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Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965

2026-05-22T15:36:23Z

Shayne2017: creating initial post needs work.

{{short description|Armed conflict between India and Pakistan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Indo-Pakistani aerial war of 1965
|partof=the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=350
| image1= Mohammad Mahmood Alam 1965.jpg
| alt1=
| image2= PAF F-86 Sabres 1965 War.jpg
| alt2=
| image3= Folland Gnat F.1.jpg
| alt3=in the
| image4= Stamp of India - 2015 - Colnect 567042 - Air Force.jpeg
| alt4=}}'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
* [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam|M.M. Alam]] poses with his F-86 Sabre
* Formation of [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] F-86F Sabres returning to base
* Commemorative [[India Post]] stamp
* [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] Folland Gnat F.1
}}
|date=August – 23 September 1965
|place=[[South Asia]]
|result=[[Tashkent Declaration]];<ref name="Wings That Stay on">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C |title=Wings That Stay on |last1=Coggins |first1=Edward V. |last2=Coggins |first2=Ed |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |year=2000 |isbn=9781563115684 |edition=illustrated |pages=163–164}}</ref> [[United Nations]]-mandated ceasefire<ref name=global/>
|territory=[[Status quo ante bellum]]
|combatant1={{IND}}
|combatant2={{PAK}}
|commander1= {{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Air Chief Marshal|ACM]] [[Arjan Singh]]
|commander2={{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg}} [[Air Marshal|AM]] [[Malik Nur Khan|Nur Khan]]
|units1={{air force|IND}}
|units2={{air force|PAK}}
| strength1 = 700+ aircraft<ref name="Paul">{{citation |last=Paul |first=T. V. |title=Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers |date=10 March 1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-46621-9 |ref={{sfnref |T. V. Paul |1994}}}}</ref>
| strength2 = 280 aircraft<ref name="Paul"/>
|casualties1='''Neutral claim'''<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world">{{cite book |first=Thomas M. |last=Leonard |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806 |access-date=14 April 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97663-3 |pages=806–}}</ref>
* 60–75 aircraft<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world" />
'''Indian claims'''
* 35<ref name="The Age of Airpower"/>–59 aircraft lost <ref name="Official History of IAF in 65 War">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter09.pdf |title=Official History of IAF in 65 War |access-date=27 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929074854/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter09.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2012 }}</ref> Thirteen IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and three Indian civilian aircraft shot down<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">Bharat-Rakshak.com {{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html |title=Indian Air Force Losses -1965 War |access-date=2014-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185738/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref>
'''Pakistani claim'''
* 110<ref name=1965p6/>–113<ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict">{{cite book |last=O' Nordeen |first=Lon |title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age |year=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-87474-680-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84 84–87] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84}}</ref> aircraft destroyed
|casualties2= '''Neutral claim'''<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world" />
* 20 aircraft<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world" />
'''Pakistani claim'''
* 14<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Spirit of Indo-Pakistan War 1965 |url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=9075#:~:text=However,%20around%209500%20Indians%20were,intervene%20and%20end%20the%20conflict |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Hilal Publications |language=en-US}}</ref>–19 aircraft lost<ref name=1965p6/>
'''Indian claim'''
* 43<ref name="tribune IAF's ground reality">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070506/spectrum/main1.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum]. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref>–73 aircraft destroyed<ref name="The Age of Airpower"/><ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict" />
}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}

During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], the [[Indian Air Force|Indian]] and [[Pakistani Air Force]]s engaged in large-scale aerial combat for the first time. In the air war, which took place in September, both air forces conducted thousands of defensive and offensive sorties over Indian and Pakistani airspace.<ref name=tribune>Singh, Jasjit. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070506/spectrum/main1.htm "The 1965 India-Pakistan War: IAF's Ground Reality".] ''The Sunday Tribune'', 6 May 2007.</ref> Both India and Pakistan claimed victory in the air war;<ref name="The Age of Airpower">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khM5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA286 |title=The Age of Airpower |last=Creveld |first=Martin Van |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2012 |isbn=9781610391085 |edition=illustrated, reprint |pages=286–287 }}</ref> Pakistan claimed to have destroyed 104 Indian aircraft and lost 19, and India claimed to have destroyed 73 Pakistani aircraft and lost 35 of its own.<ref name="The Age of Airpower"/> The air war ended in a stalemate.

==Background==
The war began in early August 1965, and fighting was initially confined mainly to the ground.<ref name=global>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm |title=Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 |publisher=Global Security.org |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref> As hostilities progressed, however, both sides began air operations. Although India and Pakistan had fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]], shortly after the [[partition of India]] in 1947,<ref name="The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9zyRYYIJK4C |title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 |publisher=OUP |year=2010 |isbn=9780191614934 |editor1=Vaughan Lowe |editor2=Adam Roberts |editor3=Jennifer Welsh |editor4=Dominik Zaum |quote=Since the partition of British India in mid-1947, India and Pakistan have fought 'three-and-a-half' wars with each other. Within months of partition, the first war over Kashmir took place (26 October 1947 – 1 January 1949)}}</ref> that war was more limited in scale than the 1965 conflict; air operations<ref>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |pages=805–806 |isbn=978-0-415-97663-3}}</ref> had been largely confined to [[interdiction]], re-supply and troop transport.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harkavy |first=Robert |author2=Neuman, Stephanie |title= Warfare and the Third World |year=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=181 |isbn=978-0-312-24012-7}}</ref> One Indian fighter aircraft had intercepted a Pakistani transport in the earlier war, but there was no significant air-to-air combat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_321.shtml |title=Indo-Pakistani War, 1947–1949 |last=Cooper |first=Tom |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613025308/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_321.shtml |archive-date=13 June 2006 }}</ref> During the 1965 conflict, however, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] flew a total of 2,364 sorties; the [[Indian Air Force]] flew 3,937 sorties.<ref name=tribune1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070506/spectrum/main1.htm |title=The 1965 India-Pakistan War: IAF's Ground Reality |last=Singh |first=Jasjit |publisher=The Sunday Tribune, 6 May 2007 |year=2007 |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref>

==Main battle==
[[File:PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965.jpg |thumb|Pakistani Sabre shot down in combat by an Indian Gnat in September 1965, seen from the Indian aircraft|alt=A series of nine photos]]
The aerial phase of the war began on 1 September 1965, when the Indian Air Force (IAF) responded to an urgent call for air strikes against the [[Pakistani Army]] (which had begun [[Operation Grand Slam]]. The IAF quickly launched 26 aeroplanes (12 [[de Havilland Vampire]]s and 14 [[Dassault Mystère IV]]s) to blunt the Pakistan Army's offensive in [[Chamb|Chhamb]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Air Power in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War - An Assessment | author=Ramesh V. Phadke | url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_3_2015_AirPowerinthe1965IndoPakistanWar_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081527/http://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_3_2015_AirPowerinthe1965IndoPakistanWar_0.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}</ref> The IAF's 45th Squadron was tasked with close air support of Indian troops. The squadron, recently moved from [[Pune]] to [[Pathankot]] after the 220th Squadron was merged into it, was commanded by S. K. "Marshal" Dhar. Group Captain Roshan Suri painted a grim picture of the Indian Army's position at [[Akhnoor]] and the Pakistan Army's armoured thrust at Chhamb, on the [[Tawi River]] near [[Jammu]]. Twenty-eight aircraft (12 Vampires and 16 Mysteres) were used, and the first planes took off at 17:19 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |title=Air Attack - Outbreak of the War (Sept 1st - 6th) |access-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 }}</ref> The planes flew in formation and strafed Pakistani tanks and ground targets, although [[friendly fire]] was also later reported. When the Indian aircraft were sighted, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) scrambled two F-86 Sabres (flown by [[Squadron leader|S/L]] [[Sarfraz Rafiqui]] of the No. 5 Squadron and [[Flight lieutenant|F/L]] [[Imtiaz Bhatti]] of No. 15 Squadron) to intercept.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/1965-india-pakistan-war-how-iafs-heroes-slayed-pafs-superior-sabre-fighter-jets/287642/ |title=1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets |work=ThePrint.in|date=6 September 2019 }}</ref> In the ensuing dogfight over Chhamb, where Rafiqui took on the flight leader and wingman and Bhatti went after the element leader and element wingman, the IAF lost all four of its Vampires;<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_3_2015_AirPowerinthe1965IndoPakistanWar_0.pdf |title=Air Power in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War An Assessment |work=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref> they were flown by Squadron Leader Aspi Kekobad Bhagwagar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5284 |title=Squadron Leader Aspi Kekobad Bhagwagar |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> (flight leader), Flight Lieutenant Vijay Madhav Joshi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6019 |title=Flight Lieutenant Vijay Madhav Joshi |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> (element leader), Flight Lieutenant Satish Bharadwaj<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6348 |title=Flight Lieutenant Satish Bharadwaj |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> (element wingman) and Flight Lieutenant (later Group Captain) Shrikrishna Vishnu Phatak (wingman).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6358 |title=Group Captain Shrlkrishna Vishnu Phatak |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> Both Pakistani pilots claimed two aircraft kills each.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Tango-Chamb.html |title=Tank Busting In The Chamb |date=August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105022240/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Tango-Chamb.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Indian Air Force vampire wreckage.jpg|thumb|Wreckage of an IAF Vampire shot down by the PAF over Chhamb|alt=Wreckage of a plane, surrounded by two men]]
The IAF withdrew about 130 Vampires and over 50 [[Dassault Ouragan|Ouragons]] from front-line service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/sept98/sarfaraz.htm |title=SQN LDR SARFARAZ AHMED RIAFIQUI |publisher=Defence Journal |date=September 1998 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909234443/http://www.defencejournal.com/sept98/sarfaraz.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although India's use of fixed-winged Vampires was later criticized, eight of the 12 Vampires successfully completed their tasks; 14 Mysteres returned unscathed, and the IAF claimed success in slowing the Pakistan Army's momentum.<ref name=":0" /> Both sides supported their ground forces on 2 September, but no major aerial engagement was observed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paffalcons.com/1965war/september2.php |title=PAF Falcons – The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War |work=paffalcons.com |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605023602/http://www.paffalcons.com/1965war/september2.php |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The PAF's Sabres forced the IAF to send [[Folland Gnat]] fighters to the forward base at [[Pathankot]]; India used Mysteres flying at slow speed as bait to lure the Sabres to attack, and the waiting Gnats would take them on. Two Sabres were scrambled, but one had to turn back when the pilot could not jettison its fuel tanks. The other, flown by F/L [[Yusaf Ali Khan]], spotted the IAF planes and tried positioning himself behind them before attacking. As Khan got them in his cross-hairs, however, he was surrounded by a group of Gnats under attack. A [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] in the area was sent to the dogfight, and another one was scrambled from the base. The first Starfighter passed through the dogfight at supersonic speed; the Gnats, after scoring a kill, began to leave. IAF Squadron Leader [[Trevor Keelor]] of [[No. 23 Squadron, Indian Air Force|No. 23 Squadron]] claimed to have shot down an F-86 Sabre on 3 September for the IAF's first air-combat victory of the war, and received the [[Vir Chakra]]; however, the Sabre made it back to the base. Its pilot, Khan, received the [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] for surviving the dogfight against six Gnats and bringing the damaged Sabre back home. An IAF Gnat pilot was overheard warning others of the incoming Starfighter.<ref name="Run... It's a 104">{{cite news |title=Run... It's a 104. |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html |newspaper=Jang News |author=Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319114802/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html |archive-date=2007-03-19}}</ref> A Gnat flown by S/L [[Brij Pal Singh Sikand]] mistakenly landed at an abandoned airstrip in [[Pasrur]] after Sikand thought he had safely crossed the border. After realising his mistake, Sikand's takeoff attempt was aborted due to a Pakistan Army jeep on the runway; he was taken prisoner, and later handed over to the PAF. A Starfighter flown by F/L Hakimullah Khan at supersonic speed was credited with forcing the Gnat down,<ref name="Run... It's a 104"/><ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html "1965 War, Chapter 3."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |date=6 July 2013 }} ''bharat-rakshak.com.'' Retrieved: 4 November 2010.</ref> and the Gnat is on display at the [[PAF Museum, Karachi|Pakistan Air Force Museum]] in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Run... It's a 104"/> It was flown from [[Pasrur]] to [[Sargodha]] by S/L [[Saad Hatmi]], who evaluated its flight performance and downplayed its effectiveness in a dogfight.<ref name="Run... It's a 104"/>

On 4 September, an F-86 Sabre was lost. The PAF said that the cause was friendly ground fire,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paffalcons.com/1965war/september4.php |title=PAF Falcons – The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War |work=paffalcons.com |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926022431/http://paffalcons.com/1965war/september4.php |archive-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but the IAF said that they shot it down.

[[File:PAF gallery.jpg|thumb|alt=Grey fighter plane in a museum|IAF [[Folland Gnat]] at the PAF Museum]]
Bhatti had 34 combat missions, the most flown by any pilot during the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tufail |first=M.Kaiser |title=Great Air Battles for Pakistan Air Force |year=2008 |publisher=Ferozesons |location=Deadly Stroke |isbn= 9789690018922|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn_fAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> According to Pakistani sources,<ref name="pakofficial"/> [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]] reportedly shot down seven Indian aircraft (two of which were "probable". During a sortie on 7 September, five IAF [[Hawker Hunter]] aircraft were shot down by Alam over the [[PAF Base Mushaf|Sargodha airbase]] in one minute; Alam claimed victory over four in 30 seconds.<ref name="defencejournal2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/alam.htm |title=Alam's Speed-shooting Classic |publisher=Defencejournal.com |date=1965-09-06 |access-date=2011-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927040737/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/alam.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref><ref name="pakofficial">{{cite web |url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/mmalam.html |title=PAKISTAN AIR FORCE – Official website |publisher=Paf.gov.pk |access-date=2011-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013074101/http://www.paf.gov.pk/mmalam.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 |year=1979 |publisher=I. Allan |isbn=9780711009295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ |quote=before we had completed more than about 270 degree of the turn, at around 12 degree per second, all four Hunters had been shot down.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yespakistan.com/memorialday/Rebirth%20of%20MMAlam.asp |title=Re-birth of Pakistan's Record-holder Air Fighter as a New Man: Mohmammad M. Alam |publisher=Yespakistan.com |access-date=2011-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117032228/http://yespakistan.com/memorialday/Rebirth%20of%20MMAlam.asp |archive-date=2011-11-17 }}</ref><ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict 2010">{{Cite book|last=Nordeen|first=Lon O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88JvDwAAQBAJ&q=Alam+under+one+minute+hawker+hunter&pg=PA68|title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age|date=2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|isbn=978-1-58834-282-9|pages=66–68|language=en}}</ref> His claim was contested by the IAF, which denied losing five Hawker Hunter aircraft that day;<ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict 2010"/> several experts, including retired PAF Air Commodore [[Sajad Haider]], also discredited Alam's claim about the sortie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koshy|first=Rakesh|date=15 February 2014|title=Thirty Seconds over Sargodha|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/1161-Koshy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927205555/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1161-koshy.html#gsc.tab=0|archive-date=2020-09-27|access-date=|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Rakesh|date=April 7, 2019|title=Falcon down: Why Pakistan is desperate to fake the F-16 dogfight|work=Business Today|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/falcon-down-why-pakistan-desperate-fake-f-16-dogfight/1/334901.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408160118/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/falcon-down-why-pakistan-desperate-fake-f-16-dogfight/1/334901.html|archive-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name=avhist>''Pakistan's Sabre Ace'' by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |title=Fiza ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force |publisher=Himalayan Books |year=1991 |isbn=81-7002-038-7|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider|title=Flight of the Falcon- Demolishing Myths of Indo Pak Wars 1965-1971|last=Haider|first=Sajad S.|publisher=Vanguard Books Pvt Ltd.|year=2009|isbn=9789694025261|location=Lahore, Pakistan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider/page/n4 69]|quote=<blockquote>It is tactically and mathematically very difficult to resurrect the incident in which all five Hunters in a hard turn were claimed to have been shot down in a 270-degree turn in 23 seconds.</blockquote>}}</ref> No verifiable [[gun camera]] footage of Alam's kills was made public by Pakistani authorities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=Martin W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jliqCwAAQBAJ&q=gun%20camera%20footage%20of%20Alam%20kill&pg=PT196|title=Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972|date=2016-01-30|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-7462-6|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Pathankot Airport.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of smoke rising from an airstrip|Smoke rises from India's [[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot airbase]] during [[airstrikes]] by the PAF's [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|No. 19 Squadron]] led by [[Sajad Haider]].]]
On 6 September, the [[Indian Army]] crossed the border at [[Lahore]] to relieve pressure on the [[Chamb Jaurian]] sector. That evening, the PAF responded with attacks on Indian airfields at [[Pathankot]], [[Adampur]] and [[Halwara]]. The IAF lost almost ten aircraft on the ground at Pathankot, but the attacks on Adampur and Halwara were unsuccessful. The Adampur strike, led by S/L [[M. M. Alam]], turned back before reaching Adampur; the Halwara strike, led by S/L [[Sarfraz Rafiqi]], was impossible due to IAF [[combat air patrol]]. Two Indian Hunters were lost in air combat. Both Indian pilots survived, ejecting over their base, but both Pakistani pilots (including Rafiqui) were killed. Rafiqui had shot down two Vampires and the first of the Hunters,<ref name=Pakvictories/> posthumously receiving the [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] for the Chhamb action and the [[Hilal-i-Jurat]] for Halwara.<ref name="Singh2002">{{cite book |author=Ranbir Singh |title=Marshal Arjan Singh, DFC: life and times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kg1RKjGoZdkC&pg=RA1-PT41 |access-date=21 November 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=Ocean Books |isbn=978-81-88322-04-6 |page=175}}</ref> F/L [[Cecil Chaudhry]] returned from the pursuit.

According to Indian sources, the PAF parachuted 135 [[Special Services Group]] (SSG) commandos<ref>{{cite news |title=The 1965 War: A view from the east |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/05war.htm |access-date=21 November 2011 |newspaper=Rediff news}}</ref> at three Indian airfields (Halwara, Pathankot and Adampur) on 7 September.<ref name="Lal1986"/> The attempt was an "unmitigated disaster". Only ten commandos returned to Pakistan,<ref name="Lal1986"/> and the rest were prisoners of war (including a commander, Major Khalid Butt). The troops landed in residential areas of Halwara and Adampur, where villagers caught them and handed them over to police.<ref name="Lal1986">{{cite book |author=Pratap Chandra Lal |title=My years with the IAF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvTM-xbW41MC&pg=PA138 |access-date=22 November 2011 |year=1986 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-008-2 |pages=138–}}</ref>{{Verify source |date=May 2020 |Reason=Neutral source required for verification}}

That day, the IAF mounted 33 sorties against the heavily guarded [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]], owned by the PAF.<ref name=idrTiwari>{{cite web |last=Tiwary |first=Air Vice Marshal AK |title=IAF defeated PAF in 1965 War |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/military-and-space/IAF-defeated-PAF-in-1965-War.html |work=Vol 22.1 Jan – Mar 2007 |access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> They lost two Mysteres and three Hunters to local PAF squadrons. One of the Indian Hunter pilots, who ejected near Sargodha, was taken prisoner and released after the war. One of the crippled Mysteres was involved in a dogfight with a Starfighter, shooting each other down. The Pakistani pilot ejected; S/L [[Ajjamada B. Devaiah|Ajamada B. Devayya]] was killed,<ref name=Pakvictories>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml |title=Pakistani Air-to-Air Victories |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221231409/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=Indianvictories>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_327.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040220181855/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_327.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 February 2004 |title=Indian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948 |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref> and received a posthumous [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/mahavir_chakra.html |title=Indian Defence Awards : Maha Vir Chakra |access-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502014813/http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/mahavir_chakra.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 }}</ref>

During the 7 September PAF raid on [[Kalaikunda]], Indian F/L [[Alfred Tyrone Cooke|A. T. Cooke]] engaged three PAF Sabres. Cooke shot one down and damaged a second; out of ammunition, he chased away the third Sabre (which was shot down by his wingman).<ref name=Indianvictories/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html|title=One Vs Four : The complete story of Alfred Cooke's epic air combat|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422024022/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=aw65>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=shot+Cooke |title=The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965 |year=2005 |publisher=Manohar Books |isbn=9788173046414 |access-date=2009-07-03}}</ref> On 8 September, an Indian [[S-75 Dvina]] missile was fired against an unidentified target believed to have been on a night mission above [[Ghaziabad]] (near [[Delhi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The S-75 Dvina-India's first surface to air guided weapon |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/949-s75-dvina-sagw.html |website=Bharat rakshak |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175020/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/949-s75-dvina-sagw.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The war then lessened in intensity, with occasional clashes between the IAF and the PAF. Both air forces changed their strategy from air interdiction to ground attack and concentrated their efforts on [[soft-skinned vehicle]]s, supply lines, wagons carrying ammunition, and armoured vehicles. IAF [[English Electric Canberra]]s raided several Pakistani bases. A 10 September battle involved eight aeroplanes over the [[Beas River|River Beas]]: two PAF F-86 Sabres (flown by S/L Muniruddin Ahmad and F/L [[Imtiaz Bhatti]]) and six IAF planes{{snd}}four Mysteres and two Gnats{{snd}}with two 30 mm Aden cannons, led by F/L V. Kapila and F/L Harry Sidhu. Both IAF pilots said that their guns jammed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/iaf-defeated-paf-in-1965-war/ |title=IAF defeated PAF in 1965 War |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> Both PAF pilots said that they shot and damaged one IAF aeroplane each. Same-day IAF records acknowledge losing one Mystere, with the pilot ([[Flying officer|Fg Off]] D. P. Chinoy safely ejecting in Pakistan during the evening and walking back to safety at night.

On 13 September, another encounter took place between PAF Sabres from Sargodha and IAF Gnats from the No. 2 Squadron.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jagan Mohan |first=P.V.S |author2=Chopra, Samir |title=The India-Pakistan air war of 1965 |year=2005 |publisher= Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-641-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=luJsUsrQDYPD4wTgioCABw}} pages=240–241</ref> An Indian Gnat was shot down by a PAF F-86 Sabre flown by F/L Yusaf Ali Khan,<ref name="Pakvictories" /> but the Indian pilot ejected safely. The other Gnat was damaged in combat by F/L Imtiaz Bhatti. Although its pilot returned to the base, All India Radio said that he died of injuries sustained during combat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |title=F-86 Sabre: the operational record |year=1994 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=9781560985310 |page=107}}</ref> After he reportedly died on landing, his funeral was attended by the [[president of India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965 |year=1979 |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd. |isbn=9780711009295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ}} page=150</ref> Khan was credited with a kill; Bhatti was credited with damaging the IAF Gnat,<ref name="Pakvictories" /> despite later confirmation that the injured pilot and the Gnat crash-landed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/India.htm |title=Chronological Listing of Indian Air Force, Naval Air Force and related Losses & Ejections |date=October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222165653/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/India.htm |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later on the night of 13/14 September, Indian Canberras made the war's deepest penetration into Pakistani airspace and attacked bases near [[Peshawar]] and [[Kohat]]. Instead of bombing the Peshawer runway, however, IAF bombers mistook the mall road in Peshawer as the runway and dropped their bombs there instead. The Canberras were intercepted by a Pakistani F-104 near Lahore, but evaded the Starfighter and returned home safely. They also encountered F-86 Sabres, one of which damaged the Canberras.<ref name="Pakvictories" /> A Pakistani F-86 Sabre crashed while making an evasive maneuver in an attempt to escape pursuit by a Gnat which was defending the Canberra bombers, and the PAF pilot was killed. The Gnat pilot, W/C Singh, was credited with an aerial victory for the incident near Amritsar.<ref name="Indianvictories" /> Pakistan acknowledged losing an F-86 Sabre and its pilot, S/L Allaudin "Butch" Ahmad, who was killed in action while leading four aeroplanes attacking an ammunition train near [[Gurdaspur]], [[Amritsar]].

On 16 September, an IAF Hunter<ref name="Pakvictories" /> and a PAF F-86 Sabre<ref name="Pakvictories" /> were shot down over Halwara. The IAF pilot was killed, but the Pakistani pilot ejected and spent the rest of the war as a POW.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jagan Mohan |first=P.V.S |author2=Chopra, Samir |title=The India-Pakistan air war of 1965 |year=2005 |publisher= Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-641-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=shaukat}} pages=257–259</ref> A Pakistani [[Cessna]] and an [[Auster Aircraft|Auster]] observation aircraft were also shot down that day.<ref name="Indianvictories" />

On 18 September, a Sabre was shot down by a Gnat over Amritsar piloted by [[Amar Jit Singh Sandhu]]; the incident was reported by the [[District magistrate|District Collector]], who witnessed the dogfight.<ref name="Indianvictories" /> That day, a Pakistani Sabre shot down a civilian Indian aircraft after the civilian plane identified itself; the PAF pilot assumed that it was on a reconnaissance mission. Years later, the pilot wrote to the Indian pilot's daughter and apologized for shooting down the aircraft.<ref name="independentUK" /> The plane was carrying Gujarat Chief Minister [[Balwantrai Mehta|Balwant Rai]].<ref name="independentUK">{{cite news |title=Fighter pilot says sorry to daughter of man he shot down |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/fighter-pilot-says-sorry-to-daughter-of-man-he-shot-down-2336256.html |access-date=21 November 2011 |newspaper=The Independent UK |date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="zeebalwant">{{cite news |title=Pak pilot says sorry for 1965 downing of plane |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pak-pilot-says-sorry-for-1965-downing-of-plane_725412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819183210/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pak-pilot-says-sorry-for-1965-downing-of-plane_725412.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011 |newspaper=Zee News |date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

On 19 September, a Gnat<ref name=Pakvictories/> and two Sabres<ref name=Indianvictories/> were shot down over Chawinda. One of the Sabres was credited to S/L [[Denzil Keelor]],<ref name=Indianvictories/> the brother of Trevor Keelor, who was credited with the first Indian aerial victory of the war.<ref name=keelor>{{cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=637 |title=Sabre Killers: Keelor Brothers |last=Lalwani |first=Ramesh |access-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220140/http://mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=637 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The following day, another two Hunters<ref name=Pakvictories/> and an F-86 Sabre<ref name=Indianvictories/> were lost over [[Kasur]], Pakistan.

The F-86 was vulnerable against the [[Folland Gnat]], nicknamed "[[Folland Gnat#"Sabre Slayer"|Sabre Slayer]]." The Gnat is credited by independent and Indian sources with shooting down seven [[Pakistan]]i [[Canadair Sabre]]s{{Efn |Licence-built [[North American F-86 Sabre]]s with Canadian engines.}} in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war]];<ref name="Rakshak">Rakshak, Bharat. [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Kill1965.html "Indian Air Force Combat Kills, Indo Pakistan War 1965."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105015854/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Kill1965.html |date=2006-11-05 }} ''History.'' Retrieved 4 November 2010.</ref><ref name="Directory">Spick 2002, p. 161.</ref> two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters.

At one point, the IAF was operating 200 air missions simultaneously. Gnats from the [[No. 9 Squadron IAF|9th]] and [[No. 23 Squadron, Indian Air Force|23rd]] squadrons played a significant role in major air battles.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} On 21 September, IAF Canberras made a daylight strike in Pakistan on the radar complex in [[Badin]].<ref name=bladin>{{cite web |url= http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_325.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040220180626/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_325.shtml |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 20 February 2004 |title=The Kashmir War, 1965: Raid on Badin |last=Gupta |first=Aditya |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref> Under Wing Commander Peter Wilson, six Canberras from [[No. 16 Squadron, Indian Air Force|No. 16 Squadron]] took off from [[Agra]] (over 1,000 km from Badin) and proceeded towards the radar complex at low altitude.<ref name=bladin/> About {{convert|80|mile|km}} short of the target, one Canberra climbed to an altitude of 10,000 feet as a decoy before returning to base; the other five Canberras continued towards the target. The group then separated; four aircraft approached the target in two sections, two minutes apart, at low altitude before climbing to 7,000 feet. They made bombing runs, dropping about 10,000 lbs of explosives. Wilson then approached from the south at an altitude of 30 feet, firing a salvo of 68 mm rockets at the radar dome.<ref name=bladin/>

That day, a PAF F-104 intercepted a Canberra bomber on its way back from [[Sargodha]] and shot it down.<ref name=Pakvictories/> Hunter pilot F/L [[K. C. Cariappa]], son of [[Field Marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[K. M. Cariappa]] (the Indian Army's first commander-in-chief) was shot down by anti-aircraft fire; he ejected, and became a POW.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 |year=1979 |publisher=I. Allan |isbn= 9788173046414|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=cariappa}}page=130</ref> Identifying the wounded soldier at Kargil, [[Radio Pakistan]] announced the capture of the younger Cariappa. General Ayub Khan contacted General Cariappa, who was retired in his hometown of [[Madikeri|Mercara]], with information about his son's safety. When Khan offered to release his son immediately, Cariappa reportedly told him to treat his son no differently from any other POW: "He is my son no longer. He is the child of this country, a soldier fighting for his motherland like a true patriot. My many thanks for your kind gesture, but I request you to release all or release none. Give him no special treatment."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vijay Kumar |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |page=45 |author-link=V. K. Singh}}</ref> A [[ceasefire]] was declared on the night of 22 September.<ref name="global" />

==Losses==
{{anchor|Outcome|Assessment of losses}}
{{See also|List of aerial victories during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965}}
Each side made conflicting claims. Pakistani sources said that Indian losses ranged from 59 to 110, and Pakistani losses ranged from 18 to 43.<ref name=1965p6>{{cite web |url=http://pakistaniat.com/2007/09/06/1965-war-a-different-legacy/comment-page-6/ |title=1965 War: A Different Legacy |last=Osama |first=Athar |date=7 September 2007 |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref><ref name=tribune1/> According to Indian sources, the Indian Air Force's aircraft-attrition rate (1.5%) was lower than that of the PAF (1.82%).<ref name=tribune1/>

One factor which makes it difficult to determine the outcome of the 1965 air war is the number of planes lost in the air versus those lost on the ground due to bombing.<ref name=tribune1/> Up to 60 percent of Indian aircraft losses occurred on the ground during the attacks on Kalaikkunda and [[Pathankot]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=J A |title=Air Power and Challenges to IAF |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=185|isbn= 978-81-7648-593-7}}</ref>

IAF Marshal [[Arjan Singh]] said that despite being inferior in quality, his air force achieved air superiority in three days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html|title = 1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh|date = 4 October 2015}}</ref> Kenneth Werrell wrote that the PAF "did well in the conflict and probably had the edge".<ref name="Werrell"/> When the war began, it had about 100 F-86s; India had five times the number of more-modern combat aircraft. Pakistan had a "decade's experience with the Sabre", however, and experienced pilots.<ref name="Werrell">{{cite book |last1=Werrell |first1=Kenneth |title=Sabres Over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea |date=2013 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=978-1-61251-344-7 |page=188}}</ref> India and Pakistan made disputed claims of losses in the air war.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.90em; margin-right: 0;"
|+
!
!Indian claims
!Pakistani claims
!Independent sources
|-
|Combat flying
| 4,073+ sorties
| 2,279 sorties
|–
|-
|Aircraft lost
|59 IAF, 43 PAF. Indian sources claim an additional 13 IAF aircraft were lost in accidents.
|19 PAF, 104 IAF
|20 PAF, 60–75 IAF<ref>[http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00001093&channel=civic%20center Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry, SJ – Chowk: India Pakistan Ideas Identities.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511105610/http://chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00001093 |date=11 May 2005 }}. Chowk (9 December 2007). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Singh |first1=Pushpindar |last2=Rikhye |first2=Ravi |last3=Steinemann |first3=Peter |title=Fiza'ya: psyche of the Pakistan Air Force |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JS4AAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies |isbn=978-81-7002-038-7}}</ref>
|-
|Aerial victories
|17 (+ 3 postwar)
|30
| –
|}

=={{anchor|Effect on future wars}}Legacy==
The 1965 war led India to refine its tactics, which were decisive in the [[East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)|1971 war]]; Pakistani forces did not realize how much they relied on full ground-based defensive radar coverage and an adequate supply of air-to-air missiles. India established a modern early warning radar system with Soviet aid, including the recently introduced [[Fansong|Fansong-E]] low-level radar linked to the [[S-75 Dvina|SA-2 Guideline]] system and a large number of [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]]. By December 1971, the IAF had 36 squadrons (10 of which were deployed in the Bengal sector) and about 650 combat aircraft.

The US imposed a 10-year arms embargo on both sides as a result of the 1965 war. This had no effect on India (which looked to Britain, France and the Soviet Union for arms) but was disastrous for Pakistan, which was limited to 90 obsolete, second-hand Sabres from Iran, 28 Mirage IIIs from France, and 74 maintenance-intensive Shenyang F-6s. It could not replace losses to its (already weak) force of B-57s or acquire realistic numbers of modern [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptors]].<ref>''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare'', edited by Chris Bishop (Amber Publishing 1997, republished 2004, pages 384–387 {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}})</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Indo–Pakistani air war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani air war of 1971]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK7klDGDzbo 1965, IAF Claimed its First Air-to-Air Kill] documentary published by IAF
* {{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |chapter=Indo-Pakistan Wars |title=MSN Encarta |chapter-url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/indo-pakistan_wars.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524180302/https://www.webcitation.org/5kwrG0An8?url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/indo-pakistan_wars.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Military operations of the India–Pakistan war of 1965|Air war]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts|-1965]]
[[Category:Air campaigns]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving India]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving Pakistan]]

Matiur Rahman (Bir Sreshtho)

2026-05-06T05:20:05Z

Shayne2017: creating new info more to come

{{short description|Bangladeshi Freedom Fighter}}
{{Other people|Matiur Rahman}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Matiur Rahman
| native_name = মতিউর রহমান
| native_name_lang = bn
| honorific_suffix = [[Bir Sreshtho]]
| image = Bir Shreshto Flt. Lft. Matiur Rahman-6.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1941|10|29}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|08|20|1941|10|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ramnagar, [[Raipura Upazila|Raipura]], [[Narsingdi]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Thatta]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| burial_place = Buddhijibi Graveyard
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{Flag|Pakistan}} (until March 1971) {{Flag|Bangladesh}} (from March 1971)
| branch = {{Air force|Pakistan|size=23px}} (1963 – March 1971) {{Air force|Bangladesh|size=23px}} (March 1971 – 20 August 1971)
| service_years = 1963–1971
| rank = [[Flight Lieutenant]]
| service_number = PAK-4367
| unit = [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]]
| commands =
| battles = {{ubl|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]|[[Bangladesh War of Independence]]{{KIA}}}}
| awards = [[Bir Sreshtho]]
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka Collegiate School]]
| spouse = Milly Rahman<ref name="auto"/>
}}

[[Flight Lieutenant]] '''Matiur Rahman''', [[Bir Sreshtho]] (29 October 1941 – 20 August 1971) was a Bengali fighter pilot in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) from [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) and a recipient of [[Bir Sreshtho]], Bangladesh's highest military award, for his actions during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].

He attempted to escape from West Pakistan and join the Bangladesh War of Independence in then East Pakistan by [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]] a [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft being flown by a 20-year-old newly commissioned [[pilot officer]], [[Rashid Minhas]], who was conducting his second solo flight. Rahman stopped the aircraft on the runway, climbed into the cockpit, and steered the aircraft toward the Indian border, but Minhas soon realized his intentions and fought against him through the mechanically linked controls. Minhas then released the canopy, and since he was not properly strapped in, Rahman was sucked out of the cockpit. Minhas then tried to recover the plane, but it crashed since it was flying too low, killing him as well. For his efforts, Minhas was given Pakistan's highest military award, the [[Nishan-e-Haider]], becoming the first and only officer from the PAF and also the youngest member of the armed forces to receive the honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=PAF pays homage to Rashid Minhas Shaheed |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2431745/paf-pays-homage-to-rashid-minhas-shaheed |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> For his support to the state of Bangladesh, Rahman was decorated by Bangladesh with the Bir Sreshtho award.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |date=25 June 2006 |title=Bangladesh 'war hero' goes home |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5112868.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Matiur Rahman was born on 29 October 1941 in the maternal house of Mubarak Laus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned personality |url=https://raipura.narsingdi.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/69959c6135ce18e1c0788db3 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Raipura Upazila}}</ref> His original home is in Ramnagar village, [[Musapur Union, Raipura|Musapur Union]] of [[Raipura Upazila]], [[Narsingdi]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:নরসিংদী জেলা |url=https://www.narsingdi.gov.bd/bn/site/tourist_spot/EHOC-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=narsingdi.gov.bd}}</ref>

Matiur Rahman completed his primary education at [[Dhaka Collegiate School]]. After that, he was admitted into [[PAF College Sargodha|Pakistan Air Force School Sargodha]] in West Pakistan. On 15 August 1961, he joined the [[Pakistan Air Force Academy]] (then Pakistan Air Force College) at [[Risalpur]]. On 22 June 1963, Matiur Rahman was commissioned as a pilot officer from the 36th GD(P) Course and was posted at No. 2 Squadron of Mauripur Air Base (now Masroor) at [[Karachi]] in West Pakistan. After that, he successfully completed the jet conversion training on T-33 jet trainers at that base. He successfully passed the course with a mark of 75.66% and was earmarked for fighter conversion training. Fighter conversion training took place in F-86 Sabre Jets; he passed with a mark of 81%. He was posted in Peshawar (in No. 19 Squadron) due to his result in the Fighter Conversion Course.

==During the Bangladesh Liberation War==
Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman smuggled the family of Group Captain Taher Quddus on a Royal Saudi Arabian [[C-130 transport plane]] bound for [[Riyadh]] during the [[liberation war of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quddus |first1=Farhan |title=Tribute to a father |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/78102/tribute-to-a-father |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=4 September 2014 |type=Op-ed |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
Matiur Rahman and his family went to [[Dhaka]] for a two-month vacation at the end of January 1971. He was staying in the village of [[Ramnagar, Bangladesh|Ramanagar]] in [[Raipur Upazila|Raipur]] during the military operation of 25 March 1971 conducted by the [[Pakistan army]] in the name of [[Operation Searchlight]]. Despite being a member of the PAF, Rahman opened a training camp in [[Bhairab Upazila|Vairab]] and started training Bengali people who were willing to join the [[Mukti Bahini]]. He formed a small defense force with willing members and a few collected weapons. His camp was bombed by the PAF on 14 April 1971. But Rahman anticipated the attack beforehand and changed the place of his camp. Thus, his crew and he were saved from the bombing. Rahman returned to Dhaka on 23 April and then returned to Karachi on 9 May with his family.

==Death==
Rahman was an instructor pilot at [[PAF Base Masroor]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2014 |title=August 20 marks the death anniversary of Rashid Minhas |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Aug-2014/august-20-marks-the-death-anniversary-of-rashid-minhas |newspaper=The Nation |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> He was planning to defect to Bangladesh with a plane to join the Bangladesh War of Independence. On 20 August 1971, Pilot Officer [[Rashid Minhas]] was scheduled to fly with a [[Lockheed T-33]] [[jet trainer]]. Rahman saw Minhas about to take off and asked to join him. He jumped into the instructor's seat.<ref>{{cite web |title=42nd Martyrdom Anniversary Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed [Nishan-e-Hyder.] – SFP News |url=http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/foundationnews.asp?id=2165 |website= |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> He attempted to hijack the T-33 in midair to defect to India. Minhas sent a message to the control tower that he was hijacked, and wrestled with Rahman for control, which crashed the plane in Pakistani territory, causing the death of both pilots. The plane never crossed into Indian airspace and crashed near the border in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashid Minhas 39th death anniversary observed today |url=http://aaj.tv/2010/08/rashid-minhas-39th-death-anniversary-observed-today/ |work=[[AAJ News]] |agency=APP |access-date=3 January 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810055445/http://www.aaj.tv/2010/08/rashid-minhas-39th-death-anniversary-observed-today/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Yawar A. Mazhar, a writer for Pakistan Military Consortium, relayed in 2004 that he spoke to retired PAF Group Captain [[Cecil Chaudhry]] about Minhas and that he learned more details not generally known to the public. According to Mazhar, Chaudhry led the immediate task of investigating the wreckage and writing the accident report. Chaudhry told Mazhar that he found the jet had hit the ground nose first, instantly killing Minhas in the front seat. Rahman's body, however, was not in the jet, and the canopy was missing. Chaudhry searched the area and saw Rahman's body some distance behind the jet, with severe abrasions from hitting the sand at a low angle and a high speed. Chaudhry thought that Minhas probably jettisoned the canopy at low altitude, causing Rahman to be thrown from the cockpit because he was not strapped in. Chaudhry felt that the jet was too close to the ground at that time, too far out of control for Minhas to be able to prevent the crash. Minhas received the [[Nishan-e-Haider]] award, equivalent to the Bir Shrestho award in [[Pakistan]] for his actions in attempting to hijack the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakdef.info/forum/showthread.php?5946-Rashid-Minhas-Story&s=de5ef68cd5f911279850111a8e226133 |title=Rashid Minhas Story |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908080136/http://www.pakdef.info/forum/showthread.php?5946-Rashid-Minhas-Story&s=de5ef68cd5f911279850111a8e226133 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=May 2026}}

===Grave transfer===
[[File: Martyr Bir Shreshto Flt. Lft. Matiur Rahman's Grave.jpg|thumb|Rahman's grave in Dhaka]]
After over 30 years of negotiations, Rahman's body was finally returned to Bangladesh on 24 June 2006 for a ceremonial and highly symbolic reburial in 2006. Pakistani foreign ministry spokesperson Tasneem Aslam described it as a 'goodwill gesture'.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |date=20 April 2006 |title=Bengali hero's remains given back |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4928268.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> He was buried at the Martyred Intellectuals Graveyard, in Mirpur, Dhaka, with full military honours.<ref name="dstar">{{cite news |date=25 June 2006 |title=Matiur's remains received in state honour |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/25/d6062501129.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> His original burial in a grave in a fourth-class employees' graveyard in Pakistan and the hanging of his photo at the entrance of Mashrur Airbase identifying him as a traitor had been a sore point between Bangladesh and Pakistan for decades.<ref name="ds24Mar2005">{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=Ashiqur |title=Elegy for a Bir Sreshtha |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/03/24/d5032401098.htm |work=The Daily Star |date=24 March 2005 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

==Eponyms==
* Bangladesh Air Force Base Matiur Rahman at [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |title=Year ends with a milestone for women |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/jan/01/year-ends-milestone-women |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
* Bangladesh Air Force also gives out a trophy for best performance in the flying training.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 June 2015 |title=President parade held at BAF Academy |url=https://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/4127 |location=Dhaka |newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:আরও দুই আন্তর্জাতিক স্টেডিয়ামের নাম পরিবর্তন |date=2025-03-23 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/qsr2e9fqth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090643/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/qsr2e9fqth |access-date=2025-04-28 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |language=bn |trans-title=Two more international stadiums renamed |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ মতিউর রহমান ও শহিদ রিয়া গোপের নামে স্টেডিয়ামের নামকরণ |url=https://www.jugantor.com/sports/933091 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=23 March 2025 |language=bn |trans-title=Stadium named after Bir Shrestho Matiur Rahman and Shaheed Riya Gope}}</ref>
* [[Munshiganj Stadium|Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Stadium]]<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধে শহীদ বীরশ্রেষ্ঠের নামে ৫ জেলা স্টেডিয়ামের নামকরণ |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/62748.details |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[banglanews24.com]] |date=12 October 2011 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Birshreshto Matiur Rahman trophy (a.k.a. Golden Pen award) awarded for the best individual research paper of Air Wing in Defence Services Command and Staff College.
* Dining halls in the [[Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh|cadet colleges]] of Bangladesh.

