policy in the ''[[Ottawa Business Journal]]'' as helping maintain archaic stereotypes of women as "delicate, asexual creatures" who require special protection when at the same time complaints are lowering company profits.<ref name="janaraver">{{Cite web|url=http://www.obj.ca/Other/Archives/2005-08-10/article-2233666/Sexual-harassment%3A-Poisoning-profit-prospects/1|title=Sexual Harassment: Poisoning profit prospects|last=Jeff|first=Esau|date=10 August 2005|website=Ottawa Business Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020062419/http://www.obj.ca/Other/Archives/2005-08-10/article-2233666/Sexual-harassment%3A-Poisoning-profit-prospects/1|archive-date=20 October 2012|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> [[Camille Paglia]] says that young girls can end up acting in such ways as to make sexual harassment easier, such that for example, by acting "nice" they can become a target. Paglia commented in an interview with ''[[Playboy]]'', "Realize the degree to which your niceness may invoke people to say lewd and pornographic things to you—sometimes to violate your niceness. The more you blush, the more people want to do it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://privat.ub.uib.no/bubsy/playboy.htm|title=Playboy interview, Camille Paglia|date=May 1995|publisher=Playboy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622065038/http://privat.ub.uib.no/bubsy/playboy.htm|archive-date=22 June 2006}}</ref>

Other critics assert that sexual harassment is a very serious problem, but current views focus too heavily on sexuality rather than on the type of conduct that undermines the ability of women or men to work together effectively. Viki Shultz, a law professor at [[Yale University]] comments, "Many of the most prevalent forms of harassment are designed to maintain work—particularly the more highly rewarded lines of work—as bastions of male competence and authority."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/1998/98so/SO98Alg.HTM|title=Love, Lust, and the Law Sexual Harassment in the Academy|last=Alger|first=Jonathan R.|website=American Association of University Professors|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203104653/http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/1998/98so/SO98Alg.HTM|archive-date=3 February 2006}}</ref> Feminist [[Jane Gallop]] sees this evolution of the definition of sexual harassment as coming from a "split" between what she calls "[[power feminist]]s" who are [[pro-sex]] (like herself) and what she calls "[[victim feminist]]s", who are not. She argues that the split has helped lead to a ''perversion'' of the definition of sexual harassment, which used to be about sexism but has come to be about anything that is sexual.<ref>Gallop, Jane. ''[https://archive.org/details/feministaccusedo00gall Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment]''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Duke University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-1918-4}}.</ref>

There is also concern over abuses of sexual harassment policy by individuals as well as by employers and administrators using false or frivolous accusations as a way of expelling employees they want to eliminate for other reasons. These employees often have virtually no recourse thanks to the [[at-will]] law in most US states.<ref>Westhues, Kenneth. ''Eliminating Professors: A Guide to the Dismissal Process''. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-7734-8210-4}}.{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>

O'Donohue and Bowers outlined 14 possible pathways to false allegations of sexual harassment: "lying, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, psychosis, gender prejudice, substance abuse, dementia, false memories, false interpretations, biased interviews, sociopathy, personality disorders not otherwise specified."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/jip.43 |title=Pathways to false allegations of sexual harassment |year=2006 |last1=O'Donohue |first1=William |last2=Bowers |first2=Adrian H. |journal=Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling |volume=3 |pages=47–74 }}</ref>

There is also discussion of whether some recent trends towards more revealing clothing and permissive habits have created a more sexualized general environment, in which some forms of communication are unfairly labeled harassment, but are simply a reaction to greater sexualization in everyday environments.<ref>Parker, Kathleen. "[http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2008/06/30/2008-06-30_save_the_males_ho_culture_lights_fuses_b.html 'Save the males': Ho culture lights fuses, but confuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702013450/http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2008/06/30/2008-06-30_save_the_males_ho_culture_lights_fuses_b.html |date=2008-07-02 }}." ''New York Daily News''. 30 June 2008. Based on ''Save the Males'' by Kathleen Parker, 2008, Random House.</ref>

There are many debates about how organizations should deal with sexual harassment. Some observers feel strongly that organizations should be held to a zero tolerance standard of "Must report—must investigate—must punish."

Others write that those who feel harassed should in most circumstances have a choice of options.<ref name="maryrowe"/><ref name="DoiBFMissing" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rowe|first1=Mary|last2=Bendersky|first2=Corinne|title=Negotiations and Change: From the Workplace to Society|year=2003|publisher=ILR Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-4007-6|pages=117–137|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj2UzQLKfUcC&q=Workplace%20Justice%2C%20Zero%20Tolerance%2C%20and%20Zero%20Barriers&pg=PA117|chapter=Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance, and Zero Barriers|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175239/https://books.google.com/books?id=jj2UzQLKfUcC&q=Workplace%20Justice%2C%20Zero%20Tolerance%2C%20and%20Zero%20Barriers&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sexual harassment laws may also be used unfairly applied in effect. Unsolicited sexual advances were considered more disturbing and more discomforting when perpetrated by an [[Physical attraction|unattractive]] opposite sex colleague than when perpetrated by an attractive opposite sex colleague.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klümper|first1=Lisa|last2=Schwarz|first2=Sascha|date=25 November 2019|title=Oppression or Opportunity? Sexual Strategies and the Perception of Sexual Advances|journal=Evolutionary Psychological Science|volume=6|issue=2|pages=142–153|language=en|doi=10.1007/s40806-019-00215-y|s2cid=214063309|issn=2198-9885}}</ref>

===Manifesto by Catherine Deneuve and other writers===
In January 2018, [[Catherine Deneuve]], along with 99 other French women writers, performers and academics, signed an open letter that argued the [[MeToo movement|#MeToo movement]] had gone too far, turning into a "witch hunt", and denounced it as a form of [[puritanism]], resulting in a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catherine Deneuve and 100 French women denounce #MeToo 'puritanism' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/catherine-deneuve-and-100-french-women-denounce-metoo-puritanism/a-42084154|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Kim|last=Willsher|title=Catherine Deneuve's claim of #MeToo witch-hunt sparks backlash|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jan/10/catherine-deneuve-claim-metoo-witch-hunt-backlash|date=10 January 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Though she later apologized to all the victims who felt offended by the letter, she defended her involvement by saying there was "nothing in the letter" to ''[[Le Monde]]'' that said "anything good about harassment, otherwise [she] wouldn't have signed it".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42687157|title=Deneuve apologises to sex assault victims|work=BBC News|date=8 May 2018|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318123424/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42687157|archive-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>

== In media and literature ==
{{In popular culture|section|date=May 2020}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2020}}

* ''[[678 (film)|678]]'', a film focusing on the sexual harassment of women in Egypt
* ''[[9 to 5 (film)|9 to 5]]'', a comedy film starring [[Jane Fonda]], [[Lily Tomlin]], and [[Dolly Parton]], about three women who are subjected to constant bullying and sexual harassment by their boss.
* In the pilot episode of the American comedy series ''[[Ally McBeal]]'', Ally leaves her job at her first firm because of unwanted attention from and [[groping]] by a male co-worker.
* ''[[The Ballad of Little Jo]]'', a film based on the true story of a woman living in the [[American Old West|frontier west]] who disguises herself as a man to protect herself from the sexual harassment and abuse of women all too common in that environment
* ''[[Bombshell (2019 film)|Bombshell]]'', a 2019 film based upon the accounts of the women at [[Fox News]] who set out to expose CEO [[Roger Ailes]] for sexual harassment.
* ''[[Disclosure (1994 film)|Disclosure]]'', a film starring [[Michael Douglas]] and [[Demi Moore]] in which a man is sexually harassed by his female superior, who tries to use the situation to destroy his career by claiming that he was the sexual harasser
* ''[[Disgrace (novel)|Disgrace]]'', a novel about a South African literature professor whose career is ruined after he has an affair with a student.
* The Fox television musical-drama show ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' deals with issues around sexual harassment in the episodes "The Power of Madonna", "Never Been Kissed" and "The First Time".
* ''[[Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story]]'': television movie about ''Ellison v. Brady'', the case that set the "reasonable woman" precedent in sexual harassment law
* The 1961 musical ''[[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (musical)|How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]]'' deals with themes of both consensual office romance and unwelcome sexual harassment; one man is fired for making a pass at the wrong woman, and another man is warned via a song called "A Secretary is Not a Toy".
* ''Hunter's Moon'', a novel by [[Karen Robards]], deals with a female's experience of sexual harassment in the workplace.
* ''[[In the Company of Men]]'', a film about two male coworkers who, angry at women, plot to seduce and maliciously toy with the emotions of a deaf subordinate who works at the same company
* The [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC television]] drama show ''[[Mad Men]]'', set in the 1960s, depicts sexual harassment and coercive behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2010/07/23/mad_men_bad_for_women/|title=Why "Mad Men" is bad for women|last=Engoron|first=Nelle|work=[[Salon.com|Salon]]|date=23 July 2010|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[The Magdalene Sisters]]'', a film based on the true stories of young women imprisoned for "bringing shame upon their families" by being raped, sexually abused, flirting, or simply being pretty, and subsequently subjected to sexual harassment and abuse by the nuns and priests in the [[Magdalene asylum]]s in Ireland.
* ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'', a musical based on the novel by [[Victor Hugo]]. The character [[Fantine]] is fired from her job after refusing to have sex with her supervisor.
* ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'', a 2005 film depicting a fictionalized account of ''[[Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.]]'', the first sexual harassment class action lawsuit in the US.
* ''[[Oleanna (play)|Oleanna]]'', an American play by [[David Mamet]], later a film starring [[William H. Macy]]. A college professor is accused of sexual harassment by a student. The film deals with the moral controversy as it never becomes clear which character is correct.
* ''[[Pretty Persuasion]]'', a film starring [[Evan Rachel Wood]] and [[James Woods]] in which students turn the tables on a lecherous and bigoted teacher. A scathingly satirical film of sexual harassment and discrimination in schools, and attitudes towards females in media and society.
* ''[[War Zone (film)|War Zone]]'', a documentary about street harassment
* Commander [[Jeffrey D. Gordon|Jeffrey Gordon]], a military spokesman at Guantanamo Bay, complained that a reporter had been sexually harassing him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=25 July 2009 |title=Military and Media Clash in Complaint: Navy Spokesman Alleges Abuse by Miami Reporter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/24/AR2009072403664_pf.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105055219/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/24/AR2009072403664_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{columns-list|
* [[Disciplinary counseling]]
* [[Initiatives to prevent sexual violence]]
* [[London Anti-Street Harassment campaign]]
* [[Love contract]]
* [[Job interview]]
* [[Microinequity]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[Mass sexual assault]]
* [[Me Too (hashtag)|#MeToo]]
* [[Occupational health psychology]]
* [[Operation Anti Sexual Harassment]]
* [[Patriarchy]]
* [[Stress (psychological)|Psychological stress]]
* [[Sexism]]
* [[Sexual bullying]]
* [[Sexual harassment in the military]]
* [[Sexual harassment in the workplace in the United States]]
* [[Til It Happens To You]]
* [[Workplace bullying]]
* [[Workplace harassment]]
* [[Workplace stress]]
}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Boland, Mary L. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WFrVaJyYTgAC Sexual Harassment: Your Guide to Legal Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131218/https://books.google.com/books?id=WFrVaJyYTgAC |date=20 October 2023 }}''. Naperville, Illinois: Sphinx Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-57248-217-3}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Baker |first=Carrie |title = The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment |year=2008 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = New York, NY |isbn=978-0-521704946 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2wBPD1vvTCYC&q=carrie+baker+sexual+harassment }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Bravo |first1 = Ellen |last2 = Cassedy |first2 = Ellen |author-link2=Ellen Cassedy|title = The 9 to 5 Guide to Combating Sexual Harassment |year=1999 |publisher=9to5 Working Women Education Fund |location=Milwaukee |isbn=978-0-9673398-0-1 }}
* Coburn, Jennifer. (1995). ''Take Back Your Power: A Working Woman's Response to Sexual Harassment''. ism press. {{ISBN|978-0-910383-13-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020075002/http://www.aauw.org/learn/research/upload/DTLFinal.pdf Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus.] American Association of University Women. 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020063807/http://www.aauw.org/learn/research/upload/hostilehallways.pdf Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School.] American Association of University Women. 2002.
* Dromm, Keith (2012). ''Sexual Harassment: An Introduction to the Conceptual and Ethical Issues''. Broadview Press. {{ISBN|978-1554810109}}.
* Friedman, Gabrielle S., and James Q. Whitman. "The European transformation of harassment law: discrimination versus dignity." ''Columbia Journal of European Law'' 9 (2002): 241+.
* LaLonde, Jane; O'Shea, Tracy (1998). ''Sexual Harassment: A Practical Guide to the Law, Your Rights, and Your Options for Taking Action''. St. Martin's Griffin. {{ISBN|978-0-312-19524-3}}.
* MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1979). ''Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-02299-5}}.
* {{cite book |title = Directions in Sexual Harassment Law |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IhYip0PqV4EC |year=2004 |publisher = Yale Univ. Press |location = New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-09800-6 |editor1-last = MacKinnon |editor1-first = Catharine A. |editor2-last = Siegel |editor2-first = Reva B. }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = McLaughlin | first1 = Heather | last2 = Uggen | first2 = Christopher | last3 = Blackstone | first3 = Amy | title = The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–358 | doi = 10.1177/0891243217704631 | pmid = 29056822 | pmc = 5644356 | date = June 2017 }}
* Morewitz, Stephen J. (1996). Sexual Harassment and Social Change in American Society. Lanham, MD: Austin & Winfield, Publishers, University Press of America, Inc., Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Group. ISBN 978-1880921760
* {{cite book |title = Ivory Power: Sexual Harassment on Campus |year=1990 |publisher= State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-7914-0457-7 |editor-last = Paludi |editor-first = Michele A. |url = https://archive.org/details/ivorypower00stat }}
* Patai, Daphne. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGYQUEkJvO8C Heterophobia: Sexual Harassment and the Future of Feminism]''. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-8476-8987-3}}.
* Pina, Afroditi, and [[Theresa Gannon|Theresa A. Gannon]]. "An overview of the literature on antecedents, perceptions and behavioural consequences of sexual harassment." ''Journal of Sexual Aggression'' 18.2 (2012): 209–232. [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/25836/2/Pina%20%26%20Gannon%20Journal%20of%20Sexual%20Aggression.doc online]
* Roberts, Barry S.; Mann, Richard A. [http://www3.uakron.edu/lawrev/robert1.html "Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Primer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215832/http://www3.uakron.edu/lawrev/robert1.html |date=25 February 2021 }}.
* Saguy, Abigail C. (2003). ''What is Sexual Harassment: From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne'' (Berkeley. University of California Press, 2003).
*Uggen, Christopher; Powers, Ráchael A.; McLaughlin, Heather; Blackstone, Amy (2021). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041436|Toward a Criminology of Sexual Harassment]]". ''Annual Review of Criminology''. '''4''' (1): 33–51.
* Wadham, John, et al. ''Blackstone's guide to the Equality Act 2010'' (Oxford University Press, 2010) in UK; [https://books.google.com/books?id=lm00i_iMFboC&dq=Equality+Act+2010+harassment&pg=PR15 online].
* Zippel, Kathrin S. ''The politics of sexual harassment: A comparative study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/sexharassresources.html U.S. Dept. Of Education Sexual Harassment Resources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717065233/http://www.cfchildren.org/articlef/walls1f/ Committee for Children: Bullying and sexual harassment in schools]
{{Sexual ethics}}
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Abuse}}
{{Bullying}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Employment}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sexual harassment| ]]
[[Category:Feminism and education]]
[[Category:Feminism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Feminism and social class]]
[[Category:Feminist economics]]
[[Category:Gender-related violence]]
[[Category:Labour law]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Workplace harassment and bullying]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed working conditions]]
[[Category:Sexual misconduct|Harassment]]
[[Category:Sexual ethics]]

Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

2026-03-11T16:13:22Z

SheenaBayles: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Final court of appeal in the UK}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Senior Courts of England and Wales]], which were known as the Supreme Court before 2009}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
| native_name =
| image = Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2024).svg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = [[#Badge|Badge]]
| image2 = Middlesex Guildhall by Kelsey Farish (2).jpg
| imagesize2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The [[Middlesex Guildhall]] in London is the location of the Supreme Court.
| established = 1 October 2009
| jurisdiction = [[United Kingdom]]
| location = [[Middlesex Guildhall]], [[Parliament Square]], [[London]], England
| coordinates = {{Coord|51.5004|-0.1281|format=dms|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| type = Appointed by the [[British monarchy|Monarch]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], following [[#Appointment process|approval of a recommendation]] by the [[Lord Chancellor]] based on recommendation from an independent selection commission
| authority = [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]] Section 23(1)
| appealsfrom = {{Plainlist|
* '''[[English law|England and Wales]]''' [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]]
* '''[[Scots law|Scotland]]''' [[Inner House of the Court of Session]]
* [[High Court of Justiciary]] (matters relating to human rights compatibility and devolution issues only)
* '''[[Law of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]''' [[Court of Appeal (Northern Ireland)|Court of Appeal]] (Northern Ireland)
* '''UK–wide''' [[Court Martial Appeal Court]]
}}
| terms = Mandatory retirement at age 75
| positions = 12
| chiefjudgetitle = [[President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|President]]
| chiefjudgename = [[Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir|The Lord Reed of Allermuir]]
| termstart = 13 January 2020
| termend =
| termend2 = 7 September 2031
| chiefjudgetitle2 = [[Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Deputy President]]
| chiefjudgename2 = [[Philip Sales, Lord Sales|Lord Sales]]
| termstart2 = 12 January 2026
| termend3 =
| termend4 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Supreme Court of the United Kingdom''' ([[initialism]]: '''UKSC''') is the [[final court of appeal]] for all civil cases in the [[United Kingdom]] and all criminal cases originating in [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]], as well as some limited criminal cases from [[Scotland]].{{Efn|Matters relating to [[Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters|devolution, reserved matters]] and [[Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom|human rights]] only<ref name="Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland?">{{Cite web| title=Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland? | url=https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/speech_lord_reed_141124_74ae8569d6.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217113938/https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/speech_lord_reed_141124_74ae8569d6.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-17}}</ref>}}

As the United Kingdom's highest appellate court for these matters, it hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population. Additionally the Supreme Court hears cases on [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]] matters from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<ref name="UKSC Online Introduction">{{cite web |date=12 January 2013 |title=The Supreme Court |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=The Registry, the Supreme Court (The Registry of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Court and legal System - UK Supreme Court |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about-the-court |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=supremecourt.uk |language=en}}</ref> As a consequence, the court must include judges from the three distinct legal systems of the United Kingdom – [[English law|England and Wales]], [[Scots law|Scotland]] and [[Law of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]], made up collectively of twelve Scottish, English, Welsh and Northern Irish judges.<ref name="Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland?"/>

The Court usually sits in the [[Middlesex Guildhall]] in [[Westminster]], though it can sit elsewhere and has, for example, sat in the [[Edinburgh City Chambers]],<ref>'[https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/supreme-court-to-sit-in-scotland.html Supreme Court to sit in Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507130634/https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/supreme-court-to-sit-in-scotland.html |date=7 May 2021 }}': Press release from the Supreme Court, 1 March 2017</ref> the [[Royal Courts of Justice, Belfast|Royal Courts of Justice]] in Belfast,<ref>'[https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/uk-supreme-court-bound-for-northern-ireland.html UK Supreme Court bound for Northern Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305032306/https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/uk-supreme-court-bound-for-northern-ireland.html |date=5 March 2021 }}': Press release from the Supreme Court, 27 November 2017</ref> the [[Tŷ Hywel]] Building in Cardiff<ref>[https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/uk-supreme-court-to-sit-in-wales-this-summer.html UK Supreme Court to sit in Wales this summer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507131128/https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/uk-supreme-court-to-sit-in-wales-this-summer.html |date=7 May 2021 }}': Press release from the Supreme Court, 1 March 2017</ref> and the [[Manchester Civil Justice Centre]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://manchestermill.co.uk/p/the-supreme-court-has-relocated-to|title=The Supreme Court has relocated to Manchester until Thursday. Why should you care?|date=7 March 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|work=[[The Mill (newspaper)|The Mill]]}}</ref>

The United Kingdom has a doctrine of [[parliamentary sovereignty]] and no [[entrenched clause|entrenched]] codified [[constitution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty/|title=Parliamentary Sovereignty|website=GOV.UK|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> so the Supreme Court is much more limited in its powers of [[judicial review]] than the constitutional or supreme courts of some other countries such as [[Supreme Court of India|India]], [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States]], [[Supreme Court of Canada|Canada]] and [[High Court of Australia|Australia]]. It cannot overturn any [[primary legislation]] made by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. However, as with some other courts in the UK, it can overturn [[secondary legislation]] if, for example, that legislation is found to be ''[[ultra vires]]'' to the powers in primary legislation allowing it to be made.

Further, under [[section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998]], the Supreme Court, like some other courts in the United Kingdom, may make a [[declaration of incompatibility]], indicating that it believes that the legislation subject to the declaration is incompatible with one of the rights in the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. Such a declaration can apply to primary or secondary legislation. The declaration does not overturn the legislation, and neither Parliament nor the government is required to agree with any such declaration. However, if they accept a declaration, ministers can exercise powers under [[Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998|section 10 of the Human Rights Act]] to amend the legislation by statutory instrument to remove the incompatibility or ask Parliament to amend the legislation.

As authorised by the [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]], Part 3, Section 23(1),<ref name="UKSC Enabling legislation">{{cite web |title=Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), Part 3, Section 23|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/section/23/enacted |date=24 March 2005 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom was formally established on 1 October 2009<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1604/made Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2009] at the National Archives website (retrieved 11 March 2026).</ref> and is a [[non-ministerial government department]] of the [[Government of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations|title=Departments, agencies and public bodies|website=GOV.UK|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> Section 23 of the Constitutional Reform Act limits the number of judges on the Court to 12, though it also allows for this rule to be amended, to further increase the number of judges, if a resolution is passed in both Houses of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/section/23 |title=2005 c.4 Part 3. Section 23 |publisher=GOV.UK |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Most cases are decided by a panel of five of the judges (justices); in particularly important cases, the court may use a panel of eleven justices.

The Supreme Court assumed the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords]], which had been exercised by the [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary]] (commonly called "[[Law Lords]]"), the 12 judges appointed as members of the [[House of Lords]] to carry out its judicial business as the [[Appellate Committee of the House of Lords]]. Its jurisdiction over devolution matters had previously been [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council#Domestic jurisdiction|exercised]] by the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].

== History ==
=== Creation ===
The creation of a Supreme Court for the United Kingdom was first proposed in a consultation paper published by the [[Department of Constitutional Affairs]] in July 2003.<ref name="DCA paper">{{cite web |publisher=[[Department of Constitutional Affairs]] |title=Constitutional Reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom |date=July 2003 |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/ }}</ref> Although the paper noted that there had been no criticism of the then-current Law Lords or any indication of an actual bias, it argued that the separation of the [[judicial]] functions of the [[Appellate Committee of the House of Lords]] from the legislative functions of the [[House of Lords]] should be made explicit. The paper noted the following concerns:

# Whether there was any longer sufficient transparency of independence from the executive and the legislature to give assurance of the independence of the judiciary.<ref name="DCA paper" />
# The requirement for the appearance of impartiality and independence limited the ability of the Law Lords to contribute to the work of the House itself, thus reducing the value to both them and the House of their membership.<ref name="DCA paper" />
# It was not always understood by the public that judicial decisions of "the House of Lords" were taken by the Appellate Committee and that non-judicial members were never involved in the judgments. Conversely, it was felt that the extent to which the Law Lords themselves had decided to refrain from getting involved in political issues concerning legislation on which they might later have had to adjudicate was not always appreciated.<ref name="DCA paper" /> The first President of the Court, [[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]], claimed that the old system confused people and that the Supreme Court would for the first time be a clear [[separation of powers]] among the judiciary, the legislature and the executive.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6251272/New-Supreme-Court-opens-with-media-barred.html |title=New Supreme Court opens with media barred |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=1 October 2009 |quote=For the first time, we have a clear separation of powers between the legislature, the judiciary and the executive in the United Kingdom. This is important. It emphasises the independence of the judiciary, clearly separating those who make the law from those who administer it. |location=London |access-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004110430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6251272/New-Supreme-Court-opens-with-media-barred.html |archive-date=4 October 2009}}</ref>
# Space within the House of Lords was at a constant premium and a separate supreme court would ease the pressure on the Palace of Westminster.<ref name="DCA paper" />

The main argument against a new Supreme Court was that the previous system had worked well and kept costs down.<ref>Wakeham report 2000, Chapter 9, Recommendation 57.</ref> Reformers expressed concern that this second main example of a mixture of the legislative, judicial and executive might conflict with professed values under the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. Officials who make or execute laws have an interest in court cases that put those laws to the test. When the state invests judicial authority in those officials or even their day-to-day colleagues, it puts the independence and impartiality of the courts at risk. Consequently, it was hypothesised that closely connected decisions of the Law Lords to debates had by friends or on which the [[Lord Chancellor]] had expressed a view might be challenged on human-rights grounds on the basis that they had not constituted a fair trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6252414/The-Supreme-Court-is-an-unnecessary-attack-on-the-constitution.html |title=The Supreme Court is an unnecessary attack on the constitution |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=1 October 2009 |quote=The Government argued that there must be a separation to comply with Article Six of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees a fair trial. |location=London |access-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005191604/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6252414/The-Supreme-Court-is-an-unnecessary-attack-on-the-constitution.html |archive-date=5 October 2009 }}</ref>

[[The Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury]], later President of the Supreme Court, expressed fear that the new court could make itself more powerful than the House of Lords committee it succeeded, saying that there is a real risk of "judges arrogating to themselves greater power than they have at the moment". The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers said such an outcome was "a possibility", but was "unlikely".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8237855.stm |first=Joshua |last=Rozenberg |title=Fear over UK Supreme Court impact |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 September 2009}}</ref>

The reforms were controversial and were brought forward with little consultation but were subsequently extensively debated in Parliament.<ref>A. Le Sueur, "From Appellate Committee to Supreme Court: A Narrative", ch. 5 in L. Blom-Cooper, G. Drewry and B. Dickson (eds.),''The Judicial House of Lords'' (Oxford University Press, 2009); Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17/2009. {{SSRN|1374357}}</ref> During 2004, a select committee of the House of Lords scrutinised the arguments for and against setting up a new court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldcref/125/12505.htm|title=House of Lords – Constitutional Reform Bill – First Report|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> The Government estimated the set-up cost of the Supreme Court at £56.9 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldhansrd/text/80326w0003.htm#column_WA102 |title=Written Answer of the Ministry of Justice to question posed by Lord Steinberg (Col. WA102) |date=26 March 2008 |publisher=Lords Hansard}}</ref>

=== Significant cases ===
The first case heard by the Supreme Court was ''[[HM Treasury v Ahmed]]'', which concerned "the separation of powers", according to Phillips, its inaugural President. At issue was the extent to which Parliament has, by the [[United Nations Act 1946]], delegated to the executive the power to legislate. Resolution of this issue depended upon the approach properly to be adopted by the court in interpreting legislation which may affect fundamental rights at common law or under the European Convention on Human Rights.

One of the most important cases presented to the Supreme Court was the joint cases of [[R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland|''R (Miller) v The Prime Minister'' and ''Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland'']], known as ''Miller/Cherry'', on [[2019_British_prorogation_controversy#Supreme_Court|Boris Johnson's unlawful prorogation ]] (suspension) of Parliament, to suppress debate in anticipation of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union, "frustrating or preventing the constitutional role of Parliament in holding the Government to account".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2019-0192-judgment.pdf | title=R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland) | website=www.supremecourt.uk}}</ref> It is one of only two cases that involved the presence of 11 judges (the highest number of judges currently allowed to rule on a case). The case carried a large amount of political tension in the context of the process of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union; for some, the ruling "delighted 'Remainers' but appalled 'Leavers{{'"}},<ref>Constantina P. Tridimas and George Tridimas (April 2020). "Is the UK Supreme Court rogue to un-prorogue Parliament?" ''European Journal of Law and Economics'', Springer, vol. 49(2), pp. 205–225.</ref> although some Conservative MPs who sought to withdraw from the EU with an agreement had opposed the prorogation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rourke |first=Alison |date=2019-08-29 |title=Prorogation explainer: a simple guide to what just happened in UK politics |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/29/prorogation-explainer-a-simple-guide-to-what-just-happened-in-uk-politics |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled on whether the [[Scottish Parliament]] had the power to legislate for a [[Proposed second Scottish independence referendum|second independence referendum]]. In the case, the five-judge panel unanimously found that Scotland did not have the right to organise a referendum without the permission of Westminster, as questions around independence qualify as "reserved matters" (reserved to the central government) under the [[Scotland Act 1998]]. [[Nicola Sturgeon]], the then-leader of the pro-independence [[Scottish National Party]], regarded the decision as "a hard pill for any supporter of independence... to swallow" but reiterated the party's commitment to "find another democratic, lawful means for Scottish people to express their will".<ref>{{cite web |title=REFERENCE by the Lord Advocate of devolution issues under paragraph 34 of Schedule 6 to the Scotland Act 1998 |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2022-0098-judgment.pdf |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nicolson |first1=Stuart |title=Independence referendum: Scottish government loses indyref2 court case |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-63727562 |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC |date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2025, the Supreme Court ruled on the meaning on the word 'woman' for the purposes of the Equality Act 2010. The court concluded unanimously that the word means 'biological woman' and thus that trans women are not women for the purposes of that Act.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvg7pqzk47zo bbc.co.uk]</ref>. Lord Hodge noted that the case "had nothing to do with how or where single-sex spaces should be created. These points weren't argued before us".<ref>[https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/judge-in-supreme-court-ruling-said-hed-take-the-flak/]</ref>

== Jurisdiction and powers ==
From the Supreme Court –

{{Blockquote|quote = The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the UK for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population.<ref name="UKSC Online Introduction"/>}}

The Supreme Court hears appeals (i) in England and Wales, from the [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] (Civil Division), the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) and (ii) in Scotland from the [[Court of Session]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.html|title=The Role of the Supreme Court|publisher=The Supreme Court|access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in relation to Scottish civil cases. However, the [[High Court of Justiciary]] is the highest court of appeal in relation to Scottish criminal cases.<ref name=note>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/jurisdiction-of-the-supreme-court-in-scottish-appeals-human-rights-the-scotland-act-2012-and-the-courts-reform-scotland-act-2014.pdf|title=The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in Scottish Appeals: Human rights, the Scotland Act 2012 and the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014|publisher=The Supreme Court|access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

The Supreme Court also determines devolution issues (as defined by the [[Scotland Act 1998]], the [[Northern Ireland Act 1998]] and the [[Government of Wales Act 2006]]). These are legal proceedings about the powers of the three [[devolved]] administrations—the [[Northern Ireland Executive]] and [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], the [[Scottish Government]] and the [[Scottish Parliament]], the [[Welsh Government]] and [[Senedd]]. Devolution issues were previously heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and most are about compliance with rights under the European Convention on Human Rights, brought into national law by the Devolution Acts and the Human Rights Act 1998.<ref name=note/>

On rare occasions the court may have original jurisdiction, normally in cases relating to contempt of the Supreme Court, such as ''Proceedings for Contempt: Mr Tim Crosland''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/proceedings-for-contempt-mr-tim-crosland.html | title=Proceedings for Contempt: Mr Tim Crosland |publisher=The Supreme Court }}</ref> and its appeal case ''HM Attorney General v Crosland''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2021-0160|title=Her Majesty's Attorney General (Respondent) v Crosland (Appellant) |publisher=The Supreme Court|access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

==Panels and sittings==
The twelve justices do not all hear every case. Unless there are circumstances requiring a larger panel, a case is usually heard by a panel of five justices.<ref name=PanelNumbers>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/procedures/panel-numbers-criteria.html |title=Panel numbers criteria|publisher=Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|access-date= 17 September 2019}}</ref> More than five justices may sit on a panel where the case is of "high constitutional importance" or "great public importance"; if the case raises "an important point in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights"; if the case involves a conflict of decisions among the House of Lords, [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], or Supreme Court; or if the Court "is being asked to depart, or may decide to depart from" its (or the House of Lords') previous precedent.<ref name=PanelNumbers/> The composition of panels is ultimately determined by the President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/information_pack_president.pdf|title=Information Pack – Vacancy for President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|publisher=The Supreme Court|language=en|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>

To avoid a tie, all cases are heard by a panel containing an odd number of justices.<ref name="Casciani">{{cite news|author=Dominic Casciani|title=What is the UK Supreme Court? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49663001|work=BBC News}}</ref> Thus, the largest possible panel for a case is 11 justices.<ref name="Casciani"/> To date, there have been only two cases (both involving matters of major constitutional importance) heard by 11 justices: the case of ''[[R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union]]'' (argued in 2016 and decided in 2017) and the cases of [[R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland|''R (Miller) v The Prime Minister'' and ''Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland'']] (argued and decided in 2019).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37874388 |title=The 11 Supreme Court judges who ruled on UK's Brexit appeal |work=BBC News |date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Owen |last=Bowcott |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/16/supreme-court-to-hear-claims-suspension-of-parliament-is-unlawful |title=Supreme court to hear claims suspension of parliament is unlawful |work=The Guardian |date=16 September 2019}}</ref>

Although they may wear black damask robes with gold embellishments including the supreme court badge for portraits or ceremonial occasions, the justices have never worn [[court dress]] during sittings.<ref name="Gordon">{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Cathy |title=Supreme Court lawyers allowed to dress down |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/supreme-court-lawyers-allowed-to-dress-down-6265567.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=The Independent |date=21 November 2011}}</ref> In November 2011, The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers allowed counsel to jointly agree to "dispense with any or all of the traditional elements of court dress" at sittings.<ref name="Gordon" />

== Administration ==
The Supreme Court has a separate administration from the other courts of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, under a Chief Executive who is appointed by the Court's president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/mark-ormerod-to-be-supreme-court-chief-executive.html|title=Mark Ormerod to be Supreme Court's Chief Executive – The Supreme Court|last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=www.supremecourt.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111233/https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/mark-ormerod-to-be-supreme-court-chief-executive.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/executive-team.html|title=Executive Team – The Supreme Court|last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=www.supremecourt.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK
| type = act
| year = 2005
| chapter = 4
| number =
| act = Constitutional Reform Act 2005
| section = 48
}}</ref>{{PoliticsUK}}
== Judges ==
{{Main|Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}}
The court is composed of the [[President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|President]] and [[Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Deputy President]] and ten other [[Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Justices of the Supreme Court]], all with the style of ''Justice of the Supreme Court'' under section 23(6) of the Constitutional Reform Act.<ref name="UKSC Enabling legislation"/> The President and Deputy President of the court are separately appointed to those roles. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is required to have judges who have previously served in the legal systems of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and act as representatives of their respective legal systems in the Supreme Court.<ref name="Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland?"/> The selection committee of judges to sit in the Supreme Court is required to ensure that each judge appointed to the Supreme Court will have knowledge of, and experience of practice in, the legal system of [[Countries of the United Kingdom|each country of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland?"/> As a result of devolution in 1998, in Scotland for instance, the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland is consulted on each appointment to the Supreme Court, as is the [[First Minister of Scotland|first minister of Scotland]], regardless as to whether the judge being nominated is Scottish or not.<ref name="Why does the UK Supreme Court matter for Scotland?"/>

The ten [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary]] (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first judges of the twelve-member Supreme Court.<ref>Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 24</ref> The eleventh place on the Supreme Court was filled by [[The Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] (formerly the [[Master of the Rolls]]), who was the first justice to be appointed directly to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page19036 |title=Justice of the UK Supreme Court |publisher=10 Downing Street |access-date=30 August 2009 |location=London, United Kingdom |date=20 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100408130944/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page19036 |archive-date=8 April 2010 }}</ref> One of the former Law Lords, The Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, was appointed to replace Clarke as Master of the Rolls,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article6724777.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612183144/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article6724777.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2011 |author=Frances Gibb |author-link=Frances Gibb |title=Lord Neuberger named Master of the Rolls |date=23 July 2009 |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Times | location=London}}</ref> and so did not move to the new court. [[Lord Dyson]] became the twelfth and final judge of the Supreme Court on 13 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesonline.typepad.com/law/2010/03/new-supreme-court-justice---sir-john-dyson.html |title=New Supreme Court justice – Sir John Dyson |date=23 March 2010 |author=Frances Gibb |author-link=Frances Gibb |access-date=24 March 2010 |archive-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326133415/http://timesonline.typepad.com/law/2010/03/new-supreme-court-justice---sir-john-dyson.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] granted justices who are not peers use of the title Lord or Lady, by [[Royal warrant (document)|warrant]] under the [[royal sign-manual]].<ref name="Gazette Lord Warrant">{{London Gazette |issue=59746 |pages=6177–6178 |date=1 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press release: Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/pr_1013.pdf|publisher=Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|date=13 December 2010|access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

The Senior Law Lord on 1 October 2009, The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, became the Supreme Court's first President,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page15158.asp |title=Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers appointed as senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905151529/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page15158.asp |archive-date=5 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the Second Senior Law Lord, [[The Lord Hope of Craighead]], became the first Deputy President.

On 30 September 2010 [[The Lord Saville of Newdigate]] became the first justice to retire,<ref name="sav-ret">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jun/24/supreme-court-vacancy-retirement-age|title=Vacancy in the supreme court – and age could be a deciding factor – Joshua Rozenburg|first=Joshua|last=Rozenberg|date=24 June 2010|website=The Guardian|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> followed by [[The Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] on 7 May 2011, although the latter remained as an acting judge until the end of July 2011.

In June 2011 [[The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry]] became the first justice to die in office, after a short illness.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-13922675|title=Supreme Court judge dies aged 66|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2011|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Acting judges ===
In addition to the twelve permanent judges, the President may request other senior judges drawn from two groups to sit as "acting judges" of the Supreme Court.<ref>Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 38(1)</ref>
* The first group are those judges who currently hold 'office as a senior territorial judge': judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, judges of the [[Courts of Northern Ireland|Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland]] and judges of the First or Second Division of the [[Inner House]] of the Court of Session in Scotland.<ref>Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 38(8)</ref> This has included former [[Lord President of the Court of Session|Lord President]], [[Lord Carloway]], himself sitting on cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2022-0038-0044-0049-judgment.pdf|title= JUDGMENT - Paul and another (Appellants) v Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust (Respondent) et al.|last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=www.supremecourt.uk|language=en|access-date=2024-01-11}}</ref>
* The second group are known as the 'supplementary panel'. The President may approve in writing retired judges' membership of this panel if they are under 75 and are (a) former supreme court justices or (b) former 'senior territorial judges'.<ref>Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 39</ref> A list of those currently appointed is to be found on the Supreme Court website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/supplementary-panel.html|title= The Supreme Court – Supplementary Panel |last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=www.supremecourt.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref> (The system is similar to [[senior status]] in the United States [[United States courts of appeal|Federal Courts of Appeal]], although there are important differences: for example, a judge on the supplementary panel does not receive a salary).

=== Qualification for appointment ===
Section 25 of the [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]] details the requirements for a person to be eligible for appointment to the Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/section/25#section-23-2 |title=Changes over time for: Section 25 |publisher=GOV.UK |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> A person is qualified for appointment if they have, at any time:
* held high judicial office for at least 2 years or
* been a qualified practitioner for at least 15 years.
To hold high judicial office includes; being a High Court Judge of England and Wales, or of [[Courts of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]; a Court of Appeal Judge of England and Wales, or Northern Ireland; or a Judge on the [[Courts of Scotland|Court of Sessions]]. A person is a qualified practitioner if they are an advocate in Scotland or a [[solicitor]] entitled to appear in the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary; or a member of the Bar of Northern Ireland or a solicitor of the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/appointments-of-justices.html |title=Procedure for Appointing a Justice of The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom |publisher=The Supreme Court |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Appointment process ===
The [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]] makes provision for a new appointment process for Justices of the Supreme Court. An independent selection commission is to be formed when vacancies arise. This is to be composed of the President of the Supreme Court (the chair), another senior UK judge (not a Supreme Court Justice) and a member of the [[Judicial Appointments Commission]] of England and Wales, the [[Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland]] and the Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. By law, at least one of these must be a non-lawyer. However, there is a similar but separate commission to appoint the next President of the Supreme Court, which is chaired by one of the non-lawyer members and features another Supreme Court Justice in the place of the President. Both of these commissions are convened by the [[Lord Chancellor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/supreme-court-selection-process-for-president-and-justices-2019.html|title=Supreme Court selection process for President and Justices|publisher=The Supreme Court|access-date=7 April 2020|date=8 February 2019}}</ref> In October 2007, the Ministry of Justice announced that the appointment process would be adopted voluntarily for appointments of [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/announcement_081007c.htm |title=Supreme Court – new appointments process |publisher=Ministry of Justice |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224063723/http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/announcement_081007c.htm |archive-date=24 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The commission selects one person for the vacancy and notifies the Lord Chancellor of its choice. The Lord Chancellor then either
* approves the commission's selection
* rejects the commission's selection, or
* asks the commission to reconsider its selection.

If the Lord Chancellor approves the person selected by the commission, the Prime Minister must then recommend that person to the Monarch for appointment.<ref>Constitutional Reform Act 2005, sections 25–31</ref>

New judges appointed to the Supreme Court after its creation do not necessarily receive peerages. Following a [[Royal Warrant of Precedence|Royal Warrant]] dated 10 December 2010, all Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom not holding a peerage are entitled to the [[judicial courtesy title]] of ''Lord'' or ''Lady'' and retain this style for life.<ref name="Gazette Lord Warrant"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/pr_1013.pdf|title=Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court|date=13 December 2010|publisher=Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref>

The President and Deputy President of the Supreme Court are appointed to those roles rather than being the most senior by tenure in office.

=== List of current judges ===
{{:Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}}[[File:UKSC Group portrait 2024.jpg|thumb|474x474px|2024 group portrait of the Justices of the United Kingdom Supreme Court enrobed|center]]
==Overseas work==
[[File:Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal.jpg|thumb|200px|Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal]]
The UK Supreme Court has since its inception sent some of its justices to sit on Hong Kong's top court, the [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal – The Non-Permanent Judges|url=https://www.hkcfa.hk/en/about/who/judges/npjs/index.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.hkcfa.hk}}</ref> This practice was established when the Court of Final Appeal was first set up in 1997 and before the founding of the UK Supreme Court, when the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]] was still the final appellate court in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Robin (UK Foreign Secretary)|date=January 1998|title=Sino-British Joint Declaration Six-Monthly Report to Parliament (Jul–Dec 1997)|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/500964/1997_Jul-Dec.pdf|website=GOV.UK|page=2|quote=I am delighted that Britain has been able to contribute to this process, by making available to the Court of Final Appeal two of our leading Law Lords, Lord Hoffmann and Lord Nicholls, as members of the Court's panel of non-permanent judges.}}</ref> When British justices sit on the top court of Hong Kong, they are required by law to take the judicial oath with the pledge of allegiance to the [[Hong Kong SAR]] of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oaths and Declarations Ordinance (Cap. 11)|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap11?xpid=ID_1438402571266_002|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Hong Kong e-Legislation|quote=Section 17, Part V of Schedule 2, and Part I of Schedule 3}}</ref> Because of that, they are not "overseas judges" as many mistakenly assume.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=2015-09-25|title=Overseas judges at Court of Final Appeal should be a permanent arrangement, former Chief Justice says|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2015/09/25/overseas-judges-at-court-of-final-appeal-should-be-permanent-arrangement-former-chief-justice-says/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21|title=Loss of overseas judges would have devastating impact on Hong Kong|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3126301/loss-overseas-judges-would-have-devastating-impact|access-date=2021-03-21|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> They become local Hong Kong judges themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shum|first=Michael|date=19 March 2021|title=Calls for UK judges to quit are 'out of order'|url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/228551/Calls-for-UK-judges-to-quit-are-'out-of-order'|access-date=21 March 2021|website=The Standard|quote=As a Hong Kong judge I serve Hong Kong people.}}</ref> Along with their oaths taken to be justices of the UK Supreme Court,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oaths|url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-judiciary-the-government-and-the-constitution/oaths/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=www.judiciary.uk|language=en-US}}</ref> these judges owe a double allegiance and serve on the top courts of both jurisdictions at the same time.

The participation of the UK Supreme Court's justices in Hong Kong's judiciary is highly welcomed by the [[government of Hong Kong]] because it helps bolster the international reputation of the courts in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yuen|first=Rimsky|author-link=Rimsky Yuen|date=6 November 2012|title=Basic Law allows for overseas judges: SJ|url=https://www.news.gov.hk/en/categories/law_order/html/2012/11/20121106_194256.shtml|access-date=21 March 2021|website=news.gov.hk}}</ref> However, there have been calls advocating the discontinuation of this practice since the implementation of the controversial [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|national security law]] in Hong Kong by China in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Times view on British judges in Hong Kong: True Justice|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/the-times-view-on-british-judges-in-hong-kong-true-justice-lxpqd7r7l|access-date=2021-03-21|issn=0140-0460|quote=British judges should resign from Hong Kong’s highest court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK judiciary reviews historic role sitting in Hong Kong's highest court|url=https://www.globallegalpost.com/big-stories/uk-judiciary-reviews-historic-role-sitting-in-hong-kongs-highest-court-42327132/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=www.globallegalpost.com}}</ref> More specifically, members from both Houses of Parliament across the political spectrum have on various occasions either called for the termination of this practice or questioned the appropriateness of it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[[David Alton|The Lord Alton of Liverpool]]|date=14 October 2021|title=HKW Patron Lord Alton of Liverpool calls for a further review of the independence of the judiciary in Hong Kong|url=https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all-posts/2021/10/14/hkw-patron-lord-alton-of-liverpool-calls-for-a-further-review-of-the-independence-of-the-judiciary-in-hong-kong|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028025259/https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all-posts/2021/10/14/hkw-patron-lord-alton-of-liverpool-calls-for-a-further-review-of-the-independence-of-the-judiciary-in-hong-kong|archive-date=28 October 2021|website=[[Hong Kong Watch]]|quote=At a time when judges are forced to leave Hong Kong following pressure by Beijing and their mouthpieces in the media to convict protestors, civil society groups are being forced to close, and nearly all pro-democracy voices are in jail, exile, or awaiting trial, it cannot be right that UK judges continue to offer Hong Kong courts a veneer of legitimacy.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Andrew Rosindell]]|date=15 November 2021|title=Hansard (Debate: Amnesty International Offices in Hong Kong)|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-11-15/debates/F6FA873E-44A0-43A8-8E66-AC0B3E7C77FD/AmnestyInternationalOfficesInHongKong?highlight=hong%20kong#contribution-D0CE057E-94E5-4FD5-A7FA-02688282E29D|website=[[UK Parliament]]|quote=Secondly, Ministers must reconsider the participation of sitting UK judges on the Hong Kong court of final appeal. As the human rights situation continues to deteriorate at a worrying pace, it is clear that these judges are powerless to moderate Beijing’s behaviour. Instead, they are offering political cover for a Government in Hong Kong who have lost all legitimacy.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Stephen Kinnock]]|date=9 June 2021|title=Hansard (Debate: Human Rights in Hong Kong)|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-06-09/debates/BEFCFBFE-F883-4D68-B48F-F691A0DEDB17/HumanRightsInHongKong#contribution-028BE770-4CFC-4B49-BF03-47954A841AEE|website=[[UK Parliament]]|quote=...and we need—as the Labour party is calling for—British judges to leave Hong Kong. British judges are simply lending a veneer of credibility to the undemocratic, broken system. Have the UK Government assessed whether UK judges are protecting the rule of law in Hong Kong or simply legitimising an authoritarian regime?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Alistair Carmichael]]|date=14 October 2021|title=It's time to remove British judges from Hong Kong|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/its-time-to-remove-british-judges-from-hong-kong-gshxb0b9s|website=[[The Sunday Times]]|quote=British judges’ continued presence in Hong Kong lends a false veneer of respectability to a justice system that is no longer just. The president of the Supreme Court and the new foreign secretary must take a stand and remove British judges from Hong Kong once and for all.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Peter Truscott, Baron Truscott]]|title=Hansard (Debate: Hong Kong Courts: British Judges)|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2021-03-22/debates/B84D8898-87D7-4716-AE01-60B21A0C7381/HongKongCourtsBritishJudges?highlight=british%20judges%20hong%20kong#contribution-C0B2A33C-25C5-4453-BC39-0FB2F0C00FEC|website=[[UK Parliament]]|quote=My Lords, I thank the Minister for his reply, but is it not time that Her Majesty’s Government make their position clear on this and take further action? Is it not wrong on many levels that British judges are active in Hong Kong, giving a veneer of respectability to wholly draconian laws which effectively stifle freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and free and fair elections?}}</ref>

In June 2021, [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]], former [[President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|President of the UK Supreme Court]], announced her decision not to seek reappointment on the Hong Kong court after the end of her term in July while mentioning the impact of the [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|national security law]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 June 2021|title=British judge to leave CFA over security law: report|work=[[RTHK]]|url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1594250-20210604.htm|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> She became the first senior British judge to quit Hong Kong's top court after the enactment of the security law. Amid the controversy, in August 2021, [[Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir|The Lord Reed of Allermuir]] issued a statement certifying that [[Judiciary of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's judiciary]] "continues to act largely independently of government".<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2021|title=Role of UK judges on the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal – update|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/role-of-uk-judges-on-the-hong-kong-court-of-final-appeal-update.html|website=[[UK Supreme Court]]}}</ref> However, about three months later, the [[US-China Commission]] submitted its annual report to [[US Congress]] detailing China's situation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 November 2021|title=China has undermined Hong Kong's judicial and parliamentary independence: U.S. report|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/hongkong-interference-11192021155700.html}}</ref> In the report, not only did the Commission explicitly state that the independence of Hong Kong's judiciary existed "in name only", in direct conflict with The Lord Reed of Allermuir's certification, but also questioned whether or not overseas judges, including British judges, serving on Hong Kong's top court could still protect the rule of law in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[[US-China Commission]]|date=17 November 2021|title=2021 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission|url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/2021_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf|website=[[United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission]]|quote=Judiciary Independent in Name Only (p.458) Hong Kong’s historically independent judiciary is no longer reliably impartial on cases related to matters the Chinese government deems sensitive since the National Security Law has cemented Beijing’s right to determine which judges hear national security cases in which jurisdiction, almost guaranteeing outcomes the CCP prefers. (p.458) It is no longer certain that overseas judges serving in nonpermanent posts on the Court of Final Appeal (CFA) can still protect the rule of law in Hong Kong. (p.460)}}</ref>

In a statement issued on 30 March 2022, the Foreign Secretary announced that the UK Government could no longer endorse British current judges sitting on the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, saying to do otherwise "would risk legitimising oppression".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Foreign Secretary supports the withdrawal of serving UK judges from the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-supports-the-withdrawal-of-serving-uk-judges-from-the-hong-kong-court-of-final-appeal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330081742/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-supports-the-withdrawal-of-serving-uk-judges-from-the-hong-kong-court-of-final-appeal |archive-date=30 March 2022 |website=[[UK Government]]}}</ref> Soon after the government's announcement, on the same day, the president and deputy president of the UK Supreme Court, The Lord Reed of Allermuir and Lord Hodge, tendered their resignations as judges of the Hong Kong court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Role of UK Supreme Court judges on the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal - update |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/role-of-uk-judges-on-the-hong-kong-court-of-final-appeal-update-march-2022.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330081819/https://www.supremecourt.uk/news/role-of-uk-judges-on-the-hong-kong-court-of-final-appeal-update-march-2022.html |archive-date=30 March 2022 |website=[[UK Supreme Court]]}}</ref> As of 30 March 2022, six retired British justices continue to sit on Hong Kong's top court.<ref name=":0" />

== Building ==
{{Main|Middlesex Guildhall}}
[[File:Bench and inscription outside UK Supreme Court, "Lines for the Supreme Court" by Andrew Motion.jpg|thumb|left|Bench and inscription outside UK Supreme Court, "Lines for the Supreme Court" by Andrew Motion]]
[[File:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Court 1 Interior, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Court 1 in the Supreme Court building]]
The court is housed in [[Middlesex Guildhall]]—which it shares with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council—in the [[City of Westminster]].