==Personal life and legacy==
Rahman was married to Milly Rahman. Together they had two daughters, Mahin and Tuhin.<ref name="ds24Mar2005" />

There is a docudrama based on Matiur's life named ''Ognibolaka'' with Bangladeshi film actor [[Riaz (actor)|Riaz]] in the role of Matiur and television actress [[Tarin Ahmed|Tarin]] in the role of his wife, Mili. There is also a Bengali film named ''[[Ostittey Amar Desh]]'' (2007) based on Matiur's life, directed by "[[Khijir Hayat Khan]]". His wife, "Mili Rahman", was the co-writer of this film and also acted in it.<ref>{{Citation |last=Khan |first=Khijir Hayat |title=Ostittey Amar Desh |date=26 March 2007 |type=War |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5789882/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |others=Matiur Rahman, Milly Rahman, Khijir Hayat Khan |publisher=Bir Sreshtho Matiur Rahman Foundation, Sufia Pictures}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Bir Sreshtho}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Matiur}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Dhaka Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:PAF College Sargodha alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Pakistani military aviators]]
[[Category:People killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Pakistani defectors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho]]
[[Category:Burials at Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi military personnel]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1971]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Pakistan]]

Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:54:13Z

Shayne2017: done

{{short description|Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Durgapur Paschim
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Durgapur Paschim.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Durgapur Paschim Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| constituency_no = 277
| established = 1962
| electors = 2,38,700 (2026)
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 277 Durgapur Paschim assembly constituency covers ward nos. 11 – 22 and 29 – 43 of Durgapur municipal corporation.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation Commission Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency is part of No. 39 [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Durgapur I'''''
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||rowspan=4|Dilip Mazumdar||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 352 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 345 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 351 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 361 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||rowspan=3|[[Mrinal Banerjee]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 368 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007113156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 361 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/wbdetail06.htm | title = List of Successful Candidates in West Bengal Assembly Election in 2006 | work = Hirapur| publisher = rediff.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm | title = List of successful candidates - West Bengal Assembly Election | work= Durgapur I| publisher = Elections.in | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060520105555/http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |access-date =13 May 2021| archive-date = 20 May 2006 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Durgapur Paschim'''''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||[[Apurba Mukherjee]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html | title = West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2011 | work= Durgapur Paschim| publisher = Elections.in |access-date =13 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||[[Biswanath Parial]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="vidhansabha2016">{{cite web | url = https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/west-bengal/asansol/ | title = Durgapur Paschim| work = Election Results| publisher = India.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="vidhansabha2021">{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/asansol-dakshin-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Asansol Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]||[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
<ref>{{cite web | url =https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25277.htm| title = West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2026 | work= Durgapur Paschim| publisher = results.eci.gov.in |access-date =4 May 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Durgapur Paschim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}114,729
|percentage = 52.93
|change = +15.62 {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kavi Dutta
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}77,131
|percentage = 35.58
|change = -3.28 {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tarun Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}3019
|percentage = 1.39
|change = -7.77 {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravas Sain
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}13,986
|percentage = 6.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Somnath Bannerjee
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}269
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prabhu Nath Sah
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}645
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gulnaj Khanam
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}442
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}2947
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Durgapur Paschim<ref name=vidhansabha2021/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]|votes=91,186|percentage=46.31|change=+37.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Biswanath Parial]]|votes=76,522|percentage=38.86|change=+5.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Debesh Chakraborty|votes=18,030|percentage=9.16|change=-46.84}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent|candidate=Narayan Mondal|votes=2,130|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent|candidate=Chadramallika Bandopadhyay|votes=2038|percentage=1.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prabhunath Sah|votes=1228|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Sanjiban Hazra|votes=915|percentage=0.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|candidate=Sandip Sikder|votes=879|percentage=0.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Somnath Banerjee|votes=691|percentage=0.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=196,902|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Durgapur Paschim<ref name=vidhansabha2016/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Biswanath Parial]]|votes=108,533|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Apurba Mukherjee]]|votes=63,709|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kalyan Dubey|votes=18313|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Shyamali Banerjee (Roy Choudhuri)|votes=1917|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sandip Sarkar|votes=1,506|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent|candidate=Kanai Dutta|votes=839|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Atul Chandra Bauri |votes=679|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above |votes=3, 879|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
Apurba Mukherjee emerged victorious by defeating his nearest rival Biprendu Kumar Chakraborty{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Durgapur Paschim<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25277.htm |title = Durgapur Paschim |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516060800/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25277.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=277| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223023/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=277| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Durgapur Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Durgapur Paschim |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Apurba Mukherjee]]|votes=92,454|percentage=51.94|change=#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Biprendu Kumar Chakraborty|votes=75,448|percentage=42.38|change=-17.52#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kalyan Dubey|votes=5,434|percentage=3.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Sunil Yadab|votes=2,859|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sandip Sarkar|votes=1,813|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=178,008|percentage=85.36|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Change for CPI(M) calculated on the basis of its vote percentage in 2006 in Durgapur I constituency. Trinamool Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977–2010===
In the by-election, caused by the death of sitting MLA, [[Mrinal Banerjee]], held in July 2010, Archana Bhattacharya of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Bansi Badan Karmakar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/election/dgp_bye2010.pdf | title = Bye election 2010 for 264 Durgapur I assembly constituency | access-date = 2010-08-24 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mrinal Banerjee of CPI (M) won the Durgapur I seat in 2006, 2001, and 1996 defeating Congress candidates Banshi Badan Karmakar, Chandra Sekhar Banerjee and Mrigendranath Pal respectively. Dilip Mazumdar of CPI (M) won the seat in 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp264.htm | title = 264 – Durgapur I Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1962–1972===
[[Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay]] of Congress won the Durgapur seat in 1972. Dilip Mazumdar of CPI (M) won the seat in 1971, 1969 and 1967. Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay of INC won the seat in 1962.<ref name=archive>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-08-29 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Durgapur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)

2026-05-04T02:34:33Z

Shayne2017: put up new data!

{{Short description|Bengal Army officer (1806–1857)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
| name = Sir Henry Lawrence
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|KCB}}
| image = Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence.jpg
| caption = 1827 portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date|1806|6|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1857|7|4|1806|6|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Oudh State]], [[Company rule in India|Company India]]
| burial_place =
| allegiance = [[East India Company]]
| branch = [[Bengal Army]]
| service_years = 1823–1857
| rank = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[Bengal Artillery]]
| commands =
| battles = [[First Burmese War]] [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Battle of Sobraon]]
[[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Battle of Chillianwala]]
[[Indian Mutiny]]
* [[Siege of Lucknow]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Honoria Lawrence|Honoria Marshall]]|21 August 1837|}}
| relations = [[George St Patrick Lawrence|Sir George Lawrence]] (brother) [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence]] (brother)
| other_work = [[Resident (title)|Resident Minister]] at [[Lahore]] [[Chief Commissioner]] of [[Awadh]]
}}

[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]] '''Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence''' (28 June 1806 – 4 July 1857) was a [[Bengal Army]] officer, surveyor and colonial administrator. He is known for leading a group of British officials in the [[Punjab]] known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]], founding the [[Lawrence Military Asylums]] and for dying at the [[siege of Lucknow]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

==Background==
Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an [[Ulster-Scots people|Ulster-Scots]] family at [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] in [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]]. Both his parents were from [[Ulster]], the northern [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Ireland]]. His mother Letitia was the daughter of the Rev. George Knox from [[County Donegal]], while his father, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], entered the service of the [[British Army]] and achieved distinction at the 1799 [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatnam]].<ref name=wills96>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p. 96.</ref> The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India; of them [[George St Patrick Lawrence|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Lord Lawrence]] would achieve particular fame.

In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to [[Foyle College]] in [[Derry]], a city in [[Ulster]], where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in [[Bristol]] where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 4.</ref> In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] in [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]].<ref name=wills96/> (His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the [[East India Company]] in India.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 11.</ref>) Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |page=353 |ol=23336661M }}</ref> On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of [[London]]. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty-five years later.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 6.</ref> Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe included [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Sir Frederick Abbott]].

==Early career==
[[File:Joseph Wanton Morrison - britischer General.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Wanton Morrison]], whom Lawrence served under in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]]]

On passing out from Addiscombe in 1822 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [[Bengal Artillery]], arriving in India the following year. He was based at the [[Calcutta]] suburb of [[Dum Dum]], where [[Henry Havelock]] was also stationed about the same time. He soon saw action in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], and at the age of 18 Lawrence commanded a battery forming part of the [[Chittagong]] column which General [[Joseph Wanton Morrison]] led over the jungle-covered hills of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]. He served for two years in Burma, until the expedition was decimated by fever, and Lawrence nearly perished of the illness.<ref name=kaye392>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 392.</ref> He returned to Dum Dum, before being sent first to [[Penang]] and then [[Guangzhou|Canton]] to convalesce. As these changes in climate failed to affect his health for the better, he was invalided back to England.<ref name=kaye392/> During his furlough in England, he resided with his family in Bristol, where he would first meet his future wife [[Honoria Lawrence|Honoria Marshall]], until the opportunity arose in the autumn of 1828 to assist in the trigonometrical survey in [[Ireland]].<ref name=buckland246>Buckland, Charles Edward, Dictionary of Indian Biography, 1906, London : S. Sonnenschein, p. 246.</ref>

Lawrence set sail for India on 2 September 1829 with his brother John, who had recently completed his studies at the [[East India Company College]].<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 22.</ref> The brothers parted company in Calcutta, and Lawrence rejoined his regiment in [[Karnal]] on the Sikh frontier, where his elder brother George was now stationed.<ref name=buckland246/> In 1831 he was transferred to the horse artillery in [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]] and the following year he passed examinations in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] with the aim of earning a civil service posting.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 393.</ref>

===Revenue Survey of India===

In 1833 he was appointed an assistant to the Revenue Survey of India by [[William Henry Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland|Lord William Bentinck]] based at [[Gorakhpur]]. He was tasked with mapping out and marking the boundaries of villages and fields in certain large districts, classifying them in accordance with the quality of soil and extent of holdings and to investigate and record the rights of claimants.<ref name=gibbon40>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 40.</ref> He soon perceived the urgent need for more canals, and more and better roads, urging that "the farmer, the soldier, the policeman, the traveller, the merchant, all want more roads. Cut roads in every direction."<ref name=gibbon40/> During his time with the Survey, Lawrence was known for his zeal, discouragement of cheating and at times harsh treatment of bribe taking. In 1837, the secretary to the Board of Revenue remarked to the Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Provinces:<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 43.</ref>

{{bquote|Captain Lawrence is one of the most experienced and zealous of the officers employed in the survey, and has conducted the process of double survey more successfully than perhaps any other...Captain Lawrence is prepared to guarantee a complete survey of three thousand square miles per annum when the villages average one square mile each.}}

Lawrence went on to successfully accomplish this guarantee, and earned the nickname "Gunpowder" from [[James Thomason]] for his "explosive force which shattered all obstacles". In 1835 his father died, and as such his military pension also ceased, leaving his mother Letitia penniless. Lawrence, along with his brothers, took on the responsibility of remitting allowances for their mother. In July 1837, his sweetheart Honoria Marshall arrived in [[Chinsurah|Hooghly]] and they married at the Mission Church in Calcutta on 21 August. Honoria accompanied Lawrence to Gorakpur where she became an enthusiastic assistant in his work.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, pp. 48–50.</ref> By the close of 1837, Lawrence had completed his work in Gorakpur and set out for [[Allahabad]] the next district on his list. He continued with the survey until August 1838 when he was ordered to stand ready to rejoin his troop amid talk of war with [[Afghanistan]].

===Ferozepore===
In October 1838, in the run up to the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], Lawrence departed Allahabad to join [[Alexander Burnes]]'s Horse Artillery, part of an 'Army of the Indus.'<ref name=kaye402>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 402.</ref> At the time he received an offer of a hundred rupees a month from a Calcutta paper to act as a correspondent during the war, agreeing on the condition of anonymity, that he would not supply any information that was not above board, and that the money would be divided between the Calcutta Orphan Asylum and the Benevolent Institution.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 63.</ref> When the army was ordered to stand fast, he instead became assistant to Sir [[George Russell Clerk]], adding to his political experience in the management of the district of [[Ferozepore]].<ref name=kaye402/> At Ferozepore, Lawrence was collector, magistrate, civil and military engineer, universal provider and paymaster to troops that passed through the district. He was called upon to settle a boundary dispute on the British side of the Sutlej, and so impressed where neighbouring chiefs of his sagacity and fairness a number of barons across the border and in the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] sought his assistance to settle their own boundary disputes.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 65.</ref> In June 1839 [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] died and talk of war with the [[Sikh Empire]] began. Lawrence, spent much of the period acquainting himself with knowledge of the history and culture of the [[Sikh Empire]], and penned a romance of the Punjab to aid those who cared to learn more about the region.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 66.</ref>

===Peshawar===
{{main|First Anglo-Afghan War}}
When news of disaster came from [[Kabul]] in November 1841 he was at first tasked with pushing up supports for the relief of Sir [[Robert Sale]] and the garrison of [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]]. He was to prepare the way for a relief force through the four hundred miles between Ferozepur and the Khyber. He requested the assistance of guns from the Sikh authorities, who agreed on the condition of the willingness of the gunners themselves, who at first proved unwilling. He relocated to [[Peshawar]] where he was responsible for getting the Sikh allies in hand, and helping to prepare the army of [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet|Sir George Pollock]]. He had hoped to accompany Pollock in the [[Kabul Expedition (1842)|Kabul Expedition]] in 1842, however his fellow agent [[Frederick Mackeson]] was preferred. Instead he was allowed to remain with his old corps until the Khyber Pass was won.<ref name=kaye404>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 404.</ref> At the conclusion of the war, he returned to Ferozepur where the [[Governor General of India]] met the armies of Pollock, Sale and [[William Nott|Nott]].

In January 1843, Lawrence left Ferozepur when he was appointed superintendent of [[Dehradun]]. It soon emerged that military officers were barred from this post, and so he was instead transferred to [[Ambala]] as the assistant to the envoy at [[Lahore]]. Soon after taking charge, he was instructed to lead a military expedition in Khytul and was thereafter ordered to administer the region. Despite his short time in Khytul, Lawrence introduced a number of reforms including reduced taxes, the abolition of forced labour, a prompt system of justice and punishing bribery and corruption. In addition where required he remitted the land tax owed by a cultivator until he could improve his condition, and made the cultivator undertake public works such as digging wells in lieu of payment.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, pp. 85–86.</ref> Lawrence soon became somewhat disappointed by his lack of recognition for his contribution in the war and constant moving between jobs.<ref name=kaye404/> Later that year however he was elevated to the rank of Major and appointed to the well-salaried and prestigious post of the [[List of British Resident Ministers in Nepal|Resident]] of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Nepal]].<ref name=kaye404/>

==Resident at Nepal==
Lawrence arrived in [[Kathmandu]] in November 1843, leaving his wife behind as European women were not allowed to enter the Kingdom at that present time.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p. 89.</ref> Shortly after arriving, as a gesture of goodwill, Honoria was granted a rare exception to join her husband. During his time in Nepal, under instruction not to interfere in the internal administration of the Kingdom, Lawrence devoted much of his time to literary pursuits, ably assisted by his wife.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 408.</ref> He wrote a defence of [[William Hay Macnaghten|Sir William Macnaghten]] which included passages foreshadowing the later mutiny of 1857, in which he lamented the blind self-confidence of British policy in India, the unpreparedness for disaffection, a lack of supplies, and the weakness of British garrisons. He also became a contributor to the [[Calcutta Review]] edited by [[John William Kaye|Sir John Kaye]]. In an article titled the Military Defence of our Indian Empire, he insisted on the need for the Government to be ready for war at all times, a view which was challenged by his editor. It was whilst in Kathmandu that Lawrence and his wife first proposed the idea of homes in the cooler hills for the children of serving British officers.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P., The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, pp. 100–104.</ref>

==Punjab==
[[File:Henry Montgomery Lawrence.jpg|thumb|upright|{{circa|1847}} portrait of Lawrence]]

In 1845, instability in the [[Sikh Empire]] led to growing tensions with neighbouring provinces. Lawrence's articles in the Calcutta Review had caught the attention of Henry Hardinge, the new [[Governor-General of India]], who was impressed by his knowledge of the region.<ref name=kaye409>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 409.</ref> Hardinge appointed Lawrence as his political assistant following the death of [[George Broadfoot|Major George Broadfoot]] at the start of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 411.</ref> He was present at the decisive [[Battle of Sobraon]] which brought the war to a conclusion. As political agent, he responded to allegations that leading Sikh chiefs had betrayed their countrymen at Sobraon and sold the battle to the British, denying any knowledge of treachery on the part of the Sikh chiefs and interference by British officials.<ref name=kaye409/>

===Lahore Durbar===
Following Sobraon, Lawrence counselled the Governor-General not to annex the Punjab but instead reconstruct the Sikh Empire, fenced in and fortified by British bayonets.<ref name=kaye409/> This was provided for in the [[Treaty of Lahore]], whereby a British garrison was to be based in Lahore to further this purpose. Lawrence spent the next three months as the agent in Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political Diaries of the Agent to the Governor General, North West Frontier and Resident at Lahore from 1 January 1847 to 4 March 1848 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |place=Lahore |year=2005 |edition=reprint |isbn=969-35-1766-0 |page=i }}</ref> In his diaries, Lawrence would later write of his intentions in his role:<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 418.</ref>

{{bquote|"The basis of our arrangements, however, was: first, the reduction of the army to the lowest number required to defend the frontier and preserve internal peace, and to pay that army punctually; second, to strike off the most obnoxious taxes and, as far as possible, equalise and moderate the assessment of the country and insure what was collected reaching the public treasury; thirdly to have a very simple code of laws, founded on the Sikh customs, reduced to writing and administered by the most respectable men from their own ranks."}}

During this time, he assisted in the sale of [[Kashmir]] to [[Gulab Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Jammu]] as war indemnity, a move which caused considerable unrest in Lahore. When a rebellion broke out, presumed to have been instigated by [[Lal Singh]] in support of the existing Sikh governor, Lawrence personally accompanied a body of Sikh troops to Kashmir in support of Gulab Singh.<ref name=kaye416>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 416.</ref> Through his support of Gulab Singh, Lawrence was able to wield significant power over the new [[Dogra dynasty|Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir]], inducing the leader to abolish [[Sati (practice)|sati]], [[female infanticide]] and [[child slavery]] throughout his dominions, and attracting considerable financial support for his later philanthropic endeavours.<ref name=kaye416/>

The terms of the initial treaty had permitted British troops to remain until the end of 1846. However at the request of the Lahore Durbar that troops remain until the new Maharajah reached 16, the Treaty of Bhairowal was signed. A key condition of the Treaty was that a Resident British officer, with an efficient establishment of assistants, was to be appointed by the Governor-General to remain at Lahore, with "full authority to direct and control all matters in every Department of the State. Maulvi Sayed Rajab Ali of Jagraon (Ludhiana Dist) a close confidant of Sir Henry Lawrence played an important role in these negotiations".<ref>Article 2 of the Treaty of Bhyroval.</ref> Lawrence was appointed to the role of Resident, and began assembling a team of officer assistants, who would become known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men".

===Interlude===
In 1848, following a year of relative peace in the Punjab, Lawrence was granted sick leave and accompanied Henry Hardinge to England where he was made a [[Knight Commander of the Bath]] on Hardinge's recommendation.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 422.</ref> In March, Lawrence was officially replaced as the British Resident at Lahore by [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Currie]]. The murder of two of his assistants, [[Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew|Patrick Vans Agnew]] and W. A. Anderson in [[Multan]], and the outbreak of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] hastened his return to India.<ref>Colonel George Bruce Malleson, The Decisive Battles of India From 1746 To 1849 Inclusive, Pickle Partners Publishing, 15 August 2014.</ref> He was present at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]], and although lacking an official capacity, he played a key role in persuading [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Lord Gough]] not to withdraw his troops after the battle.<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |page=356 |ol=23336661M }}</ref> The war was won by the East India Company and the Punjab became a province of the [[Bengal Presidency]].

===Board of Administration===
The new [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] was to be administered under the superintendence of a Board of Administration and Lawrence was made its president. He was assisted on the Board by his brother John and [[Charles Grenville Mansel]], under whom he retained his troop of hand picked assistants. As President, Lawrence travelled extensively in the province, each year travelling three or four months, each day riding usually thirty to forty miles. At each station he would visit public offices, [[gaol]]s, bazaars, receive visitors of all ranks, inspect the Punjab regiments and police, and receive daily petitions sometimes numbering in the hundreds.<ref name=kaye431>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 431.</ref> In his diary he noted that under his administration they had raised five regiments of fine cavalry and infantry, six regiments of very good military police and 2,700 cavalry police, planted thousands of trees, ensured serais were ever-present on main roads, police posts every two or three miles, and steps were taken in education.<ref name=vibart357>{{Cite book |first=H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |page=357 |ol=23336661M }}</ref>

Despite the success of the Board of Administration, internal tensions had arisen and the new Governor General, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], preferred to invest power in the hands of single administrator. Part of the reason for this was Lawrence's insistence on compensating the Sikh nobility and aristocracy who had suffered ruin following defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Lawrence, mindful of the potential for discontent to be sewn by disgruntled aristocrats, liberally offered financial assistance, a policy opposed by both his brother John and Dalhousie<ref name=kaye431/> Both Lawrence and his brother John tendered their resignation, however Dalhousie chose John as his new Lieutenant-Governor. Dalhousie explained his decision by stating that after some years of military administration in the Punjab, there was now a need for a civil administration to which John Lawrence would be more suited.<ref name=vibart357/> The decision deeply hurt Henry who felt he had proved his self-taught civil administrative abilities over the course of the previous twenty years.<ref name=vibart357/>

==Oude and Rajputana==
[[File:Henry Montgomery Lawrence after Ahmed Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|{{circa|1857}} photograph of Lawrence]]

Lawrence began his new role as the Governor-General's [[Rajputana Agency|Agent in Rajputana]] in 1853. Much of his energy was devoted to two principal causes, the abolition of widow-burning in Rajputana and reforming the prison system.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 437.</ref> Whilst in Rajputana his wife Honoria died and his health began to fail, prompting first a desire to succeed [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]] as Resident at [[Lucknow]], for which he was overlooked for a civilian, and thereafter a desire to undertake leave to England.

In 1856, [[Oudh]] had been annexed by the East India Company on the grounds of internal maladministration. The following March, Lawrence was appointed to the prestigious post of Chief Commissioner of [[Awadh|Oudh]]. Under his predecessor Colville Coverley Jackson, much of the local aristocracy had fallen from grace and widespread unrest had come to the fore. An added concern was growing discontent amongst the [[Sepoys]] of the Bengal Army, a large proportion of whom were drawn from Oudh, and thus able to command support in the province.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 450.</ref> Lawrence had long taken an interest in the sepoy army, noting its defects, and advising successive Governor-Generals of the need to listen to concerns of the soldiery and implement reform, and as such was wary that any insurrection amongst the sepoys could instigate a wider civil unrest.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 452.</ref>

==Siege of Lucknow==
[[File:No. 19. Lawrence and Neil's tomb Lucknow - British Library.jpg|thumb|Graves of [[James George Smith Neill|General Neill]] and others (left) and Lawrence's tomb (right) at [[the Residency, Lucknow]]]]
[[File:Sir Henry Lawrence Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|[[High cross]] memorial to Lawrence at [[the Residency, Lucknow]]]]
[[File:Memorial to Henry Montgomery Lawrence.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to Lawrence in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London]]
In May 1857, two months after assuming his post in [[Oudh]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] commenced. Lawrence earned praise for the prompt and decisive handling of an insurrection of an irregular native regiment near Lucknow, and was in turn awarded full military and civil authority by the Governor-General, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]]. He arranged for a garrison in Lucknow of some 1700 men, and took refuge in the [[The Residency, Lucknow|British residency]]. Such was his assured handling of the crisis, that the British government and Board of Directors of the East India Company found it necessary to nominate him as provisional Governor-General of India in the event of the death or resignation of Lord Canning.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p. 474.</ref>

On the morning of 30 June, despite being weak and exhausted with illness, he led a march towards [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabgunj]] to confront some mutinous regiments approaching Lucknow. Around six or seven miles from Lucknow he encountered 15,000 soldiers with thirty guns. Soon after, the artillery of the Oude irregular force deserted his command, joining the mutineers.<ref name=vibart357/> Significantly outnumbered Lawrence was forced into a retreat, suffering heavy losses. On their return, the Residency was soon besieged by mutineers and the [[Siege of Lucknow]] commenced. On 1 July, a shell burst into his quarters in the upper part of the Residency. Despite pleas from his officers, he refused to move his quarters to a safer area. The following day, whilst lying on a couch, a shell burst beside him and shattered his thigh. [[Joseph Fayrer|Dr Joseph Fayrer]] was summoned to provide consultation, and decided that amputation would only increase his suffering, and was likely to shorten his life. Fayrer gave him three days to live. Lawrence lingered until the second day, and died at approximately eight in the morning on 4 July 1857.

He was buried that same evening in a soldier's grave, and it is said that not a single officer saw the lowering of his body into the ground so furious was the fighting raging at the time.<ref name=vibart357/> When Lawrence was critically injured and aware he was dying, he gave final orders to his nominated successor at Lucknow, [[John Banks (East India Company officer)|Major John Banks]], who immediately recorded them in writing. The twelfth among his fourteen directions was "Put on my tomb only this; Here lies Henry Lawrence who tried to do his duty."<ref>G. Hutchinson, ''Narrative of the Mutinies in Oude'', Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1859, pp. 168–169.[https://archive.org/details/narrativeofmutin00hutc/page/168/mode/2up]</ref> This epitaph appears on his tombstone at the Residency graveyard.

==Educational institutions==
Lawrence established institutions for the education of the children of British soldiers, known as the [[Lawrence Military Asylums]], at four places in [[British India]]. Three of these institutions survive today as the prestigious [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]] ([[Himachal Pradesh|HP]], India), [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]] ([[Tamil Nadu|TN]], India) and [[Lawrence College, Ghora Gali]] ([[Murree Tehsil|Murree]], Pakistan): the fourth, which does not survive, was at [[Mount Abu]], in present-day [[Rajasthan]].

Following the [[Disruption of 1843]], along with Sir James Outram, Lawrence supported Reverend [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] in establishing the Free Church Institution in Calcutta, as a rival institution to the General Assembly's Institution, which had been founded by Duff in 1830.<ref>[http://www.pitlochrychurchofscotland.org.uk/Duff.htm Pitlochry Church of Scotland's obituary of Alexander Duff] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131833/http://www.pitlochrychurchofscotland.org.uk/Duff.htm |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130203131705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091122/jsp/7days/story_11770216.jsp The missionary’s mission in Calcutta]</ref> These two institutions would later be merged to form the Scottish Churches College, known since 1929 (when the [[Church of Scotland]] was unified) as [[Scottish Church College]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf |title=History of Scottish Church College |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Family life==
Lawrence married Honoria Marshall at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John's Church]], [[Calcutta]], on 21 August 1837.<ref>"The Late Sir Henry Lawrence, K.C.B." Times [London, England] 24 August 1857: 7. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 3 April 2013.</ref> They had four children. In 1858, his eldest son Alexander was created [[Lawrence baronets of Lucknow (1858)|1st Baronet Lawrence, of Lucknow]], in consideration of his father's services.

==Works==
*{{cite book |first=H. M. L. |last=Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/stream/AdventuresOfAnOfficerInTheServiceOfRunjeetSinghVolumeI#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Runjeet Singh |place=London |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1845 }}
*{{cite book |first=Henry Montgomery |last=Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/stream/EssaysMilitaryAndPoliticalWrittenInIndia#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Essays, Military and Political, Written in India |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |year=1859 }}
*Lawrence also contributed to the ''[[Calcutta Review]]''.

==Commemoration==
Lawrence is commemorated by a [[high cross]] in the cemetery adjacent to the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] in Lucknow. There is a monument to him by [[John Graham Lough|J. G. Lough]] in the south transept of [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] pp. 459/60: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref> and a memorial by [[John Henry Foley|J. H. Foley]] at [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in [[Calcutta]]. There is a portrait of him in the dining room of the [[East India Club]] in London.

He is also remembered in the names of:
* [[Henry Lawrence Island]] in the Indian Ocean, at 12N 93E.
* The town of [[Lawrence, New Zealand|Lawrence]] in [[New Zealand]].
* The [https://camra.org.uk/pubs/lawrence-arms-portsmouth-190829 Lawrence Arms] public house in Southsea, Hampshire.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery|volume=16|pages=305–306}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite ODNB|id=16179|title=Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery}}
* Edwardes, Michael. ''The Necessary Hell: John and Henry Lawrence and the Indian Empire'' (Cassell, 1958)
*{{cite book |first=H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |pages=353–64 |ol=23336661M }}
*{{cite book|author=James John McLeod Innes|title=Sir Henry Lawrence: The Pacificator|series=[[Rulers of India series]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQy1mgEACAAJ|year=1898|publisher=Clarendon Press|author-link=James John McLeod Innes}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Henry Lawrence}}
*{{OL author|1750093A}}

{{NSRW Poster|Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040816055005/http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-03/0922136923 Illustrated London News 24 Oct 1863 – p.415 The Lawrence Asylum at Murree]
*[http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/second_anglo_sikh_war.htm The Second Anglo Sikh War]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050425032237/http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/LawrencHM.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition]
*[http://www.thelawrenceschool.org/ Lawrence School, Lovedale]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060116101958/http://www.lawrence.edu.pk/ Lawrence College, Ghora Gali, Murree, Pakistan]
*[http://www.sanawar.com/ Lawrence School, Sanawar]
* {{NPG name|name=Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Henry Montgomery}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Bengal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:People educated at Foyle College]]
[[Category:Ulster Scots people]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People from Matara, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Lawrence family (England)|Henry]]

Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer

2026-05-04T00:23:59Z

Shayne2017: created post

{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|6|17}}
| education = [[University of Kerala|Travancore University]] (BSc) [[Cardiff University|University of Cardiff]] (Diploma)
| occupation = Journalist, Educational Administrator
| known_for = Joint Managing Editor of ''[[Dinamalar]]'', Founder of Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy Foundation
| title =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}

'''Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer''' (born 17 June 1935), also known as '''R. Lakshmipathy''', is an Indian journalist, publisher, and educational administrator.<ref name="padma">{{cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2025/202578.pdf |title=Dr. Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer - Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> He served as the Joint Managing Editor of the Tamil daily newspaper ''[[Dinamalar]]''. He is the founder and President of the Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy Foundation, an educational trust based in [[Madurai]].<ref name="rlins">{{cite web |url=https://rlins.edu.in/president/ |title=President - R L Institute of Nautical Sciences |publisher=R L Institute of Nautical Sciences |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallady |first=Shastry V. |date=2025-05-04 |title=R.B.Udayakumar greets veteran journalist 'Dinamalar' Dr.R.Lakshmipathy in Madurai for receiving Padma Shri Award |url=https://www.lotustimes.org/2025/05/04/r-b-udayakumar-greets-veteran-journalist-dinamalar-dr-r-lakshmipathy-in-madurai-for-receiving-padma-shri-award/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Lotus Times {{!}} Madurai {{!}} Tamilnadu {{!}} Lotus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer was born on June 17, 1935.<ref name="padma"/> He completed his higher education at [[University of Kerala|Travancore University]], receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry.<ref name="rlins"/> He subsequently earned a Diploma in Newspaper Management from the Thompson Foundation in the United Kingdom. In 1970, the Thompson Foundation deputed him to complete an additional Diploma in Newspaper Management at the [[Cardiff University|University of Cardiff]] in South Wales.<ref name="padma"/>

== Career ==
Ramasubbaiyer began his career in the newspaper industry in 1956 as an Advertisement Executive at ''Dinamalar''. He eventually became the publication's Joint Managing Editor, overseeing the integration of new printing and publishing technologies into the newspaper's operations.<ref name="rlins"/> He has held several administrative positions within the Indian media sector. He served as the Chairman of the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulation]] from 1986 to 1987 and as the President of the [[Indian Newspaper Society]] from 1992 to 1993.<ref name="et">{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/r-lakshmipathy-is-new-pti-chairman/articleshow/16529705.cms |title=R Lakshmipathy is new PTI Chairman |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=September 24, 2012 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> He was elected Chairman of the [[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) for three terms (1998–1999, 2006–2007, and 2012–2013). Additionally, he served as President of the Indian Languages Newspapers Association in Mumbai from 2001 to 2003.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lakshmipathy-new-pti-chairman/articleshow/16534649.cms |title=Lakshmipathy new PTI chairman |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=September 25, 2012 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref name="afaqs">{{cite web |url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/1360_pti-gets-new-chairman |title=PTI gets new chairman |publisher=afaqs! |date=September 25, 2012 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

=== Educational initiatives ===
In 1989, Ramasubbaiyer established the Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy Foundation (SLF), a charitable trust aimed at providing education in the rural areas surrounding Madurai.<ref name="ssr">{{cite web |url=https://slcs.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SSR-2018-19-to-2022-23.pdf |title=Self Study Report - Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy College of Science |publisher=SLCS |date=May 11, 2024 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> The foundation operates multiple educational institutions without collecting capitation fees. The institutions managed by the foundation include a CBSE-affiliated school, the Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy College of Science, the R.L. Institute of Management Studies, the R.L. Institute of Nautical Sciences, and an engineering college.<ref name="tracxn">{{cite web |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/subbalakshmilakshmipathycollegeofscience/__Hxx69DRTlpZVkfYIoUTO47Ay8DwR6XSBzXuxC93Mbas |title=Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy College of Science - Company Profile |publisher=Tracxn |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> These institutions provide undergraduate and postgraduate courses in disciplines including catering, animation, visual communication, banking, insurance, cyber security, data science, networking, food processing, industrial safety, logistics, and commerce.<ref name="padma"/>

=== Academic administration ===
Ramasubbaiyer has held administrative and advisory roles in various educational institutions and government bodies. He was a Senate Member for [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (1989–1991) and [[Bharathiar University]] (1997–2000). He served as a Syndicate Member for Madurai Kamaraj University across three terms (2003–2006, 2018–2021, and 2021–2024).<ref name="rlins"/> His other roles include Secretary of the Madura College Board (1986–1990), President of the Tamil Nadu Unaided Colleges Management Association, and President of the Madurai Kamaraj University Private Colleges Management Association. From 2005 to 2008, he was a member of the [[National Integration Council]] under the Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref name="rlins"/>

== Awards and honours ==
Ramasubbaiyer received honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt. - ''Honoris Causa'') degrees from Alagappa University in 2003 and [[Bharathiar University]] in 2009.<ref name="et"/><ref name="rlins"/> In 2025, the Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to Literature and Education.<ref name="padma"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-04-28 |title=President confers Padma Shri on Tamil daily Dinamalar publisher Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/president-confers-padma-shri-on-tamil-daily-dinamalar-publisher-lakshmipathy-ramasubbaiyer-831743 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Journalism}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:People from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

A. C. Thirulokachandar

2026-04-29T05:21:30Z

Shayne2017:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. C. Thirulokachandar
| image = A.C. Thirulokchandar.jpg
| birth_name = Arcot Chengalvaraya Mudaliyar Thirulokachandar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|06|11}}
| birth_place = [[Arcot]], [[Vellore district]], [[Madras presidency]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2016|06|15|1930|06|11}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| education = M. A.
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| image_size =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Storyteller-who-found-his-flair-in-versatility/articleshow/52789439.cms |title=Storyteller who found his flair in versatility |website=The Times of India |date=2016-06-17 |access-date=2016-07-17 |archive-date=18 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618154333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Storyteller-who-found-his-flair-in-versatility/articleshow/52789439.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1952–1988
| spouse =
| children = 3
| parents =
}}
''' Arcot Chengalvaraya Thirulokachandar''' (11 June 1930 – 15 June 2016) was an Indian film director and screenwriter who worked mainly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] from the 1950s to 1988. He also directed a few films in [[Hindi]] and Telugu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Performer to the core|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/16/stories/2008021650270100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109234415/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/16/stories/2008021650270100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|access-date=4 June 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 February 2008}}</ref> His 1969 Tamil film ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]'' was the first South Indian film to be [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Oscar drill|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indias-oscar-drill/265710/2|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611124531/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/indias-oscar-drill/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/04/29182433/thirulogasandar-direct-sivaji.html |title=திருலோகசந்தர் இயக்கத்தில் சிவாஜி கணேசன் 3 வேடத்தில் நடித்த 'தெய்வ மகன்' |trans-title=Sivaji Ganesan portrayed 3 roles in 'Deiva Magan' under Tirulokachander's direction |access-date=2013-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207134643/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/04/29182433/thirulogasandar-direct-sivaji.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref>

== Career ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2022}}
During the making of the film [[Kumari (1952 film)|''Kumari'']] in 1952, A.C. Tirulokchandar was working as a junior assistant on the sets and during the shooting of this film became a close friend of [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. Producer [[A. V. Meiyappan]] noticed his talent and gave A.C. Tirulokchandar his break as the director in 1962 film ''[[Veerathirumagan]]''.

With the success of his debut film, he got one more film to direct under [[AVM Productions]] which was bilingual made simultaneously as ''Main Bhi Ladki Hoon'' in Hindi and as ''[[Naanum Oru Penn|Nannum Oru Penn]]'' (1963) in Tamil. The latter won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at [[11th National Film Awards]] and also won [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best film]]. With this, he became a permanent fixture as director with AVM. He became like the fifth son of Mr. [[A. V. Meiyappan]] and became close friend of [[AVM Saravanan|A.V.M.Saravanan]].

Tirulokchandar directed the fiftieth film produced by AVM banner – ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'', a romantic comedy film, in 1966 with [[M.G. Ramachandran]] and [[Saroja Devi]] in the lead. He directed the films produced by [[K. Balaji]] – ''[[Thangai]]'' (1967), ''[[En Thambi]]'' (1968), ''[[Thirudan]]'' (1969) and [[Engirundho Vandhaal|''Engiruntho Vanthaal'']] (1970) which were Tamil remakes of blockbuster films in other languages. He was not only adept at directing social dramas like ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' (1971) with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in the lead, ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966) with [[Gemini Ganesan]] as the hero but also romantic dramas such as ''[[Iru Malargal]]'' (1967) and ''[[Anbalippu]]'' (1969) as well as the romantic comedies ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966) and [[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|''Anbe Aaruyire'']] (1975).

He was given the task of directing the first bilingual suspense thriller film from AVM banner in 1967 which was ''[[Ave Kallu]]'' in Telugu and [[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|''Adhey Kangal'']] in Tamil. He directed the pair Sivaji Ganesan and [[Jayalalithaa]] in five films – ''[[Deiva Magan]]'' (1969), ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'' (1972), ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' (1970), ''[[Enga Mama]]'' (1970) and ''[[Avanthan Manidhan]]'' (1975). He directed [[Rajesh Khanna]] in ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'' in 1985 which became a hit. His other acclaimed Tamil films include ''Thirudan'', ''Aval'', ''Dheerga Sumangali'', ''Vasandatil Oru Naal'', ''Bhadrakali'', ''Anbe Aaruyire'' and ''Bharata Vilas''. He was known to co-ordinate the colour schemes of the actors' outfits with the sets designed for the film.

== Personal life ==
Tirulokchandar had a daughter and two sons,<ref>{{cite news |author1=Roshne B |author2=Johanna Deeksha |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-Deiva-Magan-of-all-directors-he-shared-special-bond-with-Sivaji-Ganesan/2016/06/16/article3484496.ece |title=The Deiva Magan of all directors, he shared special bond with Sivaji Ganesan |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2016-06-16 |access-date=2016-07-17 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616120506/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-Deiva-Magan-of-all-directors-he-shared-special-bond-with-Sivaji-Ganesan/2016/06/16/article3484496.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160616/veteran-film-director-ac-tirulokchandar-passes-away.html |title=Veteran film director AC Tirulokchandar passes away |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=2016-07-17 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005102716/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160616/veteran-film-director-ac-tirulokchandar-passes-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the younger of whom died of cancer in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/08104807/1017391/Director-AC-Thirulogachander-son-death.vpf |title=Maalaimalar News: Director AC Thirulogachander son death |website=Maalaimalar.com |date=2016-06-08 |access-date=2016-07-17 |archive-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613173822/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/08104807/1017391/Director-AC-Thirulogachander-son-death.vpf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Death ==
Tirulokchandar died on 15 June 2016 at the age of 86. The reason for death was declared as "age-related issues".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/15/veteran-tamil-film-director-ac-tirulokachandar-passes-away-940690.html | title=Veteran Tamil film director AC Tirulokachandar passes away | date=15 June 2016 | access-date=2 May 2022 | archive-date=2 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502174557/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/15/Veteran-Tamil-film-director-AC-Tirulokachandar-passes-away-940690.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-director-ac-tirulokachandar-passes-away-44933 | title=Tamil film director AC Tirulokachandar passes away | date=16 June 2016 | access-date=2 May 2022 | archive-date=2 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502174556/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-director-ac-tirulokachandar-passes-away-44933 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|1952 || [[Kumari (1952 film)|''Kumari'']]|| Tamil ||Assistant Direction
|-
|1960 || ''[[Vijayapuri Veeran]]''|| Tamil ||Story & Dialogue Writer
|-
|1962 || ''[[Paarthaal Pasi Theerum]]''|| Tamil ||Story & Dialogue Writer
|-
|1962 || ''[[Veerathirumagan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|1963 || ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
|1965 || ''[[Naadi Aada Janme]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
|1965 || ''[[Kakkum Karangal]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1966 || ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || Tamil ||Remake of American film ''[[Come September]]''
|-
|1966 || ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|1967
|''[[Thangai]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|1967 || ''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Athey Kangal]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Iru Malargal]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Ave Kallu]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
|1968 || ''[[Ramu (1968 film)|Ramu]]'' || Telugu || Remake of [[Ramu (1966 film)|Tamil film of same name]]
|-
|1968 || ''[[En Thambi]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|1969 || ''[[Thirudan]]'' || Tamil || Remake of [[Adrushtavanthulu]]
|-
|1969 || ''[[Deiva Magan]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1969 || ''[[Anbalippu]]'' || Tamil || Story and screenplay credits as well
|-
|1970 || ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]''|| Tamil ||Simultaneously made as [[Khilona (1970 film)|''Khilona'']]
|-
|1970 || ''[[Enga Mama]]''|| Tamil ||Remake of [[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|''Brahmachari'']]
|-
|1971 || ''[[Pavitra Hrudayalu]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
|1971 || [[Babu (1971 film)|''Babu'']]|| Tamil ||Remake of [[Odayil Ninnu (film)|''Odayil Ninnu'']]; screenplay credits as well
|-
|1972 ||''Itho Entha Deivam''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1972 ||[[Aval (1972 film)|''Aval'']]|| Tamil ||
|-
|1972 || ''[[Dharmam Engey]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Radha (1973 film)|Radha]]''|| Tamil || 25th Film
|-
|1973 ||''[[Sontham (1973 film)|Sontham]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1975 ||''[[Dr. Siva]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1975 || [[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|''Anbe Aaruyirae'']]|| Tamil ||
|-
|1975 || ''[[Avanthan Manithan]]''|| Tamil ||Remake of ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]''
|-
|1976 || ''Nee Indri Naanillai''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1976 || [[Bhadrakali (film)|''Bhadrakali'']]|| Tamil ||
|-
|1977 || ''Penn Jenmam''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1977 || ''Bhadrakali''|| Telugu ||
|-
|1978 || ''[[Pilot Premnath]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1978 || ''[[Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1980 || [[Vishwaroopam (1980 film)|''Vishwaroopam'']]|| Tamil ||
|-
|1980||''Kadhal Kiligal''|| Tamil||Remake of ''Ghar''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-04/page/n47/mode/2up|title=Kalki magazine|website=archive.org|date=4 May 1980 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1981 ||''[[Lorry Driver Rajakannu]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1982 || ''[[Teri Kasam]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
|1982 || ''[[Baawri]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|1982 || ''[[Vasandhathil Or Naal]]''|| Tamil ||Remake of [[Mausam (1976 film)|''Mausam'']]
|-
|1985 || [[Babu (1985 film)|''Babu'']]|| Hindi ||
|-
|1985 || [[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|''Do Dilon Ki Dastaan'']]|| Hindi ||
|-
|1987 || ''[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1987 || ''[[Anbulla Appa]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|1988
|''Shukriyaa''
|Hindi
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0858235|name= A. C. Tirulokachandar}}
{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirulokachandar, A. C.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]

Akshay Girish Kumar

2026-04-29T01:09:04Z

Shayne2017: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian Army Major (1985–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=December 2024}}
{{Indian name|Akshay|Girish Kumar}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Akshay Girish Kumar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Akshay Girish Kumar.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1985|12|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|11|29|1985|12|06|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency]], India
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| service_years = 2007 - 2016<ref name=honourpoint />
| service_years_label =
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| rank_label =
| service_number = IC-69755H<ref name=honourpoint />
| unit = 51, [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers]]
| battles_label =
| battles = [[2016 Nagrota army base attack]]
| awards = [[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Army Commendation]]
| memorials =
| spouse = Sangeeta Ravindran
| relations = {{plainlist|
* [[Wing commander|Wg Cdr]] Girish Kumar (father)
* Meghna Girish (mother)
* Neha (twin sister)
}}
| children = {{plainlist|
* Naina Akshay Girish (daughter)
}}
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL| https://majorakshaytrust.org/}}
| module =
}}

'''Major Akshay (Girish)''' (6 December 1985 – 29 November 2016) was a third generation military officer of the Indian Army. He was [[killed in action]] during the [[2016 Nagrota army base attack]] while saving trapped hostages including women and children from [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorists.<ref name="huffpost">{{cite news |last1=Madhukalya |first1=Anwesha |title=Here's What You Should Know About The Nagrota Martyrs, Major Akshay Girish Kumar And Major Gosavi Kunal Mannadir |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/heres-what-you-should-know-about-the-nagrota-martyrs-major-aks_in_5c11f549e4b003d830eb12d8 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=Nov 30, 2016}}</ref> He comes from a family of war veterans including his grandfather [[Lieutenant colonel]] AK Moorthy(retired), father Wing Commander Girish Kumar(retired) and his maternal uncle Wing Commander K Harisenani(retired).<ref name=honourpoint/>

==Early life and family==
Akshay and his twin sister Neha were born to Girish Kumar and Meghna Girish on Dec 6, 1985 at Bangalore. His early education spanned across various cities in India like Bidar, Wellington Gorakhpur, Bengaluru and Chennai . He joined [[Bangalore Military School]] in his 8th grade, as a boarder. He cleared [[Twelfth grade#India]] in 2003, and joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|NDA]] few months after pursuing graduation at [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College|Jain College]]. After training in NDA and thereafter in the [[Indian Military Academy]], he was commissioned as a Lieutenant in 51 Engineer Regiment. He could not join the [[Indian Air Force]] like his father because his eye vision did not meeting the stringent standards needed to be a fighter pilot.<ref name="honourpoint">{{cite web |title=Major Akshay Girish Kumar |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/major-akshay-girish-kumar-2/ |website=honourpoint.in |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nagrota attack: Martyr Major was set to return to his hometown Bengaluru on Thursday |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/011216/nagrota-attack-martyr-major-was-set-to-return-to-his-hometown-bengaluru-on-thursday.html |agency=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=Dec 1, 2016}}</ref> He married his friend Sangeeta in 2011 and his daughter Naina was born in October 2013. His hobbies included painting, playing tennis and basketball, [[bungee jumping]], [[Parachuting|skydiving]], singing, dancing, poetry and cooking.<ref name=honourpoint />

==Military career==
Akshay was commissioned in 51 Engineers of the Bengal Sappers regiment on Dec 10, 2007. He pursued his Electrical Engineering graduation degree from [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]]. He earned Alpha status in Young Officers Course and Instructors grading in the Junior Command Course while in training. He was posted at Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim and Manipur at various junctures of his almost decade long tenure.