The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 gave time for a suitable building to be found and fitted out before the Law Lords moved out of the [[Houses of Parliament]], where they had previously used a series of rooms in the Palace of Westminster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olswang.com/blogs/scotuk2/article.asp?id=264 |title=Truly the Supremes? Reflections on the New Court, UKSC Blog |access-date=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105232330/http://www.olswang.com/blogs/scotuk2/article.asp?id=264 |archive-date=5 January 2010 }}</ref>

After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including [[Somerset House]], the Government announced that the new court would be at the Middlesex Guildhall, in [[Parliament Square]], Westminster. That decision was examined by the Constitutional Affairs Committee,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmconst/465/7041701.htm |title=Minutes of Oral Evidence Taken before the Constitutional Affairs Committee 17 April 2007 |access-date=23 May 2008}}</ref> and the grant of planning permission by [[Westminster City Council]] for refurbishment works were challenged in a [[Judicial review in English Law|judicial review]] by the conservation group [[Save Britain's Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2007/807.html |title=''The Queen on the application of Save Britain's Heritage v. Westminster City Council'' |publisher=High Court (Administrative Court) |access-date=23 May 2008}}</ref> It was also reported that [[English Heritage]] had been put under great pressure to approve the alterations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article677664.ece|title=Lord Falconer's supreme blunder |work=The Times |access-date=26 October 2008 | location=London | first=Marcus | last=Binney | date=22 June 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Feilden + Mawson, supported by Foster & Partners, were the appointed architects, with [[Kier Group]] appointed as main contractor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070115/text/70115w0026.htm |title=Questions to the Department for Constitutional Affairs, 15 January 2007 (Col. 877W) |publisher=Commons Hansard}}</ref>

The building had been used as the Middlesex [[Quarter Sessions]] House and the headquarters of the [[Middlesex County Council]]. Following the abolition of the council in 1965, its former council chamber became a courtroom, which is now Court One, the principal courtroom. In 1972 the building became a [[Crown Court]] centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/visiting/interior.html|title= The Supreme Court – Interior |last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=www.supremecourt.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>


== Badge ==
[[File:UK Supreme Court badge 2.svg|thumb|upright|The Blake emblem with stylised depictions of the four floral emblems]]
[[File:Peter Blake's carpet for the Supreme Court (29837629101).jpg|thumb|Blake's carpet for the Supreme Court buildings]]
The official [[Heraldic badge|badge]] of the Supreme Court was granted by [[Queen Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II]] in October 2008.<ref name="collegeofarms">{{cite web|url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/2008/item/47-december-2008-newsletter-no-19|title=The College of Arms Newsletter|date=December 2008|publisher=College of Arms|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref> It comprises both the Greek letter [[omega]] (representing finality) and the symbol of [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] (symbolising the scales of justice), in addition to the four [[floral emblems of the United Kingdom]]: a [[Tudor rose]], representing England, conjoined with the leaves of a [[leek]], representing Wales; a [[flax]] (or 'lint') blossom for Northern Ireland; and a [[thistle]], representing Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supremecourt.uk/about-the-building/architecture |title=Architecture |publisher=The Supreme Court|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray L. |title=Postcard from the Supreme Court, London |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013370 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=2–4 |via=academia.edu}}</ref>

Two adapted versions of its official badge are used by the Supreme Court. One features the words "The Supreme Court" and the letter omega in black (in the official badge granted by the College of Arms, the interior of the Latin and Greek letters are gold and white respectively), and displays a simplified version of the crown (also in black) and larger, stylised versions of the floral emblems; this modified version of the badge is featured on the new Supreme Court website,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk |title=The Supreme Court |publisher=The Supreme Court |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> as well as in the forms that will be used by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notice of appeal (or application for permission to appeal) |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/sc001_0409x1.pdf |website=www.supremecourt.uk}}</ref> A further variant omits the crown entirely and is featured prominently throughout the building.<ref>{{cite news|title=In pictures: UK Supreme Court|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/8151625.stm|work=BBC News|date=15 July 2009|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Another emblem is formed from a more abstract set of depictions of the four floral emblems and is used in the carpets of the Middlesex Guildhall designed by [[Peter Blake (artist)|Sir Peter Blake]], creator of such works as the cover of [[The Beatles]]' 1967 album, ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inside the UK Supreme Court|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8152427.stm|work=BBC News|date=15 July 2009|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

== Other "supreme courts" in the United Kingdom ==
In Scotland, the [[High Court of Justiciary]], the [[Court of Session]] and the [[Office of the Accountant of Court]] make up the [[College of Justice]] and are known as the [[Supreme Courts of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scottish Court Service: An Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/you_and_us/recruitment/SCS%20An%20Introduction.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231546/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/you_and_us/recruitment/SCS%20An%20Introduction.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[Scottish Court Service]] |quote=The Supreme Courts are made up of the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary and the Accountant of Court's Office}}</ref> The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland.

Before 1 October 2009, there were two other courts known as "the supreme court". These were the Supreme Court of England and Wales (known as "the Supreme Court of Judicature", before the passing and coming into force of the [[Senior Courts Act 1981]]), which was created in the 1870s under the [[Judicature Acts]], and the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland. Each consisted of a [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|Court of Appeal]], a [[High Court of Justice]] and a [[Crown Court]]. When the provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 came into force these became known as the [[Senior Courts of England and Wales]] and the [[Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland]] respectively.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also retains [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council#Jurisdiction|jurisdiction]] over certain matters. By Section 4 of the Judicial Committee Act 1833, the Sovereign may refer any matter whatsoever to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to provide advice, although this does not confer judicial authority.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/41/section/4 Section 4, Judicial Committee Act 1833]: Legislation.gov.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Peplow |first1=Alex |date=15 July 2016 |title=A Curious Jurisdiction – Section 4 of the Judicial Committee Act 1833 |url=https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2016/07/15/alex-peplow-a-curious-jurisdiction-section-4-of-the-judicial-committee-act-1833/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=UK Constitutional Law Association |language=en}}</ref>

The judicial functions of the House of Lords have all been abolished, other than the [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|trial of impeachments]], a procedure which has not been invoked for 200 years.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Judiciaries of the United Kingdom]]
** [[Courts of England and Wales]]
** [[Courts of Northern Ireland]]
** [[Courts of Scotland]]
* [[List of judgements of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Judgments of the Supreme Court]]
* [[List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments]]
* [[List of House of Lords cases]]
* [[UKSCblog]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|title=The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|publisher=Merrell Publishers|year=2010|isbn=9781858945071|editor-last=Miele|editor-first=Chris}}
* {{Cite book|title=Building the UK's New Supreme Court: National and Comparative Perspectives|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=9780199264629|editor-last=Le Sueur|editor-first=Andrew|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264629.001.0001}}
* Morgan, Derek (ed). ''Constitutional Innovation: the creation of a Supreme Court for the United Kingdom'' (A special issue of the ''Legal Studies'', the Journal of the Society of Legal Scholars).
* {{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/speech-191112.pdf|title=Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence and the Law – UK Supreme Court}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6143744.stm|url-status=live|title=Grand designs|last=Summers|first=Chris|date=7 March 2007|access-date=7 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040626/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6143744.stm|archive-date=3 March 2021|work=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{Cite news|last=Wickham|first=Peter|date=20 October 2009|title=The controversy over the UK's new Supreme Court: much ado about nothing?|work=[[Harvard Law Record]]|url=http://hlrecord.org/opinion/the-controversy-over-the-uk-s-new-supreme-court-much-ado-about-nothing-1.794345|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118092201/http://www.hlrecord.org/opinion/the-controversy-over-the-uk-s-new-supreme-court-much-ado-about-nothing-1.794345|archive-date=18 January 2012}}

{{Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}}
{{Departments of the United Kingdom Government}}
{{UK law}}
{{Supreme Courts of Europe}}
{{Judiciary of England and Wales}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:National supreme courts|United K]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Non-ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 2009]]
[[Category:British appellate courts]]

Edward Vernon Arnold

2026-03-04T22:51:06Z

SheenaBayles: new - done

{{Short description|British Indologist and Classical scholar (1857–1926)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edward Vernon Arnold
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1857|07|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = South Norwood
| occupation = Indologist and Classical scholar
| death_date = {{death date and age|1926|09|19|1857|07|18|df=y}}
| notable_works = Vedic grammar; Vedic metre; Roman stoicism
}}

'''Edward Vernon Arnold''' (18 July 1857 – 19 September 1926) was a British Indologist and classical scholar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Vernon Arnold (1857–1926) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/14351384/edward_vernon_arnold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530074235/https://data.bnf.fr/14351384/edward_vernon_arnold/ |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=fr}}</ref> His most important work was a mathematically-based study of the internal chronology of the hymns of the [[Rigveda]].

==Education==
After attending [[Westminster School]] he studied at the University of Cambridge ([[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]), graduating in 1879 (B.A., 1st class Classical and Mathematical Triposes; M.A. 1882) then at the [[University of Tübingen]] (under the Sanskrit scholar [[Rudolf von Roth]]).<ref name="Karttunen-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-01 |title=Arnold, Edward Vernon | website=Persons of Indian Studies | first=Klaus | last=Karttunen |url=https://whowaswho-indology.info/317/arnold-edward-vernon/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
A fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1884 to 1924 he was Professor of Latin at the [[Bangor University|University College of North Wales in Bangor]]. He was awarded Litt.D. at Cambridge in 1907, and Hon. D.Litt. at Manchester University in 1919. In addition to his work on Vedic Sanskrit, he published a number of textbooks on Classical studies, most notably on the pedagogical pronunciation of Latin and Greek, and on Roman [[Stoicism]].

Arnold was involved in Welsh protests against the [[Armenian genocide|Armenian massacres]] of 1894 to 1896 by Turkish troops, editing a newspaper titled ''Wales and Armenia – Cymru unllais''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales and Armenia |url=https://blog.library.wales/wales-and-armenia/ |website=National Library of Wales Blog |first=Wyn |last=Thomas |date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Arnold |first1=E.V. |title=Wales and Armenia |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/2975637/2975665/3#?xywh=192%2C2318%2C4876%2C2538&c=&m=&s=&cv=3&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F2975637%2Fmanifest.json |website=The National Library of Wales |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

==Arnold's work on Vedic grammar and metre==
Arnold's study of [[Vedic Sanskrit grammar]] appeared in 1897.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Edward Vernon |title=Historical Vedic Grammar (Sketch of the historical grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas) |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1897 |volume=18 | number=2 |pages=203–354|doi=10.2307/592303 |jstor=592303 }}</ref> However, his most important work was on the internal chronology of the hymns of the [[Rigveda]], culminating in his book ''Vedic Metre in its Historical Development''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Edward Vernon |title=Vedic metre in its historical development |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> In the opinion of [[Stephanie W. Jamison]] "The most important attempt at a complete chronology is that of Arnold 1905, based primarily on metrical criteria".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rig Veda between two worlds: four lectures at the Collège de France |journal=Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne |date=2007 |volume=fasc.74}}</ref> In the opinion of Philipp Kubisch "the stanza and verse types of the Rgveda (RV) have been described in detail for the first time by Hermann Oldenberg in ... his ''Die Hymnen des Rigveda'' (1888: 1–190) and even more comprehensively by Edward Vernon Arnold in his monograph ''Vedic Metre in its Historical Development'' (1905)".<ref>Kubisch, Philipp (2007) "The metrical and prosodical structures of Books I–VII of the Vulgate Atharvavedasamhita" in Arlo Griffiths, Annette Schmiedchen (eds) ''The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā: Historical and philological papers on a Vedic tradition''. Aachen: Shaker. ''Indologica Halensis'', volume 11. {{ISBN|978-3-8322-6255-6}}. {{HAL|halshs-01929253}}.</ref> The importance of Arnold's mathematical approach to the study of metre is pointed out by Saul Migron: "Unfortunately, our task is rendered difficult by the state of our knowledge in Rgvedic metrics. E. V. Arnold's Vedic Metre of 1905 is usually made the basis of our pronouncements – with perfect justice, since in it the data are presented with computer-like accuracy".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Migron |first1=Saul |year=1976 |title=Vedic trimeter verse and the Sievers-Edgerton Law |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |pages=179–193}}</ref> [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]] wrote in 1906 "Every student of Vedic chronology owes a great debt to the labour expended by Dr. Arnold on the collection of materials to determine the chronological sequence of the several parts of the Rgveda".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keith |first1=J. Berriedale |title=Review of E. V. Arnold ''Vedic Metre in its Historical Development'' |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1906 |volume=38 | number=2 |pages=484–490}}</ref>

==Family==
Arnold was a son of the Reverend Charles Maddock Arnold,<ref name="Karttunen-2017" /> Vicar of Saint Mark’s, [[South Norwood]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 1926 |title=Obituary |magazine=The Elizabethan |volume=18 |number=10 |url=https://elizabethan.westminster.org.uk/Filename.ashx?tableName=ta_elizabethan&columnName=filename&recordId=462 |access-date=18 October 2023 |via=Westminster School |page=150}}</ref> He married Violet Osborn in 1894. They had two daughters and three sons.<ref name="Karttunen-2017" />

==Selected publications==

* Arnold, Edward Vernon (1897). "Historical Vedic Grammar (Sketch of the historical grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas)". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. 18:2: 203–354.
** Reprint: ''Historical Vedic Grammar.'' New Haven, Connecticut: The American Oriental Society, 1897. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tgowAAAAYAAJ Google Books].
*Arnold, Edward Vernon (1905). ''Vedic Metre in its Historical Development''. Cambridge University Press.
*Arnold, E. V. and Conway, R. S. (1908) ''The Restored Pronunciation of Greek and Latin'', 4th edition. Cambridge University Press.
*Arnold, Edward Vernon (1911). ''Roman Stoicism; being lectures on the history of the Stoic philosophy with special reference to its development within the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press.
*Arnold, E. V. (1912) ''Cothvrnvlvs: Three Short Latin Historical Plays for the Use of Beginners''. London: G. Bell.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnold, Edward Vernon}}
[[Category:Academics of Bangor University]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British Latinists]]
[[Category:British newspaper editors]]
[[Category:British Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:People from Croydon]]
[[Category:People of the Armenian genocide]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]

Satyam (1976 film)

2026-03-04T04:49:41Z

SheenaBayles: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyam
| image = Satyam 1976 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. A. Kannan
| screenplay = [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Vidhi''|S. A. Kannan}}
| producer = P. M. Shanmugam G. M. Mani
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* [[Devika]]
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
* [[Jayachitra]]
}}
| cinematography =[[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Shanmugamani Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|05|06}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Satyam''''' ({{translation|The Truth}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by S. A. Kannan and written by [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Devika]] and [[Jayachitra]]. The film has Haasan playing the younger brother of Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2014 |title=தண்ணி கருத்திருச்சு... |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203054038/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=181-190 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp19.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160804/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp19.htm |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It was adapted from Kannan's play ''Vidhi''.

== Plot ==
Dharmalingam is the chieftain of his village known for keeping his word and his pacifism. His wife Sivakami educated brother Kumaran and Kumaran's betrothed, Vani, live together happily. Gowri, Kumaran's college mate who also happens to be the richest woman in the village falls in love with Kumaran.

Sokkanathan is Gowri's guardian and is classist wanting to keep the poor poor so that they stay under him. Due to his machinations, the poor villagers' house gets burnt. Seeing Dharmalingan's plight and tears, Gowri promises to rebuild their houses and give them the lands she has in excess much to chagrin on Sokkanathan. She even fires Sokkanathan upon her eighteenth birthday as her agent leaving him rudderless. Due to her beneficent nature, Dharmalingan gives her a carte blanch word that she can ask anything she wants at any time which he will give her so long it is in his power. She uses this to her advantage and asks for Kumaran. After a huge showdown, Kumaran succumbs to pressure and marries Gowri deciding to punish his own brother and Gowri.

He takes back everything Gowri has given and refuses to even see his brother. Vani meanwhile has taken up ascetism and starts living in temple. Kumaran gets into a major accident which causes everyone to gather together, and, in the end, Vani fasts to death praying to God which helps Kumaran survive at the cost of Vani's life.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Dharmalingam Devar
*[[Devika]] as Sivakami
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Kumaran
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Gowri
*[[Jayachitra]] as Vani
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Sokkanathan
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Pattalathu Thatha
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Police Inspector
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Vallinayagam
*[[Nagesh]] as Ambi
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as a villager
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as a villager
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as a villager
*[[Typist Gopu]] as Iyer
*[[Neelu]] as Iyer
*[[Usilai Mani]] as Iyer
*Comedy Shanmuagam as Iyer
*Aalam as a Dancer
*Pushpamala
}}

== Production ==
''Satyam'' was an adaptation of the play ''Vidhi''.<ref name="am">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2015 |title='திரை இசைத் திலகம் கேவி மகாதேவன் -40- பிஜிஎஸ் மணியன் எழுதும் தொடர் |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/kvm40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205045819/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/kvm40.html |archive-date=5 February 2020 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}</ref> The play was written by S. A. Kannan who directed the film adaptation. Kamal Haasan was paired with Manjula which remained their only collaboration in their career.<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=Black & White Photographs From The Cinema Resource Centre Archives (XIX) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/07/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-xix/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104056/https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/07/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-xix/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> The film was announced in 1973.<ref>{{cite news|title=சத்தியம் |work=Navamani|language=ta|access-date=16 October 2025|page=4|date=1 August 1973|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-1-58#?xywh=2851%2C1717%2C3771%2C2126&cv=3}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathiyam |url=https://gaana.com/album/sathiyam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141011/https://gaana.com/album/sathiyam |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by K V Mahadevan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sathyam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120053210/https://mossymart.com/product/sathyam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> The song "Kalyana Kovilil" attained popularity.<ref name="TCRC" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kalyana Kovilil
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Azhagam Kodi
| note2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, P. Susheela
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| length2 =
| title3 = Kalyana Kovilil
| note3 = sad
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| length3 =
| title4 = Pottane Oru
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| length4 =
| title5 = Amma Mel Aanayittu
| note5 =
| extra5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the screenplay, which was proceeding smoothly and calmly till the interval, then reaches the fate of a ship battered by a storm; what saves the film from this accident is the unparalleled performance of the actors and actresses.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 May 1976 |title=சத்யம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/may/30-05-1976/p31.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728041348/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/may/30-05-1976/p31.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=ta}}</ref> Nagai Dharman of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-4-142#?xywh=2722%2C3859%2C3819%2C2153&cv=2|date=20 May 1976|page=4|access-date=16 November 2025|title=சத்யம் |first=நாகை |last=தர்மன் |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|work=Navamani|language=ta}}</ref> 

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1445737}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Chowka

2026-03-04T04:38:20Z

SheenaBayles: fixed issues

{{Short description|2017 Indian Kannada-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chowka
| image = Chowka Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Tharun Kishore Sudhir]]
| producer = [[Dwarakish]] Yogish Dwarakish Bungale
| writer = [[A. P. Arjun]], [[Simple Suni]], A. V. Chinthan, Anil Kumar, Yoganand Muddan
| screenplay = Tharun Kishore Sudhir
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] [[Diganth]] [[Prajwal Devaraj]] [[Aindrita Ray]] [[Priyamani]] [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] [[Deepa Sannidhi]] [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] [[Chikkanna]] 
| narrator = [[Chikkanna]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]] [[Arjun Janya]] [[V. Harikrishna]] [[Anoop Seelin]] [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]] [[S. Krishna]] Santhosh Rai Pathaje Shekar Chandru Sudhakar S. Raj
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dwarakish|Dwarakish Chitra]]
* '''Co-produced by:'''
* [[United Spirits]]
}}
| distributor = Mysore Talkies
| released = {{film_date|2017|02|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Chowka''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Tharun Sudhir]], in his directional debut, and produced by [[Dwarakish]], marking his 50th production film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Five-stars-in-Dwarakishs-50th/articleshow/47991155.cms|title=Five stars in Dwarakish's 50th|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=8 July 2015}}</ref> The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]], [[Diganth]], [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Priyamani]], [[Bhavana]] and [[Deepa Sannidhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chowka's Teaser to be out on December 1|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/28/chowkas-first-look-teaser-to-be-out-on-dec-1-1543584.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 January 2017|date=28 November 2016}}</ref>

In the first of its kind, the film boasts of employing five [[music director]]s, five [[lyricist]]s, [[cinematographer]]s, five [[art director]]s and five [[dialogue|dialogue writers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviemint.com/chowka-multi-starrer-with-many-interesting-facts/|title='Chowka': Multi Starrer with many interesting facts|publisher=Moviemint|date=9 July 2016|accessdate=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124155420/http://www.moviemint.com/chowka-multi-starrer-with-many-interesting-facts/|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] and
[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]] and won Best director ([[Tharun Kishore Sudhir]]).
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/news/item/1110-cineloka-exclusive-chowka-to-be-remade-in-4-languages.html |title=Cineloka Exclusive : Chowka to be Remade in 4 Languages |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052422/http://www.cineloka.co.in/news/item/1110-cineloka-exclusive-chowka-to-be-remade-in-4-languages.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
'''1986 ([[Bangalore]])''': Hakki Gopala is accused of murdering his gangster mentor Jayaraj's rival Sathyaraj and an [[Sub-Inspector|SI]], who were actually murdered by Jayaraj.

'''1995 ([[Mysore]])''': Krishna Rao, who is blamed for the murder of his pregnant friend Maria, who was actually murdered by his insane neighbour.

'''2000 ([[Mangalore]])''': Surya Shetty, who is dragged into a false murder case, which arises political tension.

'''2007 ([[Bijapur]])''': Mohammed Anwar, who is blamed for a bomb blast which was actually committed by Anwar's brother-in-law, who is actually a terrorist.

The friends are all linked with their only friend, Manjunatha aka Manja.

'''2017''': They all meet each other in Central Jail of [[Bellary]]. They meet a school teacher, Vishwanath, who not only shows them hope but also stirs up a passion towards reform in them. They learn that Vishwanath was actually framed for the murder of his daughter, Ramya. When they enquire, Vishwanath reveals that Ramya loved Anand, who is the son of [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Krishnamurthy. This had enraged Krishnamurthy and led to Ramya's death, the blame falling on Vishwanath for the murder. The four decide to help Vishwanath in his objective.

After various twists and turns, they manage to escape from the jail by fooling the [[Prison officer|Jailor]] Indira Sharma. When they reach a dense jungle at night, the police arrive and a [[shootout|shootout ensues]], in which Vishwanath is shot and taken to the hospital. The four reluctantly escape with the help of Manja and attack [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha]] premises in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], but with no harm is caused.

When Krishnamurthy protests, Anwar shoots his arm, where Krishnamurthy divulges everything, and Vishwanath is proven innocent. After proving Vishwanath's innocence, the four are shot by commandos (due to a toy bomb dropped accidentally by Krishna, causing the commandos to think that they are suicide bombers). Pushpa (Gopala's girlfriend), Bhoomika (Surya's girlfriend), Gowri (Anwar's girlfriend), and Vishwanath watch it with utter disbelief and tear-jerking.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Surya Shetty
* [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] as Hakki Gopala
* [[Diganth]] as Krishna Rao
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Mohammed Anwar
* [[Priyamani]] as Maria D'Souza
* [[Aindrita Ray]] as Pushpa, Gopal's girlfriend
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Bhoomika, Surya's girlfriend
* [[Deepa Sannidhi]] as Gowri, Anwar's girlfriend
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Krishnamurthy
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] as Vishwanath
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Jayraj
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Jailer Indira Sharma
* [[Giri Dwarakish]] as Seena
* [[Chikkanna]] as Manjunath (Manju)
* [[Tabla Nani]] as [[Inspector]]
* Ravi Chetan as Inspector
*Umesh Punga as Police Jeep Driver
*Mohan Kumar
*Mahesh Raj
*Prashanth Seshadri as a film director
*Rajesh Rao as Bijapur Police Commissioner
*Mallesh Gowda as Mysore Police officer
*Venkata Ram as Bangalore Police Inspector
*Sudheer Sudhi
*Mico Nagaraj as Sathyaraj
*Balaji Manohar
*Dingri Nagaraj
*Bus Kumar as Lawyer
*Vanishree as Anwar's mother
*Prakash Shenoy
*Jyothi Muroor
*Nihal Gowda
*Yashwanth Shetty
*Raghu Pandeshwar as a waiter
*Kari Subbu

=== Cameos ===
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Robert
* [[Manvitha (actress)|Manvitha Harish]] as Ramya, Vishwanath's daughter
* [[Dwarakish]] in a song "Alladsu Alladsu"
* [[Tharun Sudhir]] in a song "Alladsu Alladsu"
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Jungli
* Scarlett Wilson in a song "Adoo Aata Adoo" {{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Since it was [[Dwarakish]]'s 50th film as a producer, several actors agreed to costar in the film. [[Sudeepa]] and [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] were initially set to star in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-and-chiranjeevi-together-in-a-movie/articleshow/48000560.cms|title=Sudeep and Chiranjeevi together in a movie!|via=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 September 2014|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=21 August 2025|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Chowka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]], [[V. Sridhar]], [[Arjun Janya]], [[Gurukiran]], [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2017|1|25|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=56}}
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title = [[Santhu Straight Forward]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Raajakumara]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[V. Sridhar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Krishna-Rukku]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Chowka
| year = 2017
| next_title = Sarvasva
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Chowka
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[Raaga (2017 film)|Raaga]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Smile Please (2017 film)|Smile Please]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Chowka
| year = 2017
| next_title = Bangalore Underworld
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Gurukiran
| type =
| prev_title = [[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| title = Chowka
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aake (film)|Aake]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]], [[V. Sridhar]], [[Arjun Janya]], [[Gurukiran]], and [[Anoop Seelin]] have composed the film's background and scored its soundtrack. Lyrics for the soundtrack were penned by [[Jayant Kaikini]], [[Yograj Bhat]] Siddayaiah Puranic, Santhosh Naik, and Chethan Kumar. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks. It was released on 25 January 2017.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Turthinalli Geechida
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Antara Mitra]]
| music1 = [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Alladsu Alladsu
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| music2 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Appa I Love You
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| music3 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Aadoo Aata Aadoo
| extra4 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| music4 = [[Gurukiran]]
| lyrics4 = Santhosh Naik
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Vande Mataram
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| music5 = Arjun Janya
| lyrics5 = Siddaiah Puranik
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Party Party Nightu
| extra6 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| music6 = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| lyrics6 = Chetan Kumar
| length6 = 4:21
}}

== Reception ==
S Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Each technical team leaves its indelible imprint. The film climaxes in Ballari jail where the four protagonists are interned following their arrests, and thereafter at Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi. Veteran actor-director Kashinath, as the maligned father, does a commendable job as the pivot for the foursome’s escape from jail and bringing to book the corrupt Finance Minister played by Avinash. A worthy weekend watch for family".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A rousing call to citizens |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/594709/a-rousing-call-citizens.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202071749/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/594709/a-rousing-call-citizens.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website= deccanherald.com}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Even Challenging star Darshan’s cameo is justified as he faces off with Baahubali Kalakeya. Senior actor Kashinath and Manvitha’s roles are a surprise. The heroines - Aindrita Ray, Priyamani, Bhavana and Deepa Sanidhi - share less screen space, but add to the charm of the film. Technically all of them have contributed to the film. Credit should go to the music directors for the beautiful songs. Especially the track, Appa I love You, which certainly makes tears rolling down. Watch Chowka for its pragmatic message to all of us"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowka Review: Many stories, one impressive message |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/feb/03/chowka-review-many-stories-one-impressive-message-1566624.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202072021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/feb/03/chowka-review-many-stories-one-impressive-message-1566624.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website= newindianexpress.com }}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "For a film that is three hours long, one does not get tired with narrative's pace and stays with the story till the end. Watch this film if you like multi-starrers that provide commercial entertainment, while not bowing down to being just mindless fun".<ref>{{Cite news |title=CHOWKA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chowka/movie-review/56956577.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202072757/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chowka/movie-review/56956577.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Chowka’ (means four) characters have accepted to live with it. In between, the repetition of a dialogue which is an advertisement for a consumer brand is another low point. Then, a great escape from jail hogs the rest of the journey. An innocent school master serving jail, a sole friend linked to all the four is ‘unbelievable’. An average in the end, ‘Chowka’ is a highly diluted spirit with hardly any kick in it. May be a paisa vasool for the brand associated with it".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowka movie review: Packaged 'diluted' drama |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040217/chowka-movie-review-packaged-diluted-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202073054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/040217/chowka-movie-review-packaged-diluted-drama.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6284474}}

{{Dwarakish}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:Films set in 1990]]
[[Category:Films set in 2000]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]

Oka Oorilo

2026-03-03T18:10:01Z

SheenaBayles: minor enhance intro based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oka Oorilo
| image = Oka_Oorilo.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Ramesh Varma]]
| producer = Chanti Addala
| writer = Vardineedi Suresh Babu (dialogues) Swamy (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ramesh Varma
| story = Ramesh Varma
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] [[Raja Abel|Raja]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Arjun Jena]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| studio = Friendly Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|7|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Oka Oorilo ''''' ({{Translation|In a village}}) is a 2005 Indian Telugu [[romance film|romantic film]] directed by [[Ramesh Varma]] and starring [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] and [[Raja Abel|Raja]]. The film's soundtrack is by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-okaoorilo.html|title=Pressmeet: Oka Voorilo|date=17 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Seenu ([[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]]), Lalitha ([[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]]) and Ravi ([[Raja Abel|Raja]]) are childhood friends in a remote village. Ravi moves to town as a kid and loses contact with Seenu and Lalitha. Seenu and Lalitha grow up together and fall in love but Seenu's father opposes their love. Seenu and Lalitha run away from their homes and accidentally meet Ravi in the city. Ravi gives them shelter in his home but suddenly Seenu goes amiss. The rest of the story is all about the ending of a love story that started in a village.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] as Seenu
*[[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] as Lalitha
*[[Raja Abel|Raja]] as Ravi
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Seenu's servant
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Nirosha]]
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
*[[MS Narayana]]
*Kalpana
*[[Ramaraju (actor)|Ramaraju]]
*Yamuna
*Muralidhar
*Master Teja
*Master Karthik
*Baby Nikshipta
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Mounica]]<ref>https://www.ntnews.com/news/actress-mounika-in-if-not-an-actor-a-doctor-1740289</ref>
{{colend}}

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oka Oorilo - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/oka-oorilo/OFVsdFfV4yY_ |accessdate=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-okaoorilo.html|title=Audio release - Oka Oorilo|date=9 June 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The song "Chandamama Okati" is reused from "Oru Dhevaloga Raani" from ''Maayavi''.
{{Infobox album
| name = Oka Oorilo (Modalaina Premakatha)
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 31:37
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title =[[Andarivaadu]]
| prev_year =2005
| next_title = [[Mazhai]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:37
| title1 = Chindulese
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length1 = 4:07
| title2 = Chandamama Okati
| lyrics2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| extra2 = Sumangali
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Aakasamlo
| lyrics3 = Ananta Sriram
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Ye Maikam
| lyrics4 = Ananta Sriram
| extra4 = [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]], Sumangali
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Gudu Gudu Guncham
| lyrics5 = Ananta Sriram
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 4:10
| title6 = Oka Oorilo
| lyrics6 = Ananta Sriram
| extra6 = [[Mallikarjun]]
| length6 = 4:36
| title7 = Dingiri Dingiri
| lyrics7 = Ananta Sriram
| extra7 = [[Khushi Murali|Murali]]
| length7 = 5:22
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Though the first half is entertaining, the second half drags".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oka-oorilo-review-telugu-pclvKDaaibghf.html|title=Oka Oorilo|date=11 July 2005|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117033620/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:wzl9F9hM4AEJ:www.sify.com/movies/oka-oorilo-review-telugu-pclvKDaaibghf.html&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=17 November 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "When one selects such a tender story, it is very much important to establish the emotions. The emotions in this film are not established well.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okaoorilo.html |title=Oka Oorilo (modalaina premakatha) - Telugu cinema Review - Tarun, Saloni & Raja |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=2005-07-01 |accessdate=2012-02-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579845}}

{{Ramesh Varma}}
{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]

Taxiwaala

2026-03-03T17:56:24Z

SheenaBayles: expanded content

{{short description|2018 film by Rahul Sankrityan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taxiwaala
| image = Taxiwaala poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = Saikumar Reddy
| director = Rahul Sankrityan
| producer = Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu (SKN) [[Bunny Vasu]] V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Pramod Uppalapati
| story = Rahul Sankrityan
| starring = [[Vijay Deverakonda]] [[Priyanka Jawalkar]] [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]]
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind|GA2 Pictures]] UV Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|11|17}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref name="bbfc" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}42 crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/taxiwala-set-world-tv-premiere-zee-telugu-will-it-beat-geetha-govindams-trp-record-791873 |title=Taxiwala set for world TV Premiere on Zee Telugu: Will it beat Geetha Govindam's TRP record? |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605105143/https://amp.ibtimes.co.in/taxiwala-set-world-tv-premiere-zee-telugu-will-it-beat-geetha-govindams-trp-record-791873 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Taxiwaala''''' ({{translation|Taxi driver}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[supernatural film|supernatural]] [[comedy thriller]] film<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/taxiwala-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotuyotc|title=TAXIWALA (12A)|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518163740/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/taxiwala-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotuyotc|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by Rahul Sankrityan. Produced by UV Creations and [[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind)|GA2 Pictures]], the film stars [[Vijay Deverakonda]], [[Priyanka Jawalkar]], and [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]]. The music was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] with cinematography by [[Sujith Sarang]] and editing by Sreejith Sarang. The film released on 17 November 2018 to positive reviews and became a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-taxiwaala-release-5434657/|title=Vijay Deverakonda's Taxiwaala to hit screens on November 17|date=5 November 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-taxiwaala-release-5434657/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-devarakondas-taxiwaala-declared-hit-with-rs-17-cr-collections-over-two-days-amar-akbar-anthony-crashes-5581411.html | title=Vijay Devarakonda's Taxiwaala declared hit with Rs 17 cr collections over two days; Amar Akbar Anthony crashes | date=20 November 2018 | publisher=Firstpost | first=Surendhar | last=MK | access-date=28 December 2018 | archive-date=28 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228180414/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-devarakondas-taxiwaala-declared-hit-with-rs-17-cr-collections-over-two-days-amar-akbar-anthony-crashes-5581411.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The car used in the film was a modified [[Hindustan Contessa]].

== Plot ==
At a hospital, a woman, her husband, and her brother-in-law are devastated after she gives birth to a stillborn baby boy, while another young woman mourns the death of her mother.

The film cuts to a year later. A taxi driver plans to get rid of his car. One rainy night, his wife witnesses a supernatural presence in it. Shiva (the brother-in-law from the prologue) comes to Hyderabad to live with his friend Babai and find a job. After going through several jobs, he is dissatisfied and decides to become a taxi driver. He goes to his village to get money from his brother, but instead gets it from his sister-in-law, who readily gives away her [[mangalsutra]] to him. A grateful Shiva agrees to help pay the costs for his sister-in-law to get admitted into a better hospital for the birth of her second child. Shiva, Babai, and their friend Hollywood search for a car within their budget but fail. One morning, Shiva gets a call from an unknown person who is prepared to sell him a car. Shiva happily accepts, while Babai is a little hesitant.

Shiva starts to work for the [[Ola Cabs|Ola Cab Service]]. On his first ride, he falls in love with a medical resident named Anusha after safely giving her a ride from a night out. Over time, he starts to experience paranormal incidents in the car, notably a drunk passenger being scared. He tries to contact the car's previous owner but learns that he has moved away. A fake fakir comes and fools Shiva, Babai, and Hollywood to steal the car, but is almost killed inside it.

The next morning, Shiva and his friends see the car in their garage. Shiva has to arrange money for his sister-in-law's upcoming delivery, so he decides to drive the car again. After being saved from an accident by the car itself, Shiva comes to befriend it. One night after dropping Anusha at her residence, Shiva is asked by a doctor to drop him somewhere. Suddenly, the car takes control and ultimately kills the doctor by throwing him onto some train tracks to be run over, much to Shiva's horror.

Shiva decides to rob the previous car owner's house to get his money back. He, Babai, and Hollywood break into the house and find a man imprisoned in the store room. They admit the man into a hospital, where Anusha treats him. After waking up, he reveals the truth about the car.

The man is a [[psychology]] and [[parapsychology]] professor. Among his subjects is [[astral projection]], through which a person can separate their soul from their body before death and can also meet the dead. One of his students, Sisira Bharadwaj (the young woman from the prologue), lived with her stepfather, Raghuram, and a wealthy, asthmatic mother. The night of her birthday, she fought with her mother when Raghuram tried to replace Sisira's old car, which was a gift from her late father. Later that night, Sisira's mother suddenly began suffocating and could not find her inhaler. She knocked on her daughter's door but was ignored. Sisira's mother died when Sisira found her, leaving the latter in grief and depression.

Sisira begged her professor to perform an astral projection ritual on her so she could see her mother one last time. The process was successful, and Sisira's spirit ventured into the astral world. She realized that her mother was actually murdered by Raghuram so he could usurp her company, and the doctor, who was Raghuram's friend, poisoned her mother and stole her inhaler. Just then, Raghuram arrived and interrupted the ritual. He and the doctor decided to stage Sisira's death as a suicide and captured the professor to kill him later. The two were transported in Sisira's old car, which her soul bonded to after being separated from her body. Sisira's will had her body donated to science and was kept in a hospital.

In the present, the professor reveals that Sisira can be brought back to life if they retrieve her body. Moved by her story, Shiva agrees to help. He and his friends break into the hospital and manage to steal Sisira's body with the help of the fakir-turned-security guard who had tried to steal their car earlier. However, Raghuram plans to destroy Sisira's body and comes to the hospital. He is almost killed by her spirit, but barely saves himself. Shiva beats Raghuram and takes him and Sisira's body to the professor's lab, where the car is. Raghuram wakes up and tries to kill Shiva, but the car stops him, and he's burned to death. Unfortunately, Sisira's body is also destroyed in the fire despite Shiva's efforts.

Later, Shiva learns from Anusha that his sister-in-law gave birth to a girl who was also stillborn due to a [[chromosome abnormality]]. At the hospital, Anusha sadly reveals that his sister-in-law will never be able to have a child. Everyone goes to the garage in grief and tries to console each other. In the car, Sisira's soul enters the baby girl's body and starts crying, giving both herself and the couple a second chance. Shiva, his family, his friends, the professor, and Anusha come together and cuddle the baby.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay Devarakonda]] as Shiva
*[[Priyanka Jawalkar]] as Anusha alias Anu
*[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] as Sisira Bharadwaj
*[[Madhunandan]] as Babai, Shiva's friend
*Vishnu as Hollywood
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Sisira's professor
*[[Shiju]] as Raghuram, Sisira's stepfather
*[[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] as Sisira's mother
*[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Shiva's brother
*[[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Shiva's sister-in-law
*[[Uttej]] as Doctor
*[[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Doctor
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Doctor
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as Fake Fakir / Hospital Security Guard
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Taxiwaala
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cover =
| released = 17 November 2018
| recorded = 2018
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 16:43
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| prev_title = [[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[The Gambinos]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] in his Telugu debut. The song "Maate Vinadhuga"<ref>{{cite web |title=Maate Vinadhuga Song Lyrics{{!}} Song lyrics |url=https://www.lyricsindianow.com/2020/01/maate-vinadhuga-song-lyrics-sidsriram.html |website=Lyricsindianow.com |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130162735/https://www.lyricsindianow.com/2020/01/maate-vinadhuga-song-lyrics-sidsriram.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was the first to be released.
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Maate Vinadhuga
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Ladies and Gentlemen
| length2 = 3:22
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| title3 = Crazy Car
| length3 = 4:22
| extra3 = [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]]
| title4 = Neeve Neeve
| length4 = 4:24
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 16:43
}}

==Release==
The pirated version of the film was leaked on piracy websites ten days before its theatrical release. Nevertheless, the film released theatrically as scheduled on 17 November 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Deverakonda on Taxiwaala getting leaked: I don't know why it is happening only with my films |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-taxiwaala-release-piracy-5448624/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 November 2018 |language=en |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119234309/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-taxiwaala-release-piracy-5448624/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Taxiwala' leak: Vijay Deverakonda and cinematographer Sujith make appeal |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/taxiwala-leak-vijay-deverakonda-and-cinematographer-sujith-make-appeal-91518 |work=The News Minute |date=14 November 2018 |language=en |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920070324/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/taxiwala-leak-vijay-deverakonda-and-cinematographer-sujith-make-appeal-91518 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=jha |first1=subhash k |title=Vijay Deverakonda slams piracy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/131118/vijay-deverakonda-slams-piracy.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=13 November 2018 |language=en |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123135123/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/131118/vijay-deverakonda-slams-piracy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taxiwala Piracy: 'టాక్సీవాలా'‌ పైరసీ.. విజయ్‌కి అండగా ప్రభాస్, వరుణ్ తేజ్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/prabhas-and-varun-tej-tweets-about-taxiwala-piracy/articleshow/66652614.cms |work=Samayam Telugu |date=16 November 2018 |language=te |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920070325/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/prabhas-and-varun-tej-tweets-about-taxiwala-piracy/articleshow/66652614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was dubbed and simultaneously released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Sadugudu Vandi'' and in Hindi as ''Super Taxi.''{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Reception ==
Suhas Yellapantula of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Taxiwaala'' works in parts, largely thanks to a wonderful performance from Vijay Deverakonda, but the film veers away from Vijay and his character in the second half, tying itself up in knots. A weak climax and patchy narration derails an otherwise entertaining fare."<ref>{{cite news |title=Taxiwaala Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/taxiwaala/movie-review/66664880.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105080000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/taxiwaala/movie-review/66664880.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and opined that ''Taxiwaala'' proves decent content trumps piracy. The film excels with its concept, execution, and Vijay Deverakonda's performance, but slows down in the second half.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taxiwaala review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Vijay Deverakonda, Priyanka Jawalkar |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/taxiwaala.html |work=www.idlebrain.com |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043335/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/taxiwaala.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Barring a few glaring gaps in the story, Rahul Sankrityan has managed to whip up a pretty decent potboiler that leans heavily on Vijay Deverakonda's charms and his newfound stardom."<ref>{{cite news |title=Taxiwaala movie review: Vijay Deverakonda's horror comedy is watchable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/taxiwaala-movie-review-rating-vijay-deverakondas-5451427/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Taxiwaala'' is a cocktail of comedy and the paranormal with a hint of quirk".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Taxiwaala' is a cocktail of comedy and the paranormal with a hint of quirk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/taxiwaala-is-a-cocktail-of-comedy-and-the-paranormal-with-a-hint-of-quirk/article25525253.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 November 2018 |language=en-IN |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522202853/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/taxiwaala-is-a-cocktail-of-comedy-and-the-paranormal-with-a-hint-of-quirk/article25525253.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Christine (1983 film)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8047208}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 horror films]]
[[Category:Films about astral projection]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]

Endrum Anbudan

2026-03-03T04:57:29Z

SheenaBayles: expand information further and added references for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{short description|1992 film by R. Bhagyanathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox film
| name = Endrum Anbudan
| image = Endrum Anbudan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Bhagyanathan
| writer = R. Bhagyanathan
| producer = G. Saravanan [[T. G. Thyagarajan]]
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] [[Heera Rajagopal]]
| cinematography = M. S. Annadurai
| editing = [[Anil Malnad]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| released = {{film date|1992|8|14|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Endrum Anbudan''''' ({{translation|Always with love}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by R. Bhagyanathan in his debut. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] and [[Heera Rajagopal]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Janagaraj]] and [[Chinni Jayanth]] in supporting roles. It was released on 14 August 1992.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=May 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Thyagu
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Nandhini
*[[Heera Rajagopal]] as Jennifer
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Janagaraj]] as Venkatachalam
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Ashok
*[[Charle]] as Munsamy
*[[Senthil]] as Estry
*[[Monica (actress)|Baby Monisha]] as Mallu
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Nandhini's father
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
''Endrum Anbudan'' is the writing and directorial debut of R. Bhagyanathan, who earlier assisted [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கலைத்தூதன் |date=6 September 1992 |title=தவிர்க்க முடியாத ஒரு நெஞ்சுத்துடிப்பு! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-09-06/page/38/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230424144231/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-09-06/page/38/mode/2up |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=16 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=39 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endrum Anbudan |url=https://avdigital.in/products/endrum-anbudan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205155541/https://avdigital.in/products/endrum-anbudan |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2017 |title=Endrum Anbudan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/endrum-anbudan/SO,ArzkbkAc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093635/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/endrum-anbudan/SO,ArzkbkAc_ |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Chinnanjiru Annakili
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thulli Thirnthoru
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = R. Bhagyanathan
| music2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 =
| title3 = Manjal Vayieal
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Nillavu Vandhadu
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| music4 =
| extra4 = Mano, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Power Pochedah
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| music5 =
| extra5 = Mano
| length5 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Endrum Anbudan'' was released on 14 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 1992 |title=Endrum Anbudan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ayyappa Prasad of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "''Endrum Anbudan'' has a very interesting storyline ably directed and scripted by Bhagyanathan (debut) with excellent performances by Sitara and Murali in lead roles".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=21 August 1992 |title=Man, Woman and Child |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920821&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the film had near perfect incidents, strong dialogues with complete subtlety but with inclusion of two fight scenes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே |date=6 September 1992 |title=என்றும் அன்புடன் |url=https://ibb.co/JBV9kwd |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |page=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216052810/https://ibb.co/JBV9kwd |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Krishna Beuraa

2026-03-01T18:14:06Z

SheenaBayles: starting the data from scratch

{{short description|Indian playback singer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Krishna Beuraa
| image = Krishna_Beuraa.jpg
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Playback singing|Playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]]
| years_active = 2004–present
| website = http://www.krishnabeura.com/
}}

'''Krishna Beuraa'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krishnabeura.com/home.html|title=About Krishna Beura|work=Krishna Beuraa|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219063357/http://www.krishnabeura.com/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian playback singer who has sung songs in commercial [[Hindi]] and multi language Indian regional cinemas and albums. Mostly known for his hit songs "Maula Mere" from the film ''[[Chak De India]]'', "Main Jahan Rahoon" from the film ''[[Namastey London]]'', "Rabba" (''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'') and "Soniyo from the Heart" (''Raaz-2''). He can sing in 22 languages including his mother tongue [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/krishna-hindi-singer/biography.html|title=Krishna Beura biography|work=filmibeat.com|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/krishna_beura-profile-5059-24.htm|title=About Krishna Beura's Biography |work=veethi.com|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishna Beuraa is originally from Kusupangi, [[Banki, Orissa|Banki]], [[Cuttack]], presently residing in [[Mumbai]]. His father Indramani Beura was an employee of [[Indian Air Force]] who traveled to different parts of the country. He spent about 11 years in [[Chandigarh]], graduated from [[GGDSD College]], Sector 32, Chandigarh and post graduation from Department of Indian Theatre ([[Panjab University Chandigarh]]). His mother Shushama Beura wanted him to be a pilot or an engineer or a doctor.{{source?|date=September 2023}}

==Career==
Krishna Beuraa got his first break when he approached [[Sanjay Dutt]]. Sanjay not only liked his singing style but also gave him a chance to sing in four films: ''Rudraksh'' (song: "Ishq Khudai"), ''Rakht'' (song: "Sach Hai Sach Hai Yeh"), ''Musafir'' (song: "Rabba"), ''Deewaar'' (song: "Ali Ali").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Orissa-boy-rocks-Mumbai-music-industry/articleshow/4331630.cms?referral=PM|title='Orissa boy rocks Mumbai music industry|date=29 March 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref>

From then on his journey as a singer began in [[Bollywood]]. Since then he has sung various hit songs including "Inteqam" from ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' (2017), "Chaska" from ''[[Badmaash Company]]'' (2010), "Soniyo" (From the Heart) from ''[[Raaz - The Mystery Continues]]'' (2009).

In 2008 he also released his first solo pop album ''Ishq Gali Na Jaiyo'' composed of eight songs.

In 2010, Popular Indian rock band Bandish collaborated with him for their second self-titled album.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bandish collaborates with Pete Lockett for second album|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bandish-collaborates-with-pete-lockett-for-second-album-news-national-khuwOdbfjag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130073751/http://www.sify.com/news/bandish-collaborates-with-pete-lockett-for-second-album-news-national-khuwOdbfjag.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-01-30}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Albums===
*Ishq Gali Na Jaiyo (Label: TIPS)
*Neela Nayanaa (Label: Darubrahma Production)
*Tama Kathaa Mane Pade (Label: Sun Music)
*Babosa (Rajasthani Traditional Folk) (Label: KBtunes Music & Entertainment, Movement Creations LLP)
*Ishqiyaat Hindi Album (Label: FNP Media LLP) (Music Distributor: Movement Creations LLP)
*Aarati Hanuman Lala Ki (Producer: Praveer Singh) (Music Distributor: Movement Creations LLP)
*Teri Raah Tak Tak Ke (Producer: Narottam Sharma) (Music Distributor: OnClick Music, MOVIETONE DIGITAL ENTERTAINMENT PRIVATE LIMITED)

===Hindi songs===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Movie
! Song
|-
|2025
|''[[Baaghi 4]]''
| "Get Ready to Fight - Khauf Hai"
|-
|2017
|''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|Mera Intkam Dekhegi
|-
|2016
|''[[Murari the Mad Gentleman]]''
|Udi Udi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
|Glamorous Ankhiyaan
|-
|''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/kaun-kitney-paani-mein-music-review-an-okay-devoid-of/article_0c34042e-4d09-11e5-93dd-8f0de04dd1f6.html|title='Kaun Kitney Paani Mein' Music Review: An Okay, Devoid-of-Ambition Fare|date=27 August 2015|work=IndiaWest|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829212158/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/kaun-kitney-paani-mein-music-review-an-okay-devoid-of/article_0c34042e-4d09-11e5-93dd-8f0de04dd1f6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Rangabati
|-
|2012
|''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|Shah Ka Rutba
|-
|2012
|''[[Hate Story]]''
|Dil Kanch Sa
|-
|2011
|''[[Luv Ka The End]]''
|''[[The Mutton Song]]''
|-
|2011
|''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''
| ''[[Son Titariya]]''
|-
|2011
|''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
|''Mere Brother Ki Dulhan''
|-
|2010
|''[[Hide and Seek (2010 film)|Hide and Seek]]''
|''Kaise Jiyu Tere Din''
|-
|2010
|''[[Badmaash Company]]''
|"[[Chaska (song)|Chaska]]"
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|rowspan=2|''[[Raaz - The Mystery Continues]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/16-raaz-tmc-music-review-120810.asp|title=Music Review : Raaz The Mystery Continues|work=glamsham.com|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref>
|Soniyo From The Heart
|-
|Bandaa Re Main To Tere
|-
|2009
|Jugaad
|''[[Tu Hai Rab Mera]]''
|-
|2009
|''[[Let's Dance (2009 film)|Let's Dance]]''
| ''[[Koshish Koshish]]''
|-
|2008
|''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]''
|''[[Jaya He Jaya He]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Namastey London|Namastey London]]''
|''[[Main Jahaan Rahoon]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Chak De! India|Chak De India]]''
| ''[[Maula Mere Le Le Meri Jaan]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''
|''[[Insha Allaah]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]''
|''[[Lakhon Karodo Mein Koyi]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2006
|rowspan=2| ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
|Mere Saath Chalte Chalte
|-
|For Your Eyes Only
|-
|2006
|''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''
|Har Saans
|-
|2006
|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''
|''Rabbi''
|-
|2006
|''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''
| ''[[Jaane Ke Jaane Na]]''
|-
|2005
|[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]
| ''[[Aap Ki Kashish]]''
|-
|2005
|''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]''
| ''[[Aesi Umar Mein]]''
|-
|2004
|''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]''
|Ishq Khudai
|-
|2004
|''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]''
|''[[Rabba (Male Version)]]''
|-
|2004
|''[[I Proud To Be An Indian]]''
|Khata Nahin
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
|rowspan=2|''[[Rakht]]''
|Sach Hai Sach Hai
|-
|Jannat Hai Yeh Zameen
|-
|}

===Lollywood===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Movie
! Notes
|-
|2014
|Lutt Gaya
| ''[[The System (2014 film)|The System]]''
|
|-
|2019
|Surkh Chandni (OST)
|''Surkh Chandni''
|ARY Digital (Pakistani) Drama
|-
|}

===Regional films===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Movie
! Language
|-
|2011
|Maa Khoje Mamata (Title Track)
| ''[[Maa Khoje Mamata]]''
|Odia
|-
|rowspan=2|2011
|Prema Aase Thare Jibana Re
|rowspan=2|''[[Mu Premi Mu Pagala]]''
|rowspan=2| Odia
|-
|Samaya Ra Khela
|-
|2011
|Mu Odia Pua
|''[[Kiese Dakuchhi Kouthi Mote]]''
| Odia
|-
|2011
|Belara Darada
|''[[Tate Bhala Paauchhi Boli]]''
| Odia
|-
|2011
|Bele Bele Jibanabi
| ''[[Most Wanted (2011 film)|Most Wanted]]''
|Odia
|-
|2009
|Laage Ekaa Ekaa
|''[[Abhimanyu (2009 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
| Odia
|-
|2009
|Mo Katha Suni Ja
|''[[Dream Girl (2009 film)|Dream Girl]]''
| Odia
|-
|
|Kuch Kuch Andide
| ''[[Raaj the Showman]]''
|Kannada
|-
|2009
|Rumu Brandy Whisky Ginnu
|''[[Housefull (2009 film)|Housefull]]''
|Kannada
|-
|2011
|Sariyeno
|''[[Mandahaasa]]''
|Kannada
|-
|
|Katra Mila Samandar Mein
|''[[Waris Shah]]''
|Punjabi
|-
|2013
|Yello bittu bandevu Naavu
| ''[[Dyaavre]]''
|Kannada
|-
|
|Raunkan Shaunkan
|''[[Sat Sri Akal]]''
| Punjabi
|-
|2018
|Tere Darga Pe
| ''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]''
|Bengali
|-
|-
|2019
|Vande Mataram
| style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Panther: Hindustan Meri Jaan]]''
|Bengali
|-
|rowspan='2'|2025
|Mo Bapa Maa Mo Charidham
|''[[Charidham - A Journey Within]]''
|Odia
|-
|Mann Mohan
|[[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]]
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
|2026
|Tu Pherana
| ''Bara Badhu''
|Bengali
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="75"|Year
! width="200"|Category
! width="150" | Song
! width="150" |Movie
! width="200"|Award
! width="100"|Results
|-
| 2008
| Best Playback Singer-Male
|"Maula Mere"
| ''[[Chak De India]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2010 |title=Krishna Beura to Rock Bay Area |url-status=dead |url=https://www.indiapost.com/krishna-beura-to-rock-bay-area/ |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045714/https://www.indiapost.com/krishna-beura-to-rock-bay-area/ }}</ref>
|[[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]]
| {{won }}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=5719169|name=Krishna Beura}}
{{Commons cat}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beura, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]

Bironkhal

2026-02-27T13:13:07Z

SheenaBayles: new - done

{{short description|Town in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bironkhal
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.840|79.031|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246276
| registration_plate = UK-12
| website = {{URL|pauri.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''Bironkhal''' [[Tehsil]] is a administrative division located in the [[Pauri Garhwal]] district of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pauri.nic.in/tehsil/ | title=Tehsil | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Bandh observed in Pauri to seek new dist |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/bandh-observed-in-pauri-to-seek-new-dist-139075 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajwar |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZyeKnRMVfYC&dq=Bironkhal+-wikipedia.org&pg=PA231 |title=Garhwal Himalaya: Ecology and Environment |date=1993 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-559-9 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the 14 tehsils in the district and is headquartered in the town of [[Syunsi]].<ref name="auto">[https://revenue.uk.gov.in/files/Beeronkhal.pdf Beeronkhal] Retrieved 26 March 2023</ref> It was created in 2016 with 367 villages taken from [[Dhumakot]], [[Chaubattakhal]] and [[Thalisain]] tehsils.<ref name="auto" /> The main languages spoken in the area is [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]].