==Death==
{{Main|2016 Nagrota army base attack}}
Akshay led his unit's [[Rapid reaction force]] (QRT) that was rushed to counter the terror attack on a neighboring artillery unit and saved the lives of trapped families and unarmed personnel. He was hit by bullets and a grenade while trying to secure sixteen hostages from three heavily armed terrorists. He succumbed to his injuries. All hostages were rescued unharmed and the terrorists were subsequently neutralized.<ref name=huffpost/><ref>{{cite news |title=Major Akshay Girish killed in terrorist attack in Nagrota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Major-Akshay-Girish-killed-in-terrorist-attack-in-Nagrota/article16729757.ece |agency=[[The Hindu]] |date=Nov 29, 2016}}</ref>

He was accorded a martyr's funeral at Bangalore which was attended by Defence Officers, Politicians and Civilians alike.<ref>{{cite news |title=Major Akshay Kumar gets a martyr's funeral in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/584346/major-akshay-kumar-gets-martyrs.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=Dec 2, 2016}}</ref>

==Public Honors==
He was conferred COAS Commendation in 2009 for rescuing injured civilians in [[Kupwara]].<ref name=honourpoint /> A road in Bangalore named after Akshay was inaugurated on Dec 16, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Arun|last1=Dev |title=Road in Bengaluru to be Named After Nagrota Martyr Major Akshay |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/road-in-bengaluru-named-after-nagrota-martyr-major-akshay |agency=[[The Quint]] |date=Dec 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru: Road named after Major Akshay Girish |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/171218/bengaluru-road-named-after-major-akshay-girish.html |agency=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=Dec 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Road named after slain officer in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/road-named-after-slain-officer-in-bengaluru/article25759028.ece |agency=[[The Hindu]] |date=Dec 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBMP names road after late Major Akshay Girish Kumar on Vijay Diwas |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/bbmp-names-road-after-late-major-akshay-girish-kumar-on-vijay-diwas-pjtywd |agency=[[Asianet News]] |date=Dec 16, 2018}}</ref> He was conferred the Desh Ratna Award by Rotary Mysore Midtown in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sobers |first1=S.N.Venkatnag |title=Family relives Akshay Girish's heroism |url=https://starofmysore.com/family-relives-akshay-girishs-heroism/ |work=Star of Mysore |date=Feb 16, 2017}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Akshay was recommended for but not conferred the [[Shaurya Chakra]], a gallantry award posthumously as is commonly observed for similar cases.<ref name="controversy">{{cite news |title=Fighting For Son's Honour, Army Major's Mother Puts Government On Notice |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/armed-with-text-messages-from-the-battlefield-army-majors-mother-puts-government-on-notice/ |publisher=LiveFistDefence |date=Mar 30, 2019}}</ref> A formal appeal was made to [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] which ordered an enquiry into the matter at the behest of the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Raksha Mantri]].<ref name="controversy2">{{cite news |title=Nagrota attack: Def Ministry forms panel to probe death of Major Akshay Girish |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nagrota-attack-def-ministry-forms-panel-to-probe-death-of-major-akshay-girish-2831640.html |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=Jan 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2016 Nagrota terror attack: Committee formed to probe death of Major Akshay Girish, says Nirmala Sitharaman |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/2016-nagrota-terror-attack-committee-formed-to-probe-death-of-major-akshay-girish-says-nirmala-sitharaman-5831571.html |agency=[[Firstpost]] |date=Jan 3, 2019}}</ref> It was ascertained that no review policy was currently in place for gallantry awards in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Snehesh |first1=Alex Philip |title=Mother questions Army's Shaurya Chakra process, says 'unsung hero better than insulted one |url=https://theprint.in/defence/mother-questions-armys-shaurya-chakra-process-says-unsung-hero-better-than-insulted-one/219647/?clientId=663c631856e840159e994170 |agency=[[ThePrint]] |date=Apr 10, 2019}}</ref> Details of the reason for disregarding the original recommendation were not disclosed in public records.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army committee retains award given to late Major Akshay |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-committee-retains-award-given-to-late-major-akshay20190330232826/ |agency=[[Asian News International]] |date=Mar 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naina Akshay Girish And Ors vs Union Of India And Ors on 3 May, 2023 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/76386518/ |publisher=[[Indian Kanoon]] |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Biography (military) articles by importance]]
[[Category:Biography (military) articles by quality]]
[[Category:Biography articles by importance]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]

Hardeep Singh Bawa

2026-04-25T01:26:13Z

Shayne2017: put up a biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hardeep Singh Bawa
| office = Member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Krishan Lal Thakur]]
| constituency = [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Hardeep Singh Bawa''' is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. As a member of [[Indian National Congress]], he is the incumbent MLA from [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |title=Himachal Pradesh bypolls: Congress' Hardeep Singh Bawa wins Nalagarh assembly seat |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-bypolls-congress-hardeep-singh-bawa-wins-nalagarh-assembly-seat-3104364 |access-date=2024-08-14 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en|date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=Nalagarh Bypoll Result 2024 LIVE: Hardeep Singh Bawa of Congress Wins by Over 8,000 Votes |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nalagarh-bypoll-result-2024-live-leading-trailing-winner-mla-8963775.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bawa, Hardeep Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{HimachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kranti: The Revolution

2026-04-24T17:39:45Z

Shayne2017: put up info

{{Short description|2006 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kranti
| image = Kranti (2006) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| writer = [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer =
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] [[Swastika Mukherjee]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Rishi Kaushik]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]], Som-[[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]]-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]], [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|08|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kranti: The Revolution''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[crime action film]] written, scored and directed by [[Riingo Banerjee]] in his directorial debut. Produced by Shrikant Mohta under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the film is an adaptation of [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s Telugu film ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2006 |title=Tollywood top draws 2006 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721060048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp |archive-date=21 July 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> It stars [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Swastika Mukherjee]] in the lead roles. The film was a big success in the career of Jeet and considered his best screen performance till date. It is the 15th film as lead actor of Jeet. The film also was a commercial success. Ashish Vidyarthi was Vishnu (the mafia leader) in this film.

== Plot ==
Jeetendra Ghosh or Jeet ([[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]) is a student whose family, consisting of his parents and elder sister Devashree Ghosh ([[Locket Chatterjee]]), migrated to the city [[Kolkata]]. Since their arrival, they have struggled amongst the crowd to exist. People of [[Kolkata]] fear Vishnu ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]), the local don. His younger brother Deva ([[Rishi Kaushik]]) studies in the same college as Jeet. Deva's gang in the college are the biggest troublemakers, who tease girls and pass bad comments at them. Jeet, who tries to handle the situation, clashes with Deva's gang for a number of times and beats his gang members. In retaliation, Vishnu's goons start attacking his family members and friends. One day they spot Debashree on the road and assaults her. They rape her one by one in public. Police started investigating, and an Inspector named Ronojoy ([[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]) was assigned, and he sought to punish the wrongdoers, but he wasn't able to punish them as Vishnu and his gang were too much powerful and had many politicians support. They also kill his college friend Iqbal ([[Biswanath Basu]]) for standing against Vishnu in elections. Jeet, in a fit of rage, killed Vishnu's younger brother Deva inside a car, strangulating his neck with a copper wire to avenge his friend Iqbal's death. Vishnu couldn't bear the loss of his so loving brother, infuriated and disturbingly killed Jeet's father Sridhar Ghosh (Bodhisatwa Majumdar). A helpless and heartbroken Jeet is left with nothing, but only a strong [[desire to punish]] the wrongdoers. He becomes determined to kill Vishnu. In the end, Jeet is successful in killing Vishnu, thus fulfilling his revenge.

== Cast ==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Jeetendra Ghosh / Jeet
** [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] as Young Jeet
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Arpita
* [[Alokananda Roy]] as Sohini Ghosh, Jeet's mother
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Vishnu, a dreaded gangster supported by politicians
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as Shridhar Ghosh, Jeet's father
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Debashree Ghosh, Jeet's elder sister
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Iqbal
* Raja Chattopadhyay
* [[Rishi Kaushik]] as Deva, Vishnu's younger brother
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Inspector Ranajoy
* Bhola Tamang
* Biplab Dasgupta as Rabi

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kranti
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]], Som-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]]-[[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]], [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kranti
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Banglay Gaan Gayi
| single1date = 21 Feb 2015
| single2 =
| single2date =
| single3 =
| single3date =
| single4 =
| single4date =
| single5 =
| single5date =
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Refugee (2006 film)|Refugee]]
| prev_year = 2006
| title = Kranti
| year = 2006
| next_title = [[Nabab Nandini (film)|Nabab Nandini]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]]-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Kranti
| year = 2006
| next_title = [[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Kranti
| year = 2006
| next_title = [[Neel Rajar Deshe]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]], Som-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]]-[[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]], [[Riingo Banerjee]], which is his only work as a film score composer. The song "Prithibi Bodle Geche" was shot in [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060731/asp/calcutta/story_6548744.asp|title=One two ka four: Screen On & Off|location=Calcutta, India|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021081849/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060731/asp/calcutta/story_6548744.asp|archive-date=21 October 2012|access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref>
| title1 = Prithibi Bodle Geche
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Babul Supriyo]]
| music1 = Jeet Gannguli
| length1 = 5:26
| title2 = Kranti Theme
| extra2 = Som-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]]-[[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]]
| music2 = Riingo Banerjee
| length2 = 5:28
| title3 = Banglay Gaan Gayi
| extra3 = [[Anindya Bose]]
| lyrics3 = Pratul Mukherjee
| music3 = Som, Rishi, Samidh
| length3 = 4:51
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rishi Chanda]]
[[Category:Films scored by Riingo Banerjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Samidh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Riingo Banerjee]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2006 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 action drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram

2026-04-24T08:17:08Z

Shayne2017:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|59|47|N|80|12|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 42459
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram''' is a [[cantonment]] located in the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located partly in [[Chennai district]] and partly in [[Chengalpattu district]], it includes some prominent places like the St. Thomas Mount itself, which is a sacred place of Christians where [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] was believed to be martyred, the [[Anna International Airport]] and the [[Officers Training Academy]] and part of [[Pallavaram]] which includes Army Camp, Cantonment Park and some other localities.<ref>Cantonment Board of St. Thomas Mount cum Pallavaram http://www.cbstm.org.in/</ref> It lies in [[Pallavaram taluk|Pallavaram Taluk]] of Chengalpattu District.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram had a population of 42,459. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 75%. In St. Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Enclaves of Cantonment Board==
# [[St. Thomas Mount|St. Thomas Mount Cantonment Board Enclave]]
# [[Meenambakkam|Meenambakkam Cantonment Board Enclave]] ([[Chennai International Airport]])
# [[Pallavaram|Pallavaram Cantonment Board Enclave]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Cantonment Board of St. Thomas Mount cum Pallavaram http://www.cbstm.org.in/

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]

Unnao Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-22T10:07:19Z

Shayne2017: Started The Details First Draft

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Unnao {{Small|UP-35}}
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sakshi Maharaj, 2020.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Unnao.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Unnao Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bangarmau Assembly constituency|Bangarmau]] [[Safipur Assembly constituency|Safipur]] [[Mohan Assembly constituency|Mohan]] [[Unnao Assembly constituency|Unnao]] [[Bhagwantnagar Assembly constituency|Bhagwantnagar]] [[Purwa Assembly constituency|Purwa]]
}}
'''Unnao Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3586|access-date=2021-08-22|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unnao MP (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019 Live: Candidate List, Constituency Map, Winner & Runner Up - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/unnao-lok-sabha-election-result-449/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unnao Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: Unnao Election Result 2019 {{!}} Unnao Winning MP & Party {{!}} Unnao Lok Sabha Seat|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/amp/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/unnao-election-results-1_1750.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=wap.business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unnao Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Unnao Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/unnao-election-result-s24p33/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www-news18-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
From 2009, Unnao Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|162
|[[Bangarmau Assembly constituency|Bangarmau]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|[[Shrikant Katiyar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 163
|[[Safipur Assembly constituency|Safipur]] (SC)
|[[Bamba Lal Diwakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|164
|[[Mohan Assembly constituency|Mohan]] (SC)
|[[Brijesh Kumar Rawat|Brijesh Rawat]]
|-
|165
|[[Unnao Assembly constituency|Unnao]]
|[[Pankaj Gupta (politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
|-
|166
|[[Bhagwantnagar Assembly constituency|Bhagwantnagar]]
|[[Ashutosh Shukla]]
|-
|167
|[[Purwa Assembly constituency|Purwa]]
|[[Anil Kumar Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| 1960^
| Lila Dhar Asthana
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Krishna Dev Tripathi]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Raghavendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Anwar Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Devi Bux Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Brajesh Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Annu Tandon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Unnao]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2433.htm | title=
General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results - Parliamentary Constituency 33 - Unnao (Uttar Pradesh) | date=June 2024 | website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 6,16,133
|percentage= 47.31
|change={{down}}9.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Annu Tandon]]
|party= Samajwadi Party
|votes= 5,80,315
|percentage=44.56
|change={{up}}20.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Ashok Kumar Pandey
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 72,527
|percentage=5.57
|change={{up}}5.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes =9,453
|percentage =0.73
|change = {{down}}0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,818
|percentage =2.75
|change ={{down}}29.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =13,02,271
|percentage =56.61
|change ={{up}}0.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Unnao]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
|votes = 7,03,507
|percentage = 56.87
|change = +13.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Shankar Shukla
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,02,551
|percentage = 24.46
|change = +7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Annu Tandon]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,85,634
|percentage = 15.01
|change = -1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Nagrik Ekta Party
|candidate = Umar Khan
|votes = 11,123
|percentage = 0.90
|change = +0.90
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|PSP(L)]]
|candidate = Satish Shukla
|votes = 6,711
|percentage = 0.54
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,190
|percentage = 0.90
|change = +0.52
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,00,956
|percentage = 32.41
|change = +6.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,37,551
|percentage = 56.47
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +13.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Unnao]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sakshi Maharaj]]|votes=5,18,834|percentage=43.18|change=+37.53}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arun Shankar Shukla|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=2,08,661|percentage=17.37|change=+1.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Brajesh Pathak]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,00,176|percentage=16.66|change=-2.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Annu Tandon]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,97,098|percentage=16.40|change=-36.17}}

{{Election box candidate||party=[[Independent (politician)|IND.]]|candidate=Anil Kumar Chaudhary|votes=9,618|percentage=0.80|change=+0.80}}
{{Election box candidate||candidate=Rameshwar|party=[[Independent (politician)|IND.]]|votes=9,277|percentage=0.77|change=+0.77}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,626|percentage=0.38|change=+0.38}}

{{Election box majority||votes=3,10,173|percentage=25.81|change=-7.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,01,806|percentage=55.53|change=+5.80}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = -9.39
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Unnao]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Annu Tandon]]
|votes = 4,75,476
|percentage = 52.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Shankar Shukla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,73,384
|percentage = 19.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,45,139
|percentage = 16.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 51,102
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar Tiwari
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 16,305
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abhichhedilal Yadav
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,585
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Krishnapal Singh Vaishya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,016
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raj Kishore Singh
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 3,473
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,260
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,02,092
|percentage = 33.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,04,542
|percentage = 49.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Unnao]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Brajesh Pathak]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,78,366
|percentage = 32.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,60,605
|percentage = 29.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Devi Bux Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94,711
|percentage = 17.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shiv Pal Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 83,473
|percentage = 15.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandhya Kushwaha
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 7,072
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,761
|percentage = 3.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,47,566
|percentage = 42.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Annu Tandon]]
* [[Unnao district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}

{{Coord|26.59|80.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]

Haribhai Patel

2026-04-19T10:56:37Z

Shayne2017: put up a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Haribhai Patel
| image = Haribhai Patel 2024.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahesana]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| predecessor = [[Shardaben Patel]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Daxabahen|19 July 1988}}
| parents = Patel Naththuram, Raiben
| children =
}}
'''Haribhai Patel''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Unjha]], Gujarat. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mahesana, Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Haribhai Patel Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/mahesana-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547678-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mahesana Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Haribhai Patel Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/mahesana-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-gujarat-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=મહેસાણામાં ભાજપે મારી બાજી, હરિભાઈ પટેલની જીત પાક્કી |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/mehsana/gujarat-lok-sabha-election-2024-result-live-updates-mehsana-seat-bjp-candidate-haribhai-patel-won-sb-1811204.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref>

==Career==
Haribhai hails from Sunok village of Unjha taluka in [[Mehsana district]], Gujarat, India. He previously served as the chairman of Standing Committee of Mehsana district panchayat. He had served as the president of BJP, Mehsana district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-03-24 |title=Who is Haribhai Patel, BJP Lok Sabha candidate for Mahesana |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/24/who-is-haribhai-patel-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-for-mahesana/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Haribhai}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Akshay Sethi

2026-04-16T20:06:42Z

Shayne2017: put up pg

{{short description|Indian model and television actor (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Sethi
| image = Akshay Sethi in 2012.jpg
| caption = Sethi in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|10|02}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-jai-kalra-preeti-chaudhary-and-akshay-sethi-141002|title=Happy birthday to Jai Kalra, Preeti Chaudhary and Akshay Sethi|date=2014-10-02|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse = {{marriage|''Bhagyashree Talware''|2021}}
}}

'''Akshay Sethi''' (born 2 October 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-hina-khan-akshay-sethi-preeti-choudhary-and-jai-kalra|title=Happy Birthday to Hina Khan, Akshay Sethi, Preeti Choudhary and Jai Kalra|date=2013-10-02|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> is an Indian [[Model (person)|model]] and [[television]] [[actor]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083119/http://www.in.com/akshay-sethi/biography-1466.html Celebrity Photo Gallery, Celebrity Wallpapers, Celebrity Movies]</ref> He is well known for playing the double role in ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-new-twist-in-sasural-genda-phool/827137/ A new twist in Sasural Genda Phool]</ref>

==Early life==
'''Akshay Sethi''' was born on 2 October 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-tv-celebs-0|title=Happy Birthday TV celebs!!!|date=2012-10-02|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==Personal life==
Akshay got engaged to ''Bhagyashree Talware'', a chartered accountant whose hometown is in [[Nashik]] on 19 October 2021. They got married on 9 December 2021.

==Career==
'''Akshay''' did many commercials like Herohonda, Rin, Limca, Rediff, Hutch, Tvsapache, Bigbazaar etc. before television. He made his television debut with ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]'' as Yug on [[Zee TV]]. Akshay also played the role of Raunak, in ''[[Grihasti]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-to-play-a-magician-in-Baal-Veer/articleshow/29508985.cms Akshay Sethi to play a magician in Baal Veer]</ref> After that he did ''[[Waaris (2008 Zee TV series)|Waaris]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tvshowkeen.com/m/waaris.html |title=About Warris Serial |access-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084201/http://www.tvshowkeen.com/m/waaris.html |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on [[Zee TV]] and ''[[Rahe Tera Aashirwaad]]'' on [[Colors TV]]. He also did episodic roles in ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-Ravi-Bhatia-in-Adaalat/articleshow/17193791.cms|title=Akshay Sethi in Adaalat|date=2012-11-12|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-in-two-hour-special-episode-of-CID/articleshow/28291652.cms?|title=Akshay Sethi in two hour special episode of CID|date=2014-01-02|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> ''[[Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-sethi-to-enter-shapath-1837245|title=Akshay Sethi to enter 'Shapath'|date=2013-05-20|website= DNA India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'', ''[[Savdhaan India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/30158465.cms|title=Akshay Sethi in Savdhaan India|date=2014-02-10|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> He was last seen in ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''<ref>[https://archive.today/20131011175003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-15/tv/29545682_1_double-role-character-tv-industry Akshay Sethi's multi-tasking]</ref><ref>[http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/S-word-is-luck-for-Akshay-Sethi-from-Sasural-Genda-Phool/10459 ‘S’ word is luck for Akshay Sethi from Sasural Genda Phool]</ref> as Deepak on [[Star Plus]].

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
!
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''
| Karan
| Episodic role
|
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Yug
| Supporting role
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
| Nihaal Singh Rathore
| rowspan="2" | Lead role
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Grihasti]]''
| Raunak
|
|-
| ''[[Waaris (2008 TV series)|Waaris]]''
| Karan
| Supporting role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/akshay-sethi-in-smriti-iranis-waaris_7186?ri=3&rv=2701|title=Akshay Sethi in Smriti Irani's Waaris...|date=2008-07-16|website= India Forums Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Rahe Tera Aashirwaad]]''
| Akshat Bali
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
| Umang Kapadia
| Negative role
|
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
| Deepak Kashyap
| Supporting role
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|
| Episodic role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/parul-gulati-and-akshay-sethi-crime-patrol?|title=Parul Gulati and Akshay Sethi in Crime Patrol|date=2011-07-26|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
| Contestant
| [[Reality show]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-participate-gaurav-khanna-host-nachle-ve?|title=Akshay Sethi to participate, Gaurav Khanna to host Nachle Ve|date=2011-11-15|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012–2016
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Gajendra
| Episodic role (Episode 140)
|
|-
| Joydeep
| Episodic role (episodes 174-175)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-feature-episodic-of-adaalat|title=Akshay Sethi to feature in an episodic of Adaalat|date=2012-11-12|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Manas Shinde
| Episodic role (Episode 4)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sasural-genda-phool-actor-in-adaalat-2_90850?ri=3&rv=2701|title=Sasural Genda Phool actor in Adaalat 2|date=2016-05-22|website= India Forums Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
| Anand
|
|
|-
| rowspan="20" | 2012–2019
| rowspan="20" | ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Prateek
| Episodic role (Episode 36)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/falaq-naaz-gets-lucky-khamoshiyaan-bags-savdhan-india-again|title=Falaq Naaz gets lucky with Khamoshiyaan; bags Savdhan India again|date=2012-08-30|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
|-
| Rohan
| Episodic role (Episode 65)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-sonia-kaur-and-rupali-ahuja-savdhan-india-crime11-life-ok|title=Akshay Sethi, Sonia Kaur and Rupali Ahuja in Savdhan India Crime@11 on Life OK|date=2012-10-02|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Nirmal
| Episodic role (Episode 190)
|
|-
| Rohit
| Episodic role (Episode 374)
|
|-
| Rohit
| Episodic role (Episode 528)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/kishwer-merchantt-and-akshay-sethi-roped-life-oks-savdhan-india|title=Kishwer Merchantt and Akshay Sethi roped in for Life OK's Savdhan India|date=2013-11-28|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Aryan Joshi
| Episodic role (Episode 607)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-and-harpreet-chhabra-feature-life-oks-savdhan-india-532|title=Akshay Sethi and Harpreet Chhabra to feature in Life OK's Savdhan India|date=2014-02-10|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Nikhil Chaddha
| Episodic role (Episode 665)
|
|-
| Vikram
| Episodic role (Episode 697)
|
|-
| Sandeep
| Episodic role (Episode 729)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-and-nazea-hasan-sayed-life-oks-savdhan-india-476|title=Akshay Sethi and Nazea Hasan Sayed in Life OK's Savdhan India|date=2014-06-19|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Deepak
| Episodic role (Episode 806)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vinod-singh-akshay-sethi-anuradha-and-kenny-desai-feature-life-oks-savdhan-india-140811|title=Vinod Singh, Akshay Sethi, Anuradha and Kenny Desai to feature in Life OK's Savdhan India|date=2014-08-11|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Varun
| Episodic role (Episode 954)
|
|-
| Raman
| Episodic role (Episode 1039)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sheena-and-tanvi-life-oks-savdhan-india-150204|title=Akshay, Sheena and Tanvi in Life OK's Savdhan India|date=2015-02-04|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Amol
| Episodic role (Episode 1360)
|
|-
| Saurabh
| Episodic role (Episode 1519)
|
|-
| Sanket
| Episodic role (Episode 1667)
|
|-
| Dr. Brijesh
| Episodic role (Episode 1734)
|
|-
| Arjun
| Episodic role (Episode 2324)
|
|-
| Shekhar
| Episodic role (Episode 86)
|
|-
| Avdesh
| Episodic role (Episode 195)
|
|-
| Arjit
| Episodic role (Episode 288)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012–2014
| rowspan="3" | ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Mohit
| Episodic role (Episode 873)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/playing-obsessed-lover-of-kareena-kapoor-came-naturally-me-says-akshay-sethi|title=Playing an obsessed lover of Kareena Kapoor came naturally to me, says Akshay Sethi|date=2012-09-17|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Nakul
| Episodic role (episodes 1034-1035)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-in-two-hour-special-episode-of-CID/articleshow/28291652.cms?|title=Akshay Sethi in two hour special episode of CID|date=2014-01-02|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Ankit
| Episodic role (Episode 1070)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012–2015
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
| Akash
| Episodic role (Episode 53)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-fear-files-zee-tv|title=Akshay Sethi in Fear Files on Zee TV|date=2012-12-24|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein|Fear Files: Har Mod Pe Darr]]''
| Dhruv
| Episodic role (along with [[Dalljiet Kaur]])
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-and-daljeet-kaur-fear-files-150702|title=Akshay Sethi and Daljeet Kaur in Fear Files|date=2015-07-02|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013–2015
| ''[[Life Ok|Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath]]''
| Rohan
| Episodic role (Episode 207)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Sethi-in-Hum-Ne-Li-Hai-Shapath/articleshow/20136616.cms|title=Akshay Sethi in Hum Ne Li Hai..Shapath|date=2013-05-19|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''
| Rajiv
| Episodic role (Episode 44)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Life-OK-Akshay-Sethi-Kamlesh-Ojha-Hum-Ne-Hai-Shapath/articleshow/25767491.cms|title=Akshay Sethi & Kamlesh Ojha in Shapath|date=2013-11-14|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| Rajiv
| Episodic role (Episode 140)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-and-sheena-bajaj-life-oks-shapath-151014|title=Akshay Sethi and Sheena Bajaj in Life OK's Shapath|date=2015-10-14|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Baal Veer]]''
| Mogambo Gomango
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-play-devilish-magician-sab-tvs-baal-veer-631|title=Akshay Sethi to play a devilish magician in SAB TV's Baal Veer|date=2014-01-28|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Sohail
| Episodic role (Season 1 - Episode 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/paras-arora-priyal-gor-and-akshay-sethi-zings-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-140723|title=Paras Arora, Priyal Gor and Akshay Sethi in Zing's Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya|date=2014-07-23|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Abhishek
| Episodic role (Episode 6)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-raj-and-akshay-sony-tvs-aahat-150223|title=Prerna, Raj and Akshay in Sony TV's Aahat|date=2015-02-23|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''
| Aarav
| Cameo (Episode 142)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-bags-episodic-role-life-oks-laut-aao-trisha-150304|title=Akshay Sethi bags an episodic role in Life OK's Laut Aao Trisha|date=2015-03-04|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar]]''
| Siddharth Tyagi
| Episodic role (Episode 31)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-sony-tvs-bhanwar-150327|title=Akshay Sethi in Sony TV's Bhanwar|date=2015-03-27|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Rohan
| Episodic role (Episode 84)
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
| Sumit
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| Dhiraj
| Cameo role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| Contestant
| Player in Lucknow Nawabs
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Crime Alert]]''
| Gaurav
| Episodic role (Episode 269)
|
|-
| Karan
| Episodic role (Episode 307)
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Monty
| Cameo role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/akshay-sethi-enter-star-plus-divya-drishti-200113|title=Akshay Sethi to enter Star Plus’ Divya Drishti|date=2020-01-13|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]
|[[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu|Sidhu Murumu]]
|Episodic role (Episode 24)
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3085776}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Akshay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Ummeda Ram Beniwal

2026-04-16T08:45:00Z

Shayne2017: Started First Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ummeda Ram Beniwal
| constituency = [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pooniyon Ka Tala, [[Baytu]], [[Rajasthan]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Kailash Choudhary]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]]
| image = Ummeda Ram Beniwal.jpg
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] (till 2024)
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5762?from=members
}}

'''Ummeda Ram Beniwal''' (born 15 July 1977; {{IPA|hi|ʊmːeːd̪aː ɾaːm beːn̪iːʋaːl}}) is an Indian politician from [[Barmer, Rajasthan]]. He was elected to the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]] from [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]] in 2024. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=तक |first=राजस्थान |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ummedaram Beniwal Barmer Lok Sabha Seat Results 2024: कांग्रेस के उम्मेदाराम ने निर्दलीय रविंद्र भाटी को हराया |url=https://www.rajasthantak.com/politics/story/ummedaram-beniwal-congress-won-ravindra-singh-bhati-loss-kailash-choudhary-bjp-barmer-jaisalmer-balotra-lok-sabha-seat-result-2024-3008068-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Rajasthantak |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barmer LS Election Results Live: बाड़मेर में कांग्रेस जीती, भाटी दूसरे और केंद्रीय मंत्री चौधरी तीसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/rajasthan/barmer-lok-sabha-election-results-live-vote-counting-aam-chunav-2024-bjp-vs-congress-winning-seats-rajasthan-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ummeda Ram Beniwal(Rashtriya Loktantrik Party):Constituency- BAYTOO(BARMER) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1044 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was a member of [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] until 2024, then he joined [[Indian National Congress]] on 16 March 2024, in Jaipur. In the [[2024 Indian general election]]s, he won as a member of Congress and became a Member of [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Senior RLP leader's shift to Congress puts to rest alliance speculations in Rajasthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-rlp-leaders-shift-to-congress-puts-to-rest-alliance-speculations-in-rajasthan/article67958574.ece |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Barmer, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Loktantrik Party politicians]]
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Hargaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:59Z

Shayne2017: put up a details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hargaon
| constituency_no = 147
| map_image = 147-Hargaon.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1967
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Suresh Rahi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 276,435 (2012)
}}
'''Hargaon''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the "DPACO (1967)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1967.<ref name="DPACO (1967)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 147.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 13 Jun 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hargaon.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Hargaon Assembly constituency is PCs Narsohi, Gujra, Badagaon, Umari, Dena of Sitapur (Sadar) KC, PCs Musepur Mutawalli, Sonari, Rakhaona, Badewara of Khairabad KC, KC Hargaon & Hargaon NP of Sitapur Tehsil (Sadar); KC Katesar, PCs Samaudideeh, Bhadfar, Marsanda, Pipria, Tejwapur, Belwa Gohniya, Anba, Kusepa, Chandesua, Makhu Behar, Garasa, Ratauli, Ram Rurha, Chenia, Belwa Dingura, Foolpur Guria, Mugalpur & Bareti of Marsanda KC of Laharpur Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || S. Ram || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Ram Lal Rahi || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Gokaran Prasad || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Paragi Lal Chaudhari || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | Daulat Ram || rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ramesh Rahi || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | [[Ramhet Bharti]] || rowspan="3" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Suresh Rahi]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 15 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hargaon<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Rahi
|votes = {{formatnum:116691}}
|percentage = 52.46
|change = {{increase}}6.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramhet Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:78531}}
|percentage = 35.31
|change = {{increase}}12.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranu Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:16226}}
|percentage = 7.3
|change = {{decrease}}18.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mamta Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:3130}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)
|candidate = Arjun Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2600}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change = {{increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1688}}
|percentage = 0.76
|change = {{decrease}}0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38160}}
|percentage = 17.15
|change = {{decrease}}3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222425}}
|percentage = 68.07
|change = {{decrease}}3.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Hargaon<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Rahi
|votes = {{formatnum:101680}}
|percentage = 45.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramhet Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:56685}}
|percentage = 25.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Rajvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:50211}}
|percentage = 22.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarv Sambhaav Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2700}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Ramnaresh
|votes = {{formatnum:2648}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)
|candidate = Arjun Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2053}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2220}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:44995}}
|percentage = 20.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221261}}
|percentage = 71.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]]
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Hargaon}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ramhet Bharti]]
|votes = 73,889
|percentage = 38.36
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = R. P. Chowdhary
|votes = 61,740
|percentage = 32.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manjari Rahi
|votes = 38,932
|percentage = 20.21
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 8 candidates
|votes = 18,043
|percentage = 9.38
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,149
|percentage = 6.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 192,604
|percentage = 69.67
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==

*[[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sitapur district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sympulse

2026-04-15T11:21:00Z

Shayne2017: Started New Details W/ Refs.

{{Multiple issues|{{COI|date=December 2013}}{{Unreferenced|date=November 2021}}
{{Fan POV|date=November 2021}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = ''Sympulse''
|logo =
|genre = Student Run [[Cultural festival (India)|Cultural Fest]]
|filing =
|founded = 2010
|location = [[Pune]], India
|coordinates =
|sponsor = [[Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies]] (UG)
|events =
|website = [http://www.sympulsefest.com www.sympulsefest.com]
|footnotes =
}}

'''''Sympulse''''' is an annual international college [[Cultural festival (India)|cultural festival]] at [[Symbiosis Centre For Management Studies|Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies]] (SCMS) [[Pune]], founded in 2010. It spreads across a span of five days held in the first quarter of every year. It attracts students from junior, [[Under graduate degree|under-graduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] colleges as participants. It is an exposure into different categories of talent, for example: Business and Management, [[Model United Nations Conferences|Model United Nation Conference]], Showcasing artistic ability in cultural extravaganzas, and Sports. These categories have been personalized to suit the fest and the events take place simultaneously over those five days.

Each year has a new theme. Previous themes have been: ''City Beats'', ''Medieval Mayhem'', ''Theatre of Transition'', ''Spirit of Celebration, Element Entourage,'' ''Escape to Neverland,'' ''Chrono Drift,'' ''Local Coalesce,'' ''Elemental Entourage,'' and ''Cinematic [[Odyssey]]''. The Theme for 2020 was ''Cultural Medley''.

==Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, Pune==
Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies – a constituent unit of [[Symbiosis International University]] was formerly introduced as Symbiosis BBA on 12 July 2004 in Pune. The institute is ranked among the top [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] courses in the nation under the guidance of Dr. Bhama Venkataramani. About 6000 students apply for 240 seats annually.

==The 5 wings of ''Sympulse''==
In 2010, SCMS-UG held four separate college fests with different objectives: ''Ananya'', ''Sprint'', ''SIMUNC'' and ''Symulate''. ''Ananya'' was focused on cultural activities, ''Sprint'' was focused on sport-related activities, ''SIMUNC'' was focused on global topics and ''Symulate'' was focused on business-related activities. In 2010 the student council decided to merge them and create a single, larger fest called ''Sympulse''. These four fests became wings of ''Sympulse'', and their events were held simultaneously across the five days. Over time, ''Sympulse'' grew into five distinct wings (''Ananya'', ''Symulate'', ''Sprint'', ''Headline Events'', and ''SIMUNC'').

===Ananya===
''Ananya'' is the cultural wing which encourages creativity and artistic expression through the events it hosts. It's also the largest cultural fest in Pune. It is known to be the living embodiment of a fun element of ''Sympulse'' because it plays host to various cultural art forms and ideas.
The list of categories it covers is given below:
* Literary arts
* Fine arts
* Performing arts
* Showcase events
* Gaming
* [[Workshops for Careers in the Arts|Workshops]]
* Informals
* On the spot events

The events held within each category are not standardized, therefore each year the committee has new events to suit the theme of ''Sympulse'' along with previously successful events.

===Headline Events===
''Headline Events'' is the glamour wing of ''Sympulse''. It is often compared to the gilded world of movies and music, as it showcases the best elements of its participants. They host events like:
* Pit stop: A show case of international cars and bikes from all over [[Maharashtra]]. These automobiles are showcased in the college campus.
* Battle of the bands (BOTB): BOTB showcase nationally renowned bands like demonic resurrection, family cheese and workshop.
* War of the DJ: The participant DJs play what they have to offer, competing with each other and the crowd enjoys and judges the best mixes.
* Pronite: A celebration the Indian cinema and music.
* Texas Hold’em: Where poker is played like a sport.

===SIMUNC===
''SIMUNC'', the ''Symbiosis International Model United Nation Conference'', is a personalized version of Model United Nations. SIMUNC compels students to act responsibly, think critically, and make wise decisions It is, in essence, a simulation of the [[United Nations|UN]] and its committees, with contemporary, historical, and, frequently, futuristic perspectives. Students are given an opportunity to converge from all over the world in a dynamic environment to deliberate on global issues, acting as delegates representing the various member states of the UN.

===Sprint===
''Sprint'' is the sport wing of ''Sympulse''. It was one of the four initial wings of ''Sympulse'', and generally has the highest participation of all wings. The events are categorized into the following sports:
* [[Basketball]]
* [[Association football|Football]]
* [[Street football (association football)|Street football]]
* [[Boxing]]
* [[Badminton]]
* [[Table tennis]]
* And a lot more

===Symulate===
''Symulate'' is the business and management wing of ''Sympulse''. ''Symulate'' begins with the ‘academic summit’, where eminent personalities from different sectors like corporate, sports, media and politics come together to enlighten students on a pre-decided topic. This is followed by events which test the participants' knowledge with management and other business-related activities. It gives participants a common platform to compete and showcase their talents in events ranging from Finance and Human Resource to a variety of team events. It accommodates participants from various colleges for a span of five days where every college contingent battles for the top spot. The events held by Symulate are:
* Best Manager
* Finance
* Best Entrepreneur
* Marketing
* Human Resources
* Business Plan
* Business Quiz
* Strategy

==Through the years==
===''Sympulse'''10===
This was the first year when ''Sympulse'' was held. The theme was City Beats. The 4 initial wings of ''Sympulse'' – Ananya, Sprint, SIMUNC, and Symulate – embraced the theme and created events within each category to suit the theme. With City Beats as its theme, it aimed to celebrate the epitome of human civilization, the manifestation of man's very soul, and the pinnacle of ambitious vision: a City.
There were 30 international participants and 800 international participants; hence a total of 830 participants. The media coverage was by Channel V and Pune Mirror. The total value of the fest was 4,000,000 INR.
The footfall for the year was approximately 22,000 guests.

====Celebrities ''Sympulse'''10====
[[File:Riteish Deshmukh at Sympulse 2010.jpg|thumb|Riteish Deshmukh at Sympulse '10]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Abraxas
* Amey Date
* Hemant Kaul
* Hormuz Ragina
* Neeta Lulla
* Poppy Jabal
* Praniti Shinde
* Pullela Gopichand
* Ritesh Deshmukh
* Tarla Dalal
* VJ Andy of Channel V.
{{div col end}}

===''Sympulse'''11===
In 2011, ''Sympulse'' was held from 17 to 21 January. This year there was an addition of the fifth wing: Headlines. The theme for this year was Medius Tempus Insania also known as Medieval Mayhem.
The fest had 44 events spread out across the span of five days. There were 54 international participants, 1232 national participants; hence, 1276 participants in total. The media coverage was done by MTV, Pune Mirror, and Mid-Day. The value of the fest was 4,800,000 INR.
The festival recorded an approximate footfall of 24,000 people during the five days.
In addition to the ''Sympulse'' buzz, there was a movie shot on campus during the fest. However, the highlight was the performance by Shankar Mahadevan and his troupe – that saw an audience of approximately 2000 people.

====Celebrities ''Sympulse'''11====
[[File: Shankar Mahadevan at Sympulse '11.jpg|thumb|Shankar Mahadevan at Sympulse '11]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Angad Bedi
* Arjun Bajwa
* Ashley Lobo
* Shankar Mahadevan
* Jacky Bhagnani
* Kailash Kher
* Puja Gupta
* Remo D’souza
* Tochi Raina
* Vashu Bhagnani
* [[Wendell Rodricks]]
* Salman Khan
{{div col end}}

===''Sympulse'''12===
In 2012, ''Sympulse'' was held on 30 – 3 February. This was the third year of the fest. The theme was Theatre of Transition, it was inspired by the changes in society. It was symbolic of developments in ideologies of people and how that brought about transitions in the lives of individuals which then contributed to the revolution of society over the past few decades.
There were 60 international participants and 2200 domestic participants; hence in total 2260 participants. The media coverage was done by Gulf News, Mid-Day, and Pune Mirror. The total value of the fest was 7,480,640 INR.
''Sympulse''’12 recorded a footfall of 28,274.
Some of the major attractions of the festival this year were the Pit Stop bikes and cars, the Battle of the Bands, the Fashion Show, and the Musical Nite concert by Pentagram.

====Celebrities ''Sympulse'''12====
[[File:Pentagram at Symppulse.jpg|thumb|Pentagram at Sympulse '12]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Band of Boys
* Javed Jaffrey
* Kailash Kher
* Madhur Bhandarkar
* Manoviraj Khosla
* Mugdha Godse
* Nargis Fakhri
* Nikhil Chinnappa
* Ranbir Kapoor
* Shriya Saran
{{div col end}}

===''Sympulse'''13===
In its fourth year, 2013, ''Sympulse'' was held from 28 January – 1 February. The theme for the year was The Spirit of Celebration. It intended to celebrate all aspects of life.
There were 72 international participants and 3000 domestic participants; hence 3072 participants in total. The Media coverage was by 9XO/9XM, Mid-Day, Radio One, DSN, and Extentia. The total value of the fest was 11,300,000 INR.
The approximate footfall of the fest was 35,000.
The highlight of the fest was the Musical Nite with Michael Woods and the ProNite with RDB and Akshay Kumar.

====Celebrities ''Sympulse'''13====
[[File:Michael Woods at Sympulse '13.JPG|thumb|Michael Woods at Sympulse '13]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Akshay Kumar
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
* Dualist Inquiry
* Master Marzi
* Michael Woods
* RDB
* Shivamani
* Terence Lewis
{{div col end}}

===''Sympulse'''14 ===
[[File:Dub vision - Sympulse '14.jpg|thumbnail|right|Dub vision at Musical Nite - Sympulse '14]]
In its fifth year, Sympulse was held 28 January – 1 February 2014. "Escape to Neverland" was the theme of the fifth edition. The Media coverage was done by 9XM/9XO, Radio One, Extentia, Autocar India, Mid Day, and Sakal times. The total value of the fest was Rs. 120 lakh with the approximate footfall of the fest being 40,000. The highlight of the fest was the Musical Nite with Dubvision and Nikhil Chinnappa, and the ProNite with Benny Dayal and Bombay Rockers.

==== Celebrity quotient ====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Randeep Hooda|Randeep]] Hooda,
* Benny Dayal,
* Tom Alter,
* Dubvision,
* Nikhil Chinnappa
* Bombay Rockers
{{div col end}}

=== Sympulse'15 ===
[[File:Musical Night at Sympulse '15.jpg|thumbnail|right|Musical Night at Sympulse '15]]
2015 witnessed Sympulse ’15 from 28 January – 1 February. Entering into its sixth year Sympulse took up "Chrono Drift" as the theme as it found inspiration from the changing tides of time. It was symbolic of the perpetual changes in the society and the ideologies of people and how that brought about transitions in the lives of individuals over time. There were 650 international participants and 4200 domestic participants; hence in total 4850 participants. The media coverage was done by VH1, Radio Mirchi, and Pune Mirror. The total value of the fest was Rs. 40 lakh. Sympulse ’15 had a record footfall of 45,000.

==== Celebrity Quotient ====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Vijendra Singh: Boxing (Sprint)
* Mithoon: Western solo (Ananya).
* Ashmeet Patel: Drama event (Ananya)
* Purab Kholi, Amyara Dastur and Arya Babbar: Fashion show (Ananya)
* Shakti Mohon (Dancer): Solo Dance (Ananya)
* Indian Ocean
{{div col end}}

=== Sympulse’16 ===
Sympulse’16 was conducted from 20 to 24 January. The theme of this edition was ‘Realm: The Rebirth,’. The five day event included events from a wide variety of domains, including literature, business, sports, music, stage performance and more.

=== Sympulse’17 ===
The 2017 edition of Sympulse was held from 18 to 22 January with the theme ‘Local Coalescence’. The theme represents the melding together of different cultures in India to create one beautiful, local community. The 5 day long festival included a wide variety of events such as street plays, concerts and competitions.

=== Sympulse’18 ===
Sympulse’18 was conducted from 17 to 22 January and the theme was ‘An Elemental Entourage.’ The five day event consisted of various events such as business competitions, performing arts exhibitions, sports and much more related to the 5 elements; fire, water, earth, air and cosmos. The event featured fashion shows, musical performances, and food stalls.

=== Sympulse'19 ===
Sympulse’19 took place from 15 to 18 January 2020. The theme this year was Cinematic Odyssey, and events were based on movies and TV Shows.

==== Celebrity Quotient ====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Kiran Bedi
* Biswa Kalyan Rath
* Kaneez Surka
* Varun Thakur
* Gurbaxx
* The Yellow Diary
* [[aswekeepsearching]]
* Ayesha Takia
* Suresh Menon
* Parul Gulati
* Su real
{{div col end}}

=== Sympulse’20 ===
In 2020, Sympulse was held from 15 to 28 January, and the theme was ‘Cultural Medley.’ The theme was representative of Sympulse’s encouragement of inclusivity and diversity. The festival consisted of a wide array of events such as photography competitions, treasure hunts, sports competitions, mono-acting, street dances and more.

=== Sympulse’21 ===
Sympulse’21 was held from 14 to 17 May, and was the first edition of Sympulse to take place virtually. Audience members and participants tuned in virtually through virtual conferences and live streams. The theme for Sympulse’21 was ‘A Global Canvas’. Events included business competitions, games of taboo, graphic design contests, physical strength competitions and much more.

=== Sponsors===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Shirke Group
*Dainik Jagran News
*Havenspire
*Imperial Overseas Educational Consultants
*Pokerstars
*Suhana
*The Great Punjab
*High Tournaments
*Manikchand
*Cocoa Melts
*Paytm Insider
*StuCred
*Amplogic Audio
*Abhishek Mantri
*Micro-Star International
*Baked For You
*Barrel Beans
*Body First Wellness
*Brew House Tea
*Campus Times Pune
*DU Express
*The Funky Bunny
*Kaploths
{{div col end}}

=== Celebrity Quotient ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Aishwarya Mohanraj
*Aakash Gupta
*Mostly Sane (Prajakta Koli)
*Sakshi Malik
*Sandeep Singh
*Neville Shah
*Rohan Shah
*Shruti Pathak
*Venkat Subramaniyam
*Anupria Goenka
*Kunal More
*Prince Nagpal
*Kakoli Gaur
*Abhishek Mantri
*Siana Catherine
*Sandeep Singh
*Maadhyam (Mayank Maurya)
*Atit Mehta
*Lovely Sharma
*Pankaj Prajapati
*Muhfaad
*Anushka Sharma
*Sunadda Damrongmanee
*Ishan Khedkar
*Aneesha Dalal
*Shreya Mehta
*Medha Srivastava
{{div col end}}

==Management==
''Sympulse'' is an entirely student-run college festival. There are 18 departments which co-ordinate and manage the fest by sharing responsibility of operations. The objectives are monitored by one or two Heads of Department (HOD). The HODs report to a seven-person executive team, which in turn reports to the Vice President and President of ''Sympulse''. The President is then liable to keep the Faculty in-charge updated and well informed. The entire organizing committee consists of approximately 400 people.

===Departments of ''Sympulse''===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Ananya || Headline Events || Sponsorship
|-
| Compliance || Procurement || Sprint
|-
| Creatives || Press || Symulate
|-
| Domestic & International Relations || SIMUNC || Technicals
|-
|Finance
|Social Media and Graphics
|
|-
|Guest Relations
|Security
|
|-
| Hospi|| ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]

Mizo diaspora

2026-04-10T14:12:48Z

Shayne2017: created data

{{Short description|People of Mizo descent residing outside of Mizoram, India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mizo diaspora {{lang|lus|Ram Danga Mizote}}
| image = Mizo diaspora map by Jokomarel.png
| population = '''200,000+'''
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|India}} (outside of [[Mizoram]])
| pop2 = 107,603+ (2011)
| ref2 =
| region3 = {{flagu|Myanmar}}
| pop3 = [[Mizo people in Myanmar|300,000]] (2010)<ref name="2023-Australia">{{Cite web |last=iKon.mn |first=Г. Мөрөн |date=2023-04-03 |title="Австралид бага насны хүүхдийг олон нийтийн газар нүцгэн авч явах, бусдын биед хүрэх нь зөрчилд тооцогдоно" |url=https://ikon.mn/n/2ttq |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=ikon.mn |language=en}}</ref>
| ref3 =
| region4 =
| pop4 =
| ref4 =
| region5 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop5 = 50,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trojaneer.com/9731/features/celebrating-chin-culture/|title=Celebrating Chin culture|first=Jack|last=Forrest}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Singapore}}
| pop6 = 20,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2018/08/singapore-mizo-kal-tum-leh-awm-mek-tan.html|title=SINGAPORE-A MIZO KAL TUM LEH AWM MEK TAN THU PAWIMAWH}}</ref>
| region12 = {{Flag|Israel}}
| pop12 = 5,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-bnei-menashe-community-in-crisis-as-manipur-rocked-by-ethnic-violence/|title=India’s Bnei Menashe community in crisis as Manipur rocked by ethnic violence|first=Jordyn|last=Haime|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop13 = 3,000 (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/g/myohla/c/DHAaVl17VX4?pli=1|title=MALAYSIA MIZO DAY KAN HMANG|website=groups.google.com}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|China}}
| pop14 = 900 (including Taiwan)<ref>{{Cite web | title=China and Pak Supported Mizo Insurgency, Says Former Chief Minister in Autobiography - The Wire | url=https://thewire.in/security/china-and-pak-supported-mizo-insurgency-says-former-chief-minister-in-autobiography | access-date=2025-07-27 | website=thewire.in}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop15 = 35{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
| region16 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop16 = N/A
| region17 = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop17 = N/A
| region18 = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop18 = N/A
| languages = [[Mizo language|Standard Mizo]] [[Hmar language|Hmar]] · [[Mara language|Lakher]]
| religions = Christianity · Judaism in Israel.
| related = [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Zo people|Zo]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Mizo diaspora''' consists of [[Mizo people]] or people of Mizo descent residing outside [[Mizoram]], their original land.

==Myanmar==
{{main|Mizo people in Myanmar}}
Mizo people migrated to [[Myanmar]] during the 19th and the 20th centuries because of the demand and the popularity of joining the [[Burmese Army]] and other factors. By 1972, there were over 30,000 Mizos in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kawl Rama Mizo Lut Hmasate Chanchin Part. 1 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/mslrepository/260/Kawl%20Rama%20Mizo%20Lut%20Hmasate%20Chanchin%20Part.%201.pdf |website=Indian Culture |access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916051942/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/mslrepository/260/Kawl%20Rama%20Mizo%20Lut%20Hmasate%20Chanchin%20Part.%201.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>

==United States==
The first Mizos to arrive in the [[United States]] was the family of Pu Darrikhuma from [[Champhai]], which came in the 1960s to study theology.<ref>{{Cite web | title=USA Mizo Leh MSA Chanchin Tawi | url=https://www-mizosocietyofamerica-org.translate.goog/single-post/usa-mizo-leh-msa-chanchin-tawi?_x_tr_sl=lus&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp&_x_tr_hist=true | access-date=2025-07-27 | website=www-mizosocietyofamerica-org.translate.goog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052255/https://www-mizosocietyofamerica-org.translate.goog/single-post/usa-mizo-leh-msa-chanchin-tawi?_x_tr_sl=lus&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp&_x_tr_hist=true|archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> During the 1990 and the 2000s, Mizo immigration to America skyrocketed. Most Mizos live in [[Indianapolis]]; [[Tulsa]]; and [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mizo Society of America lo pian dan {{!}} mi(sual).com | url=https://misual.life/2008/09/05/mizo-society-of-america-lo-piang-dan/ | access-date=2025-07-27 | website=misual.life|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209065452/https://misual.life/2008/09/05/mizo-society-of-america-lo-piang-dan/|archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> Most of them are [[Mizo people in Myanmar|Burmese Mizos]].

In 1985, the Mizos in America founded the [[Mizo Society of America]] (MSU) to preserve their [[Mizo culture|culture]] and [[Mizo language|language]]. It has since organised events like Chapchar Kut and Miss Chapchar Kut.<ref>{{Cite web | title=USA Mizo Leh MSA Chanchin Tawi | url=https://www.mizosocietyofamerica.org/single-post/usa-mizo-leh-msa-chanchin-tawi | access-date=2025-07-27 | website=www.mizosocietyofamerica.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209053757/https://www.mizosocietyofamerica.org/single-post/usa-mizo-leh-msa-chanchin-tawi|archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

==Israel==
The [[Bnei Menashe]] are a group of self-claimed [[Jews]] of Mizo ancestry. In early 1989, over 100 members of the Bnei Menashe migrated to [[Israel]], which was the first batch. During the 2023 [[Gaza war]], over 1,000 Bnei Manashe were said to be displaced, with one killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/teen-death-racism-what-lost-tribe-of-mizo-jews-shows-about-indians-in-israel-lost-tribes-indian-diaspora|title=Indians In Israel: Mizo Teen’s Lynching is A Story of Racism Faced by Other Jews|first=Dr Embassy|last=Lawbei|date=October 27, 2022|website=TheQuint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009032500/https://www.thequint.com/opinion/teen-death-racism-what-lost-tribe-of-mizo-jews-shows-about-indians-in-israel-lost-tribes-indian-diaspora|archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

==Others==
During the [[First World War]], 2,100 Mizo men were taken by the [[British Army]] to [[France]] to fight for the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buatabawihtlung.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/naik-sabinga-lushai-khandaih/|title=NAIK SABINGA BAWITLUNG|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Overseas Asians}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]

List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming

2026-03-30T16:53:07Z

Shayne2017: created new article

{{Short description|List of original shows by Disney+ Hotstar}}
{{for|original films released on Disney+ Hotstar|List of Disney+ Hotstar original films}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Disney+ Hotstar 2024.svg|frameless|right|alt=Logo of Disney+ Hotstar used since 2024|220x220px]]

This article is a list of [[streaming television]] programming that has been released on '''[[Disney+ Hotstar]]''', or just '''Hotstar''',{{efn|in Singapore, Canada and the United Kingdom}} an Indian [[video on demand#Subscription models|subscription video on-demand]] [[over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[streaming media|streaming service]] owned by [[Disney Star]] and operated by the [[Disney Entertainment]] division of [[The Walt Disney Company]]<ref>{{cite web|date=11 February 2015|title=Star India's Novi Digital Entertainment bags IPL media rights for whopping Rs 302 crore|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/star-indias-novi-digital-entertainment-bags-ipl-media-rights-for-whopping-rs-302-crore-2091287.html|website=First Post|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 February 2016|title=What Wikipedia cannot Tell you about hotstar.com – Shashank Kamath's Analysis|url=http://awordtotheworld.com/what-wikipedia-wont-tell-you-about-hotstar-com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114949/http://awordtotheworld.com/what-wikipedia-cant-tell-you-about-hotstar-com|archive-date=4 February 2016|website=A Word to the World|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> since its launch as Hotstar in February 2015 by the formerly-named Star India. In February 2025, Disney+ Hotstar in India was rebranded as '''JioHotstar''' following the service's merger with [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2025|title=Meet JioHotstar, the new streaming platform that combines content from Jio Cinema and Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/jiohotstar-jio-cinema-disney-hotstar-streaming-platform-9834789/|access-date=19 February 2025|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In October 2025, Disney+ Hotstar in Southeast Asia was rebranded as [[Disney+]] following the [[Star (Disney+)|Star]] brand was replaced by Hulu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gain |first=Eshita |date=3 October 2025 |title=Disney+ Hotstar to rebrand as Disney+ in several Southeast Asian countries — what it means for viewers |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-to-rebrand-as-disney-in-several-southeast-asian-countries-malaysia-thailand-indonesia-philippines-11759480560862.html |work=Mint |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

==Indian original programming==
===Hotstar Specials===
'''Hotstar Specials''' is a content hub and label of [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]] under which the platform releases their original programming created exclusively for the service. The label launched with the [[Docudrama|docu-drama]] ''[[Roar of the Lion]]'' on 20 March 2019.
====Drama====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|Criminal Justice]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]/[[Legal drama]]
| {{dts|5 April 2019}}
| {{sort|4029|4 seasons, 29 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Season 4 ongoing
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[City of Dreams (TV series)|City of Dreams]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 May 2019}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|23 June 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|3029|3 seasons, 29 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|Hostages]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|31 May 2019}}
| {{sort|2022|2 seasons, 22 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|Out of Love]]''
| [[Romantic thriller]]
| {{dts|22 November 2019}}
| {{sort|2010|2 seasons, 10 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]''
| [[Spy fiction|Espionage thriller]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|17 March 2020}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|30 October 2020}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2012|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref name="2024 plans" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|19 June 2020}}
| {{sort|3025|3 seasons, 25 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed for final season<ref name="2024 plans" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Live Telecast]]''
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
| {{dts|12 February 2021}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[1962: The War in the Hills]]''
| [[War drama]]
| {{dts|26 February 2021}}
| {{sort|0010|10 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[November Story]] ''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|20 May 2021}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Grahan (2021 TV series)|Grahan]] ''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|24 June 2021}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''
| [[Historical fiction]]
| {{dts|21 August 2021}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unheard (TV series)|Unheard]]''
| [[Historical fiction]]
| {{dts|17 September 2021}}
| {{sort|0006|6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Parampara (Indian TV series)|Parampara]]''
| [[Political drama|Political]] [[crime drama]]
| {{dts|24 December 2021}}
| {{sort|2012|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]] ''
| [[Medical thriller]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|14 January 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|12 July 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|title=Shefali Shah starrer 'Human' to get a second season: Report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/shefali-shah-starrer-human-to-get-a-second-season-report/articleshow/92148904.cms?from=mdr|website=Times of India|date=11 June 2022|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Great Indian Murder]] ''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 February 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|28 July 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0009|9 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''
| [[Psychological fiction|Psychological]] [[crime drama]]
| {{dts|4 March 2022}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajay Devgn and Raashii Khanna's Rudra: The Edge of Darkness Season 2 to go on floors soon; Sameer Nair confirms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/ajay-devgn-and-raashii-khannas-rudra-the-edge-of-darkness-season-2-to-go-on-floors-soon-sameer-nair-confirms/articleshow/95435667.cms?from=mdr|website=Times of India|date=11 November 2022|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anupama: Namaste America]] ''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|25 April 2022}}
| {{sort|0011|11 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Escaype Live]]''
| [[Science fiction]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|20 May 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|18 August 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[9 Hours]]''
| [[Crime drama|Survival crime drama]]
| {{dts|2 June 2022}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aashiqana]]''
| [[Romantic thriller]]
| {{dts|6 June 2022}}
| {{sort|4228|4 seasons, 228 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Masoom (TV series)|Masoom]]''
| [[Psychological drama]]
| {{dts|17 June 2022}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shoorveer (TV series)|Shoorveer]]''
| [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|15 July 2022}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|title=Armaan Ralhan to be a part of ''Shoorveer 2''|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/armaan-ralhan-to-be-a-part-of-shoorveer-2-458935|website=Tribune India|date=8 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
| [[Family drama]]
| {{dts|22 July 2022}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dahan (TV series)|Dahan: Raakan Ka Rahasya]]''
| [[Supernatural thriller]]
| {{dts|16 September 2022}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karm Yuddh (Indian TV series)|Karm Yuddh]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|30 September 2022}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|27 October 2022}}
| {{sort|2010|2 seasons, 10 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Fall (TV series)|Fall]]''
| [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|9 December 2022}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aar Ya Paar (TV series)|Aar Ya Paar]]''
| [[Thriller drama]]
| {{dts|30 December 2022}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unsorted]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|27 January 2023}}
| {{sort|0003|3 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
| [[Spy film|Spy]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|17 February 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|2 June 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}{{efn|Released as a "Star Original"}}}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anger Tales]]''
| [[Family drama]]
| {{dts|9 March 2023}}
| {{sort|1004|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|5 May 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[School of Lies]]''
| [[Drama thriller]]
| {{dts|2 June 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shaitan (TV series)|Shaitan]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|15 June 2023}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kerala Crime Files]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|23 June 2023}}
| {{sort|2012|2 season, 12 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Renewed
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''
| [[Legal drama]]
| {{dts|14 July 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref name="2024 plans">{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Disney India Reveals Push Into Adult Animated Streaming Series, TV Business Growth Plans (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/disney-india-reveals-adult-animated-streaming-series-1235892679/|website=Variety|date=31 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dayaa]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|4 August 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Commando (TV series)|Commando]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|11 August 2023}}
| {{sort|1004|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mathagam]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|18 August 2023}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aakhri Sach]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|25 August 2023}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Freelancer (TV series)|The Freelancer]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|1 September 2023}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaala (TV series)|Kaala]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|15 September 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Athidhi (TV series)|Athidhi]]''
| [[Horror film|Horror]]
| {{dts|19 September 2023}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sultan of Delhi (TV series)|Sultan of Delhi]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|13 October 2023}}
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mansion 24]]''
| [[Horror film|Horror]]
| {{dts|17 October 2023}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]''
| [[Legal drama]]
| {{dts|8 December 2023}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vadhuvu]]''
| [[Drama thriller]]
| {{dts|8 December 2023}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karmma Calling]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|26 January 2024}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|8 March 2024}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lootere (TV series)|Lootere]]''
| [[Action drama]]
| {{dts|22 March 2024}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gunaah (TV series)|Gunaah]]''
| [[Action drama]]
| {{dts|3 June 2024}}
| {{sort|233|2 seasons, 33 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yakshini (TV series)|Yakshini]]''
| [[Fantasy]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| {{dts|14 June 2024}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bad Cop (TV series)|Bad Cop]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|20 June 2024}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Commander Karan Saxena]]''
| [[Military drama|Military]] [[action film|action]]
| {{dts|8 July 2024}}
| {{sort|1020|1 season, 20 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|13 September 2024}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Mystery of Moksha Island]]''
| [[Horror film|Horror]]
| {{dts|20 September 2024}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[1000 Babies]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|18 October 2024}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Renewed
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar]]''
| [[Romance drama]]
| {{dts|22 November 2024}}
| {{sort|119|1 season, 19 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]''
| [[Drama thriller]]
| {{dts|29 November 2024}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | [[Harikatha (TV series)|''Harikatha'']]
| [[Fantasy]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{dts|13 December 2024}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Power of Paanch]]''
| [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
| {{dts|17 January 2025}}
| {{sort|150|1 season, 50 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Secret of the Shiledars]]''
| [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Adventure fiction|adventure]]
| {{dts|31 January 2025}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kobali]]''
| [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|4 February 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanneda]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|21 March 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Om Kali Jai Kali]]''
| [[Supernatural drama|Supernatural]] [[action drama]]
| {{dts|28 March 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|Touch Me Not]]''
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| {{dts|4 April 2025}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs]]''
| [[Drama thriller]]
| {{dts|2 May 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hai Junoon!]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical drama]]
| {{dts|16 May 2025}}
| {{sort|120|1 season, 20 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mistry (TV series)|Mistry]]''
| [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]]
| 27 June 2025
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Good Wife (TV series)|Good Wife]]''
| [[Legal drama]]
| 4 July 2025
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Search: The Naina Murder Case]]''
|[[Crime thriller]]
|10 October 2025
|{{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
|Hindi
|Pending
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nadu Center]]''
|[[Coming-of-age]] [[sports drama]]
|20 November 2025
|{{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
|Tamil
|Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2023|title=Exclusive-Breaking News: Nivin Pauly To Debut In Web Series, ''Pharma''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-breaking-news-nivin-pauly-to-debut-in-web-series-pharma/articleshow/104516924.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| 19 December 2025
|{{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Pending<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-starrer-pharma-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/109131780.cms|title=Nivin Pauly Starrer 'Pharma' Wraps Up Shoot|work=The Times of India|date=8 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mrs. Deshpande]]''
|[[crime thriller]]
|19 December 2025
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
|Hindi
|Pending
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Space Gen: Chandrayaan]]''
|[[Drama]]
|23 January 2026
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
|Hindi
|Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''Secret Stories: Roslin''
| [[Psychological Thriller]]
| 27 February 2026
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Pending<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeethu Joseph's ''Secret Stories Roslin'' to release on this platform|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/secret-stories-web-series-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar-884986|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chiraiya]]''
|[[drama]]
|20 March 2026
|{{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
|Hindi
|Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Muthu Engira Kaattaan]]''
| [[Action crime]] [[drama]]
|27 March 2026
|{{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
|Tamil
|Ended

|}

====Comedy====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Office (Indian TV series)|The Office]]''
| [[Mockumentary]] [[sitcom]]
| {{dts|28 June 2019}}
| {{sort|228|2 seasons, 28 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hundred (TV series)|Hundred]]''
| [[Action comedy TV series|Action comedy]]
| {{dts|25 April 2020}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Triples (TV series)|Triples]] ''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|11 December 2020}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[OK Computer (TV series)|OK Computer]] ''
| [[Science fiction comedy]]
| {{dts|26 March 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dil Bekaraar]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|26 November 2021}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Home Shanti]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|6 May 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
| [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{dts|6 January 2023}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{dts|17 March 2023}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Save the Tigers]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{dts|27 April 2023}}
| {{sort|213|2 seasons, 13 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dead Pixels (Indian TV series)|Dead Pixels]]''
| [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]] [[sitcom]]
| {{dts|19 May 2023}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[MY3]]''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|15 September 2023}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Masterpeace (TV series)|Masterpeace]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|25 October 2023}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Perilloor Premier League]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|5 January 2024}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Miss Perfect]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|2 February 2024}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|19 July 2024}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chutney Sambar (TV series)|Chutney Sambar]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|26 July 2024}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Life Hill Gayi]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{dts|9 August 2024}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Reeta Sanyal]]''
| [[Legal drama|Legal]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{dts|14 October 2024}}
| {{sort|120|1 season, 20 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''Oops Ab Kya?''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{dts|20 February 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Under Construction]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|28 February 2025}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| Malayalam
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Devika & Danny]]''
| [[Supernatural drama|Supernatural]] [[romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|6 June 2025}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-

|}

====Serial====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
| [[Teen drama]]
| {{dts|22 April 2022}}
| {{sort|3259|3 seasons, 259 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Exposed (Telugu series)|Exposed]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama thriller]]
| {{dts|6 October 2022}}
| 1 season, {{sort|0055 episodes|55 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dear Ishq]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|26 January 2023}}
| {{sort|1060|1 season, 60 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]''
| [[Medical drama]]
| {{dts|8 March 2024}}
| {{sort|2104|2 seasons, 200 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Season 2 Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]''
| [[Family drama|Family]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{dts|30 May 2024}}
| {{sort|1108|1 season, 108 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Agnisakshi: Fire of Love''
| [[Romance drama]]
| {{dts|12 July 2024}}
| {{sort|1012|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Office (2025 TV series)|Office]]''
| [[Workplace comedy]] [[Sitcom]]
| {{dts|21 February 2025}}
| {{sort|1100|1 season, 100 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rambo in Love]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| 12 September 2025
| {{sort|150|1 season, 50 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Police Police (TV series)|Police Police]]''
| [[Police procedural|Police procedural comedy]]
| {{dts|19 September 2025}}
| {{sort|1048|1 season, 100 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Season 1 Ended
|-
! scope="row" |''[[LBW: Love Beyond Wicket]]''
|[[Coming-of-age]] [[sports drama]]
|1 January 2026
| {{sort|1044|1 season, 48 episodes}}
|Tamil
|Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''Resort''
| [[Culinary]] [[Workplace comedy]] [[Sitcom]]
| {{dts|13 March 2026}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Pending
|}

====Animation====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]''
| Mythological [[Fantasy television|fantasy]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|29 January 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|1 June 2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}|{{dts|9 June 2023}}{{efn|Indonesia|name="ID"}}}}
| {{sort|652|6 seasons, 52 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Baahubali: Crown of Blood]]''
| [[Fantasy]] [[adventure film|adventure]]
| {{dts|17 May 2024}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-

|}

====Unscripted====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Roar of the Lion]]''
| [[Television documentary|Docuseries]]
| {{dts|20 March 2019}}
| {{sort|1005|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Hindi|Tamil|Telugu}}
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate]] ''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| {{dts|30 January 2022}}
| {{sort|1071|1 season, 71 episodes}}
| Tamil
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bigg Boss Non-Stop]] ''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| {{dts|26 February 2022}}
| {{sort|1107|1 season, 107 episodes}}
| Telugu
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Moving In with Malaika''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| {{dts|5 December 2022}}
| {{sort|1016|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| English
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thums Up Toofani Biryani Hunt''
| [[Reality competition|Cooking competition]]
| {{dts|3 May 2023}}
| {{sort|213|2 seasons, 13 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Yeh Kya Bana Diya''
| [[Cooking show]]
| {{dts|14 February 2025}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Season 1 ongoing
|-

|}

====Continuations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Previous channel
! Seasons
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dance Plus]]'' (seasons 6–7)
| [[Competitive dance|Dance reality competition]]
| {{dts|14 September 2021}}{{efn|Also airs on [[StarPlus]]}}
| [[StarPlus]]
| {{sort|265|2 seasons, 65 episodes}}
| Hindi
| Renewed<ref name="2024 plans" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' (seasons 7–8)
| [[Talk show]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|7 July 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|26 May 2023}}{{efn|name="ID"}}}}
| [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]]
| {{sort|226|2 seasons, 26 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Hindi}}
| Renewed<ref name="2024 plans" />
|}

===Hotstar Originals===
====Drama====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Shockers''
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
| {{dts|24 May 2016}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|8|8–16 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tanhaiyan]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|14 February 2017}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|16|16–22 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Pyaar Actually''
| [[Romantic drama]] [[anthology]]
| {{dts|18 October 2019}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|7|7–15 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kamathipura''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|9 April 2021}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|}


====Comedy====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[On Air with AIB]]''
| [[News satire|News comedy]]
| {{dts|29 October 2015}}{{efn|Season 1 also aired on [[StarPlus]] (Hindi) and [[Star World India|Star World]] (English)}}
| {{sort|3023|3 seasons, 23 episodes, 64 segments}}
| {{sort|23|23–30 min}}
| {{ubl|Hindi|English}}
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Fanatics''
| [[Animated shorts]]
| {{dts|5 April 2017}}
| {{sort|4118|4 seasons, 118 episodes}}
| {{sort|3|3–7 min}}
| English
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|15 June 2017}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|19|19–27 min}}
| {{ubl|Tamil|Telugu|Hindi}}
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[PariWar]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{dts|23 September 2020}}
| {{sort|1006|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–25 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dabangg (film series)#Animated series|Dabangg]]''
| [[Animated series|Animated]] [[Action comedy TV series|action comedy]]
| {{dts|26 May 2021}}
| {{sort|1016|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|11|11 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
|}

====Variety====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Virender Sehwag|Bol Viru Bol]]''
| [[Talk show]]
| {{dts|30 March 2017}}
| {{sort|213|2 seasons, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|10|10–14 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Milind Soman|Maximize Your Day]]''
| Fitness
| {{dts|25 April 2019}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|2|2 min}}
| English
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Cannes Connection''
| [[Talk show]]
| {{dts|21 May 2019}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|29|29–32 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|}

====Continuations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Previous channel
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Phir Bhi Na Maane...Badtameez Dil]]''
| [[Musical film#Indian musical films|Musical]] [[romantic drama]]
| [[StarPlus]]
| {{dts|28 September 2015}}
| {{sort|142|1 season, 42 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon – Ek Jashn]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| [[StarPlus]]
| {{dts|23 November 2015}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|8|8–17 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai#Season 2 (Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2)|Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[STAR One]]
| {{dts|16 May 2017}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23–26 min}}
| Hindi
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Son of Abish'' (season 4)
| [[Talk show]]
| [[YouTube]]
| {{dts|6 April 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|31|31–45 min}}
| English
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Better Life Foundation'' (season 2)
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[YouTube]]
| {{dts|10 August 2018}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–30 min}}
| English
| Ended
|-

|}

====Stage productions====
''Cineplay'' is an original Hotstar theater series in which [[Play (theatre)|plays]] are presented in cinematic style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/49864_Hotstar-introduces-CinePlay-a-blend-of-theatre-and-cinema|title=Hotstar introduces CinePlay, a blend of theatre and cinema|access-date=14 February 2017|website=afaqs|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

===Exclusive international distribution===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Super V]]''
| [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]] [[animation]]
| {{dts|5 November 2019}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| Hindi
| India, Canada and United Kingdom
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[MasterChef India – Hindi|MasterChef India]]'' (season 6)
| [[Reality competition]]
| {{dts|7 December 2019}}
| {{sort|125|1 season, 25 episodes}}
| Hindi
| India, Canada and United Kingdom
| Ended
|}

==Southeast Asian original programming==
[[Disney+ Hotstar]] also carried the Southeast Asian original programming that was commissioned exclusively in their respective regions before the service rebranded to [[Disney+]] in these regions.

=== Star Originals ===
All contents was rebranded to [[List of Hulu original programming|Hulu originals]] since October 8, 2025.

====Drama====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Virgin: The Series|id|Virgin the Series (seri web)}}''
| [[Teen drama]]
| 14 January 2022
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–57 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Wedding Agreement: The Series|id|Wedding Agreement the Series}}''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| 25 March 2022
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–69 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[What We Lose to Love]]''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[fantasy drama]]
| 30 July 2022
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|28|28–34 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Keluarga Cemara: The Series|id|Keluarga Cemara the Series}}''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| 24 September 2022
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–47 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mendua|Between Two Hearts]]''
| [[Romantic thriller]]
| 17 December 2022
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–51 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Special Force: Anarchy''{{efn|name="unavailable"}}
| [[Action film|Action]] [[crime drama]]
| 14 January 2023
| {{sort|007|7 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–88 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Malay
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Blood Curse (miniseries)|Blood Curse]]''
| [[Horror drama]]
| 25 February 2023
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–49 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Jurnal Risa''
| [[Horror drama]]
| 27 May 2023
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–50 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pernikahan Dini (2023 TV series)|Pernikahan Dini]]''
| [[Teen drama]]
| 23 September 2023
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–49 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Tira''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]] [[Fantasy television|fantasy]]
| 16 December 2023
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–52 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-

|}

====Comedy====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Susah Sinyal: The Series|id|Susah Sinyal the Series}}''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{Ubl|{{dts|29 October 2021}}{{efn|Indonesia|name="ID"}}|{{dts|14 January 2022}}{{efn|Malaysia and Thailand|name="MY&TH"}}}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|36|36–45 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Talent Agency]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| 29 July 2023
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–46 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Indonesian
| Ended
|-

|}

====Animation====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Si Juki Anak Kosan|id|Si Juki Anak Kosan}}''
| [[Animated sitcom|Sitcom]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|29 January 2021}}{{efn|Indonesia|name="ID"}}|{{dts|23 July 2021}}{{efn|Malaysia|name="MY"}}}}
| {{sort|013|13 episodes}}
| {{sort|12|12–13 min}}
| Indonesia & Malaysia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Warkop DKI Kartun: The Series|id|Warkop DKI Kartun: The Series}}''
| [[Animated sitcom|Sitcom]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|10-05-2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}|{{dts|18-06-2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}}}
| {{sort|013|13 episodes}}
| {{sort|14|14–15 min}}
| Indonesia & Malaysia
| Indonesian
| Miniseries
|}

====Continuations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! {{abbr|Prev.|Previous}} network(s)
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[John Dykes|The John Dykes Show]]''{{efn|name="unavailable"}}
| Sports [[talk show]]
| 3 December 2021
| [[Fox Sports Asia]]
| {{sort|127|1 season, 27 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–66 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| English
| Ended
|}

=== Exclusive shows ===
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
====Drama====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Semanis Senyumanmu'' [<nowiki/>[[:ms:Semanis Senyumanmu|ms]]]
| [[Romantic Drama|Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|1 June 2021}}{{efn|Also aired on [[TV3 (Malaysian TV network)|TV3]] beginning 10 July 2021|name="TV3Malaysia"}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–26 min}}
| Malaysia
| Malay
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Extraordinary Siamese Story: Eng and Chang''
| [[Biographical film|Biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|30 June 2021}}
| {{sort|013|13 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–45 min}}
| Thailand
| {{ubl|English|Thai}}
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[55:15 Never Too Late]]''
| [[Coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|6 December 2021}}{{efn|Also aired on [[GMM25]] beginning 6 January 2022.}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–46 min}}
| Thailand
| Thai
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Cupid's Last Wish''
| [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]]
| {{dts|21 February 2022}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–50 min}}
| Thailand
| Thai
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Good Old Days''
| [[Anthology series|Anthology]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|10 August 2022}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46 min}}
| Thailand
| Thai
| Miniseries
|}

====Comedy====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Wifi Sebelah Rumah|ms|Wifi Sebelah Rumah}}''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|25 June 2021}}{{efn|name="TV3Malaysia"}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Malaysia
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| Miniseries
|}

====Animation====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Beachbuds''{{efn|name="unavailable"}}
| [[Workplace comedy]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|27 August 2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}|{{dts|8 October 2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}|{{dts|1 April 2022}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|052|52 episodes}}
| {{sort|11|11 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| English
| Miniseries
|}

====Co-productions====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Partner/Country
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ejen Ali]]'' ([[List of Ejen Ali episodes#Season 3 (2022)|season 3]])
| [[Animation|Animated]] [[Action film|action]] [[Spy-fi (subgenre)|spy-fi]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| [[TV3 (Malaysian TV network)|TV3]]/[[Malaysia]]{{efn|The first two seasons also previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel Asia]].}}
| 25 June 2022
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–24 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Malay
| Ended
|}

==Disney+ Originals==
{{Main|List of Disney+ original programming}}
[[File:Disney+ 2024.svg|frameless|right|150x150px]]
These shows are commissioned by [[Disney+]] and are available exclusively on the platform in India and selected Southeast Asian countries as Disney+ was integrated within the service in April 2020.

===Co-productions===
These shows have been commissioned by [[Disney+]] in cooperation with a partner network.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Partner/Country
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive regions
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[In the Soop: Friendcation]]''
| [[Reality show]]
| [[JTBC]]/[[South Korea]]
| 22 July 2022
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–62 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-

|}

===Continuations===
These shows have been picked up by [[Disney+]] for additional seasons after having aired previous seasons on another network.
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! {{abbr|Prev.|Previous}} network(s)
! Seasons
! Length / Runtime
! Language(s)
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Mickey Mouse Club#International revivals|Club Mickey Mouse Malaysia]]'' (season 4){{efn|name="unavailable"|Unavailable}}
| [[Variety show|Variety]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 July 2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}|{{dts|17 November 2021}}{{efn|Indonesia and Thailand|name="ID&TH"}}}}
| [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel Asia]]
| {{sort|013|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–24 min}}
| {{ubl|English|Malay}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|}

== Exclusive distribution ==
{{Box|Shows that labelled with '''≈''' imply the shows that {{Bulleted list|originally came from ''[[List of Hulu original programming|Hulu Originals]]'', ''[[List of Star (Disney+) original programming|Star Originals]]'' and ''[[List of Star+ original programming|Star+ Originals]]'' on the original network [[Hulu]], [[Star (Disney+)|Star]] and [[Star+]], rebranded then as '''''Hotstar Originals''''' within the platform for the served regions and markets.|being bought by Disney for distribution rights and rebranded then as '''''Hotstar Originals''''' within the platform for the served regions and markets.}}|header=''Note:''|align=}}

===Exclusive international distribution===

The following shows are the general entertainment from Disney subsidiaries, including [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]], [[Hulu]], [[Star (Disney+)|Star]], [[Star+]], [[ABC Signature]], [[20th Television]], [[20th Television Animation]] for streaming exclusively on Disney+ Hotstar.{{Efn|Not to be confused with the contents released on [[Star (Disney+)|Star content hub]] (now [[Hulu|Hulu content hub]]) from [[Disney+]], and [[Star+]].}} This list also includes content from Disney's kids' networks that doesn't air on television in served regions.

====Drama====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Feud (American TV series)|Feud]]''
| [[Biographical drama|Biographical]] [[anthology series|anthology]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|5 March 2017}}
| {{sort|2016|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–63 min.}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Genius (American TV series)|Genius]]''
| [[Biographical drama|Biographical]] [[anthology series|anthology]]
| [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]]
| {{dts|25 April 2017}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|4036|4 seasons, 36 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–57 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Snowfall (TV series)|Snowfall]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|6 September 2017}}
| {{sort|6060|6 seasons, 60 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–58 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Judge|first=Monique|title=With 'Snowfall,' John Singleton's final gift to us was his greatest|url=https://andscape.com/features/john-singletons-snowfall-series-finale/|website=Andscape|access-date=13 September 2023|date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[9-1-1 (TV series)|9-1-1]]''
| [[Procedural drama]]
| {{ubl|[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] (seasons 1–6)|[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (season 7)}}
| {{dts|3 January 2018}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|8124|8 seasons, 124 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–45 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Tinoco|first=Armando|title='9-1-1' Renewed For Season 9 At ABC|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/911-renewed-season-9-abc-1236357800/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=April 3, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Station 19]]''
| [[Action drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|22 March 2018}}
| {{sort|7105|7 seasons, 105 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–70 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=''Station 19'' To End With Season 7 On ABC|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/station-19-end-season-7-abc-canceled-1235659533/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=8 December 2023|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mayans M.C.]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|5 September 2018}}
| {{sort|5050|5 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–70 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Cordero|first=Rosy|date=12 January 2023|title='Mayans M.C.' To End With Season 5 At FX|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/mayans-m-c-to-end-with-season-5-at-fx-1235220115/|access-date=13 September 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Godfather of Harlem]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{ubl|[[EPIX]] (seasons 1–2)|[[MGM+]] (season 3)}}
| {{ubl|{{dts|30 September 2019}}{{efn|India|name="IN"}}|{{dts|1 January 2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}}}
| {{sort|3030|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–59 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Campione|first=Katie|date=29 November 2023|title='Godfather Of Harlem' Renewed For Season 4 At MGM+|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/godfather-of-harlem-renewed-season-4-mgm-1235642350/|access-date=22 June 2025|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[9-1-1: Lone Star]]''
| [[Procedural drama]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| {{dts|17 February 2020}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|5072|5 seasons, 72 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–48 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/911-lone-star-canceled-final-season-5-1236077828/|title='9-1-1: Lone Star' To End With Season 5 On Fox|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=5 September 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Little Fires Everywhere (miniseries)|Little Fires Everywhere]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|18 March 2020}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–66 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Filthy Rich (2020 TV series)|Filthy Rich]]''
| [[Soap opera]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{dts|22 September 2020}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–44 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Next (2020 TV series)|Next]]''
| [[Science fiction]] [[crime drama]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{dts|7 October 2020}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–45 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Helstrom (TV series)|Helstrom]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Superhero]]/[[Dark fantasy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|1 November 2020}}{{efn|name="ID"}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–55 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Teacher (miniseries)|A Teacher]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|11 November 2020}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|12 February 2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}}}
| {{sort|0010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–29 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Big Sky (American TV series)|Big Sky]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|18 November 2020}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|3047|3 seasons, 47 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="BSADTCYKCanceled">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/alaska-daily-big-sky-the-company-you-keep-canceled-abc-1235604653/|title='Alaska Daily,' 'Big Sky,' 'The Company You Keep' Canceled at ABC|website=Variety|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=12 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Harrow (TV series)|Harrow]]''
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|11 June 2021}}{{efn|name="ID&MY"}}|{{dts|5 November 2021}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|3030|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50–52 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[American Horror Stories]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]] [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|16 July 2021}}
| {{sort|3024|3 seasons, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–49 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Y: The Last Man (TV series)|Y: The Last Man]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic]] [[science fiction]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|14 September 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|17 September 2021}}{{efn|Southeast Asia|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–55 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Choe|first=Brandon|date=17 October 2021|title='Y: The Last Man' Canceled By FX|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/y-the-last-man-cancelled-fx-1234857400/|access-date=18 October 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love, Victor]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[teen drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|17 September 2021}}
| {{sort|3028|3 seasons, 28 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–34 min}}
| Thailand
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/love-victor-final-season-3-hulu-1235174742/|title='Love, Victor' to End With Season 3 at Hulu|work=Variety|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=8 February 2022|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Premise]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Anthology series]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|17 September 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|17 December 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1005|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30–32 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2023/02/15/the-premise-cancelled-season-2-fx-on-hulu/|title=B.J. Novak Anthology ''The Premise'' Is Not Returning for Season 2|website=TVLine|first=Nick|last=Caruso|date=15 February 2023|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Big Leap]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical]] [[comedy-drama]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|21 September 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|10 December 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1011|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–45 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='The Big Leap' Canceled By Fox After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/the-big-leap-canceled-fox-one-season-1234971408/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Our Kind of People]] ''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{dts|22 September 2021}}
| {{sort|1007|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/our-kind-of-people-canceled-fox-1235259433/|title='Our Kind of People' Canceled After One Season at Fox|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Jennifer|last=Maas|date=12 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|1 October 2021}}
| {{sort|21448|21 seasons, 448 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='Grey's Anatomy' Renewed For Season 22 By ABC With Veteran Cast Poised To Return|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/greys-anatomy-renewed-season-22-abc-ellen-pompeo-cast-1236358105/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=April 3, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Queens (American TV series)|Queens]] ''
| [[Musical drama film|Musical drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|20 October 2021}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref name="Queens Cancelled">{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=7 May 2022|title='Queens,' 'Promised Land' Canceled at ABC|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/queens-promised-land-canceled-at-abc-1235142444/|access-date=11 May 2022|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dopesick (miniseries)|Dopesick]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|12 November 2021}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|57|57–65 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Holly Hobbie (TV series)|Holly Hobbie]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{ubl|[[Hulu]]|[[Family Channel (Canadian TV channel)|Family Channel]]}}
| {{dts|7 January 2022}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Promised Land (2022 TV series)|Promised Land]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|25 January 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Patwa|first=Priyadarshini|date=3 January 2022|title=New on Disney+ Hotstar: 7 new movies & shows to watch in January 2021 that are both exciting & entertaining|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/6-new-movies-shows-on-disney-hotstar-to-watch-this-january-2021/|access-date=3 January 2022|website=GQ India}}</ref>|{{dts|29 April 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|042|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="Queens Cancelled" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pam & Tommy]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biographical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 February 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|18 March 2022{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–54 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Dropout]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|4 March 2022}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–54 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)|Under the Banner of Heaven]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 April 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|8 June 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0007|7 episodes}}
| {{sort|64|64–65 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pistol (miniseries)|Pistol]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biographical drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|31 May 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|6 July 2022}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|0006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–56 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Old Man (TV series)|The Old Man]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|13 July 2022}}
| {{sort|2015|2 seasons, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|39|39–64 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='The Old Man' Canceled By FX After 2 Seasons|url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/the-old-man-canceled-fx-no-season-3-jeff-bridges-1236209118/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Candy (miniseries)|Candy]]'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|15 July 2022}}
| {{sort|0005|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48−55 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mike (miniseries)|Mike]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biographical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|25 August 2022}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–33 min}}
| India & Thailand
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Patient]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Psychological thriller]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|31 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|16 September 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tell Me Lies (TV series)|Tell Me Lies]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|8 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|9 September 2022}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|2018|2 seasons, 18 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–53 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Hailu|first=Selome|date=December 19, 2024|title='Tell Me Lies' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/tell-me-lies-renewed-season-3-hulu-1236255067/|access-date=December 19, 2024|website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Reasonable Doubt (TV series)|Reasonable Doubt]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Legal drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|30 September 2022}}
| {{sort|2019|2 seasons, 19 episodes}}
| {{sort|51|51–52 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Porter|first=Rick|date=November 13, 2024|title='Reasonable Doubt' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/reasonable-doubt-renewed-hulu-season-3-1236060805/|access-date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Alaska Daily]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|7 October 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|10 March 2023}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="BSADTCYKCanceled" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Fleishman Is in Trouble (miniseries)|Fleishman Is in Trouble]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|17 November 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|2 December 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|47|47–52 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Welcome to Chippendales]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biographical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|22 November 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|35|35–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' (seasons 16–18)
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Paramount+]]
| {{dts|25 November 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|3030|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–52 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='Criminal Minds: Evolution' Renewed For Season 4, Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Paramount+|url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/criminal-minds-evolution-renewed-season-4-season-3-premiere-date-1236311340/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Will Trent]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|1 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|3041|3 seasons, 41 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Cordero|first=Rosy|title='Will Trent' Renewed For Season 4 At ABC|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/will-trent-renewed-season-4-abc-1236357597/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=April 3, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Watchful Eye]] ''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|31 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|31 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–45 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="SDF TWE" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kindred (TV series)|Kindred]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|22 February 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–54 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=30 January 2023|title='Kindred' Canceled at FX (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/kindred-canceled-fx-1235313309/|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Company You Keep (TV series)|The Company You Keep]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|20 February 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|24 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1013|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="BSADTCYKCanceled" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[True Lies (TV series)|True Lies]]''
| [[Action drama]]
| [[CBS]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|2 March 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|10 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last1=Petski|first1=Denise|last2=Andreeva|first2=Nellie|date=9 May 2023|title='True Lies' Canceled By CBS After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/true-lies-canceled-one-season-cbs-1235357740/|access-date=13 September 2023|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tiny Beautiful Things (miniseries)|Tiny Beautiful Things]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|7 April 2023}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|26|26–32 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Clearing (TV series)|The Clearing]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Psychological thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|24 May 2023}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–52 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saint X]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Psychological thriller|Psychological]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|7 June 2023}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–53 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Class of '09]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|21 June 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–48 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Justified: City Primeval]]''
| [[Neo-Western]] [[crime drama]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|19 July 2023}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–52 min.}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Cake (TV series)|Black Cake]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 November 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|14 February 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–61 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=27 September 2024|title='Black Cake' Canceled By Hulu After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/black-cake-canceled-hulu-no-season-2-1236102172/|access-date=28 September 2024|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Culprits (TV series)|Culprits]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Dark comedy|Dark]] [[Heist film|heist]] [[comedy thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|8 November 2023}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–58 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Murder at the End of the World]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Murder mystery]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|16 November 2023}}
| {{sort|0007|7 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–72 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Faraway Downs]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 November 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|31 January 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–49 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Death and Other Details]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Murder mystery]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 17 January 2024
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–52 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|title='Death and Other Details' Canceled After One Season at Hulu|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/death-and-other-details-canceled-hulu-1235956005/|website=Variety|date=29 March 2024|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tracker (American TV series)|Tracker]]''
| [[Action drama]]
| [[CBS]]
| {{dts|10 February 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|2033|2 seasons, 33 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/ghosts-georgie-and-mandys-first-marriage-renewed-2025-2026-1236296199/|title='Ghosts' Gets 2-Season Renewal, 'Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage' Picked Up For 2025–26|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=20 February 2025|access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shōgun (2024 TV series)|Shōgun]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|27 February 2024}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–70 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite press release|title=The FX, Hulu and Disney+ Global Hit Drama Series ''Shogun'' Is Scheduled to Begin Production of Season Two in January in Vancouver|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2025/04/30/the-fx-hulu-and-disneyplus-global-hit-drama-series-shogun-is-scheduled-to-begin-production-of-season-two-in-january-in-vancouver-539110/20250430fx01/|publisher=[[FX Networks]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=30 April 2025|access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Veil (miniseries)|The Veil]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|30 April 2024}}
| {{sort|0006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shardlake (TV series)|Shardlake]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|1 May 2024}}
| {{sort|1004|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–54 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref name="UK cancellations">{{cite web|last=Yossman|first=K.J.|title='Extraordinary,' 'Shardlake' Will Not Be Renewed for Further Seasons on Disney+ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/extraordinary-shardlake-canceled-disney-1236277218/|website=Variety|date=January 17, 2025|access-date=January 17, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Under the Bridge (TV series)|Under the Bridge]]'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|23 May 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|10 July 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–47 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Clipped (miniseries)|Clipped]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sports drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 June 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|6 June 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|0006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–49 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Queenie (TV series)|Queenie]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{ubl|[[Channel 4]]|[[Hulu]]}}
| {{dts|7 June 2024}}
| {{sort|0008| 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–26 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[American Sports Story]]''
| [[Sports drama]] [[anthology]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|18 September 2024}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–59 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Grotesquerie (TV series)|Grotesquerie]]''
| [[Horror drama]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 September 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|2 October 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30–57 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Doctor Odyssey]]''
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|27 September 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|16 October 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1018|1 season, 18 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=June 27, 2025|title=‘Doctor Odyssey’ Over – For Now – As Cast Options Expire|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/doctor-odyssey-canceled-abc-1236444079/|access-date=July 1, 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rivals (TV series)|Rivals]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 18 October 2024
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–61 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Say Nothing (TV series)|Say Nothing]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama|Historical]] [[political drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| 14 November 2024
| {{sort|0009|9 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–49 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Interior Chinatown (TV series)|Interior Chinatown]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 19 November 2024
| {{sort|1010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|35|35–47 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[High Potential]]''
| [[Crime procedural]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|23 January 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|1 April 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|2014|2 seasons, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| All markets
| Season 2 ongoing
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paradise (2025 TV series)|Paradise]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 28 January 2025
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–57 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/paradise-renewed-second-season-hulu-1236296087/|title='Paradise' Renewed For Second Season By Hulu|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=February 20, 2025|access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Grosse Pointe Garden Society]]''
| [[drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[NBC]]
| {{dts|24 February 2025}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42 min}}
| India{{efn|name="PeacockSEA"}}
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='Grosse Pointe Garden Society' Canceled By NBC After One Season, Won't Move To Peacock|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/grosse-pointe-garden-society-canceled-nbc-peacock-1236443923/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=June 26, 2025|access-date=July 8, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Suits LA]] ''
| [[drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[NBC]]
| {{dts|24 February 2025}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–44 min}}
| India{{efn|Available through [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] in Southeast Asia.|name="PeacockSEA"}}
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/suits-la-canceled-nbc-1236391782/|title=''Suits LA'' Canceled By NBC After One Season|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first1=Rosy|last1=Cordero|first2=Nellie|last2=Andreeva|date=May 9, 2025|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Good American Family]]'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|19 March 2025}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–52 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Happy Face (TV series)|Happy Face]]''
| [[True crime]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Paramount+]]
| {{dts|21 March 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–58 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=21 July 2025|title=''Happy Face'' Canceled By Paramount+ After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/happy-face-canceled-paramount-plus-1236464250/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[MobLand]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Paramount+]]
| {{dts|31 March 2025}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–59 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Washington Black (TV series)|Washington Black]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|23 July 2025}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–57 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Alien: Earth]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[Horror film|horror]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{dts|13 August 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–63 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Twisted Tale of Amanda Knox]]''
| [[True crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|20 August 2025}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–55 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Murdaugh: Death in the Family]]''
| [[True crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|15 October 2025}}
| {{sort|8|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50–54 min}}
| India
| Miniseries ongoing
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[All's Fair (2025 TV series)|All's Fair]]''
| [[Legal drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|4 November 2025}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45 min}}
| India
| Season 1 ongoing
|-