The main economic activities in the region include agriculture, forestry, and tourism. The area is known for its rich natural beauty, with several forests and wildlife sanctuaries located nearby. This region is on the border of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] and near the [[Dudhatoli]] range. This was the area of operations of the famous lady warrior [[Tilu Rauteli]] or Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dehradun.live/an-animation-film-is-being-made-on-the-saga-of-teelu-rauteli-see-the-trailer|title=An animation film is being made on the saga of Teelu Rauteli. See the trailer|first=Vivek|last=Tiwari|date=22 June 2021|website=Dehradun Live|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225041711/https://www.dehradun.live/an-animation-film-is-being-made-on-the-saga-of-teelu-rauteli-see-the-trailer|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]

K. Chandrashekar Rao

2026-02-27T12:51:23Z

SheenaBayles: update details and updated info

{{short description|1st chief Minister of Telangana from 2014 to 2023}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kalvakuntla|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = K. Chandrashekar Rao
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png
| caption = Official portrait, April 2017
| office = 3rd [[List of Leader of Opposition in Telangana Assembly|Leader of the Opposition, Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=TELANGANA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY-RECOGNITION OF SRI KALVAKUNTLA CHANDRASHEKAR RAO, M.L.A. AS LEADER OF OPPOSITION IN THE THIRD TELANGANA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.|url=https://legislation-legislature.telangana.gov.in//PreviewPage.tsl?q=ZmlsZVBhdGg9YmFzZVBhdGgmZmlsZU5hbWU9R2F6ZXR0ZVVwbG9hZHMvMTZfMTJfMjAyM184XzE2XzA1LTAzLTIwMjQtMTItNDAtNDkucGRm|date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
| governor = {{ubl
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] {{small|(2023-2024)}}
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(additional charge; 2024)}}
|[[Jishnu Dev Varma]] {{small|(2024-incumbent)}}
}}
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| predecessor = ''vacant'' [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] (2018-19)
| successor =
| office1 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|1st President of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| term_start1 = 5 October 2022
| 1blankname1 = Working President
| 1namedata1 = [[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor1 = ''office established''
| office2 = 1st [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| term_start2 = 2 June 2014
| term_end2 = 7 December 2023
| predecessor2 = ''office established'' {{small|(''[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] as [[United Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh]]'')}}
| successor2 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]<ref name="third term CM">{{Cite news |title=Revanth Reddy To Be Sworn In As Telangana Chief Minister Tomorrow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-to-be-sworn-in-as-telangana-chief-minister-tomorrow-4640509 |date=2023-12-07 |work=NDTV |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207131113/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-to-take-oath-as-telangana-chief-minister-today-sonia-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-to-attend-4640509 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| governor2 = {{ubl| [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] {{small|(2014-2019)}}|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan|Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan]] {{small|(2019-2023)}}
}}
| deputy2 = {{ubl|[[Mahmood Ali (Indian politician)|M. Mahmood Ali]] ({{small|until 12 December 2018}})|[[T. Rajaiah]] ({{small|until 25 January 2015}})|[[Kadiyam Srihari]] ({{small|until 12 December 2018}})}}
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2 June 2014
| constituency3 = [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
| predecessor3 = Tumkunta Narsa Reddy (''constituency shifted from Andhra Pradesh'')
| office4 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labour & Employment]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| successor4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 27 November 2004
| term_end4 = 24 August 2006
| office5 = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways]]
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor5 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| successor5 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| term_start5 = 23 May 2004
| term_end5 = 25 May 2004
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2009
| term_end6 = 16 May 2014
| constituency6 = [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar, Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor6 = D. Vittal Rao
| successor6 = [[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
| term_start7 = 16 May 2004
| term_end7 = 16 May 2009
| constituency7 = [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor7 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| successor7 = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| office8 = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|President of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| term_start8 = 27 April 2001
| term_end8 = 5 October 2022
| predecessor8 = ''office established''
| successor8 = ''office abolished''
| 1blankname8 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Working President]]
| 1namedata8 = [[K. T. Rama Rao]] (from 15 December 2018)
| office9 = 15th [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start9 = 17 November 1999
| term_end9 = 1 May 2001
| successor9 = Koppula Harishwar Reddy
| predecessor9 = [[N. Md. Farooq]]
| 1blankname9 = [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 1namedata9 = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi]](1999-2004)
| office10 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Transport]], [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| governor10 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[Gopala Ramanujam]] [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname10 = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata10 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start10 = 19 December 1996
| term_end10 = 11 October 1999
| predecessor10 = P. Chandrasekhar
| successor10 = [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]]
| office11 = [[Minister (government)|Minister of Drought & Relief]], [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start11 = 1987
| term_end11 = 1988
| governor11 = [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor11 =
| successor11 =
| office12 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start12 = 10 March 1985
| term_end12 = 13 May 2004
| constituency12 = [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
| predecessor12 = [[Ananthula Madan Mohan]]
| successor12 = [[T. Harish Rao]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|02|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Siddipet|Chintamadaka]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]], [[India]]<ref name="B Prasad" /> (present-day [[Telangana]])
| spouse = {{marriage|K. Shobha|1969}}
| children = [[K. T. Rama Rao]] (son) [[K. Kavitha]] (daughter)
| relatives = K. Himanshu Rao (grandchild) [[T. Harish Rao]] (nephew) [[Joginapally Santosh Kumar]] (nephew)
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| residence = [[Siddipet district|Chinthamadaka, Telangana]], India
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (since 2001)
| otherparty = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (1983–2001) [[Indian National Congress]] (1980–1983)
}}
'''Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao''' (born 17 February 1954), commonly known by his initials '''KCR''', is an Indian politician currently representing the [[Gajwel Assembly constituency]] and who is first Chief Minister of Telangana who served for almost ten years. He is the founding leader of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], a [[List of political parties in India|state party]] in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About BRS |url=https://brsonline.in/history/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323171106/https://brsonline.in/history/ |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Bharat Rashtra Samiti]] |quote=Telangana Rashtra Samithi, popularly known as TRS party, was founded on 27th April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR).}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Ch Rao |first=Sushil |date=2014-06-13 |title=Telangana CM, K Chandrashekar Rao, a Hindi speaking CM in south India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/K-Chandrashekar-Rao/articleshow/36503218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614202806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/K-Chandrashekar-Rao/articleshow/36503218.cms |archive-date=2014-06-14 |access-date=2014-08-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=For the first time in 25 years, Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) leader K Chandrasekhara Rao, who is now the chief minister of the newly formed Telangana state, is showing his language skills in Hindi.}}</ref> serving as the third leader of the opposition in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-16 |title=KCR recognised as Leader of Opposition in Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-recognised-as-leader-of-opposition-in-assembly/article67645468.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216150733/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-recognised-as-leader-of-opposition-in-assembly/article67645468.ece |archive-date=2023-12-16 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Bharat Rashtra Samithi MLA from Gajwel and former chief minister K. Chandrashekhar Rao was recognised as the Leader of Opposition in the Assembly.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Leader behind 'mission Telangana': A look back on KCR's political journey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-leader-behind-mission-telangana-a-look-back-at-kcrs-political-journey-101701590470865.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203102307/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-leader-behind-mission-telangana-a-look-back-at-kcrs-political-journey-101701590470865.html |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-IN |quote=Determined to raise the cause for the people of the Telangana region, KCR spearheaded the Telangana movement.; Born in Hyderabad Chintamadaka village in present-day Telangana, KCR started his political career with the Youth Congress party in Medhak.; In 1983 assembly elections in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, he contested against Ananthula Madan Mohan which he lost but stunned observers by securing a few votes short of the Congress heavyweight.}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He is also the father of politicians [[K. Kavitha]]&[[K. T. Rama Rao]].

== Early life ==
Rao was born to Raghava Rao and Venkatamma on 17 February 1954 in Chintamadaka village, [[Hyderabad State (1948-1956)|Hyderabad State]] (present-day [[Telangana]]).<ref name="B Prasad">{{cite news |last=B Prasad |first=Krishna |date=2017-02-17 |title=6,000 priests to hold special pujas on K Chandrasekhar Rao's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/6000-priests-to-hold-special-pujas-on-k-chandrasekhar-raos-birthday/articleshow/57197494.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217153509/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/6000-priests-to-hold-special-pujas-on-k-chandrasekhar-raos-birthday/articleshow/57197494.cms |archive-date=2017-02-17 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Eight-time MLA and four-time MP, K Chandrasekhar Rao was born on February 17, 1954, in Chintamadaka village, of Siddipeta mandal in Siddipet district.}}</ref> He is of the [[Velama]] caste.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sadam |first=Rishika |date=2023-04-15 |title=125-ft statue of Ambedkar, awards for social service — how KCR is trying to shed 'feudal image' |url=https://theprint.in/india/125-ft-statue-of-ambedkar-awards-for-social-service-how-kcr-is-trying-to-shed-feudal-image/1519899/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415081427/https://theprint.in/india/125-ft-statue-of-ambedkar-awards-for-social-service-how-kcr-is-trying-to-shed-feudal-image/1519899/ |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2024-04-24 |newspaper=[[ThePrint]] |quote=KCR hails from the Velama (zamindar or landlord) community.}}</ref> Rao has nine sisters and one elder brother.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Sushil |date=2018-02-21 |title=Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao's sister Vimala Bai passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-raos-sister-vimala-bai-passes-away/articleshow/63014810.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226160430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-raos-sister-vimala-bai-passes-away/articleshow/63014810.cms |archive-date=2018-02-26 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=KCR has eight elder sisters, a younger sister and elder brother.}}</ref> He attained an [[MA degree|MA]] degree in [[Telugu literature]] from [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4083 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174349/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4083 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=7 January 2016 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |publisher=Educational Qualifications: M.A. (Literature); Educated at Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=K Chandrashekar Rao: Know the journey of 'architect' of Telangana movement |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/k-chandrashekar-rao-know-the-journey-of-the-architect-of-telangana-movement-3102661.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031150419/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/k-chandrashekar-rao-know-the-journey-of-the-architect-of-telangana-movement-3102661.html |archive-date=2018-10-31 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=KCR, who once started movement for a separate state with only a handful of supporters, became the guide of the destiny of over 350 lakh Telangana people in his capacity as the first CM of the state.}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Congress Party ===
Rao started his career with the [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]] in [[Medak district|Medak]].<ref name=":4" /> He stood by [[Indira Gandhi]] after her defeat in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha polls]].<ref name="ibnlive.in.com" />

=== Independent candidate ===
In the [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Rao contested as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]] in the [[Siddipet Assembly constituency]]. He lost to [[Ananthula Madan Mohan]], a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate, by 877 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1983.pdf#page=351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163616/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1983.pdf#page=351 |archive-date=2022-06-07 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[State election commission (India)#Structure|Chief Electoral Officer]] - [[Telangana]] |page=351}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

=== Telugu Desam Party ===

After the contest, in 1983, Rao joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). He won four consecutive Assembly elections from [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]] (1985-1999). From 1987 to 1988, he served as the Minister of Drought and Relief in Chief Minister [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s cabinet. In 1990, he was appointed TDP convener for Medak, Nizamabad, and Adilabad districts. In 1996, he served as Transport minister in Chief Minister [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]'s cabinet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Who is KCR? BRS Leader And First Chief Minister Of Telangana |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-who-is-kcr-brs-leader-and-first-chief-minister-of-telangana-article-104879059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101070532/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-who-is-kcr-brs-leader-and-first-chief-minister-of-telangana-article-104879059 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |quote=Rao joined the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in 1983. He won four consecutive Assembly elections from Siddipet 1985 and 1999. From 1987 to 1988, he worked as Minister of Drought and Relief in Chief minister NT Rama Rao's cabinet. In 1990, he was appointed TDP convener for Medak, Nizamabad, and Adilabad districts. In 1996, he worked as Transport minister in Chief minister Nara Chandrababu Naidu's cabinet.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalavalapalli |first=Yogendra |date=2016-07-12 |title=Are Chandrababu Naidu and KCR two sides of the same coin? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RDsN1bju8gHx3umHhy2aFL/Are-Chandrababu-Naidu-and-KCR-two-sides-of-the-same-coin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713172924/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RDsN1bju8gHx3umHhy2aFL/Are-Chandrababu-Naidu-and-KCR-two-sides-of-the-same-coin.html |archive-date=2016-07-13 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |quote=KCR served as transport minister in Naidu’s cabinet in 1996 and was the Deputy Speaker of the state assembly from 2000-01 before he quit the TDP to start the TRS.}}</ref> He also served as the Deputy Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh Assembly from 2000 to 2001.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite news |date=2014-02-26 |title=KCR to enter Congress via Telangana? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kcr-to-enter-congress-via-telangana/454446-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302023543/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kcr-to-enter-congress-via-telangana/454446-37-64.html |archive-date=2014-03-02 |access-date=2014-02-26 |newspaper=[[IBN Live]] |quote=KCR started his career with the youth Congress controlled by Sanjay Gandhi in the 1970s. As he himself claims, he and a few others stood by Indira Gandhi even after her defeat in the 1977 Lok Sabha polls.}}</ref>

=== Jai Telangana movement ===
{{further|Telangana Crisis|l1=Telangana movement}}

[[File:Shri K. Chandra Shekhar Rao assumes the office of Labour and Employment Minister in New Delhi on November 28, 2004.jpg|thumb|K. Chandrashekhar Rao assumes the office of Labour and Employment Minister in New Delhi on 28 November 2004|left]]

On 27 April 2001, Rao resigned from the Telugu Desam Party, leaving his position of Deputy Speaker.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web |date=28 April 2001 |title=Dy. Speaker resigns, launches new outfit |url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/28/stories/0428201c.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305173544/http://hindu.com/2001/04/28/stories/0428201c.htm |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Mr. K. Chandrasekhar Rao today resigned as Deputy Speaker, MLA and primary member of the ruling Telugu Desam Party and launched the Telangana Rashtra Samithi to fight for separate Statehood.}}</ref> He stated that the people of the Telangana region were being discriminated against and believed that a separate state was the only solution.<ref>{{cite news|date=2001-05-19 |title=Telangana finds a new man and moment |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/19/stories/0419201x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108100246/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/19/stories/0419201x.htm |archive-date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2011-06-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Mr. Rao argues that Mr. Naidu protected the interests of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, but did not intervene when the coal-based fertiliser factory at Ramagundam was closed down. He says that farmers in the Telangana region got a raw deal, as revealed by suicides among cotton farmers, the distress sale of infants by Lambada families, and the spread of viral fever in Adilabad district. He accuses the Congress and the BJP also of insincerity in their efforts to develop the region.}}</ref> The same day, he formed the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) Party (now called the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]) at Jala Drushyam, Hyderabad to achieve Telangana statehood.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="hindu.com" /> In the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 elections]], he won from [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]] and also the [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]] by election, both as a TRS candidate. The TRS contested the 2004 general elections in alliance with the Indian National Congress, with the Congress Party's promise of Telangana statehood. Rao was one of the five TRS candidates who were elected as MPs.<ref>{{cite web |last=S. Kumar |first=Nagesh |title=Politics of separation |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2215/stories/20050729003303700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227220251/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2215/stories/20050729003303700.htm |archive-date=2014-02-27 |access-date=2014-02-24 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2014-02-21 |title=KCR: The man who revived Telangana movement |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kcr-the-man-who-revived-telangana-movement/story-0RpCEDNGT0PuwAXrs7fZjJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608112702/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kcr-the-man-who-revived-telangana-movement/story-0RpCEDNGT0PuwAXrs7fZjJ.html |archive-date=2024-06-08 |access-date=2017-06-19 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

TRS was part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition government, led by Congress. Rao went on to become a Union Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment in the UPA government.<ref name=":4" /> In 2006, the party withdrew from the coalition, stating that the Alliance was not inclined to support a separate Telangana state, and he resigned as an MP.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-12-10 |title=Telangana isn't scary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/telangana-isn-t-scary/story-0RP1uQLFrTtx5ruDOmN2GK.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213201523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Telangana-isn-t-scary/H1-Article1-485141.aspx |archive-date=2009-12-13 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |title=KCR pulls a 'fast' one in just 11 days |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kcr-pulls-a-fast-one-in-just-11-days-38381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424205505/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kcr-pulls-a-fast-one-in-just-11-days-38381.html |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-04 |title=Cracks in UPA as TRS chief Chandrasekhar Rao resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060904-trs-chief-chandrasekhar-rao-resigns-from-manmohan-singh-cabinet-784633-2006-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424205500/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060904-trs-chief-chandrasekhar-rao-resigns-from-manmohan-singh-cabinet-784633-2006-09-03 |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>[[File:KCR addressing a public gathering during Telangana Agitation.jpg|thumb|left|255px|Rao addressing a public gathering during Telangana Agitation]]

In 2009, Rao won the [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]] Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2024-04-24 |title=For first time in 20 years, KCR clan absent from Parliament poll race |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/for-first-time-in-20-years-kcr-clan-absent-from-parliament-poll-race/article68098751.ece |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424024418/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/for-first-time-in-20-years-kcr-clan-absent-from-parliament-poll-race/article68098751.ece |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In November 2009, he started a hunger strike, demanding the introduction of the Telangana Bill in the Indian Parliament. Eleven days later, the Central Government initiated the process to grant Telangana statehood.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-12-10 |title=KCR smiles, ends 11-day fast over Telangana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kcr-smiles-ends-11-day-fast-over-telangana-406514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913185835/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kcr-smiles-ends-11-day-fast-over-telangana-406514 |archive-date=2015-09-13 |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

On 16 May 2014, Rao was elected as MLA from [[Gajwel (Assembly constituency)|Gajwel]] with a majority of 19,391 and as MP from [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] with a majority of 397,029.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf#page=75 |title=General Elections to the House of People and Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, 2014 Statistical Report |publisher=[[State election commission (India)#Structure|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] |year=2014 |location=[[Hyderabad]] |pages=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013131334/http://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf#page=75 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Telangana, the TRS, which led the campaign for a separate state for over a decade, received the most votes, winning 11 of the 17 Lok Sabha seats and 63 of the 119 Assembly seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRS wins in Telangana |url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/trs-storms-power-telangana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052151/http://deccan-journal.com/content/trs-storms-power-telangana |archive-date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2014-05-27 |work=Deccan Journal}}</ref>

=== Foray into national politics ===
In May 2019, ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]], Rao attempted to set up Federal Front along with leaders of other [[Regional political parties of India|regional political parties]]. The Front's aim was to bring a non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]], non-[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] alliance to power in the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |author= |date=2014-05-24 |title=KCR in a fix with lucky number 6 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140524/nation-current-affairs/article/kcr-fix-lucky-number-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524075736/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140524/nation-current-affairs/article/kcr-fix-lucky-number-6 |archive-date=2014-05-24 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y. |date=2019-05-08 |title=As polls enter final stages, KCR hard sells federal front idea |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/as-polls-enter-final-stages-kcr-hard-sells-federal-front-idea-1557337740158.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195911/https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/as-polls-enter-final-stages-kcr-hard-sells-federal-front-idea-1557337740158.html |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

In June 2022, Rao announced plans for a national party.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-11 |title=KCR likely to float national party Bharat Rashtra Samithi |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-likely-to-float-national-party-bharat-rashtra-samithi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215131012/https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-likely-to-float-national-party-bharat-rashtra-samithi |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> On 5 October 2022, the day of ''Vijayadashami'', he renamed his party to ''Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS)'' at the party's Executive Council Meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=From KCR To Azharuddin — Key Candidates In Telangana Election |url=https://news.abplive.com/telangana/telangana-election-key-contenders-of-all-parties-from-kcr-to-azharuddin-in-spotlight-1645485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809030634/https://news.abplive.com/telangana/telangana-election-key-contenders-of-all-parties-from-kcr-to-azharuddin-in-spotlight-1645485 |archive-date=2024-08-09 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister of Telangana (2014–2023) ===
{{See also|First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry}}[[File:Narendra Modi taking a ride in Hyderabad Metro along with the Governor of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Shri E.S.L. Narasimhan, the Chief Minister of Telangana.jpg|right|thumb|K. Chandrashekar Rao with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in Hyderabad Metro in 2017]]
Rao was sworn in as the first chief minister of the Telangana state on 2 June 2014. Rao, a staunch believer in [[astrology]], [[numerology]] and [[Vastu shastra|vaastu]], is reported to have fixed 12:57 PM for his inauguration as per the advice of priests to suit his lucky number 'six', since the sum of the digits is 'fifteen' and '1+5=6.'<ref name=":7" /> He was re-elected eight times as TRS president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-21 |title=KCR re-elected 8 time as TRS president |url=https://indtoday.com/kcr-re-elected-8-time-as-trs-president/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422040407/http://indtoday.com/kcr-re-elected-8-time-as-trs-president/ |archive-date=2017-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Ind Today |language=en-IN}}</ref> In September 2018, he dissolved the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], nine months before its term ends to go for an early election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-06 |title=KCR dissolves Telangana assembly for early polls, calls it a sacrifice |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-cabinet-recommends-dissolution-of-state-assembly/story-c5ig4akXTWU4F75vTGXN5J.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906093333/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-cabinet-recommends-dissolution-of-state-assembly/story-c5ig4akXTWU4F75vTGXN5J.html |archive-date=2018-09-06 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-07 |title=Early polls a KCR political masterstroke |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/early-polls-a-kcr-political-masterstroke-new-analysis-118090700648_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907140956/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/early-polls-a-kcr-political-masterstroke-new-analysis-118090700648_1.html |archive-date=2018-09-07 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> In December 2018, he was re-elected as Chief Minister for the second term, after winning the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] by a big margin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=KCR wins by heavy margin, Congress distant second in Telangana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telangana-elections/kcr-wins-by-heavy-margin-congress-distant-second-in-telangana/story-50PtjUhrc55xNZYCDkGM8N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212120014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/telangana-elections/kcr-wins-by-heavy-margin-congress-distant-second-in-telangana/story-50PtjUhrc55xNZYCDkGM8N.html |archive-date=2018-12-12 |access-date=2020-11-26 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Rao shaped the Telangana state to a high degree of development both economically and culturally, right from the formative years of the state since 2014. His welfare programs are aimed at reviving the [[Rural economics|rural economy]] and are focused on the development of each community. An intensive household survey, Samagra Kutumba Survey (SKS) was done in a single day on 19 August 2014 across the state to arrive at citizen information for rolling out welfare programs. The data collected pertaining to 94 parameters, covered one crore four lakh households in the State.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-24 |title=Training programme for senior ISS officers ends |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-02-24/Training-programme-for-senior-ISS-officers-ends/361313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224022745/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-02-24/Training-programme-for-senior-ISS-officers-ends/361313 |archive-date=2018-02-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

Rao had revived the Telangana history, culture and festivals. The native festival [[Bathukamma]], the festival of flowers and Shakti, was declared as a state festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-07-25 |title=Bathukamma is made Telangana state festival |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140725/nation-current-affairs/article/bathukamma-made-telangana-state-festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726062858/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140725/nation-current-affairs/article/bathukamma-made-telangana-state-festival |archive-date=2014-07-26 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2017, he declared [[Urdu]] to be the second official language of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Sakshi |date=2017-11-10 |title=KCR Declares Urdu Second Official Language in Telangana, BJP Calls It Muslim Appeasement |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kcr-declares-urdu-second-official-language-in-telangana-bjp-calls-it-muslim-appeasement-1573007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212060232/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kcr-declares-urdu-second-official-language-in-telangana-bjp-calls-it-muslim-appeasement-1573007.html |archive-date=2023-12-12 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The government spent Rs. 1,200 crore for the expansion of the [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri|Yadadri temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadam |first=Rishika |date=2021-06-17 |title=How KCR built his 'Tirumala' dream in Telangana — Rs 1,200 cr & non-stop work through Covid |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-kcr-built-his-tirumala-dream-in-telangana-rs-1200-cr-non-stop-work-through-covid/679011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055416/https://theprint.in/india/how-kcr-built-his-tirumala-dream-in-telangana-rs-1200-cr-non-stop-work-through-covid/679011/ |archive-date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The Rao government has been described as [[Populism|populist]], launching several welfare schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=KCR takes populist path to woo voters |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kcr-takes-populist-path-to-woo-voters-1.2296566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111205550/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kcr-takes-populist-path-to-woo-voters-1.2296566 |archive-date=2018-11-11 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Gulf News India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-11 |title=Populist schemes pay handsome dividends to KCR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/populist-schemes-pay-handsome-dividends-to-kcr/articleshow/67046814.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408055625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/populist-schemes-pay-handsome-dividends-to-kcr/articleshow/67046814.cms |archive-date=2019-04-08 |access-date=2023-06-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-07 |title='Prevent Telangana from falling into debt trap' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/prevent-telangana-from-falling-into-debt-trap/article65299725.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407155459/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/prevent-telangana-from-falling-into-debt-trap/article65299725.ece |archive-date=2022-04-07 |access-date=2023-06-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=KCR demolishes opposition in Telangana, wins a landslide |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/12/11/KCR-demolishes-opposition-in-Telangana-wins-a-landslide.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211184623/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/12/11/KCR-demolishes-opposition-in-Telangana-wins-a-landslide.html |archive-date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rao launched the [[Aarogya Lakshmi scheme]] on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-01-06 |title='Arogya Laxmi' scheme |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/arogya-laxmi-scheme/article6758788.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044345/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/arogya-laxmi-scheme/article6758788.ece |archive-date=2018-03-20 |access-date=2022-02-20 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=Telangana becoming a role model State: Governor |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-01-26/Telangana-becoming-a-role-model-State-Governor/354545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126183624/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-01-26/Telangana-becoming-a-role-model-State-Governor/354545 |archive-date=2018-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> He launched multiple welfare schemes, such as the [[Double Bedroom Housing scheme]], which aims to end slums in Telangana by providing free housing to the poor, the [[Kalyana Lakshmi - Shaadi Mubarak]] scheme, providing assistance to newlywed couples, the [[Rythu Bandhu scheme]], providing assistance to farmers, and [[Aasara pension]] scheme, providing pensions to all senior citizens were also launched by the Rao government.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-30 |title=Kalyana Lakshmi, Shaadi Mubarak preventing child marriages in TS: B. Vinod to Satyarthi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kalyana-lakshmi-shaadi-mubarak-preventing-child-marriages-in-ts-b-vinod-to-satyarthi/article65829752.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625104735/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kalyana-lakshmi-shaadi-mubarak-preventing-child-marriages-in-ts-b-vinod-to-satyarthi/article65829752.ece |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=L Ram Reddy |first=Venkar |date=2022-12-30 |title=52 lakh benefit monthly from Aasara pension |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/301222/aasara-pensioners-second-largest-beneficiaries-after-rythu-bandhu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230213826/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/301222/aasara-pensioners-second-largest-beneficiaries-after-rythu-bandhu.html |archive-date=2022-12-30 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> On 16 August 2021, he launched the Dalit Bandu Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=L. Venkat Ram |date=2022-05-17 |title=KCR to begin statewide tour |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170522/cm-to-hand-over-1-lakh-2bhk-houses-to-poor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123747/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170522/cm-to-hand-over-1-lakh-2bhk-houses-to-poor.html |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Post chief minister role (2024–present) ===
In the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|December 2023 Telangana Legislative elections]], he contested from both [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]] and [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]] constituencies. He won from Gajwel by defeating [[Etela Rajender]], a former member of his party, by 45553 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India, State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Telangana; 10 - Detailed Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/telangana/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> In a major face-off, the two major candidates for the post of [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] KCR and [[Revanth Reddy]] were contesting against each other in the seat of Kamareddy. They both lost to [[K. V. Ramana Reddy]], a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Telangana election result: KCR wins from Gajwel constituency, loses in Kamareddy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana-assembly-polls-2023/story/kcr-wins-telangana-polls-from-gajwel-2471543-2023-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204001950/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana-assembly-polls-2023/story/kcr-wins-telangana-polls-from-gajwel-2471543-2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Meet Venkata Ramana Reddy, BJP's giant killer who defeated CM KCR in Telangana Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-kvr-venkata-ramana-reddy-bjp-s-giant-killer-who-defeated-cm-kcr-in-telangana-election-2023-kamareddy-3070527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203221354/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-kvr-venkata-ramana-reddy-bjp-s-giant-killer-who-defeated-cm-kcr-in-telangana-election-2023-kamareddy-3070527 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Chandrashekar |date=2023-02-03 |title=Routed In Telangana, But BJP's Sting In Tail - Defeats For Revanth Reddy, KCR |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-congress-kcr-revanth-reddy-bjp-kamareddy-result-routed-in-telangana-but-bjps-sting-in-tail-defeats-for-revanth-reddy-kcr-4629414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204002434/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-congress-kcr-revanth-reddy-bjp-kamareddy-result-routed-in-telangana-but-bjps-sting-in-tail-defeats-for-revanth-reddy-kcr-4629414 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> After his defeat to the [[Indian National Congress]], he submitted his resignation on 3 December 2023 and Revanth Reddy formed the [[Revanth Reddy ministry|new ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Telangana Election Results 2023 Highlights: KCR misses hat-trick as Congress crosses halfway mark in state |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-check-telangana-vidhan-sabha-chunav-gajwel-kamareddy-sircilla-kcr-11701530430692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209131738/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-check-telangana-vidhan-sabha-chunav-gajwel-kamareddy-sircilla-kcr-11701530430692.html |archive-date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>
[[File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Telangana,_Shri_K._Chandrashekar_Rao_calling_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_26,_2018_-_H2018122660523.jpg|alt=The Chief Minister of Telangana, Shri K. Chandrashekar Rao calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on December 26, 2018|thumb|KCR calling on the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in 2018]]
KCR took on a new role as [[Leader of the Opposition|leader of the opposition]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] after his defeat, on 16 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-16 |title=Telangana Speaker recognises KCR as Leader of Opposition |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/telangana-speaker-recognises-kcr-as-leader-of-opposition-2813935 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216072801/http://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/telangana-speaker-recognises-kcr-as-leader-of-opposition-2813935 |archive-date=2023-12-16 |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Rao, who had previously stayed off social media, joined [[X (Twitter)]] and [[Instagram]] on 27 April 2024, coinciding with his party's 23rd anniversary in an attempt to reach more people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-27 |title=Telangana: KCR joins major social media platforms X & Instagram |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-kcr-joins-major-social-media-platforms-x-instagram-3016172/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103949/https://www.siasat.com/telangana-kcr-joins-major-social-media-platforms-x-instagram-3016172/ |archive-date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-29 |title=Telangana: BRS boss K Chandrasekhar Rao (KCR) changes gear with 'X' debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/brs-boss-kcr-changes-gear-with-x-debut/articleshow/109675830.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429022152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/brs-boss-kcr-changes-gear-with-x-debut/articleshow/109675830.cms |archive-date=2024-04-29 |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In June 2024, he declined an invitation by [[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]] to participate in the [[Telangana Day|state celebrations]] marking 10 years of the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|formation of the state]] and chose to participate in his party's celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news|last= |first= |date=2024-06-01 |title=KCR declines govt invitation to attend Telangana State Formation Day celebrations |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-declines-govt-invitation-to-attend-telangana-state-formation-day-celebrations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602183218/https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-declines-govt-invitation-to-attend-telangana-state-formation-day-celebrations |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-30 |title=CM Revanth writes a personal letter to KCR to participate in Telangana formation day celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-revanth-writes-a-personal-letter-to-kcr-to-participate-in-telangana-formation-day-celebrations/article68233397.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-revanth-writes-a-personal-letter-to-kcr-to-participate-in-telangana-formation-day-celebrations/article68233397.ece |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]]s, his party failed to secure a single seat, despite contesting in all 17 of [[:Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana|Telangana's Lok Sabha Constituencies]], compared to the 9 seats they won in the [[2019 Indian general election|previous elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2024-06-04 |title=BRS is facing a rout ending up at third place in 14 out of 17 Lok Sabha constituencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/brs-does-not-register-lead-in-any-of-17-lok-sabha-constituencies-in-telangana/article68250548.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604152843/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/brs-does-not-register-lead-in-any-of-17-lok-sabha-constituencies-in-telangana/article68250548.ece |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lokeshi |first=Saalini |date=2024-06-04 |title=Telangana Bhavan left deserted as BRS leaders shy away after rout |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/politics/brs-faces-zero-wins-gloom-at-telangana-bhavan-897339 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604174336/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/politics/brs-faces-zero-wins-gloom-at-telangana-bhavan-897339 |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rao is married to Shobha and has two children.<ref name="bio" /> His son, [[K. T. Rama Rao]] is a legislator from [[Sircilla]]. He was the cabinet minister for IT, Municipal Administration & Urban Development in Telangana second assembly. His daughter, [[K. Kavitha|Kavitha]], served as M.P. from [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] and is currently serving as a [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]], Nizamabad. His nephew, [[T. Harish Rao|Harish Rao]], is MLA from [[Siddipet]]. He served as Telangana's cabinet minister for finance in second assembly of Telangana. He is proficient in Telugu, English, Urdu, and Hindi.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Venkatesha |date=2018-12-13 |title=KCR may now be aiming for the national stage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/kcr-may-now-be-aiming-for-the-national-stage/story-a6ARjufFyx6QQisKN0bxVI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/kcr-may-now-be-aiming-for-the-national-stage/story-a6ARjufFyx6QQisKN0bxVI.html |archive-date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He lives with his family at his farm house at Erravelli in Medak district.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=2023-11-28 |title=Decode politics: Why BJP, Cong are calling KCR 'farmhouse CM' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-why-bjp-cong-are-calling-kcr-farmhouse-cm-9045644/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128134051/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-why-bjp-cong-are-calling-kcr-farmhouse-cm-9045644/ |archive-date=2023-11-28 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 2015, Rao adopted Pratyusha, who was rescued from domestic violence. She was married in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao Apparasu |first=Srinivasa |date=2020-12-28 |title=Rescued from torture 5 years ago, KCR's adopted daughter Pratyusha marries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rescued-from-torture-5-years-ago-kcr-s-adopted-daughter-pratyusha-marries/story-9YgNeny4hR7bjGZHjbAGYO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228133835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rescued-from-torture-5-years-ago-kcr-s-adopted-daughter-pratyusha-marries/story-9YgNeny4hR7bjGZHjbAGYO.html |archive-date=2020-12-28 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vibhavari |first=Sruthi |date=2020-12-28 |title=KCR's 'adopted' daughter gets married; CM gives it a miss |url=https://www.siasat.com/kcrs-adopted-daughter-gets-married-cm-gives-it-a-miss-2055378/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228143708/https://www.siasat.com/kcrs-adopted-daughter-gets-married-cm-gives-it-a-miss-2055378/ |archive-date=2020-12-28 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>

In December 2023, he suffered a hip fracture after a fall at his farmhouse in Erravelli. He was admitted to [[Yashoda Hospitals]], Hyderabad for treatment and was discharged after a week.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-08 |title=KCR suffers minor injury, hospitalised in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-suffers-hip-fracture-hospitalised-in-hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424042110/https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-suffers-hip-fracture-hospitalised-in-hyderabad |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=R. Ravikanth |last2=M. |first2=Rajeev |last3=Kumar Singh |first3=Siddharth |date=2023-12-08 |title=Former Telangana CM K Chandrashekar Rao hospitalised with hip injury |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-cm-kcr-admitted-to-hospital-with-hip-injury/article67617150.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208131815/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-cm-kcr-admitted-to-hospital-with-hip-injury/article67617150.ece |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-15 |title=KCR Discharged, has Security Downgraded |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151223/kcr-discharged-to-recuperate-at-home.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215225158/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151223/kcr-discharged-to-recuperate-at-home.html |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Position !! Duration
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition (Telangana Legislative Assembly)]] || 16 December 2023 {{dash}} Present
|-
| [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister (Government of Telangana)]] || 2 June 2014 {{dash}} 7 December 2023 (2 terms)
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Member, 16th Lok Sabha]] ||
* Re-elected on 16 May 2014 (3rd term)
* Resigned on 29 May 2014
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Member, 15th Lok Sabha]] ||
* Re-elected in 2009 (2nd term)
* Leader, [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] Parliamentary Party, [[Lok Sabha]] 
* Member, Standing [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on Energy (31 August 2009)
* Member, Rules [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] (23 September 2009)
|-
| [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment]] || 27 November 2004{{dash}}24 August 2006
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Member, 14th Lok Sabha]] ||
* Elected in 2004
* Resigned on 23 September 2006
* Re-elected in bye-election on 7 December 2006
* Resigned on 3 March 2008
|-
| Convenor, New States National Front || 2003
|-
| [[Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] || 1999{{dash}}2001
|-
| [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Cabinet Minister, Transport, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh]]|| 1997{{dash}}2000
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on Public Undertakings || 1995{{dash}}1996
|-
| State Secretary, [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (T.D.P.)]] || 1993{{dash}}1994
|-
| Chairman, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on Public Undertakings || 1992{{dash}}1993
|-
| District Party President, [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (TDP)]] || 1989{{dash}}1993
|-
| [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Drought, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh]] || 1988{{dash}}1989
|-
| [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of State, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh]] || 1987{{dash}}1988
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] ||
* 1985
* 1989
* 1994
* 1999
* 2001
|-
| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member, Telangana Legislative Assembly, (w.e.f. 2 June 2014)]] ||
* [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
* [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
* [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| Chairman, Raghavapur Primary Agriculture Cooperative Society (P.A.C.S.), [[Siddipet]] || rowspan="2" | 1982
|-
| Vice-President, [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|Andhra Pradesh Youth Congress]]
|}

==Views==

Rao is a [[Gandhian]] and has stated that the teachings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] inspired him to follow a non-violent approach in his demands during the [[Telangana movement]].<ref name="Janyala 2022 f302">{{cite web |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=2022-10-02 |title=Telangana: KCR unveils Gandhi statue, urges thinkers to flay criticism of Mahatma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-kcr-gandhi-statue-thinkers-criticism-of-mahatma-8185726/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926150518/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-kcr-gandhi-statue-thinkers-criticism-of-mahatma-8185726/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web |date=2019-10-02 |title=Gandhian path helped achieve separate Telangana: CM KCR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/oct/02/gandhian-path-helped-achieve-separate-telangana-cm-kcr-2042127.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424062810/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/Oct/01/gandhian-path-helped-achieve-separate-telangana-cm-kcr-2042127.html |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Rao described [[Rahul Gandhi]] as the "biggest buffoon in the country"<ref name="NDTV.com">{{cite web |last1=Prabhu |first1=Sunil |last2=Sudhir |first2=Uma |date=2019-02-22 |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Deepshikha |title=Rahul Gandhi "Biggest Buffoon" In The Country, Says KCR |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-biggest-buffoon-in-the-country-says-kcr-1912434 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906224445/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-biggest-buffoon-in-the-country-says-kcr-1912434 |archive-date=2018-09-06 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-06 |title=KCR calls Rahul Gandhi 'country's biggest buffon', Cong 'Telangana's enemy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/kcr-calls-rahul-gandhi-country-s-biggest-buffon-cong-telangana-s-enemy-118090600810_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906230413/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/kcr-calls-rahul-gandhi-country-s-biggest-buffon-cong-telangana-s-enemy-118090600810_1.html |archive-date=2018-09-06 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> and [[Narendra Modi]] as the "most ineffective PM" in India's history.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-13 |title=Narendra Modi most ineffective PM of India, only boasts: Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/modi-most-ineffective-pm-of-india-only-boasts-kcr/articleshow/97849326.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213060010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/modi-most-ineffective-pm-of-india-only-boasts-kcr/articleshow/97849326.cms |archive-date=2023-02-13 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Rao is a follower of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] and a devotee of [[Chinna Jeeyar]], his guru in the tradition of [[Ramanuja]].<ref>{{cite news |last=J Nair |first=Nikhil |date=2021-10-21 |title=KCR meets Chinna Jeeyar Swamy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcr-meets-chinna-jeeyar-swamy/articleshow/86948220.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012004302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcr-meets-chinna-jeeyar-swamy/articleshow/86948220.cms |archive-date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has led efforts to rebuild major temples in Telangana, including Yadadri, Kondagattu, and Vemulawada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. M |first=Dayashankar |date=2015-06-18 |title=KCR announces Rs. 100-crore yearly grant for Vemulawada temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-announces-rs-100crore-yearly-grant-for-vemulawada-temple/article7331810.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119074617/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-announces-rs-100crore-yearly-grant-for-vemulawada-temple/article7331810.ece |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2022-06-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gollapudi Rao |first=Srinivasa |date=2022-03-30 |title=CM KCR now focusses on the development of the historic Vemulawada temple. |url=https://missiontelangana.com/cm-kcr-now-eyes-the-development-of-the-historic-vemulawada-temple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119074625/https://missiontelangana.com/cm-kcr-now-eyes-the-development-of-the-historic-vemulawada-temple/ |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Mission Telangana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-29 |title=After Yadadri, focus shifts to Vemulawada, Kondagattu |url=https://telanganatoday.com/after-yadadri-focus-shifts-to-vemulawada-kondagattu |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622073706/https://telanganatoday.com/after-yadadri-focus-shifts-to-vemulawada-kondagattu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Inauguration of renovated Yadadri Temple - Sri K. Chandrashekar Rao |url=https://cm.telangana.gov.in/2022/03/inauguration-of-renovated-yadadri-temple/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525093855/https://cm.telangana.gov.in/2022/03/inauguration-of-renovated-yadadri-temple/ |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Chief Minister of Telangana]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Kaleshwaram project scam ===
During his tenure as Chief Minister of Telangana, Rao has undertaken an irrigation project as [[Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project]], which was touted as the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project. The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India]] has come out with a damning report on the project in Feb 2024, which says it was economically unviable from the start and details the massive cost overruns, possible undue benefits accrued to contractors for the supply and commissioning of pumps, motors, etc., and the poor planning involved. The project costs have likely exceeded to Rs. 1.47 lakh crores ($USD 17.698 billion), as against Rs. 81,911 crores ($USD 9.87 billion) projected to the [[Central Water Commission]] (CWC). This report was released within a year after the Medigadda barrage sank. The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) found that the Medigadda barrage is severely compromised, rendering it useless unless fully renovated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Auditor Report Says Telangana's Kaleshwaram Project Economically Unviable |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/comptroller-and-auditor-general-cag-report-says-telanganas-kaleswaram-project-economically-unviable-5066753 |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=SNV |first1=Sudhir |title=CAG flags soaring costs, 'corruption' in Kaleshwaram project |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/cag-flags-soaring-costs-corruption-in-kaleshwaram-project-2896498 |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Sheep distribution scam ===
Launched in 2017 by Rao himself, the Sheep Rearing Development Scheme (SRDS) focused on promoting rural livelihoods by giving subsidized sheep to eligible members. Using this scheme, beneficiaries are supposed to receive sheep with a 75 percent subsidy from the state government. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) reported about the serious anomalies in the implementation of the scheme. The report cited various findings like falsified beneficiary records, increased transportation invoices, usage of non-commercial vehicles for transport, duplicate sheep tags, and allotments for fictitious beneficiaries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayasam |first=Raj |date=July 30, 2025 |title=ED raids rock Hyderabad in multi crore sheep scam linked to former BRS government |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/ed-raids-rock-hyderabad-in-multi-crore-sheep-scam-linked-to-former-brs-government/ |work=The South First}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |date=March 2021 |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on General, Social & Economic Sectors for the year ended March 2021. Government of Telangana. Report No. 4 of 2022 |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/00_AR_NO_4_of_2022_GS&ES_Telangana_(Full-Report)-065cdd22152c8b9.04865773.pdf |journal=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on General, Social & Economic Sectors |issue=4 |pages=35–48 |via=CAG}}</ref>

The CAG report audit is limited to only 7 districts of the total 33, where the government's loss was estimated to be Rs. 253.93 crores. Proportionately, for all the 33 districts of Telangana, loss is calculated to surpass Rs. 1000 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Aug 2025 |title=ED uncovers over Rs 1,000 crore scam in Telangana sheep rearing scheme; ex-minister's aide under probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Aug/01/ed-uncovers-over-rs-1000-crore-scam-in-telangana-sheep-rearing-scheme-ex-ministers-aide-under-probe |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

== Other work ==
Rao acted in the film ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' (2011) and gave lyrics for the song "Garadi Chesthundru".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/Feb/06/jai-bolo-telangana-makes-waves-225233.html|title='Jai Bolo Telangana' makes waves|date=16 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/310523/jai-bolo-telangana-added-zest.html|title=Jai Bolo Telangana' added zest|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> He also wrote a song in ''Kolimi'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-21 |title=Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao writes song to save lakes |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141221/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-writes-song-save-lakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220222340/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141221/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-writes-song-save-lakes |archive-date=2014-12-20 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> He also gave lyrics for songs to promote [[Mission Kakatiya]] and for his [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 poll campaign]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2018-11-09 |title=Meet KCR – the song writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/meet-kcr-the-song-writer/article25457770.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110003121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/meet-kcr-the-song-writer/article25457770.ece |archive-date=2018-11-10 |access-date=2021-03-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=U. Reddy |first=Sudhakar |date=2018-11-22 |title=KCR pens songs for poll campaign, others tune in to popular lyricists {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcr-pens-songs-for-poll-campaign-others-tune-in-to-popular-lyricists/articleshow/66747387.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123225005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcr-pens-songs-for-poll-campaign-others-tune-in-to-popular-lyricists/articleshow/66747387.cms |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=5}}
| 657,492
| 55.20
| P. Shravan Kumar Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 260,463
| 21.87
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 397,029
| 33.33
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]]
| 366,569
| 39.56
| [[Devarakonda Vittal Rao]]
| 346,385
| 37.39
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 20,184
| 2.17
|-
! 2008
| rowspan="2"|[[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar ''(by-election)'']]
| 269,452
| 36.66
| rowspan="2"|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
| 153,687
| 34.51
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 15,765
| 2.15
|-
! 2006
| 378,030
| 47.61
| 176,448
| 22.23
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 201,582
| 25.38
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]]
| 451,199
| 51.59
| [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 320,031
| 36.60
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 131,168
| 14.99
|-
|}

===Legislative Assembly===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| 59,911
| 31.06
| [[K. V. Ramana Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 66,652
| 34.55
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -6,741
| -3.49
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
| 111,684
| 48.05
| [[Etela Rajender]]
| 66,653
| 28.68
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 45,031
| 19.37
|-
! [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=4}}
| 125,444
| 60.45
| rowspan="2"|Pratap Reddy Vanteru
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 67,154
| 32.36
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 58,290
| 28.09
|-
! [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 86,694
| 44.06
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
| 67,303
| 34.21
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 19,391
| 9.85
|-
! [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
| 74,287
| 63.83
| Jilla Srinivas
| 29,619
| 25.45
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 44,668
| 38.38
|-
! 2001
| [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet ''(by-election)'']]
| 82,632
| 72.35
| Mareddy Srinivas Reddy
| 23,920
| 20.34
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 58,712
| 52.01
|-
! [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
| 69,169
| 61.02
| Mushinam Swamy Charan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
| 41,614
| 36.71
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 27,555
| 24.31
|-
! [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| 64,645
| 60.91
| rowspan="2"|Ananthula Madan Mohan
| 37,538
| 35.37
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 27,107
| 25.54
|-
! [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 53,145
| 55.57
| 39,329
| 41.12
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 13,816
| 14.45
|-
! [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| 45,215
| 57.39
| T. Mahender Reddy
| 29,059
| 36.88
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 16,156
| 20.51
|-
! [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| 27,889
| 39.10
| Ananthula Madan Mohan
| 28,766
| 40.33
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -887
| -1.23
|-
|}

== Awards ==
* Popular Choice Award at [[CNN–News18 Indian of the Year|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] 2014<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2015-03-17 |title=CM KCR Bagged Indian of the Year 2014 |url=http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/cm-kcr-bagged-indian-of-the-year-2014/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319193729/http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/cm-kcr-bagged-indian-of-the-year-2014 |archive-date=2015-03-19 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=Telangana State Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-18 |title=KCR gets CNN IBN Indian of the year 2014 Popular Choice Award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-03-18/KCR-gets-CNN-IBN-Indian-of-the-year-2014-Popular-Choice-Award/138167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507234615/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-03-18/KCR-gets-CNN-IBN-Indian-of-the-year-2014-Popular-Choice-Award/138167 |archive-date=2021-05-07 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Agricultural leadership award 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=Farm leadership award for KCR |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/farm-leadership-award-for-kcr/article9824321.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530182446/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/farm-leadership-award-for-kcr/article9824321.ece |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-19 |title=KCR selected for Agriculture Leadership Award 2017 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kcr-selected-for-agriculture-leadership-award-2017-117081900580_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819141335/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kcr-selected-for-agriculture-leadership-award-2017-117081900580_1.html |archive-date=2017-08-19 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
* Economic Times Awards – Business reformer of the year 2018<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-18 |title=ET Awards 2018 for Business Reformer of the Year: K Chandrashekar Rao, Chief Minister, Telangana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-awards-2018-for-business-reformer-of-the-year-k-chandrashekar-rao-chief-minister-telangana/articleshow/65714628.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209170729if_/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-awards-2018-for-business-reformer-of-the-year-k-chandrashekar-rao-chief-minister-telangana/articleshow/65714628.cms |archive-date=2018-12-09 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry]]
* [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry]]
* [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao}}
*[https://cm.telangana.gov.in/ Official Website of the Office of the Chief Minister]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
||before= ''Position Established''
|title=[[Chief Minister of Telangana]]
|years=2 June 2014{{spaced ndash}}3 December 2023
|after=[[Revanth Reddy]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Telangana}}
{{Cabinet of K Chandrashekar Rao}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. Chandrashekar}}
[[Category:K. Chandrashekar Rao| ]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Telangana movement]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Indian Railways

2026-02-24T07:40:29Z

SheenaBayles: minor edit

{{Short description|State railway company of India}}
{{About|the government agency|general information on railways in India|Rail transport in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Railways
| logo = Indian Railways.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_caption = Logo of Indian Railways
| image = Rail Bhavan in New Delhi 05.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = [[Rail Bhawan]], the headquarters of Indian Railways at New Delhi
| native_name = Indian Railways
| type = [[Statute|Statutory Body]] [[State-owned enterprise]]
| industry = [[Rail transport]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1853|04|16}}
| hq_location = [[Rail Bhawan]]
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{bulleted list|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] ([[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister for Railways]])|Satish Kumar ([[Chairperson of the Railway Board|Chairman and CEO]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/suneet-sharma-appointed-new-chairman-and-ceo-of-railway-board-3234803.html|title=Suneet Sharma Appointed New Chairman and CEO of Railway Board|date=31 December 2020|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020813/https://www.news18.com/news/india/suneet-sharma-appointed-new-chairman-and-ceo-of-railway-board-3234803.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| services = [[Passenger railway]] [[Rail freight transport]] [[Parcel carrier]] [[Catering]] [[Tourism]] [[Parking lot]] operations Other related services
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|2560|b}}<ref name="Fin">{{cite press release|url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/indian-railways-revenue-jumps-6-66-on-year-to-rs-2-56-lakh-crore-in-fy24-124040200579_1.html|title=Indian Railways registers record Revenue|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=7 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607103054/https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/indian-railways-revenue-jumps-6-66-on-year-to-rs-2-56-lakh-crore-in-fy24-124040200579_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2023–24
| profit = ~{{Increase}} {{INRConvert|47.61|b}}<ref name="Fin"/>
| profit_year = 2023–24
| owner = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]] (100%)
| num_employees = 1,252,200<ref name="IRYB">{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Year Book 2023-24 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2025/IR%20Year%20Book%202023-24-English.pdf |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |publisher=Indian Railways Statistical Publications |location=New Delhi }}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 31 March 2024
| divisions = {{collapsible list
| title = [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|18 zones]]{{efn|name=zone|17 operational and one non-operational zone. [[South Coast Railway zone]] is announced and yet to be operational as of 2025.}}
| bullets = true
| 1 = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 2 = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 3 = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 4 = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 5 = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 6 = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 7 = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 8 = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 9 = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 10 = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| 11 = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 12 = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| 13 = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 14 = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 15 = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| 16 = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 17 = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 18 = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]^ ^Yet to be operational
}}
| subsid = {{collapsible list
| bullets = true
| [[Braithwaite & Co.|Braithwaite and Company]]
| [[Container Corporation of India]]
| [[Centre for Railway Information Systems]]
| [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]]
| [[Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company Limited]]
| [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]]
| [[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]]
| [[Ircon International]]
| [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]
| [[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]]
| [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]
| Pipavav Railway Corporation Limited
| [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]]
| [[Rail Vikas Nigam]]
| [[RailTel]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox rail line
|embed = yes
|system_map =
|map_caption =
|locale =
|gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}} {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}}
|linelength_km = 69181<ref name="IRYB"/>
|tracklength_km = 135207<ref name="IRYB"/>
|electrification = {{cvt|62253|km}}{{efn|name=Data|As of March 2024}}<ref name="IRYB"/>
}}
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Indian Railways''' is a [[state-owned enterprise]] organised as a departmental undertaking of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]] and operates India's national railway system.{{efn|name=SOE}} {{As of|2024}}, it manages the fourth [[List of countries by rail transport network size|largest national railway system]] by size, with a track length of {{cvt|135207|km}}, running track length of {{cvt|109748|km}} and route length of {{cvt|69181|km}}, of which {{cvt|66820|km}} is {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]. {{As of|2025|10}}, 99.1% of the broad-gauge network is [[Railway electric traction|electrified]]. With more than 1.2 million employees, it is the world's [[List of companies by employees|ninth-largest employer]] and [[List of largest employers in India|India's second largest employer]].

In 1951, the Indian Railways was established by the amalgamation of 42 different railway companies operating in the country, spanning a total of {{cvt|55000|km}}. The railway network across the country was reorganized into six regional zones in 1951–52 for administrative purposes, which was gradually expanded to 18 zones over the years.{{efn|name=zone}}

The first [[steam locomotive]] hauled railway operated in 1837 in [[Madras]] for ferrying cargo. The first passenger railway was operated in 1853 between [[Bombay]] and [[Thane]]. In 1925, the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran in Bombay on [[Direct current|DC]] traction. The first locomotive manufacturing unit was commissioned in 1950 at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] with the first [[Integral Coach Factory|coach manufacturing unit]] set-up at Madras in 1955.

Indian Railways runs various classes of [[Express trains in India|express]], [[regional rail|passenger]], [[Suburban rail in India|suburban]], and [[rail freight transport|freight trains]]. In 2023–24, it operated 13,198 passenger trains on average daily covering 7,325 stations and carried 6.905 billion passengers. It operated 11,724 freight trains on average daily and transported 1588.06 million tonnes of [[freight]].<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways operates multiple classes of [[rolling stock]], manufactured by self-owned [[coach (rail)|coach-production]] facilities. {{As of|2024|3}}, Indian Railways' [[rolling stock]] consisted of 327,991 [[Freight rail transport|freight wagons]], and 91,948 [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger coaches]] (including multiple unit coaches).<ref name="IRYB"/> {{As of|2026|02}}, Indian Railways had 13,569 [[electric locomotive|electric]], 4,169 [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] and 16 [[steam locomotives]] in its inventory.<ref name="E1">{{citation|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_02_26.pdf|title=Electric loco holding for Feb 2026|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="D1">{{citation|url=https://st.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya24/0/2/7/9/7075279/0/diesel3102624.pdf|title=BG Diesel loco holding for Feb 2026
|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Steam">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,1706#:~:text=Indian%20Railways%20are%20also%20preserving,tourist%20trains%20and%20ceremonial%20running.|title=Preserving Indian Railway's Heritage: A Brief Overview|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Rail transport in India#History}}

=== 1832–1899 ===
In 1832 the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]] was made.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|title=Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency|last1=Smith|first1=John Thomas|year=1839|publisher=R. W. Thorpe|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020727/https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=Indian Railways|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1835, a [[railway track]] was constructed between [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and [[Chintadripet]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a [[Rotary engine|rotary steam engine]] imported from [[England]] and was used for ferrying [[granite]].<ref name="FR">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tanna Railway Viaduct.jpg|thumb|The railway bridge near Thane in 1855]]
[[File:Railway map india ILN 1865.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Railway map of India in 1865]]
The [[Madras Railway]] was established in 1845 and the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] was incorporated in 1849.<ref name="Hist"/> Temporary railway lines were built such as the railway line at [[Dowleswaram]] built by [[Arthur Cotton]] to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the [[Godavari River]] in 1845 and the Solani aqueduct railway, built by [[Proby Cautley]] in [[Roorkee]] to transport construction materials for an [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] over the Solani river in 1851.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1852, a [[steam locomotive]] imported from England was tried at [[Byculla]].<ref name="Locoh">{{cite report |url= https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf |title=First running of a railway locomotive in India |publisher=Indian Railways |page=6 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222555/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1853, the first passenger train on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] ran for {{convert|34|km}} between [[Bombay]] and [[Thane]] which had 14-carriages carrying 400 people, hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr |title=When India's first train blew steam |date=25 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html |title=164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane |work=India Times |date=16 April 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170729114445/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> This day is considered to be the formation date of the Indian Railways and is marked annually as Indian Railways Day.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/evolve/celebrating-indian-railways-day-in-april-1503296757.html |title=Celebrating Indian Railways Day in April |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/celebrating-171-years-of-indian-railways-but-no-real-photos-available-today-13764348.html |title=Celebrating 171 years of Indian Railways, but no real-photos available today |date=27 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

The Thane viaducts, the first [[railway bridge]]s, were built over the [[Thane creek]] when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan]] in May 1854. [[Eastern India]]'s first passenger train ran {{convert|24|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Howrah]], near [[Kolkata]], to [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]] on 15 August 1854.<ref name="Hist"/> The construction of the first main line in [[South India]] between [[Royapuram]] in Madras and [[Arcot]] started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |title=On Forgotten Road |date=31 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 February 1873, a [[Horsecar|horse-drawn]] {{convert|3.8|km||abbr=on}} [[tram]] opened in [[Calcutta]] between [[Sealdah]] and Armenian Ghat street.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|title=150th anniversary of Calcutta trams: A brief history of trams in India|date=28 February 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108181137/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1875, a railway line was opened between [[Mokama]] and [[Darbhanga]] by the local ruler [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] through [[Tirhut Railway]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/bihar/palace-on-wheel-darbhangas-glorious-railway-history-lies-in-ruins/na20191026121137569|title=Darbhanga's once glorious railway history, now lies in ruins|date=26 October 2019|newspaper=[[ETV Baharat]]|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between [[Colaba]] and [[Parel]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|title=The Evolution of Trams in Mumbai|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232644/http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1879, the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was established which built railway lines across the then [[Hyderabad State]] from [[Kachiguda Railway Station|Kachiguda]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaganath|first1=Santosh|title=The History of Nizam's Railways System|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-312-49647-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98|page=98|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331165646/https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98#v=snippet&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1877, [[Ajmer]] built "F1" class metre-gauge steam locomotive no. 734 became the first indigenously built locomotive in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|title=Oldest locomotive: Built in Ajmer, pride of Delhi|date=3 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by Jodhpur Railway, the first to introduce electric lighting as a standard fixture.<ref name="Hist"/>

=== 1900–1999 ===
[[File:India showing railways open and under construction en 30-6-14. 1-4.055.040 Published under the direction of Colonel S. G. Burrard,.. . surveyor general of India - btv1b53209779f.jpg|thumb|Railway map of India in 1914]]
The first [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] was presented in 1924.<ref name="Hist"/> On 3 February 1925, the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran between Bombay and [[Kurla]], hauled by a [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works|SLM]] [[electric locomotive]] on [[Direct current|DC]] traction.<ref name="EL">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1925, the first [[Electric Multiple Units]] (EMU) were introduced in Bombay with [[1500 V DC]] units imported from [[Cammell Laird]] and [[Duewag|Uerdingenwagonfabrik]].<ref name="EL1">{{cite report |url= https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm |title=Electrification history |publisher= Indian Railways |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai suburban railway]] started operating in 1931 with a single [[Metre gauge railway|metre-gauge]] line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]].<ref name="SR"/> In the period between 1925 and 1944, the management of the railway companies in the British presidencies and provinces was taken over by the Government.<ref name="Zone">{{cite report |url= https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112529/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1950, there were about 42 different railway companies operating about {{cvt|55000|km|abbr=on}} tracks across the country.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/Indian%20Railways%20Whistling%20Ahead-%20%20Story%20of%20Growth%20and%20Modernisation-Booklet.pdf|title=Modernisation booklet|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309113736/https://indianrailways.gov.in/Indian%20Railways%20Whistling%20Ahead-%20%20Story%20of%20Growth%20and%20Modernisation-Booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NAIR"/> These railway companies were amalgamated in steps to form a single entity named as Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Railways/16_Railways_13.pdf|title=Indian Railways|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403053145/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Railways/16_Railways_13.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organizing Indian Railways into six [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|regional zones]] with the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]] (14 April 1951), [[Central Railway zone|Central]] (5 November 1951), and [[Western Railway zone|Western]] (5 November 1951) zones being the first to be created.<ref name="NAIR">{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180850/https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003421/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zone"/> In 1952, fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in passenger trains and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches.<ref name="Hist"/> The first [[diesel locomotive]] used in India was fabricated by [[North British Locomotive Company]] in 1954.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|title=Gandhidham shed details|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Red-icf-coach-indian-railways.jpg|thumb|left|A typical red-colored [[ICF coach]] used by the Indian Railways till the late 1990s]]

The first locomotive manufacturing unit at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] was commissioned in 1950.<ref name="Chit">{{cite report|url=https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|title=Chittaranjan Locomotive works|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201102037/https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|url-status=live}}</ref> The first rail coaches were manufactured in India from 1956 when the [[Integral Coach Factory]] was established at Madras.<ref name="ICF">{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101123227/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1956, the first [[air-conditioned]] train plied between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|title=160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool|date=2 April 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205412/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1957, Indian Railways adopted [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]] locomotives.<ref name="EL1"/> The first [[shipping container|containerized]] [[freight rail transport]] began between Bombay and [[Ahmedabad]] in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1969, the [[Government of India]] announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] and the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah in March 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106172924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415063519/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20-day [[1974 railway strike in India|strike]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|title=Strike of Indian Rail Workers Begins|date=8 May 1974|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329044541/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|title=Better jail than rail: George Fernandes' slogan that led to Asia's biggest railway strike in 1974|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522075207/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The first [[Rapid transit|metro rail]] was introduced in Calcutta on 24 October 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|title=Kolkata Metro maps evolution of its ticketing system|date=24 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced.<ref name="IT">{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> In 1988, the first [[Shatabdi Express]] was introduced between New Delhi and [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]].<ref name="Hist"/> Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in Delhi.<ref name="SF">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|title=Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date=16 April 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051814/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier and [[sleeping car|sleeper]] were introduced.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1995, [[Chennai MRTS]] became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|title=Chennai Division, SR|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] in 1998 and the nationwide [[concierge]] system began operation on 18 April 1999.<ref name="Hist"/>

=== 2000–present ===
The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000. [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (IRCTC) was incorporated in 1999 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180852/https://irctc.com/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the first [[Compressed Natural Gas]] (CNG) powered trains were rolled out.<ref name="CNG">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|title=India's first CNG train for the Rewari-Rohtak section|date=15 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1925, the Railway budget was presented before the [[Union budget of India|Union budget]] till 2016. The [[Government of India|central government]] approved the [[Railway budget of India|merger of the Rail and General budgets]] from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|title=Why was Railway Budget merged with the Union Budget?|date=22 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced a target of electrifying the entire rail network would be electrified by 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|title=48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt|date=31 March 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718224354/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, Indian Railways announced a [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|nationwide shutdown]] of passenger service to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] with the freight operations continuing to transport essential goods.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|title=Coronavirus puts over 1 billion people in India on 21-day lockdown to combat spread|author1=Adam Jeffery|author2=Hannah Miller|date=26 March 2020|work=CNBC|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205016/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|title=Indian Railways cancels passenger train services|newspaper=Business Traveller|access-date=1 December 2023|date=29 March 2020|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130104134/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|title=How Indian Railways continuing its freight operations post lockdown|last=Nandi|first=Tamal|date=27 March 2020|work=Livemint|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330041832/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The railways resumed passenger services in a phased manner in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|title=Coronavirus lockdown: Railways to restart passenger services in phased manner|date=10 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222232333/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] operating on a [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] built by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], is the fastest train in India]]
Starting in the 2010s, various infrastructure modernization projects have been undertaken including [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|date=10 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222712/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|title=India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2015|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802071232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> redevelopment of 400 stations,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/NV9ujsKfuh92SnrxtiC86H/Railways-appoints-IRSDC-as-nodal-agency-for-station-redevelo.htm|title=Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment|date=23 December 2017|work=Livemint|access-date=5 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Double-track railway|doubling tracks]] to reduce congestion,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|title=Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge|date=12 April 2017|work=Rail Digest|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102927/http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|url-status=live}}</ref> refurbishing of coaches,<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114215143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways unveils 'Make in India' train coaches with new look|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115052117/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|title=Just like your cabs, you can soon track trains in real time via GPS|date=30 November 2017|work=DNA India|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071947/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and modernization of locomotives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|work=Indian Express|date=30 October 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031004858/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=9 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109183451/http://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] capable of reaching speeds of over {{cvt|160|kph}} was rolled out from ICF and the [[Vande Bharat Express]] was launched in 2019.<ref name="VB">{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143845/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Railways announced plans to become a net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030 and has implemented [[Rainwater harvesting#India|rainwater harvesting]] at stations,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|title=Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway|date=7 December 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102329/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[reforestation]] along the tracks,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|title=India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day|work=[[National Geographic]]|date=July 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719005809/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|url-status=live}}</ref> introduction of solar-powered trains,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|title=India's first solar-powered DEMU train launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726225212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> installation of [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]] generation facilities,<ref>{{cite news|title=Northern Railways to Install 5 MW Rooftop Solar in Four of Its Stations|url=http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201130/http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Sustainable lighting|sustainable]] [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] lighting at all the stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|title=Target of installing LED lights at all stations achieved, says Railways|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622084301/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian railways removed all unstaffed level crossings by 2019 with staffed level crossings being replaced by bridges.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575836|title=All unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on Broad Gauge (BG) have been eliminated on 31st Jan 2019|date=12 May 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154206/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145324|url-status=live}}</ref> Other safety projects include the extension of an automated [[fire alarm system]] to all air-conditioned coaches and GPS-enabled [[Inertial navigation system|Fog Pilot Assistance System]] [[railway signalling]] devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|access-date=5 September 2013|work=Bihar Prabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908145221/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from [[Coimbatore]] in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 July 2020|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|title=Private companies to run trains by April 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|access-date=3 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711142627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|title=First private train in India flagged off from Coimbatore, check details here|date=18 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
{{Main|Indian Railways organisational structure}}

=== Structure ===
{{Main|Zones and divisions of Indian Railways}}

Indian Railways is a [[state-owned enterprise]] that is organised as a departmental undertaking of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]].{{efn|name=SOE|In India, [[State-owned enterprise]]s can be organised into three forms: Departmental undertakings, statutory corporations, or public companies. A departmental undertaking functions under the respective ministry or department of government, and is fully financed by the ministry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Committees And Commissions In India Vol. 7 : 1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ91j9FoHnEC&pg=PA128|author=Virendra Kumar|year=1976|isbn=978-8-17022-216-3|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je6hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=Indian Administration|author1=Vishnoo Bhagwan|author2=Vidya Bhushan|isbn=978-8-12190-402-5|publisher=S. Chand Limited}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/INDIAN%20RAILWAYS-WRITEUP_0.pdf|title=Statistical Year Book|chapter=Indian Railways|publisher=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="PSU">{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Debasish|title=Why isn't the Railways a PSU?|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-isnt-the-railways-a-psu/articleshow/7584262.cms?from=mdr|date=27 February 2019|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015846/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-isnt-the-railways-a-psu/articleshow/7584262.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It is governed by a [[Railway Board]], which acts on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.<ref name="PSU"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|year=1988|title=Indian Railways|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-8-1237-2589-5|pages=49–54}}</ref> The five member Railway board is headed by a [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|chairman]] cum chief executive officer, and consists of members responsible for [[infrastructure]], [[Railway electric traction|traction]] & [[rolling stock]], [[Operations management|operations]] & [[business development]], and [[finance]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://railministry.com/revised-organizational-structure-of-railway-board/|title=Organizational structure of Railway board|publisher=Indian Railways|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Additionally, officers on special duty include those overseeing [[human resources]], [[Railway Protection Force]], [[health]] and [[safety]].<ref name="ZR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718060555/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,365|title=Railway board|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

Indian Railways is divided into 18 administrative zones (17 operational), headed by general managers which are further subdivided into 68 operating [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|divisions]], headed by divisional railway managers (DRM).<ref name="ZR"/> The divisional officers of the respective operating verticals report to the DRMs and divisional heads and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory.<ref name="IRYB"/> In addition, there are a number of [[factory|manufacturing units]], [[training|training establishments]], [[Public Sector Enterprises|PSUs]] and other undertakings under the purview of the Indian Railways.<ref name="ZR"/>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 80%"
|+ Indian Railway Zones
! No.
! Zone
! Code
! {{tooltip|HQ|Headquarters}}
! {{tooltip|Estd.|Established}}
|-
| 1
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SR
| [[Chennai]]
| 1951
|-
| 2
| [[Central Railway zone|Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | CR
| [[Mumbai CSMT]]
| 1951
|-
| 3
| [[Western Railway zone|Western]]
| style="text-align:center;" | WR
| [[Mumbai]] ([[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]])
| 1951
|-
| 4
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ER
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1952
|-
| 5
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NR
| [[Delhi]]
| 1952
|-
| 6
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NER
| [[Gorakhpur]]
| 1952
|}
{{col-3}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 80%"
|+ Indian Railway Zones
! No.
! Zone
! Code
! {{tooltip|HQ|Headquarters}}
! {{tooltip|Estd.|Established}}
|-
| 7
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SER
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1955
|-
| 8
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NFR
| [[Guwahati]]
| 1958
|-
| 9
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SCR
| [[Secunderabad]]
| 1966
|-
| 10
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ECR
| [[Hajipur]]
| 2002
|-
| 11
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SECR
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| 2003
|-
| 12
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NWR
| [[Jaipur]]
| 2002
|}
{{col-3}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 80%"
|+ Indian Railway Zones
! No.
! Zone
! Code
! {{tooltip|HQ|Headquarters}}
! {{tooltip|Estd.|Established}}
|-
| 13
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ECoR
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2003
|-
| 14
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NCR
| [[Prayagraj]]
| 2003
|-
| 15
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SWR
| [[Hubballi]]
| 2003
|-
| 16
| [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]]
| style="text-align:center;" | WCR
| [[Jabalpur]]
| 2003
|-
| 17
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SCoR
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 2019
|-
| 18
| [[Konkan Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | KR
| [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 1998
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Human resources ===
{{see also|Indian Railways Management Service|Railway Recruitment Control Board}}

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees with gazetted employees carrying out executive/managerial level tasks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railway Board Directorates |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530064841/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|archive-date=30 May 2012|publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref> {{As of|2024|3|31}}, Groups A & B constitute 1.4% of the total workforce, while Group C (into which Group D merged before 2020) accounts for 98.6%.<ref name="IRYB"/> 80% of Group-A employees are recruited through [[Indian Railways Management Service]] with remaining through promotions.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Recruitment to Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS) to be done through a specially designed examination (IRMS Examination)|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880524|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163835/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880524|url-status=live}}</ref>

Group B employees are recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of Group C employees are through exams conducted by the [[Railway Recruitment Control Board]] (RRCB) and Group D staffs are recruited by zonal Railway Recruitment Cells (RRC).<ref>{{cite report|title=Indian Railways Establishment Manual|url=http://rrcb.gov.in/rrbs.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525103317/http://rrcb.gov.in/RRBS.HTML|archive-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=RRCB|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian Railways operates [[Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways|seven centralized training institutes]] and 295 training centers. It also provides [[housing]], [[healthcare]] and [[education]] facilities for staff.<ref name="IRYB"/>

As of 2024, Indian railways employed 1.25 million people.<ref name="IRYB"/> In March 2025, there were 0.13 million women employees including 2,162 loco pilots, 794 train managers, and 1,699 station masters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/women-staff-in-indian-railways-crosses-1-13-lakh-mark/118837941|title=Women staff in Indian Railways crosses 1.13 lakh mark|date=10 March 2025|access-date=1 April 2025|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2025 |title=Railways mark Women's Day with first-ever all-women Vande Bharat crew |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-mark-womens-day-with-first-ever-all-women-vande-bharat-crew/articleshow/118797950.cms |access-date=3 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Subsidiaries ===
Indian Railways has various [[State-owned enterprise|public sector undertakings (PSUs)]] and other organisations under its purview:<ref name="IRYB"/>
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
!Name
!Sector
!Established
!Notes
|-
|[[Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company Limited]] (BRBCL)
|[[Electric power industry|Power]]
|2007
|[[Joint Venture]] with [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]; 26% ownership
|-
|[[Braithwaite & Co.]]
|[[Heavy industry]]
|1913
|Transferred from [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]] in 2010
|-
|[[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] (CRIS)
|[[Information technology]]
|1986
|
|-
|[[Container Corporation of India]] (CONCOR)
|[[Intermodal freight transport]]
|1988
|
|-
|[[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] (DFCCIL)
|[[Rail freight transport|Rail freight infrastructure development]]
|2006
|
|-
|[[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (IRCTC)
|[[Catering]], [[Computer reservation system|Ticketing]] and [[Tourism]]
|1999
|67% ownership
|-
|[[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]] (IRFC)
|[[Financial services]]
|1986
|
|-
|[[Ircon International]]
|[[Construction|Rail infrastructure development]]
|1976
|
|-
|[[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]] (KMRCL)
|[[Public transport|Public Transport]]
|2008
|74% ownership
|-
|[[Konkan Railway Corporation]] (KRCL)
|[[Construction|Rail infrastructure construction and operation]]
|1990
|To be merged with Indian Railways<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Railway Gazette |title=Konkan Railway to be merged into Indian Railways |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/konkan-railway-to-be-merged-into-indian-railways/68900.article |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] (MRVC)
|[[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban rail operation & development]]
|1999
|51% ownership
|-
|[[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|National High Speed Rail Corporation]] (NHSRC)
|[[High-speed rail in India|High-speed rail construction & operation]]
|2016
|
|-
|[[Port Pipavav|Pipavav Railway Corporation]]
|[[Operations management|Operation]] of [[Pipavav Port|Pipavav port line]]
|2000
|Joint venture with Pipavav Port; 50% ownership
|-
|[[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]] (RITES)
|[[Consulting firm|Consulting]]
|1974
|
|-
|[[Rail Vikas Nigam]] (RVN)
|[[Infrastructure|Rail Infrastructure development]]
|2003
|
|-
|[[RailTel]]
|[[Telecommunications]]
|2000
|
|}

Indian Railways also has multiple bodies and undertakings under its purview such as:<ref name="IRYB"/>
*[[Central Warehousing Corporation]] (CWC)
*Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited (CRWCL)
*[[Commission of Railway Safety]] (CRS)
*[[Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops]] (COMW)
*[[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]] (CORE)
*[[Indian Railway Health Service]] (IRHS)
*[[Passenger Amenities Committee]]
*[[Rail Land Development Authority]] (RLDA)
*[[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF)
*[[Railway Recruitment Control Board]] (RRCB)
*[[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] (RSPB)
*[[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO)

== Infrastructure and operations ==
=== Rolling stock ===
;Locomotives
[[File:Closeup view of WDM3A Indian Locomotive.jpg|thumb|Close-up of a locomotive with the classification and number; WDM3A indicates a [[Broad gauge]] (W), [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]] (D), Mixed use (M), 3100 [[Horsepower|HP]] (3A) locomotive]]
{{Main|Locomotives of India}}

The first trains in the 1800s were hauled by imported steam locomotives.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1877, the first locomotive was built in India.<ref name="Locoh"/> Electric locomotives were introduced in 1925 and diesel locomotives later in 1954.<ref name="Gandhi"/><ref name="EL"/> By 1990s, steam locomotives were phased out and are currently operated only on [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]] and on [[restored train|heritage trains]]. Locomotives are classified by [[track gauge]] ([[Broad gauge|broad]]/[[Metre gauge|metre]]/[[Narrow gauge railway|narrow]]/[[Narrow gauge railway|narrower]]), [[Propulsion|motive power]] (electric/diesel/battery), function (passenger/goods/mixed), [[Power (physics)|power rating]] (x1000 [[Horsepower|HP]]) and model in a four or five letter code.<ref name="Class">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Locomotive classification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The locomotives may be [[Long hood|Longer Hood Front]] (LHF), where the driver cabin is behind the hood of the engine or [[Short hood|Short Hood Front]] (SHF), where the cabin is located towards the front.<ref name="Class"/> Multiple units (MU) are propelled by locomotives integrated with train-sets. In 2015, the first [[Compressed Natural Gas|compressed natural gas]] (CNG) powered MUs were rolled out by ICF.<ref name="CNG"/> In 2018, the semi-high speed self-propelled Vande Bharat train-set was rolled out from ICF.<ref name="VB"/> Locomotives are manufactured by five owned manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]].<ref name="facility">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420182858/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, 37% of the trains were operated by diesel locomotives and rest mostly by electric locomotives.<ref name="DPC">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/37-of-trains-in-india-being-hauled-by-diesel-locomotives-rest-by-electric-engines/article37925555.ece|title=37% of trains in India being hauled by diesel locomotives, rest by electric engines|date=10 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108113308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/37-of-trains-in-india-being-hauled-by-diesel-locomotives-rest-by-electric-engines/article37925555.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2025|11}}, Indian Railways had 10,675 electric, 4,397 diesel, and 16 steam locomotives in its inventory.<ref name="E1"/><ref name="D1"/><ref name="Steam"/>

;Passenger coaches
{{Main|Indian Railways coaching stock}}

{{Multiple images
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 11019_Konark_Express_-_Sleeper_Class_coach.jpg
| caption1 = [[ICF coach]]
| image2 = Shram Shakti Express LHBfied Sleeper Class Rakes.jpg
| caption2 = [[LHB coach]]
}}

The early rail coaches were based on a prototype by a [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Swiss company]] and were termed as [[ICF coach]]es after Integral Coach Factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="ICF"/>
These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer [[LHB coach]]es designed by [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] of [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429153338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select trains from LHB to [[Tejas-Rajdhani Express|Tejas]] coaches with enhanced features and the introduction of trainsets with specialised coaches such as Vande Bharat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106173045/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154222/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143845/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian Railways had 91,948 passenger coaches, including 65,016 conventional, 12,229 EMU and 1,681 DMU coaches.<ref name="IRYB"/> Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies [[BEML Limited|BEML]] and BHEL.<ref name="facility"/> The coaching stock have unique five or six digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicating the class.<ref name="Class1">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.<ref name="Class3">{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Multiple units
In the 1960s, [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMU) were developed for short-haul and suburban rail transit.<ref>{{cite report|date=15 October 1999|title=Electrical Multiple Units|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|website=Indian Rail Info|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519130943/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|access-date=19 May 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519130944/https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|url-status=live}}</ref> On regional short-distance routes, [[MEMU|mainline electrical multiple unit (MEMU)]] and [[DEMU|diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU)]] trains are run. These train sets run in formation of 6, 9, 12 or 15 coaches and a three-car set is typified by a motor coaches and two passenger coaches.<ref name="EMU1">{{cite report|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|title=Operation of MUs|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226223229/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|title=Three phase EMU|page=5|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113070416/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These train-sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|title=Loco hauled commuter trains to be replaced with DEMU/MEMU|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226042551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Indian Railways also rolled out semi-high speed self-propelled train sets with modified coaches for inter city trains.<ref name="VB"/>

;Goods wagons
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| image1 = Goods (Wagon) Train.JPG
| image2 = Freight Tanker at Malkajgiri 04.JPG
| footer = A [[covered goods wagon]] (left) and [[Tank car|tanker]]
}}

Indian Railways hauls various [[cargo]] and operates specialised rolling stock for cargo. There are 243 types of [[rolling stock]] used for cargo operations including [[goods wagon|covered wagon]]s, [[boxcar]]s, [[flat wagon]]s, [[flat car|flatbed]]s, [[open wagon]]s, [[hopper car|hopper]]s, [[shipping container|container]]s, automobile carriers, defense vehicle carriers and [[Tank car|tanker]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/RailSAHAY/Home.jsp|title=Cargo wagons|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Cargo">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|title=Types of freight cars|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327004402/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The freight cars can carry loads ranging from 10 to 80 tonnes per car depending on the configuration.<ref name="Cargo"/> A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003.<ref name="wagon">{{cite press release|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|title=New Wagon Numbering System|publisher=Indian Railways|date=4 July 2003|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223042339/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The requirement of wagons was previously exclusively met by [[Bharat Wagon and Engineering]] with the procurement and manufacturing done by various public and private sector companies in the 2020s.<ref name="IRYB"/> In 2025, Indian Railways announced the implementation of an [[artificial intelligence]] based technology aimed at detecting unlocked doors in freight wagons during transit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-railways-ai-technology-security-freight-trains-10351355/|title=Indian Railways to install AI-based technology to enhance security in freight trains – Here's how it will work|date=7 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

;Others
Apart from standard passenger classes, the Indian Railways has other specialized coach types used for dedicated functions.<ref name="Coach">{{cite report|url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|title=Types of passenger coaches|publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105737/http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These include accident relief medical vans,<ref name="ICF1">{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|title=ICF on a roll|date=25 April 2003|work=Frontline|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105737/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|title=Self Propelled Accident Relief Medical Vans to improve disaster response of Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114932/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|url-status=live}}</ref> brake vans,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|title=Brake van specification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327051516/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|title=Indian Railways has transformed this special coach|work=Zee news|date=11 October 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|url-status=live}}</ref> generator cars,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Power generator car|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116065432/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> inspection carriages,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|title=Specifications of Railway Inspection Car|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105740/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> military cars,<ref name="ICF1"/> [[pantry car]]<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105751/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and parcel vans.<ref name="Mint">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|title=Indian Railways launched the first ever high capacity parcel van|work=Mint|date=31 January 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These may be dedicated self-propelled units or attached to train-sets.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1630583891553-CC%2014%202020.pdf|title=Coaching Rates Circular|date=8 October 2020|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210191432/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1630583891553-CC%2014%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-in-a-pantry-car/article4425659.ece|title=What's in a pantry car?|date=18 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-in-a-pantry-car/article4425659.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Manufacturing
Indian Railways operates various manufacturing units. [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW), commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="Chit"/> The first rail coach manufacturing unit, the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) was established at Madras in 1956.<ref name="ICF"/> [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW), commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways.<ref name="Banaras">{{cite report|url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|title=Banaras Locomotive works|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065814/https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|url-status=live}}</ref> BHEL, [[Patiala Locomotive Works]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]] and [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]] also manufacture locomotives in India.<ref name="facility"/> Railway coaches are also manufactured at coach factories at [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala|Karputhala]], [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli|Raebareli]], [[Sonipat]] and [[Latur]].<ref name="facility"/> Indian Railways also operates three [[rail wheel]] manufacturing factories at [[Rail Wheel Factory|Bangalore]], [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela|Bela]] and Raebareli.<ref name="facility"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Law|first=Abhishek|date=24 April 2024|title=Railways takes over RINL's forged wheel plant in Raebareli|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/railways-takes-over-ops-at-rinls-forged-wheel-plant-in-rae-bareilly/article68100608.ece|access-date=8 August 2024|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808172807/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/railways-takes-over-ops-at-rinls-forged-wheel-plant-in-rae-bareilly/article68100608.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Maintenance
The locomotives are operated and maintained by 40 locomotive sheds.<ref name="D1">{{cite report |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf |title=Diesel locomotive holding |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072301/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite report |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_12_23.pdf |title=Electric locomotive holding |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The repair and maintenance of the fleet of other rolling stock is carried out at 294 carriage & wagon repair units across various zones of IR.<ref name="IRYB"/>

=== Tracks ===
[[File:Project Unigauge (India).svg|thumb|Comparison of gauges in India with the standard gauge]]
{{see also|Project Unigauge}}

{{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian railway network spanned {{cvt|69181|km}} in route length. With {{cvt|31094|km}} of the lines having two or more tracks, total running track length was {{cvt|109748|km}}, while total trackage (including sidings) was {{cvt|135207|km}}.<ref name="IRYB"/> The network was built with a variety of [[track gauge|gauges]], including {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}} [[metre gauge]] and {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} and {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]]; but a long-term effort, [[Project Unigauge]], aims to convert most of these to broad gauge. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, {{cvt|66820|km}} or 96.59% of the network was broad-gauge, {{cvt|1159|km}} or 1.68% metre-gauge and {{cvt|1202|km}} or 1.74% narrow-gauge.<ref name="IRYB"/> The broad-gauge network is equipped with [[Track (rail transport)#Continuous welded rail|long-welded]], high-tensile [[Rail weight|52kg/60kg 90 UTS]] rails with [[prestressed concrete]] sleepers and elastic fastenings.<ref name="IRYB"/>

Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{cvt|80|to|200|km/h}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|km/h}}.<ref name="IRYB"/> {{As of|2025}}, {{cvt|23,010|km}} (21.1%) of the tracks are capable of handling speeds of above {{cvt|130|km/h}} and {{cvt|59,800|km}} (56.6%) of the tracks are capable of handling speeds between {{cvt|110-130|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148364|title=More Than 78% of Railway Tracks Upgraded for Sectional Speed of 110 kmph and Above|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

;Trunk routes
As of July 2020, there are seven major routes a total length of {{cvt|11295|km|abbr=on}} which have been classified as High-Density Network (HDN) routes or trunk routes. These routes are designed for a maximum operational speed limit of 160 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]], and carry about 60% of the rail traffic. The trunk routes include [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Chennai–Howrah]], [[Mumbai–Chennai line|Chennai–Mumbai]], [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Delhi–Chennai]], [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Delhi–Howrah]], [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line|Howrah–Mumbai]], [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Mumbai–Delhi]] and Delhi–Guwahati.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|title=Decongestion of Trunk railway routes|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |title=Trains to run at 160 KMPH on major Trunk routes |work=India InfraHub |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216151856/https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Electrification
{{Main|Central Organisation for Railway Electrification}}

The first electric train ran in Bombay in 1925 on [[Direct current|DC]] traction.<ref name="EL"/> In 1928, DC traction was introduced on the suburban of Bombay by the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] between [[Colaba]] and [[Borivili]] and between Madras beach and Tambaram by the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] in 1931.<ref name="ELECT">{{cite web |url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |title=Brief on Railway Electrification |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926072829/http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1957, Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard.<ref name="EL"/> The first 25 kV AC EMUs operated in Calcutta in 1962 and Madras in 1968. Indian Railway uses 25 kV AC traction on all its electrified tracks.<ref name="IRYB"/> In 2017, Indian Railways announced a plan to electrify the country's entire broad gauge rail network by 2023, and would require 30 billion kWh of electricity on an annual basis.<ref name="Eni">{{cite report|url=https://enincon.com/report/railway-electrification-market-opportunities-in-india-2018/|title=Railway Electrification Market in India 2018|date=20 February 2018|publisher=Enincon|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230336/https://enincon.com/report/railway-electrification-market-opportunities-in-india-2018/|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2025|10|31}}, the Indian Railways has electrified {{cvt|69315|km}} (99.1%) of the total broad-gauge route length of {{cvt|69961|km}}.<ref name="RE">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/2025/Status%20of%20Railway%20Electrification%20as%20on%2031_10_2025.pdf |title=Status of Railway Electrification (as on 31.10.2025)|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

;Cross-border
{{Main|Cross-border railway lines in India}}

India shares land border with multiple countries and have rail-links with some of them. [[Bangladesh]] is connected to [[West Bengal]] with a construction of new rail link connecting [[Tripura]] with [[Akhaura]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2019|title=Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116063408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 2014|title=Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081939/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|work=IBNlive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Two rail links to [[Nepal]] exist as of 2021, with a third under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepalese Railway and Economic Development: What Has Gone Wrong?|date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|work=India Review|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119174443/https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|url-status=live |last1=Prasad |first1=Umesh }}</ref> There is an existing railink with [[Pakistan]] through [[Attari]]–[[Wagah]] border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|title=Do You Know This Indian Railway Station Requires Passengers To Carry A Pakistani Visa?|date=18 July 2023|work=News18|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Signaling and communication ===
{{See also|Railway signal|Railway signalling}}
[[File:Railway Signal Post at Safilguda.jpg|thumb|upright|Indian Railways uses [[railway signal#Color light signals|coloured signal lights]] similar to the one pictured]]

Indian Railways uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements. {{As of|2025|2|28}}, [[Automatic block signaling|automatic block signalling]] is used on a total route length of {{cvt|5221|km}} for train operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions.<ref name="IRYB"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2112843|title=Ministry of Railways Advances Infrastructure with Dedicated Freight Corridors, Modernization Initiatives, and Enhanced Freight Capacity|date=19 March 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Remaining routes are based on [[absolute block signalling]] with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use [[North American railway signaling#Absolute or manual block|manual block signalling]] methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://railscapestravel.com/2017/07/25/art-of-the-token-exchange/|title=Art of the token exchange|date=25 July 2017|work=Railscapes|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228233429/http://railscapestravel.com/2017/07/25/art-of-the-token-exchange/|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In a few sections, intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, 756 block sections have intermediate block signals.<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways primarily uses [[railway signal#Color light signals|coloured signal lights]], which replaced the earlier [[railway signal#Mechanical signals|semaphores and disc-based signalling]]. It uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple) aspect color signalling across its network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053800/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Signalling System|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|access-date=4 June 2007|publisher=IRFCA|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045451/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Signals at most stations are interlocked using [[Electro-mechanical interlocking|panel interlocking]], [[Relay interlocking|route-relay interlocking]] or [[electronic interlocking]] methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. Indian Railways uses [[track circuit]]ing, and block proving [[axle counter]]s for train detection. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, 6,637 stations have interlocked and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection and [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]] [[automatic train protection]] system has been implemented in {{cvt|1465|km}} of tracks.<ref name="IRYB"/> The railways has about {{cvt|66179|km}} of [[optical fiber cable]] network used for train control, voice and data communication with {{convert|7538|km|abbr=on}} of the route covered by [[GSM-R]] based Mobile Train Radio communication.<ref name="IRYB"/> In December 2017, Indian Railways announced that it will implement [[European Train Control System|ETCS Level 2]] system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of {{INRConvert|120|b|lk=}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-railways-clears-proposal-to-equip-electric-locomotives-with-european-train-protection-systems-4263417.html|title=Indian Railways clears proposal to equip electric locomotives with European train protection systems|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=18 December 2017|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235730/http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-railways-clears-proposal-to-equip-electric-locomotives-with-european-train-protection-systems-4263417.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Stations ===
{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}
{{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,461 stations.<ref name="IRYB"/> Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.<ref name="stac1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=28 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035551/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1–6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1–3).<ref name="Stn">{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025547/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stac1"/> The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926113505/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stn"/>

== Services ==
=== Passenger ===
==== Travel classes ====
{{Further|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its [[passenger car (rail)|coaches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> For the purpose of identification in [[passenger train]]s, coaches in a train-set are assigned an [[alpha-numeric]] code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.<ref name="Class2">{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position.<ref name="CC">{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107110642/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Travel classes
!Class
!Code<ref name="Class2"/>
!Description
!Image
|-
|First AC
|H
|It is the most luxurious and expensive class in most express trains.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|title=Rolling stock|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411113830/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coach"/> They have separate [[air-conditioned]] compartments with private lockable doors, [[bedding]], dedicated attendants and meals served at seat.<ref name="TM">{{cite web|url=https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|title=Indian railway classes|publisher=Trainman|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003100712/https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Rajdhani First AC1.jpg|200px]]
|-
|First Class
|F
|First class is similar to first AC coaches with a combination of cabins and berths but are non air-conditioned and do not have all the facilities of first AC coaches.<ref name="TM"/> They were slated to be phased out of normal express trains starting in the 2000s and the last coach being de-commissioned in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|title=First-class coaches now just the stuff of memories|date=14 February 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|title=End of road for the last of the non AC first class coaches|date=20 December 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The First class is still in use in [[Mountain railways of India|toy trains]] where the coaches consist of seats similar to chair cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|title=Holiday special trains in Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=23 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223093555/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|Executive Anubhuti
|EA/K
|Executive Anubhuti is the premium class of air-conditioned [[chair car]] equipped with retractable, large cushioned seats in 2x2 configuration. The class is equipped with an entertainment system, large luggage compartments, passenger information system, dedicated reading lights, power sockets and call buttons, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|title=Anubhuti coaches with aircraft-like features to replace Shatabdi 1st-AC Executive chair cars; 20 amazing facts|date=9 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|url-status=live}}</ref> The class is available only in select trains.<ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|title=Soon experience flight like luxury in Shatabdi|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Mumbai Central Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express - Anubhuti coach - Interior.jpg|200px]]
|-
|AC Executive Class
|E
|AC Executive Class is often the top most class of air-conditioned chair car in express trains. It is equipped with large retractable seats in 2x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|title=Two extra coaches added to afternoon Shatabdi: Railways|date=14 May 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142330/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|url-status=live}}</ref> The class is equipped with dedicated reading lights and power sockets, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals are often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="TM"/> In [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains, the class is equipped with more features including [[rotating seat]]s, [[CCTV]]s, passenger information system, larger toilets, [[USB port]]s and [[automated door]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat express flagged off|date=27 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|title=Passengers from south T.N. to get a new travel experience on Vande Bharat Expres|date=23 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011202808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:The Interior of the Executive Class or 1A of an LHB Shatabdi Coach..jpg|200px]]
|-
|Executive Vistadome
|EV
|AC Tourist cars have [[vistadome]] coaches with glass roofs and extra wide windows. The interiors are similar to AC chair car coaches. Select trains operating mostly on tourist circuits are equipped with such coaches.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Status of Vistadome Trains|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1797573|date=9 July 2022|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170405/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Railways plans to introduce these coaches in all [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2019|title=All mountain railways in India to have vistadome coaches: Piyush Goyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|access-date=9 July 2022|work=mint|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709204427/https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:VistadomeInterior.jpg|200px]]
|-
|Second AC or AC 2-tier
|A
|Second AC or AC 2-tier is an air-conditioned [[sleeping car]] with wide sealed windows.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are four berths arranged in two-tiers facing each other in a single bay with two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> Individual berths are equipped with [[curtains]], simple bedding, reading lights and charging sockets.<ref name="Curt">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|title=Why you may not see curtains in AC coaches|date=15 October 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bed">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|title=Indian Railways to provide bedrolls|date=18 September 2022|work=Mint|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train.<ref name="TM"/>
|[[File:2956coach.JPG|200px]]
|-
|Third AC or AC 3-tier
|B
|Third AC or AC 3-tier is an air-conditioned sleeping car.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> There are common charging sockets and lights in each compartment with simple bedding provided.<ref name="Bed"/> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train with the same menu shared with AC 2-tier.<ref name="TM"/>
|[[File:Inside_AC_3_coach_passage_Indian_railway_002.jpg|200px]]
|-
|AC 3-tier economy
|G/M
|AC 3-tier economy coaches are air-conditioned sleeping cars similar to AC 3-tier.<ref name="IRFCA"/> Compared to 3-tier coaches, they have an extra middle berth along the aisle.<ref name="TM"/> The coaches were first introduced in [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath]] trains and only a few trains operate with such coaches.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|title=Garib Rath trains to get new AC 3-tier economy class coaches; to have cheaper fare than AC 3-tier|date=27 August 2021|work=Times now|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|url-status=live}}</ref> Bedding is available for rent and the coaches have facilities like charging sockets and lights similar to AC 3-tier coaches.<ref name="TN"/> New AC 3-tier economy coaches introduced in 2021 have similar berth arrangement as AC 3-tier but accommodates 83 berths per coach and other improved facilities.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 September 2021|title=Railways introduces new AC-3 economy coaches with reduced fare. Details here|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-introduces-new-ac-3-economy-coaches-with-reduced-fare-details-here-11630921348173.html|access-date=3 March 2024|work=Mint|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303105846/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-introduces-new-ac-3-economy-coaches-with-reduced-fare-details-here-11630921348173.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 February 2021|title=Indian Railways' first AC 3-tier economy class coach; check out features, specifications|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-railways-economy-class-ac-3-tier-coach-photos-features-7184616/|access-date=3 March 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303105840/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-railways-economy-class-ac-3-tier-coach-photos-features-7184616/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|AC Chair Car
|C
|AC chair car are air-conditioned coaches equipped with retractable seats in 3x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/> The class has cushioned seats with [[tray table]]s and are equipped with LED reading lights, power sockets along the window side. Meals are provided as a part of the journey ticket in select trains.<ref name="TM"/> In Vande Bharat Express trains, the class is equipped with more features including passenger information system, CCTVs, larger toilets and automated doors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|title=New Vande Bharat Express features|date=9 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|title=Vande Bharat Express timing and ticket prices|date=29 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142329/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Interiors of the 2nd Generation of the Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg|200px]]
|-
|Sleeper
|S
|Sleeper class is the most common sleeping car coach in Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, [[ceiling fan|ceiling mounted fans]] and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|[[File:Inside an Indian Railways Train - Sleeper Coach.jpg|200px]]
|-
|Second sitting
|D/J
|Second sitting is the most common chair car coach and the cheapest in the Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> It is common in most day-time running trains with six seats arranged in 3x3 configuration. The seats may face each other or towards the same side.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, ceiling mounted fans and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|[[File:Seats inside Indian train.jpg|200px]]
|-
|Unreserved or General
|UR/GS
|Unreserved or general coaches are second seating coaches which are not available for reservation and seats are taken on available basis.<ref name="IRFCA"/> One or more of these coaches are attached to express trains while dedicated passenger trains might also have all unreserved coaches. Tickets are valid on any train on a route only for within 24 hours of purchase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|title=Unreserved, General Railway train tickets valid for only three hours after purchase|date=1 March 2016|work=India.com|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107155332/https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Newly_Developed_Deen_Dayalu_Coach_being_dedicated_by_the_Union_Minister_for_Railways,_Shri_Suresh_Prabhakar_Prabhu_to_the_Nation,_at_New_Delhi_Railway_Station_on_July_19,_2016_(1).jpg|200px]]
|}
Saloon coaches available for [[Excursion train|chartering]] are equipped with a bedroom and kitchen and can be attached to normal trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|title=Saloon attached to Jammu Mail|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174847/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Passenger trains ====
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| header = Express trains of India
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 12302_Howrah_Rajdhani_Express_-_AC_First_Class.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| image2 = Mumbai_Central_Ahmedabad_Shatabdi_Express_-_Anubhuti_coach_-_K1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Shatabdi Express]]
}}

Indian Railways operates various classes of passenger and express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by [[Train numbering in India|five digit numbers]] with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.<ref>{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319164622/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.<ref name="Train">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607025648/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018–19, Indian Railways operated 13,523 passenger trains on average daily and carried 8.44 billion passengers.<ref name="IRYB1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2019–20|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201045052/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> India Railways operates various categories of express trains including [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Shatabdi Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Double Decker Express]], [[Tejas Express]], [[Gatimaan Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Yuva Express]], [[Uday Express]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], [[Sampark Kranti Express]], [[Vivek Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], [[Mahamana Express]], [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Jan Sadharan Express]], [[Suvidha Express]] and [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]].<ref name="Train"/>

[[File:Amrit Bharat Express on standby at SMVT Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|[[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat]] semi-high speed rail]]

==== High-speed rail ====
[[Rajdhani Express]] introduced in 1969 were the first trains to reach speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}}.<ref name="auto"/> [[Shatabdi Express]] introduced in 1988, are capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-Indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/india/39849234_1_domestic-travellers-shatabdi-express-indian-railways|archive-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105093109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] was launched with self-propelled EMU train-sets capable of reaching maximum speed of {{cvt|180|kph}} with operational speeds restricted to {{cvt|130-160|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Vande Bharat Train's "Glass Filled To The Brim" Test At 180 Kmph|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|access-date=10 November 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402150402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on 15 February from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A non-airconditioned semi-high speed [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] hauled by two modified [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] locomotives was launched as [[Amrit Bharat Express]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|title=Indian Railways to produce non-AC Vande Sadharan trains|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|date=10 July 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030142408/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[high-speed rail]] line is [[Construction|under-construction]] between [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai and Ahmedabad]] which will become the first true [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail line]] when completed in 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|title=JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=16 July 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827001545/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Mountain railways ====
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align = right
| header = [[Mountain Railways of India]]
| caption_align = center
| image1 = DarjeelingTrainFruitshopCrop.JPG
| caption1 = [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling]]
| image2 = KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg
| caption2 = [[Kalka-Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla]]
| image3 = NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg
| caption3 = [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri]]
}}