|}

====Comedy====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)|What We Do in the Shadows]]''{{efn|Season 1 previously aired on [[FX (Asian TV channel)|FX]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Comedy horror|Horror]] [[mockumentary]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 March 2019}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|3 September 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|6061|6 seasons, 61 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–30 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Cordero|first=Rosy|title=''What We Do In The Shadows'' To End With Season 6|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-canceled-season-6-1235677997/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''
| [[Sitcom]]
| {{ubl|[[FX (TV channel)|FX]] (seasons 1–8)|[[FXX]] (seasons 9–16)}}
| {{dts|19 February 2019}}
| {{sort|17178|17 seasons, 178 episodes}}
| {{sort|18|18–43 min}}
| India
| Renewed 18<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=10 December 2020|title='It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Renewed for Four More Seasons at FX|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-renewed-for-four-more-seasons-at-fx|access-date=23 August 2023|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love in the Time of Corona]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| {{dts|6 November 2020}}{{efn|name="ID"}}
| {{sort|0004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–35 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dollface]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|29 January 2021}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–32 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|title=''Dollface'' Not Returning for Season 3|url=https://tvline.com/2022/05/10/dollface-cancelled-hulu-season-3-kat-dennings/|website=TV Line|date=10 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Breeders (TV series)|Breeders]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{ubl|[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]|[[Sky One]]}}
| {{ubl|{{dts|9 July 2021}}|{{dts|16 July 2021}}{{efn|Malaysia|name="MY"}}}}
| {{sort|4040|4 seasons, 40 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–31 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/breeders-fx-sky-to-end-four-seasons-1235426113/|title=FX & Sky's 'Breeders' To End After Four Seasons|first=Max|last=Goldbart|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 June 2023|access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Only Murders in the Building]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 September 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|23 September 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|5050|5 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|28|28–40 min}}
| All markets
| Season 5 ongoing
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Wonder Years (2021 TV series)|The Wonder Years]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Television comedy|comedy]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|23 September 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|29 April 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2032|2 seasons, 32 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–22 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='The Wonder Years' Canceled By ABC After 2 Seasons|url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-wonder-years-canceled-abc-2-seasons-1235526068/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=15 September 2023|access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Reservation Dogs]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|2 October 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|5 November 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|3028|3 seasons, 28 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–34 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|title=''Reservation Dogs'' to End With Season 3|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/reservation-dogs-to-end-season-3-fx-hulu-1235658202/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=June 29, 2023|access-date=June 30, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abbott Elementary]]''
| [[Mockumentary]] [[sitcom]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|5 January 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|27 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|4071|4 seasons, 71 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–22 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='Abbott Elementary' Renewed For Season 5 By ABC'|url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/abbott-elementary-renewed-season-5-abc-1236260687/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=21 January 2025|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[How I Met Your Father]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|19 January 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|9 March 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–25 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/how-i-met-your-father-canceled-hulu-no-season-3-1235534388/|title='How I Met Your Father' Canceled By Hulu After 2 Seasons|work=Deadline Hollywood|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=1 September 2023|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Single Drunk Female]] ''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|21 January 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|8 April 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2020|2 season, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–25 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="SDF TWE">{{cite web|last=Bell|first=BreAnna|date=30 June 2023|title='Single Drunk Female,' 'The Watchful Eye' Canceled at Freeform|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/single-drunk-female-the-watchful-eye-canceled-freeform-1235659562/|access-date=13 September 2023|website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Life & Beth]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 March 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|3 June 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–32 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvline.com/news/life-and-beth-cancelled-season-3-hulu-amy-schumer-1235296173/|title=''Life & Beth'' Cancelled at Hulu After 2 Seasons|website=TVLine|first=Rebecca|last=Iannucci|date=26 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maggie (2022 TV series)|Maggie]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 July 2022}}{{Efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|23 September 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1013|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–26 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|title=''Maggie'' Canceled By Hulu After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/maggie-canceled-hulu-one-season-1235113462/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=9 September 2022|access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Everything's Trash]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|14 July 2022}}{{Efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|30 September 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–24 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=Phoebe Robinson's 'Everything's Trash' Canceled By Freeform After One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/everythings-trash-canceled-freeform-one-season-phoebe-robinson-1235169788/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=11 November 2022|access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" | ''[[This Fool]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|20 January 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–31 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|title=''This Fool'' Canceled at Hulu (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/this-fool-canceled-hulu-1235825492/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=14 February 2024|access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Bear (TV series)|The Bear]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[FX on Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|17 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|19 August 2022{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|4038|4 seasons, 38 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–66 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=1 July 2025|title=''The Bear'' Renewed For Season 5 By FX|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/the-bear-renewed-season-5-fx-1236447261/|access-date=1 July 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Wedding Season (TV series)|Wedding Season]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[comedy thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|8 September 2022}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30–41 min}}
| India & Thailand
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Villains of Valley View]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|16 September 2022}}
| {{sort|2037|2 seasons, 37 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–25 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=2 October 2024|title=''The Villains of Valley View'' Cancelled at Disney Channel|url=https://tvline.com/news/the-villains-of-valley-view-cancelled-season-3-disney-1235346051/|access-date=2 October 2024|website=TVLine}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Reboot (2022 TV series)|Reboot]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|21 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|18 November 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|29|29–30 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/reboot-canceled-by-hulu-steve-levitan-shop-the-comedy-1235244866/|title='Reboot' Canceled By Hulu; Creator Steve Levitan And Twentieth TV Plan To Shop The Comedy|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=30 January 2023|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Extraordinary (TV series)|Extraordinary]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]] [[Comedy film|comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|25 January 2023}}
| {{sort|2016|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–32 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref name="UK cancellations"/>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Not Dead Yet]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|9 February 2023}}
| {{sort|2023|2 seasons, 23 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–22 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/not-dead-yet-canceled-abc-1235911130/|title='Not Dead Yet' Canceled After 2 Seasons At ABC|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=10 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[History of the World, Part II]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sketch comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|8 March 2023}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–30 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unprisoned]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|10 March 2023}}
| {{sort|2016|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–31 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|title='UnPrisoned' Canceled After Two Seasons at Hulu|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/unprisoned-canceled-hulu-1236158137/|website=Variety|date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Up Here (TV series)|Up Here]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[musical comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|31 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–31 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|title='Up Here' Canceled After One Season at Hulu|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/up-here-canceled-hulu-1235682601/|website=Variety|date=28 July 2023|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dave (TV series)|Dave]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[FXX]]
| {{dts|5 April 2023}}
| {{sort|3030|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–32 min}}
| India
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=White|first=Peter|title=No Plans For Season 4 Of 'Dave' As Dave Burd "Presses Pause" On FXX Comedy To Do Other Things|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/dave-no-plans-season-4-fxx-1235811287/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=1 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saturdays (TV series)|Saturdays]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Television comedy|comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|2 June 2023}}
| {{sort|1015|1 season, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–24 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/lists/fire-country-season-2-spinoff-spoilers/|title=Inside Line: Scoop on ''Fire Country'', ''For All Mankind'', ''Magnum'', ''Morning Show'', ''Chucky'', ''Sullivan's Crossing'', ''Euphoria'', a Disney Cancellation and More|work=[[TVLine]]|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=7 November 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Full Monty (TV series)|The Full Monty]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{ubl|[[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])|[[FX on Hulu]]}}
| {{dts|16 June 2023}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–54 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Other Black Girl (TV series)|The Other Black Girl]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Dark comedy]] [[psychological thriller]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|15 September 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|7 February 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–32 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|title='The Other Black Girl' Canceled After 1 Season By Hulu|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-other-black-girl-canceled-hulu-no-season-2-1235912199/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=10 May 2024|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[English Teacher (TV series)|English Teacher]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|2 September 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|4 September 2024}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–24 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Lynette|date=February 7, 2025|title=''The English Teacher'' Renewed For Season 2 By FX|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/the-english-teacher-renewed-season-2-fx-1236281641/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[How to Die Alone]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 13 September 2024
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–35 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Hailu|first=Selome|title='How to Die Alone' Canceled After One Season on Hulu; Creator-Star Natasha Rothwell Is 'Baffled' and Shopping Series Elsewhere (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/how-to-die-alone-canceled-hulu-natasha-rothwell-1236296146/|website=Variety|date=February 4, 2025|access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Last Days of the Space Age]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|2 October 2024}}
| {{sort|0008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Wizards Beyond Waverly Place]]''
| [[Teen sitcom]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|30 October 2024}}
| {{sort|1021|1 season, 21 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–27 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Campione|first=Katie|title='Wizards Beyond Waverly Place' Renewed For Season 2 At Disney Channel & Disney+|url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/wizards-beyond-waverly-place-renewed-season-2-disney-1236354715/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=April 6, 2025|access-date=April 6, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Small Town, Big Story]]''
|[[Black comedy]]
| {{ubl|[[Sky Atlantic]]|[[Sky Max]]}}
| {{dts|27 February 2025}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Deli Boys]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|6 March 2025}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–27 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cordero|first=Rosy|title=''Deli Boys'' Renewed For Season 2; Fred Armisen Joins As Series Regular|url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/deli-boys-renewed-season-2-fred-armisen-cast-1236497497/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mid-Century Modern (TV series)|Mid-Century Modern]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|28 March 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|1 April 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–25 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/mid-century-modern-canceled-hulu-matt-bomer-nathan-lane-1236565383|title='Mid-Century Modern' Canceled By Hulu After One Season; Co-Creator Max Mutchnick Thanks Fans|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=September 29, 2025|access-date=September 29, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[CBS]]
| {{dts|3 April 2025}}
| {{sort|1022|1 season, 22 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| India
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/ghosts-georgie-and-mandys-first-marriage-renewed-2025-2026-1236296199/|title='Ghosts' Gets 2-Season Renewal, 'Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage' Picked Up For 2025–26|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=February 20, 2025|access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shifting Gears (TV series)|Shifting Gears]]''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{dts|7 May 2025}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|title='9-1-1,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'The Rookie,' 'Shifting Gears,' 'Will Trent' Renewed at ABC|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/9-1-1-greys-anatomy-the-rookie-shifting-gears-will-trent-renewed-abc-1236359024/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 3, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Adults (TV series)|Adults]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|4 June 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–27 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Electric Bloom]]''
| [[Musical comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 16 September 2025
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–27 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chad Powers]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sports film|Sports comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 30 September 2025
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|34|34–42 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-

|}

====Animation====

=====Adult animation=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Family Guy]]''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| {{dts|18 May 2020}}
| {{sort|23444|23 seasons, 444 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed for seasons 24–27<ref name="Fox animation renewals"/>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Great North]]''
| [[Animated sitcom|Sitcom]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 January 2021}}|{{dts|19 November 2021}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|5082|5 seasons, 82 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='The Great North' Canceled By Fox After Five Seasons|website=Deadline Hollywood|url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/the-great-north-canceled-fox-1236570101/|date=3 October 2025|access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[M.O.D.O.K. (TV series)|M.O.D.O.K.]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]] [[Science fiction on television|science fiction]] [[Television comedy|comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|21 May 2021}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23–25 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Lynette|title='Marvel's M.O.D.O.K.' Canceled By Hulu after One Season|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/marvels-m-o-d-o-k-canceled-hulu-after-one-season-1235023412/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=13 May 2022|date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Solar Opposites]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[Animated sitcom|sitcom]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|16 July 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|9 October 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|5053|5 seasons, 53 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–24 min}}
| All markets{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=SDCC: 'Solar Opposites' Wild Ride Continues with S5 Trailer, S6 Renewal and New Halloween Special|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/07/sdcc-solar-opposites-wild-ride-continues-with-s5-trailer-s6-renewal-and-new-halloween-special/|website=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bob's Burgers]]''
| [[Sitcom]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| {{dts|9 January 2022}}
| {{sort|15298|15 seasons, 298 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21 min}}
| India
| Renewed for seasons 16–19<ref name="Fox animation renewals">{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=Fox Picks Up FOUR Seasons Of 'The Simpsons', 'Family Guy', 'Bob's Burgers' & Returning 'American Dad!' In Mega Deal With Disney TV Studios|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/the-simpsons-family-guy-bobs-burgers-american-dad-renewed-1236356360/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=April 2, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hit-Monkey (TV series)|Hit-Monkey]] '''≈'''''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]] [[Action comedy film|action comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|26 January 2022}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–28 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dicktown (TV series)|Dicktown]] ''
| [[Animated sitcom|Sitcom]]
| [[FXX]]
| {{dts|4 March 2022}}
| {{sort|2020|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|10|10–11 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Little Demon (TV series)|Little Demon]] ''
| [[Black comedy|Dark comedy]] [[Animated sitcom|sitcom]]
| [[FXX]]
| {{dts|26 August 2022}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–26 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Koala Man]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]] [[Television comedy|comedy]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|10 January 2023}}
| {{sort|1008|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23–24 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Praise Petey]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|22 July 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|27 September 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–21 min}}
| All markets
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Swift|first=Andy|title=''Praise Petey'' Cancelled at Freeform|url=https://tvline.com/news/praise-petey-cancelled-season-2-freeform-statement-1235079326/|website=[[TVLine]]|date=13 November 2023|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
|-

|}

=====Anime=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Language
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Tatami Galaxy|Tatami Time Machine Blues]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[mystery comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 14 September 2022
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|17|17–32 min}}
| All markets
| Japanese
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Phoenix (manga)|Phoenix: Eden17]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[fantasy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 13 September 2023
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|18|18–29 min}}
| All markets
| Japanese
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sand Land#Anime|Sand Land]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[adventure comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 20 March 2024
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| All markets
| Japanese
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bullet/Bullet]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama|Fantasy]] [[action drama|action]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 16 July 2025
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" ! scope="row" | ''[[Cat's Eye (manga)#Anime|Cat's Eye]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[crime drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]]){{efn|name=HotstarRebranding|In Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, these series was originally premiered under [[Star (Disney+)|Star]] content hub and released by Disney+ Hotstar in at the time of release, but later moved to either [[List of Disney+ original programming|Disney+]] or Disney+'s [[Hulu]] content hub after phase-out of Star, as well as rebranding of Disney+ HotStar to Disney+ in these regions.}}
| 26 September 2025
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-

|}

=====Kids & family=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Minnie's Bow-Toons]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| {{ubl|21 July 2021}}
| {{sort|9105|9 seasons, 105 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mickey Mouse Funhouse]]''{{efn|The special first episode was shown on [[Disney Junior (Asian TV channel)|Disney Junior]] in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam on 30 September 2021, the final day of broadcast.}}
| [[Disney Junior]]
| {{ubl|20 August 2021{{efn|Indonesia and Malaysia|name="ID&MY"}}|27 August 2021{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|3086|3 seasons, 86 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Ghost and Molly McGee]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 28 January 2022
| {{sort|2041|2 seasons, 41 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Motz|first=Bill|user=InevitablyBill|number=1746580258281967750|title=We were deep in the writing of Season 2 scripts when #TheGhostandMollyMcGee premiered in October 2021.|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Alice's Wonderland Bakery]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 1 July 2022
| {{sort|2050|2 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite instagram|author=Disney Junior|user=disneyjunior|postid=C5O7n4mL3Vu|title=This April is going to be bluetiful 💙... 🎥: #Bluey|date=1 April 2024|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''How NOT to Draw''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 30 September 2022
| {{sort|2014|2 seasons, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|1|1–2 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Spidey and His Amazing Friends]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 21 November 2022
| {{sort|4092|4 seasons, 92 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 4 ongoing Renewed for seasons 5–6<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Disney Jr.'s "Marvel's Spidey and His Amazing Friends" Renewed for a Fifth Season|date=27 February 2025|publisher=[[Disney Branded Television]]|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2025/02/27/disney-jrs-marvels-spidey-and-his-amazing-friends-renewed-for-a-fifth-season-29215/20250227disney01/|via=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lang|first=Jamie|date=7 June 2025|title=''Spidey and his Amazing Friends'', ''Dragon Striker'' and ''Sam Witch'' Headline Disney Branded TV's Annecy Slate (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/disney-branded-tv-annecy-slate-1236422042/|access-date=7 July 2025|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Firebuds]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 2 December 2022
| {{sort|2048|2 seasons, 48 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–25 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref name="DJ Let's Play 2025">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/disney-jr-slate-new-series-renewals-premiere-dates-1236481718/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=8 August 2025|access-date=8 August 2025|title=New 'Cars' & 'Marvel's Avengers' Series Ordered by Disney Jr.; 'Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+' Renewed For 2 More Seasons; Castings & Premiere Dates|last=Petski|first=Denise}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hamster & Gretel]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 17 February 2023
| {{sort|2050|2 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 28 April 2023
| {{sort|2041|2 seasons, 41 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–44 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kiya & the Kimoja Heroes]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 2 June 2023
| {{sort|1026|1 season, 26 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chibiverse]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 30 June 2023
| {{sort|3011|3 seasons, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Eureka! (2022 TV series)|Eureka!]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 12 July 2023
| {{sort|1030|1 season, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pupstruction]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 6 September 2023
| {{sort|2050|2 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 2 ongoing Renewed<ref name="Pupstruction & Superkitties">{{cite press release|title=Disney Branded Television Announces Season Three Pickups for Hit Disney Junior Series "Superkitties" and "Pupstruction"|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2024/02/10/disney-branded-television-announces-season-three-pickups-for-hit-disney-junior-series-superkitties-and-pupstruction-48513/20240210disney01/|publisher=[[Disney Branded Television]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=10 February 2024|access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[SuperKitties]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 13 September 2023
| {{sort|2050|2 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed for seasons 3–4<ref name="Pupstruction & Superkitties"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Betti|first=Tony|url=https://www.laughingplace.com/disney-entertainment/disney-tv-renewals-annecy-2025/|title=Disney Branded TV Reveals Slate of Renewals, First Looks, New Series, and a "Miraculous" Spin-Off Ahead of Annecy Festival Next Week|date=7 June 2025|access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hailey's On It!]]''{{efn|name="unavailable"}}
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 7 August 2024
| {{sort|1030|1 season, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=2 October 2024|title=Matt's Inside Line: Scoop on ''Grey's'', ''Agatha'', ''Brilliant Minds'', ''SEAL Team'', ''NCIS'', ''Daryl Dixon'', #OneChicago, ''Fire Country'', a Cancellation and More|url=https://tvline.com/lists/ncis-season-22-episode-count-fbi-most-wanted-international/seal-team-series-finale-twists/|access-date=2 October 2024|website=TVLine}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Zombies: The Re-Animated Series]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 16 October 2024
| {{sort|1016|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ariel (TV series)|Ariel]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 27 November 2024
| {{sort|1030|1 season, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing Renewed<ref name="DJ Let's Play 2025"/>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kiff (TV series)|Kiff]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| 1 January 2025
| {{sort|2052|2 seasons, 52 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=Disney Renews 'Kiff' for Third Nutty Season Ahead of S2 Premiere|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/02/disney-renews-kiff-for-third-nutty-season-ahead-of-s2-premiere/|website=Animation Magazine|date=6 February 2025|access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 22 July 2025
| {{sort|1010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing Renewed for seasons 2–3<ref>{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=8 August 2025|title=New ''Cars'' & ''Marvel's Avengers'' Series Ordered by Disney Jr.; ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' Renewed For 2 More Seasons; Castings & Premiere Dates|url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/disney-jr-slate-new-series-renewals-premiere-dates-1236481718/|access-date=8 August 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[StuGo]]''
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|30 July 2025}}
| {{sort|1020|1 season, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Iron Man and His Awesome Friends]]''
| [[Disney Junior]]
| 12 August 2025
| {{sort|1009|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-

|}

====Unscripted====
=====Docuseries=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Subject
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Wilderness of Error (TV series)|A Wilderness of Error]] ''
| [[True crime]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|10 February 2021}}
| {{sort|005|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–61 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Most Dangerous Animal of All''
| [[True crime]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|10 February 2021}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–46 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hip Hop Uncovered]]''
| [[Hip hop]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|6 August 2021}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–60 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[McCartney 3,2,1 (miniseries)|McCartney 3,2,1]]'' '''≈'''
| Music
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|20 August 2021}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–31 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pride (miniseries)|Pride]]''
| [[LGBT rights]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{dts|10 September 2021}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–46 min}}
| Thailand
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Who Do You Believe?]]''
| [[True crime]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 May 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}<ref name="Arora 2022">{{cite web|last=Arora|first=Akhil|date=3 May 2022|title=Escaype Live, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Home Shanti, and More on Hotstar in May|url=https://gadgets360.com/entertainment/features/hotstar-may-2022-releases-escaype-live-obi-wan-kenobi-home-shanti-moon-knight-ipl-2941593|access-date=3 May 2022|website=NDTV Gadgets 360}}</ref>|{{dts|28 October 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–42 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Have You Seen this Man?'' '''≈'''
| [[Hulu]]
| [[True crime]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|3 June 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|6 June 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| 3 episodes
| {{sort|40|40–42 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Children of the Underground]]''
| [[True crime]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|10 March 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|005|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–52 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Legacy: The True Story of the [[Los Angeles Lakers|LA Lakers]]'' '''≈'''
| Sports
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|16 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|28 October 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|10|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|59|59–61 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Welcome to Wrexham]]''
| Sports
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|25 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|4 November 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|449|4 seasons, 49 episodes}}
| {{sort|20|20–47 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Peter|title=As Wrexham AFC Closes In On Premier League, FX Renews 'Welcome to Wrexham' For Season 5|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/fx-renews-welcome-to-wrexham-season-5-1236412173/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 May 2025|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Killing Country'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|3 February 2023}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–47 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''How I Caught My Killer'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|17 February 2023}}
| {{sort|009|9 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–51 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Brawn: The Impossible [[Formula 1]] Story'' '''≈'''
| Sports
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|19 January 2024}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|57|57–61 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Coleen Rooney]]: The Real Wagatha Story'' '''≈'''
| Scandal
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|19 January 2023}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–49 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thank You, Goodnight: The [[Bon Jovi]] Story'' '''≈'''
| Music
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|26 April 2024}}
| {{sort|4|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–94 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Camden'' '''≈'''
| Music
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|29 May 2024}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–52 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Cult Massacre: One Day in Jonestown'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| {{ubl|[[Hulu]]|[[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]]}}
| {{dts|17 June 2024}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mastermind: To Think Like a Killer]]'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|11 July 2024}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–44 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''In Vogue: The 1990s'' '''≈'''
| [[Fashion industry|Fashion]]/[[Publishing industry|Publishing]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 September 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|19 February 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Fox Hollow Murders: Playground of a Serial Killer'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|20 March 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–55 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Devil in the Family: The Fall of Ruby Franke'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|20 March 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|18 April 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Wicked Game: Devil in the Desert'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|20 March 2025}}{{efn|name="IN"}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|35|35–45 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Call Her Alex'' '''≈'''
| Media
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|10 June 2025}}
| {{sort|2|2 episodes}}
| {{sort|57|57–59 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Diddy on Trial: As It Happened'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 11 June 2025
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|28|28–39 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope=" row" | ''[[Necaxa (TV series)|Necaxa]]'' '''≈'''
| Sports
| {{ubl|[[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])|[[FXX]]}}
| 8 August 2025
| {{sort|10|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–47 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-

|}

=====Reality=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The D'Amelio Show]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality show|Reality]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|19 November 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|11 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|218|2 seasons, 18 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–34 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Lynette|title='The D'Amelio Show' Renewed For Third Season By Hulu|url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/the-damelio-show-renewed-third-season-hulu-1235190171/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=6 December 2022|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Kardashians]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality show|Reality]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|14 April 2022}}
| {{sort|660|6 seasons, 60 episodes}}
| {{sort|39|39–56 min}}
| All markets
| Season 6 ongoing<ref>{{cite web|last=Porter|first=Rick|title=''The Kardashians'' Renewed for 20 More Episodes at Hulu|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/the-kardashians-renewed-season-6-hulu-1235957888/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=25 July 2024|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Best in Dough'' '''≈'''
| [[Cooking show|Cooking]] [[Reality competition|competition]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|23 September 2022}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|33|33–34 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Drag Me to Dinner]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Cooking show|Cooking]] [[Reality competition|competition]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|30 June 2023}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|35|35–43 min}}
| Thailand
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vanderpump Villa]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|1 April 2024}}
| {{sort|111|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–50 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Tinoco|first=Armando|title='Vanderpump Villa' Renewed For Season 2 At Hulu; 'Vanderpump Rules' Alum Stassi Schroeder Joins Cast|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/vanderpump-villa-renewed-season-2-hulu-vanderpump-rules-stassi-schroeder-joins-cast-1236035447/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=9 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Muslim Matchmaker'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|11 February 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30–37 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''Got to Get Out'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|30 April 2025}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-

|}

====Continuations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Resident (TV series)|The Resident]]'' (season 4){{efn|Seasons 1–3 previously aired on [[Fox (Asian TV channel)|Fox]] and [[Fox Life#Launch in Southeast Asia|Fox Life]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="Resident"}}
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
| {{dts|20 August 2021}}{{efn|name="TH"}}
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–45 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref name="S6Renewal">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/9-1-1-the-resident-renewed-season-6-fox-upfront-1235025030/|title='9-1-1' & 'The Resident' Close Season 6 Renewals In Time For Fox Upfront Presentation|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=16 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[American Horror Story]]'' (seasons 10–12)
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]] [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|27 August 2021}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|3 September 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|327|3 seasons, 27 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–71 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last=White|title='American Horror Story': FX Renews Anthology Series For Three More Seasons – TCA|url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/american-horror-story-fx-renews-anthology-series-for-three-more-seasons-tca-1202825621/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=9 January 2020|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' (season 11){{efn|Seasons 1–10 previously aired on [[Fox (Asian TV channel)|Fox]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]]/[[Zombie apocalypse]]
| {{ubl|[[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]|[[Fox (international)|FOX]]{{efn|FOX handled worldwide excluding United States}}}}
| {{dts|27 August 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|124|1 season, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–67 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Owl House]]'' (season 2){{efn|Season 1 previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="DisneyAsia"}}
| [[Animated series|Animated]] [[Fantasy comedy|fantasy]] [[comedy-horror]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|17 September 2021}}
| {{sort|121|1 season, 21 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Amphibia (TV series)|Amphibia]]'' (season 3){{efn|Seasons 1 and 2 previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="DisneyAsia2"}}
| [[Animated series|Animated]] [[fantasy comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|7 January 2022}}
| {{sort|118|1 season, 18 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Secrets of Sulphur Springs]]'' (seasons 2–3){{efn|name="DisneyAsia"}}
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|25 February 2022}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–26 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|title=Disney Channel's ''Secrets of Sulphur Springs'' Not Returning for Season 4|url=https://tvline.com/news/secrets-of-sulphur-springs-cancelled-season-4-disney-channel-1235140699/|website=TVLine|date=30 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Big City Greens]]'' (seasons 3–4){{efn|name="DisneyAsia2"}}
| [[Animated series|Animated]] [[adventure comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|10 June 2022}}
| {{sort|2050|2 seasons, 50 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Lang|first=Jamie|date=11 June 2024|title=Disney Unveils 'Moon Girl' Musical Shorts Series, 'Big City Greens' Season 5 Order and First-Look Clip for 'Disney Junior's Ariel' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/moon-girl-ariel-young-jedi-disney-1236033213/|access-date=11 June 2024|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raven's Home]]'' (seasons 5–6){{efn|Seasons 1–4 previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="DisneyAsia3"}}
| [[Sitcom|Family sitcom]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|26 August 2022}}
| {{sort|231|2 seasons, 31 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22–24 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bunk'd]]'' (seasons 6–7){{efn|Seasons 1–5 (seasons 1–4 in Malaysia) previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="DisneyAsia4"}}
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|21 April 2023}}
| {{sort|252|2 seasons, 52 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–23 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Futurama]]'' (seasons 11–13) '''≈'''{{efn|For seasons 2–7, some episodes were aggregated into seasons 2–10 based on Disney+ Hotstar in Southeast Asia region reference. Therefore, season 8 of Futurama is designated as season 11 on this platform.|name=FuturamaOnDPH}}
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[animated sitcom]]
| {{ubl|[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]|[[Comedy Central]]|[[Hulu]]}}
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 July 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|6 October 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|330|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{sort|26|26 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=2 November 2023|title='Futurama' Renewed for Two More Seasons at Hulu|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/futurama-renewed-season-13-14-hulu-1235776322/|access-date=2 November 2023|website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'' (season 5){{efn|Seasons 1–4 previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.|name="DisneyAsia3"}}
| [[Animated series|Animated]] [[surreal comedy]]
| [[Disney Channel]]
| {{dts|6 June 2025}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Longeretta|first=Emily|title='Phineas and Ferb' Revival Gets Summer Premiere on Disney Channel and Disney+|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/phineas-and-ferb-reboot-summer-disney-channel-1236298511/|website=Variety|date=6 February 2025|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[King of the Hill]]'' (season 14) '''≈'''
| [[Animated sitcom|Animated]] [[sitcom]]
| {{ubl|[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] (seasons 1–13)|[[Hulu]] (season 14)}}
| {{dts|4 August 2025}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|26|26–27 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-

|}

====Specials====

=====One-time=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Queen Family Singalong]]''
| [[Music television]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| 24 December 2021
| {{sort|41|41 min}}
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Very Boy Band Holiday]]''
| [[Music television]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| 31 December 2021
| {{sort|42|42 min}}
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''ABC News Special: Alec Baldwin Unscripted''
| [[Documentary film|Documentary]]
| [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]
| 31 December 2021
| {{sort|47|47 min}}
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Year: 2021''
| [[Documentary film|Documentary]]
| [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]
| 12 January 2022
| {{sort|81|81 min}}
| Southeast Asia
|}

====Non-English language====

=====Dutch=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[That One Word – Feyenoord]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Sports film|Sports]] [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 1 September 2021
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|56|56–67 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nemesis'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 16 October 2024
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|40|40–55 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-

|}

=====French=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oussekine]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|11 May 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|25 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–63 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]]: Sing or Die'' '''≈'''
| Music [[biographical drama|biography]] [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|15 June 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|35|35 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''The French Mans'' '''≈'''
| [[Action film|Action]] [[comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|19 October 2022}}
| {{sort|210|2 seasons, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Becoming Karl Lagerfeld]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biopic]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|7 June 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|19 February 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–49 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-

|}

=====Japanese=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Lost Man Found'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{ubl||[[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])|[[NHK|NHK BS Premium]]}}
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 June 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|20 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|10|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Because We Forget Everything'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|14 September 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|3 February 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|26|26–37 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gannibal (manga)|Gannibal]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Horror thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|28 December 2022}}
| {{sort|213|2 seasons, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|33|33–59 min}}
| All markets
| Season 2 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''A Town Without Seasons'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|9 August 2023}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–28 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Dragons of Wonderhatch'' '''≈'''
| [[Anime]]/[[Live action|Live-action]] hybrid
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|20 December 2023}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|33|33–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''House of the Owl'' '''≈'''
| [[Political drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|24 April 2024}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|34|34–50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tanabata no Kuni (TV series)|Land of Tanabata]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 4 July 2024
| {{sort|010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–61 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-

|}

=====Korean=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Outrun by [[Running Man (TV program)|Running Man]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Variety show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|12 November 2021}}
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|9|9–56 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rookie Cops]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[police procedural]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 January 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|12 October 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–63 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Grid (South Korean TV series)|Grid]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[techno-thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|16 February 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|7 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50–55 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soundtrack 1|Soundtrack #1]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Musical film|Musical]]/[[romantic drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|23 March 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|27 April 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|39|39–53 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kiss Sixth Sense]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[fantasy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|25 May 2022}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–75 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Zone: Survival Mission]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality competition]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|8 September 2022}}
| {{sort|324|3 seasons, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–73 min}}
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[May It Please the Court]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Legal drama|Legal]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|21 September 2022}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|64|64–66 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Pink Lie'' '''≈'''
| [[Dating show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|5 October 2022}}
| {{sort|012|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|72|72–115 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shadow Detective]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|26 October 2022}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|55|55–57 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Revenge of Others]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller drama|thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|9 November 2022}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|58|58–63 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Connect (TV series)|Connect]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Psychological thriller|Psychological]] [[Fantasy drama|fantasy]] [[crime thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|7 December 2022}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|36|36–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Big Bet (TV series)|Big Bet]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|21 December 2022}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–58 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Super Junior]]: The Last Man Standing'' '''≈'''
| Music [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|18 January 2023}}
| {{sort|002|2 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Call It Love (TV series)|Call It Love]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[melodrama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|22 February 2023}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|71|71–73 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''RACE'' '''≈'''
| Workplace [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|10 May 2023}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|53|53–63 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Full Count'' '''≈'''
| Sports [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|14 June 2023}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–66 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moving (South Korean TV series)|Moving]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|9 August 2023}}
| {{sort|020|20 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–58 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" |''[[NCT 127]]: The Lost Boys'' '''≈'''
| Music [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|30 August 2023}}
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|34|34–38 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Han River Police]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|13 September 2023}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|47|47–53 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Worst of Evil]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|27 September 2023}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|52|52–69 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vigilante (TV series)|Vigilante]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|9 November 2023}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–54 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soundtrack 2|Soundtrack #2]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Musical film|Musical]] [[romantic drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|6 December 2023}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–46 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Shop for Killers]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|17 January 2024}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–62 min}}
| All markets
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/108/0003293139|last=Lee|first=Seung-hun|date=December 31, 2024|publisher=Star News|language=ko|script-title=ko:[단독]이동욱 '킬러들의 쇼핑몰' 시즌2 제작 확정..내년 4월 첫 촬영 |trans-title=[Exclusive] Lee Dong-wook's 'The Killers' Shopping Mall' Season 2 Production Confirmed... First Filming in April Next Year|access-date=January 1, 2025|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Impossible Heir]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Revenge drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 28 February 2024
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|51|51–65 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Blood Free]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller drama|thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 10 April 2024
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uncle Samsik]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 15 May 2024
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–46 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Red Swan (TV series)|Red Swan]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 3 July 2024
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–57 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Tyrant (TV series)|The Tyrant]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action fiction|Action]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 14 August 2024
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–51 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Seoul Busters]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 11 September 2024
| {{sort|20|20 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–58 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gangnam B-Side]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 6 November 2024
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|42|42–49 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Light Shop]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 4 December 2024
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|39|39–43 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unmasked (TV series)|Unmasked]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Office humor]] [[action thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 15 January 2025
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|55|55–66 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hyper Knife]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Medical thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 19 March 2025
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|58|58–67 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nine Puzzles'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 21 May 2025
| {{sort|11|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–62 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Low Life (TV series)|Low Life]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 16 July 2025
| {{sort|011|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–56 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row"| ''Anchovy Physical Camp'' '''≈'''
| [[Variety show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 22 August 2025
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| TBA
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''60 Minutes to Love'' '''≈'''
| [[Dating game show|Dating]] [[Reality television|reality show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 23 August 2025
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| TBA
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''Belly Showdown'' '''≈'''
| [[Variety show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 24 August 2025
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| TBA
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''YOO Got a Minute?'' '''≈'''
| [[Variety show|Variety]]/[[Talk show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 25 August 2025
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| TBA
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''Chef's Go-To'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality television|Reality show]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 26 August 2025
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| TBA
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tempest (TV series)|Tempest]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Political thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 10 September 2025
| {{sort|009|9 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–76 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Murky Stream]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]]){{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
| 26 September 2025
| {{sort|9|9 episodes}}
| {{sort|47|47–60 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-

|}

=====Mandarin=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Extreme Forest''
| [[Travel documentary|Travel]] [[docu-reality]]
| {{ubl|[[National Geographic (Asian TV channel)|National Geographic]]|[[Line TV|LINE TV]]}}
| 14 May 2022
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended{{efn|Moved to [[Discovery Asia]] for season 2<ref>{{cite Instagram|user=grayscale.production|author=灰魚影像GrayScale|postid=C57_8zVPJht|title=《#極島森林2》將在 #世界地球日於Discovery頻道隆重獻映|date=19 April 2024|language=zh|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Small & Mighty'' '''≈'''
| [[Legal drama|Legal]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{ubl||[[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])|[[Bilibili]]}}
| 15 June 2022
| {{sort|026|26 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–43 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Women in Taipei]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Slice-of-life]] [[melodrama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 21 September 2022
| {{sort|011|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–53 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Taiwan Crime Stories]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime (genre)|Crime]] [[psychological thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 4 January 2023
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–61 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Ended
|}