[[Mountain Railways of India]] refer to three rail lines operated by Indian Railways in [[hill|hilly terrain]]. [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Lesser Himalayas]] of [[West Bengal]] was opened in 1881.
<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[World Heritage Committee]]|year=1999|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The mountain railways were designated as [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1999.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Siwalik Hills]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] started operating in 1903. The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} [[rack railway]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] was opened in 1908 and is the only operational rack railway in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|website=Indianrailway.gov.in|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO"/> These railways operate with its own dedicated fleet of locomotives and coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Suburban and metro ====
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align = right
| header = [[Urban rail transit in India|Urban Rail systems]]
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Mumbai_Train.JPG
| caption1 = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban]]
| image2 = East_West_Metro_Kolkata_rake.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| image3 = Tirumailai_MRTS_station_Chennai_(Madras).jpg
| caption3 = [[Chennai MRTS]]
}}

The first suburban electric trains were introduced in [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Bombay]] in 1925.<ref name="EMU1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_central-railway-puts-15-car-locals-on-track_1753241|last=Satardekar|first=Anvaya|title=Central Railway puts 15-car locals on track|work=[[DNA India]]|date=17 October 2012|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170421/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-central-railway-puts-15-car-locals-on-track-1753241|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai suburban]] lines started operating in 1931 and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 May 2012|title=Historical perspective – the first journey|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|access-date=18 June 2020|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523070836/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=83 years of electric suburban rail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|access-date=18 Apr 2014|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418091548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, AC traction was adopted for suburban lines and are currently operated by Multiple Units (MUs) of various configurations. In 1984, [[Kolkata Metro]], the first [[metro railway|metro]] system and the only system operated by Indian Railways was commissioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,334|title=Kolkata Metro|access-date=1 June 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705165731/https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,334|url-status=live}}</ref> Opened in November 1995, [[Chennai MRTS]] became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR"/> Indian Railways operates suburban railway systems across the cities of Mumbai (suburban), Chennai (suburban and MRTS), Kolkata (suburban and metro) and [[Secunderabad]] (MMTS) covering six railway zones.<ref name="EMU1"/>

==== Tourism ====
Indian Railways offers tour packages through IRCTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/irctc-launches-tour-package-from-kochuveli/article66927382.ece|title=IRCTC launches tour package|date=3 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/irctc-launches-tour-package-from-kochuveli/article66927382.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It operates tourist trains and coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. It operates luxury tourist trains such as [[Maharajas' Express]], [[Palace on Wheels]], [[Golden Chariot]] and [[Deccan Odyssey]], deluxe tourist trains such as [[Mahaparinirvan Express]].<ref name="IRYB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173012/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It also operates [[restored train|heritage]] and exhibition trains on special circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|title=PM flags off Gujarat's first heritage train, which will bring tourists to Statue of Unity|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Ticketing and fares ====
[[File:Railway ticket from Bangalore City junction to Pune junction.jpg|thumb|A standard printed Indian Railway ticket]]
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually.<ref name="IT"/> Self-printing ticket machines (SPTM) were introduced in 1988.<ref name="SF"/> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996.<ref name="Hist"/> The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC"/> Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s, [[SMS]], rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 60 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|url-status=live}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal train ticket]], where no refund is applicable on cancellation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084141/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches. Suburban networks also issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]], Indian Railways|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091811/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|url-status=live}}</ref>

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170339/https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184#v=snippet&q=indian%20rail&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Make in India: GE to supply 1,000 diesel locomotives to Indian Railways; set up plant in Bihar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-make-in-india-ge-to-supply-1000-diesel-locomotives-to-indian-railways-set-up-plant-in-bihar-2143977|work=DNA India|access-date=13 March 2024|date=20 March 2018|quote=India's railways...offers some of the world's cheapest fares...|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313215610/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-make-in-india-ge-to-supply-1000-diesel-locomotives-to-indian-railways-set-up-plant-in-bihar-2143977|url-status=live}}</ref> Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, [[senior citizen]]s (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718095039/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Freight ===
[[File:Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg|thumb|A hybrid coach with provision to carry small cargo and mail, often attached to passenger trains]]
The first rail operational in Madras in 1837 was used for ferrying granite.<ref name="FR"/> The first dedicated commercial freight rail was operated between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> Indian Railways ferries various commodities and [[cargo]] to cater to various industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments. Apart from dedicated freight trains, [[parcel (consignment)|parcel]]s, [[mail]] and small cargo are carried on specialized carriages attached to passenger trains.<ref name="Mint"/> In 2023–24, Indian Railways operated 11,724 freight trains on average daily and transported 1588.06 million tonnes of freight.<ref name="IRYB"/>

Indian Railways has historically subsidized the passenger segment with income from the freight business and prioritized passenger trains on the network. Hence, freight services were unable to complete other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share till the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|title=Indian Railways White Paper 2016|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032211/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> To counter this, Indian Railways established the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] in 2006 to construct dedicated freight corridors to reduce congestion, increase speed and reliability and proposed upgradation of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> End-to-end integrated transport solutions such as [[Konkan Railway Corporation#RORO|roll-on, roll-off]] (RORO) service, a [[Rolling highway|road-rail system]] pioneered by [[Konkan Railway Corporation|Konkan Railway]] in 1999 to carry trucks on [[flatbed truck|flatbed]] trailers is extended to other routes.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|title=Road-Rail Synergy System|access-date=22 December 2008|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accidents and incidents ==
{{Main|List of railway accidents and incidents in India}}

As per the Ministry of Railways, there have been more than 38,500 railway accidents from 1961 to 2019.<ref name="Data"/> In 2019-20, the Indian Railways reported zero passenger deaths due to accidents for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/first-time-in-166-years-indian-railways-reports-zero-passenger-deaths-in-fy19-241448-2019-12-24|title=First time in 166 years, Indian Railways reports zero passenger deaths in FY20|date=25 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> At least 313 people died in 40 train accidents in 2023-24 and 748 people have died in 638 train accidents in the previous ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/313-passengers-four-employees-died-in-40-train-accidents-in-2023-24-says-rti-reply/article68642890.ece|title=313 passengers, four employees died in 40 train accidents in 2023-24, says RTI reply|date=14 September 2024|access-date=1 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Accidents of Indian Railways<ref name="Data">{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/New_Reference_Notes/English/15112019_160240_102120367.pdf|title=Indian Railways safety performance|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=November 2019|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|Span
!colspan="6"|[[Train accident|Accidents]]
!rowspan="2"|Train kms (million)
!rowspan="2"|Accidents per million kms
|-
![[Train collision|Collisions]]
![[Derailments]]
![[Level crossing]]
![[Conflagration|Fire]]
!Others
!Total
|-
|1961–1970
|834
|10,664
|1,394
|1,037
|0
|13,929
|4,339
|3.21
|-
|1971–1980
|588
|6,763
|1,120
|185
|0
|8,665
|4,810
|1.80
|-
|1981–1990
|475
|6,242
|677
|176
|0
|7,570
|5,598
|1.35
|-
|1991–2000
|340
|3,583
|632
|77
|0
|4,642
|6,559
|0.70
|-
|2001–2010
|135
|1,680
|803
|93
|52
|2,763
|8,333
|0.33
|-
|2011–2019
|43
|567
|352
|54
|16
|1,023
|10,134
|0.10
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of railway companies in India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
{{div col}}
* Aguiar, Marian. ''Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility'' (University of Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816665613/ excerpt and text search]
* [[Laura Bear|Bear, Linda]]. ''Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231140029/ excerpt and text search]
* Hurd, John, and Ian J. Kerr. ''India's Railway History: A Research Handbook'' (Brill: 2012), 338pp
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Railways in Modern India'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195648285 excerpt and text search]
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India'' (2006)
* Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. ''Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself'' (2009)
* Macpherson, W. J. "Investment in Indian Railways, 1845-1875." ''Economic History Review,'' 8#2, 1955, pp. 177–186 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590986 online]
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Indian Railways.ogg|date=2006-03-15}}

* {{official website|https://indianrailways.gov.in}}

* [https://railhelp.in/indian-railways-helpline Indian Railways Official HelpLines – RailHelp.in]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Asia in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{Transport in India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Railways}}
[[Category:Indian Railways| ]]
[[Category:Railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Government-owned transport companies of India]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1845]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1845]]
[[Category:Government-owned railway companies]]
[[Category:Public transport operators]]

1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-20T20:32:50Z

SheenaBayles: further adjusted layout for clarity also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Assembly Election of West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| type = Legislative
| turnout = 62.03% ({{decrease}} 4.48 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| ongoing = no
| country = India
| previous_election = 1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1969
| next_election = 1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1972
| outgoing_members = 1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Elected members
| elected_members = 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Result by constituency
| election_date = 1971
| seats_for_election = All 280 seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| seats1 = 113
| last_election1 = 20%, 80 seats
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 33
| leader1 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|bSize=120 |cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=10}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
| popular_vote1 = '''4,241,557'''
| percentage1 = '''32.9%'''
| leader_since1 = 1964
| swing1 = {{increase}} 13 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC (R)]]
| leader2 = [[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]]
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''INC (R)'''</div>
| seats2 = 105
| last_election2 = ''New''
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 105
| majority_seats = 113
| percentage2 = 29.2%
| popular_vote2 = 3,767,314
| leader_since2 = 1971
| swing2 = {{increase}} 29.2 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|CM]]
| before_election = [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| before_party = Bangla Congress
| after_election = [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| after_party = Bangla Congress
| map_image = File:India West Bengal Legislative Assembly 1971.svg
}}
{{Infobox legislative election
|election_name= 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
|party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|seats1 = 113
| last_election1 = 80
| leader1 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
|party2 = [[Indian National Congress|Congress (R)]]
|seats2 = 105
| last_election2 = 55
|party3 = [[Communist Party of India]]
|seats3 = 13
| last_election3 = 30
|party4 = [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
|seats4 = 7
| last_election4 = 7
|party5 = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|seats5 = 7
| last_election5 = 0
|party6 = [[Bangla Congress]]
|seats6 = 5
| last_election6 = 33
| leader6 = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
|party7 = ULF Independents
|seats7 = 4
| last_election7 = new
|party8 = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|seats8 = 3
| last_election8 = 21
|party9 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|seats9 = 3
| last_election9 = 12
|party10 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|seats10 = 3
| last_election10 = 5
|party11 = [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|seats11 = 3
| last_election11 = 2
| leader11 = [[Sudhindranath Kumar]]
|party12 = [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]]
|seats12 = 2
|party13 = [[Jharkhand Party]]
|seats13 = 2
| last_election13 = new
|party14 = [[Workers Party of India]]
|seats14 = 2
| last_election14 = 2
| last_election12 = new
|party15= [[Marxist Forward Bloc]]
|seats15 = 2
| last_election15 = 1
|party16 = [[All India Gorkha League]]
|seats16 = 2
| last_election16 = 4
|party17 = [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|seats17 = 1
| last_election17 = 0
|party18 = [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]
|seats18 = 1
| last_election18 = new
|party19 = [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] dissident
|seats19 = 1
| last_election19 = new
}}

'''[[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] elections''' were held in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] in 1971. The assembly election was held alongside the [[1971 Indian general election]].<ref name="Tameri1971">{{cite book|author=Suresh K. Tameri|title=The Wonder Elections, 1971: Indira Versus the Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGsFAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Vivek Publishing House|page=251}}</ref>

==Parties and coalitions==
Ahead of the 1971 election the map of party coalitions was redrawn. The [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] had split into two after the resignation of its Chief Minister. The United Left Front, also known as the Six-Party Coalition, was led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and included the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] ([[Sudhindranath Kumar]] group), the [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]], the [[Bolshevik Party of India]] (Nepal Bhattacharya group), the [[Workers Party of India]] and the [[Marxist Forward Bloc]].<ref name="MukherjeeResearch1975">{{cite book|author1=Subimal Kumar Mukherjee|author2=Indian Council of Social Science Research|title=Elections to the Howrah Parliamentary Constituency, 1971, with Reference to Three Assembly Constituencies Thereunder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWYFAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=World Press|page=39}}</ref>

The United Left Democratic Front, also known as the Eight-Party Coalition, was led by the [[Communist Party of India]] and included the [[All India Forward Bloc]], the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]], the [[All India Gorkha League]], the [[Bolshevik Party of India]] ([[Barada Mukutmoni]] group), the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Das)|RCPI (Anadi Das group)]], the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] and the Praja Socialist Party (Rebel).<ref name="MukherjeeResearch1975"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Political Science Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOokAQAAMAAJ|volume=18-19|year=1979|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan.|page=31}}</ref><ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book|author=Sudhir Ray|title=Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947-2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ|date=1 November 2007|publisher=Progressive Publishers|isbn=978-81-8064-135-0|page=77, 160}}</ref> The ULDF failed to reach a seat-sharing agreement with the [[Bangla Congress]], but managed to agree to some seat-sharings with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress(R)]].<ref name="Ray2007"/>

The Bangla Congress courted the Congress(R) for a seat-sharing alliance, but the Congress(R) rejected the offer.<ref name="Chander2004">{{cite book|author=N. Jose Chander|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|page=101}}</ref> For Congress(R) the Bangla Congress was considered too close to [[Congress(O)]].<ref name="Chander2004"/>

==Violence==
The electoral campaign was marred by violent incidents. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] called for electoral boycott.<ref name="Gray1971">{{cite book|author=Hugh Gray|title=Wahlkampf in Indien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmnVAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag|page=314}}</ref><ref name="Prakash2019">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mT9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|date=26 March 2019|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-19000-6|page=90}}</ref> The CPI(M) on the other hand saw the CPI(ML) as a pawn of Congress(R) to sabotage its chances of winning power in the state.<ref name="Prakash2019"/> Across the state CPI(M) and CPI(ML) confronted each other; CPI(M) claimed that the CPI(ML) had killed some 200 of its cadres.<ref name="Prakash2019"/>

Three candidates were killed during the electoral campaign; on February 17, 1971 Debdatta Mondal (Bangla Congress candidate in [[Ukhra Assembly constituency|Ukhra]]) was killed, on February 20, 1971 the [[All India Forward Bloc]] leader and [[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur constituency]] candidate [[Hemanta Kumar Basu]] was killed in broad daylight and on March 5, 1971 Pijush Chandra Ghosh (Congress(O) candidate in [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]) was killed.<ref name="Commission1972">{{cite book|author=India. Election Commission|title=Report on the Fifth General Election in India, 1971-72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DUmAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Government of India Press|page=90}}</ref> Elections were countermanded in these three constituencies, but in Shyampukur no election was held as Ajit Kumar Biswas (the candidate nominated by the Forward Bloc in lieu of Hemanta Kumar Basu) was killed as well.<ref name="Commission1972"/>

==Results by constituency==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!rowspan=2|Res.
!colspan=5|United Left Front ''(Missing some independent candidates)''
!colspan=5|United Left Democratic Front ''(Missing some candidates, such as some of the PSP dissidents)''
!colspan=5|Congress (R)
!colspan=5|Other ''(Listing the most-voted candidate outside the ULF/ULDF/Cong (R))''
|-
!Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Rank
!Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Rank
!Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Rank
!Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Rank
|-
| 1 || [[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Kshir Prasad Barman || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 3996 || 8.82% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Mihir Kumar Ray]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 19880 || 43.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mani Bhushan Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15982 || 35.29% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Tara Prasanna Ray Basunta || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3745 || 8.27% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Dinesh Chandra Dakua || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18386 || 38.89% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mukunda Nath Barman || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 2540 || 5.37% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Birendra Nath Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21302 || 45.06% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kumar Nidhi Narayan || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2198 || 4.65% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 3 || [[Cooch Behar West Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar West]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Sudhir Pramanik || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13749 || 27.52% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dhajendra Barman || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 6592 || 13.20% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Rajani Das]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22565 || 45.17% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mubari Moham Paiowary || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 7048 || 14.11% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 4 || [[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]] || || Sahidar Ramhan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4329 || 9.24% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Adhyapak Hiften Nag || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 12244 || 26.13% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Md. Fazle Haque]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20969 || 44.75% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Monanath Roy Mandai || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 9320 || 19.89% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 5 || [[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]] || || Mani Gopal Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4929 || 9.18% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Kamal Kanti Guha || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 21823 || 40.63% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Jogesh Chandra Sarkar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24249 || 45.14% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Jahiruddin Mia || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2714 || 5.05% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 6 || [[Cooch Behar North Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar North]] || || Shirendra Narayan Choudhury || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17800 || 34.66% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mohitlal Chakaraborty || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 6455 || 12.57% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sunil Kar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25465 || 49.58% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dwijendra Arayan Dutt || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1075 || 2.09% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 7 || [[Cooch Behar South Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar South]] || || Gopal Chandra Saha || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14988 || 30.25% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bimal Kanti Basu || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 8258 || 16.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Santosh Kumar Roy (West Bengal politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21582 || 43.56% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sudhir Chandra Miyogi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3182 || 6.42% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 8 || [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Manindranath Barma || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18573 || 34.21% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dol Mohan Pakhadhara || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 4556 || 8.39% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sishir Kumar Isore]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 28678 || 52.82% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Narendra Barman || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2488 || 4.58% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 9 || [[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] || || Netai Chandra Das || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7984 || 21.11% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dhirendra Chandra Sarker || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3261 || 8.62% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Pijush Kanti Mukherjee]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16619 || 43.94% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Anima Hmare || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4089 || 10.81% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 10 || [[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || || || || || || Emanuonmelmon Kujur || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 2239 || 8.13% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Denis Lakra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10681 || 38.76% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || John Arther Baxia Uraon || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 8743 || 31.73% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 11 || [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]] || || Ranjit Das Gupta || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11219 || 22.95% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sachindra Nath Ganguly || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 929 || 1.90% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Narayan Bhattacharya]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20455 || 41.84% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Nani Bhattacharya]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 10990 || 22.48% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 12 || [[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Abhoya Charan Barman || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11415 || 28.05% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Nrikendra Narayan || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 4885 || 12.00% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Jagdananda Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13410 || 32.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Panchanan Mallick || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4302 || 10.57% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 13 || [[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Bilash Bhagat || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 2917 || 7.86% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Mahali Budhram || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 3444 || 9.28% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Paban Kumar Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7569 || 20.39% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[A. H. Besterwitch]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 12291 || 33.10% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 14 || [[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]] || || Suresh Chandra Day || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7054 || 17.85% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Anildhar Guha Neogi || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 11279 || 28.54% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Bhawani Paul]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11471 || 29.03% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Wayezuddin Ahmed || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 5321 || 13.47% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 15 || [[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Punai Oraon]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22811 || 57.81% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Azios Lakra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9542 || 24.18% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Soma Oraon || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4962 || 12.58% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 16 || [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Mainaguri]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Nilcharan Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 3851 || 10.54% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Basant Kumar Roy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2328 || 6.37% || {{sort|10|6th}} || [[Bijoy Krishna Mohanta]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12781 || 34.97% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Haripada Roy || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6075 || 16.62% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 17 || [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Jagarnath Oraon || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 9640 || 23.52% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Arjun Oraon || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9006 || 21.97% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Antoni Toppno]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13383 || 32.65% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Guruchanran Oraon || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 3349 || 8.17% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 18 || [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] || || Parswh Chandra Mitra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14520 || 28.28% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Kanu Chakrobarty || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7551 || 14.71% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Anupam Sen (politician)|Anupam Sen]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25608 || 49.88% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Girish Chandra Deb Singha || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1928 || 3.76% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 19 || [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Dhirendra Nath Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10345 || 30.93% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bhabendra Nath Roy Hakm || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 4118 || 12.31% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Bhagwan Singh Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11796 || 35.27% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Jiban Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3032 || 9.07% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 20 || [[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]] || || Rama Shankar Prosad || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4718 || 16.63% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Madan Kumar Prodhan]] || [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|GL]] || 10810 || 38.09% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sonam Wangdi Rhotia || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 4841 || 17.06% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Padma Lakshmi Subba || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 7388 || 26.04% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 21 || [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]] || || Rajendra Kumar Sinha || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8042 || 25.00% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Deo Prakash Rai]] || [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|GL]] || 14998 || 46.62% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Madan Kumar Thapa || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9133 || 28.39% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || ||
|-
| 22 || [[Jore Bungalow Assembly constituency|Jore Bungalow]] || || [[Ananda Prasad Pathak]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12858 || 38.57% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Nandalal Gurung]] || [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|GL]] || 12572 || 37.72% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || P. B. Gurung || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6341 || 19.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Indra Bahadur Thakuri || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1562 || 4.69% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 23 || [[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]] || || Biren Bose || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12268 || 29.89% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Ramjit Chatterjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5645 || 13.75% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Arun Kumar Moitra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20764 || 50.59% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Padawa Lawa || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1339 || 3.26% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 24 || [[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Patras Minz || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14678 || 33.35% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gopal Hansda || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3415 || 7.76% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Iswar Chandra Tirkey]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19259 || 43.76% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Oraon Marianus Tigga || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2169 || 4.93% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 25 || [[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]] || || Bachcha Munshi || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12794 || 32.33% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Thakur Prembihari || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 4163 || 10.52% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Chowdhury Abdul Karim]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15757 || 39.82% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Aziz Ahamed || [[Progressive Muslim League|PML]] || 4411 || 11.15% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 26 || [[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]] || || Nasiruddin || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 1697 || 5.38% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Ishaque || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 1556 || 4.97% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Seikh Sharafat Hossain]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10953 || 34.74% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nizamuddin || [[Progressive Muslim League|PML]] || 9410 || 29.85% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 27 || [[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]] || || Abdul Hafiz || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 5631 || 12.77% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Suresh Chandra Singha || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 11374 || 25.79% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Hazi Sajjad Hossain]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20715 || 46.97% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Singha Gopinath || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3592 || 8.15% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 28 || [[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]] || || Manash Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21917 || 44.34% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Ramendra Nath Dutta]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23924 || 48.40% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nishitha Nath Kundu || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 2244 || 4.54% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 29 || [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Nani Gopai Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11603 || 29.29% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sarkar Amritalal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3000 || 7.57% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Roy Debendra Nath]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21968 || 55.46% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Syama Prasad Barman || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1648 || 4.16% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 30 || [[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]] || || Hari Charan Debnath || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12541 || 24.58% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chakrapavarty Sachtndu || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6308 || 12.36% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Abedin Zainal]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 30221 || 59.23% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Deb Kumar Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1952 || 3.83% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 31 || [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Ashananda Sarkar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4595 || 11.59% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Sarker Bhupal Chandra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7440 || 18.76% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Roy Jatindpa Mohan]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20988 || 52.93% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Roy Jogendra Nath || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 5009 || 12.63% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 32 || [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] || || Ahindra Sarkar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13256 || 28.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Moslehuddin Ahmed|Ahmed Moslehuddin]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 26440 || 56.46% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Parik Sankar Lal || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4061 || 8.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 33 || [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]] || || Jamini Kishore Mojumdar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17382 || 35.65% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sarkar Rahimuddin || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2427 || 4.98% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Probodh Kumar Singh Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18829 || 38.62% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Abdul Jabbar Mian || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 6142 || 12.60% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 34 || [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]] || || || || || || || Chattopadhay Jyotirmoy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3960 || 7.27% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Bireswar Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25109 || 46.09% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Jatin Chakraborty]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 22941 || 42.11% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 35 || [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Dibu Mukmu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7429 || 14.36% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Rabindra Nath Murum || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3103 || 6.00% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Patrash Hemram]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21981 || 42.49% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Oraon Bandhu || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 18456 || 35.68% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 36 || [[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Sarkar Murmu]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 15767 || 34.29% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sibnath Pramanik || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6383 || 13.88% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Boila Murmu || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 14307 || 31.11% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Jahan Hemrom || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 7183 || 15.62% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 37 || [[Gajol Assembly constituency|Gajol]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Suphal Murmu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19243 || 44.63% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Budhrai Besra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3863 || 8.96% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Benjamin Hembrom || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 14777 || 34.27% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 38 || [[Kharba Assembly constituency|Kharba]] || || [[Golam Yazdani]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 29283 || 53.65% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Mahabubul Haque || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22862 || 41.89% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Saiyed Ali || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1049 || 1.92% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 39 || [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]] || || [[Md. Elias Razi]] || [[Workers Party of India|WPI]] || 26390 || 54.26% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Bishnubrata Bhattacharya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 1410 || 2.90% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Birendra Kumar Mitra || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 19441 || 39.97% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 40 || [[Patua Assembly constituency|Patua]] || || Mohammad Ali || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16520 || 41.48% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Asahaque || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2293 || 5.76% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Niren Chandra Sinha]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17139 || 43.03% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Naimuddin Biswas || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2597 || 6.52% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 41 || [[Malda Assembly constituency|Malda]] || || Mohammad Flias || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12154 || 27.57% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mahammad Bafatuila Mai || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6401 || 14.52% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Mahammad Gafurur Rahaman]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17580 || 39.88% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gokul Behari Agarwalla || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3425 || 7.77% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 42 || [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]] || || Sailendu Jha Manik || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10287 || 22.74% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Bimal Kanti Das]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 14290 || 31.59% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nikil Bihari Gupta || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7782 || 17.21% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Hari Prasanna Misra || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 12063 || 26.67% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 43 || [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]] || || Sudhendu Jha Manik || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12046 || 29.02% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Durga Prosad Sen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10561 || 25.44% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Jokhilal Mondai]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15467 || 37.26% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Shaikh Khidir Buksh || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3437 || 8.28% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 44 || [[Suzapur Assembly constituency|Suzapur]] || || || || || || || || || || || || [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 29291 || 60.39% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Habibur Rahaman || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 7584 || 15.64% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 45 || [[Kaltach Assembly constituency|Kaltach]] || || Nuhul Islam || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12994 || 25.15% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Jogendranath Sarker || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 4075 || 7.89% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Shamsuddin Ahammad]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18578 || 35.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Promode Ranjan Bose || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 14937 || 28.91% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 46 || [[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]] || || [[Jerat Ali]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16662 || 38.61% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Siddique Hossain || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 1684 || 3.90% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Sudhir Kumar Saha || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7002 || 16.23% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Johad Ahmed || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 15849 || 36.73% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 47 || [[Suti Assembly constituency|Suti]] || || || || || || || Habibur Rahman || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 2302 || 4.50% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Md. Sohrab]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19504 || 38.15% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Shish Mohammad || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 16472 || 32.22% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 48 || [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]] || || || || || || || Achivtya Singha || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 5552 || 15.40% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Asraf Hossain || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9168 || 25.43% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Badruddin Ahmad]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 9779 || 27.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 49 || [[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || || || || || || || || || || || [[Atul Chandra Sarkar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6898 || 29.13% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dasjoychand || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 5263 || 22.23% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 50 || [[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]] || || || || || || || || || || || || [[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13377 || 44.21% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Mozipur Rahman || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 8536 || 28.21% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 51 || [[Bhagarangola Assembly constituency|Bhagarangola]] || || || || || || || Rajsingh Dugar || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 2276 || 6.40% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Mohammad Dedar Baksh || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6877 || 19.33% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Md. Samaun Biswas]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 11648 || 32.74% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 52 || [[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]] || || [[Birendra Narayan Roy]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 21971 || 54.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Abdul Bapi Biswas || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11746 || 29.38% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Kamal Chand Pandey || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 2395 || 5.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 53 || [[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]] || || Jarjis Hossain Sarkar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 9765 || 27.10% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Mohammad Idris Ali]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10553 || 29.28% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Adiluzzaman Saheb || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6868 || 19.06% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 54 || [[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi]] || || Atahar Rahaman || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6259 || 17.71% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Azizur Rahman || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5862 || 16.59% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Prafulla Kumar Sarkar]] || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 11660 || 33.00% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 55 || [[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]] || || [[Md. Abdul Bari]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=February 2026}} || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17338 || 41.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Ashraf Ali || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 4395 || 10.42% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Biswas Ekram Ul Haque || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7434 || 17.63% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Maidul Isiam Khondakar || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 12078 || 28.65% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 56 || [[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]] || || Sekh Faizuddin Ahmed || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 2957 || 6.17% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Das Roy Sudhir Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 2884 || 6.01% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Nasiruddin Khan]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 22783 || 47.50% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 57 || [[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]] || || Sekh Nazrul Islam || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4888 || 10.66% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Mainui Islam Biswas || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 4538 || 9.90% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Aftabuddin Ahmed]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 26301 || 57.36% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 58 || [[Berhampore Assembly constituency|Berhampore]] || || Pran Ranjan Chowdhury || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7472 || 19.69% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sanat Kumar Raha || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3236 || 8.53% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Sankar Das Paui]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16824 || 44.34% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Debabrata Bandopadhyay || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 5467 || 14.41% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 59 || [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || [[Timir Baran Bhaduri]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 21805 || 42.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 60 || [[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]] || || Damodardas Chattopadhyay || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7861 || 18.06% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Gurupada Choudhury || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3648 || 8.38% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Atish Chandra Sinha]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16732 || 38.43% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mirza Ajahap || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 9080 || 20.86% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 61 || [[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Dinabandhu Hajhi || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 9538 || 26.64% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Samapendra Kumar Choudhury || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4522 || 12.63% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Narendra Haldar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9557 || 26.69% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Guru Pada Das || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4830 || 13.49% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 62 || [[Barwan Assembly constituency|Barwan]] || || || || || || || || || || || || [[Ghosh Moulik Sunil Mohan]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15140 || 41.97% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Amalendralal Roy]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 9281 || 25.73% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 63 || [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]] || || [[Khondekor Mdnure Ahasan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13714 || 35.37% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Kumar Jagadish Chanddra Sinh || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9486 || 24.47% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Khondekar Makaram Hosen || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6600 || 17.02% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 64 || [[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]] || || [[Samarendra Nath Sanyal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22489 || 47.65% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || [[Nalinaksha Sanyal]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11143 || 23.61% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mondal Hazi Abuzarghaffari || [[West Bengal State Muslim League|SML]] || 9649 || 20.44% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 65 || [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]] || || [[Madhabendu Mohanta]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20383 || 46.49% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Khan Surat Ali || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9390 || 21.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Kazi Md. Mowla Boksh]]|| [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 8188 || 18.68% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 66 || [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] || || [[Mir Fakir Mohammed]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 10686 || 26.94% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gurudas Sikdar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2253 || 5.68% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Armanali Munshi || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5162 || 13.01% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Mohammed Islam Molla || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 9047 || 22.81% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 67 || [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Harendra Baidya || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8145 || 20.03% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Guneswar Maitra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2688 || 6.61% || {{sort|10|6th}} || || || || || || [[Govindo Chandra Mondal]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 10826 || 26.63% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 68 || [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]] || || [[Sahabuddin Mondal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17047 || 41.08% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Jagannath Morumder || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6989 || 16.84% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Abu Bakkar Mondal || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 7804 || 18.81% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 69 || [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]] || || [[Debi Prasad Basu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28242 || 55.81% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Joy Guru Goswami || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9849 || 19.46% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sachindra Mohan Nandi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 11011 || 21.76% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 70 || [[Krishnagar West Assembly constituency|Krishnagar West]] || || [[Amritendu Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20003 || 50.79% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Depesh Sinha || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4390 || 11.15% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Bhattacharya Mohader Chandr || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10257 || 26.04% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Md. Mozammel Hoquf Nandai || [[West Bengal State Muslim League|SML]] || 2204 || 5.60% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 71 || [[Krishnagar East Assembly constituency|Krishnagar East]] || || Sadhan Chattopadhyay || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11785 || 31.75% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || || || || || || [[Kashi Kanta Maitra]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 18139 || 48.86% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 72 || [[Hanskhali Assembly constituency|Hanskhali]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Jnanendra Nath Biswas || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18638 || 35.82% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Ramendra Nath Das || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4206 || 8.08% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Ananda Mohan Biswas]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23658 || 45.47% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Charu Mihir Sarkar]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4574 || 8.79% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 73 || [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]] || || [[Bimalananda Mukherjee]] || [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]] || 16818 || 39.73% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[M. Mokshed Ali]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3744 || 8.84% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Asaamanha De || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16530 || 39.05% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Kanai Pal]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 2920 || 6.90% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 74 || [[Ranaghat Assembly constituency|Ranaghat]] || || [[Kundu Gour Chandra]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30835 || 48.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Binoy Kumar Chattopadyay || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 29350 || 46.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Kalida Ghosh || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 1753 || 2.78% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 75 || [[Rangaghat East Assembly constituency|Rangaghat East]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Biswas Naresh Chandra]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18558 || 37.60% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nitaipada Sarkar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 13282 || 26.91% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sushil Kumar Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16274 || 32.98% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Santosh Kumar Mondal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 888 || 1.80% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 76 || [[Chakdah Assembly constituency|Chakdah]] || || [[Subhash Chandra Basu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 29301 || 50.90% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Barada Mukutmoni]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4479 || 7.78% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Sural Chandra Mandal || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 16561 || 28.77% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 77 || [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]] || || [[Malakar Nani Gopal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 27967 || 48.62% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Minati Thakur || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3750 || 6.52% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Manas Kumar Ganguly || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25374 || 44.11% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Suarajit Banerjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 434 || 0.75% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 78 || [[Bagdaha Assembly constituency|Bagdaha]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Kanti Chandra Biswas || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14581 || 35.91% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Apurba Lal Majumder]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 19851 || 48.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Mrinalini Biswas || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 5608 || 13.81% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 79 || [[Bongaon Assembly constituency|Bongaon]] || || Ranjit Mitra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17262 || 38.44% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Ajit Kumar Ganguly]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 20172 || 44.92% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Nirmal Rai Choudhari || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4933 || 10.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 80 || [[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]] || || Keshab Lal Biswas || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14822 || 32.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gorinda Deb || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 11459 || 25.06% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Chandi Pada Mitra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17208 || 37.63% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sachinder Nath Ghosh || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1835 || 4.01% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 81 || [[Ashokenagar Assembly constituency|Ashokenagar]] || || [[Nani Kar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20909 || 43.10% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sadhan Kumar Sen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10633 || 21.92% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Keshab Chandra Bhattacharya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15655 || 32.27% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Azizar Rahaman Dafadar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1022 || 2.11% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 82 || [[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]] || || Sailesh Das Gupta || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16512 || 31.76% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Saral Deb]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 17896 || 34.43% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Abdur Bashid Malick || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 8630 || 16.60% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 83 || [[Rajarhat Assembly constituency|Rajarhat]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Rabindra Nath Mondal || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21968 || 38.62% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bijoy Lal Majumdar || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3743 || 6.58% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Khagendra Nath Mondal]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 26658 || 46.87% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sachindra Nath Ray || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3393 || 5.97% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 84 || [[Deganga Assembly constituency|Deganga]] || || || || || || || Tulsi Charan Ghose || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7279 || 16.78% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || M. Sawkftali || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9191 || 21.19% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Harun Or-Rashid]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 20142 || 46.44% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 85 || [[Habba Assembly constituency|Habba]] || || Hemanta Ghoshai || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15085 || 28.16% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Tarun Kanti Ghosh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 28224 || 52.68% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sk. Sahasuzzaman || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 8048 || 15.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 86 || [[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar]] || || Gopal Chandra Goswami || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 9032 || 17.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Jaminiranjan Sen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 11941 || 23.78% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Chandranath Misra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24538 || 48.86% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Alauddin Mondal || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3783 || 7.53% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 87 || [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]] || || Shrikh Ali Ahmad || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13163 || 29.27% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Aktarul Haque Khan || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3199 || 7.11% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Ghazi Abdul Gaffar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23117 || 51.40% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Molla Nasirulla Haque || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3543 || 7.88% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 88 || [[Basirhat Assembly constituency|Basirhat]] || || Narayan Mukherjee || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7705 || 21.14% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Arun Kumar Basu || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4953 || 13.59% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Lalit Kumar Ghosh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18009 || 49.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Siddique Ahmad || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 5050 || 13.86% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 89 || [[Hasnabad Assembly constituency|Hasnabad]] || || Bimal Kumar Sengupta || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8162 || 22.41% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Abdur Razzaque Khan || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5884 || 16.16% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Molla Tasmatulla]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18398 || 50.52% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chowdhury Fazlul Ali || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 2893 || 7.94% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 90 || [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Gopal Chandra Gayen]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12554 || 27.28% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Benode Behari Gayen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10618 || 23.07% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Panchanan Mondal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 11497 || 24.98% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 91 || [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Kalipataru Barman || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 5482 || 10.17% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Raman Nath Patro || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 584 || 1.08% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Paresh Chandra Baidya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22663 || 42.06% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 23571 || 43.74% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 92 || [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Sarat Sarder]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20053 || 40.68% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gopal Chandra Mondal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4814 || 9.77% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Debendra Nath Sinha || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20006 || 40.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dhiren Sarder || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 3158 || 6.41% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 93 || [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Jagannath Sarder || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13512 || 34.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Shanipada Mondal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3541 || 8.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Gangadhar Pramanick]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17106 || 43.43% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Prasanta Kumar Mondal || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3403 || 8.64% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 94 || [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]] || || Daud Khan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14253 || 25.44% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Ajit Kumar Naskar || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 1684 || 3.91% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Panchanan Sinha]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17643 || 31.49% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ashoke Chandhuri || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 12354 || 22.05% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 95 || [[Canning Assembly constituency|Canning]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Chitta Ranjan Mridha || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19862 || 36.68% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dulal Chandra Mondal || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 11944 || 22.06% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20015 || 36.96% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chandra Kanta Ray || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 1808 || 3.34% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 96 || [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Gangadhar Naskar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7723 || 12.79% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Prabodh Purkait]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 26705 || 44.22% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Arabinda Naskar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25364 || 42.00% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bharat Chandra Halder || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 374 || 0.62% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 97 || [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]] || || Arun Kumar Ghosh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 3572 || 6.15% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Subodh Banerjee]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 23904 || 41.19% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Prosun Kumar Ghosh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23656 || 40.76% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Hajimoksedur Rahman Molia || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6903 || 11.89% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 98 || [[Baruipur Assembly constituency|Baruipur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Bimal Mistry]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19711 || 36.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kumar Ranjan Mondal || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 6164 || 11.30% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Ram Kanta Mandal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19265 || 35.30% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Promatha Sardar || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 8578 || 15.72% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 99 || [[Sonarpur Assembly constituency|Sonarpur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Gangadhar Naskar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30007 || 54.21% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Amartedra Nath Naskar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 14036 || 25.36% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gour Hari Sardar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10875 || 19.65% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Bikas Chandra Mandal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 434 || 0.78% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 100 || [[Bhanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanagar]] || || [[Abdur Razzak Molla]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10415 || 23.54% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Lateman Ait Molla || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10415 || 23.54% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Mochtesham Hossain || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7343 || 16.60% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[A K M Hassan Uzzaman]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 10868 || 24.56% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 101 || [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]] || || [[Dinesh Majumder]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 38114 || 57.57% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Santimoy Roy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 19170 || 28.96% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Bama Charan Chakrabarty || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 4793 || 7.24% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 102 || [[Behala East Assembly constituency|Behala East]] || || [[Niranjan Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21817 || 52.37% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Birenghatak || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18049 || 43.33% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Prafullla Kumar Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1790 || 4.30% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 103 || [[Behala West Assembly constituency|Behala West]] || || [[Rabin Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30053 || 50.97% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Biswanath Chakraborty]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 25394 || 43.07% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Bhaben Roy Chowdhury || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3517 || 5.96% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 104 || [[Garden Reach Assembly constituency|Garden Reach]] || || Chhedi Lal || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15493 || 33.96% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Arun Sen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 12649 || 27.72% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[S M. Abduliam]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15582 || 34.15% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md Abdul Bagt || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1393 || 3.05% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 105 || [[Maheshtola Assembly constituency|Maheshtola]] || || [[Sudhir Chandra Bhandari]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 24152 || 44.77% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Bhupen Bijai || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22785 || 42.24% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Monsur Ali || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 7006 || 12.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 106 || [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]] || || [[Khitibhusan Roy Barman]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 32399 || 60.64% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sad Imani Bag || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 15602 || 29.20% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Rabi Chowdhury || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 2645 || 4.95% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 107 || [[Bishnupur West Assembly constituency|Bishnupur West]] || || [[Provash Chandra Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 33319 || 58.73% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Amar Mazumder || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1195 || 2.11% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Shaik Mqufbul Haque || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19627 || 34.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Abdul Hannanmolla || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1092 || 1.92% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 108 || [[Bishnupur East Assembly constituency|Bishnupur East]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Sunder Kumar Naskar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21971 || 44.97% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Samirkumar Mandal || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 615 || 1.26% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Ram Krishna Bar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22757 || 46.58% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Swija Far Mandal || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 2920 || 5.98% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 109 || [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]] || || [[Jyotish Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30715 || 57.53% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Probhat Majhi || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15346 || 28.75% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Md Nasim Ali || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4841 || 9.07% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 110 || [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]] || || [[Abdul Quiyom Molla]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30054 || 50.86% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Khemesh Chandra Bhattachary || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 693 || 1.17% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Daulat Ali Seikh || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 27150 || 45.95% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Indrajit Mondal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1194 || 2.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 111 || [[Magrahat East Assembly constituency|Magrahat East]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Radhika Rajan Pramnik]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23863 || 39.78% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Anukul Bar || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 3345 || 5.58% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Monoranjan Haldas || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22216 || 37.04% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Madan Mohan Naskar || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 9955 || 16.60% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 112 || [[Magrahat West Assembly constituency|Magrahat West]] || || Chhoban Gabl || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19169 || 33.22% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Golam Rasul Mollick || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 1809 || 3.14% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Joynal Abdin || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11108 || 19.25% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sudhendu Mandle]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 19319 || 33.48% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 113 || [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Mukunda Ram Mondal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11752 || 24.36% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sasankasfkhar Naiya || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 8559 || 17.74% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Santosh Kumar Mondal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 9800 || 20.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 114 || [[Mathurapur Assembly constituency|Mathurapur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Subhash Chandra Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 2955 || 5.06% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Renupada Haldar]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 24403 || 41.81% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Birrendra Narth Haldar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17875 || 30.63% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Hrishikesh Haldar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 5456 || 9.35% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 115 || [[Patharprathima Assembly constituency|Patharprathima]] || || Gunadhar Maity || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10682 || 17.00% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Rabin Mondal]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 25808 || 41.08% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Satya Ranjan Bapuli || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9345 || 14.87% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Phani Bhusan Giri || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 9148 || 14.56% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 116 || [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]] || || [[Hrishikesh Maity]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 27775 || 44.66% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Khagen Roy Chowdhury || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6427 || 10.33% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Badunb Bautya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9298 || 14.95% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Hanasdwaj Dhara || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 11522 || 18.53% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 117 || [[Sagar (West Bengal Assembly constituency)|Sagar]] || || [[Pravanjan Kumar Mondal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 25953 || 41.33% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Trilokesh Misra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16740 || 26.66% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gorabhan Dingal || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7923 || 12.62% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 118 || [[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]] || || Jagadish Chandra Das || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28571 || 48.93% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Jagadish Chandra Das]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 29821 || 51.07% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || ||
|-
| 119 || [[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]] || || [[Gopal Basu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 37153 || 54.39% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ranjit Kumar Dfy || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 858 || 1.26% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Golokesh Bhattarcharjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2542 || 3.72% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 120 || [[Bhatrara Assembly constituency|Bhatrara]] || || Sitaram Gupta || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 37603 || 46.69% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Shew Kumar Singh || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1704 || 2.12% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Satyanarayan Singh (West Bengal politician)|Satyanarayan Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 40173 || 49.88% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Daraga Singh || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1053 || 1.31% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 121 || [[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]] || || [[Jamini Bhusan Saha]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 36567 || 53.41% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nihar Kumar Bose || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 13493 || 19.71% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Suvendu Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17371 || 25.37% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chira Ranjan Mitra || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1030 || 1.50% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 122 || [[Titagarh Assembly constituency|Titagarh]] || || [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Md. Anim]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 33119 || 53.55% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Krishna Kumar Sukla || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 27770 || 44.90% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Abani Mohan Das || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 956 || 1.55% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 123 || [[Khardah Assembly constituency|Khardah]] || || [[Sadhan Kumar Chakraborty]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 35444 || 52.14% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gopal Banerjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 31364 || 46.14% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Harshandhari Bhattarcharjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1168 || 1.72% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 124 || [[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]] || || [[Gopal Krishna Bhattacher Jee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 58545 || 66.72% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nandadulal Srimani || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 24279 || 27.67% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Kalyan Das Gupta || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4923 || 5.61% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 125 || [[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]] || || [[Radhika Ranjan Banerjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 47359 || 67.74% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sunil Mukherjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 18272 || 26.14% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Sushil Kumar Mukhopadhyay || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4280 || 6.12% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 126 || [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]] || || [[Jyoti Basu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 43340 || 57.31% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || || || || || || [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 32287 || 42.69% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 127 || [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]] || || [[Tarun Kumar Sen Gupta]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 40736 || 56.01% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || || || || || || Bidyut Kumar Basu || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 31423 || 43.21% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 128 || [[Cossipur Assembly constituency|Cossipur]] || || Krishna Gopal Basu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15855 || 36.43% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Prafulla Kanti Ghosh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 26000 || 59.74% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Singha Moniprasad || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 1162 || 2.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 130 || [[Jorabagan Assembly constituency|Jorabagan]] || || Chatterjee Haraprasad || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10037 || 31.70% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Nepal Chandra Roy]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20836 || 65.82% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dhirendra Nath Modak || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 785 || 2.48% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 131 || [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]] || || Das Satyanarayan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8710 || 23.00% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dhirendra Chandra Bhowmick || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1590 || 4.20% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Deoki Nandan Poddar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18621 || 49.16% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Shyam Sunder Goenka || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 8606 || 22.72% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 132 || [[Bara Bazar Assembly constituency|Bara Bazar]] || || Ajodhya Singh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6231 || 15.04% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Singh Jagdish || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 130 || 0.31% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Ramkrishna Saraogi]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23047 || 55.63% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Durga Prasad Nathany || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 11717 || 28.28% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 133 || [[Bow Bazar Assembly constituency|Bow Bazar]] || || Hasim Abdul Halim || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10449 || 30.43% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Guha Thakurta Rabindra Nath || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 979 || 2.85% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Bijoy Singh Nahar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20839 || 60.69% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Jnanendra Banerjee || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 2070 || 6.03% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 134 || [[Chowringhee Assembly constituency|Chowringhee]] || || Parbati Prasanna Basu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7862 || 26.01% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Md. Yakub || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1743 || 5.77% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Sankar Ghose]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16363 || 54.13% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Asoka Krishna Dutt || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4259 || 14.09% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 135 || [[Kabitirtha Assembly constituency|Kabitirtha]] || || [[Mir Abdus Sayeed]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12036 || 26.49% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Kalimuddin Shams]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 12955 || 28.52% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Ram Peyare Ram]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19372 || 42.64% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Subir Chowdhury || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 737 || 1.62% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 136 || [[Alipore Assembly constituency|Alipore]] || || Nepal Bhattcharya || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6012 || 14.84% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Moni Sanyal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 14296 || 35.29% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Kanai Lal Sarkar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19021 || 46.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Narayan Prasad Ghosh || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1045 || 2.58% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 137 || [[Kalighat Assembly constituency|Kalighat]] || || [[Sadhan Gupta]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15956 || 35.80% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Satindranath Roy Choudhury || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 1280 || 2.87% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Pathin Talukdar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24593 || 55.18% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Saliln Baran Chatterjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2503 || 5.62% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 138 || [[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]] || || Sachin Sen || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11529 || 31.20% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bhabesh Ganguly || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 2000 || 5.41% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Lakshmi Kanta Basu]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23420 || 63.38% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || ||
|-
| 139 || [[Tollygunge Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]] || || [[Sastya Priya Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 32788 || 59.05% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Amiya Dasguptaj Maharaj || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 18728 || 33.73% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Jatindra Mohan Mazumder || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4013 || 7.23% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 140 || [[Dhakuria Assembly constituency|Dhakuria]] || || Haridas Malaker || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17854 || 37.52% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Somnath Lahiri]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 25912 || 54.45% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Basuder Chatterjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3824 || 8.04% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 141 || [[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]] || || [[Jyotibhushan Bhattacharya]] || [[Workers Party of India|WPI]] || 13943 || 38.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Menoka Basu Roy || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 704 || 1.94% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Subrata Mukherjee]]|| [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17655 || 48.65% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nilratan Sinha || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 3541 || 9.76% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 142 || [[Beliaghata South Assembly constituency|Beliaghata South]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Monorajan Boral || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15301 || 44.23% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Santi Ranjan Mondal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2300 || 6.65% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Ardhendu Sekhar Naskar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16990 || 49.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || ||
|-
| 143 || [[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]] || || [[Mohammed Nizamuddin]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15581 || 44.61% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[A.M.O. Ghani]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 12478 || 35.73% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Asoka Kumar Bagchi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4362 || 12.49% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 144 || [[Taltola Assembly constituency|Taltola]] || || [[Abul Hassan (born 1917)|Abul Hassan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13217 || 44.28% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Abdur Rauf Anasari]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 14565 || 48.80% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Hakim Abunasr Burauni || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 1245 || 4.17% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 145 || [[Sealdah Assembly constituency|Sealdah]] || || Sundhansul Palit || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10966 || 28.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Nanda Gopal Bhattacherjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3369 || 8.73% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Benoy Banerjee]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20847 || 54.03% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Barendra Krishna Dah || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 1922 || 4.98% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 146 || [[VidyaSagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Vidyasagar]] || || Samar Kumar Badra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12418 || 35.51% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chandi Kukherjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3386 || 9.68% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sham Sufzzoha]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17539 || 50.16% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sushobhan Banerjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1026 || 2.93% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 147 || [[Beliaghatya North Assembly constituency|Beliaghatya North]] || || [[Krishna Pada Ghose]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23318 || 53.40% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Subodh Kumar Dey || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 20345 || 46.60% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 148 || [[Manicktola Assembly constituency|Manicktola]] || || [[Anila Debi]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16773 || 39.60% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ila Mitra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9214 || 21.75% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Ananta Kumar Bharati || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15682 || 37.02% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Santi Panjan Sinha Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 691 || 1.63% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 149 || [[Burtola Assembly constituency|Burtola]] || || Lakeshmi Kanta Dey || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10035 || 27.15% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19793 || 53.54% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nikhil Das || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 3633 || 9.83% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 150 || [[Belgachia Assembly constituency|Belgachia]] || || [[Lakshmi Charan Sen]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 25012 || 52.94% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Ganapati Sur || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22235 || 47.06% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || ||
|-
| 151 || [[Balty Assembly constituency|Balty]] || || [[Patit Paban Pathak]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 24233 || 51.25% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Rameswar Tiwari || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 292 || 0.62% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Bhabani Sankar Mukherjee || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19060 || 40.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Trak Nath Banerjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2711 || 5.73% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 152 || [[Howram North Assembly constituency|Howram North]] || || Chittabrata Mazumdar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18774 || 42.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Autobida Ghosal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 856 || 1.94% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sankar Lal Mukherjee]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23353 || 52.98% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dwijendra Lal Ghosh || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 591 || 1.34% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 153 || [[Howrah Central Assembly constituency|Howrah Central]] || || [[Sudhindranath Kumar]] || [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]] || 12616 || 39.80% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Anadi Das]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 2711 || 8.55% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Saradindu Sekhar Sett || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 10407 || 32.83% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 154 || [[Howrah South Assembly constituency|Howrah South]] || || Pralay Talukdar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16618 || 39.03% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Suprabhat Mukherjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5626 || 13.21% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Santi Kumar Das Gupta]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18919 || 44.44% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Susil Kumar Ghose || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1412 || 3.32% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 155 || [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]] || || [[Harisadhan Mitra]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17240 || 39.11% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kanai Lal Bhattacharya || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 13491 || 30.61% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Asoke Kumar Mullack || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9704 || 22.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Ashis Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3052 || 6.92% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 156 || [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]] || || [[Joykesh Mukher Jee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 34485 || 60.32% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Rebati Ranjan Mukhopadhyay || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15568 || 27.23% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Amjan Ali Sardar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4384 || 7.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 157 || [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]] || || [[Tarapada Dey]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 27541 || 56.92% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Arun Kumar Bag || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 533 || 1.10% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Panna Lal Sit || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11855 || 24.50% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chitta Ranjan Khanna || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3548 || 7.33% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 158 || [[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]] || || [[Asoke Kumar Ghosh]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22644 || 44.87% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 20459 || 40.54% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Akbar Ali Mistri || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 5182 || 10.27% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 159 || [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Haran Chandra Hazra]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 25386 || 52.27% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dulal Chandra Mondal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6570 || 13.53% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Arabinda Naskar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13527 || 27.85% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dwinjendra Nath Bachhar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3083 || 6.35% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 160 || [[Uluberia North Assembly constituency|Uluberia North]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Rajkumar Mandal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 32006 || 52.10% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kalipada Mandal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 19758 || 32.16% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gobinda Ch Singh || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 8908 || 14.50% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Joydeb Sikari || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 760 || 1.24% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 161 || [[Uluberia South Assembly constituency|Uluberia South]] || || [[Batakrishna Das]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22491 || 41.56% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Biswanath Das Ghosh || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 10990 || 20.31% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Durgasankar Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11984 || 22.14% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Molla Fazlul Haque || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6383 || 11.79% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 162 || [[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]] || || Susil Kumar Dinda || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13606 || 23.17% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sasabindu Bera || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 20381 || 34.71% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Sisir Kumar Sen]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22633 || 38.55% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mukundaram Das || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2094 || 3.57% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 163 || [[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]] || || [[Nirupama Chattar Jee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 27764 || 53.27% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Amalendu Bikas Maity || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17281 || 33.16% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sukumar Mitra || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7076 || 13.58% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 164 || [[Kalyanpur, Howrah Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]] || || [[Nataj Adak]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20474 || 39.11% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Santiprasad Mandal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 5111 || 9.76% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Barindra Nath Ghose || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12952 || 24.74% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Prasad Chakravarty || [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]] || 4561 || 8.71% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 165 || [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]] || || [[Bapindra Koley]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30671 || 61.14% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Gunkar Singh || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11717 || 23.36% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gobinda Maji || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 5602 || 11.17% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 166 || [[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]] || || [[Pannalal Maji]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 31069 || 59.83% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Abdul Karim Mallik || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18609 || 35.84% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bhudeb Mallick || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2248 || 4.33% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 167 || [[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]] || || [[Manindra Nath Jana]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22677 || 48.96% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sushil Chattopadhyaya || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4278 || 9.24% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Ganesh Hatui || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13926 || 30.07% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sanatan Bhar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 5433 || 11.73% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 168 || [[Chanditaia Assembly constituency|Chanditaia]] || || [[Kaji Safiulla]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16562 || 49.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sudhanosu Das || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 2145 || 6.40% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Sk Sahadat Ali || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6807 || 20.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mohamed Abdul Latif || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3308 || 9.87% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 169 || [[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]] || || [[Santosri Chattopadhyay]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 29473 || 56.09% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gobinda Chatterji || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 17022 || 32.40% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || Kasinath Banerjee || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 6048 || 11.51% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 170 || [[Seranpore Assembly constituency|Seranpore]] || || Kamal Krishna Bhattacharja || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21467 || 36.94% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Panchu Gopal Bhahuri || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 8983 || 15.46% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Gopal Das Nag]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 26344 || 45.34% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Durgasankar Sanyal Shyamal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1312 || 2.26% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 171 || [[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]] || || [[Hari Pada Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23210 || 47.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Girija Bhushan Mukhopadhyya || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10244 || 21.14% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Nisith Kamal Sanyai || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12916 || 26.65% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bvomkesh Mazumdar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2093 || 4.32% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 172 || [[Chandernagore Assembly constituency|Chandernagore]] || || [[Bhabani Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 31322 || 54.86% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Bepin Behari Sav || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18734 || 32.81% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dinesh Ranjan Mukherjee || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4813 || 8.43% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 173 || [[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]] || || Gopal Bandopadhyay || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21658 || 39.48% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Ajit Kumar Bosu]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 24108 || 43.95% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ajit Bhattacharyya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7990 || 14.57% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Jamini Kumar Bag || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 1099 || 2.00% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 174 || [[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]] || || [[Chittaranjan Bose]] || [[Workers Party of India|WPI]] || 22594 || 49.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Amales Chandra Mazumdr || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 3148 || 6.95% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Adhirkumar Ghose || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16829 || 37.16% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sailendra Nath Chattopadhy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2717 || 6.00% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 175 || [[Chinsurah Assembly constituency|Chinsurah]] || || Amiya Kumar Nandy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23274 || 43.64% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Sambhu Ghosh]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 6050 || 11.34% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Bhupati Majumdar]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 23511 || 44.08% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Biswaranjan Sengupta || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 500 || 0.94% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 176 || [[Polba Assembly constituency|Polba]] || || [[Broja Gopal Neogi]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 24195 || 46.61% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Subhendu Singha Roy || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1894 || 3.65% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Bhawani Prosad Sinha Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20095 || 38.71% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sheikh Abdul Sobhan || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3048 || 5.87% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 177 || [[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Abinash Pramanik]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22740 || 47.53% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Santosh Kumar Bharati || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4904 || 10.25% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Biren Sarkar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18778 || 39.25% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Narayan Chandra Sardar || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 954 || 1.99% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 178 || [[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]] || || [[Dernarayan Chakrabarty]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28949 || 56.38% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Anwar Hossain Molla || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 3223 || 6.28% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sailendra Chottopadhya || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 18274 || 35.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 179 || [[Dhaniakhali Assembly constituency|Dhaniakhali]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Kasinath Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23911 || 46.39% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Krip Sindhu Saha || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3883 || 7.53% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Kashinath Patra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20318 || 39.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gokul Chandra Maji || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 3428 || 6.65% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 180 || [[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]] || || [[Ram Chatterjee]] || [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]] || 28289 || 55.71% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mansha Ram Samanta || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 656 || 1.29% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Ram Sinha Pal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13308 || 26.21% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mityanada Adikary || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 5401 || 10.64% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 181 || [[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]] || || Mrinal Majumder || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13953 || 26.78% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gour Ganguly || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9503 || 18.24% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Mahadev Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22096 || 42.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bhola Natu Mazumdar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 6542 || 12.56% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 182 || [[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Madan Saha]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19153 || 41.77% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bistu Pada Roy || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1694 || 3.69% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Basudev Hazra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15117 || 32.97% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Tinkori Bar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 6216 || 13.56% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 183 || [[Arambagh Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] || || Chattopadhyay Sastiram || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14899 || 29.67% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Rabindra Nath Roy || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1864 || 3.71% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 30429 || 60.60% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 184 || [[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Radha Nath Das || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8799 || 24.15% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Ajit Kumar Biswas || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 8725 || 23.94% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Madan Mohan Medda]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11261 || 30.90% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nanu Ram Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 5791 || 15.89% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 185 || [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]] || || [[Choudhury Soroshi]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20474 || 42.54% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Satya Ghosal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 11293 || 23.46% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Suhas Dutta Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 14191 || 29.49% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mukhopadhyay Satya Gopal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 2169 || 4.51% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 186 || [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Dal Nanda Rani]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28725 || 59.45% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || || || || || || Kariik Dolui || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 18207 || 37.68% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 187 || [[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]] || || Bhattachariya Mrigendra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21174 || 37.64% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Madhusudan Manik || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6338 || 11.27% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Sudhir Chandra Bera]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 25282 || 44.94% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sashadhar Chakrabertty || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3213 || 5.71% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 188 || [[Panskura West Assembly constituency|Panskura West]] || || Monoranjan Roy || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6420 || 12.01% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Sk. Omar Ali]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 20984 || 39.25% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chitta Ranjan Chakravarty || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12448 || 23.28% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Balai Charan Mandal || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7211 || 13.49% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 189 || [[Panskura East Assembly constituency|Panskura East]] || || Gajendra Nath Shfe || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6901 || 13.91% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Geeta Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 27012 || 54.45% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Birbhadra Gouri || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7886 || 15.90% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 190 || [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]] || || Pulak Bera || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13578 || 23.87% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Kanai Bhowmik]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 23315 || 40.99% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Pranab Bahubalindra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16706 || 29.37% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gour Chandra Adhyakary || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3286 || 5.78% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 191 || [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]] || || Deva Prasad Bhowmik || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12425 || 24.41% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || || || || || || [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 32498 || 63.85% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 192 || [[Mahishadal Assembly constituency|Mahishadal]] || || Dipak Kumar Mitra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7357 || 12.77% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Jagadindra Maiti || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 13945 || 24.21% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Prafulla Kumar Chakravarty || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5479 || 9.51% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Sushil Kumar Dhara]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 27186 || 47.19% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 193 || [[Sutahata Assembly constituency|Sutahata]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Subal Chandra Das || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8254 || 14.50% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Rabindra Nath Karan || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 14133 || 24.84% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Niranjan Gayen || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6934 || 12.19% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Baneswar Patra]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 19986 || 35.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 194 || [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] || || || || || || || [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 26586 || 42.47% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Syed Osman Ali || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 1462 || 2.34% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Prabir Chandra Jana || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 15041 || 24.03% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 195 || [[Narghat Assembly constituency|Narghat]] || || Aditi Dhana || [[Biplobi Bangla Congress|BBC]] || 3453 || 6.26% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Swades Kumar Manna || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 14246 || 25.85% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Saradindu Samanta || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10964 || 19.89% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Bankim Behari Maity]] || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 14337 || 26.01% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 196 || [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]] || || [[Pradhan Prasanta Kumar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12713 || 25.27% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Jagadish Chandra Pal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7712 || 15.33% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Haripada Jana || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 12006 || 23.86% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 197 || [[Khajuri Assembly constituency|Khajuri]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Jagadish Chandra Das]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13909 || 31.61% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sunirmal Paik || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 4048 || 9.20% || {{sort|40|5th}} || || || || || || Badal Das || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 11955 || 27.17% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 198 || [[Contai North Assembly constituency|Contai North]] || || Anurup Panda || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10918 || 21.82% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Sailaja Das || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13162 || 26.31% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Anil Kumar Mamma]] || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 15289 || 30.56% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 199 || [[Contai South Assembly constituency|Contai South]] || || Kar Ramsankar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4940 || 10.51% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Adhikary Sisir Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 4806 || 10.23% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Sudhir Chandra Das]] || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 18165 || 38.66% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 200 || [[Ramnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] || || Rohini Karan || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 7174 || 16.49% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Balailal Dasmahapatra || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 5749 || 13.21% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Hemanta Dutta || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10111 || 23.24% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Bishal Radhagobinda]] || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 11297 || 25.96% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 201 || [[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]] || || Pal Nani Gopal || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7335 || 14.24% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bibhuti Pahari || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 6255 || 12.15% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Khan Samsul Alam || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6113 || 11.87% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Probodh Chandra Sinha]] || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 21549 || 41.84% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 202 || [[Mugberia Assembly constituency|Mugberia]] || || [[Amarendra Krishna Goswami]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14199 || 30.02% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 4756 || 10.06% || {{sort|70|4th}} || || || || || || Janmenjay Ojha || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || 13149 || 27.80% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 203 || [[Pataspur Assembly constituency|Pataspur]] || || || || || || || Anil Mahapatra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 19918 || 38.47% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Prafulla Maity]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22954 || 44.34% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Renuka Samanta || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4982 || 9.62% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 204 || [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]] || || || || || || || Kamakhyanandan Das Mahapatr || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 13254 || 24.45% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Bijoy Das (West Bengal politician)|Bijoy Das]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24892 || 45.93% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gouranga Samanta || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 11804 || 21.78% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 205 || [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]] || || Sibaram Basu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15682 || 33.37% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chapal Bhattacharyya || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5474 || 11.65% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Rabindra Nath Bera]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17219 || 36.64% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Hazra Bechuram || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2957 || 6.29% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 206 || [[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Himangsu Kunar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16907 || 31.61% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sankar Prasad Doloy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10061 || 18.81% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Rajani Kanta Doldi]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 22939 || 42.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gangapada Kuar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2850 || 5.33% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 207 || [[Garhbeta East Assembly constituency|Garhbeta East]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Bisui Angsumali || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13452 || 26.56% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Krishna Prasad Duley]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 16949 || 33.46% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Madan Mohan Guria || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15205 || 30.02% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Kali Kinkar Chalak || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3481 || 6.87% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 208 || [[Garhbeta West Assembly constituency|Garhbeta West]] || || Manohar Mahata || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12701 || 24.78% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Saroj Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 13971 || 27.26% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ram Manohar Singha || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11332 || 22.11% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Panchanan Sinha Roy || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 6528 || 12.74% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 209 || [[Salbani Assembly constituency|Salbani]] || || [[Sundaar Hazra]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12697 || 26.45% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Thakur Das Mahata || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9628 || 20.06% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Niranjan Khamray || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6252 || 13.03% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Birendra Nathhembram || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 7100 || 14.79% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 210 || [[Midnapur Assembly constituency|Midnapur]] || || || || || || || [[Biswnath Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 23529 || 46.41% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sudhir Das Sarma || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21453 || 42.32% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Binoy Jiban Ghosh || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 3380 || 6.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 211 || [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]] || || Jatindra Nath Misra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 5885 || 14.24% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Karunamay Bhattacharya || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9557 || 23.13% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24869 || 60.19% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Singh Ujagur || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 570 || 1.38% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 212 || [[Kharagpur Local Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Local]] || || [[Sheikh Siraj Ali]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8121 || 17.05% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Deben Das || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 18515 || 38.87% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Ajit Kumar Basu]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18547 || 38.93% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bijoy Kumar Mandal || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1046 || 2.20% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 213 || [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]] || || || || || || || Bibhuti Bhusan Maity || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10675 || 20.91% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Braja Kishore Maity]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24498 || 47.98% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mihir Kumar Laha || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7858 || 15.39% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 214 || [[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]] || || || || || || || [[Pulin Behari Tripathy]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 15772 || 31.94% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Das Nirmalendu || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 8419 || 17.05% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Pradyot Kumar Mahanti || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 15495 || 31.38% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 215 || [[Keshiari Assembly constituency|Keshiari]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Maheswar Sing || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13543 || 30.05% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Suren Singha || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7171 || 15.91% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Budhan Chnadra Tudu]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18780 || 41.66% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chittaranjan Mandi || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 3089 || 6.85% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 216 || [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Buddhadev Singh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 9871 || 23.46% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Birendra Nath Murmu || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 5044 || 11.99% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Dasarathi Saren]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16164 || 38.41% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Deb Nath Hansda || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 8270 || 19.65% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 217 || [[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]] || || Monoranjan Mahapatra || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 14885 || 28.53% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Rajaram Singha || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 7024 || 13.46% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Harish Chandra Mahapatra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16617 || 31.85% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Surendra Nath Mahata || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 7197 || 13.79% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 218 || [[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]] || || Danareswar Sen || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16795 || 31.65% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sukumar Ghosh || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4104 || 7.73% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Birendra Rejoymalladev]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20615 || 38.85% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Monoranjan Mahata || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 6525 || 12.30% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 219 || [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Bharat Hembram || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4976 || 11.08% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Joyram Saren || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 9020 || 20.08% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Fakir Hansda || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13684 || 30.46% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Shyam Charan Murmu]] || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 14450 || 32.16% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 220 || [[Banduan Assembly constituency|Banduan]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Matilal Munda || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 2937 || 8.19% || {{sort|40|5th}} || || || || || || [[Sital Chandra Hembram]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11954 || 33.33% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kandru Majhi || [[Lok Sewak Sangh|LSS]] || 11383 || 31.74% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 221 || [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar]] || || || || || || || || || || || || [[Sitaram Mahato]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19269 || 47.19% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Girish Mahato || [[Lok Sewak Sangh|LSS]] || 13090 || 32.06% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 222 || [[Balarampur Assembly constituency|Balarampur]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Bikram Tudu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12328 || 39.29% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sardar Sufal || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 825 || 2.63% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Gita Hembran || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10982 || 35.00% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gobardhan Majhi || [[Lok Sewak Sangh|LSS]] || 4985 || 15.89% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 223 || [[Arsa Assembly constituency|Arsa]] || || Durga Majhi || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 4078 || 12.22% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Daman Chandra Kuiry || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 8850 || 26.53% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Nitai Chandra Deshmukh]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12099 || 36.26% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Moti Lal Majhi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 4391 || 13.16% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 224 || [[Jhalda Assembly constituency|Jhalda]] || || Janardan Kumar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6704 || 16.83% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Chitta Ranjan Mahato || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 12350 || 31.01% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Kinkar Mahato]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18568 || 46.63% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gorachand Mahato || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1735 || 4.36% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 225 || [[Jaipur Assembly constituency|Jaipur]] || || || || || || || || || || || || [[Ramkrishna Mahato]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15300 || 50.03% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bharat Chandra Bhandari || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4462 || 14.59% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 226 || [[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]] || || || || || || || Prabir Kumar Malick || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4395 || 12.00% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Saat Kumar Mukherjee]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17050 || 46.55% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Bibhuti Bhusan Das Gupta]] || [[Lok Sewak Sangh|LSS]] || 11230 || 30.66% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 227 || [[Para Assembly constituency|Para]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Prahlad Bouri || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 5198 || 18.77% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sailen Bouri || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 6987 || 25.23% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Sarat Das]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10689 || 38.60% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Tinkori Bouri || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2912 || 10.52% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 228 || [[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Madan Bouri || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 7162 || 24.53% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Hari Pada Bouri]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 9577 || 32.80% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Durga Das Bouri || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 8282 || 28.36% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Nepal Bouri || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1932 || 6.62% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 229 || [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]] || || [[Basudeb Acharia]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6492 || 21.65% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Pramatha Mandal || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6623 || 22.08% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Madan Mohan Mahato]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11552 || 38.52% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sisir Kumar Bandopadhyay || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2242 || 7.48% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 230 || [[Hura Assembly constituency|Hura]] || || Ambarish Mukhopadhaya || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 6145 || 17.20% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sadhu Banerjee || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 2849 || 7.97% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Satdal Mahato]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16446 || 46.02% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Krishna Prasad Choudhury || [[Lok Sewak Sangh|LSS]] || 4748 || 13.29% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 231 || [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]] || || [[Panda Mohini Mohan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 23856 || 45.72% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ajit Singha || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 2269 || 4.35% || {{sort|70|4th}} || S. Choudhury Prayot Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21389 || 41.00% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mahata Mritunjoy || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 2886 || 5.53% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 232 || [[Raipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raipur]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || Syam Charan Mandy || [[Biplobi Bangla Congress|BBC]] || 5945 || 13.60% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Maniklal Resra || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7462 || 17.07% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Babulal Hemram || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9292 || 21.26% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Saren Babulal]] || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 9362 || 21.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}}
|-
| 233 || [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh]] || [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] || [[Suchabo Saren]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20797 || 50.36% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nandini Murmu || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 1656 || 4.01% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Hembram Nabin Chandra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5171 || 12.52% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Baidya Nath Hansda || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 8951 || 21.67% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 234 || [[Indpur Assembly constituency|Indpur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Prayag Mandal]] || [[Biplobi Bangla Congress|BBC]] || 9786 || 29.44% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ajit Sahana || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4491 || 13.51% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Ramsaran Sahana || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5694 || 17.13% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Gour Lohar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 9374 || 28.20% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 235 || [[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]] || || Datta Rabi || [[Biplobi Bangla Congress|BBC]] || 5465 || 18.36% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sunil Acharya || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 1094 || 3.68% || {{sort|40|5th}} || [[Kamalakanta Hemram]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13399 || 45.02% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dey Nirmalendu || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 5244 || 17.62% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 236 || [[Gangajalghati Assembly constituency|Gangajalghati]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Kalipada Bauri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17360 || 48.53% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Saktipada Maji || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10719 || 29.96% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Nabadurga Mandal || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 5964 || 16.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 237 || [[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]] || || [[Aswini Kumar Rai]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 24374 || 46.41% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sakti Prasad Sam || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 4415 || 8.41% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Subal Bandopadhyay || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6827 || 13.00% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sudhangshu Sakhar Tewari || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 13399 || 25.51% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 238 || [[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]] || || Sumitra Chatterjee || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 11927 || 25.18% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Debabrata Chatterjee || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 11116 || 23.47% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Kashi Nath Misra]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17423 || 36.79% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Girija Prasanna Dubey || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 3129 || 6.61% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 239 || [[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]] || || [[Manik Datta]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16151 || 38.77% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Anil Kumar Mukherjee || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 2897 || 6.95% || {{sort|40|5th}} || Arun Chandra Patra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11070 || 26.57% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Guiram Patra || [[Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]] || 4298 || 10.32% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 240 || [[Vishnupur Assembly constituency|Vishnupur]] || || Karunamoy Goswami || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10891 || 28.28% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bimal Kumar Sapkar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 8374 || 21.74% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Phabataran Chakraboraty]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12206 || 31.69% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Narayan Mukhopadayay || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 3455 || 8.97% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 241 || [[Kotulpur Assembly constituency|Kotulpur]] || || [[Jatadhari Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 16135 || 38.43% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chandidas Mukhopadhyay || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5102 || 12.15% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sasanka Sekhar Mitra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15231 || 36.27% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gobinda Bandopadhyay || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4027 || 9.59% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 242 || [[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Badan Bora]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17759 || 42.46% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Biswanath Dom || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 4687 || 11.21% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Santan Santra || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15514 || 37.09% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Nanda Dulal Bayen || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 3867 || 9.25% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 243 || [[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Sukhendu Khan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15091 || 38.83% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kirity Bagdi || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6616 || 17.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Kanai Saha || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13979 || 35.97% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chand Roy Majhi || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 3182 || 8.19% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 244 || [[Hirapur Assembly constituency|Hirapur]] || || [[Bamapada Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18603 || 45.16% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nitish Sett || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 11143 || 27.05% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Upashaya Mihir || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9945 || 24.14% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Ganguli Ranjit || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1144 || 2.78% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 245 || [[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]] || || Chandra Sekhar Mukhopadhya || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10509 || 31.83% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chakravarty Taaraknath || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 3678 || 11.14% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Ramdas Banerjee]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 12828 || 38.86% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sohan Prasad Verma || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4272 || 12.94% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 246 || [[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]] || || [[Basuroy Sunil]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 20211 || 48.65% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Haridas Chakravarty || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5608 || 13.50% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sukumar Bandopadhaya || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 13877 || 33.40% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Krishna Prasad Trivedi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 818 || 1.97% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 247 || [[Asansol Assembly constituency|Asansol]] || || [[Lokesh Ghose]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 19063 || 44.72% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Niranjan Dihidar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 18305 || 42.94% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || || || G. R. Mitra || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 5263 || 12.35% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 248 || [[Raniganj (West Bengal Assembly constituency)|Raniganj]] || || [[Haradhan Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 32161 || 68.89% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sunil Sen || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6773 || 14.51% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Rabindra Mukherjee || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 7753 || 16.61% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || ||
|-
| 249 || [[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Durgadas Mandal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15398 || 55.79% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dibakar Bouri || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 1262 || 4.57% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Amaarendra Nath Mandal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10458 || 37.89% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bouri Chandranath || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 480 || 1.74% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 250 || [[Ukhra Assembly constituency|Ukhra]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Lakhan Bagdi]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18950 || 54.19% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Mondal Haradhan || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 16020 || 45.81% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || || || || ||
|-
| 251 || [[Durgapur Assembly constituency|Durgapur]] || || [[Dilip Kumar Majumdar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 40999 || 49.14% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Nimat Routh || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 6210 || 7.44% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || [[Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 36223 || 43.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 252 || [[Faridpur Assembly constituency|Faridpur]] || || [[Sanat Kumar Banerjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 17356 || 41.21% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Dina Nath Roy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7036 || 16.71% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sri Dasghatak || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9160 || 21.75% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Labanya Gopal Chatak || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 5501 || 13.06% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 253 || [[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Sridhar Malik]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28445 || 56.13% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Roidas Bamapada || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 3704 || 7.31% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Bansidhar Saha || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 17849 || 35.22% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 254 || [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]] || || [[Anath Bandhu Ghose]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18516 || 46.84% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Aswini Roy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5391 || 13.64% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Sushil Kumar Ghosh || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 12477 || 31.56% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 255 || [[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]] || || [[Anil Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 21299 || 56.57% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Deb Ranjan Sen || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 2598 || 6.90% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Manoranjan Bakshi || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 12314 || 32.70% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 256 || [[Burdwan North Assembly constituency|Burdwan North]] || || [[Debabrata Datta]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 33954 || 62.68% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Mahammad Idrish Mondal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1359 || 2.51% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Jiban Krishna Biswas || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18430 || 34.02% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Ajit Kumar Majumdar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 428 || 0.79% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 257 || [[Burdwan South Assembly constituency|Burdwan South]] || || [[Benoy Krishna Chodhury]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28257 || 50.09% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Pradip Kumar Bhattacherjee || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 26985 || 47.84% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Dasarathi Tah || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 818 || 1.45% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 258 || [[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Purna Chandra Malick]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 22871 || 51.25% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Gobardhan Pakray || [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] || 319 || 0.71% || {{sort|10|6th}} || Manoranjan Pramanik || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17588 || 39.42% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mallick Prabir Kumar || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 2403 || 5.39% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 259 || [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] || || [[Gokulananda Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 31549 || 60.27% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Sukumar Chattopadhyay || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 19142 || 36.57% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Rana Rani Tan || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1656 || 3.16% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 260 || [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Kalipada Das]] || [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]] || 22396 || 50.40% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Puranjoy Pramanik || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 18713 || 42.11% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Basudev Malik || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 2521 || 5.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 261 || [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]] || || [[Benoy Krishna Konar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 39366 || 62.41% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Tuhin Kumar Samanta || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 21166 || 33.56% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Jitu Murmo || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 2069 || 3.28% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 262 || [[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]] || || [[Hare Krishna Konar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 31896 || 54.45% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Nurul Islam Molla || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 24930 || 42.56% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Kanka Murmu || [[Jharkhand Party|JKP]] || 1754 || 2.99% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 263 || [[Nadanghat Assembly constituency|Nadanghat]] || || [[Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 34288 || 59.58% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || || || || || || Paresh Chandra Goswami || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 22315 || 38.78% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 264 || [[Manteswar Assembly constituency|Manteswar]] || || [[Kashi Nath Hazba Chowdhury]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 29750 || 57.12% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Monobendra Bramachari || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1853 || 3.56% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Saitendra Nath Hati || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17672 || 33.93% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Chandra Sekhar Samanta || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 1960 || 3.76% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 265 || [[Purbasthali Assembly constituency|Purbasthali]] || || [[Mollah Humayun Kabir]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 30617 || 63.78% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Radha Gobinda Prasad Mallick || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 15542 || 32.38% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Roy Manabendra Kumar || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1292 || 2.69% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 266 || [[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]] || || [[Haramohan Sinha]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 27656 || 54.70% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Subrata Mukherjee || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 20990 || 41.51% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Tarapada Bandyopadhyay || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1916 || 3.79% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 267 || [[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]] || || [[Nikhilananda Sar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 28814 || 62.04% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || || || || || || Kenaram Panja || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 16814 || 36.20% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 268 || [[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Nimal Chandra Mandal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18408 || 43.42% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sakti Pada Haldar || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5797 || 13.67% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Prabhakar Mandal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 17482 || 41.24% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Sahadev Majhi || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 705 || 1.66% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 269 || [[Nanur Assembly constituency|Nanur]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Banamali Das]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 18486 || 50.16% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Sakti Pada Bagdi || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 5150 || 13.97% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Ila Das || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 12420 || 33.70% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 270 || [[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]] || || [[Prasanta Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13088 || 39.84% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Chitta Roy || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 7010 || 21.34% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || || || || || || Ranjit Kumar Choudhury || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 10970 || 33.40% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 271 || [[Labhpur Assembly constituency|Labhpur]] || || [[Sunil Mazumdar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15536 || 50.32% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Anita Mukherjee || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 2023 || 6.55% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Sisir Kumar Dutta || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 5271 || 17.07% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Sasanka Sekhar Buj || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 6996 || 22.66% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 272 || [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] || || [[Sheikh Manjurul Islam]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 12539 || 40.68% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Bhakti Bhushan Mandal]] || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 5501 || 17.85% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Mohammad Idris || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6406 || 20.78% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Molla Golam Mortuza || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] || 4621 || 14.99% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 273 || [[Rajnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Nanda Bauri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 10443 || 38.92% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bauri Gopal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 5227 || 19.48% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Nabani Dhar Mandal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 9996 || 37.25% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Gandhi Bauri || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1167 || 4.35% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 274 || [[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]] || || Arun Choudhury || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8090 || 23.17% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || [[Protiva Mukherjee]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 12060 || 34.54% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || [[Suniti Chattaraj]] || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 6330 || 18.13% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Shomal Chatterjee || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 7103 || 20.34% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 275 || [[Mahammad Bazar Assembly constituency|Mahammad Bazar]] || || [[Dhiren Sen]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 13457 || 45.60% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || || || || || || Nilratan Ghose || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 8370 || 28.37% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Bejoy Krishna Ghose || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4399 || 14.91% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 276 || [[Mayureshwar Assembly constituency|Mayureshwar]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || Panchanan Let || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 8723 || 28.05% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || [[Lalchand Fulamali]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 10925 || 35.13% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Adharsaha || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 10774 || 34.64% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Let Dhwahadhari || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 681 || 2.19% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 277 || [[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]] || || [[Braja Mohan Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 15546 || 50.37% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Kumarish Chandra Guin || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 3012 || 9.76% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Anada Gopal Roy || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 11103 || 35.97% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Durgapada Das || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Cong. (O)]] || 1205 || 3.90% || {{sort|70|4th}}
|-
| 278 || [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]] || [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] || [[Trilochan Mal]] || [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]] || 9181 || 44.20% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Bibhuti Bhusan Mandal || [[Forward Bloc|FB]] || 1725 || 8.31% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Satyaban Mandal || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 4894 || 23.56% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Mandal Bijoy Krishna || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4425 || 21.30% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|-
| 279 || [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]] || || [[Golam Mohiuddin]] || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 10184 || 39.66% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Ziad Buxi || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 4603 || 17.93% || {{sort|80|3rd}} || Abdul Aziz || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 3724 || 14.50% || {{sort|70|4th}} || Mohiazahuralisiam || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 5859 || 22.82% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}}
|-
| 280 || [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]] || || Durgadas Ghosh || [[Independent (politician)|Ind.]] || 4302 || 14.17% || {{sort|70|4th}} || [[Bazle Ahmad]] || [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] || 16310 || 53.73% || {{sort|100|1}}{{won}} || Md. Mansural Hague || [[Indian National Congress|Cong. (R)]] || 4759 || 15.68% || {{sort|90|2}}{{Runner-up|2nd}} || Alamnurul Hoda Akhtar || [[Bangla Congress|BC]] || 4560 || 15.02% || {{sort|80|3rd}}
|}
<ref name=wb1971>Election Commission of India. ''[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3186-west-bengal-1971/ West Bengal 1971]''</ref>