=====Portuguese=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Insanity (TV series)|Insanity]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Horror film|Horror]]/[[Psychological thriller]]
| [[Star+]]
| 26 January 2022
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–38 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Time Switch'' '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama]]
| [[Star+]]
| 10 May 2023
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–39 min}}
| Thailand
| Pending
|-

|}

=====Spanish=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''Galácticos''
| [[Sports film|Sports]] [[docuseries]]
| [[ESPN+]]
| {{dts|24 December 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–28 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Alternative Therapy'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Star+]]
| 14 March 2022
| {{sort|217|2 seasons, 17 episodes}}
| {{sort|31|31–44 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Not My Fault: Mexico]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|23 March 2022}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|47|38–47 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Heartthrob: TV Changed, He Didn't'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|8 June 2022}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|39|28–39 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''Santa Evita'' '''≈'''
| [[Period drama]] [[biopic]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 July 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|26 August 2022}}{{efn|name="TH"}}}}
| {{sort|007|7 episodes}}
| {{sort|36|36–47 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Repatriated (TV series)|Repatriated]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|21 September 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|33|33–45 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Stolen Cup'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|9 November 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|25|25–33 min}}
| All markets
| Ended
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Our Only Chance]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Musical drama film|Musical drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{dts|14 November 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|005|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|47|47–58 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Prime Time'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|15 February 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|34|34–44 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Planners'' '''≈'''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| [[Star+]]
| {{dts|5 May 2023}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|30|30–41 min}}
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Cristóbal Balenciaga (TV series)|Cristóbal Balenciaga]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Biographical film|Biopic]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| {{ubl|{{dts|19 January 2024}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|29 January 2025}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''UFO Factory'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[television comedy|comedy]]
| [[Star+]]
| 3 April 2024
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|21|21–27 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[See You in Another Life]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 17 April 2024
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–44 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Lucrecia: A Murder in Madrid'' '''≈'''
| [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 27 June 2024
| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|32|32–36 min}}
| India
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Chavez'' '''≈'''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 11 September 2024
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|28|28–38 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''Mama Cake'' '''≈'''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 25 September 2024
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|27|27–33 min}}
| India
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''La Máquina'' '''≈'''
| [[Sports film#Sports drama|Sports drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| 9 October 2024
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|29|29–53 min}}
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Return to Las Sabinas'' '''≈'''
| [[Telenovela]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 11 October 2024
| {{sort|70|70 episodes}}
| {{sort|38|38–55 min}}
| India
| Ended
|-

|}

=====Other=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Ignorant Angels]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romance film#Romantic drama|Romantic drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 13 April 2022
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–60 min}}
| Italian
| Thailand
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''Pauline'' '''≈'''
| [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[coming-of-age]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Disney+]] ([[Star (Disney+)|Star Hub]])
| 22 May 2024
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|37|37–43 min}}
| German
| India
| Miniseries
|-

|}

===Exclusive third-party distribution===
====Drama====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Deer and the Cauldron''
| [[Period drama]]
| {{ubl|[[CCTV-8]] (China)|[[Star Chinese Channel]] (Southeast Asia)}}
| {{dts|12 February 2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}
| {{sort|045|45 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45 min}}
| Mandarin
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[24 Japan]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{ubl|[[TV Asahi]]|[[Abema]]|[[Telasa|TELASA]]}}
| {{ubl|{{dts|30 June 2021}}{{efn|name="TH"}}|{{dts|2 July 2021}}{{efn|name="ID&MY"}}}}
| {{sort|024|24 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''Things You Know by Watching Them''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Wowow|WOWOW]]
| {{dts|30 June 2021}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|48|48–53 min}}
| Japanese
| Malaysia & Thailand
|-
! scope="row" | ''A Day-Off of Kasumi Arimura''
| [[Slice of life]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Wowow|WOWOW]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|30 June 2021}}{{efn|Thailand|name="TH"}}|{{dts|16 July 2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–41 min}}
| Japanese
| Malaysia & Thailand
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Sun Stands Still – The Eclipse''
| [[Conspiracy thriller]]
| [[Wowow|WOWOW]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|30 June 2021}}{{efn|Thailand|name="TH"}}|{{dts|2 July 2021}}{{efn|name="MY"}}}}
| {{sort|006|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–47 min}}
| Japanese
| Malaysia & Thailand
|-
! scope="row" | ''Tokyo MER: Mobile Emergency Room''
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]
| {{dts|27 October 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|011|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–60 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Snowdrop (South Korean TV series)|Snowdrop]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dark comedy]]
| [[JTBC]]
| {{ubl|18 December 2021{{efn|name="SEA"}}|9 February 2022{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|74|74–100 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anita (2021 film)|Anita (Director's Cut)]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical]]/[[Biopic]]
| Theatrical release
| {{dts|2 February 2022}}
| {{sort|005|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45 min}}
| Cantonese
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Crazy Love (2022 TV series)|Crazy Love]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dark comedy]]
| [[KBS2]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|7 March 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|30 November 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|62|62–69 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Delicacies Destiny]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[romantic comedy]]
| [[Bilibili]]
| {{dts|7 April 2022}}
| {{sort|116|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24–48 min}}
| Mandarin
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love All Play (TV series)|Going to You at a Speed of 493 km ''(Love All Play)'']]''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[sports drama]]
| [[KBS2]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|20 April 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|27 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|62|62–70 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bloody Heart]]''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[period drama]]
| [[KBS2]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|2 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|13 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|64|64–71 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ashita, Watashi wa Dareka no Kanojo#Drama|Tomorrow, I'll Be Someone's Girlfriend]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[Mainichi Broadcasting System|MBS]]/[[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|7 December 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|221|2 season, 21 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''My Family'' '''≈'''
| [[Suspense]] [[family drama]]
| [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|11 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|14 December 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Kindaichi Case Files#Live action film and series|The Files of Young Kindaichi]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]]/[[Suspense#In narratives|suspense drama]]
| [[Nippon TV]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|18 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|6 January 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Disney+ Hotstar|user=DisneyPlusHS|number=1609814818038611973|title=Movies & series|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>}}
| {{sort|010|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|46|46–69 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Doctor Lawyer]]''
| [[Medical drama|Medical]]-[[legal drama]]
| [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC]]
| {{dts|3 June 2022}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–69 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Link: Eat, Love, Kill]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[fantasy comedy|fantasy]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|6 June 2022}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–72 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Adamas (TV series)|Adamas]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama|Fantasy]] [[crime drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|27 July 2022}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|62|62–77 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Big Mouth (South Korean TV series)|Big Mouth]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Noir fiction|Noir]] [[Thriller drama|thriller]]
| [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC]]
| {{dts|29 July 2022}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–72 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Golden Spoon]] '' '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama]]
| [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC]]
| {{dts|23 September 2022}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|68|68–80 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[One Dollar Lawyer]] '''''≈'''
| [[Legal drama|Legal]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[SBS TV (South Korean TV channel)|SBS TV]]
| {{dts|23 September 2022}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|58|58–74 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Atom's Last Shot]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Video game industry]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|26 October 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|21 December 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|009|9 episodes}}
| {{sort|45|45–69 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yakuza Lover#Drama|Yakuza Lover]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[Mainichi Broadcasting System|MBS]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|2 November 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|28 December 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The First Responders]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action thriller]]
| [[SBS TV (South Korean TV channel)|SBS TV]]
| {{dts|12 November 2022}}
| {{sort|224|2 seasons, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|59|59–70 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pandora: Beneath the Paradise]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Revenge tragedy|Revenge drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|11 March 2023}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|62|62–66 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Family: The Unbreakable Bond]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Spy film|Spy]] [[comedy drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|5 May 2023}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|23 May 2023}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|66|66–79 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Revenant (TV series)|Revenant]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[horror thriller]]
| [[SBS TV (South Korean TV channel)|SBS TV]]
| {{dts|23 June 2023}}
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|57|57–77 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[My Home Hero#Live-action|My Home Hero]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Suspense]] [[crime drama]]
| [[MBS TV|MBS]]/[[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]
| {{dts|25 October 2023}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23–24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tell Me That You Love Me (TV series)|Tell Me That You Love Me]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[Genie TV]] ([[ENA (South Korean TV channel)|ENA]])
| {{dts|27 November 2023}}
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60 min}}
| Korean
| All markets<ref>{{cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=20 November 2023|title=Jung Woo-sung Stars in 'Tell Me That You Love Me,' Korean Remake of 1990s Japanese Hit – Global Bulletin|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/news/jung-woo-sung-tell-me-that-you-love-me-korean-remake-japanese-hit-1235801642/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maestra: Strings of Truth]]'' '''≈'''
| Music [[Korean melodrama|melodrama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|9 December 2023}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|65|55–75 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Flex X Cop]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| {{dts|26 January 2024}}
| {{sort|116|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–65 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Wonderful World (South Korean TV series)|Wonderful World]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[revenge drama]]
| [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC TV]]
| {{dts|1 March 2024}}
| {{sort|014|14 episodes}}
| {{sort|63|63–73 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chief Detective 1958]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Historical drama|Historical]] [[crime action]]
| [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC TV]]
| 19 April 2024
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|65|65–74 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Crash (South Korean TV series)|Crash]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime comedy]]
| [[Genie TV]] ([[ENA (South Korean TV channel)|ENA]])
| 13 May 2024
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–63 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[No Way Out: The Roulette]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| [[U+ Mobile TV]]
| 31 July 2024
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|54|54–61 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Judge from Hell]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Dark fantasy]] [[legal thriller]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| 21 September 2024
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–74 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jeongnyeon: The Star Is Born]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[period drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| 12 October 2024
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|61|61–75 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Your Enemy]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| [[tvN]]
| 23 November 2024
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|70|70 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Buried Hearts]]''
| [[Revenge drama]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| 21 February 2025
| {{sort|016|16 episodes}}
| {{sort|61|61–75 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Suspicious Partner#Adaptation|Suspicious Partner]]''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[crime comedy]]
| [[Japan News Network|JNN]] ([[MBS TV|MBS]]/[[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]])
| 31 May 2025
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23–24 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Our Movie]]''
| [[Melodrama]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| 13 June 2025
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|66|66–72 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Law and the City]]''
| [[Legal drama]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| 5 July 2025
| {{sort|12|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|61|61–81 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia{{efn|Shared with pay TV licensor [[tvN (Asian TV channel)|tvN Asia]]}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Nice Guy]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[JTBC]]
| 18 July 2025
| {{sort|14|14 episodes}}
| {{sort|60|60–62 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Twelve (TV series)|Twelve]]''
| [[Action film#Hybrid genres|Fantasy action]] [[Superhero film|superhero]]
| [[KBS2]]
| 23 August 2025
| {{sort|8|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|49|49–51 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
|-

|}

====Anime====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Platinum End#Anime|Platinum End]]''
| [[Supernatural thriller]]
| [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]], [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], <nowiki/>[[:jp:熊本放送|RKK]], [[Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting|KBC]], <nowiki/>[[:jp:テレビユー福島|TUF]], [[Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting|CBC]], [[Hokkaido Broadcasting|HBC]], [[Tohoku Broadcasting Company|tbc]], [[Iwate Broadcasting Company|IBC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|5 January 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|8 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|024|24 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets{{efn|Licensed exclusively for [[Star (Disney+)|Star]] in some Asian territories by [[Medialink]]|name="Medialink"}}
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Rock Shooter#Anime|Black Rock Shooter: Dawn Fall]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Action film|Action]] [[science fantasy]]
| [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], [[Kyoto Broadcasting System|KBS Kyoto]], [[Sun Television|SUN]], [[Aichi Television Broadcasting|TV Aichi]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|27 April 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|8 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aoashi#Anime|Aoashi]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[sports drama]]
| [[NHK Educational TV|NHK E]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|28 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|124|1 season, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Summer Time Rendering#Anime|Summer Time Rendering]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[Suspense#In drama|suspense]] [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]
| [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], [[Kansai Telecasting Corporation|Kansai TV]], [[Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting|KBC]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|4 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|19 October 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|025|25 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dance Dance Danseur#Anime|Dance Dance Danseur]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| [[Japan News Network|JNN]] ([[MBS TV|MBS]], [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]), [[All-Nippon News Network|BS Asahi]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|8 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|111|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets{{efn|name="Medialink"}}
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tomodachi Game#Anime|Tomodachi Game]]''
| [[Psychological thriller]]
| [[Nippon TV]], [[Nippon Television Network System|BS Nittele]], <nowiki/>[[:jp:熊本県民テレビ|KKT]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|13 May 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}|{{dts|8 September 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets{{efn|name="Medialink"}}
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Heavenly Delusion#Anime|Tengoku Daimakyō (Heavenly Delusion)]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[Adventure fiction|adventure]]
| [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], [[Hokkaido Television Broadcasting|HTB]], [[RKB Mainichi Broadcasting|RKB]], [[TV Aichi]], [[MBS TV|MBS]]
| {{dts|1 April 2023}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Synduality#Synduality: Noir|Synduality: Noir]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[Action-adventure fiction|action-adventure]]
| [[TX Network|TXN]] ([[TV Tokyo]]), [[Nippon Television Network System|BS Nittele]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]]
| {{dts|10 July 2023}}
| {{sort|124|1 season, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Undead Unluck#Anime|Undead Unluck]]''
| [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[Action-adventure fiction|action-adventure]] [[Action comedy|comedy]]
| [[Japan News Network|JNN]] ([[MBS TV|MBS]], [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]])
| {{dts|13 December 2023}}
| {{sort|124|1 season, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ishura#Anime|Ishura]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama|Fantasy]] [[Action-adventure fiction|action-adventure]]
| [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon Television Network System|BS Nittele]], [[Kyoto Broadcasting System|KBS Kyoto]], [[Sun Television|SUN]], [[Nagoya Broadcasting Network|Mētele]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]]
| {{dts|3 January 2024}}
| {{sort|224|2 seasons, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Fable#Anime|The Fable]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| [[Nippon Television Network System|NNS]] ([[Nippon TV]], BS Nittele)
| {{dts|7 April 2024}}
| {{sort|125|1 season, 25 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Go! Go! Loser Ranger!#Anime|Go! Go! Loser Ranger!]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Tokusatsu]] [[black comedy]]
| [[Japan News Network|JNN]] ([[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]]), [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]]
| {{dts|7 April 2024}}
| {{sort|224|2 seasons, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Code Geass: Rozé of the Recapture]]'' '''≈'''
| [[Mecha anime and manga|Mecha]] [[military fiction]]
| Theatrical release
| 21 June 2024
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Miniseries
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Murai no Koi|Murai in Love]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon Television Network System|BS Nittele]], [[Biwako Broadcasting|BBC Biwako]]
| 4 September 2024
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Medalist (manga)|Medalist]]''
| [[Sports drama]]
| [[All-Nippon News Network|ANN]] ([[TV Asahi]], CS Asahi 1, BS Asahi)
| 5 January 2025
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|23|23 min}}
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Tai|first=Anita|title=''Medalist'' Anime Gets 2nd Season|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-03-29/medalist-anime-gets-2nd-season/.223026|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=March 29, 2025|access-date=March 30, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330151848/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-03-29/medalist-anime-gets-2nd-season/.223026|archive-date=March 30, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Awaiting release
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Wandance]]''<ref name="anime 2025">{{cite web|last=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Disney+ to Stream ''Wandance'', ''Medalist'', ''Go! Go! Loser Ranger'' Season 2 Anime|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-11-21/disney-to-stream-wandance-medalist-go-go-loser-ranger-season-2-anime/.218135|website=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=November 21, 2024|date=November 21, 2024}}</ref>
| [[Coming-of-age]]
| [[All-Nippon News Network|ANN]] ([[TV Asahi]]), [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]], BS Asahi
| 8 October 2025<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Disney+ Hotstar ID|user=DisneyPlusID|number=1973644121253249088|title=Ikuti iramanya. 🎵 Streaming #Wandance mulai 8 Oktober, hanya di #DisneyPlusHotstarID.|access-date=4 October 2025|language=id}}</ref>
| TBA
| TBA
| Japanese
| Southeast Asia
| Season 1 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|}

==== Sports ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
! Event
! Broadcast partner(s)
! Dates
! Exclusive region(s)
! Notes
|-
! scope="row" | [[WWE PPV|WWE Premium Live Events]]<ref>{{cite press release|author=[[WWE]]|title=Disney+ Hotstar Becomes Exclusive Home of WWE® Network in Indonesia|url=https://www.publicnow.com/view/A14CE9C46DD8CA418467AF420A3BBDC401F12AB8|via=Publicnow.com|date=4 January 2022|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{ubl|[[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] ([[United States]])|[[WWE Network]] (Worldwide excluding United States, [[Canada]], [[MENA]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]] & [[India]])}}
| 2022–2024
| Indonesia
| Every event streamed live and on demand, including [[WrestleMania]] and [[SummerSlam]]. Shared with [[Disney+]] Philippines.
|}

====Unscripted====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Total Bellas]]''
| [[Reality show]]
| [[E!]] (via [[WWE Network]])
| 6 May 2022
| {{sort|654|6 seasons, 54 episodes}}
| {{sort|41|41–43 min}}
| English
| Indonesia
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wwe-news-e-network-to-cancel-wwe-shows-total-bellas-and-total-divas-after-almost-a-decade/|title=E! Network to Cancel WWE Shows 'Total Bellas' and 'Total Divas' After Almost a Decade|last=Angana|first=Roy|work=Essentially Sports|date=13 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|MotoGP: Unlimited|id|MotoGP: Unlimited}}''
| Sports [[docuseries]]
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| 28 September 2022
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50 min}}
| English
| Southeast Asia{{efn|Shared with [[SPOTV]], of which the latter carried the live coverage of the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] races from the previously defunct [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|Fox Sports Asia]].}}
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Patterson|first=Simon|title=MotoGP Unlimited Delays Filming of Second Season to 2023|url=https://the-race.com/motogp/motogp-unlimited-delays-filming-of-second-season-to-2023/|website=The Race|date=29 April 2022|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''My Name Is Gabriel''
| [[Reality show]]
| [[JTBC]]
| 11 June 2024
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|97|97–118 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-

|}

====Continuations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Voice (American TV series)|The Voice]]'' (seasons 21–24){{efn|Previously aired on [[AXN (Asian TV channel)|AXN]] for seasons 1–10 and on [[Fox Life]] for seasons 11–20 in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Reality competition]]
| [[NBC]]
| {{dts|10 December 2021}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}
| {{sort|497|4 seasons, 97 episodes}}
| {{sort|44|44–104 min}}
| English
| Southeast Asia
| Ended{{efn|Moved to [[Netflix]], starting from [[The Voice (American TV series) season 25|season 25]].{{citation needed|reason=Unsure if the series will be able to be seen elsewhere, mainly on the pay TV networks|date=September 2024}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bluey (TV series)|Bluey]]'' (season 3){{efn|Previously aired on [[Disney Junior (Asian TV channel)|Disney Junior]] for seasons 1–2 in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Children's television series|Preschool]] [[animated comedy]]
| [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]]
| {{ubl|{{dts|10 August 2022}}{{efn|name="IN"}}|{{dts|21 October 2022}}{{efn|name="SEA"}}}}
| {{sort|152|1 season, 52 episodes}}
| {{sort|7|7 min}}
| English
| All markets{{efn|Shared with pay TV licensor [[CBeebies#International and non-English versions|CBeebies Asia]]}}
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' (seasons 19–21){{efn|Some past seasons previously aired on [[Fox (Asian TV channel)|Fox]] in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Police procedural]]
| [[CBS]]
| {{dts|4 September 2022}}
| {{sort|353|3 seasons, 53 episodes}}
| {{sort|43|43–45 min}}
| English
| Southeast Asia{{efn|Shared with pay TV licensor [[Rock Entertainment]].}}
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Lynette|date=9 April 2024|title='NCIS' & 'The Neighborhood' Renewed For Next Season on CBS|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/ncis-the-neighborhood-renewed-cbs-2024-25-season-1235879688/|access-date=19 December 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tokyo Revengers#Anime|Tokyo Revengers]]'' (season 2){{efn|Both the ''Christmas Showdown'' and ''Tenjiku'' arcs are listed together as season 2 on the Hotstar service.}} '''≈'''
| [[Fantasy drama|Fantasy]] [[Action drama|action]] [[anime]]
| [[MBS TV|MBS]], [[TV Tokyo]], [[Aichi Television Broadcasting|TV Aichi]], [[Television Hokkaido|TVh]], [[TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting|TVQ]], [[TV Asahi|BS Asahi]], [[AT-X (TV network)|AT-X]], [[San-in Chūō Television Broadcasting|TSK]], [[Ryukyu Asahi Broadcasting|QAB]], RKK, [[Aomori Television|Aomori TV]], [[UHF Television Yamanashi|UTY]], [[Sanyo Broadcasting|RSK]]
| {{dts|8 January 2023}}
| {{sort|126|1 seasons, 26 episodes}}
| {{sort|24|24 min}}
| Japanese
| All markets{{efn|Previously owned by [[Muse Communication]], which carried the first season.}}
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|title=''Tokyo Revengers'' TV Anime Gets Sequel, Fairy Tale Mini Anime|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-06-16/tokyo-revengers-tv-anime-gets-sequel-fairy-tale-mini-anime/.211998|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=16 June 2024|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dr. Romantic]]'' (season 3){{efn|Previously streamed on [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]] for seasons 1–2 in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand}} '''≈'''
| [[Medical drama]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| {{dts|28 April 2023}}
| {{sort|116|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|070|70 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir]]'' (season 5){{efn|Previously aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] for seasons 1–4 in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.}}
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Superhero fiction|superhero]] [[Animated series|animation]]
| [[TF1]] ([[TFOU]])
| {{dts|9 June 2023}}
| {{sort|127|1 season, 27 episodes}}
| {{sort|22|22 min}}
| French
| Southeast Asia
| Season 5 ongoing{{efn|name=HotstarRebranding}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arthdal Chronicles|Arthdal Chronicles: The Sword of Aramoon]]'' (season 2)
| [[Historical fantasy]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|16 September 2023}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|72|72–78 min}}
| Korean
| Southeast Asia
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unexpected Business]]'' (season 3){{efn|Previously aired on [[tvN (Asian TV channel)|tvN Asia]] for seasons 1–2 in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand}}
| [[Reality show]]
| [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]
| {{dts|26 October 2023}}
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| TBA
| Korean
| All markets
| Pending
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Fiery Priest]]'' (season 2){{efn|Previously aired on [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]] for season 1 in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand}}
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[SBS TV]]
| 8 November 2024
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|65|65–88 min}}
| Korean
| All markets
| Pending
|-

|}

====Former exclusive third-party distribution====
The following shows that previously streamed on the platform but were not originally commissioned by Hotstar.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Date Premiered
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Confess (TV series)|Confess]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| [[go90]]
| {{dts|23 December 2017}}
| English
| India
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Freakish (TV series)|Freakish]]''
| [[Horror film#Teen horror|Teen horror]]
| [[Hulu]]
| {{dts|23 December 2017}}
| English
| India
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[T@gged]]''
| [[Horror film#Teen horror|Teen]] [[psychological thriller]]
| {{ubl|[[go90]]|[[Hulu]]}}
| {{dts|23 December 2017}}
| English
| India
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Patrick Melrose (TV series)|Patrick Melrose]]''
| [[Black comedy]] [[miniseries]]
| {{ubl|[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]|[[Sky Atlantic]]}}
| {{dts|13 May 2018}}
| English
| India
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mata Hari (TV series)|Mata Hari]]''
| [[Biographical drama]]
| {{ubl|[[Channel One Russia|Channel One]]|[[Inter (TV channel)|Inter]]}}
| {{dts|27 July 2018}}
| {{ubl|Russian|English}}
| India
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Amazing Race Australia]]'' (season 5)
| [[Reality television|Reality competition]]
| [[Network 10]]
| {{dts|14 May 2021}}{{efn|name="ID"}}
| English
| Southeast Asia
|}

=== Star on Disney+ Hotstar ===
In May 2023, the [[Star (Disney+)|Star hub]] from [[Disney+]] was made available for [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in Southeast Asia, specifically Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The hub is rebranding to [[Hulu]] on October 8, 2025 with rebranding from Disney+ Hotstar to Disney+ on these regions.
{{Main|List of Star (Disney+) original programming}}

==Upcoming original programming==

===Indian original programming===
====Hotstar Specials====
=====Drama=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anali]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/midhun-manuel-thomas-announces-web-series-anali-starring-leona-lishoy-and-nikhila-vimal/articleshow/108330911.cms|title=Midhun Manuel Thomas announces web series 'Anali' starring Leona Lishoy and Nikhila Vimal|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Crime drama]]
| 2026
| TBA
| Malayalam
| Post-production<ref>{{cite web|title=Shoot completed for Midhun Manuel Thomas' web series|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/11/shoot-completed-for-midhun-manuel-thomas-web-series|website=New Indian Express|date=11 June 2024|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Maharana''<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney+ Hotstar Announces Web Series On 'Maharana Pratap', Filming Begins|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-announces-web-series-on-maharana-pratap-filming-begins-deets-inside-10062633|website=Jagran|date=26 January 2023|access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
| [[Period drama]]
| TBA
| TBA
| Hindi
| Filming
|-
! scope="row" | ''Mahabharat''<ref>{{cite web|last=Whittock|first=Jesse|title=Disney+ Hotstar Deepens Ties With 'Koffee With Karan' Host Karan Johar With Drama 'Showtime'; New Shows Revealed At D23|url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/disney-hotstar-karan-johar-d23-1235113560/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=9 September 2022|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
| [[Epic film|Epic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| TBA
| TBA
| Hindi
| Series order
|-
! scope="row" | ''Cousins and Kalyanams''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files S3, Anali, Roslin and more: JioHotstar announces 5 Malayalam web series for 2026|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-s3-anali-roslin-and-more-jiohotstar-announces-malayalam-web-series-for-2026/b965a3493820|website=OTTplay |date=9 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic Comedy]]
| TBA
| TBA
| Malayalam
| Post-production
|}

=====Horror=====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Adbhut]]''
| Horror thriller
| 2025
| TBA
| Hindi
| Filming{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|}

==Upcoming exclusive distribution==
{{Box|Shows that labelled with '''≈''' imply the shows that {{Bulleted list|originally came from ''[[List of Hulu original programming|Hulu Originals]]'' on the original network [[Hulu]] and its content hub on [[Disney+]] in International markets, rebranded then as '''''Hotstar Originals''''' within the platform for the served regions and markets.|being bought by Disney for distribution rights and rebranded then as '''''Hotstar Originals''''' within the platform for the served regions and markets.}}|header=''Note:''|align=}}

=== Exclusive international distribution ===
==== Drama ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Original network
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Runtime
! Language
! Exclusive region(s)
! Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[We Were the Lucky Ones]]'' '''≈'''<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Disney+ Hotstar ID|user=DisneyPlusID|number=1771869572255142306|title=Terinspirasi oleh kisah nyata sebuah keluarga yang sedang bertahan untuk hidup. Streaming serial original #WeWereTheLuckyOnes yang akan datang, eksklusif di #DisneyPlusHotstarID.|access-date=25 March 2024|language=id}}</ref>
| [[Historical drama]]
| [[Hulu]]
| TBA
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|50|50–56 min}}
| English
| India
| Awaiting release
|}


== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hotstar}}
{{STAR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming}}
[[Category:Internet-related lists|Original programs distributed by Hotstar]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by streaming service|Hotstar]]

Bihar Administrative Service

2026-03-28T15:21:05Z

Shayne2017: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian state civil service}}
{{Infobox
| title = Bihar Administrative Service (BAS)
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| data2 = [[File: Seal of Bihar.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 1 April 1949
| label4 = State
| data4 = [[Bihar]]
| label5 = Staff College
| data5 = Bihar Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| label6 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data6 = General Administration Department, [[Government of Bihar]]
| label7 = Minister Responsible
| data7 = [[Nitish Kumar]], [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] and Minister of General Administration Department
| label8 = Legal Personality
| data8 = [[Governmental]]: [[Civil Service]]
| label9 = Duties
| data9 =
| label10 = [[En cadre|Current Cadre Strength]]
| data10 = 1634 members
| label11 = Selection
| data11 = Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) - Combined Competitive Examination (CCE)
| label12 = Association
| data12 = Bihar Administrative Service Association (BASA)
| header13 = Head of the State Civil Services
| label14 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data14 = Pratyaya Amrit, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| label15 = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (GAD)
| data15 = B Rajendra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}
'''Bihar Administrative Service''', often abbreviated to as '''BAS''', is the [[Public administration|administrative]] [[Civil Services of India|civil service]] of the [[Government of Bihar]] comprising Group A and Group B posts. It is also the feeder service for [[Indian Administrative Service]] in the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= https://state.bihar.gov.in/gad/CitizenHome.html|title=Introduction of Bihar GAD Department|website=General Administration Department, [[Government of Bihar]]|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

BAS officers hold various posts at sub-divisional, district, divisional and state level including conducting revenue administration and maintaining law and order. The General Administrative Department of the [[Government of Bihar]] is the cadre-controlling authority of the service. Along with the Bihar Police Service (BPS) and the Bihar Forest Service (BFS), the BAS is one of the three feeder services to its respective [[All India Services]].

== Recruitment ==

Entire recruitment to the service is made on the basis of an annual competitive examination conducted by [[Bihar Public Service Commission]] called BAS officers. There is no provision for entry into BAS through promotion from Circle Officers of Bihar Revenue Service (BRS) unlike in most states where [[Tehsildar]] and equivalent revenue officers are promoted into their state administrative service. BAS officers are appointed by the [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url= http://www.basabihar.org/|title=BAS Association|date=13 October 2023|website=BASA Bihar|publisher=BAS Association|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

== Salary structure ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
The salary structure of the Bihar Administrative Service<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/gad/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=1770|title=BAS officers data|date=1 January 2023|website=General Administrative Department|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Grade/level on pay matrix !! Base Salary (per month) !! Sanctioned Strength !! Some Positions in the Government of Bihar Government !! Years of service
|-
| Special secretary grade (pay level 14) || ₹131100–218200 || 24 || Special secretary to state government, Mission director to state directorates || 25th year
|-
| Additional secretary grade (pay level 13A) || ₹123100–216800 || 48 || Additional secretary to state government, Municipal commissioner, Settlement officer || 21st year
|-
| Joint secretary grade (pay level 13) || ₹118500–214100 || 192 || Joint secretary to state government, Additional municipal commissioner, Regional development officer, Secretary to Divisional commissioner || 17th year
|-
| Additional collector grade (pay level 12) || ₹78800–209200 || 304 || Deputy development commissioner, Additional collector, Additional district magistrate, Regional transport officer || 13th year
|-
| Deputy secretary grade (pay level 11) || ₹67700–208700 || 339 || Deputy secretary to state government, city magistrate, District land acquisition officer, District transport officer, District supply officer || 5th year
|-
| Entry grade (pay level 9) || ₹53100–167800 || 727 || Sub divisional magistrate, Additional sub Divisional Magistrate, Land reforms deputy collector, Sub divisional grievance redressal officer || Initial year
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:State civil services of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1949]]

Shahi paneer

2026-03-27T10:21:47Z

Shayne2017: cleanup references additionally and added references based on references

{{Short description|Rich, creamy tomato-based curry with Indian spices}}{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Shahi paneer
| image = Shahi panner.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_name = Paneer rajwadi, chhena rajwadi
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Paneer]], [[cream]], [[tomatoes]], [[spices]]
| variations =
| calories =
}}

'''Shahi paneer''' is a preparation of [[paneer]] in a creamy [[curry]] sauce. Native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], it has a thick gravy with [[cream]], [[tomatoes]] and [[Indian spices]].<ref name="Kapoor 2017">{{cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev |author-link=Sanjeev Kapoor |title=Shahi Paneer |url=https://www.sanjeevkapoor.com/Recipe/Shahi-Paneer-Turban-Tadka-FoodFood.html |publisher=Sanjeev Kapoor |date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

The dish is prepared by emulsifying tomatoes, [[onions]], ground [[cashews]], [[ghee]] (clarified butter), and cream into a smooth, rich curry, which is then simmered with cubes of paneer and a blend of aromatic spices.

Similar dishes include paneer butter masala and [[kadai paneer]]. Paneer butter masala differs from shahi paneer in that whole spices are used in paneer butter masala, whereas shahi paneer generally has a sweeter taste in comparison.

==See also==
* [[Paneer makhani]]
* [[List of Indian dishes]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Cheese dishes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Pakistan|Food}}

[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

Pratigya (2008 film)

2026-03-26T07:51:44Z

Shayne2017:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratigya
| image = Pratigya bhojpuri movie.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
| producer = Samrat Yaduvanshi
| writer = Sanjay Rai
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] [[Pakhi Hegde]] [[Pawan Singh]] [[Sonali Joshi]]
| music = Rajesh Rajnish<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/pratigya-bhojpuri |title=Pratigya- Bhojpuri Songs Download: Pratigya- Bhojpuri MP3 Bhojpuri Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref>
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = Venus Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2008|2|1}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pratigya''''' is an Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language [[musical drama film]] directed by Sushil Kumar Upadhyay and starring [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Pawan Singh]], [[Pakhi Hegde]], and [[Sonali Joshi]]. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/27/lok-sabha-bypolls-with-nirahua-win-three-bhojpuri-film-stars-on-list-of-bjp-mps-2470328.html | title=Lok Sabha bypolls: With Nirahua win, three Bhojpuri film stars on list of BJP MPS }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/bhojpuri-actor-pawan-singh-fails-to-appear-in-court-in-divorce-case-lawyer-says-he-is-busy-shooting-101655900767619.html | title=Bhojpuri actor Pawan Singh fails to appear in court in divorce case, lawyer says he is busy shooting | date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>

A sequel ''Pratigya 2'' was released in 2014, directed by Upadhyay and starring [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Khesari Lal Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Pratigya 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | website=The Times of India | date=7 February 2014 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/pratigya-2/movieshow/107690366.cms | access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two brothers Harnam Singh (Kunal Singh) and Bhairav Singh ([[Awdhesh Mishra]]) who used to love each other endlessly—but greediness and hatred changed everything. Suddenly one day Bhairav Singh puts the blame on Harnam Singh's pregnant wife Madhvi that she is characterless so that he alone becomes the owner of the property. According to the plan, Bhairav make Harnam marry another person. There Madhvi bears all the pain and gives birth to Suraj ([[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]). Here Harnam's second wife Saarangi gives birth to Pawan (Pawan Singh). When Suraj grows big—on listening to the violence done with his mother he decides that he will vanish all the blame put on his mother and he goes to Harnam Singh to take the revenge for the violence done to his mother. There Suraj meets Harnam Singh and his stepbrother Pawan Singh and he also meets Bhairav Singh and his three sons Abhay, Nirbhay and Durjan. Suraj get successful in claiming the plans in which his mother was targeted and vanishes of the blames put on his mother which he had promised.

==Cast==
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Suraj
* [[Pawan Singh]] as Pawan
* [[Pakhi Hegde]] as Geeta
* [[Awdhesh Mishra]] as Bhairav
* [[Sonali Joshi]] as Sundari
* [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]] as Sama

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ae Hamar Jaada Ke Rajayi"
| [[Manoj Mishra]], [[Indu Sonali]]
|-
| 2
| "Bahiya Me Aawa Na"
| [[Kalpana Patowary]]
|-
| 3
| "Bhagwan Badi Fursat Se"
| [[Pawan Singh]]
|-
| 4
| "Jab Lagawelu Tu Lipistic"
| Pawan Singh
|-
| 5
| "Kari Kajarari Tohar Khanki Kataar"
| [[Manoj Mishra]], [[Indu Sonali]]
|-
| 6
| "Ke Kara Sahare Jiab"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 7
| "Lahariya Loota Ae Raja"
| [[Indu Sonali]]
|-
| 8
| "Man Ke Sanwariya Ban Gayila Tu"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Kalpana Patowary
|-
| 9
| "Payal Tohar Kare Ghayal Jiya"
| Pawan Singh, Kalpana Patowary
|-
| 10
| "Tohra Se Ankhiya Ladi Ladi"
| [[Indu Sonali]], [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Bhojpuri cinema]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3623014}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2008 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}

Idukki Dam

2026-03-08T11:00:43Z

Shayne2017: small changes

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Idukki Dam
| name_official =
| image = Idukki009.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| location_map = Kerala
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|50|34|N|76|58|34|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Idukki]], [[Kerala]]
| purpose = Power generation
| status = O
| construction_began = 1963
| opening = {{Start date and age|1976|p=yes|br=yes}}
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| dam_type = Concrete, double curvature parabolic, thin arch.
| dam_crosses = [[Periyar River]]
| dam_height_foundation = 169.16 meters
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|365.85|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{convert|450000|m3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = Nil
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = 1.996 km3 (70.5 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|1460|e6m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} (51.57 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_inactive = {{Convert|536|e6m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} (18.93 tmc ft)
| res_catchment = {{Convert|649.3|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|60|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation = {{Convert|732.62|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 1975
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 6 x 130 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Pelton-type]]
| plant_capacity = 780 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
| dam_height = {{Convert|168.91|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Idukki Dam''' is a double-curvature thin [[arch dam]] constructed across the [[Periyar River]] in a narrow gorge between two granite hills locally known as ''[[Kuravanmala|Kuravan]]'' and ''Kurathi,'' in [[Idukki]] district, in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is constructed and owned by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]. It supports a 780 MW [[Moolamattom hydro power station|hydroelectric power station]] in [[Moolamattom]], which started generating power on 4 October 1975.<ref name="idukki_gov_in">{{cite web |title=Idukki Arch Dam |url=https://idukki.gov.in/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ |publisher=Idukki District Administration}}</ref> At {{convert|168.91|m|ft}}, it is one of the highest [[arch dam]]s in [[Asia]]. The Indo-Canadian project was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on February 17, 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jul 13, 2020|title=Kerala: Moolamattam power plant generates 10,000 crore units {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/moolamattam-power-plant-generates-10000cr-units/articleshow/76928909.cms|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

This dam was constructed along with two other dams at [[Cheruthoni dam|Cheruthoni]] and [[Kulamavu Dam|Kulamavu]]. Together, the three dams and Two saddle dams, [[Kulamavu Saddle Dam (Near Junction)]] and [[Kulamavu Saddle Dam (Right Bank)]] have created an artificial lake that is {{cvt|60|km2|0}} in area. The stored water is used to produce electricity at the Moolamattom Power house, which is located inside nearby rocky caves.<ref name="idukki_gov_in" />

[[Narakakkanam Weir|Narakakkanam]], [[Azhutha Dam|Azhutha]], [[Vazhikadavu Weir|Vazhikkadavu]], [[Vadakkepuzha Weir|Vadakkepuzha]] and [[Kuttiar Weir|Kuttiar]] diversion schemes were later added to augment the Idukki reservoir.

==History==
===Early surveys===
The idea of constructing a dam for power generation was first conceived in 1919 in a report submitted by Italian engineer Jacob to the Travancore government, which was rejected. As per history, Shri Chemban Karuvellayan Kolumban, the head of 'Oorali' tribe during 1922, showed the way to the Malankara Estate Superintendent W.J.John and his friend AC Thomas Edattu, who were on hunting trip to forests near the present Arch Dam. Upon hearing the legend of Kuravan and Kurathi Hills, Thomas impressed by the sight of water flow between the mountains; suggested the spot suitable for an [[Arch dam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/man-who-changed-the-course-of-a-river/article6721679.ece|title=Man who changed the course of a river|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2014|last1=Raman|first1=Giji K.}}</ref> In 1932, W.J.John submitted a report to the Government of Travancore on the possibility of constructing a dam at Idukki for Power Generation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Idukki Dam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/munnar/idukki-dam.php |website=keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala}}</ref> In 1935, assembly member Shri.K.A.Narayana Pillai brought the Idukki project to the attention of Government of [[Travancore]]. Italian engineers Angelo Omedayo and Clantheyo Masele conducted a study in 1937 but things didn't go forward.

In 1947, a preliminary investigation report was prepared and submitted by Sri. P. Joseph John, then The Chief Electrical Engineer to the Government of [[Travancore]]. It was during 1956 that the Central Water Commission conducted a detailed investigation based on the Government's request. The project report was prepared in 1961 and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] accorded sanction for implementing the scheme in 1963. In 1964, under the leadership of Sri. E.U.Philipose, Superintending Engineer, preliminary works of the project were started.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
<gallery>
File:WillowsPhilipose.jpg|E.U. Philipose, Superintending Engineer, Kerala State Electricity Board, in charge of the initial project work, with visiting Canadian Government dignitary, Mr and Mrs Fred Willows.
File:KolumbanIdukkiDamSite.jpg|Tribal Chief, Chemban Vellayan Kolumban who pointed out Idukki arch dam site with Canadian Government dignitary Fred Willows
File:IdukkiDamSite.jpg|Idukki Arch Dam Site prior to construction
</gallery>

===Construction===
The construction of this dam commenced on 30 April 1969. The project led by [[D. Babu Paul|Dr.D.Babu Paul IAS]], who was appointed as Project Coordinator, Idukki Hydel Project & District Collector with several engineers like Sri. C.V Mathews and Sri. M. Ramachandran, (Retired Chief Engineers, Kerala State Electricity Board). The [[Government of Canada]] aided the Project with long-term loans and grants. [[SNC-Lavalin]], Canada, a well-known firm of Consulting Engineers were advising and assisting Project Engineers under Canadian aid, while [[Hindustan Construction Company]] (a.k.a. HCC) of [[Walchand group]] won the bid for construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dams and Barrages |url=https://hccindia.com/products/dams-and-barrages |website=hccindia.com |publisher=Hindustan Construction Company}}</ref>

Storage of water in Idukki reservoir commenced in February, 1973. The inauguration of trial run of the first machine was celebrated on 4 October 1975. Commercial operation of the Power Station was Commissioned on 12 February 1976 by the then Prime Minister Smt. [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/building-idukki-dam-workers-hired-project-recall-struggle-85857|title = The building of Idukki dam: Workers hired for project recall the struggle|date = 2 August 2018}}</ref>

==Features==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
[[File:IdukkiDamConcaveSide.jpg|thumb|180px|left|From below]]
The Idukki Dam is {{cvt|168.91|m}} tall, constructed between two mountains, [[Kuravanmala]] ({{cvt|839|m}}) and Kurathimala ({{cvt|925|m}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idukki Arch Dam |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ |website=Government of Kerala - Idukki District}}</ref> The length of the dam on its top is {{cvt|365.85|m}}. It has a width of {{cvt|7.62|m}} at the top and {{cvt|19.81|m}} at the bottom. The gross storage capacity of the dam is 1.996 cubic kms (70.50 tmc ft). About {{cvt|4,64,000|m3}} of concrete was used in the construction of the dam. This project is situated in [[Idukki]] District and its underground power house is located at [[Moolamattom]] which is about {{cvt|43|km}} from the dam. It is notable that the Idukki arch dam does not have any shutters. The reservoir water level is maintained by the shutters in the [[Cheruthoni dam]].<ref name=lim>{{cite web |title=Idukki Dam |url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=108 |website=KSEB.in |publisher=KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation}}</ref>
{{clear|left}}

==Usage==
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"description": "[[File:Bhoothathankettu Dam.jpg|200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
}

]
</mapframe>

===Power generation===
{{main|Moolamattom hydro power station}}
The Project harnesses a major portion of the power potential of [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], the largest river in [[Kerala]], by the creation of a reservoir of 2,000 M.cum (2 Billion Tonnes) capacity, diversion of waters thus impounded through a water conductor system consisting of a power tunnel and two underground pressure shafts to an underground power house situated in [[Moolamattom]]. The installed capacity of the Power House is 780 MW consisting of 6 Units of [[Pelton-type]] turbines with a power generation capacity of 130 MW each. The regulated waters of Periyar falls through a drop of about {{cvt|669.2|m}} while generating power in the underground power house. The generated power is given to two sub stations. One double circuit line to Kalamassery; one single circuit line to Tamil Nadu; one single circuit line to Pallom, 3 feeder bays for future.<ref name=lim/>

===Irrigation===

The tail waters flowing to Kudayathurpuzha through tunnel and open channel is diverted for irrigation purposes in the [[Muvattupuzha]] Valley.

===Tourism===

Earlier, there was a blanket ban on public entry to the dam due to security reasons. Later, it was relaxed opening the dam for public for 10 days during the Onam and the Christmas seasons. The duration has been increased to one month since last year. Cameras and cell phones are not allowed inside the dam area. The entry fee is Rs. 25 for adults and Rs. 5 for children. The fee for 15-minute boating service for five persons is Rs. 600.<ref>{{cite news|title=Filled to its brim, Idukki dam woos tourists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/filled-to-its-brim-idukki-dam-woos-tourists/article5147668.ece|access-date=21 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Idukki valley is {{cvt|121|km}} away from [[Kottayam]], and is a small hill town surrounded by a spread of beautiful, wooded valleys and meandering streams. Idukki is a well known tourist center in Kerala.

The [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] extends over the [[Thodupuzha]] and [[Udumbanchola]] taluks of [[Idukki district]], spread over {{cvt|77|km}} and is about {{cvt|450-748|m}} above sea level. The Idukki Reservoir formed by three dams - [[Cheruthoni]], Idukki and Kulamavu - extends to {{cvt|33|km}}. One can find elephants, bisons, sambar deer, wild dogs, jungle cats, tigers, wild boars etc. and a variety of snakes like cobra, viper, krait and a number of non-venomous snakes. The birds of Idukki are Jungle fowl, myna, laughing thrush, black bulbul, peafowl, woodpecker, kingfisher, eagle etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/idukki-wildlife-santuary/188 |website=keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala}}</ref>

{{wide image|Idukki Reservoir Pano Calvary Mount Kerala Mar22 A7C 01220-23 Pano.jpg|800px|Idukki reservoir from Mount Calvary (dam beyond right edge)}}

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}

* [[2018 Kerala floods]]
* [[Kalvary Mount]]
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala]]
* [[Kulamavu Dam]]
* [[Cheruthoni Dam]]
* [[Kallar Dam]]
* [[Erattayar Dam]]
* [[Azhutha Dam]]
* [[Vazhikadavu Weir]]
* [[Vadakkepuzha Weir]]
* [[Kuttiar Weir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Idukki Dam}}
* {{Structurae|id=20004966|title=Idukki Dam}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye1xxCcEktw Idukki Dam shortfilm]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112200411/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/07/stories/2004020709440500.htm Idukki dam safe: Kadavoor]}}
*[http://expert-eyes.org/deepak/idukki.html Idukki Hydroelectric Project]
*[http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/129514/Feature/Idukki-Project-Hydro-Electricity-Pr.html Old Photos]
* [https://idukki.gov.in/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ Idukki Arch Dam]
*Interesting Facts about [https://www.myidukki.com/idukki-dam/ Idukki dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041946/https://www.myidukki.com/idukki-dam/ |date=22 May 2018 }}

{{Power Plants of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Arch dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Dams in Idukki district]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Bhajji State

2026-03-06T15:39:04Z

Shayne2017: Enhanced content and organization

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = भज्जी
|conventional_long_name =Bhajji State
|common_name =Bhajji
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Princely State]]
|capital = [[Seoni, Himachal Pradesh|Seoni]]
|era =
|year_start = Late 18th century
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =248
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 13,309
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bhajji state''' was a protected tributary state in the hills of [[Simla]], now [[Himachal Pradesh]], under the government of [[Punjab]]. Its area was 248 km² and the population ([[1881]]) of 12,106 and [[1901]] of 13,309 consisted almost entirely of Sikhs distributed in 327 villages. The annual tribute was 144 pounds. The capital was [[Seoni, Himachal Pradesh | Seoni]], on the banks of the [[Sutlej]].

Gopi Chand ruled the state till he died in 1777. Thakurs, Chand Pal and Jhajar Chand ruled before him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples that make Kiar Koti popular |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/temples-that-make-kiar-koti-popular-339140/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Later, the Pal dynasty of [[Rajput]] origin ruled it with the title of Rana. The founder of the dynasty was a brother of the Raja of Kutlehar and came from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh | Kangra]]; he acquired the territory by conquest. The country was conquered by the [[Gurkhas]] between [[1803]] and [[1815]] but they were expelled by the British who confirmed the old dynasty by a sanad dated [[4 September]], [[1815]]. Under the British protectorate, death sentences imposed by the Rana required British confirmation. In [[1842]] the Rana Rudra Pal abdicated in favor of his son and retired to [[Haridwar]]. A century later Bir Pal did the same.

A 139-year-old temple of Bathelnu was a wooden structure. The people of Bhajji State visit the place to propitiate the Devta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhi Diwali, a festival celebrated a month later |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/buddhi-diwali-a-festival-celebrated-a-month-later-511382/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
* Raja Amrit Pal ?-1803
* Rana Rudra Pal 1803
* Gurkha occupation 1803-1815
* Rana Rudra Pal (second time) 1815-1842
* Rana Ran Bahadur Singh (son) 1842-1875
* Rana Durga Singh (son) 1875-1913
* Rana Bir Pal (son) 1913-1940
* Rana Ram Chandra Pal Sing (son) 1940-1948

== See also ==
* [[Kutlehar]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31|24|N|77|12|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Princely states of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Kismat (1968 film)

2026-03-04T03:51:52Z

Shayne2017: put up a entry!

{{Short description|Indian film directed by Manmohan Desai}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kismat
| image = Kismat 1968.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Manmohan Desai]]
| producer = [[Kamal Mehra]]
| story = Manmohan Desai
| screenplay = [[Brij Katyal]]
| starring = [[Biswajeet]] [[Babita Kapoor|Babita]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] Kamal Mehra [[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
| music = [[O.P.Nayyar]]
| cinematography = Keki Mistry
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis (as Kamlakar)
| studio = Pride of Asia Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1968|12|31}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = ₹1.4 crores
}}

'''''Kismat''''' ({{Translation|''Destiny''}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Manmohan Desai]], produced by Kamal Mehra and released under the banner of Pride of Asia Films. It stars [[Biswajeet]], [[Babita Kapoor|Babita]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and Kamal Mehra in prominent roles. Other notable actors in the film are Bhagwan Sinha, [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[M. B. Shetty]] (father of [[Rohit Shetty]]), [[Hari Shivdasani]], [[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]], [[Indra Kumar]], [[Jagdish Raj]] (as Jagdishraj), Polsan, Prem Kumar, Paul Sharma, [[Tun Tun]] and Ullhas.<ref name="IMDB Info" group="Ref" /><ref name="Kismat Info 2" group="Ref" />

It can be categorised as a [[Children's film|family]] romantic thriller film. It was shot in 14 reels, using [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] film format in [[Eastman Color]].<ref name="IMDB Info" group="Ref" />

The film has been noted mainly for the soundtrack given by [[O.P. Nayyar]], which included three songs that became very popular – "[[Aao Huzoor Tumko]]", "Kajra Mohabbat Wala" and "Aankhon Mein Qayamat". Biswajeet was one of the first leading actors in [[Bollywood]] to [[Cross-dressing|cross dress]] as a woman on screen for the song "Kajra Mohabbat Wala".<ref name="Cross Dress Info The Hindu" group="Ref" /><ref name="Cross Dress Info 1" group="Ref" /><ref name="Cross Dress Info 2" group="Ref" /> This film was the last collaboration between singer [[Shamshad Begum]] and music director O.P. Nayyar. Shamshad Begum recorded her last song for O.P. Nayyar, "Kajra Mohabbat Wala" along with [[Asha Bhosle]] in this film.<ref name="Shamshad Begum Nayyar Collaboration" group="Ref" />

== Plot ==
The nation is struck by a [[Terrorism in India|series of bomb blasts spread across the country]]. The [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] is baffled as to who is behind these attacks. The Commissioner receives an anonymous call where the caller says that he knows who the masterminds behind the blasts are and their associates. He also says that he would like to help the police. The informant then says that he has stored the names and images of mastermind and their associates in a microdot. The informant here is the Mr. Gonz, owner of the store 'Twist Musical & PhotoShop'. The main mastermind or the villain is Scorpion. He learns that the informant is about to give their organisation's information to the police. Scorpion then sends his men or goons to recover the microdot.