==Outcome==
Following the election, the Congress(R), the Bangla Congress and the ULDF came to an agreement (albeit without the approval of SUCI), that Congress(R) and Bangla Congress would form a government and ULDF would support it from outside.<ref name="Rao2003">{{cite book|author=M. V. S. Koteswara Rao|title=Communist parties and United Front experience in Kerala and West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e0SAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Prajasakti Book House|isbn=978-81-86317-37-2|page=252}}</ref> Two ULDF affiliates, SSP and Gorkha League, joined the government.<ref name="Rao2003"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal assembly elections}}

[[Category:1971 State Assembly elections in India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1970s in West Bengal]]

André Gide

2026-02-16T11:35:47Z

SheenaBayles: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|French author and Nobel laureate (1869–1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = André Gide
| awards = {{awards|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1947}}
| image = André Gide.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = André Paul Guillaume Gide
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1869|11|22}}
| birth_place = Paris, [[Second French Empire|French Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1951|2|19|1869|11|22}}
| death_place = Paris, [[French Fourth Republic|France]]
| resting_place = Cimetière de Cuverville, [[Cuverville, Seine-Maritime]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|essayist|dramatist}}
| genre =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[The Immoralist]]'' ''[[Strait Is the Gate]]'' ''Les caves du Vatican'' (''The Vatican Cellars''; sometimes published in English under the title ''Lafcadio's Adventures'') ''[[La Symphonie Pastorale|The Pastoral Symphony]]'' ''[[The Counterfeiters (novel)|The Counterfeiters]]'' ''[[Les nourritures terrestres|The Fruits of the Earth]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Madeleine Rondeaux|1895|1938|end=died}}
| children = [[Catherine Gide]]
| signature = André Gide signature.svg
| website =
| education = [[Lycée Henri-IV]]
}}

'''André Paul Guillaume Gide''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃dʁe pɔl ɡijom ʒid|lang}}; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author whose writing spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was awarded the [[1947 Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Gide's career ranged from his beginnings in the [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] movement to [[Anti-imperialism|criticising imperialism]] between the two [[World Wars]]. Author of more than 50 books, he was described in his ''New York Times'' obituary as "France's greatest contemporary man of letters" and "judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andregide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html|title=New York Times obituary|website=www.andregide.org|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806050538/http://www.andregide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html|archive-date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide expressed the conflict and eventual reconciliation of the two sides of his personality (characterized by a Protestant austerity and a transgressive sexual adventurousness, respectively). As a self-professed [[pederast]], he used his writing to explore his struggle to be fully oneself, including owning one's sexual nature, without betraying one's values. His political activity was shaped by the same ethos. While sympathetic to [[Communism]] in the early 1930s, like many intellectuals, after his 1936 journey to the [[USSR]] he supported the [[anti-Stalinist left]]. Towards the end of his life, in the 1940s, he shifted towards more traditional values and repudiated Communism as an idea that breaks with the traditions of Christian civilization.

==Early life==
[[File:Gide 1893.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Gide in 1893]]
Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869 into a middle-class Protestant family. His father Jean Paul Guillaume Gide was a professor of law at University of Paris; he died in 1880, when the boy was 11 years old. His mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was political economist [[Charles Gide]]. His paternal family traced its roots to Italy. The ancestral Guidos had moved to France and other western and northern European countries after converting to Protestantism during the 16th century and facing persecution in Catholic Italy.<ref>[[Wallace Fowlie]], ''André Gide: His Life and Art'', Macmillan (1965), p. 11</ref><ref>Pierre de Boisdeffre, ''Vie d'André Gide, 1869–1951: André Gide avant la fondation de la Nouvelle revue française (1869–1909)'', Hachette (1970), p. 29</ref><ref>[[Jean Delay]], ''La jeunesse d'André Gide'', Gallimard (1956), p. 55</ref>

Gide was brought up in isolated conditions in Normandy. He became a prolific writer at an early age, publishing his first novel, ''The Notebooks of André Walter'' (French: ''Les Cahiers d'André Walter''), in 1891, at the age of 21.

In 1893 and 1894, Gide travelled in Northern Africa. There he came to accept his homosexuality.<ref>''If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir'' by André Gide (first edition 1920, Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "but when Ali – that was my little guide's name – led me up among the sandhills, in spite of the fatigue of walking in the sand, I followed him; we soon reached a kind of funnel or crater, the rim of which was just high enough to command the surrounding country...As soon as we got there, Ali flung the coat and rug down on the sloping sand; he flung himself down too, and stretched on his back...I was not such a simpleton as to misunderstand his invitation"..."I seized the hand he held out to me and tumbled him on to the ground." [p. 251]</ref>

Gide befriended Irish playwright [[Oscar Wilde]] in Paris, where the latter was in exile. In 1895 the two men met in Algiers. Wilde had the mistaken impression that he had introduced Gide to homosexuality, but Gide had already come to terms with his preferences.<ref>''Out of the past, Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the present'' (Miller 1995:87)</ref><ref>''If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir'' by André Gide (first edition 1920) (Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "I should say that if Wilde had begun to discover the secrets of his life to me, he knew nothing as yet of mine; I had taken care to give him no hint of them, either by deed or word....No doubt, since my adventure at Sousse, there was not much left for the Adversary to do to complete his victory over me; but Wilde did not know this, nor that I was vanquished beforehand or, if you will...that I had already triumphed in my imagination and my thoughts over all my scruples." [p. 286])</ref>

==The middle years==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Gide 1920 cropped.jpg|thumb|Gide photographed by [[Ottoline Morrell]] in 1924.]]
[[Image:Gide by Laurens.jpg|thumb|André Gide by [[Paul Albert Laurens]] (1924)]]
In 1895, after his mother's death, Gide married his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/andre-gide1869-1951/|title=André Gide (1869–1951) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme|website=www.museeprotestant.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> but the marriage remained unconsummated. In 1896, he was elected mayor of [[La Roque-Baignard]], a [[Communes of France|commune]] in Normandy.

Gide spent the summer of 1907 in [[Jersey]], with friends [[Jacques Copeau]] and [[Théo van Rysselberghe]] and their families. He rented a room in La Valeuse Cottage in [[St Brelade]]. Whilst there he worked on the second chapter of ''[[Strait Is the Gate]]'' (French: ''La Porte étroite''), and van Rysselberghe painted his portrait.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Diane Monier |year=2024 |title=Immoralists and Drama Queens: André Gide, Théo Van Rysselberghe and their colourful entourage, Jersey 1907-1909 |publisher=Blue Ormer |url=https://blueormer.gg/product/immoralists-and-drama-queens/ |isbn=978-1-915786-12-8}}</ref>

In 1908, Gide helped found the literary magazine ''[[Nouvelle Revue Française]]'' (''The New French Review'').<ref name="Nobel">{{Nobelprize}}</ref>

During World War I, Gide visited England. One of his friends there was artist [[William Rothenstein]]. Rothenstein described Gide's visit to his Gloucestershire home in his autobiography:

{{blockquote|text=André Gide was in England during the war...He came to stay with us for a time, and brought with him a young nephew, whose English was better than his own. The boy made friends with my son [[John Rothenstein|John]], while Gide and I discussed everything under the sun. Once again I delighted in the range and subtlety of a Frenchman's intelligence; and I regretted my long severance from France. Nobody understood art more profoundly than Gide, no one's view of life was more penetrating. ...

Gide had a half satanic, half monk-like mien; he put one in mind of portraits of [[Baudelaire]]. Withal there was something exotic about him. He would appear in a red waistcoat, black velvet jacket and beige-coloured trousers and, in lieu of collar and tie, a loosely knotted scarf. ...

The heart of man held no secrets for Gide. There was little that he didn't understand, or discuss. He suffered, as I did, from the banishment of truth, one of the distressing symptoms of war. The Germans were not all black, and the Allies all white, for Gide.<ref>William Rothenstein, ''Men and Memories'', Faber & Faber, 1932, p. 344</ref>}}

In 1916, Gide was about 47 years old when he took [[Marc Allégret]], age 15, as a lover. Marc was one of five children of [[Élie Allégret]] and his wife. Gide had become friends with the senior Allégret during his own school years when Gide's mother had hired Allégret as a tutor for her son. Élie Allégret had been best man at Gide's wedding. After Gide fled with Marc to London, his wife Madeleine burned all his correspondence in retaliation—"the best part of myself", Gide later said.

In 1918, Gide met and befriended [[Dorothy Bussy]]; they were friends for more than 30 years, and she translated many of his works into English.

Gide also became close friends with the critic [[Charles Du Bos]].<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOwBEsoNiUMC|first=Servanne|last=Woodward|title=Du Bos, Charles|page=233|encyclopaedia=Encyclopedia of the Essay|editor-first=Tracy|editor-last=Chevalier|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-1-135-31410-1}}</ref> Together they were part of the ''Foyer Franco-Belge'', in which capacity they worked to find employment, food and housing for Franco-Belgian refugees who arrived in Paris after the 1914 [[German invasion of Belgium (1914)|German invasion of Belgium]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=40925953|first=Katherine Jane|last=Davies|title=A 'Third Way' Catholic Intellectual: Charles Du Bos, Tragedy, and Ethics in Interwar Paris|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=71|issue=4|year=2010|page=655|doi=10.1353/jhi.2010.0005|s2cid=144724913}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLAYDAAAQBAJ|first=Alan|last=Price|title=The End of the Age of Innocence: Edith Wharton and the First World War|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-137-05183-7|pages=28–9}}</ref> Their friendship later declined due to Du Bos's perception that Gide had disavowed or betrayed his spiritual faith, in contrast to Du Bos's own return to faith.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Herbert|last=Dieckmann|title=André Gide and the Conversion of Charles Du Bos|journal=Yale French Studies|year=1953|issue=12|page=69|doi=10.2307/2929290|jstor=2929290}}</ref>{{sfn|Woodward|1997|p=233}}

Du Bos's essay ''Dialogue avec André Gide'' was published in 1929.<ref>{{cite book |last=Einfalt |first=Michael |year=2010 |title=The Maritain Factor: Taking Religion into Interwar Modernism |publisher=Leuven University Press |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmArx-Qak5QC |editor-first1=Rajesh|editor-last1=Heynickx|editor-first2=Jan|editor2-last=De Maeyer|chapter=Debating Literary Autonomy: Jacques Maritain versus André Gide|isbn=978-90-5867-714-3 }}</ref> The essay, informed by Du Bos's Catholic convictions, condemned Gide's homosexuality.{{sfn|Einfalt|2010|p=158}} Gide and Du Bos's mutual friend Ernst Robert Curtius criticised the book in a letter to Gide, writing that the fact that Du Bos "judges you according to Catholic morals suffices to neglect his complete indictment. It can only touch those who think like him and are convinced in advance. He has abdicated his intellectual liberty."{{sfn|Einfalt|2010|p=160}}

In the 1920s, Gide became an inspiration for such writers as [[Albert Camus]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. In 1923, he published a book on [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]. When he defended homosexuality in the public edition of ''[[Corydon (book)|Corydon]]'' (1924), he received so much condemnation that he was blocked from being nominated to the [[Académie Française]].<ref name="copley1989">{{cite book | last=Copley | first=Antony R. H. | title=Sexual moralities in France, 1780-1980 : new ideas on the family, divorce, and homosexuality : an essay on moral change | publisher=Routledge | date=1989 |page=173 |quote=After receiving the Nobel Prize in 1947, Gide told a Swedish journalist that ''Corydon'' was the most important of his books; clearly this was not so much a literary judgement as a statement of his faith in the importance of the cause of homosexuality. .... Gide remained considerably anxious about its reception; the climate of post-war France in the 1920s remained hostile to homosexuality, and ''Corydon'' was to block Gide’s access to that highest academic honour in France, election to the Académie Française.}}</ref> He later considered this his most important work.<ref name="copley1989"/>

In 1923, Gide sired a daughter, [[Catherine Gide|Catherine]], by [[Elisabeth van Rysselberghe]], a much younger woman. He had known her for a long time, as she was the daughter of his friends Maria Monnom and [[Théo van Rysselberghe]], a Belgian neo-impressionist painter. This caused the only crisis in the long-standing relationship between Allégret and Gide, and damaged his friendship with Théo van Rysselberghe. This was possibly Gide's only sexual relationship with a woman,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n24/edmund-white/on-the-chance-that-a-shepherd-boy|title=On the chance that a shepherd boy …|first=Edmund|last=White|date=10 December 1998|issue=24|pages=3–6|access-date=20 March 2018|journal=London Review of Books|volume=20}}</ref> and it was very brief. Catherine was his only descendant by blood. He liked to call Elisabeth ''"La Dame Blanche"'' ("The White Lady").

Elisabeth eventually left her husband to move to Paris and manage the practical aspects of Gide's life. They had adjoining apartments in Montparnasse. She worshipped him, but evidently they no longer had a sexual relationship.{{Citation needed|reason=Elisabeth's mother Maria was called La Petite Dame. Never heard about La Dame blanche as a name for Elisabeth. Also not sure that Elisabeth was married during their brief affair.|date=April 2019}}

In 1924, he published an autobiography, ''If it Die...'' (French: ''[[Si le grain ne meurt]]''). The same year, he produced the first French-language editions of [[Joseph Conrad]]'s ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' and ''[[Lord Jim]]''.

After 1925, Gide began to campaign for more humane conditions for convicted criminals. His legal wife, Madeleine Gide, died in 1938. He explored their marriage in ''Et nunc manet in te'', his memoir of Madeleine, published in English in the United States in 1952.

==Africa==
From July 1926 to May 1927, Gide traveled through the colony of [[French Equatorial Africa]] with his lover [[Marc Allégret]]. They went to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic), briefly to Chad, and then to Cameroon. He kept a journal, which he published as ''[[Travels in the Congo (book)|Travels in the Congo]]'' (French: ''Voyage au Congo'') and ''Return from Chad'' (French: ''Retour du Tchad'').<ref name="Nobel"/>

In this work, he criticized the behavior of French business interests in the Congo and inspired reform.<ref name="Nobel"/> In particular, he strongly criticized the ''Large Concessions'' regime (''Régime des Grandes Concessions''). The government had conceded part of the colony to French companies, allowing them to exploit the area's natural resources, in particular rubber. He related that native workers were forced to leave their village for several weeks to collect rubber in the forest, and compared their exploitation by the companies to slavery. The book contributed to the growing [[anti-colonialism]] movements in France and helped thinkers to reevaluate the [[Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation|effects of colonialism]] in Africa.<ref>[http://www.lire.fr/critique.asp/idC=31184/idR=219/idTC=3/idG=2 Voyage au Congo suivi du Retour du Tchad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316041458/http://www.lire.fr/critique.asp/idC%3D31184/idR%3D219/idTC%3D3/idG%3D2 |date=16 March 2007 }}, in ''[[Lire (magazine)|Lire]]'', July–August 1995 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==Political views and the Soviet Union==
During the 1930s, Gide briefly became a Communist, or more precisely, a [[fellow traveler]] (he never formally joined any [[Communist party]]), but as an individualist himself, he advocated the idea of Communist individualism.<ref name="gf" /> Despite supporting the Soviet Union, he acknowledged the political repression there. Gide insisted on the release of [[Victor Serge]], a Soviet writer and a member of the [[Left Opposition]] who was prosecuted by the Stalinist regime for his views.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/victor-serge-the-spirit-of-liberty/ | title=Victor Serge: The Spirit of Liberty | date=23 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name="bio"/> As a distinguished writer sympathizing with the cause of Communism, he was invited to speak at [[Maxim Gorky]]'s funeral and to tour the [[Soviet Union]] as a guest of the Soviet Union of Writers. He encountered censorship of his speeches and was particularly disillusioned with the state of culture under Soviet Communism. His work ''Retour de L'U.R.S.S.'' (''Return from the USSR'', 1936) was addressed to pro-Soviet readers, to expose them to doubts instead of presenting harsh criticism.<ref name="bio"/> While admitting the economic and social achievements of the USSR compared to the Russian Empire, he noted the decay of culture, the erasure of the individuality of Soviet citizens, and the suppression of any dissent:

{{blockquote|Then would it not be better to, instead of playing on words, simply to acknowledge that the revolutionary spirit (or even simply the critical spirit) is no longer the correct thing, that it is not wanted any more? What is wanted now is compliance, conformism. What is desired and demanded is approval of all that is done in the USSR; and an attempt is being made to obtain an approval that is not mere resignation, but a sincere, an enthusiastic approval. What is most astounding is that this attempt is successful. On the other hand the smallest protest, the least criticism, is liable to the severest penalties, and in fact is immediately stifled. And I doubt whether in any other country in the world, even Hitler's Germany, thought to be less free, more bowed down, more fearful (terrorized), more vassalized.|André Gide ''Return from the USSR''<ref>''Return from the U. S. S. R.'' translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 41–42</ref>}}

Gide does not express his attitude towards Stalin, but he describes the signs of his personality cult: "in each [home], ... the same portrait of Stalin, and nothing else"; "portrait of Stalin... , in the same place no doubt where the icon used to be. Is it adoration, love, or fear? I do not know; always and everywhere he is present."<ref>''Return from the U. S. S. R.'' translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 25; 45</ref> But Gide wrote that these problems could be solved by raising the cultural level of Soviet society.

When Gide began preparing his manuscript for publication, the Kremlin was immediately informed about it,<ref name="rg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314098942|title=Andre Gide's Retour de L'U.R.S.S. and Its Publication History: A View from the Kremlin}}</ref> and soon Gide was visited by the Soviet author [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], who said that he agreed with Gide, but asked to postpone the publication, as the Soviet Union was aiding the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Two days later, [[Louis Aragon]] delivered a letter from [[Jef Last]] asking to postpone the publication. These efforts failed, and as the book was published, Gide was condemned in the Soviet press<ref name="rg"/><ref name="bio"/> and by the "friends of the USSR": [[Nordahl Grieg]] wrote that Gide wrote the book out of impatience, and that with it he did a favour for the Fascists, who greeted it with joy.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZnEAAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-299-33650-9 | title=The Making of an Antifascist: Nordahl Grieg Between the World Wars | date=14 June 2022 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres }}</ref> In 1937, in response, Gide published ''Afterthoughts on the U. S. S. R.''; earlier, Gide read Trotsky's ''[[The Revolution Betrayed]]'' and met Victor Serge, who gave him more information about the Soviet Union.<ref name="bio">Alan Sheridan. André Gide: A Life in the Present (1999)</ref> In ''Afterthoughts'', Gide criticises Soviet society more directly: "Citrine, Trotsky, Mercier, Yvon, Victor Serge, Leguay, Rudolf and many others have helped me with their documentation. Everything they have taught me so far I had only suspected—it has confirmed and reinforced my fears".<ref name="aft">Afterthoughts: A Sequel to Back from the U.S.S.R (1937)</ref> The main points of ''Afterthoughts'' were that the dictatorship of the proletariat became the dictatorship of Stalin, and that the privileged bureaucracy became the new ruling class, which profited by the workers' [[surplus labour]], spending the state budget on projects like the [[Palace of Soviets]] or to raise its own standards of living, while the working class lived in extreme poverty; Gide cited the official Soviet newspapers to prove his claims.<ref name="aft"/><ref name="bio"/><ref>[https://files.libcom.org/files/Vanguard%20(Vol.%204,%20No.%201,%20November%201937).pdf Gide answers his Bolshevik critics] libcom.org</ref>

During World War II, Gide concluded that "absolute liberty destroys the individual and also society unless it be closely linked to tradition and discipline"; he rejected the revolutionary idea of Communism as breaking with traditions, writing, "if civilization depended solely on those who initiated revolutionary theories, then it would perish, since culture needs for its survival a continuous and developing tradition." In ''Thesee'' (1946), he showed that an individual may safely leave the Maze only if "he had clung tightly to the thread which linked him with the past". In 1947, he said that although civilizations rise and fall, Christian civilization may be saved from doom "if we accepted the responsibility of the sacred charge laid on us by our traditions and our past." He also said that he remained an individualist and protested against "the submersion of individual responsibility in organized authority, in that escape from freedom which is characteristic of our age."<ref name="gf">[http://chinhnghia.com/the-god-that-failed.pdf The God that failed] chinhnghia.com</ref>

Gide contributed to the 1949 anthology ''[[The God That Failed]]''. He could not write an essay because of his health, so the text was written by [[Enid Starkie]], based on paraphrases of ''Return from the USSR'', ''Afterthoughts'', a discussion in Paris at l'Union pour la Verite in 1935, and his ''Journal''; Gide approved the text.<ref name="gf" />

==1930s and 1940s==
In 1930 Gide published a book about the [[Blanche Monnier]] case, ''La Séquestrée de Poitiers'', changing little but the protagonists' names. Monnier was a woman kept captive by her mother for more than 25 years.<ref name="Pujolas">Pujolas, Marie. ''En tournage, un documentaire sur l'incroyable affaire de "La séquestrée de Poitiers"''. France TV info. Feb 27, 2015 [http://culturebox.francetvinfo.fr/cinema/documentaire/un-documentaire-sur-lincroyable-affaire-de-la-sequestree-de-poitiers-212899]</ref><ref name="Levy">Levy, Audrey. ''Destins de femmes: Ces Poitevines plus ou moins célèbres auront marqué l'Histoire''. Le Point. Apr 21, 2015. [http://www.lepoint.fr/villes/destins-de-femmes-21-04-2015-1923072_27.php]</ref>

In 1939, Gide became the first living author to be published in the prestigious ''[[Bibliothèque de la Pléiade]]''.