As soon as the goons enter the shop and threaten the informant to give the [[microdot]], the hero Vicky enters the store to get his guitar. The informant slips the microdot into Vicky's guitar and Vicky leaves. The goons realise this and follow Vicky. Vicky is a singer and guitar player at a local [[nightclub]]. He along with Nancy entertain the crowds. After the night show, Vicky and Nancy head to Vicky's room. Here they encounter Mr. Gonz who is badly injured. Meanwhile, the goons follow Vicky to his room and kill Mr. Gonz. They try to take the guitar (his father's gift) containing the microdot from him, but Vicky escapes with the guitar. He is on the run and tries to convince the police that Mr. Gonz has been killed, but is unable to do so. He again encounters the goons. This time he escapes from them and boards a [[Indian Railways|train]]. Here he meets Roma who has also run away (from her home) due to the strict rules enforced by her rich and wealthy father.

During the train journey, Vicky and Roma become friendly. The goons follow Vicky and try to attack them on the train. Vicky and Roma manage to escape from the train. They are in the middle of nowhere and start heading towards the nearest town. On their way to the town, they encounter Jani Bhai, an inventor, who gives them a ride to the town, with his customised car. Jani and Vicky become best of friends and Jani gets Vicky a job as a guitarist/singer in the hotel by portraying him as a famous singer. Incidentally, Roma is staying in the same hotel. Vicky and Roma fall in love. Scorpion learns that Vicky is staying in the [[List of hotels in India|hotel]] through his henchmen, Julie, present as an employee in the hotel. Meanwhile, Nancy comes to this hotel and creates a misunderstanding between Vicky and Roma. Roma dumps Vicky and Nancy takes Vicky to her room. Nancy plots to kill Vicky but in the process, gets herself killed accidentally. While dying, she tells Vicky that Scorpion had sent her and she was compelled to kill because her parents were held hostage. The rest of the film deals with who Scorpion is and whether Vicky and Roma get together.<ref name="Film Review" group="Ref" />

== Cast ==
* [[Biswajeet]] as Vicky
* [[Babita Kapoor|Babita]] as Roma
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Nancy
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
* Jani Bhai, an [[Mad scientist|eccentric inventor]]
* [[Hari Shivdasani]], as Roma's father
* [[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]] as Lopez
* [[M. B. Shetty]] as Joe
* Bhagwan Sinha as Gonz, owner of 'Twist Musical & PhotoShop' an informant to the police
* Yee Chang as Chang, an enemy agent and most wanted man by many countries
* Ulhas as Police inspector
* Thelma as Julie
* Jagdish Raj as drunk man at bar
* Kamal Mehra as Jaanibhai
* Jullian as Piano player in song "[[Aao Huzoor Tumko]]"
* Polson as the comic performer in Jaycee miniland

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
For the filming of the song "Kajra Mohabbat Wale", the hero [[Biswajeet]] had to be dressed up as a girl and the heroine [[Babita Kapoor|Babita]] as a [[Pathan]]. Biswajeet in an interview, said this about the preparation that went about making the song, "Kajra Mohabbat Wale":<ref name = "Cross Dress Info 2" group = "Ref"/>

{{Blockquote|text = Director [[Manmohan Desai]] would sit in on our rehearsals with choreographer [[P. L. Raj]] that went on for 6–7 days. For me, the song meant hours in make-up, elaborate wigs and a [[sari]] [[wikt:pallu|pallu]] that never stayed in place. The [[wikt:अदा|adas]] and [[wikt:नख़रा|nakhras]] were not so difficult because as I child I had watched the neighbourhood [[wikt:दादा|dadas]] act out female parts in pararar plays because those days respectable ladies didn't act. In theatres in [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], coins were showered when the song came on.|sign=Biswajeet, to ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''}}

=== Controversies ===
The song "Kajra Mohabbat Wala" became very popular due to the way it was filmed, choreographed and for its memorable tune. [[Biswajeet]] did the [[Drag (entertainment)|drag act]] of putting a female disguise for this song. Film historian and critic, [[Firoze Rangoonwalla]] explains the controversy that took place after the film was released:<ref name="Cross Dress Info 3" group="Ref" />
{{Blockquote|text = In fact, Biswajeet's drag act in ''Kismat'' worked a little too well. Though Biswajeet was a hero for a long time, he was never portrayed as a very masculine hero. So when he put on a female disguise and sang "Kajra Mohabbat Wala", the audience received it with wolf whistles, knowing very well that he was a man! I remember that one of the film magazines made a very caustic remark that if Biswajeet were to stick to this kind of roles, he would be much more successful. There was controversy and Biswajeet filed a suit against the magazine, though the suit fizzled out.|sign=Firoze Rangoonwalla, Film historian and critic, to ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''}}

== Release ==
=== Home media ===
The film has been released in the following distribution formats:VCD<ref name = "Release VCD" group = "Ref"/> and recently as DVD.{{when|date=December 2019}}{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

== Reception ==
The music by [[O.P. Nayyar]] was well received with three popular and memorable songs.

=== Box office ===
The film was declared an ''average'' film in the box office verdicts. It could be attributed to the story and the earnings it made (Net of INR {{INR}} 70,00,000 vs Gross of INR {{INR}} 1,40,00,000).<ref name = "Box Office Info" group = "Ref"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[O.P. Nayyar]]. Notable tracks are "Aankhon Mein Qayamat Ke Kajal" sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]], "[[Aao Huzoor Tumko]]" sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] and "Kajra Mohabbat Wala" sung by Asha Bhosle and [[Shamshad Begum]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Kismat
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[O.P.Nayyar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{Start date|1968}}
| recorded = 1968
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=59}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], Penguin
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

=== Track listing ===
Originally, the film consisted of six soundtracks (mainly for the cassette and gramophone version).<ref name = "Music Record Review" group = "Ref"/><ref name = "Song Info 1" group = "Ref"/><ref name = "Song Info 2" group = "Ref"/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Aao Huzoor Tumko]] | extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]] | lyrics1 = Noor Devasi | length1 = 05:51
| title2 = Kajra Mohabbat Wala | extra2 = Asha Bhosle, [[Shamshad Begum]] | lyrics2 = [[S. H. Bihari]] | length2 = 06:22
| title3 = Lakhon Hain Yahan Dilwale | extra3 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]] | lyrics3 = S. H. Bihari | length3 = 04:17
| title4 = Aankhon Mein Qayamat Ke Kajal | extra4 = Mahendra Kapoor | lyrics4 = S. H. Bihari | length4 = 04:22
| title5 = One Two Three Baby | extra5 = Asha Bhosle, Mahendra Kapoor | lyrics5 = S. H. Bihari | length5 = 06:54
| title6 = Kismat (Title Music) | extra6 = | lyrics6 = | length6 = 03:13
}}

=== Additional tracks ===
In mid-2000, two additional tracks were added known as revival versions for "Aao Huzoor Tum Ko" and "Kajra Mohabbat Wala" songs. The CD and iTunes versions of the film now contain 8 tracks.<ref name = "Music Record Review" group = "Ref"/><ref name = "Song Info 1" group = "Ref"/><ref name = "Song Info 2" group = "Ref"/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aao Huzoor Tum Ko (Revival) | extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]] | lyrics1 = Noor Devasi | length1 = 04:43
| title2 = Kajra Mohabbat Wala (Revival) | extra2 = Asha Bhosle, [[Shamshad Begum]] | lyrics2 = S H Bihari | length2 = 06:15
}}

=== Vinyl or gramophone record track Info ===
The Gramophone record consists of two sides having the following tracks:<ref name = "Music Record Review" group = "Ref"/>

'''Side 1'''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aankhon Mein Qayamat Ke Kajal | extra1 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]] | lyrics1 = S H Bihari
| title2 = Kajra Mohabbat Wala | extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Shamshad Begum]] | lyrics2 = S H Bihari
| title3 = Title Music | extra3 = | lyrics3 =
}}
'''Side 2'''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aao Huzoor Tum Ko | extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]] | lyrics1 = Noor Devasi
| title2 = Lakhon Hain Yahan Dilwale | extra2 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]] | lyrics2 = S H Bihari
| title3 = One Two Three Baby | extra3 = Asha Bhosle, Mahendra Kapoor | lyrics3 = S H Bihari
}}

=== Songs remixed ===
The tracks that have been remixed the most are:
* "[[Aao Huzoor Tumko]]"
* "Kajra Mohabbat Wala"
Both these songs are sung by female singers and most notable, Asha Bhosle features in both of them.

The track "Aao Huzoor Tumko" has been remixed a number of times. Following is a list of notable films and music albums it was used in:
* "Punjab", a song in the ''Global Spirit'', a 2003 album by [[Karunesh|Karunesh S]]<ref name = "Punjab Karunesh" group = "Ref" />
* ''[[Double Cross (2005 film)|Double Cross – Ek Dhoka]]'', a 2005 film
* '' Non-Stop Love Shots'', a 2005 album
* ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'', a 2007 [[Hindi]] film, as a small song clip (played between in the scene where it's Anil Kapoor's birthday and he sees Anjali)

=== Songs reused ===
The track, "Kajra Mohabbat Wala", has been used as a non-remixed song in the 2011 [[Hindi]] movie, ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''. The song has been used as a marriage celebration or ritual song. The song has been portrayed by [[Kangana Ranaut]]. The song rights have been obtained from [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].<ref name = "Tanu Weds Manu Kajra" group = "Ref" />

== See also ==

* [[Bollywood films of 1968]]

== References ==
{{reflist|group=Ref|refs=
<ref name="IMDB Info">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213773/ Kismat] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved: 1 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Kismat Info 2">[http://cineplot.com/indian-film-database-1968/ Indian Film Database – 1968]. ''Cineplot''. Article: 26 November 2010, Retrieved: 12 September 2011</ref>
<ref name="Cross Dress Info The Hindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article787902.ece How to train your drag] in [[The Hindu]]. ''The Hindu''. Article: 22 May 2010, Retrieved: 10 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Cross Dress Info 1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051130170619/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/14503.html Actors in Cross Dressing]. ''India Glitz''. Retrieved: 6 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Cross Dress Info 2">[http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/23/2146/index.html The Hero who was made up to look like a girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923073100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/23/2146/index.html |date=23 September 2011 }}. ''Bollywood Hungama''. Retrieved: 6 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Cross Dress Info 3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080903033529/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/cover1.htm Men In Drag] in [[Screen (magazine)|Screen magazine]]. ''Screen India''. Retrieved: 9 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Film Review">[http://memsaabstory.wordpress.com/2008/10/31/kismat-1968 Kismat (1968) Film Review]. Retrieved: 1 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Song Info 1">[http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=20214 Kismat (1968) Music CD] at [[Saregama]]. ''Saregama''. Retrieved: 3 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Song Info 2">[https://archive.today/20100527113418/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kismat-1968/id19413720 Kismat (1968) Songs in iTunes]. ''iTunes Apple''. Retrieved: 4 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Music Record Review">[http://partiessareesandmelodies.blogspot.com/2008/06/o-p-nayyar-kismat-1968.html Kismat (1968) Music Record Review]. Retrieved: 3 September 2011.</ref>

<ref name="Punjab Karunesh">[http://www.last.fm/music/Karunesh/_/Punjab Aao Huzoor Tumko Remix]. ''Last.fm''. Retrieved: 6 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Tanu Weds Manu Kajra">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/%5Ckajra-mohabbatwala%5C-recreates-magic-in-%5Ctanu-weds-manu%5C/739062 'Kajra Mohabbatwala' re-creates magic in 'Tanu Weds Manu'] in [[The Indian Express]]. ''Indian Express''. Article: 18 January 2011. Retrieved: 9 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Box Office Info">[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA== Box Office India for films of 1968]. ''Box Office India''. Retrieved: 6 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Release VCD">[http://www.induna.com/1000005572-productdetails/ VCD at Induna.com]. ''Induna.com''. Retrieved 12 September 2011</ref><ref name="Shamshad Begum Nayyar Collaboration">[http://cineplot.com/music/shamshad-begum-o-p-nayyar Shamshad Begum – O.P. Nayyar collaboration]. ''Cineplot''. Article: 16 July 2010, Retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213773/ Kismat] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [https://archive.today/20100527113418/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kismat-1968/id19413720 Kismat (1968) Songs] at [[iTunes]]

{{Manmohan Desai}}

[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manmohan Desai]]
[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about guitars and guitarists]]
[[Category:Films set in nightclubs]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about entertainers]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 controversies]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Rail transport films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Chinese people]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1960s police procedural films]]

Navvuthu Bathakalira

2026-03-03T18:09:16Z

Shayne2017: adjusted details per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|2001 film by Kodi Ramakrishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Navvuthu Bathakalira
| image = Navvuthu_Bathakalira_Poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer = Srinivasa Reddy
| writer = Kodi Ramakrishna
| based_on = ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]'' (Tamil)
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = Kodi Laxman
| editing =
| distributor = Sapthagiri Chithralaya
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|2|3}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Navvuthu Bathakalira''''' ({{translation|Live cheerfully}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]], starring [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]. It is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]''.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Ganesh
* [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] as Dr Sandhya
* [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] as Jayamma
* [[Uma (actress)|Uma]] as Sarala
* [[Asha Saini]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Babu Mohan]]
* [[Achyuth]] as doctor
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]]
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Bus owner
}}
==Production==
The song "Konaseema Kurradaniro" was shot at Nanakgram Guda Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/chakri.html|title=Interview with Chakravarthy by Jeevi|last=Jeevi|website=Idlebrain|date=24 December 2001|access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Navvuthu Bathakalira
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:35
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Anandam]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and released by [[Aditya Music]]. All songs were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/navvuthu-bathakalira/o8-,-pTP8M0_ | website = JioSaavn | title = Navvuthu Bathakalira | accessdate = 14 December 2020}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:35

| title1 = Norara Navveddam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:19

| title2 = Konaseema Kurradanirro
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:42

| title3 = Dhirana Thmo Thakita
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sumangali
| length3 = 4:24

| title4 = Ayyappa Sharanamayya
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:05

| title5 = Din Din Thara
| extra5 = [[Khushi Murali|Murali]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length5 = 5:05
}}
==Reception==
''Full Hyderabad'' wrote "Kodi Ramakrishna ties himself in knots at every turn and to untie himself he introduces more and more characters to such an extent that we keep wondering all through if any more characters will come on the scene and surprise. The surprise element is not restricted to the number of characters alone - you also are wondering (figuratively speaking) who Chakravarti would marry, with four heroines on the scene. Ultimately, however, the veteran surprises you with a twist that even the stupidest of directors would not have conceived of".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/navvuthu-bathakaaliraa/telugu/navvuthu-bathakaaliraa-movie-reviews-272-2.html|title=Navvuthu Bathakaaliraa review: Navvuthu Bathakaaliraa (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "The story is too simplistic and appears to be a wrong choice by the director. Generally most love stories are ridden with hurdles and this movie runs on too smooth a course with nothing to contend for. Ganesh's sacrifice too is typical text-book style bereft of any novelty. Sudhaka and Babu Mohan's comedy track also falls short of the entertainment it is meant to provide. In addition, the double meaning dialogue make it quite undesirable. Character portrayalwise too none in the star cast have been afforded much opportunity. Deepthi excels in her dance as the woman in love with Ganesh. Music score by Devi Prasad is excellent. Songs seem to be the movie's redeeming factor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/MOVIE/navvutu.htm|title=NAVVUTHU BATHAKALIRA|website=Andhra Today|access-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030903074922/http://www.andhratoday.com/MOVIE/navvutu.htm|archive-date=3 September 2003}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "If you think Kodi Ramkrishna who claims himself as Steven Spielberg of Andhra, makes good and matured films think twice. Or go and see Navvuthu batakalira, you will know what I am saying. For viewers it's nothing but sheer torture. With stupid screenplay and mediocre story, the film has nothing to offer".<ref>{{cite web|title=Navvuthu Batakali Raa|website=Telugucinema.com|access-date=20 May 2025|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/navvuthubatakaliraa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217233623/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/navvuthubatakaliraa.html|archive-date=17 December 2001}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3391230}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Kurukkan

2026-03-03T09:38:58Z

Shayne2017: clean up

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film by Jayalal Divakaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurukkan
| image = Kurukkan 2023 Malayalam film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jayalal Divakaran
| writer = Manoj Ramsingh
| producer = [[Maha Subair]]
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
* [[Sreenivasan]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Jibu Jacob]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| music = Unni Elayaraja
| studio = Varnachithra Productions
| distributor = Varnachitra Big Screen
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|07|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2023 |title='Kurukkan' release: Sreenivasan starrer to hit the big screens on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-release-sreenivasan-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/102055446.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903074158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-release-sreenivasan-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/102055446.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 123 minutes{{Efn|According to the [[British Board of Film Classification]], the duration is 123 minutes and 11 seconds. According to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], the duration is 124 minutes and 51 seconds.|name=a}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurukkan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kurukkan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde1mtqx |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822094216/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kurukkan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde1mtqx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Kurukkan''''' ({{Translation|Fox}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by Jayalal Divakaran in his directorial debut and produced by [[Maha Subair]]. The film stars [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Sreenivasan]], and [[Shine Tom Chacko]] in the lead roles. In the film, [[Inspector]] Dinesh investigates the death of a social media celebrity and implicates a suspect in the case, which eventually leads to the disclosure of reality.

[[Principal photography]] began in November 2022 in [[Kochi]] and was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2022 |title=It's a wrap for 'Kurukkan' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-kurukkan/articleshow/96394147.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903073850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-kurukkan/articleshow/96394147.cms |archive-date=3 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Unni Elayaraja composed the music, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Jibu Jacob]] and [[Ranjan Abraham]].

''Kurukkan'' was released in theatres on 27 July 2023 and [[Box-office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2023 |title='Kurukkan' Twitter review: Check out what netizens have to say about Sreenivasan's comeback movie |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-twitter-review-check-out-what-netizens-have-to-say-about-sreenivasans-comeback-movie/articleshow/102174320.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727155051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-twitter-review-check-out-what-netizens-have-to-say-about-sreenivasans-comeback-movie/articleshow/102174320.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Inspector|Circle inspector]] Dinesh K. T. of the [[Gandhi Nagar, Kochi|Gandhi Nagar]] police station is in charge of the investigation into the death of Neenu, a celebrity model and social media influencer. As part of the investigation, he questions Anjitha, Neenu's roommate, and Bhagat, Neenu's manager. Meanwhile, [[Police commissioner|Commissioner]] Balachandran K. informs Dinesh that the case investigation must be concluded soon, or it will be handed over to the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch]].

Dinesh instructs his subordinates, [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sajad Hassan and SI Reena Mathew, to call Hari, who delivers the newspaper to Neenu's house every morning, to the police station. Through Hari's interrogation, Dinesh learns that he was a cyber security analyst for an [[Technology company|IT company]] and is currently preparing to launch his own start-up. After interrogation, Hari is allowed to go. But Dinesh suspects Hari of murdering Neenu. He informs Sajad and Reena that Hari was fired for assaulting the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the company for which he worked and that he was the only one in the area when Neenu died. However, Sajad and Reena suggest Hari should be detained only once adequate proof is obtained.

Meanwhile, Dinesh's friend Manoj from Yellow News informs him that two people are in a hotel bearing [[Drug|drugs]]. Dinesh, looking for an opportunity to boost his image, arrests a lady and a young man from the hotel room the following day. However, upon examination at the police station, it was found that their bag contained [[gypsum]] powder. Dinesh, ashamed in front of everyone, makes some decisions in his mind. Dinesh talks with a [[Criminal defense lawyer|defense lawyer]] to consider implicating Hari in the case. The lawyer supports him and instructs him to proceed with the arrest. Dinesh convinces Commissioner Balachandran as well. A police team led by Dinesh arrests Hari, who was preparing to take the [[Kerala Public Service Commission|PSC]] exam.

The police present Krishnan Rajasekharan, a documentator who frequently appears in court to falsely testify, as a witness. In the presence of the commissioner, Krishnan makes a false statement. Though Hari emotionally responded to it, he was taken to jail. At jail, Hari is beaten up by a group of accused, and the police take him to the hospital. During the commissioner's visit, Hari escapes from the hospital in an [[ambulance]]. Dinesh scares Krishnan by telling him about Hari's anger toward him for falsely testifying. Arya, Hari's lover, helps him hide in a [[warehouse]] owned by Ahammad. While staying there, he organizes the numbers of Dinesh, Krishnan, and other inspectors. Hari then threatens Krishnan over the phone, telling him that he must file an [[affidavit]] in court.

With the help of Arya and Ahammad, Hari gets Krishnan's mobile from a truck, retrieves its deleted call history, and locates him. Hari and Arya arrive at the Cochin Tower hotel after learning that Krishan is staying there. Krishnan, however, manages to escape after seeing them in front of his room. Hari chases Krishnan to the [[Palarivattom metro station]] but fails to catch him. On Krishnan's information, a police team led by Dinesh arrives at the metro station, but Hari smartly escapes.

While traveling, Hari's vehicle was involved in a minor accident. This information was passed by the traffic police to the control room, where Sajad and Krishnan were present. Hari and Ahammad grab an [[autorickshaw]] and escape the scene of the accident. The traffic SI tells Sajad the name of the autorickshaw by checking the [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] visuals. Knowing Hari is traveling in his friend Manaf's autorickshaw, Krishnan calls him and tells him of the situation. Manaf then turns his autorickshaw onto a narrow road, where police arrest Hari. But Dinesh arrives and takes credit for catching Hari.

At court, the defense lawyer portrays Hari as a suspect based on circumstantial evidence. Hari defends himself without a lawyer. With clear evidence, he proves that the statements given by Anjitha and Krishnan against him were fake. Hari then questions Dinesh and proves his relationship with Neenu. Their [[WhatsApp]] chats, CCTV footage, and personal videos are produced as proof. Dinesh's wife Bincy George, also testifies against him. But Dinesh screams and says that he had nothing to do with Neenu's death. Dinesh is arrested for accusing Hari, along with Krishnan, who falsely testified in court.

== Cast ==
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Dinesh K.T.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=രസികന്മാരാണ് ഈ 'കുറുക്കന്മാർ'; കുറുക്കൻ റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/07/27/kurukkan-malayalam-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727152536/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/07/27/kurukkan-malayalam-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Krishnan Rajasekharan alias Vendor Krishnan
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Hariprasad<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Father-Son Duo Sreenivasan, Vineeth Sreenivasan Return With Comedy-Thriller Kurukkan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/father-son-duo-sreenivasan-vineeth-sreenivasan-return-with-comedy-thriller-kurukkan-8441449.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142955/https://www.news18.com/movies/father-son-duo-sreenivasan-vineeth-sreenivasan-return-with-comedy-thriller-kurukkan-8441449.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Srikant Murali]] as [[Judge]] Kurup<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=നീതിക്കായുള്ള പോരാട്ടവും കോടതിമുറിയിലെ രസക്കാഴ്ചകളും; കുറ്റാന്വേഷണം മാത്രമല്ല 'കുറുക്കൻ' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/kurukkan-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-and-shine-tom-chacko-movie-sreenivasan-new-movie-1.8766574 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727152540/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/kurukkan-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-and-shine-tom-chacko-movie-sreenivasan-new-movie-1.8766574 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Gowri Nandha]] as Bincy George
* [[Malavika Menon]] as Arya
* Dileep Menon as [[Prosecutor|Public Prosecutor]]
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[Criminal defense lawyer|Defense Lawyer]]
* Aswath Lal as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sajad Hassan
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as SI Reena Mathew
* Joji John as Balachandran K. [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]] as Neenu
* [[Ansiba Hassan]] as Anjitha
* [[Balaji Sarma|Balaji Sharma]] as Vishwambharan
* Krishnan Balakrishnan as Sathyanathan
* [[Azees Nedumangad]] as Manaf, a driver
* Nandan Unni as Manager Bhagat
* Anjali Sathyanath as Bangalore lady
* Arjun as Bangalore boy
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Neenu's neighbour
* Nissar as Benjamin
* Shaji Marad as Inspector Prasanth
* Tajuddin as Ahammad
* Manoj Ramsingh as Manoj Yellow News
* Sujaya Parvathy as Sujaya, a reporter

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
The film marks the reunion of Vineeth Sreenivasan and Sreenivasan following ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sreenivasan to join sets of 'Kurukkan' next month, says Vineeth |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/01/actors-vineeth-sreenivasan-dad-to-return-to-acting-kurukkan-film.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903081437/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/01/actors-vineeth-sreenivasan-dad-to-return-to-acting-kurukkan-film.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Kochi]] on 6 November 2022 with a pooja ceremony and switch-on delivered by [[Lokanath Behera]] at [[St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-06 |title=Actor Sreenivasan makes comeback to movies, starts shooting of 'Kurukkan' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shooting-of-sreenivasan-s-comeback-movie-kurukkan-begins-in-kochi-1.8023393 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070923/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shooting-of-sreenivasan-s-comeback-movie-kurukkan-begins-in-kochi-1.8023393 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan and Sreenivasan reunite for Kurukkan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/nov/08/vineeth-sreenivasan-and-sreenivasan-reunite-for-kurukkan-2515916.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/nov/08/vineeth-sreenivasan-and-sreenivasan-reunite-for-kurukkan-2515916.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamima Nasrin lit the [[Nilavilakku]], while [[M. Mohanan]] gave the first clap.<ref name=":3" /> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 20 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R. |first=Chandhini |date=2023-12-21 |title=It's a wrap for Vineeth Sreenivasan and Sreenivasan's Kurukkan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/21/its-a-wrap-for-vineeth-sreenivasan-and-sreenivasans-kurukkan-37962.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070924/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/21/its-a-wrap-for-vineeth-sreenivasan-and-sreenivasans-kurukkan-37962.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Shooting For Malayalam Actor Sreenivasan's Kurukkan Wrapped, Check Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shooting-for-malayalam-actor-sreenivasans-kurukkan-wrapped-check-pics-6665857.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070921/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shooting-for-malayalam-actor-sreenivasans-kurukkan-wrapped-check-pics-6665857.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
On {{Date|Apr 1, 2023|DMY}}, the makers unveiled a first-look poster featuring Vineeth Sreenivasan, Sreenivasan, and Shine Tom Chacko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-04-01 |title=First look of Vineeth Sreenivasan's Kurukkan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/01/first-look-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-kurukkan-out-41799.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408084237/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/01/first-look-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-kurukkan-out-41799.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second-look poster was released on {{Date|Jun 16, 2023|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-06-17 |title=Kurukan gets second look, confirms July release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/17/kurukan-gets-second-look-confirms-july-release-44701.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006070913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/17/kurukan-gets-second-look-confirms-july-release-44701.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kurukkan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Unni Elayaraja
| released = {{Start date|2023}}
| venue = [[Kochi]]
| studio = My Studio
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=12|s=09}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = Unni Elayaraja
| misc = {{External media|video1={{YouTube|id=H1oSPIhj0Po|title=Kurukkan Video Songs Jukebox}}|float=left}}
}}
Unni Elayaraja composed the film's music,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Kurukkan gets a U certificate; release date confirmed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/22/kurukkan-gets-a-u-certificate-release-date-confirmed-45875.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824134912/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/22/kurukkan-gets-a-u-certificate-release-date-confirmed-45875.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with lyrics written by [[Manu Manjith]] and Shafi Kollam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-13 |title='Kurukkan' trailer unveils Sreenivasan's spectacular return to the big screen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-trailer-unveils-sreenivasans-spectacular-return-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/101724305.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727163207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kurukkan-trailer-unveils-sreenivasans-spectacular-return-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/101724305.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eeswaran Lunchinu
| length1 = 3:45
| lyrics1 = Manu Manjith
| extra1 = Athul Narukara
| title2 = Ayn Thudir Ya
| note2 = Arabic Song
| length2 = 2:11
| lyrics2 = Shafi Kollam
| extra2 = Girish Thiruvali
| title3 = Thee Kathana Kannalivan
| length3 = 2:33
| lyrics3 = Manu Manjith
| extra3 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| title4 = Subha Vibhathamayi
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Manu Manjith
| extra4 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was given a U certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] prior to its release.<ref name=":4" /> It was released in theatres on {{Date|Jul 27, 2023|DMY}} by Varnachitra Big Screen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreenivasan, Vineeth play crooked, hilarious characters in 'Kurukkan'. See trailer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/13/kurukkan-trailer-sreenivasan-vineeth-movie-shine-tom-chacko.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103023/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/13/kurukkan-trailer-sreenivasan-vineeth-movie-shine-tom-chacko.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Shine Tom Chacko-starrer Malayalam Film Kurukkan's Trailer Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shine-tom-chacko-starrer-malayalam-film-kurukkans-trailer-out-8336935.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903082630/https://www.news18.com/movies/shine-tom-chacko-starrer-malayalam-film-kurukkans-trailer-out-8336935.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
[[ManoramaMAX]] acquired the [[digital distribution]] rights and began streaming it on 25 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kurukkan' locks OTT release date: Know where, when to watch Vineeth Sreenivasan's latest film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/23/vineeth-sreenivasan-kurukkan-movie-ott-platform-release.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826061105/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/23/vineeth-sreenivasan-kurukkan-movie-ott-platform-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurukkan on OTT: Vineeth on why the crime comedy was best for his dad's comeback |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kurukkan-on-ott-vineeth-sreenivasan-on-why-the-crime-comedy-was-best-for-his-dads-comeback/7cf1adb1c0139 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822143043/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kurukkan-on-ott-vineeth-sreenivasan-on-why-the-crime-comedy-was-best-for-his-dads-comeback/7cf1adb1c0139 |url-status=live }}</ref> The satellite rights of the film was obtained by [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=വിനീത് ശ്രീനിവാസന്റെ 'കുറുക്കൻ' ൻറെ സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് അവകാശം മഴവിൽ മനോരമ സ്വന്തമാക്കി |url=https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/3265416/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=MalayalamExpressOnline |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103622/https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/3265416/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |title=Kurukkan {{!}} കുറുക്കന്‍ - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/03/kurukkan-movie.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.mallurelease.com |language=english |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727095816/https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/03/kurukkan-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Gopika ls of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Kurukkan'' by Jayalal Divakaran is a mixture of comedy, murder mystery, and investigation, at a time when genre lines are being breached in the most unconventional ways."<ref>{{Cite news |last=ls |first=Gopika |date=27 July 2023 |title=Kurukkan Movie Review : A hesitant blend of genres |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kurukkan/movie-review/102177700.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727145824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kurukkan/movie-review/102177700.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Keeping you on the edge of the seat is not one of the stated purposes of Jayalal Divakaran's '''Kurukkan''<nowiki/>', scripted by Manoj Ramsingh."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=28 July 2023 |title='Kurukkan' movie review: A confused mix of genres that ends up in no man's land |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukkan-movie-review-a-confused-mix-of-genres-that-ends-up-in-no-mans-land/article67131278.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728160838/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukkan-movie-review-a-confused-mix-of-genres-that-ends-up-in-no-mans-land/article67131278.ece |archive-date=28 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Kurukkan'' is not poorly made. The scenes are straightforward, and at a little more than two hours, the script is not boring at all. But the writing fails in stretching out the idea."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=28 July 2023 |title=Kurukkan review: Vineeth Sreenivasan uninhibited in a film that tries hard to be funny |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kurukkan-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-uninhibited-film-tries-hard-be-funny-180327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824110520/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kurukkan-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-uninhibited-film-tries-hard-be-funny-180327 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "''Kurukkan'' aims to find the fox, and there's an element of surprise when the true nature of one of the characters is unravelled."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=27 July 2023 |title='Kurukkan' movie review: A mixed bag |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/07/27/kurukkan-movie-vineeth-sreenivasan-shine-tom-chacko-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727102437/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/07/27/kurukkan-movie-vineeth-sreenivasan-shine-tom-chacko-review.html |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "What promised to be an intriguing character study of three like-minded men ends up as a lacklustre crime-comedy... with only a handful of comedies worth remembering."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=28 July 2023 |title='Kurukkan' movie review: This film on foxy men misses the trick |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jul/28/kurukkan-movie-review-this-film-on-foxy-men-misses-the-trick-2599263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728061846/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jul/28/kurukkan-movie-review-this-film-on-foxy-men-misses-the-trick-2599263.html |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt24949806|title=Kurukkan}}
* {{Mojo title|id=24949806}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|kurukkan|Kurukkan}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Ennai Paar Yogam Varum

2026-03-03T04:37:39Z

Shayne2017: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ennai Paar Yogam Varum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = M. Jameen Raj
| screenplay = M. Jameen Raj
| story = [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| producer = Mansoor Ali Khan
| starring = Mansoor Ali Khan Manju
| cinematography = Ashokrajan
| editing = K. M. P. Kumar
| music = A. K. Vasagan (songs) [[Devendran]] (score)
| studio = Raj Kennedy Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|07|06}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ennai Paar Yogam Varum''''' ({{translation|See me and you will get luck}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action comedy film]] directed by M. Jameen Raj. The film stars [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and newcomer Manju, with Kandeepan, Kutty, Priyanka Shailu, [[R. Sundarrajan]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]], [[Abhinayashree]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] and [[Manikka Vinayagam]] playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Mansoor Ali Khan, was released on 6 July 2007 after many delays.

==Plot==

The lovers Meena and Jeeva elope and they decide to get married at the registrar's office. Meena's father Anandaraman orders the rowdy Jaga to bring him his daughter back and to put Jeeva in jail. At the registrar's office, Jaga and his sidekicks break the arm of the deputy [[tehsildar]] Krishnamoorthy and the [[signature forgery|forges his signature]] on a marriage document. Jaga tracks down the lovers in a police station and he blames Jeeva for kidnapping Meena and for signature forgery. Jeeva is then put in police lockup and Jaga forcefully brings Meena to her father.

Kandeepan falls in love with Jagadeeshwari and he makes his mother Seethamangalam Muthamma, a greedy and corrupt politician, accepts for the marriage. Krishnamoorthy decides to get [[Golden handshake|VRS]] and puts all his savings to arrange his daughter's wedding. Thereafter, Muthamma makes a deal with a political leader: fixing the marriage between Kandeepan and the political leader's granddaughter. Muthamma then delegates Jaga the mission of stopping the wedding between her son and Jagadeeshwari. On the day of the marriage, Jaga wreaked havoc in the wedding hall and stops the marriage. Krishnamoorthy who felt humiliated and distraught of losing all his savings dies of a heart attack on the spot. Jagadeeshwari vows to take revenge on Jaga.

Later, Jagadeeshwari files a false rape complaint against Jaga and he is arrested by the police but he then comes out of jail thanks to his lawyer. Meanwhile, Jeeva, who is now in a wheelchair after a suicide attempt, and Meena meet Jagadeeshwari, and Jagadeeshwari promises them to arrange their marriage. Jaga feels guilty for Jeeva's accident and he himself arranges their marriage while Anandaraman genuinely accepts Jeeva as his son-in-law. Jaga later learns about Muthamma's true face and saves Jagadeeshwari from her. The film ends with Jaga and Jagadeeshwari falling in love with each other.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Jaga
*Manju as Jagadeeshwari
*Kandeepan as Kandeepan
*Kutty as Jeeva
*Priyanka Shailu as Meena
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Anandaraman
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Seethamangalam Muthamma
*[[Abhinayashree]] as "Mobile" Lakshmi
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Police inspector
*[[Manikka Vinayagam]] as Krishnamoorthy
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Bala Balasubramaniam
*[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Politician
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Anandaraman's friend
*Babitha as Jagadeeshwari's friend
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as House owner
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Groom's father
*[[Nellai Siva]] as Head constable
*[[Muthukaalai]] as Man on cellphone
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Singer
*Thadi Balaji
*[[Suruli Manohar]] as Suruli
*[[Lollu Sabha Balaji]] as Groom
*V. M. Subburaj as Lakshmi's husband
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Jaga's sidekick
*[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Jaga's sidekick
*[[Kottachi]] as Jaga's sidekick
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Jaga's sidekick
*Jinda as Jaga's sidekick
*Vijay Ganesh as Party member
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as Ganesan
*Rajajirajan as MLA's relative
*[[Vengal Rao]] as Henchman
*L. V. Adhavan as L. V. Kannan (guest appearance)
*Dr. Kaliyaperumal in a guest appearance
*Lawyer Rajaram in a guest appearance
*[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]] in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
After producing three films under his own banner, actor [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] returned with ''Ennai Paar Yogam Varum''. Politician-turned-actor [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]] appeared in a song in the film. Mansoor Ali Khan said that the film is a low budget film with comedy track.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2007 |title=Release after a long wait - Ennai Par Yogam Varum |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/all-eyes-on-dasavatharam-tamil-news-32059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028204456/https://www.indiaglitz.com/all-eyes-on-dasavatharam-tamil-news-32059 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2007 |title=Free publicity for Ennai Paar Yogam Varum |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/free-publicity-for-ennai-paar-yogam-varum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028204457/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/free-publicity-for-ennai-paar-yogam-varum/ |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by A. K. Vasagan. The soundtrack, released in 2007, features 6 tracks with lyrics written by [[Thiruvalluvar]], [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and A. K. Vasagan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ennai Paaru Yokam Varum (2007) |url=https://mio.to/album/Ennai+Paaru+Yokam+Varum+(2007) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028204459/https://mio.to//album/Ennai+Paaru+Yokam+Varum+%282007%29 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:03
| title1 = Koyambedu Koyyapazham
| extra1 = [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], A. K. Vasagan, Laila Ali Khan
| length1 = 5:22
| title2 = Eruvakka Sakaro
| extra2 = Prasanna, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Police Police
| extra3 = Abhilash, Mythili, Mansoor Ali Khan
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Ennai Paar Yogam Varum
| extra4 = Bairavi
| length4 = 3:15
| title5 = Velai Vettikkellam
| extra5 = K. S. Mahadevan, Sinthuri
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Naan Vaikaikari
| extra6 = [[Ranina Reddy]], S. M. Moosa
| length6 = 4:14
}}

==Release and reception==
On 4 June 2007, an advertisement for the film featured in a newspaper had attracted the attention of many. Mansoor Ali Khan had comically pleaded for a good theatre for his film.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2007 |title=Yenna kodumai sir idhu! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-07-01/04-06-07-mansoor-ali-khan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721125009/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-07-01/04-06-07-mansoor-ali-khan.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was originally slated for release on 15 June 2007 alongside the big-budget film ''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Sivaji]]'' but due to shortage of theatres in [[Chennai]] city, Mansoor Ali Khan postponed the release of his film. It was finally released on 6 July 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2007 |title=Ennai Par Yogam Varum not yet released? |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/ennai-par-yogam-varum-not-yet-released/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028204458/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/ennai-par-yogam-varum-not-yet-released/ |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref> A week after the film's release, another ad for his film had attracted the attention of the public with mentioning the film ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2007 |title=Unexpected publicity for Kreedom |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-02/13-07-07-kollywood.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202011824/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-02/13-07-07-kollywood.html |archive-date=2 February 2020 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "It's a film that one goes to without any expectation. So there's not much disappointment either".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 July 2007 |title=Ennaipaar Yogam Varum |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/07eyv.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080421/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/07eyv.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13667232}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bujji at Anupatti

2026-03-03T02:28:01Z

Shayne2017: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:Bujji At Anupatti.jpg
| caption =
| director = Raam Kandasamy
| writer = Raam Kandasamy
| producer = Raam Kandasamy
| starring = Karthik Vijay Lavanya Kanmani
| cinematography = Arun Mozhi Chozhan
| editing = Saravanan Madheswaran
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = Kavilayaa Creations
| distributor = 9V Studios
| released = {{film date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bujji at Anupatti''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by Raam Kandasamy. The film stars Karthik Vijay and Lavanya Kanmani in the lead roles. The film was produced by Raam Kandasamy under the banner of Kavilayaa Creations, and had a theatrical release on 31 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neethimaan |date=2024-05-11 |title=குழந்தைகளுக்கான படம் புஜ்ஜி அட் அனுப்பட்டி |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/childrens_film_pujji_at_dattatti/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Karthik Vijay
* Lavanya Kanmani
* Meena Gopalakrishnan
* Kamal Kumar
* Pranithi Sivasankaran
* Vaitheeswari

== Production ==
The film noted debuted for the director Raam Kandasamy<ref>{{Cite web |title=என் மனைவி சொன்ன கதையே |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/the-pre-release-launch-event-of-the-movie-bujji-124052800057_1.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref>.The cinematography of the film was by Arun Mozhi Chozhan and the editing was handled by Saravanan Madheswaran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-05-28 |title=பணம் வேண்டாம் என்று கூறிய பிரபல இசையமைப்பாளர் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/a-famous-musician-who-said-he-didnt-want-money-720792 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated two out of five and wrote that "Bujji at Anupatti is a film that stumbles despite its good intentions."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bujji At Anupatti Movie Review : A children's film with limited appeal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bujji-at-anupatti/movie-review/110528958.cms |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated two point five out of five and noted that "This is a clean, simple entertainer that can be enjoyed with the entire family."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Bujji At Anupatti Review: A Simple But Heartwarming Tale Of Kids And Kindness |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/bujji-at-anupatti-review-a-simple-but-heartwarming-tale-of-kids-and-kindness-review-110468114 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt32452525}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

K. Bhagyaraj

2026-03-02T05:05:08Z

Shayne2017: updated page

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Bhagyaraj
| image = Actor Director K Bhagyaraj at the Sathuranga Vettai Audio Launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhagyaraj in 2014
| birth_name = Krishnaswamy Bhagyaraj
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1953|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Vellankoil]], [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], [[Madras State]], [[India]] (present-day [[Erode District]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter|Actor|Composer|Film producer|Politician}}
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Praveena Bhagyaraj]]|1981|1983|reason=her death}}
* {{marriage|[[Poornima Jayaram]]|1984}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-poornima-and-bhagyaraj-celebrated-their-37th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/80746647.cms | title=Here's how Poornima and Bhagyaraj celebrated their 37th wedding anniversary | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 February 2021 | accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms | title=Heroines who fell for their directors | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref>
}}
| children = 2, including [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj|Shanthanu]]
| yearsactive = 1977–present
}}

'''Krishnaswamy Bhagyaraj''' (born 7 January 1953) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, actor, composer, film producer and politician active mainly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He has also written and directed [[Hindi]] remakes of his Tamil films and TV serials. As an actor, he has worked in more than 75 films and has directed more than 25 films. He won a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Best Actor Award]] for ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' (1983). He received [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] in [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] (2014).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2014-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/42514726.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil winners list|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He is the editor of weekly magazine ''Bhagya'' and has also written several novels.

== Personal life ==
Bhagyaraj was born on 7 January 1953 in [[Vellankoil]] near [[Gobichettipalayam]] in [[Erode district]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Making-Telugu-film-is-Bhagyaraj%E2%80%99s-dream/article17042042.ece|title=Making Telugu film is Bhagyaraj’s dream|work=The Hindu|quote=Mr. Bhagyaraj, much to the surprise of all, said that his forefathers belonged to Andhra Pradesh and they migrated to Tamil Nadu long back|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126070703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Making-Telugu-film-is-Bhagyaraj%E2%80%99s-dream/article17042042.ece|archive-date=26 November 2023|first=J. R.|last=Shridaran|date=16 January 2017|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He married twice. His first marriage was with actress Praveena, in 1981. She died due to an aggravated case of jaundice in August 1983. His second marriage was with actress [[Poornima Jayaram]], who was his co-star in ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' (1982),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |title=K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat |date=12 June 2010 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234821/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> on 7 February 1984. The couple has a daughter Saranya Bhagyaraj<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanthara-khushbu-sundar-top-kollywood-heroines-who-fell-love-their-directors-532436|title = Nayanthara to Khushbu Sundar: Top Kollywood heroines who fell in love with their directors|date = 13 May 2020|access-date = 6 January 2022|archive-date = 14 November 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221114115204/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanthara-khushbu-sundar-top-kollywood-heroines-who-fell-love-their-directors-532436|url-status = dead}}</ref> (who starred in ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews1/parijatham/parijatham-review.html|title = Parijatham review – A whiff of fresh air – scented Parijatham!!}}</ref> and ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/photographer-review-malayalam-pclwfPfjhgicf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106212242/https://www.sify.com/movies/photographer-review-malayalam-pclwfPfjhgicf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2022|title = Photographer|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>) and a son [[Shanthnu Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/tamil-director-k-bhagyaraj-son-shantanu-in-rom-com-1.1585114166141|title=Tamil director K Bhagyaraj, son Shantanu in rom-com|first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to|last=tabloid!|date=25 March 2020|website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref>

== Film career ==

=== Early years (1977–1979) ===
Beginning his career as an assistant to directors G. Ramakrishnan and [[Bharathiraja]], Bhagyaraj became recognised for his scriptwriting talent.<ref name="telugucinema">{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |title=Stars : Star Interviews : K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234821/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> He first appeared as a junior artist playing small supporting roles with screen-space of not more than three minutes in films such as ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977) and later appeared similarly in ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' (1978). He was assistant director to Bharathiraja in two films – ''16 Vayathinile'' and ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]''. Among his early work was writing the script for Bharathiraja's films ''Kizhake Pogum Rail'' (1978) and ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981), and writing dialogues for ''Sigappu Rojakkal''. He made his directorial début with ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' in 1979 and also his debut as the leading man in ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'', directed by Bharathiraja. He received the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] in ''Puthiya Vaarpugal'' (1979). He wrote dialogues and screenplay and acted in ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]'' (1979).