He left France for Africa in 1942 and lived in Tunis from December 1942 until it was retaken by French, British and American forces in May 1943 and he was able to travel to Algiers, where he stayed until the end of World War II.<ref name=OBrien>{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Justin|title=The Journals of Andre Gide Volume IV 1939–1949. Translated from the French|date=1951|publisher=Secker & Warburg}}</ref> In 1947, he received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1947/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> He devoted much of his last years to publishing his Journal.<ref>{{cite web
|title= André Gide (1869–1951)
|publisher=Musée virtuel du Protestantisme français
|url= http://www.museeprotestant.org/Pages/Notices.php?scatid=148&noticeid=811&lev=1&Lget=FR
|access-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Gide died in Paris on 19 February 1951. The Roman Catholic Church placed his works on the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of Forbidden Books]]'' in 1952.<ref>[http://www.leninimports.com/andre_gide.html André Gide Biography (1869–1951)]. eninimports.com</ref>

==Gide's life as a writer==

Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan summed up Gide's life as a writer and an intellectual:

{{blockquote|Gide was, by general consent, one of the dozen most important writers of the 20th century. Moreover, no writer of such stature had led such an interesting life, a life accessibly interesting to us as readers of his autobiographical writings, his journal, his voluminous correspondence and the testimony of others. It was the life of a man engaging not only in the business of artistic creation, but reflecting on that process in his journal, reading that work to his friends and discussing it with them; a man who knew and corresponded with all the major literary figures of his own country and with many in Germany and England; who found daily nourishment in the Latin, French, English and German classics, and, for much of his life, in the Bible; [who enjoyed playing Chopin and other classic works on the piano;] and who engaged in commenting on the moral, political and sexual questions of the day.<ref>''André Gide: A Life in the Present'' by Alan Sheridan. Harvard University Press, 1999, p. xvi.</ref>}}

"Gide's fame rested ultimately, of course, on his literary works. But, unlike many writers, he was no recluse: he had a need of friendship and a genius for sustaining it."<ref>Alan Sheridan, p. xii.</ref> But his "capacity for love was not confined to his friends: it spilled over into a concern for others less fortunate than himself."<ref>Alan Sheridan, p. 624.</ref>

===Writings===
Gide's writing spans many genres. "As a master of prose narrative, occasional dramatist and translator, literary critic, letter writer, essayist, and diarist, André Gide provided twentieth-century French literature with one of its most intriguing examples of the man of letters."<ref>Article on ''André Gide'' in ''Contemporary Authors Online'' 2003.</ref>

But as Sheridan points out, "It is the fiction that lies at the summit of Gide's work."<ref>Information in this paragraph is extracted from ''André Gide: A Life in the Present'' by Alan Sheridan, pp. 629–33.</ref> "Here, as in the ''oeuvre'' as a whole, what strikes one first is the variety. Here, too, we see Gide's curiosity, his youthfulness, at work: a refusal to mine only one seam, to repeat successful formulas...The fiction spans the early years of Symbolism, to the "comic, more inventive, even fantastic" pieces, to the later "serious, heavily autobiographical, first-person narratives"...In France Gide was considered a great stylist in the classical sense, "with his clear, succinct, spare, deliberately, subtly phrased sentences."

Gide's surviving letters run into the thousands. But it is the ''Journal'' that Sheridan calls "the pre-eminently Gidean mode of expression."<ref>Information in this paragraph is extracted from ''André Gide: A Life in the Present'' by Alan Sheridan, p. 628.</ref> "His first novel emerged from Gide's own journal, and many of the first-person narratives read more or less like journals. In ''[[The Counterfeiters (novel)|Les faux-monnayeurs]]'', Edouard's journal provides an alternative voice to the narrator's." "In 1946, when Pierre Herbert asked Gide which of his books he would choose if only one were to survive," Gide replied, "I think it would be my ''Journal.'''" Beginning at the age of 18 or 19, Gide kept a journal of his life, and when it was first made available to the public, it ran to 1,300 pages.<ref>''Journals: 1889–1913'' by André Gide, trans. by Justin O'Brien, p. xii.</ref>

===Struggle for values===
"Each volume that Gide wrote was intended to challenge itself, what had preceded it, and what could conceivably follow it. This characteristic, according to Daniel Moutote in his ''Cahiers de André Gide'' essay, is what makes Gide's work 'essentially modern': the 'perpetual renewal of the values by which one lives.'"<ref>Quote taken from the article on ''André Gide'' in ''Contemporary Authors Online,'' 2003.</ref> Gide wrote in his ''Journal'' in 1930: "The only drama that really interests me and that I should always be willing to depict anew, is the debate of the individual with whatever keeps him from being authentic, with whatever is opposed to his integrity, to his integration. Most often the obstacle is within him. And all the rest is merely accidental."<ref>''Journals: 1889–1913'' by André Gide, trans. by Justin O'Brien, p. xvii.</ref>

As a whole, "The works of André Gide reveal his passionate revolt against the restraints and conventions inherited from 19th-century France. He sought to uncover the authentic self beneath its contradictory masks."<ref>Quote taken from the article on André Gide in the ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Dec. 12, 1998, Gale Pub.</ref>

==Sexual delinquency==
In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted "sodomites" and boy-loving "pederasts", categorizing himself as the latter.
{{blockquote|I call a pederast the man who, as the word indicates, falls in love with young boys. I call a sodomite ("The word is sodomite, sir," said Verlaine to the judge who asked him if it were true that he was a sodomist) the man whose desire is addressed to mature men...The pederasts, of whom I am one (why cannot I say this quite simply, without your immediately claiming to see a brag in my confession?), are much rarer, and the sodomites much more numerous, than I first thought...That such loves can spring up, that such relationships can be formed, it is not enough for me to say that this is natural; I maintain that it is good; each of the two finds exaltation, protection, a challenge in them; and I wonder whether it is for the youth or the elder man that they are more profitable.<ref name="The Journals Of André Gide, Vol II 1914-1927.">{{cite book|last1=Gide|first1=Andre|title=The Journals Of André Gide, Vol II 1914–1927|date=1948|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-252-06930-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/journalsofandreg031199mbp/page/n255 246]–247|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofandreg031199mbp|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>}}
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=cornsilk|fontsize=100%|salign=center|quote= From an interview with film documentarian [[Nicole Védrès]] with Andre Gide: 
'''Védrès''' "May I ask you an indiscreet question? 
'''Gide''' "There are no indiscreet questions, only indiscreet answers." 
'''Védrès''' "Is it true, ''cher Maître'', that you are a homosexual?" 
'''Gide''' "No monsieur, I am ''not'' a homosexual, I am a pederast!" —from Vedres' documentary [[La Vie Commence Demain|''Life Starts Tomorrow'']] (1950)<ref>Weinberg, Herman G., 1967. ''Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study.'' New York: Dutton p. 121. Weinberg notes "Gide replied testily, with that refined distinction so characteristic of him…"</ref>
}}
Gide's journal documents his behavior in the company of [[Oscar Wilde]]. {{blockquote|Wilde took a key out of his pocket and showed me into a tiny apartment of two rooms...The youths followed him, each of them wrapped in a burnous that hid his face. Then the guide left us and Wilde sent me into the further room with little Mohammed and shut himself up in the other with the [other boy]. Every time since then that I have sought after pleasure, it is the memory of that night I have pursued...My joy was unbounded, and I cannot imagine it greater, even if love had been added. How should there have been any question of love? How should I have allowed desire to dispose of my heart? No scruple clouded my pleasure and no remorse followed it. But what name then am I to give the rapture I felt as I clasped in my naked arms that perfect little body, so wild, so ardent, so sombrely lascivious? For a long time after Mohammed had left me, I remained in a state of passionate jubilation, and though I had already achieved pleasure five times with him, I renewed my ecstasy again and again, and when I got back to my room in the hotel, I prolonged its echoes until morning.<ref name="If It Die: An Autobiography">{{cite book|last1=Gide|first1=Andre|title=If It Die: An Autobiography|date=1935|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-375-72606-4|pages=288|edition=New|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0-TBQAAQBAJ&q=Gide+A.+%281935%29.+If+It+Die%3A+An+Autobiography.+New+York%3A+Random+House.&pg=PT3|access-date=27 April 2016}}. Viewable here: {{cite web |last1=Gide |first1=André |title=If it die : an autobiography [archived] |url=https://archive.org/details/ifitdie0000unse_h7e6/page/288/mode/2up?q=%22had+believed+all+compromise+impossible%22 |website=Internet Archive |date=22 January 1963 |access-date=14 May 2023}} '''Note:''' [https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-470-205/page/284/mode/2up?q=%22had+believed+all+compromise+impossible%22 some editions of this same work] omit this section.
</ref>}}

Gide's novel ''[[Corydon (book)|Corydon]]'', which he considered his most important work, includes a defense of [[pederasty]]. At that time (before 1945), the age of consent for any type of sexual activity was set at 13.

==Bibliography==
{{main|Bibliography of André Gide}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Mise en abyme]]''
* [[Pederasty]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* [[Edmund White]], [https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v20/n24/edmund-white/on-the-chance-that-a-shepherd-boy] ''André Gide: A Life in the Present.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998]

==Further reading==
* Noel I. Garde [Edgar H. Leoni], ''Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History''. New York:Vangard, 1964. {{oclc|3149115}}
* For a chronology of Gide's life, see pp. 13–15 in Thomas Cordle, ''André Gide'' (The Griffin Authors Series). Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.
* For a detailed bibliography of Gide's writings and works about Gide, see pp. 655–678 in Alan Sheridan, ''André Gide: A Life in the Present.'' Harvard, 1999.

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|André Gide}}
{{Wikiquote}}
;Digital collections
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/andre-gide}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=2184 | name=André Gide}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Gide, André|name=André Gide|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=André Gide |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author}}

;Other links
* Website of the [http://www.fondation-catherine-gide.org/ ''Catherine Gide Foundation''], held by Catherine Gide, his daughter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171016085651/http://www.andregide.org/ Center for Gidian Studies]
* [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=42 List of Works]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913094434/http://www.gidiana.net/ Amis d'André Gide] ''in French''
* [http://www.gidiana.net/GA.htm Period newspaper articles on Gide] ''interface in French''
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1947/ André Gide, 1947 Nobel Laureate for Literature]
* [http://www.ljhammond.com/classics/cl3.htm#gide André Gide: A Brief Introduction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006001903/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/mader1.htm Gide at Maderia in Jersey, 1901–07]
* {{PM20}}

{{André Gide}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1926-1950}}
{{1947 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|France|Novels|LGBTQ}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gide, Andre}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:French Protestants]]
[[Category:French travel writers]]
[[Category:French anti-communists]]
[[Category:French communists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Writers about the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Fyodor Dostoyevsky scholars]]
[[Category:Lycée Henri-IV alumni]]
[[Category:French male essayists]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Anti-Stalinist left]]
[[Category:Nouvelle Revue Française editors]]
[[Category:Pederasty]]

The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual

2026-02-14T23:18:33Z

SheenaBayles: quick update

{{short description|Book by Michael D. Willis}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods
| image = Archaeology of Hindu Ritual.jpg
| caption = The cover of the book, depicting a Vaisnava head from Bhitrī, [[Uttar Pradesh]], now in the British Museum, London. Jacket designed by Alice Soloway.
| author = [[Michael D. Willis]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| subject = Hindu archaeology, Indian archaeology
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| release_date = 2009
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 375
| isbn = 978-0521518741
| oclc =
}}
'''''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods''''' is an [[archaeology|archaeological]] study focusing on the early development of [[Hinduism]] within the [[Gupta Empire]] between the 4th and 6th centuries CE. It was written by the British archaeologist [[Michael D. Willis]] who was the curator of the South Asian and Himalayan collection at the [[British Museum]] at the time of the book being published by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 2009.

Considered to be the first major archaeological study to deal with the origins of Hinduism, ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, making use of epigraphy, iconology and ethnography.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The first chapter, "The Archaeology and Politics of Time at Udayagiri", pays particular attention to the ritual site at the [[Udayagiri Caves]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The second, "Establishment of the Gods", looks at the development of temples and ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' in India.

Willis' book was positively reviewed in various [[peer review]]ed academic journals, such as ''South Asian Studies'' and the ''[[Religious Studies Review]]'', as well as in popular Indian newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]''. Critics described it as a groundbreaking study and praised its use of a variety of different forms of evidence, but some argued that it neglected to properly discuss the relationship between Hindu rituals and the religious practices of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jainist]] communities in [[Gupta Empire|Gupta India]].

==Background of the author==
[[File:BrMus India.JPG|left|thumb|150px|Willis is the curator of the British Museum's South Asia collection (pictured).]]
Willis was born in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada, and raised in [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. He obtained a B.A. degree at the [[University of Victoria]] where he studied with [[Siri Gunasinghe]] and [[Alan Gowans]]. He then travelled to the [[University of Chicago]] and he studied with [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] and Pramod Chandra. He received his doctoral degree in 1988 after periods in India and [[Cyprus]]. He taught at [[SUNY New Paltz]] before joining the British Museum in 1994.

Willis is a Fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] and an Honorary Research Fellow at [[Cardiff University]]. At the time of the book's publication, Willis was the curator of the early South Asian and Himalayan collections at the [[British Museum]] in [[central London]].

Willis had previously published [[academic papers]] on the subject of early Hindu ritual and the Udayagiri Caves, including a paper entitled "The Archaeology and Politics of Time" in an anthology entitled ''The Vākāṭaka Heritage: Indian Culture at the Crossroads'' (2004), edited by Hans T. Bakker.<ref>[[#Wil04|Willis 2004]].</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{Expand section|date=April 2012}}

{{Quote box
|width = 30em
|border = 1px
|align = left
|bgcolor = #ACE1AF
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote = "I was obliged to draw on a number of fields: epigraphy, iconology, historical astronomy, ethnography, landscape archaeology. I combined these with text-based [[Indology]] and [[religious studies]]. This approach – eclectic but not, I hope, eccentric – led me to breach disciplinary protocols and to create what I have termed the "archaeology of ritual." Whatever theoretical bells these words might ring, this is not a project in the tradition of [[Michel Foucault]] or [[Ian Hodder]]. Rather, it represents my own effort to inject a measure of dynamism into the static, desk-bound forms of analysis that have so far governed the study of Indian inscriptions, sculpture, built environment, and landscape."
|salign = right
|source = Michael Willis, 2009.<ref>[[#Wil09|Willis 2009]]. p. 3.</ref>
}}

The book begins with a discussion of the early Hindu ritual site at the Udayagiri Caves, a place that had ancient origins but which was reworked under the administration of the Gupta Emperor [[Candragupta II]]. The relationship that Candragupta II had with the [[Vishnu|Hindu god Viṣṇu]] is highlighted before moving on to a discussion of his methodology. The author mentions an interdisciplinary approach was used that combines archaeological and historical evidence and critiques earlier text-based historical approaches to studying the development of early Hinduism. The discussion then returns to Udayagiri. Willis closes the introduction by reiterating his belief that in Indian history, it was religion that drove economic and political relationships rather than the other way round.<ref>[[#Wil09|Willis 2009]]. pp. 1–10.</ref>

Chapter one, "The Archaeology and Politics of Time at [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]]", goes into depth regarding the archaeological site at the Udayagiri Caves and highlights the fact that it served as a centre for "imperial ritual" during the Gupta period. The author begins by describing the central ridge and passage at the site, before offering a synopsis of astronomical phenomenon and how it pertained to the Udayagiri site. Next discussed are various sculptures at the site, such as that of [[Narasiṃha]] and of [[Varāha]], two avatars of Viṣṇu.<ref>[[#Wil09|Willis 2009]]. pp. 10–78.</ref>

[[File:Varahavtar Panel.jpg|thumb|right|Cave 5 at Udayagiri, depicting the god [[Vishnu]] as [[Varaha]] [[Avatar]].]]

The second chapter, entitled "The Establishment of the Gods",

Chapter three, "Ritual Action and Ritual Actors",

==Arguments==
{{Expand section|date=April 2012}}

==Reception==

===Academic reviews===
{{Quote box
|width = 30em
|border = 1px
|align = right
|bgcolor = #ACE1AF
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote = "The success of his book – inspiring, important, challenging, and at times maddening – lies in its undoubted ability to stimulate discussion, to make us revisit received ideas and to review the primary sources for ourselves. And for this we are indeed indebted to Michael Willis."
|salign = right
|source = Leslie C. Orr, 2010.<ref name="Orr 2010">[[#Orr10|Orr 2010]].</ref>
}}

''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' was positively reviewed by Leslie C. Orr of [[Concordia University]], Montreal in the journal ''South Asian Studies''. Describing it as "extraordinarily ambitious and exciting", she did however take issue with some of Willis' statements, believing them to be erroneous. In particular, she argues that Willis has painted an incorrect picture with regards to the relationship between Hinduism and the heterodox Jain and Buddhist faiths, neglecting to refer to the many similarities between them. She also takes issue with Willis' trend to pick fights with "[[straw men]]", opining that these criticisms of his "seem out of place in a book of such grand scope and reach."<ref name="Orr 2010"/>

John E. Cort of [[Denison University]], Ohio reviewed the book for the ''[[Religious Studies Review]]''. Describing the "densely argued" book, Cort noted that in ignoring Jain and Buddhist iconography and temples, Willis had failed to encompass the same scope which he professes. Ultimately, Cort considered it to be an "essential" study for all of those interested in "medieval Indic temple religion."<ref>[[#Cor10|Cort 2010]].</ref>

In a review published in the ''Durham Anthropological Review'', Vittorio Magnano of [[Durham University]], North East England stated that Willis had provided a "meticulous analysis" of the available evidence in producing his study, ultimately describing it as "inspiring reading". Believing that Willis had followed a "line of reasoning with determination", he noted that his study still left room for the reader to come to their own decisions on certain issues. Concluding his review, Magnano recommended it to anyone with either an interest in Hindu ritual or interdisciplinary research.<ref>[[#Mag12|Magnano 2012]].</ref>

===Press reviews===
The book was reviewed in ''[[The Hindu]]'' in an article entitled "[https://www.thehindu.com/books/Epigraphical-study-on-Hindu-rites/article16550191.ece Epigraphical study on Hindu rites]" by a journalist T. Satyamurthy. Satyamurthy remarked that Willis' scholarship "stands out brilliantly" throughout the text, arguing that on the whole the book represents a "very erudite work". Believing works of this quality were rare, Satyamurthy praised the use of references and footnotes and the "new treatment" of the textual and epigraphic records.<ref>[[#Sayt10|Satyamurthy 2010]].</ref>

==See also ==
{{portal | Hinduism}}
{{div col |colwidth=12em}}
* [[Añjali Mudrā]]
* [[Buddhist prayer beads]]
* [[Coconut#Role in culture and religion|Coconut: use for worship]]
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Dhupa]]
* [[Guru-shishya tradition]]
* [[Hindu prayer beads]]
* [[Hindu temple]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Garland|Mala]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]], many of which involve Puja
* [[Mudras]]
* [[Namaste]]
* [[Panchalinga Darshana]]
* [[Pranāma]]
* [[Puja (Buddhism)]]
* [[Puja (Hinduism)]]
* [[Pādodaka]]
* [[Satyanarayan Puja]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Review of ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' |last=Cort |first=John E. |year=2010 |journal=Religious Studies Review |volume=38 |issue=3 |location=Hoboken |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages=243 |ref=Cor10|doi=10.1111/j.1748-0922.2010.01454_6.x }}
* {{Cite news|title=Review of ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' |last=Magnano |first=Vittorio |year=2012 |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol18/iss1/magnano2012.pdf |journal=Durham Anthropology Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |location=Durham |publisher=Durham University |pages=219–221 |ref=Maa12}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Review of ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' |last=Orr |first=Leslie C. |year=2010 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=238–242 |ref=Orr10|doi=10.1080/02666030.2010.517922 |s2cid=193885302 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5643948 }}
* {{Cite news|title=Epigraphical study on Hindu rites |last=Satyamurthy |first=T. |date=9 March 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article223009.ece |journal=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |publisher=The Hindu Group |ref=Sat10}}
* {{Cite news|title=The Archaeology and Politics of Time |last=Willis |first=Michael |year=2004 |journal=The Vākāṭaka Heritage: Indian Culture at the Crossroads |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=90-6980-148-5 |pages=33–58 |ref=Wil04}}
* {{cite book |title= The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual |last=Willis |first=Michael |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and New York |isbn=978-0521518741 |ref=Wil09}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archaeology of Hindu Ritual}}
[[Category:2009 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Archaeology books]]
[[Category:Cambridge University Press books]]
[[Category:Books about Hinduism]]

Secretary (title)

2026-02-14T07:55:35Z

SheenaBayles: minor edit

{{Short description|Leader or chief officer of an organisation}}
{{About|secretaries as leaders in organizations|the common meaning as an office support worker, which can also be a title|Secretary|the most senior official in an Australian governmental department|Department secretary}}
{{Other uses|Secretary (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}

'''Secretary''' is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of [[authority]], [[Power (social and political)|power]], or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word {{lang|la|secernere}}, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle ({{lang|la|secretum}}) meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word ''secret.'' A {{lang|la|secretarius}} was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.).

The official title of the [[party leader|leader]] of most [[communist party|communist]] and [[socialist party|socialist]] political parties is the "'''General Secretary of the Central Committee'''" or "'''First Secretary of the Central Committee'''". When a communist party is in power, the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|general secretary]] is usually the country's ''[[de facto]]'' leader (though sometimes this leader also holds state-level positions to monopolize power, such as a [[President (government title)|presidency]] or [[premier]]ship in order to constitute ''[[de jure]]'' leadership of the state), such as [[China]], [[North Korea]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/08/09/opinion/columnists/xis-here-to-stay-china-leader-tipped-to-outstay-term/278886/|newspaper=[[The Manila Times]]|date=9 August 2016|quote="A lot of analysts now see it as a given" that Xi will seek to stay [[Chinese Communist Party|Party]] [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]], the [[China|country]]'s most powerful [[Paramount leader|post]], said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.|access-date=28 November 2025|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

In England, the term ''secretarius'' was used "from the beginning of the thirteenth century in the varying meanings of a confidential clerk, an ambassador, or a member of the king's council".<ref name="Ruthven">J. Otway-Ruthven, ''The King's Secretary and the Signet Office in the XV Century'' (1939), p. 60.</ref> In the fourteenth century, the title became strongly associated with the keeper of the king's [[signet ring|signet]].<ref name="Ruthven"/> From the [[Renaissance]] to the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful assumed the title of secretary. With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify the authority associated with its use, like general secretary or [[financial secretary]].

In some countries, such as the United States, the term ''secretary'' is used to indicate the holder of a [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]]-level post. There are a number of popular variations of the title used to indicate that the secretary in question has a high degree of authority, such as '''general secretary''' (or, following usage in the [[Norman language]], '''secretary-general'''), '''first secretary''', and '''executive secretary'''. A woman holding such an office is often addressed informally as "Madam Secretary".

In a [[club (organization)|club]] or [[society]], the secretary is also considered to be, in most cases, the third person in charge of the organization, after the president/chairman and vice president/vice chairman.<ref name="Roberts">''Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised'', 4th edition, Scott, Foresman and Company, Chicago, 1915, pp. 244–247.</ref> In smaller organizations, the secretary typically takes [[meeting minutes]], notifies members of meetings, contacts various persons in relation to the society, administers the day-to-day activities of the organization, and creates the order of business. The secretary of a [[non-governmental organization]] or [[international non-governmental organization]] can combine the function with that of vice president/vice chairman.<ref name="Roberts"/>

Some [[Clerk (legislature)|legislative clerks]] in the upper house of [[State legislature (United States)|United States state legislatures]], among other places, may have the title "secretary" (see also "secretary general", below)

==General secretary==

'''General secretary''' occurs as the title of a [[Minister (government)|ministerial]] position of authority found in various organizations, such as [[trade union]]s, [[Communist party|communist]] and [[Socialist party|socialist parties]], and [[international non-governmental organization]]s. Examples include:

*[[General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress]]
*[[Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch)|General Secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party (Australia)]]
* Some church organizations, such as the [[National Council of Churches]] and the [[World Council of Churches]]
*[[General Secretary of the Labour Party]]

===Communist Party===
{{Main|General Secretary of the Communist Party}}
{{Party politics}}
'''General secretary''' or '''first secretary''' is the official title of leaders of most [[Communist party|Communist political parties]]. When a Communist party is the ruling party in a [[communist state]], the general secretary is typically the country's ''[[de facto]]'' leader. Examples include:
*[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]]
*[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]]
*[[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]]
*[[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]
*[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
*[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea]]
*[[General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party]]
*[[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
*[[President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|General Secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
*[[Lists of political office-holders in East Germany|General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany]]
*[[List of presidents of Czechoslovakia|General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[Party of Labour of Albania|General Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania]]
*[[Romanian Communist Party|General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party]]
*[[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party|General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]]
*[[Polish United Workers' Party|General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party]]
*[[List of heads of state of Bulgaria|General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party]]

===Dravidian Party===

'''General secretary''' is the official title of leaders of most [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian political parties]], that are politically influential in [[Tamil Nadu]] of Southern [[India]]. Examples include:

*[[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
*General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
*General Secretary of the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
*General Secretary of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]

==Secretary-general==
Examples include:
===International organizations===

{| class="wikitable"
! Organization
! Title
|-
|[[African Planning Society]] (APS)
|[[Secretary-General of the African Planning Society]]
|-
|[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)
|[[Secretary-General of ASEAN]]
|-
|[[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM)
|[[Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community]]
|-
|[[Commonwealth of Nations]]
|The [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]] is the de facto leader. The secretary-general advises member nations and heads conferences with the [[Head of the Commonwealth]], currently King [[Charles III]].
|-
|[[Council of Europe]] (COE)
|[[Secretary General of the Council of Europe]]
|-
|[[Council of the European Union]]
|[[Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union]]
|-
|[[European Commission]]
|[[Secretary-General of the European Commission]]
|-
|[[European Court of Auditors]]
|[[Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors]]
|-
|[[European Economic and Social Committee]]
|[[Secretary-General of the European Economic and Social Committee]]
|-
|[[INTERPORTPOLICE]]
|Secretary General of the INTERPORTPOLICE<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general |title=Interportpolice |access-date=March 16, 2018 |archive-date=March 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151712/https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[League of Nations]] (1919–1946)
|[[Secretary General of the League of Nations]]
|-
|[[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO)
|The [[Secretary General of NATO]] is the chief administrative officer of NATO.
|-
|[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)
||[[Secretary-General of the OECD]]
|-
|[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC)
|[[Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
|-
|[[Organization of American States]] (OAS)
|[[Secretary General of the Organization of American States]]
|-
|[[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC)
|[[Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]]
|-
|[[Pacific Islands Forum]]
|[[Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat]]
|-
|[[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR)
|[[Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations|Secretary General of the UNASUR]]
|-
|[[United Nations]] (UN)
|The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] is described as the [[chief administrative officer]] and the [[de facto]] head of the United Nations. The Office of the Secretary-General of the United Nations hires, terminates, and controls all [[United Nations]] staff and relief efforts around the World.
|-
|[[Western European Union]] (WEU)
|[[List of Secretaries General of the Western European Union|Secretary-General of the Western European Union]]
|}

=== Others ===
Some [[Clerk (legislature)|legislative clerks]] also called "secretary general".

== First secretary ==
'''First secretary''' is the title of the chief officer or leader in many organizations, and is also a modern [[diplomatic rank]]. Examples include:
* Some [[consumer organization]]s, such as the [[National Consumers League]]
* Some political parties, especially [[Communist party|Communist]] or [[Socialist Party|Socialist Parties]]

* In Workers' Party and Communist Party organizations:
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan]]
** First Secretary of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]—see [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|Party Committee Secretary]]
*** First Secretary of the [[Communist Youth League of China]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
** [[First Secretary of the French Socialist Party]]
** [[First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania]]
** [[First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party]]
** First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
*** [[First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan]]
** [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine]]
** [[First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam]]
* [[First Secretary of State]], a cabinet position in the United Kingdom
* First Secretary for Wales, now [[First Minister of Wales]]
* First Secretary of the Admiralty—see [[Secretary to the Admiralty]]
* Some [[trade union]]s, especially in the United Kingdom
* The [[Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace|General Secretariat for Macedonia and Thrace]], a government agency for the Greek regions of Macedonia and Thrace

==Executive secretary==
Examples include:
* [[Commonwealth of Independent States#General Secretary|Executive Secretary (Commonwealth of Independent States)]]
* [[Executive Secretary (Philippines)]]
* [[Executive Secretary for Integral Development]], Organization of American States
* [[Executive Secretary of the United States Department of State]]

==Secretary-treasurer==
Within some organizations, the role of secretary is combined with that of [[treasurer]], under the title of secretary-treasurer.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Role of the Board of Directors {{!}} Ag Decision Maker |url=https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/html/c5-71.html |website=Iowa State University Extension and Outreach |publisher=Iowa State University |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cabinet secretary]] / [[department secretary]]
*[[Legal secretary]]
*[[Permanent secretary]]
*[[Secretary]]
*[[Secretary of state]]
*[[Undersecretary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2018}}

{{Set index article}}

[[Category:General secretaries| ]]
[[Category:Chief executive officers]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies]]
[[Category:Government occupations]]
[[Category:Management occupations]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:Titles]]

Kochu Hassan Kunju

2026-02-06T15:23:49Z

SheenaBayles: starting a data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kochu Hassan Kunju
| image = Kochu Hassan Kunju Bahadoor MLC, MLA.JPG
| birth_date = 1835
| birth_place = [[Quilon district]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = 1926
| occupation = Politician
| known_for = Member of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly
| father = Sahib Bahadur Syed Kunju
| political_party = 
| office = [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]
}}

'''Kochu Hassan Kunju''' (1835–1926) was an Indian politician from Kerala. He was a member of India's first elected assembly, the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]].

== Biography ==
Kochu Hassan Kunju was born to a [[Muslim]] family in Quilon district (now [[Kollam district]]) in the Indian state of Kerala. His father was a trader in [[Travancore]], Sahib Bahadur Syed Kunju, who imported dates from the [[Persian Gulf]] area as well as traded in [[sulphur]] and [[nitrate]]. Kunju was nominated to the [[Travancore Legislative Council]] by the Travancore ruler and was later a member of India's first elected assembly, the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]].<ref>https://scholar.uoc.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/a42b2fd4-00cb-4b72-9231-c0fa0baedc2a/content</ref><ref>http://klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org/digital/mem_docs_pdf.php?memberList=3500169</ref><ref>http://klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org/digital/mem_docs_pdf.php?memberList=3300007</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochu Hassan, Kunju}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]

Anita Dongre

2026-02-06T05:37:03Z

SheenaBayles: Creating New Data

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anita Dongre
| image = Neha Dhupia, Anita Dongre, Amrita Puri at '8th Annual Gemfields RioTinto Retail Jeweller India Awards 2012' meet 01.jpg
| caption = Dongre in 2015
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|10|03}}
| birth_place = [[Bandra]], [[West Mumbai]], India
| education = [[Fashion design]] [[SNDT Women's University]] in Mumbai 1998
| website = {{URL|http://www.anitadongre.com/}}
| children = Yash Dongre
}}

'''Anita Dongre (née Sawlani)''' (born 3 October 1963) is an Indian fashion designer. She is the founder of House of Anita Dongre, an Indian fashion house.

== Early life ==
Dongre was born in [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Her mother, Pushpa Sawlani, used to stitch clothes for Anita and her 5 siblings when they were kids{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}. Later in life, Anita studied fashion design at SNDT college located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNDT Women's University|url=https://sndt.ac.in/notable-alumni/anita-dongre|access-date=25 April 2020|website=sndt.ac.in}}</ref> She pursued a Degree course in Fashion designing while displaying her love for designing clothes through different campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anita Dongre : journey of a poor girl to a renowned fashion designer |url=https://www.newstrend.news/344717/anita-dongre-life-story/ |website=newstrend.news |date=24 April 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2021}}
Dongre launched her jewellery brand Anita Dongre Pink City, which also features under House of Anita Dongre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-trailblazers/designer-anita-dongre-is-a-runway-hit/46243/1|title=Designer Anita Dongre is a runway hit|date=14 March 2017|via=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/interview-i-find-inspiration-in-everything-anita-dongre_6791.html|title=Interview - I find inspiration in everything: Anita Dongre|date=5 Dec 2013|via=ZEE News India}}</ref>

In the year 2015, AND Designs India Limited [[Rebranding|re-branded]] itself as House of Anita Dongre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiva.com/news-style-beauty/interview-with-fashion-desinger-anita-dongre/34947|title=Anita Dongre Gives Us an Insider View of the Business of Fashion|date=17 Feb 2015|via=IDIVA}}</ref> House of Anita Dongre currently shelters AND (western wear), Global Desi ([[boho-chic]] brand inspired by the folk tales of India), and her signature label ANITA DONGRE. She has recently introduced Anita Dongre Grassroot to her fashion house. She is also the founder of Pink City, a [[Kundan|jadau]] fine jewellery brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131201/jsp/graphiti/17610178.jsp|title=Grand designs|date=1 Dec 2013|via=''Telegraph'' India|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131201/jsp/graphiti/17610178.jsp|archive-date=28 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 28 March 2019, the Board of House of Anita Dongre Limited (HOADL), as part of its corporate restructuring, transferred the businesses under its two brands, AND and Global Desi under a slump sale arrangement to a newly formed wholly owned subsidiary, Ochre and Black Private Limited (OBPL) - effective 1 April 2019. HOADL will continue to manage the business under its two brands - Anita Dongre and Grassroot.<ref>[https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=87212 Anita Dongre Limited (HOADL) Corporate Restructuring]</ref>

Dongre's brother and sister handle the operations of the business, while she focuses on the design front. She features as the [[chief creative officer]] of the company.

== Personal life ==

Anita Dongre is married to Pravin Dongre, a businessman and has a son named Yash Dongre, who is also a part of Dongre's business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/anita-dongre-fashion-indian-women-milan/story/209032.html|title=Drafting New Designs|date=31 Aug 2014|via=Business Today}}</ref>

Dongre is a [[vegan]] activist and a member of the organisation [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA).<ref>{{cite web|date=21 Nov 2016|title=Ace Fashion Designer Anita Dongre Honoured with PETA Award for Refusing to Use Leather and Cashmere in Her Designs|url=https://www.petaindia.com/media/ace-fashion-designer-anita-dongre-honoured-peta-award-refusing-use-leather-cashmere-designs/|via=Peta India}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==

* In 2008, she received the GR8 Flo Women Achievers Award for ‘Excellence in Fashion Design’.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ficciflo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/GR8-FLO-AChievers-Awards-2008.pdf|title=Excellence in Fashion Design|date=Jan 2017|via=FICCIFLO}}</ref>
* In 2013, The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry Ladies Organization, Bombay Chapter, presented an award to Dongre for ‘Excellence in Fashion Design’.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/power-designer-anita-dongre|title=POWER DESIGNER: ANITA DONGRE|date=19 June 2014|via=VERVE Magazine}}</ref>
* In 2014, she received the EY Entrepreneur of the year award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q51wDbO0CXE|title=Anita Dongre (AND Designs India Limited), EY EOY 2014 Award Finalist|date=23 Feb 2015|via=EY INDIA}}</ref>
* She received the Pantene Shine Award for helping women shine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/16013_Pantene-repositions-itself-as-the-brand-that-helps-women-shine|title=Pantene repositions itself as the brand that helps women 'shine'|date=21 Sep 2006|via=afaqs}}</ref>
* In 2017, Vogue and Yes Bank awarded her the title of 'Designer of the Year.'
* In 2019, Anita Dongre received the Lokmat 'Most Stylish' award.
* In 2023, she received 'Forces of Fashion' award from Vogue.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.anitadongre.com/about-anita Official website]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dongre, Anita}}
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]

Housing and Urban Development Corporation

2026-02-05T17:19:58Z

SheenaBayles: added references

{{Short description|Indian public sector body}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Housing and Urban Development Corporation
| logo = Housing and Urban Development Corporation logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NSE|HUDCO}}|{{BSE|540530}}}}
| industry = [[Financial service]]s
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1970|04|25|df=yes}}
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| key_people = Sanjay Kulshrestha {{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}}
| products = Infrastructure loan
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|7571.64|c}} (2020) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2020">[https://www.hudco.org//writereaddata/finres310320.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"].</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|6133.36|c}} (2020)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| profit = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1708.20|c}} (2020)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|76125.76|c}} (2020)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|12342.26|c}} (2020)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| owner = [[Government of India]] (74.8%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt to sell up to 7% stake in HUDCO via OFS on Oct 18-19, likely to raise ₹1,100 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/govt-to-sell-up-to-7-stake-in-hudco-via-ofs-on-oct-18-19-likely-to-raise-rs-1-100-cr-11697547013294.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=www.livemint.com}}</ref>
| num_employees = 827 (March 2019)
| parent =
| homepage = [https://www.hudco.org.in www.hudco.org.in]
}}
The '''Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited''', abbreviated as '''HUDCO''', is an Indian [[public sector undertaking]] engaged in [[mortgage|housing finance]] and [[Project finance|infrastructure project finance]]. The central government granted Navratna Status to this PSU on 18-April-2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUDCO gets Navratna CPSE Status |date=19 April 2024 |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/markets/stocks/news-hudco-stock-share-price-rises-after-government-grant-navratna-status-to-psu-public-enterprises-ope-285312}}</ref>

==History==
The institution came into existence on 25 April 1970 as a private limited company under the complete ownership of the [[Government of India]] with an equity base of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]2 [[crore]] under the [[Companies Act, 1956]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj1UVcDDM-kC&q=hudco+started&pg=PA10|title=Urban Water Supply and Sanitation|last1=Turrell|first1=Robin|last2=Unit|first2=World Bank South Asia Regional Office Rural Development Sector|last3=Employment|first3=India Ministry of Urban Affairs and|date=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-0-8213-4462-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hudcosite">{{cite web|url=https://www.hudco.org//Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargeTC1C.aspx?MnId=19&ParentID=6|title=History & Certain Corporate Matters-HUDCO|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="MinistryAR">{{cite web|url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/1Ministry_HUPA_Annual_Report_2016_17_English_small%242017Mar17170100.pdf|title=Public Sector Undertakings-HUDCO|publisher=Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation|work=Annual Report 2016-2017|access-date=27 May 2018|pages=57}}</ref>

It was created against the backdrop of housing deficit in India in 1960s and 70s, with the objective of addressing issue of housing finance and playing role in urban infrastructure development.<ref name="MinistryAR" />

The organisation provides finance for setting up of new towns and also works as consultancy services for the projects of designing and planning relating to Housing and Urban Development programs in India as well as abroad.

HUDCO won [[UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award]] for the contributions to the development of housing in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/housing-and-urban-development-corporation-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-4516.cms|title=Housing and Urban Development Corporation History {{!}} Housing and Urban Development Corporation Information - The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref> The institution was conferred with [[miniratna]] status in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/09/01/stories/2004090102120800.htm|title=Mini-ratna status for Hudco|publisher=The Hindu Businessline|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudco.org/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargeTC1C.aspx?MnId=126&ParentID=6|publisher=Housing and Urban Development Corporation|title=Milestones|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
HUDCO started financing for development of infrastructures in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVHu1souvqYC&q=hudco+funded+infrastructure&pg=PA40|title=Trends and processes of urbanisation in india|publisher=IIED|language=en}}</ref> The priority was giving for infrastructure facilities including projects in the sectors of drainage, electricity, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management and roads in the urban areas. Later the social infrastructure components like primary schools and play grounds, hostels for working women, healthcare centres, police stations and jails, courts, etc. received benefit of funding for low cost.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hudco-to-fund-lowcost-housing-infra-projects/article4290812.ece|title=HUDCO to fund low-cost housing, infra projects|date=2013-01-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Road and Transport ===
HUDCO has provided term loans for construction of roads and other transportation sectors which includes construction of Airport, Railways, Ports, Metro Rails, Bridges and Flyover, Railway Over-bridges, Subways, Bypasses, Bus Terminal, Parking complexes, Purchase of public transport vehicles, Bus Stops/stations, Intelligent Traffic Management system etc.

Airport projects of [[Cochin International Airport]] and [[Calicut International Airport]] in [[Kerala]] are supported by HUDCO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/11/stories/2004091106820700.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kerala News: Cochin airport to repay Hudco loan|date=2004-09-11|access-date=2018-06-07}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The infrastructure for [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] and [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] are also funded by them. HUDCO sanctioned {{currency|100|INR}} [[crore]] for KSRTC in 2002 for purchasing 550 buses and 350 mini-buses<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Hudco-sanctions-Rs-100-crore-to-KSRTC/articleshow/31992722.cms|title=Hudco sanctions Rs 100 crore to KSRTC - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref> and {{INR|260}} crores in 2014 for purchasing 1500 buses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ksrtc-move-to-mortgage-properties-to-buy-buses/article6330571.ece|title=KSRTC move to mortgage properties to buy buses|date=2014-08-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-07 |language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Solid Waste Management ===
In 1994, HUDCO set up a Waste Management Cell for promotion of municipal waste management.<ref name="Infra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/environment/story/19990510-hudco-undertakes-several-projects-in-its-bid-to-help-preserve-the-environment-762355-2012-07-31|title=HUDCO undertakes several projects in its bid to help preserve the environment|website=India Today|date=31 July 2012 |language=en|access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref>

'''<big>Capacity Building and Consultancy Services:</big>''' HUDCO provides planning, designing, and urban development consultancy services and technical assistance to state governments, urban local bodies, and other stakeholders. It also organizes training programs and training workshops for professionals.

HUDCO has sanctioned 58 schemes with a project cost of {{currency|675|INR}} [[crore]] to provide new systems and to augment the existing systems.<ref name="Infra" />

=== Water Supply ===
295 water supply schemes, with a project cost of {{currency|5285|INR}} [[crore]] was funded by HUDCO.<ref name="Infra" /> In 2016, HUDCO has also given finance to [[Nellore]]'s underground drainage project proposed by [[Nellore Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gkguide.in/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nellores-underground-drainage-project-gets-moving-at-last/article7615977.ece|title=HUDCO to finance Nellore's underground drainage project|last=Ravikiran|first=G.|date=2015-09-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hudco.org Hudco Official Website]

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Financial services in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1970 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]
[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Rampur, Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-29T04:22:05Z

SheenaBayles:

{{About|the city in Uttar Pradesh|other uses|Rampur (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur
| other_name = Mustafabad
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Rampur collage1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Center: Jama Masjid Rampur, Clockwise from top : Rampur Railway Station; [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]]; Rampur [[Raza Library]]; Aryabhatt Planetarium; Gandhi Samadhi
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India2
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_relief = Y
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.8|N|79.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type4 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rohilkhand]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Moradabad Division|Moradabad]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Ram Singh I]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Rampur Nagar Palika Parishad
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Mohibbullah Nadvi]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])<ref>{{Citation |title=Rampur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Mohibbullah of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rampur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-counting-of-votes-on-8917402.html}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Akash Saxena (politician)|Akash Saxena]] ([[BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 84
| area_rank = 43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 288
| population_total = 325,248
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 244901
| area_code = 0595
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/927 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|rampur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Zila Panchayat Chairman
| leader_name2 = Khyaliram Lodhi <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/newly-elected-rampur-zila-panchayat-chief-khyaliram-lodhi-takes-oath | title=रामपुर: नवनिर्वाचित जिला पंचायत अध्यक्ष ख्यालीराम लोधी ने ली शपथ }}</ref>([[BJP]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 55.08%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Rampur Nagar Palika Parisad
| blank5_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|186|km|mi}} NW ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank6_name_sec1 = Distance from Lucknow
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|322|km|mi}} SE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank7_name_sec1 = Governing body
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[Government of UP]] [[Government of India]]
| native_name = ''Rāmapura''
| native_name_lang = iso
}}
'''Rampur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|m|p|ʊər}} {{audio|Rampur.ogg|pronunciation}}; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Rāmapura''; formerly '''Mustafabad''') is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Rampur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was formerly known for industries such as sugar refining and cotton milling. The [[Raza Library]] houses more than 12,000 rare manuscripts along with a notable collection of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] miniature paintings.<ref name="Raza library">{{cite web|url=http://razalibrary.gov.in/indexe.asp |title=Rampur Raza Library: A structure of national importance |website=razalibrary.gov.in |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> Rampur is located about 322 kilometres north-west of the state capital [[Lucknow]] and approximately 180 kilometres from the national capital [[New Delhi]].

In 2007, the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] identified [[Rampur district]] as one of the 14 'Minority Concentration Districts' in Uttar Pradesh, on the basis of the 2001 Census data relating to population, socio-economic indicators, and basic amenities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=28770|title=Identification of Minority Concentration Districts|date=22 June 2007|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The city is also known for the Rampuri knife (chaaku), commonly known as the [[Rampuri]].<ref name="Rampuri">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Prashant |title=Chinese imports kill 'Rampuri knife' as Jaya Prada & Azam Khan are busy fighting each other |url=https://theprint.in/india/chinese-makes-kill-rampuri-knife-as-jaya-prada-azam-khan-are-busy-fighting-each-other/225045/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The area originally comprised four villages known as Kather, associated with Raja Ram Singh. In the 18th century, [[Nawab Faizullah Khan]] of the [[Rohilla dynasty]] proposed renaming the settlement to ''Faizabad''. However, since several other places were already known by that name, it was instead named Mustafabad, later also referred to as Rampur.<ref name="ram history">{{cite web|url=http://rampur.nic.in/history.htm |title=Rampur history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521083242/http://rampur.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=21 May 2012 |website=rampur.nic.in |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Rampur State}}
According to medieval history, Rampur was part of the [[Delhi]] region and was divided between [[Budaun|Badaun]] and [[Sambhal]] districts. Being situated in the upper part of [[Rohilkhand]], it was known as Kather{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} and was ruled by the Katheria Rajputs. The Katheria [[Rajput]]s resisted external powers for about 400 years, fighting the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]] and later the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. They engaged in repeated battles with [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] in 1253, [[Balban|Ghiyas ud din Balban]] in 1256, [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalal-ud-din Khalji]] in 1290, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1379, and [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]] in 1494.

During the early Mughal period, the capital of [[Rohilkhand]] shifted from [[Budaun|Badaun]] to [[Bareilly]], which increased Rampur's importance.<ref name="ram history" />[[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|thumb|left|Flag of Rampur State]]

The [[Second Rohilla War|Rohilla War]] of 1774–1775 began when the [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pathans]], then dominant in the region, reneged on a debt owed to the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Oudh]] for military assistance against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1772. The Rohillas were defeated and driven from their former capital, [[Bareilly]], by the Nawab with support from troops of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], lent by [[Warren Hastings]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rampur |volume=22 |page=877}}</ref>

The [[Rohilla dynasty|Rohilla]] state of [[Rampur State|Rampur]] was established by [[Faizullah Khan|Nawab Faizullah Khan]] on 7 October 1774 in the presence of British commander Colonel Champion. It remained a princely state under British protection thereafter.<ref name="Rampur temperature" />

[[File:Faizullah Khan.jpg|thumb|Faizullah Khan|left]]

Faizullah Khan laid the foundation of the new fort at Rampur, and the city was founded in 1775. The area originally comprised four villages known as Kather, associated with Raja Ram Singh. The first Nawab proposed renaming the settlement ''Faizabad'', but as several places with that name already existed, it was renamed Mustafabad, later also called Rampur. Nawab Faizullah Khan ruled for 20 years. A patron of scholarship, he began the collection of [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Urdu]] manuscripts that now form the core of the [[Raza Library|Rampur Raza Library]]. After his death, his son Muhammad Ali Khan succeeded him but was killed by Rohilla leaders after 24 days. Ghulam Muhammad Khan, the deceased's brother, was proclaimed Nawab. The East India Company objected to his rule, and after three months and 22 days he was defeated by Company forces. The Governor-General then appointed Ahmad Ali Khan, son of the late Muhammad Ali Khan, as Nawab. He ruled for 44 years. With no sons, succession passed to Muhammad Sa'id Khan, son of Ghulam Muhammad Khan. Sa'id Khan raised a regular army, established courts, and carried out measures to improve the condition of farmers. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad Yusuf Ali Khan, and later by Kalb Ali Khan in 1865.<ref name="ram history" />

[[File:Imambara, Fort of Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, c.1911.jpg|thumb|Imambara, Fort of Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, ca.1911.|left]]

[[File:Sir Kalb Ali Khan, Nawab of Rampur (1832-1887).jpg|left|upright|thumb|Sir [[Kalb Ali Khan]], [[Rampur State|Nawab of Rampur]] (1832–1887)]]
Nawab [[Kalb Ali Khan]] was proficient in Arabic and Persian. Under his rule, Rampur saw progress in education. He was also a Member of Council during the viceroyalty of Lord [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]]. He commissioned the construction of the Jama Masjid in Rampur at a cost of Rs. 300,000 and was knighted in Agra by the [[Prince of Wales]]. He ruled for 22 years and seven months and was succeeded by his son Mushtaq Ali Khan, who appointed W. C. Wright as Chief Engineer and oversaw the construction of new buildings and canals. Nawab Hamid Ali assumed power in 1889 at the age of 14. During his reign, new schools were established, and financial contributions were made to various colleges, including a donation of Rs. 50,000 to Lucknow Medical College. In 1905 he built the Darbar Hall within the Fort, which today houses the Rampur Raza Library's collection of Oriental manuscripts. His son, Raza Ali Khan, became the last ruling Nawab in 1930.

On 1 July 1949, the State of Rampur was merged into the Republic of India. Today, many of the Nawabs' palaces, gates, and fort walls show signs of decay, though the Library continues as a flourishing institution of scholarly importance.<ref name="ram history" />[[File:The procession of Yusef Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|center|Nawab Yusef Ali Khan and his family escorted by Rampur and British troops to the encampment of Lord Canning]]

The Nawabs of Rampur sided with the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]],<ref name=EB1911/> which enabled them to retain influence in the social, political, and cultural life of northern India, particularly among Muslims of the United Provinces. Rampur also provided refuge to literary figures from the court of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah ''Zafar'']].

=== Post-independence ===
Descendants of the [[Nawab|Nawabs]] include Murad Mian, the first child of [[Murtaza Ali Khan]] of Rampur, and [[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]], widow of former Nawab's younger brother and ex-MP [[Zulfikar Ali Khan of Rampur|Zulfiquar Ali Khan]] of Rampur. Begum Noor Bano entered politics and was elected from Rampur parliamentary constituency in 1999, though she lost subsequent elections in 2004 and 2009 from Rampur and in 2014 from Moradabad. Murtaza Ali Khan and Zulfiquar Ali Khan (also known as Mikki Mia), who continued to use the title of Nawab ceremonially after independence and the abolition of princely states, are now deceased. Murtaza Ali contested an election from Rampur in 1972 against his mother Rafat Jamani Begum and won. Although the two brothers were political rivals, they never contested directly against each other. The family was later involved in smuggling scandals, some linked to Pakistan, where one of Murtaza Ali's sons had married. Raza Inter College, Hamid Inter College, and Murtaza Inter College are among the institutions named after three Nawabs.<ref name="Rampur temperature" />

The current titular Nawab of Rampur is Muhammad Murad Ali Khan Bahadur, eldest son of Murtaza Ali Khan Bahadur. He succeeded his father in 1982. From 1993 to 2002 he served as a member of the Raza Library Board in Rampur.

== Geography ==
Rampur, located at 28°48′N latitude and 79°05′E longitude, is part of the [[Moradabad division]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is bounded by [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] to the north, [[Bareilly]] district to the east, [[Moradabad]] district to the west, and [[Budaun|Badaun]] district to the south. Covering an area of 2,367 km2, Rampur lies at an elevation of 192 metres above sea level in the north and 166.4 metres in the south.<ref name="geo ram">[http://www.hoparoundindia.com/uttar-pradesh/city-guides/rampur.aspx Rampur Geography], hoparoundindia.com. Retrieved 10 July 2012.</ref> The district has extensive agricultural land. During the monsoon, after prolonged rainfall, the mountain ranges of [[Nainital]] are visible towards the north.

=== Climate ===
In summer, temperatures generally range between 30°C and 43°C, while in winter they range between 3°C and 25°C.<ref name="Rampur temperature">[http://www.nainitaltourism.com/rampur.html Rampur Climate], Nainital Tourism. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Rampur
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 17.1
| Feb high C = 20.5
| Mar high C = 25.6
| Apr high C = 32.4
| May high C = 31.4
| Jun high C = 31.7
| Jul high C = 29.5
| Aug high C = 29.4
| Sep high C = 29.1
| Oct high C = 27.8
| Nov high C = 24.7
| Dec high C = 20
| year high C = 26.16
| Jan low C = 7
| Feb low C = 9.1
| Mar low C = 11.2
| Apr low C = 15.7
| May low C = 17.4
| Jun low C = 17.7
| Jul low C = 19.2
| Aug low C = 21.5
| Sep low C = 19.2
| Oct low C = 13.2
| Nov low C = 12.1
| Dec low C = 8
| year low C = 15.58
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 18.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 24.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 12.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 12.4
| May precipitation mm = 21.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 111.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 198.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 227.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 99.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 27.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 6.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 9.0
| source = [http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Rampur-weather-averages/Uttar-Pradesh/IN.aspx WWO]
| date = July 2012
}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Rampur city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|70.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|28.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rampur had a population of 325,248, compared to 281,549 in 2001, reflecting a growth of 16% during 2001–2011. Males constituted 52.2% and females 47.8% of the population. The [[sex ratio]] was 915 females per 1,000 males, lower than the national average of 940. The average literacy rate was 53.7%, below the national average of 64.3%; male literacy stood at 56% and female literacy at 51%. Children under six years of age numbered 37,945, accounting for 11.7% of the population (compared to 14% in 2001).

Rampur has a Muslim majority population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28770|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|publisher=Pib.nic.in|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> The surrounding region also has a significant [[Rohilla]] community.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Rampur (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 61.49 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 37.11 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 0.90 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.50 |color4 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the 2011 Census, 61.49% of the population reported [[Urdu]] as their first language, 37.11% [[Hindi]] (or a related language), and 0.90% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Culture and Urdu poetry ==

Rampur is regarded as the third major centre of Urdu poetry after Delhi and Lucknow. Several prominent Urdu poets, including [[Daagh Dehlvi]], [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]] and [[Amir Meenai]], were associated with the Rampur court. The Nawabs of Rampur were patrons of poetry and other fine arts, providing remuneration to poets attached to the ''darbar''.

=== Architecture ===
[[File:B16721LM.jpg|thumb|right|Small House Fort, now known as Raza Library]]

The rulers of Rampur had a distinct influence on the architecture of the region. The buildings and monuments display features of [[Mughal architecture]]. Some structures are centuries old and have undergone modifications over time.

One of the most notable monuments is the Fort of Rampur ([[Hindi]]:रामपुर का किला). It houses the [[Raza Library]] (also known as Hamid Manzil), formerly the palace of the Nawabs. The library holds a sizeable collection of Oriental manuscripts. The fort complex also contains an [[Husayniyya|Imambara]].

The ''Jama Masjid'' of Rampur is regarded as one of the finest examples of architecture in the city. It bears some resemblance to the [[Jama Mosque, Delhi|Jama Masjid in Delhi]].{{original research inline|date=March 2019}} It was constructed by Nawab [[Faizullah Khan]] and reflects Mughal stylistic elements. The mosque has multiple entry and exit gates, three domes, and four tall minarets topped with golden finials. The main entrance features a clock tower with a large clock imported from Britain.<ref name="rampur clock">[https://www.flickr.com/photos/94592664@N00/6556872453/in/photostream/ Rampur Jama Masjid history, flickr image], Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

Several city gates were also constructed by the Nawabs, such as Shahbad Gate, Nawab Gate and Bilaspur Gate.

=== Music ===
Rampur has been associated with Indian classical music since the early 19th century. The [[Rampur–Sahaswan gharana|Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music]] originated in the court of the Nawabs.

Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan, a court musician, was conferred the title ''Ratan'' by the Nawab of Rampur, who also gifted him a house in the Jail Road area of the city. He was the first recipient of the Padma Bhushan in classical music. Ustad Mehboob Khan, another court musician, was a khayal singer and veena player. His son, Ustad [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919), who lived in the Fort area, founded the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana and trained numerous disciples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustadrashidkhan.com/gharana_hist.htm|title=The Gharana History – Ustad Rashid Khan|website=ustadrashidkhan.com}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Rampuri cuisine, a branch of [[Mughlai cuisine]], developed in the royal kitchens of the Nawabs. It is known for its distinctive flavours and recipes passed down through generations. Notable dishes include ''Rampuri fish'', ''chicken changezi'', ''pasande haleem'', ''Rampuri korma'', ''Rampuri mutton kebabs'', ''doodhiya biryani'', ''dogoshta biryani'', ''adrak ka halwa'' and ''sohan halwa''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/01/22203755/The-culinary-cartographer.html|title=The culinary cartographer|date=22 January 2010|work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=270513|title=Sharp cuts from the Rampuri!|date=7 January 2007|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/77009/|title=Mutton Korma in Rampur|date=28 August 2005|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Knife making ===

Rampur has traditionally been known for the ''[[Rampuri]] chaaku'', a type of knife that became popular in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] crime thrillers during the 1960s and 1970s. The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] later banned the manufacture of knives with blades longer than 4.5 inches, leading to a decline in their production and popularity.<ref name="Rampuri" /><ref name="topnews.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topnews.in/famed-rampuri-knives-may-soon-go-oblivion-296417|title=Famed Rampuri knives may soon go into oblivion |website=topnews.in}}</ref>

=== Rampur Greyhound ===
The [[Rampur Greyhound]] is a smooth-coated sighthound native to the region, often described as more substantially built than other greyhounds. It was a favoured hunting dog of the Nawabs, used for [[jackal coursing]] as well as hunting lions, tigers, leopards and panthers. [[Ahmad Ali Khan of Rampur|Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur]] bred the hounds by crossing the [[Afghan Hound|Tazi]] (Afghan hound) with the [[Greyhound|English Greyhound]].

=== Festivals ===
Religious practices form an important part of daily life in Rampur, as in much of India. Most festivals are religious in origin, although many are celebrated across communities. Major Hindu festivals include [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivaratri]], [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], [[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]], which are also observed by Jains and Sikhs. Muslim festivals include [[Mawlid]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Muharram]]. [[Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka|Mahavir Jayanti]] is celebrated by Jains, [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Purnima]] by Buddhists, [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab|Guru Nanak Jayanti]] by Sikhs, and [[Good Friday]] and [[Christmas]] by Christians.

== Transport ==

===Rail===
[[File:Rampur Junction.jpg|thumb|[[Rampur Railway Station]]]]
[[Rampur Junction railway station|Rampur railway station]] (station code: RMU) lies on the [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]] and serves as a junction for the Kathgodam line, under the jurisdiction of Northern Railway. Important train connections include the [[Avadh Assam Express]], Jammu Tawi–Sealdah Express, [[Kashi Vishwanath Express]], Howrah–Amritsar Express, Ganga Sutlej Express and [[Satyagrah Express|Satyagraha Express]]. Reservation facilities are computerised. [[Moradabad Junction railway station|Moradabad railway station]] lies about 30 km to the west, while [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly railway station]] is the nearest major station to the south-east. The railway lines at Rampur junction are fully electrified.<ref name="Rampurrailway">[http://www.nainitaltourism.com/rampur.html Rampur Railway], Nainital Tourism, Retrieved 9 July 2012</ref>

Other important trains passing through Rampur include the [[Delhi]]–[[Kathgodam]] Shatabdi Express, [[Delhi]]–[[Bareilly]] Intercity Express, [[Lucknow]]–[[Delhi]] Mail, [[Delhi]]–[[Kathgodam]] [[Ranikhet Express]], [[Bareilly]]–[[Bhuj]] Ala Hazrat Express and [[Amritsar]]–[[Howrah]] Mail.<ref name="ram rail">[http://www.railwayreservation.net/station/rampur.html Rampur Railway Reservation], railwayreservation.net, Retrieved 9 August 2012</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:Rampur UPSRTC Depot.jpg|thumb|[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Roadways]] bus depot in Rampur.]]
[[National Highway 9 (India)|National Highway 9]] passes through Rampur.<ref name="ram highway">[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rampur-50259.htm National Highway 87 and Rampur], india9.com, Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref> Regular buses operate to [[Moradabad]] at intervals of about 30 minutes. Direct bus services are available to major cities including [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bareilly]], [[Aligarh]], [[Haridwar]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Kanpur]], Rupaidhiya and [[Agra]]. [[National Highway 530 (India)|National Highway 530]] originates in Rampur.

===Air===
Rampur is located within 70 km of multiple domestic airports. The nearest is [[Moradabad Airport]], around 17 km from the [[Rampur Junction railway station|railway station]], which began commercial operations in 2024 with direct flights to [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: मुरादाबाद से लखनऊ का हवाई किराया AC ट्रेन से सस्ता, एक दशक बाद पीतल नगरी से उड़ी फ्लाइट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/moradabad/moradabad-airport-begin-first-flight-service-on-10-august-for-lucknow-know-fare-and-timing/2377246 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Moradabad Airport Front View.jpg
| image2 = Bareilly Airport.png
| alt1 = Moradabad Airport
| caption1 = Moradabad Airport
| alt2 = Bareilly Airport
| caption2 = Bareilly Airport
}}

Other nearby airports include [[Pantnagar Airport]], about 58 km away, and [[Bareilly Airport]], about 69 km from the city centre. Bareilly Airport is the best connected, with regular flights to [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. The nearest international airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in New Delhi.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#99ccff"
! Nearest Airport
! Symbol
! Distance (in km)
|-
| [[Moradabad Airport|Moradabad]]
|MZS
|12
|-
| [[Pantnagar Airport|Pantnagar]]
|PGH
|58
|-
| [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly]]
|BEK
|65
|-
| [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]]
|HDO
|162
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]]
| DED
| 175
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| New Delhi
| DEL
| 187
|}

== Places of interest ==

=== Jama Masjid ===
[[File:Jama Masjid rampur.jpg|thumb|Jama Masjid, Rampur]]
The foundation of the Jama Masjid in Rampur was laid by [[Nawab]] [[Faizullah Khan]].<ref name="rampur clock" /> It was constructed at a cost of ₹3,00,000 and later completed by [[Nawab]] [[Kalb Ali Khan]].<ref name="ram history" />

The area around the mosque developed into a commercial hub, known today as the Shadab Market. A jewellery market called ''Sarrafa'' also exists in its vicinity. The shops, rented out to traders to meet the mosque's requirements, are owned by both Hindus and Muslims, and attract customers from both communities. The market is often cited as a symbol of communal harmony in the city.<ref name="jama rampur">[http://www.indiablooms.com/VideoDetails/2012/videoDetails090712e1.php Communal harmony in Rampur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033655/http://www.indiablooms.com/VideoDetails/2012/videoDetails090712e1.php |date=2 March 2014}}, ''India Blooms'', Retrieved 9 July 2012</ref>

=== Raza Library ===
[[File:Raza Library.jpg|thumb|right|Raza Library, Rampur]]

The Raza Library was established by [[Nawab]] [[Faizullah Khan]], who ruled Rampur from 1774 to 1794, with his personal collection of manuscripts and specimens of [[Islamic calligraphy]] in the late 18th century. It is regarded as one of the largest libraries in Asia. Successive [[Nawab|Nawabs]] expanded the collection, particularly during the reign of Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan (1794–1840).<ref name="ram raza">[http://razalibrary.gov.in/history.asp Rampur Raza Library history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222005/http://razalibrary.gov.in/history.asp |date=4 March 2016}}, razalibrary.gov.in, Retrieved 9 July 2012</ref>

The library holds a rare and extensive collection of [[Manuscript|manuscripts]], historical documents, miniature paintings, [[Astronomy|astronomical]] instruments, and works in multiple languages, including [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Pashto]], Tamil, and Turkish. It also houses approximately 30,000 printed books and periodicals.<ref name="ram raza" />

=== Rampur Planetarium ===

Rampur Planetarium is India's first digital laser technology based [[planetarium]]. The building is complete and equipped, with data said to be directly updated by [[NASA]].<ref name="ram planet">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-a-first-nasa-to-directly-update-rampur-planetarium-database/928111/ Rampur Planetarium to be updated by NASA], ''The Indian Express'', Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

=== Gandhi Samadhi ===

The Gandhi Samadhi is a memorial dedicated to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. It commemorates his role in the struggle for India's independence from the [[British Raj]].

=== Kothi Khas Bagh ===

Kothi Khas Bagh is a palace located in Rampur, about 30 km east of [[Moradabad]] in Uttar Pradesh. Once the residence of the [[Nawab|Nawabs]] of Rampur, the palace is set within a 300-acre compound and has about 200 rooms. Built in a European style with a blend of [[Islamic architecture]] and [[Architecture of the United Kingdom|British architecture]], it included private apartments, offices, music rooms, and a personal cinema hall. The halls feature Burma teak interiors and Belgium glass chandeliers, while the main staircase is made of Italian marble. A statue of [[Kalb Ali Khan]], the second Nawab of Rampur, is a notable feature. The palace is currently in a dilapidated condition due to age and neglect.<ref name="ram koti khas bagh">[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kothi-Khas-Bagh-15572.htm Rampur Kothi Khas Bagh], india9.com, Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

=== Ambedkar Park ===

Ambedkar Park is a memorial dedicated to [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]]. The park contains a statue of Ambedkar and a faux mountain structure that provides a view of the surroundings. A railway line runs along its boundary.

=== Aryabhatt Planetarium ===
The [[Aryabhatt Planetarium]] was established in 2012 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] as a science museum to educate the public about astronomical events, lunar eclipses, and related phenomena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-18 |title=UP CM changes name of Rampur's Bhimrao Ambedkar Planetarium, Mayawati cries foul |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-changes-name-of-rampur-bhimrao-ambedkar-planetarium-mayawati-cries-foul-116385-2012-09-18 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Mumtaz Library 2.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]], the first university to be established in Rampur]]

The education sector in Rampur and its surrounding villages has been developing with new investments. The city has several secondary and higher secondary schools as well as colleges. Educational institutions in Rampur attract students from neighbouring areas such as Kashipur-Anga, Kemri and Bilaspur, as a number of higher education institutions affiliated with [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University|M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]], [[Bareilly]], have been established in the city.

Despite the presence of many institutions, Rampur has an average literacy rate of 53.34%, which is lower than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy stands at 61.40%, while female literacy is 44.44%.<ref name="Rampur literacy">[http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/507-rampur.html Rampur Literacy], census2011.co.in, Retrieved 7 July 2012.</ref> [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]] is the first university to be established in Rampur.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar University inaugurated|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/4280-muhammad-ali-jauhar-university-inaugurated|access-date=3 November 2016|agency=The Milli Gazette|issue=1–15 October 2012|date=18 November 2012}}</ref>

Public and government primary schools also play a crucial role in education, particularly in the rural areas of the district. Newer institutions such as the Impact College of Science & Technology have also been established.

{{Cleanup list|date=November 2021}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0"
|-
! Names of Educational Institutes
! Affiliation With
|-
| [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]]
|Private
|-
| [[Government Girls Post Graduate College, Rampur]]
| [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]
|-
| [[St. John Vianney School]]<ref>[https://stjohntanda.org/ St. John Vianney School Tanda]</ref>
| [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE Board]], New Delhi
|-
| [[Sunway Senior Secondary School]]<ref>[http://www.sunwayschool.com/ Sunway Senior Secondary School]</ref>
| [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE Board]], New Delhi
|-
| [[Dubai Public School, Rampur]]<ref>[https://dubaipublicschool.ae Dubai Public School, Rampur]</ref>
|C.B.S.E. pattern / English Medium
|-
| [[Dayawati Modi Academy Sr. Sec. School]]<ref>[http://www.dmarampur.com/ DMA Sr. Sec. School]</ref>
| [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE Board]], New Delhi
|-
| [[Whitehall Public School]]<ref>[http://whitehallpublicschool.com Whitehall Public School]</ref>
|CBSE Board, New Delhi
|-
| [[East West Senior Secondary School]]<ref>[https://ewpsrampur.in/ East West Secondary School]</ref>
| [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE Board]], New Delhi
|-
| [[Apex Group of Institutions]]<ref>[http://apex.ac.in/ Apex Group of Institutions]</ref>
|[[UPTU]] & [[M.J.P. Rohilkhand University|MJPRU]], Kaushalganj, Rampur
|-
|[[Smart Indian Model School]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Indian Model School (SIMS) – Rampur – Learning Today …… Leading Tomorrow |url=https://simsrampur.com/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[CBSE Centre of Excellence Kochi|CBSE Board]], New Delhi
|}

==Economy==

=== Industry and agriculture ===
Rampur has a predominantly agriculture-based economy, with fertile land but limited industrial activity and virtually no mineral extraction. The main industries in Rampur include [[winemaking]], sugar processing, textile weaving, and the manufacture of agricultural implements. An inoperative sugar mill, closed in 1999 due to political disputes, is now being revived with state government approval.<ref name="Rampur sugarmill">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article2951285.ece Rampur sugar mill lies in ruins], The Hindu, Retrieved 7 August 2012</ref>

The major cash crop of the region is [[mentha]], and menthol oil production is a significant economic activity.<ref name="Mentha rampur">[http://www.menthaallied.com/ Mentha work in Rampur], Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

The company formerly known as Rampur Distillery & Chemical Company Ltd., now [[Radico Khaitan]], was established in Rampur in 1943 and is India's second-largest liquor manufacturer. The Rampur distillery produces high-grade Extra Neutral Spirits (ENA) from molasses and grain, with an annual capacity of 75 million litres of molasses ENA, 30 million litres of grain neutral spirits, and 460,000 litres of malt whisky.<ref name="ram distil">[http://www.radicokhaitan.com/rampurdistillery.html Rampur distillery], Radicokhaitan.com, Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

Rampur also has a long-standing kite-making industry, producing kites in various sizes and shapes that are in demand across [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Another notable industry is [[beedi]] manufacturing. Rampur was also famous for its knives, known as ''[[Rampuri]] Chaaku''; however, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] later banned the manufacture of knives with blades longer than 4.5 inches, reducing their prevalence.<ref name="topnews.in"/>

===Other establishments===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
! Name
! Category
! Installation year
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kapil Menthol & Allied Products, Rampur<ref name="ram distil"/>
| [[Mentha]] oil
| 1998
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Indian Toners & Developers Ltd., Rampur<ref name="ram Toner">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantoners.com/about_us.aspx|title=About Indian Toners & Developers Ltd.|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
| Export Quality Toner Manufacturing Plant
| 1992
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Radico Khaitan Ltd, Rampur<ref name="Mentha rampur"/>
|
| 1943
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Xerox Modi Corp., Rampur(Closed)<ref name="xerox">[http://www.source2update.com/Company-History/Modi-Xerox-MODXER.html# Modi Xerox], Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>
| Makers of all types of Toners, Developers for Photocopiers
| 1987
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Titanor Components Limited, Rampur<ref name="metal anodes">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/DE-Nora-India-Ltd/590031 |title=Share/Stock Market Investment, Financial & Share Market News, Mutual Funds & BSE/NSE Live Index Updates â€" IndiaInfoline |website=www.indiainfoline.com |access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
| Metal Anodes, water electrolysers, [[Electrochlorination|electro-chlorinators]] & cathodic protection systems
| 1983
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Wheels India Ltd, Rampur<ref name="wheels india">[http://www.wheelsindia.com/rampur.html Wheels India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421155658/http://www.wheelsindia.com/rampur.html |date=21 April 2012 }}, Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>
| Makers of Wheel Bases for all type of Vehicles
| 1960
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Enlog India, Rampur
| Photovoltaic Industry
| 1995
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bigarette & Co., Rampur
| Herbal Products
| 1948
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kemper Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Rampur
| Herbal Goods and Mixture
| 2002
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Rampur Fertilizers Ltd, Rampur
| Makers of Single Super Phosphate, Sulphuric Acid & Alum
| 1960
|}

The major crops grown in the district include maize, sugarcane, and rice. Most crops are used for local consumption rather than commercial sale.<ref name="ram agricultute">[http://www.hoparoundindia.com/uttar-pradesh/city-guides/rampur.aspx Rampur agriculture], Retrieved 8 July 2012</ref>

'''Economic development indicators'''<ref name=EconomicdevelopmentIndicators>{{cite web|url=http://www.raftaar.in/Elections/ET/Details/Uttar%20Pradesh/Pilibhit/|title=Economic development indicators|access-date=22 April 2009|publisher=Raftaar.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=80% style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center;"
|-
! Indicators
! 2004
! 2008
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Work Participation Rate]]
| 28%
| 27%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | No. of Branches of [[Scheduled Bank|Scheduled Commercial Bank]]
| 99
| 100
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Habitations connected to pucca roads
| 89%
| 93%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Electrified households
| 38%
| 40%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Houses with land-line connections
| 10%
| 14%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Avg annual [[per capita income]]
| Rs. 70,163
| Rs. 75,314
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Per capita expenditure
| Rs. 19,120
| Rs. 8,318
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Inflation rate|Inflation Index]]
| 1.14%
| 1.38%
|}

== Communication and media ==

=== Communication networks ===
All major telecommunication service providers in India offer services in Rampur.

{| class="wikitable" width=75% style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center;"
! width="33%" | GSM / Mobile Service Providers
! width="33%" | CDMA / Wireless Service Providers
! width="33%" | Broadband / Internet Service Providers
|-
| [[Bharti Airtel]]
| (Most legacy CDMA operators in India are now defunct; modern wireless is unified 4G/5G)
| [[Airtel Xstream Fiber]]
|-
| [[Vodafone Idea]] (Vi)
| —
| [[JioFiber]] / [[Reliance Jio]]
|-
| [[Jio]] (Reliance Jio Infocomm)
| —
| [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL Broadband]]
|-
| [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL Mobile]]
| —
| [[Excitel Broadband]]
|}

=== Radio services ===
Radio services available in Rampur include [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center;"
|-
! Service Provider
! Frequency
! Service Provider
! Frequency
|-
| [[All India Radio]]
| MW 336.7m or 891 kHz
| [[All India Radio]]
| FM 102.90 MHz
|}

=== Print media ===
Hindi daily newspapers published in Rampur include ''[[Amrit Vichar]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.amritvichar.com/category/16/rampur|title=Amrit Vichar|website=amritvichar.com|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', and ''The Hindustan''. Prominent English dailies such as ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Young Turk]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' have comparatively fewer readers in the city. The local Urdu newspaper, ''Rampur ka Elaan'', has been published in Rampur since 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rampurkaelaan.com/about_us.php?id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602020100/http://rampurkaelaan.com/about_us.php?id=1 |archive-date=2012-06-02 |title=About Us | url-status=usurped |website=Rampur ka Elaan}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Mohammad Ali (actor)|Mohammad Ali]], Pakistani actor
* [[Baldev Singh Aulakh]], Indian politician and minister in the Uttar Pradesh government
* [[Maulana Azad]], first Education Minister of India and former President of India
* [[Obaidullah Baig]], Pakistani scholar, Urdu writer, columnist, media expert, and documentary filmmaker
* [[Athar Shah Khan Jaidi]], Pakistani comedian and writer, born in Rampur
* [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], journalist, scholar, political activist, and poet
* [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]], Indian politician of the [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Zulfikar Ali Khan of Rampur|Zulfikar Ali Khan]], Nawab of Rampur and former Member of Parliament
* [[Murad (actor)|Hamid Ali Murad]], known as [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], Indian actor
* [[Raza Murad]], Bollywood actor, born and brought up in Rampur
* [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], Indian politician and cabinet minister in the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Bollywood actor, brought up in Rampur
* [[Baba Rampuri]], American-born Naga Sadhu and ascetic who emigrated to India
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]], Indian film and television actress and model
* [[Javed Siddiqui]], Indian writer and screenwriter
* [[Shama Zaidi]], screenwriter, theatre actress, documentary filmmaker, costume designer, art director, and journalist

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Syed Asghar Ali Shadami, ''Ahwalay Riyasatay Rampur (Tarikhi wa Maashrati Pusmanzar),'' ed. Rizwanullah Khan Enayati
* ''Tanzim Ahbab Rampur Karachi Nagin Chowrangee,'' a great masterpiece from Tanzeem

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rampur, Uttar Pradesh}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/r/rampur.html Genealogy of Rampur (Princely State)]
*[http://razalibrary.gov.in/ The Rampur Raza Library: Official Website]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060716/spectrum/art.htm B. N. Goswamy, "A great collection in a small place", ''The Tribune'' (July 16, 2006)]

{{Rampur district}}
{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}
{{Moradabad division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Ashima Bhalla

2026-01-29T01:02:44Z

SheenaBayles: slightly corrected structure as per guidelines further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ashima Bhalla.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| name = Ashima Bhalla
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| birth_name =
| other names =
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| years_active = 2001–2018
}}

'''Ashima Bhalla''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] language films. She also appeared on television, portraying the lead role in the Indian soap ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]'' on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/tv/38928872_1_karan-v-grover-kratika-sengar-gurmeet-choudhary |title=Ashima Bhalla opposite Karan V Grover in Punar Vivah 2? |work=The Times of India |date=30 April 2013 |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=5 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505043151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/tv/38928872_1_karan-v-grover-kratika-sengar-gurmeet-choudhary |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also participated in the show ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' alongside [[Irfan Pathan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-10 |title=Ashima Bhalla returns with SAB TV's new show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashima-bhalla-returns-with-sab-tvs-new-show/articleshow/13997907.cms |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621193855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashima-bhalla-returns-with-sab-tvs-new-show/articleshow/13997907.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2022}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Pyaar Zindagi Hai]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehren |first=Team |date=2022-05-18 |title=Amitabh Bachchan & Amrish Puri At Music Launch Of "Pyaar Zindagi Hai" |url=https://lehren.com/retro/flashback/music-launches/music-launch-pyaar-zindagi-hai-amitabh-bachchan-amrish-puri/7180/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Lehren Retro |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621194016/https://lehren.com/retro/flashback/music-launches/music-launch-pyaar-zindagi-hai-amitabh-bachchan-amrish-puri/7180/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Priya || [[Hindi]] ||Debut Hindi film
|
|-
| ''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]'' || Priya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Debut Telugu film 
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002 || ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]'' || Tanya Akshay Kapoor ||rowspan="2"| Hindi||
|
|-
|''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]'' ||Special Appearance (Dancer)||[[item number]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ramanaa]]'' || Devaki ||rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Debut Tamil film
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Alaudin]]'' || Preethi||
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 September 2006 |title='Gharana Donga' in final mixing |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gharana-donga-in-final-mixing-telugu-news-25179.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709145206/https://www.indiaglitz.com/gharana-donga-in-final-mixing-telugu-news-25179.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2006 |title=Prabhudeva's chances elsewhere |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/prabhudevas-chances-elsewhere-tamil-news-25606.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710234317/https://www.indiaglitz.com/prabhudevas-chances-elsewhere-tamil-news-25606.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Zinda Dil'' || || Hindi||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' || Nirmala || Telugu||
|<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2004 |title=Telugu cinema Review - Cheppave Chirugali - Venu, Ashima Bhalla, Abhirami |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-cheppavechirugali.html |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]] |accessdate=5 August 2012 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107094215/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-cheppavechirugali.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jyeshta (film)|Jyeshtha]]'' || Kanchana || [[Kannada]] ||Debut Kannada film
|
|-
| 2005 || ''Maa - Where Are You'' || Shalini || Hindi||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''Naidu LLB''
|
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Sudesi]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|
|-
||2010 || ''[[Thambi Arjuna]]'' || Radhika
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Ref
|-
|2007–2008 || ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]'' || Sudha Malik || rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/the-second-innings/542820.html |title=Actress Ashima Bhalla returns to telly space with Mere Papa Hero Hiralal |website=The Tribune |date=13 February 2018 |accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' || rowspan="2"|Herself
|-
|2011 || ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''
|-
|2018 || ''[[Mere Papa Hero Hiralal]]'' || Inspector Mina
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! singers !! Album
!Notes
|-
| ''Mujhe Khabar Thi Wo Mera Nahi''|| Lata Mangeshkar ||Saadgi
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0080199|name=Ashima Bhalla}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Ashima}}
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Lakhan Khurd

2026-01-27T18:18:43Z

SheenaBayles: small correct citations for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakhan Khurd
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.435667|N|75.436196|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,170
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 610/560[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144601
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01822
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-09
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lakhan Khurd''' is a village in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. '''Khurd''' is Persian language word which means small. It is located {{convert|9|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Lakhan Khurd. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Lakhan Khurd has total number of 224 houses and population of 1,170 of which include 610 males and 560 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Lakhan Khurd is 72.59%, lower than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 134 which is 11.45% of total population of GobinLakhan Khurddpur, and child sex ratio is approximately 811, lower than state average of 846.

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||224 ||- ||-
|-
| Population ||1,170 ||610 ||560
|-
| Child (0-6) ||134 ||74 ||60
|-
| Schedule Caste ||452 ||232 ||220
|-
| Schedule Tribe ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||72.59 % ||77.99 % ||66.80 %
|-
| Total Workers ||339 ||327 ||12
|-
| Main Worker ||331 ||0 ||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||8 ||6 ||2
|-
|}

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest airport to the village is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]].

==Villages in Kapurthala ==
{{Main|List of villages in Kapurthala}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160915101605/http://punjabdata.com/Villages/Villages-In-Kapurthala-Tehsil-In-Kapurthala-District.html Kapurthala Villages List]

{{Kapurthala district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{KapurthalaTehsil-geo-stub}}

Abdul Ghafar Ismail

2026-01-21T18:46:43Z

SheenaBayles: Creating New Stub

{{Short description|Bruneian diplomat (born 1951)}}
{{Malay name|Abdul Ghafar|Ismail| note = on}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Dato Paduka]]
| name = Abdul Ghafar Ismail
| native_name = {{no bold| عبد الغفار إسماعيل}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei|DPMB]]
| image = HE Haji Abdul Ghafar Bin Haji Ismail.jpg
| caption = President [[K. R. Narayanan|Narayanan]] receiving a letter of credence from Abdul Ghafar (right) in 2001
| office = [[List of permanent representatives of Brunei to the United Nations|Permanent Representative of Brunei to the United Nations]]
| term_start = 28 March 2013
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Latif Tuah]]
| successor = [[Noor Qamar Sulaiman]]
| office1 = [[Brunei–Singapore relations|High Commissioner of Brunei to Singapore]]
| term_start1 = 29 November 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Yusof Kula]]
| successor1 = [[Saifulbahri Mansor]]
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| term_start2 = August 2001
| term_end2 = May 2007
| predecessor2 = [[Abdul Mokti Daud]]
| successor2 = [[Sidek Ali]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|10|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kampong Danau]], [[Tutong District|Tutong]], Brunei
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Diplomat
*civil servant}}
| spouse = Aishah Husain
| children = 3
| alma_mater = {{ubil|[[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])|[[University of Staffordshire]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
}}
'''Abdul Ghafar bin Haji Ismail''' (born 1 October 1952{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}) is a retired Bruneian diplomat who formerly held the position of high commissioner to India from 2001 to 2007, Singapore from 2007 to 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azrol Azmi |date=2007-11-13 |title=Audience to new Brunei envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2007/13_nov_1.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=sultanate.com}}</ref> and [[permanent representative]] of Brunei to the [[United Nations in New York]] from 2013 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-04-14 |title=MISSIONS OVERSEAS |url=https://borneobulletinyearbook.com.bn/missions-overseas/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Borneo Bulletin Year Book 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Abdul Ghafar graduated from the [[University of Staffordshire]] in the United Kingdom with a Bachelor of Arts ([[Honours degree|Hons]]) in geography from 1972 to 1975, and continued his [[Postgraduate certificate|PGCE]] studies at [[Reading University]] from 1981 to 1982.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} In 1985, he embarked on the Foreign Service & Diplomatic Course at the [[Australian National University]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]], Australia. From [[Tufts University]]'s [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] in the United States with a Master of Arts (MA) in [[international law]] and diplomacy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-11-11 |title=His Excellency Dato Abdul Ghafar Ismail |url=https://washdiplomat.com/his-excellency-dato-abdul-ghafar-ismail/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=washdiplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1994, he studied at [[Maastricht]], [[Netherlands]]'s European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 2007 |title=HAJI ABDUL GHAFAR BIN HAJI ISMAIL |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2007/11/-/media/Files/MFA/Press-Releases/Archived/press_20071129_03_03.pdf |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.mfa.gov.sg}}</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
From 1978, Abdul Ghafar began his career in the Brunei Darussalam Government Service. After being posted abroad for the first time in 1984, to [[Bangkok]], he worked as assistant director of economics from 1988 to 1989 and as second secretary from 1985 to 1987 after joining the ministry. From 1989 until 1991, he served as a first secretary in the Bruneian embassy in [[Riyadh]]. Between 1991 and 1995, he held the same position of responsibility for the [[ASEAN]]. From 1992 to 1995, he was appointed as the deputy director of Protocol and Consular Affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

From 1995 until 1998, Abdul Ghafar was Brunei's deputy [[Chamberlain (office)|grand chamberlain]]. He served as the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]'s (MOFAT) Director of Multilateral Economics from 1988 to 1999 and Director of Politics II from 1999 to 2001. He served as the [[Brunei–India relations|Bruneian high commissioner to India]] from August 2001 to May 2007, while also holding accreditations in [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After being appointed as Brunei's high commissioner-designate to Singapore in August 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=His Majesty grants audience to new envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2007/6_nov_1.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=sultanate.com}}</ref> Abdul Ghafar took office as [[Brunei–Singapore relations|Brunei's high commissioner to Singapore]] on 29 November 2007, in addition to his dual roles as [[Non-resident ambassador|non-resident high commissioner]] to South Africa and the [[Maldives]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During his tenure, he saw Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah's official state visit to the country in January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-13 |title=Crown Prince concludes visit |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2012/13_jan_1.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.sultanate.com}}</ref>

On 26 February 2013, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] presented Abdul Gafar his letters of credence, as the newly appointed [[List of permanent representatives of Brunei to the United Nations|permanent representative of Brunei to the United Nations in New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-26 |title=His Majesty presents and receives letters of credence |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Publication%20listsPDF/Brunei%20Darussalam%20Newsletter/2013/BDN%20February%202013%20latest%20280817.pdf |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.information.gov.bn |page=4}}</ref> He was present when Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Queen Saleha attended the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Information, [[Prime Minister's Office (Brunei)|Prime Minister's Office]] |first= |date=2015-09-29 |title=70th Session of United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/PublishingImages/SitePages/English%20Publication/BD%20SEPTEMBER%202015.pdf |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.information.gov.bn}}</ref> With the signing of a joint declaration by representatives from Abdul Gafar and the [[Bahamas]], [[Elliston Rahming]], Brunei formally established diplomatic ties on 21 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Affairs |date=2016-11-22 |title=Brunei – Kerajaan Bahamas jalin hubungan diplomatik |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%202016/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=1318&ContentTypeId=0x0100C24655BC59DE97409F6389F990C938DB |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Abdul Ghafar is married to Datin Aishah Husain, together they have three children. He was born on 1 October 1952, in [[Kampong Danau]], [[Tutong District|Tutong]], Brunei.<ref name=":0" /> His hobbies included reading, jogging, golf and badminton.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==
Abdul Ghafar has earned the following honours;<ref name=":1" />

'''National'''
* [[File:Second_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(DPMB).svg|50x50px]] [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei]] Second Class (DPMB; 15 July 2010) – ''Dato Paduka''<ref name=":422">{{Cite news |last=Hezlinawati Haji Abd. Karim |date=17 July 2010 |title=85 dikurniakan Bintang-Bintang Kebesaran |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2010/Julai/PB170710.pdf |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=Pelita Brunei |pages=14 |language=ms}}</ref>
* [[File:Third_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SMB).svg|50x50px]] Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei Third Class (SMB; 1993)
* [[File:Meritorious_Service_Medal_(PJK).svg|50x50px]] Meritorious Service Medal (PJK; 2000)
* [[File:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Excellent Service Medal (PIKB; 1989)
* [[File:Long_Service_Medal_(PKL).svg|50x50px]] Long Service Medal (PKL; 2005)
* [[File:Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Silver_Jubilee_Medal.svg|50x50px]] Sultan of Brunei Silver Jubilee Medal (5 October 1992)
* [[File:Proclamation_of_Independence_Medal_(Brunei).svg|50x50px]] Proclamation of Independence Medal (1997)
'''Foreign'''
* {{flag|France}}:
** [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50x50px]] Commandeur of the [[Legion of Honour]] (1997)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Latif Tuah]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of permanent representatives of Brunei to the United Nations|Permanent Representative of Brunei to the United Nations]]
| years = 28 March 2013 – 2019
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Noor Qamar Sulaiman]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Yusof Kula]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Brunei–Singapore relations|High Commissioner of Brunei to Singapore]]
| years = August 2001 – 2012
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Saifulbahri Mansor]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Abdul Mokti Daud]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| years = September 1994 – May 2007
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sidek Ali]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ismail, Abdul Ghafar}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bruneian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bruneian diplomats]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to Singapore]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to India]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to South Africa]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to the Maldives]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Nepal]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Brunei to the United Nations]]
[[Category:The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Staffordshire University]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]

Ashtavakra Mandir

2026-01-06T00:16:22Z

SheenaBayles: Creating Post

{{Short description|Hindu temple related to the Indian philosopher Ashtavakra}}
{{See also-text|[[Ashtavakra]]|[[Ashtavakra Gita]]|[[Janaka]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ashtavakra Mandir|native_name=अष्टावक्र मंदिर|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|district=[[Bhagalpur district]]|state=[[Bihar]]|location=[[Kahalgaon]], [[Bhagalpur]]|founded_by=[[Rambhadracharya]]|deity=[[Ashtavakra]]|governing_body=Shree Ashtavakra Tirth Seva Nyas Trust|year_completed=2023|architecture=[[Hinduism]]|footnotes=Related to [[Ancient Mithila University]]|image=|caption=The idol of the Vedic sage Ashtavakra in the Ashtavakra Mandir}}
'''Ashtavakra Mandir''' is the Hindu temple built in the memory of the Indian philosopher [[Ashtavakra]] at the bank of the holy river [[Ganges|Ganga]] near [[Kahalgaon]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मंदिर लोकार्पण के साथ तीर्थ बन जाएगा कहलगांव: रामभद्राचार्य |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-kahalgaon-will-become-a-pilgrimage-with-the-inauguration-of-the-temple-rambhadracharya-8121790.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> The temple was inaugurated by [[Padma Vibhushan|Padmavibhushan]] Swami [[Rambhadracharya]]. The temple is located at Charon Dham Ghat of Uttar Vahini Ganga Ghat in Kahalgaon of [[Bhagalpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कहलगांव में देश का एकमात्र अष्टावक्र मंदिर का लोकार्पण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-country-39-s-only-ashtavakra-temple-inaugurated-in-kahalgaon-8126153.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> Kahalgaon is believed as the birthplace of the [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]] [[Ashtavakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 में प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी अष्टावक्र मंदिर का करेंगे दर्शन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-visit-ashtavakra-temple-in-2026-8126151.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=पिता के प्रति पुत्र की कृतज्ञता अष्टावक्र से सीखनी चाहिए |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-a-son-39-s-gratitude-to-his-father-should-be-learned-from-ashtavakra-8117273.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> It is the first temple devoted to [[Ashtavakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Rambhadracharya was upset with the roads of Bhagalpur, he made this big promise to Bihar |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/state-swami-rambhadracharya-was-upset-with-the-roads-of-bhagalpur-he-made-this-big-promise-to-bihar-22682148.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Jagran}}</ref>

== Description ==
The idea of the construction of Ashtavakra Mandir at the birth land of the great sage [[Ashtavakra]] was proposed by [[Rambhadracharya]] on 25 April 2022. The construction of the temple is completed in the period of one year. ''Shree Ashtavakra Tirth Seva Nyas Trust'' having 11 trustee takes care of the pilgrimage. A statue of the sage [[Ashtavakra]] is installed in the temple. [[Tulsi Peeth]] of [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] will pay expenditure of typing [[Ashtavakra Gita]] on the temple. A separate temple of [[Ashtavakra]] in the lap of his parents and [[Rama]] - [[Sita]] with folded hands in front of [[Ashtavakra]] will also be built in the same campus of the Ashtavakra Mandir.<ref name=":0" /> The construction of this temple will be completed in 2026.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhagalpur District]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]

Lisie Hospital, Kochi

2025-12-30T06:20:35Z

SheenaBayles: general update layout per sources and corrected details per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Lisie Hospital
| org_group =
| image =
| caption = Lisie Hospital
| logo =
| location = [[Kaloor]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| healthcare = Tertiary
| type = Referral hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9884|76.2880|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India#India Kochi
| speciality =
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation =
| beds =
| founded = {{start date and age|1956}}
| Architect =
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.lisiehospital.org/}}
| other_links = 
}}

The '''Lisie Hospital''' is a hospital near [[Kaloor]], in [[Kochi]], [[India]]. The Lisie Hospital, located near Kaloor in Kochi, India, was founded by [[Mar Joseph Parecattil]] in 1956. The hospital was named in honor of St. Thérèse of Lisieux, whose patronage it was entrusted to, from which the name 'Lisie' is derived. It is managed by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Lisie-Hospital-Conducts-Meeting-of-Patients-and-Relatives/2016/04/18/article3385588.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419175712/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Lisie-Hospital-Conducts-Meeting-of-Patients-and-Relatives/2016/04/18/article3385588.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 April 2016 | title=Lisie Hospital Conducts Meeting of Patients and Relatives | access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
Lisie Hospital is a tertiary referral hospital and one of the largest in kerala . The Lisie Heart Institute is a major interventional Cardiology and Cardiothoracic centre. It performed nearly 4000 interventional cardiac procedures and cardiac surgeries in 2006. Their team of doctors was reconstituted in 2008 with the joining of [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] as the Head of Cardiac Surgery and Jacob Abraham as the head of Cardiac Anaesthesia. The present team was instrumental in performing the first total arterial bypass surgery on a beating heart and heart transplantation under Dr. Jose Chacko in the state of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisie Hospital - Doctor Profile |url=https://www.lisiehospital.org/doctor/dr-jose-chacko-periappuram |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.lisiehospital.org}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
The hospital has departments including Anaesthesia, Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Cardio Thoracic Surgery, Cardiology, Endovascular and interventional radiology,Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, Dentistry, Dermatology, Diabetology, Emergency Medicine, ENT, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Orthopaedics, Urology, Radiology, Medical Social Work, Oncology, Pain & Palliative, Pathology, Gastrointestinal Surgery and Ophthalmology. Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology is one of the largest Cardio thoracic practices in South India. The general medicine department handles 50,000 outpatients and 5,000 inpatients every year. In 1959, in the main block, the dental department was started with [[MK James]] as the chief dental surgeon.

==Lisie Medical and Educational institutions==
Educational institutions within the hospital include:
*Lisie College Of Nursing
*Lisie School Of Nursing
*Lisie College Of Pharmacy
*Lisie College Of Allied Health Sciences.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lcoahs.edu.in | title=Lisie College Of Allied Health Sciences - Home | access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

===Lisie Heart Institute===
The Lisie Heart Institute is a tertiary care Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Unit at the Mar Augustine Memorial Lisie Hospital. The Heart Institute is one of the leading centres for Interventional cardiology and Cardiac surgery in the state of Kerala. It was set up in 2002 and has since then performed more than 14,000 interventional procedures and 3800 Cardiac surgeries until 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Another-heart-transplant-at-Lisie-Hospital-fourth-in-state/articleshow/20433813.cms | title=Another heart transplant at Lisie Hospital, fourth in state | newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 June 2013 | access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.lisiehospital.org}}
*[http://geocities.ws/kandathil/kandathil/kandathil.html#com History of its origins]

{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lisie Hospital, Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial}}
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1957]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kochi]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sadhbhakshan

2025-11-13T15:20:54Z

SheenaBayles: starting initial info more to come - done

{{Short description|Traditional Pregnancy Ritual in Indian Subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Baby shower ceremony according to Hindu tradition.jpg|thumb|Everyone is blessing the pregnant mother at a Sadhabhakhana ceremony.]]
'''Sadh''' or '''Sadhbhakshan''' is a traditional pregnancy ritual observed by [[Bengalis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sadh+Bhakhan%22 |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=3466 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ-FAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Sadh+Bhakhan%22 |title=Archives of Child Health |date=1974 |publisher=N. G. Mojumdar |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1dfH30nLpEC&q=%22Sadh+Bhakhan%22 |title=People Of India - Assam -Part Ii |date=2003 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-129-6 |pages=825 |language=en}}</ref> It is performed during the eighth or ninth month of [[pregnancy]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=সাধ খাওয়া কী? সাধ খাওয়া উৎসব কখন পালন করা হয়? এই উৎসব কিভাবে পালন করা হয়? |url=https://upokary.com/bn/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=উপকারী |language=bn-BD}}</ref> after the expectant mother completes seven months. The ceremony involves feeding the pregnant woman special foods as a gesture of wishing good health for both the mother and the unborn child.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Sanatan |date=2022-04-07 |title=১৪৩০ সালের সাধভক্ষণের সঠিক তারিখ ও সময়সূচী |url=https://sanatanpandit.com/sadhvakhan-date-and-time/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Sanatan Pandit |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sadh is a regional variation of [[Simantonnayana]], a ritual of the ancient Indian [[Samskara (rite of passage)|Samskara]]. Similar traditions exist in different parts of India, known as ''Seemantham'' in [[Kerala]], ''Valaikappu'' in [[Tamil Nadu]], ''Godh Bharai'' in [[Punjab]], Godh Bharna in [[Gujarat]] and ''Dohale Jevan'' in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ব্যানার্জী |first=দেবশ্রী |date=2019-11-20 |title=ভারতীয় রীতিতে অনাগত শিশুর প্রতি আশীর্বাদ বর্ষণ(সাধ)অনুষ্ঠান |url=https://banglaparenting.firstcry.com/articles/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=FirstCry Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Section for kids |url=https://eisamay.com/lifestyle/section-for-kids |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>
==Meaning==
{{Culture of Bengal}}
According to Bengali tradition, the term "Sadh Bhakshan" or "Sadh Khawa" literally means a feast or ceremony based on the cravings of a pregnant woman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=গর্ভবতী মহিলাদের 'সাধ ভক্ষণ' অনুষ্ঠান করে পুষ্টির পাঠ উখরায় - Bardhaman Durgapur Asansol : A guide to Burdwan District |url=https://bardhaman.com/icds-wokers-organise-sadh-bhakshan-program/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> This event includes a variety of delicious foods, and the expectant mother is also showered with gifts as a symbolic gesture of filling her lap with blessings and joy.<ref name=":0" />
==Importance==
During [[pregnancy]], issues like [[nutritional deficiencies]] in the mother and low birth weight of the baby are common concerns. Additionally, as the baby's weight increases, the mother's body undergoes various physical changes, which, along with a lack of proper care, can sometimes lead to [[mental distress]]. To support the expectant mother, the Sadh Bhakshan ceremony includes offering her a variety of nutritious foods, blessings, and gifts such as a new [[Sari]] or items of her choice. This not only ensures her physical well-being but also helps maintain her [[mental health]] and [[happiness]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Samskara (rite of passage)]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Human pregnancy in culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rites of passage]]
[[Category:Culture of India by community]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Maternal health]]
[[Category:Women's health]]

Sonapur, Manipur

2025-11-10T17:22:57Z

SheenaBayles: starting initial data w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
'''Sonapur''' is a village near [[Jiribam]] in [[Jiribam district]] of [[Manipur]], India.<ref>"[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1407_PART_B_DCHB_IMPHAL%20EAST.pdf District Census Handbook: Imphal East]," Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, Government of India, 2011</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]], member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Jiribam district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Valdivel Jayalakshmi

2025-10-17T17:26:02Z

SheenaBayles: expanded content to improve readability and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian sprinter (born 1971)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Valdivel Jayalakshmi
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = Sprinting
| event = 4 × 100 metres relay
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|8|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
}}

'''Valdivel Jayalakshmi''' (born 5 August 1971) is an Indian [[sprint (running)|sprinter]]. She represented India in [[4 x 100 metres relay]] together with [[P. T. Usha]], [[Rachita Mistry]], and E.B. Shyla at the [[1998 Asian Championships in Athletics]], where her team won the gold medal on the way to setting the current [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record]] of 44.43 s.<ref>{{cite web|last= Vijaykumar| first=C.N.R| url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1998/dec/15e.htm|title=After the feast, the famine|work=www.rediff.com|date=15 December 1998|access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

She also competed in the [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|women's 4 × 100 metres relay]] at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/valdivel-jayalakshmi-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031601/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/valdivel-jayalakshmi-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Valdivel Jayalakshmi Olympic Results |accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalakshmi, Valdivel}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Olympic women sprinters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Vakpatiraja I

2025-09-28T23:33:35Z

SheenaBayles: starting first post w/ refs

{{Short description|King of Sapadalaksha from 917 to 944}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = c. 917–944 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Chandanaraja]]
| successor = [[Simharaja]]
| issue = [[Simharaja]], [[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]] and Vatsaraja
| father = [[Govindaraja II]]
| mother = Rudrani
}}
'''Vakpatiraja I''' (reigned c. 917–944 CE), also known as '''Vappayaraja''', was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He appears to have made an attempt to throw off the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] overlordship, and was the first Chahamana king to assume the title [[Maharaja]].

== Early life ==

Vakpati was the son and successor of the Chahamana king [[Chandanaraja]] (alias Guvaka II) and queen Rudrani.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=98}} His aliases include Vappayaraja and Manika Rai.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=56}}

== Reign ==

Vakpati's predecessors were feudatories of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s, who had been weakened by [[Rashtrakuta]] invasions from the south. The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' claims that Vakpati achieved 188 military victories. This may be an exaggeration, but it is possible that Vakpati participated in a large number of battles in the chaotic conditions resulting from Pratihara-Rashtrakuta conflict.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=}}

The Rashtrakuta invasion probably weakened the Pratiharas' hold on vassals like Vakpati.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=27}} According to the [[Harshnath|Harsha]] stone inscription, he assumed the title [[Maharaja]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=98}} He was the first Chahamana king to do so, and this probably indicates that he tried to gain independence from the Pratiharas.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=100}}

After the Rashtrakutas left, the Pratiharas probably tried to re-assert their authority. The Harsha inscription states that a ''tantrapala'' (provincial governor) attacked the Ananta region in the Chahamana territory. The ''tantrapala'' was very haughty because of the authority he held from his overlord, but his elephant force was defeated by Vakpati's cavalry. He might have been a general sent by the Pratihara emperor [[Mahipala I]] to subdue Vakpati.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=27}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=98}} According to Dasharatha Sharma, his name was Kshamapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=27}} R. B. Singh identifies him with Madhava, a [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] feudatory of Mahipala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=99}}

== Legacy ==

Vakpati had at least three sons including [[Simharaja]], [[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]] and Vatsaraja. He was succeeded by [[Simharaja]] on the Shakambhari throne, while Lakshmana established [[Chahamanas of Naddula|another branch]] of the dynasty at [[Naddula]] (Nadol). Vatsaraja is known as the donor of Kardamakakhata village to the [[Harshnath|Harshanatha]] temple.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=28}} The [[Bijolia]] inscription places one Vindhyanṛpati (or Vindhyaraja) between Vakpati and Simharaja. According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], Vindhyanṛpati was probably an elder brother of Simharaja and had a very short reign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=28-29}} However, R. B. Singh theorized that it was a title of Vakpati, who probably acquired it by conquering the Vindhyavati region (around modern [[Bijolia]]).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=100}}

Vakpati appears to have been a [[Shaivite]]. The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' states that he built a temple dedicated to Vomkesha ([[Shiva]]) at [[Pushkar]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=28}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=100}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]