=== Rise to stardom (1980–1999) ===

He quickly established his own concern and started producing a string of distinctive films made mainly in the Tamil language. Bhagyaraj often cast himself in the lead roles of the films he scripted and directed, effectively carving out a niche for himself in the actor-auteur vein. His style of filmmaking is notable for its relatively elaborate, witty, and double entendre-laced script and socially-themed framework. His on-screen personae are typically characterised by their ironic sense of humour and intelligent bravado.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/bhagyaraj/biography.html|title=Bhagyaraj Biography | Bhagyaraj Girlfriend, Wife, Family & Net Worth - FilmiBeat|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

He introduced actress [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in the Tamil film ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' (1983) and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] (sister of Urvashi) made her debut with the 1985 film ''[[Chinna Veedu]]'', directed by Bhagyaraj, a commercially successful film. He received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]] in ''Mundhanai Mudichu''. He became nationally famous when he wrote the script for ''Mundhanai Mudichu'' remade in Hindi as ''[[Masterji]]'' with [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead role, which was huge success at the box office.

He rarely acted in films not directed or written by him, with exceptions being ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' (1984) and ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (1985). He decided to direct the Hindi remake of Bharatiraja's 1984 directorial venture ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' with Rajesh Khanna in the lead in 1985, but later Khanna due to his date issues had to opt out and Bhagyaraj cast [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the Hindi remake ''[[Aakhree Raasta]]'' (1986). Bhagayraj decided to remake the classic old Kannada film ''[[Mallammana Pavada]]'', starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[B. Saroja Devi|B Saroja Devi]] into a new Tamil film ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]'' in 1987, which became a huge blockbuster. In 1988, he wrote the script for ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' and decided to produce it, but chose not to direct it by himself, as he wanted to act-write-direct a film on a serious issue, which was ''[[Aararo Aaariraro]]''. He received the Best Film Award for ''Idhu Namma Aalu'' in 1990, directed by Balakumar, whereas the other film ''Aararo Aaariraro'' also was both critically acclaimed and successful at box office.

From 1991, he gradually started accepting more acting offers as a lead hero, where director-producer-scriptwriter would be three different people, rather than he himself writing-directing-acting in his films. ''[[Rudhra (film)|Rudhra]]'', ''[[Amma Vanthachu]]'', ''[[Gnanapazham]]'' and ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' were such successful films where he was involved only in the capacity of actor. He also started the weekly magazine "Bhagya" and he is the editor of that magazine. His successful directorial ventures written by him from 1991 on were ''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]'', ''[[Sundara Kandam]]'', ''[[Raasukutti]] and'' ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]].'' He cast his son [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] as the child artist in ''Vaettiya Madichu Kattu'' in 1998 and the film dealt with the father-son relationship, this proved to be both a critical and financial disappointment capping an end to a string of continuous flops including ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (film)|Oru Oorla oru Rajakumari]]'', ''[[Gnanapazham]]'' and ''[[Mr. Bechara]]'' (1996).

His successful Tamil films written by him continued to be in demand for Hindi remakes in the 1990s and were huge hits in Hindi – with ''Raasukutti'' remade as ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]'', ''Sundara Kandam'' remade as ''[[Andaz (1994 film)|Andaz]]'' (1994) and ''[[Avasara Police 100]]'' remade into ''[[Gopi Kishan]]'', which were successful. He also wrote the script for the Tamil film ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]'' (1995), starring [[Pandiarajan]], whose actor-director was not himself in Hindi, remade as ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]''.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/26/stories/2010122650140600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624024727/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/26/stories/2010122650140600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=News Archives|date=26 December 2010|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Last directions (2000–2010) ===
He took a break from acting as the lead hero in Tamil films after the release of the massive critical and commercial failure ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]].'' Instead, he directed the TV shows ''Neenga Nenaicha Saadhikkalanga'' and ''Idhu Oru Kadhayin Kadhai'' (for DD Podhigai), and appeared in ''Apapadi Podu'' on Jaya TV in this period. His tele-serial ''Rules Rangachari'' was very famous on DD channel and it completed 390 episodes. He wrote and directed the 2003 film ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'', starring [[Vijayakanth]]. He launched his daughter [[Saranya Bhagyaraj]] with ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'', which he wrote and directed in 2006. He returned to acting with ''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum]]'' and ''[[Rendu]]'' in a supporting role and with ''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]'' as the lead hero in 2007. In 2010, he directed his adult son [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] in the romantic film ''[[Siddhu +2]]''.

===Matured roles (2011–present) ===
At the end of the 2010s, he acted in supporting roles such ''[[Appavi]]'' (2011) and ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' (2011). He ventured into Malayalam film as supporting actor with ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' (2012).

He was the leading judge for the show ''[[Junior Super Star]]'' (2016) and ''[[Junior Super Stars (season 2)]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lyricsraag.com/zee-tamil-junior-super-star-2016-grand-finale-winner/|title = Zee Tamil Junior Super Star 2016 Grand Finale Winner|date = 17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/kids/kids-shows/junior-super-stars-season-2/0-6-598|title = Watch Junior Super Stars Season 2 Kids Show Online on ZEE5}}</ref>

He wrote books such as ''Vaanga Cinemavai Pattri Pesalam'', ''Neenga Nenaicha Saadikkalaam'' and ''Ungal Bhagyaraj'' in ''Kelvi Bhadhil'' (Five Parts).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eehibu.com/whoami/K.-Bhagyaraj|title = Kids Stories | Panchatantra Stories for Kids | Podupu Kathalu - Eenadu}}</ref>

He appeared in action thriller films which went on to become commercial hits with ''[[Kanithan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kanithan-movie-review/article8287055.ece|title=Kanithan: For the most part, a punchy thriller|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 February 2016|last1=Rangan|first1=Baradwaj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thupparivaalan-review-the-adventure-of-the-eccentric-bachelor/article19684814.ece|title = 'Thupparivaalan' review: The adventure of an eccentric bachelor|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 September 2017|last1 = Menon|first1 = Vishal}}</ref>

In 2020, he later acted in the legal drama film ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/may/30/ponmagal-vandhal-review-this-courtroom-drama-about-big-issues-has-big-issues-2149770.html | title='Ponmagal Vandhal' review: This courtroom drama about big issues has big issues }}</ref> Bhagyaraj plays as grandfather with [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj|Shanthanu]] in the adult comedy film ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/murungakkai-chips-review-tamil-movie-25305 | title=Murungakkai Chips review. Murungakkai Chips Tamil movie review, story, rating }}</ref> In 2022, he starred in ''[[Super Senior Heroes]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bhagyaraj-starrer-super-senior-heroes-hints-at-redefining-superhero-genre/articleshow/94880854.cms | title=Bhagyaraj-starrer 'Super Senior Heroes' hints at redefining Superhero genre | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Politics ==
MGR Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam (MGR Popular Progressive Federation) was a political party in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] launched by Bhagyaraj in February 1989. MGR MMK contested the 1991 [[Kerala]] assembly elections. It had one candidate, who got 87 votes. The MGR MMK party failed in its initial stages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Theatrics to politics: Tamil Nadu's story of a few hits and many misses |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/theatrics-to-politics-tamil-nadus-story-of-a-few-hits-and-many-misses/article10007040.ece |access-date=9 January 2019 |publisher=The Hindu Businessline |language=en}}</ref> Bhagyaraj later joined [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/05/actor-director-bhagyaraj-joins-dmk-1144224361.html|title = Actor-Director Bhagyaraj joins DMK|date = 5 April 2006}}</ref>

On April 5, 2006, Bhagyaraj joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in the presence of the party president [[M. Karunanidhi]], and criticized the AIADMK general secretary [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagyaraj may return to AIADMK |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/feb/28/bhagyaraj-may-return-to-aiadmk-344381.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Later, he left DMK and remained as a spectator in politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Arsath |date=2020-11-29 |title=அதிமுகவில் மீண்டும் இணைகிறாரா பாக்யராஜ்... பிரச்சாரத்துக்காக படை திரட்டப்படும் நட்சத்திர பட்டாளம்.! |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/actor-bhagyaraj-will-rejoined-admk-404458.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
While speaking to the media at a press event for the film ''[[Karuthukalai Pathivu Sei]]'' in 2019, Bhagyaraj remarked that women invite males to sexually assault them and provide them the room to do so. He went on to ask, why males are usually blamed for crimes while women encourage them, apparently in relation with the Pollachi rape case. His misogynistic remarks drew widespread condemnation and opposition from the public, and several women's organisations demanded that he be prosecuted for them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title=Panel summons K Bhagyaraj for misogynistic comment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/011219/panel-summons-k-bhagyaraj-for-misogynistic-comment.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=2019-11-26 |title=Women Let It (Rape) Happen, Don't Blame Only Men: Dir Bhagyaraj |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/actor-director-bhagyaraj-misogynistic-blame-women-rape-justified-adultery-men |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Commission for Women has summoned him to appear before it.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-11-30 |title=TN State Commission for Women summons director Bhagyaraj over remarks on Pollachi rape case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/director-bhagyaraj-summoned-over-remarks-on-sexual-crimes/article30121921.ece |access-date=2022-04-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''Note: All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! rowspan=2 | Title
! colspan="2" | Credited as
! rowspan=2 | Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
|-
|1978
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan=4 |1979
| ''[[Niram Maratha Pookal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
| ''[[Bhama Rukmani]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kai Oosai]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||Also producer
|-
|''[[Ilamai Kolam]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981
| ''[[Mouna Geethangal]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Indru Poi Naalai Vaa]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan=3|1982
| ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Poi Satchi]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
| ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Saattai Illatha Pambaram]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
|1984
| ''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||Also producer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985
| ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Veedu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
| ''[[Aakhree Raasta]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}|| [[Hindi]] film; Remake of ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''
|-
| ''[[Kanna Thorakkanum Saami]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
|1987
| ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| ''[[Aararo Aaariraro]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||Also producer
|-
|''[[Ponnu Pakka Poren]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Avasara Police 100]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991
| ''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||[[12th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Story Writer]]
|-
| ''[[Rudhra (film)|Rudhra]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''[[Sundara Kandam]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}||Also producer;
[[13th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Story Writer]]
|-
| ''[[Rasukutty]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
| ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (film)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]''|| || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
| ''[[Mr. Bechara]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}|| Hindi film; Remake of ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]''
|-
| ''[[Gnanapazham]]''|| || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||Also producer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Papa the Great]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || Hindi film Remake of ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]''
|-
| ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||
|-
|2003
| ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}||25th Film (Director)
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| Also producer
|-
| 2007
| ''Mudhal Mudhalai'' || || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}|| Screenplay and dialogues only
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| Also producer
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Magadheera|Maaveeran]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || Dialogues only; Tamil dubbed version of Telugu film ''[[Magadheera]]''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
|}

===Actor===
====Tamil films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1977
| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' || style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown'' || Also assistant director Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"|1978
| ''[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'' || Ponnandi || Also assistant director Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]''
| Waiter || Also assistant director Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan=3 |1979
| ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''
| Shanmugamani || Debut film as hero
|-
| ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]''
| Cheenu
|
|-
| ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]''
| Alagappan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
| ''[[Bhama Rukmani]]''
| Nandagopal ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kai Oosai]]''
| Chinna Pannai||
|-
| ''Kumari Pennin Ullathile'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981
| ''[[Mouna Geethangal]]''
| Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Indru Poi Naalai Vaa]]''
| Pazhanisamy ||
|-
| ''[[Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru]]''
| Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]''
| Palakkad Madhavan ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1982
| ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]''
| Chellai Durai ||
|-
| ''[[Poi Satchi]]''
| Vairavan ||
|-
| ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]''
| Raju ||
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
| Vaathiyar || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|1984 || ''Oomai Janangal''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''
| Subramani ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || CID Chinna Salem Singaram ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Veedu]]''
| Madanagopal ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1987
| ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]''
| Chinnarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]'' || Babu || Cameo appearance
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
| Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1989 || ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'' || Natesan ||
|-
| ''[[Aararo Aaariraro]]''
| Babu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1990||''Pattanamthan Pogalamadi'' || ||The song "Saamakozhi" picturised for shelved film ''[[Kavadi Sindhu]]'' was used in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-about-stopped-kavadi-sindhu-movie-and-non-stop-sounding-samakozhi-song-vin-jbr-756993.html|title=நின்றுபோன காவடி சிந்து படமும், நிற்காமல் ஒலிக்கும் சாமக்கோழி பாடலும்|date=10 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2025|website=News 18 Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avasara Police 100]]''
| Ramu, Veerasamy Naidu || Dual role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991
| ''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]''
| Chinnu ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhra (film)|Rudhra]]''
| Madurai ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
| ''[[Sundara Kandam]]''
| Shanmugamani ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Vandhachu]]''|| Nandakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Rasukutty]]''
| Rasukutty ||
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]''
| Gopal ||
|-
|1995
| ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (film)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]''
| Venkatasubramaniam ||
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Gnanapazham]]'' || Gnanasuryan ||
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]''|| Jaiprakash ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Sampooranam ||
|-
|''[[Something Something Unakkum Enakkum]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Rendu]]'' || CBI Officer ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]'' || G. R. ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' || Raj ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' || Pazhaniyappan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 ||''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' ||Raghuram (Washington Vetrivel) ||
|-
| ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Appavi]]'' || Ramasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || Annamalai ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[3 Geniuses]]'' || Professor Ramanujam || Malaysian film<ref name="2014bilinguals">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Bilingual movies and their double impact |work=Indulge Express |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/double-impact/section/6903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928085552/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/double-impact/section/6903 |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || Gowtham's neighbor ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaimai]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017
| ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Ayyanar Veethi]]'' || Subramania Sastry ||
|-
| ''[[Veruli]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha]]'' || Love Guru ||
|-
| ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma.com]]'' || Gurukkal ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''Kilambitaangayaa Kilambitaangayaa'' || Cop ||
|-
| ''[[Aaruthra]]'' || Avudaiappan ||
|-
| ''[[Koothan]]'' || ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' || 'Petition' Pethuraj ||
|-
|2021 || ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]'' || Arjun's grandfather ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Super Senior Heroes]]'' || Ganeshan ||Direct television release in Sun TV
|-
|rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Dada (2023 film)|Dada]]'' || Manikandan's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' || Kaluvan ||
|-
| ''[[3.6.9]]'' || Father Benet Castro ||
|-
| ''Moondram Manithan'' || Police investigator ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || Lawyer Parasuraman || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2024 || ''[[PT Sir]]'' || Judge || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2025 || ''Enai Sudum Pani'' || Karunakaran ||
|-
| ''Aandavan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuberaa]]'' || Sadhu || Bilingual film; simultaneously shot in Telugu
|-
| ''Antha 7 Naatkal'' || ||
|-
| ''BP 180'' || Lingam ||
|}

====Telugu films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Avuna]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poornima |date=28 June 2003 |title=Bhagyaraj's Telugu debut |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930131808/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| ''Mee Intikoste Em Istaaru Maa Intkoste Em Testaaru''
| ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mieimiet.html|title = Telugu cinema Review - Mee Intikoste Em Istaavu Maa Intkoste Em Testaavu - Aditya Om, Sangeeta}}</ref>
|-
|2012
| ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]'' || Subramanyam ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-mem-vayasuku-vacham-routine-love-story.html|title=Review : Mem Vayasuku Vacham – Routine Love Story|date=23 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2015 || ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|Red Alert]]'' || || Cameo appearance || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/red-alert/movieshow/61284024.cms|title=Red Alert Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' || Vasanthavada Anand Mohan
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[35 (film)|35]]'' || Principal Bucchi Reddy ||
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas' 35-Chinna Katha Kaadu locks a new release date, deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nivetha-thomas-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-locks-a-new-release-date-deets-inside/0c7d6f96c0445 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=25 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Kuberaa]]''
|Sadhu
|
|}

====Other language films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role !! Language
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Balasubrahmanyam|| [[Malayalam]] ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|Red Alert]]'' || || [[Kannada]] || rowspan="2"|Cameo appearance || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/red-alert-2015|title=Red Alert (2015) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''High Alert'' || || Malayalam || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/Aug/11/anjana-menon-playing-a-tough-cop-797698.html|title=Anjana Menon Playing a Tough Cop|first=Aswathy|last=K|date=11 August 2015|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2020||''[[Chithi 2]]''||rowspan="3"| Himself||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan="4"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||rowspan="4"| Cameo Appearance
|-
|''Raja Rani''||rowspan="2"| [[Star Vijay]]
|-
|''[[Senthoora Poove (TV series)|Senthoora Poove]]''
|-
|2022||''Vidhya No.1''||Judge Subramani Vathiyar||[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2014||''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (talk show)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''||rowspan="2"| Guest||[[Vendhar TV]]||rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2015||''[[Koffee with DD|Koffee With DD]]''||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]||Along with [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]] and [[Pandiarajan]]
|-
|2016||''[[Junior Super Star]]''||rowspan="2"| Judge||rowspan="2"| [[Zee Tamil]]||rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2017||''[[Junior Super Stars (season 2)|Junior Super Star 2]]''||
|-
|2019||''Comedy Stars Season 2''||Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]||rowspan="2"| Along with [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]]
|-
|2020||''[[Kodeeswari]]''||Contestant||[[Colors Tamil]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2022||''Super Queen''||Guest||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|}

== Discography ==
*''Note: All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
===As composer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! rowspan=2 | Title
! rowspan=2 | Notes
|-

|-
| 1988
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| ''[[Aararo Aaariraro]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Ponnu Pakka Poren]]'' ||
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]''||
|-
|1996
| ''[[Gnanapazham]]''||
|-
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Notes
|-
|1988 ||''Idhu Namma Aalu'' ||"Pachamala Saami"|| rowspan="3" |K. Bhagyaraj||
|-
|1989||''Ponnu Paaka Poren''||"Yerapooti"||
|-
|1989 ||''Aararo Aariraro'' ||"Ellarumae Loosungathan"||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0080180}}
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-15 India Today – K. Bhagyaraj; The reigning king in the world of Madras film Hollywood]
{{K. Bhagyaraj}}{{SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award}}{{FilmfareTamilBestActor}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagyaraj, K.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil television writers]]

Kumar Ujjwal

2026-03-01T16:54:15Z

Shayne2017:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Kumar Ujjwal Das''' (born 1981)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Kumar Ujjwal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SIMARIA (SC)(CHATRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=149 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Simaria Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Chatra district|Chatra District]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Simaria, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Kumar Ujjwal defeats JMM's Manoj Kumar Chandra with 4001 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/simaria-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638443-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Jharkhand Election Winners List 2024: Here is the full list victorious candidates in the state |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/jharkhand-election-winners-list-2024-check-full-winning-candidates-list-constituency-wise/articleshow/115585344.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ujjwal is from [[Hazaribagh]], Jharkhand. He is the son of former MLA, [[Upendra Nath Das|Upendranath Das]]. He completed his M.A. in geography in 2004 at [[Vinoba Bhave University]], Hazaribagh.<ref name="myneta"/> Earlier, he did his graduation in management at [[Jadavpur University|Jadhavpur University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2015 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Jharkhand {{!}} UPA allies gun for each other in Simaria |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080122/jsp/jharkhand/story_8809406.jsp |access-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080122/jsp/jharkhand/story_8809406.jsp |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ujjwal won from Simaria Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 1,11,906 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Manoj Kumar Chandra of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]], by a margin of 4,001 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simaria Election Result 2024 LIVE: Kumar Ujjwal of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/simaria-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130264.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simaria Constituency Election Results 2024: Simaria Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/simaria |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He started his political journey in 2008 when BJP fielded him from Simaria seat in the by-election caused by the death of his father Upendranath Das.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2015 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Jharkhand {{!}} CPI ticket on strong wicket |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080116/jsp/jharkhand/story_8786103.jsp |access-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080116/jsp/jharkhand/story_8786103.jsp |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> But Ujjwal could only come third behind winner [[Ram Chandra Ram]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta]] of [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ujjwal, Kumar}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh]]

I Could Not Be Hindu

2026-03-01T13:04:48Z

Shayne2017: put up new post

{{Short description|2019 memoir by Bhanwar Meghwanshi}}
{{Infobox book
| author = [[Bhanwar Meghwanshi]]
| pub_date = {{hlist| 2019|2020}}
| language = {{hlist|Hindi|English}}
| translator = [[Nivedita Menon]]
| country = [[India]]
| publisher = {{hlist| Navarun Prakashan|
[[Navayana Publishing]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|Memoir| Autobiography|Non-fiction}}
| image = I Could Not Be Hindu.jpeg
| pages = 240
| isbn = 9788189059934
| name = I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS
| media_type = Print
| caption = Book cover
| URL = {{URL|https://navayana.org/products/i-could-not-be-hindu-2/}}
}}

'''''I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS''''' is a memoir by [[Bhanwar Meghwanshi]], a former member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), published in Hindi as '''''Main Ek Karsevak Tha''''' in 2019 by Navarun Prakashan and translated into English by [[Nivedita Menon]] in 2020 by [[Navayana Publishing]]. The book chronicles Meghwanshi's experiences with [[Caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]] within the RSS and his subsequent embrace of [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] ideology, offering a critique of the organisation's casteist practices and [[Hindutva]] ideology.

== Content ==
The memoir recounts Meghwanshi's tenure in the RSS from 1987 to 1991, starting at age 13 in [[Bhilwara]], Rajasthan, where he rose to district chief and participated in the 1990 [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement|Ramjanmabhoomi movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |date=2020-08-22 |title=Suraj Yengde reviews I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS, by Bhanwar Meghwanshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/i-could-not-be-hindu-the-story-of-a-dalit-in-the-rss-review-the-scourge-of-casteism/article32411488.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

It details instances of caste discrimination, such as senior members refusing to eat food cooked at his home and throwing it into a drain, and his denial of pracharak status due to his Dalit identity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elizabeth |first=Shilpa |date=2024-01-11 |title=Why this Dalit quit the RSS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/from-karsevak-to-human-rights-activist-bhanwar-meghwanshi-to-talk-at-bengaluru/article67727192.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='I Could Not Be Hindu' Is a Unique Testimony to the Sangh's' Casteism |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2020/02/i-could-not-be-hindu-is-a-unique-testimony-to-the-sanghs-casteism?lang=en |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref>

The book critiques the RSS's Brahminical hierarchy, its use of Dalits as "foot soldiers" for [[Hindu Rashtra]], and its portrayal of [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]] as a Hindu nationalist. Meghwanshi describes his disillusionment, particularly after the 1992 [[Babri Masjid demolition]], and his shift to Ambedkarite politics, influenced by Ambedkar's ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' and ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=I Could Not Be Hindu |url=https://navayana.org/products/i-could-not-be-hindu-2/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Navayana Publishing |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''I Could Not Be Hindu'' has been praised for its lucid prose and ethnographic insight into the RSS's caste dynamics. [[Suraj Yengde]], writing in ''[[The Hindu]]'', called it an "essential read" and a "confessional paradox", comparing it to classic slave narratives like [[Frederick Douglass]]'s autobiography.<ref name=":0" />

[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] in ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' described it as a "unique testimony" exposing Hindutva's contradictions, valuable for scholars and activists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/news/caste-versus-hindutva-again |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Review: 'I Could Not Be Hindu' Is a Unique Testimony to the Sangh's' Casteism |url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-bhanwar-meghwanshi-i-could-not-be-a-hindu |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Business Standard]]'' noted its rarity as a former [[swayamsevak]]'s account, highlighting its critique of RSS's homogenous Hindu society project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=Vikram |title=An RSS Dalit's awakening |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/an-rss-dalit-s-awakening-120030500034_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153620/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/an-rss-dalit-s-awakening-120030500034_1.html |archive-date=2021-07-13 |access-date=2025-06-27 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Caravan]]'' emphasised its exposé of RSS's glorification of violence and caste hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalits will quit RSS if exposed to the real Ambedkar: Bhanwar Meghwanshi, former karsevak |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/interview/dalits-will-quit-rss-if-exposed-to-the-real-ambedkar-bhanwar-meghwanshi-former-karsevak |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of A Dalit in the RSS |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/bookshelf/i-could-not-be-hindu-bhanwar-meghwanshi |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=We were told non-violence is cowardly: Bhanwar Meghwanshi, a Dalit activist who quit the RSS |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/we-were-told-non-violence-is-cowardly-bhanwar-meghwanshi-a-dalit-activist-who-quit-the-rss |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]]'' praised it as an "indispensable" account of RSS's counter-revolution against republican India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A view from within the Sangh Parivar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/book-review-i-could-not-be-hindu-the-story-of-a-dalit-in-the-rss-by-bhanwar-meghwanshi/cid/1765671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524053854/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/book-review-i-could-not-be-hindu-the-story-of-a-dalit-in-the-rss-by-bhanwar-meghwanshi/cid/1765671 |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=live }}</ref>

The book has been endorsed by public figures like [[Perumal Murugan]] and [[Shashi Tharoor]].<ref name=":2" />

Its publication coincided with the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute]], amplifying its relevance in debates on caste and Hindutva.

A Tamil translation was released in 2023.

== Cultural impact ==
The memoir is considered a significant contribution to [[Dalit literature]], akin to [[Bama (writer)|Bama]]'s ''Karukku'', for its insider critique of RSS's casteism.<ref name=":0" />

It has sparked discussions on the intersection of caste and [[Hindutva]], with scholars like Yengde and Jaffrelot citing its ethnographic value.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit literature]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:2020 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

Mayiladuthurai division

2026-02-27T19:43:57Z

Shayne2017: adjust references further and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Mayiladuthurai division''' is a revenue division of [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It comprises the taluks of [[Kuthalam taluk|Kuthalam]] and [[Mayiladuthurai taluk|Mayiladuthurai]].

== References ==
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue divisions in Mayiladuthurai district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?rev_div.php%3Fdcode=19|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=3 August 2011|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315083434/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?rev_div.php%3Fdcode=19|url-status=dead}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}

[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]

{{Mayiladuthurai-geo-stub}}

Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology

2026-02-24T03:41:13Z

Shayne2017: page updated

{{Short description|University in Chennai, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox university
| name = Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (SIST)
| image_name = Sathyabama Administration building.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Main administrative building
| mottoeng = Entry is not important. Exit is important
| motto =
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]], [[Deemed university]]
| established = {{start date and age|1987}}
| closed =
| endowment =
| founder = [[Jeppiaar|Jeppiaar Jesuadimai]]
| chancellor = Dr. Mariazeena Johnson
| vice_chancellor = Dr. T. Sasipraba
| head_label = President
| head = Dr. Marie Johnson
| faculty = 721
| administrative_staff = 125
| students = 15,600
| undergrad = 13,400
| postgrad = 1,900
| doctoral = 300
| other =
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|12|52|23|N|80|13|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Suburb]]an
| campus_size = 140 acres
| former_names = Sathyabama University, Sathyabama Engineering College
| free_label = [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF 2024]] ranking
| free = 85
| sports =
| colours = {{Color box|white}}{{Color box|blue}} White and Blue
| nickname =
| mascot =
| athletics =
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Grade "A++"
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Council of Architecture|COA]], [[Dental Council of India|DCI]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology|ABET]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us/accreditation-and-accolades| title = Sathyabama University Accolades| year=2025}}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.sathyabama.ac.in}}
| logo = Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology''' ('''SIST'''), formerly known as ''' Sathyabama Engineering College''' and '''Sathyabama University''', is a [[private university|private]], [[Research university|research]],
[[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]]-intensive, multi-disciplinary [[deemed university]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Established in the year 1987 by industrialist [[Jeppiaar|Jeppiaar Jesuadimai]], it is a [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christian minority]] educational institution with its patron as [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/sathyabama-institute-of-science-and-technology| title=Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (A Christian Minority Institution)| year=2025}}</ref> The university is a research institute that specializes in the [[engineering]] fields, and has been accredited with Grade "A++" by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) and "Category 1 University" by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us|title=Sathyabama University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us/accreditation-and-accolades| title=Ratings and Accreditations of Sathyabama University| year=2025}}</ref>

Sathyabama's main campus is at [[Sholinganallur]], with the dental college nearby at Sithalapakkam and a secondary satellite campus at [[Sriperumbudur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/campuses/photo-gallery/SriperumbudurCampus| title=Sriperumbudur campus of Sathyabama University| year=2025}}</ref> The main campus spans across a 140-acres [[suburban]] setting located along the [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT Corridor]], and its buildings include a [[Clinical research center|research hospital]], three [[aeronautical]] hangars, a science research park, a central library, a dental college, a [[nanotechnology]] centre, innovation hubs, and 17 STEM-oriented research wings.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/campus-life/academic-blocks| title=Buildings in the university| year=2025}}</ref>

The university is an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 9001:2008 certified institute and has research partnerships with governmental bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sathyabamainternationalconferences.com/about-international-conferences.html|title=ISO Certification|date=6 October 2009|publisher=Sathyabama |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> In 2016, it built and launched its space [[weather satellite]], known as the [[SathyabamaSat]], in collaboration with [[ISRO]], India's national space agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SATHYABAMASAT.html|title=ISRO-Sathyabama satellite}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us#:~:text=Sathyabama%20has%20written%20a%20special,its%20research%20and%20academic%20excellence|title=About Us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/student-satellites/html/sathyabamasat.jsp|title=Sathyabama satellite}}</ref> Sathyabama has 15 departments that offer 48 accredited undergraduate programs and 23 accredited postgraduate programs, mostly in the field of engineering, but also in [[science]], [[technology]], [[law]], [[architecture]], [[medicine]], and [[management]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/admissions/programs-offered| title=Courses offered at SIST| year=2025}}</ref>

The institute was known for its enforcement of moral rules and discipline among students, and this has often been met with criticism in the past.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Jun/19/educationist-who-was-tough-on-discipline-941878.html|title=Educationist who was tough on discipline|year=2016|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/sathyabama-university-student-blames-strict-rules-for-girls-suicide|title=Sathyabama Univ student blames strict rules for girl’s suicide and the violence that followed.|publisher=The Quint|first1=TK|last1=Smitha|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/what-legal-action-can-be-taken-against-prison-colleges-tamil-nadu-what-s-solution-34897|title=What legal action can be taken against the prison-colleges of Tamil Nadu? What’s the solution?|year=2015|publisher=The News Minute|first1=Pheba|last1=Mathew}}</ref> With 15,600 students, it is one of the largest private universities in Tamil Nadu.

==History==

It was founded in 1987 as Sathyabama Engineering College by industrialist [[Jeppiaar|Jeppiaar Jesuadimai]], as an engineering-focused institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/sathyabamauniv.html|title=Deemed University Status|date=16 July 2001|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727065341/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/sathyabamauniv.html|archive-date=27 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology {{!}} Detail of University |url=https://deemed.ugc.ac.in/Home/DetailOfUniversity/S40%20GGqiJkwSbSa3wIdixw== |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=deemed.ugc.ac.in}}</ref> The university was established to provide higher technical education to the Christian minorities residing in Tamil Nadu and other [[South Indian]] states. The patron saint of the university is [[Anthony of Padua|St Anthony]]. It was formerly known as Sathyabama University, and was renamed as Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (SIST) in 2018 following a central directive by the Indian government. It received its deemed-to-be-university status from the Ministry of Human Resources Development in 2001, under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.

Starting in the late 1990s Sathyabama expanded its curriculum to include courses in science, law and management. The dental college was established in 2009, and is one of the largest university medical centers in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/academics/schools/school-dental-sciences|title=School of Dental Sciences|year=2025}}</ref>

== Milestones ==
{| class="wikitable"
|1987
| College founded in Chennai, as Sathyabama Engineering College
|-
|2001
| College renamed as Sathyabama University
|-
| 2001
| Received its "Deemed-to-be-university" status from the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)
|-
|2009
| Establishment of Sathyabama Dental College
|-
|2012
| Accredited as "Category A" university by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)
|-
|2016
| Sathyabama weather satellite "SathyabamaSat" launched with assistance from ISRO
|-
|2017
| Accredited with Grade "A" by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
|-
|2018
| Name changed to Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (SIST)
|-
|2019
| Received 5 QS-stars for excellence
|-
|2021
| Received National Board of Accreditation (NBA) certification for 11 academic programmes
|-
|2023
| Second university campus opened near Sriperumbudur
|-
|2023
| Accredited with Grade "A++" by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
|-
|2023
| Accredited with "Category-I University" by University Grants Commission (UGC)
|-
|}

==Campus==

The main campus at Sholinganallur was constructed above an old swamp, which has led to severe flooding during the rainy seasons. The campus has many white and blue buildings designed in concentric patterns, and includes 5 hostels for male students and another 5 hostels for female students.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/campus-life|title=Campus life in the university|year=2025}}</ref>

A secondary satellite campus was established at Sriperumpudur, to increase the student in-take.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/node/1890| title=New Campus at Sriperumbudur}}</ref> It offers engineering and science courses with the same accreditations as the main campus. The two campuses are approximately 45 kilometers apart.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Location==

The university is located in Sholinganallur, Chennai. It has a campus of 140 acres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/sathyabama-institute-science-technology-deemed-be-university |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> The campus is adjacent to [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] (formerly known as Old Mahabalipuram Road and popularly known as the "IT Corridor").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyabama.ac.in/sitepagetwo.php?mainref=0&firstref=101&secondref=0|title=Reaching Sathyabama |year=2009|publisher=Sathyabama University|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117172647/http://www.sathyabama.ac.in/sitepagetwo.php?mainref=0&firstref=101&secondref=0|archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology · Jeppiaar Nagar, SH 49A, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sathyabama+Institute+of+Science+and+Technology/@12.8728809,80.2235017,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a525b8c90befe2b:0x170ab8b5b21bb530!8m2!3d12.8728809!4d80.2260766!16zL20vMDcxZGNm?entry=ttu |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology · Jeppiaar Nagar, SH 49A, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India |language=en}}</ref> The university also obtained authorization from the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], on the recommendation of the UGC, to open a secondary satellite campus at Vadamangalam, in Sriperumbudur.

==Academics==
Sathyabama University has 15 departments that offer more than 48 accredited undergraduate programs and 23 accredited postgraduate programs. These include:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|colspan="2"| '''Departments'''
|-
! Faculty
! Fields
|-
| '''Faculty of Engineering'''
| {{ bulleted list| Computer Science and Engineering |Artificial Intelligence and Data Science |Computer Science and Business Systems |Electrical and Electronics Engineering|Electronics and Communication Engineering|Mechanical Engineering|Mechatronics|Aeronautical Engineering|Civil Engineering|Information Technology|Chemical Engineering|Bio Technology|Bio Medical Engineering|Engineering Design}}
|-
| '''Faculty of Architecture'''
| {{bulleted list| Architecture|Sustainable Architecture|Building Management|Landscape Design|Interior Design}}
|-
| '''Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy'''
| {{ bulleted list | Pharmacy | Nursing|Physiotherapy|Dental Surgery|Preventive Dentistry|Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics|Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics|Medical Sciences|General Medicine}}
|-
| '''Faculty of Law'''
| {{ bulleted list | Law | Legal Studies|Constitutional Law and Legal Order|Intellectual Property Laws|Criminal Law}}
|-
| '''Faculty of Arts, Science and Humanities'''
| {{ bulleted list | Business Administration|Commerce|Financial Accounting|Visual Communication|Physics|Chemistry|Computer Science|Mathematics| Bio Chemistry|Fashion Design| Bio Technology|Micro Biology|Psychology|English|Bio Informatics and Data Science|Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics |Medical Lab Technology|Artificial Intelligence|Hotel Management and Catering|Data Science|Information Technology|Computer Applications}}
|-
| '''Faculty of Specialized Engineering '''
| {{ bulleted list | Applied Electronics|Computer Aided Design|Structural Engineering|Power Electronics and Industrial Drives|Medical Instrumentation|Embedded Systems and IoT|Mechanical Production Engineering|Aeronautical Engineering|Robotics Engineering|Nanotechnology|Aerospace Engineering}}
|}

==Accreditation and certification==

Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology has been accredited with the 'A++' grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] and is a 'Category 1 University' under the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us|title=Sathyabama University}}</ref> It has received [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 9001:2008 certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sathyabamauniv.ac.in/news_detail.php?newsref=18&newspage=archive&page=2|title=ISO Certification|date=6 October 2009|publisher=Sathyabama |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> The university also received the full five 'QS stars' for excellence by Quacquarelli Symonds, making it one of 40 universities in India to have done so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/sathyabama-institute-science-technology-deemed-be-university|title=QS 5 stars rating for Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

The majority of the courses are accredited by national governmental bodies. The university's dental courses are accredited by the [[Dental Council of India]], legal courses are accredited by the [[Bar Council of India]], design courses are accredited by the [[Council of Architecture]], and engineering courses are accredited by the [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/about-us/accreditation-and-accolades| title=Ratings and Accreditations of Sathyabama University| year=2025}}</ref>

==Collaboration with ISRO==

The weather satellite [[SathyabamaSat]] was launched along with the Cartosat-2C satellite onboard [[PSLV-C34]] on June 22, 2016. The development was initiated in 2009 when [[ISRO]] and Sathyabama University signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to work together on the design, construction, development, testing and launch of the experimental weather satellite. Initially, a space technology centre was established at the university to carry out preliminary studies about the project. This included advanced research in rocketry, satellites and space applications, and the project was carried out with the assistance of ISRO scientists over a period of 7 years. As per the university, the objective of the joint project was to provide development experience of compact space systems to students in the aerospace and aeronautical engineering department.<ref name="TH_satyabhama">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sathyabamasat-to-be-launched-next-month/article8549190.ece | title='Sathyabamasat' to be launched next month | date=May 3, 2016 | agency=The Hindu | accessdate=November 1, 2016 | author=MADHAVAN, T. | location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Rankings==

In 2025, the university was ranked 53rd among universities, 67th among engineering colleges and 93rd overall in India according to [[NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Report/IR2025_Report.pdf}}</ref> Sathyabama is ranked in the 1201-1400 band<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> in global rankings and 373rd in Asia<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2025 - Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> by the [[QS World University Rankings]] system in academic year 2024-2025, and 501st in Asia by the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] system in academic year 2024-2025.

{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2024=85|NIRF_U_2024=51|NIRF_E_2024=66
|QS_W_2025=1201|QS_A_2024=373|THES_A_2024=501}}

==Research centers and facilities==

===Co-curricular activities===

Sathyabama University offers on-campus training. Some of the facilities include Inplant Training, Advisory Bureau for Higher Studies, Entrepreneur Development Cell, Guest Lectures, Foreign Language Classes and Sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.careercage.com/sathyabama-university-need-know-2/404/|title=Sathyabama University - The Basic Information that you need to know|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311151345/http://www.careercage.com/sathyabama-university-need-know-2/404/|archive-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>

===Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology===

The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology was established in January 2006. It was upgraded in 2011 with research instrumentation facilities like FE-SEM, XRD, E-beam, DC thermal, RF, AFM, PLD, etc. The centre has a team of scientists working in the fields of Material Sciences, Thin Film Coatings, Nanofabrications, Environmental Nanotechnology, Concrete Research, Marine Biotechnology, Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Medicine, as well as Nanomedical Sciences, Drug Discovery and Polymer Chemistry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://centrefornanotechnology.com/|title=Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CNSNT)|website=centrefornanotechnology.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705072055/http://centrefornanotechnology.com/|archive-date=2013-07-05}}</ref>

===Centre for Advanced Studies===

The centre for advanced studies was established in 2013 to carry out specialized studies in the fields of genetic research, metallurgy, immunology, and robotics. The institution has developed algorithms that are now used in the university's data labs, computer-integrated security systems and student management logs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/node/1513|title=Centre for Advanced Research}}</ref>

===Aeronautical Hangars===

Sathyabama has three large aeronautical hangars that are a part of the institution's programmes in aviation research. Constructed in 2008, these hangars are used to construct model aircraft, wind turbines, wind-flow panels, and other components of aeronautical engineering.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/taxonomy/term/67|title=Aeronautical Studies}}</ref> The Sathyabama-ISRO space satellite which was launched in 2016 was also manufactured here.

===Central Library===

The university has a central library, named after its founder Dr. Jeppiaar. The library was constructed in 2001, and currently has more than 313,000 books. It has subscription services to major publishers such as the AICTE, ASME, ASCE, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE engineering journals. Apart from this, the library also has monthly subscriptions to more than 130 journals and 100 magazines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/academics/library|title=The Central Library}}</ref> The library is also connected to the staff internet service-link of the university.

===Sathyabama TBI (Technology Business Incubator)===

In 2015, the Technology Business Incubator (TBI) was established with the help of National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB), a government agency. The purpose of the center is to create innovations and developments in the entrepreneurship and business fields, and assist students in launching their own startups. The center also carries out research in the employment sector, by analysing current market trends and future potentials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/engineering|title=Engineering research}}</ref>

===Centre for Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation===

In 2019, the Centre for Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation was established at the research park in the university. It provides students with workshops, seminars and laboratory training in the fields of testing and evaluation of engineering sectors. The programmes are supervised by the [[AICTE]], a government body. The center is equipped to carry out experiments and trials in ultrasonic testing, thermography, radiography, and other similar areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/engineering|title=Engineering research}}</ref>

===DST-FIST Cloud Computing===

The Cloud Computing Center was launched to design, develop and integrate computer technology in the university's main server lines. It contains portals and computer laboratories that help deploy and maintain Cloud infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/engineering|title=Engineering research}}</ref>

===Makerspace Lab===

The Makerspace Lab is one of the newest research facilities at the university, and was established to help assist students in the engineering department to gain skills in the developments related to manufacturing industries. The center uses equipment such as the "Fablab" which has F370, 5 Makerbot+ and 3 Makerbot Z18 technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/engineering|title=Engineering research}}</ref>

===Centre for Drug Discovery and Development===

The Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDD), which consists of teams specializing in bioactivity, biological chemistry, genomics, and bioprospecting, was established in 2013 to carry out research into the development of New Chemical Entities (NCE) that can be used to eliminate diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/biotechnology|title=Biological Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research===

The center is accredited by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experimentation on Animals (CPCSEA) and is GLP-compliant, and was launched to carry out experimental research on common animals such as rodents and study their behavior and response to external factors. It has advanced facilities that allow for animal research within the guidelines of the CPCSEA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/biotechnology|title=Biological Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences===

The Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences (CMNS) was established as a result of the Nanomedicine and Drug Discovery Lab in 2012, and then expanded into the Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit in 2014. It carries out investigations into matters related to biology, organic biology, stem cell studies, cancer and regeneration biology, and other fields. The center collaborates with government research organizations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/biotechnology|title=Biological Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Ocean Research===

The Centre for Ocean Research (COR) was established in the year 2007 as a collaboration between the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) and the university. It specializes in ocean studies and marine technology, and is assisted by the Marine Biotechnological Studies by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), a government agency. It also organizes projects with the government departments to carry out research into [[earth sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/biotechnology|title=Biological Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Climate Change Studies===

The Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCS) was founded in the year 2011 with the aim of researching the environmental impact of weather and climate changes, and the conservation of sensitive eco-zones such as forest, coral reefs and biospheres. It works together with the Sathyabama Marine Research Station (SMRS) and submits it research findings to the International Research Centre (IRC) at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/biotechnology|title=Biological Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics===

The Centre for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics (CRSG) was founded in 2004 and is supported by [[ISRO]]. The purpose of the undertaking is to use Indian satellites to research fields like agriculture, urban studies, and aerial photogrammetry. It also organizes training seminars for students at ISRO laboratories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/science-and-humanities|title=Environmental Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre of Excellence for Energy Research===

The Centre of Excellence for Energy Research (CEER) is funded by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD), a government body that specializes in education and skill development. It was launched in 2014 and the facility carries out research in solar panels, photovoltaic cells and supercapacitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/science-and-humanities|title=Environmental Sciences research}}</ref>

===Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences===

The Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (CEAS) was established in 2010 with the assistance of Indira Gandhi Atomic Research (IGCAR) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). It features meteorological laboratories and observation towers, and carries out studies in the fields of [[atmospheric sciences]]. It researches both manmade and natural disasters, and is equipped to carry out studies in the remote sensing and [[GIS]] fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sathyabama.ac.in/researches/science-and-humanities|title=Environmental Sciences research}}</ref>

==Controversies==

Sathyabama University is known for its strict enforcement of moral rules and discipline among its students in the past, and this has been met with criticism from both students and analysts. There have been several instances of student protests and large-scale violence due to the strict operating protocols of the university.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Jun/19/educationist-who-was-tough-on-discipline-941878.html|title=Educationist who was tough on discipline|year=2016|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/sathyabama-university-student-blames-strict-rules-for-girls-suicide|title=Sathyabama Univ student blames strict rules for girl’s suicide and the violence that followed.|publisher=The Quint|first1=TK|last1=Smitha|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/what-legal-action-can-be-taken-against-prison-colleges-tamil-nadu-what-s-solution-34897|title=What legal action can be taken against the prison-colleges of Tamil Nadu? What’s the solution?|year=2015|publisher=The News Minute|first1=Pheba|last1=Mathew}}</ref>

==Alumni==

* [[Atlee (director)|Atlee Kumar]], Tamil film director, screenwriter and film producer
* [[Atharvaa|Atharvaa Murali]], Tamil movie actor
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], Tamil movie actor and comedian
* [[Gayathri Reddy]], Tamil film actress and model
* [[Ishari K. Ganesh]], Founder and chairman of Vels University
* [[Hemant Katare]], Congress MLA and politician
* [[Rose Venkatesan]], Tamil talk show host
* [[Pradeep John]], Tamil weatherman and host
* [[Mohammed Asif (sailor)|Mohammed Asif]], professional sailor and space propulsion researcher<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vintage sailing world champion Mohammed Asif |url=https://wmich.edu/news/news/2025/11/star-vintage-sailing-world-champion-mohammed-asif |publisher=Western Michigan University |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.sathyabama.ac.in Official website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Universities in Chennai]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Sumangali (TV series)

2026-02-22T20:09:08Z

Shayne2017: typo fix

{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sumangali serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| story = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] Dialogues K.Anand Samyuktha Baba Kenndy
| director = {{plainlist|
* B. Nithiyanandham (1-179)
* Shiva.K (180-287)
* V.Sadhasivam (288-400)
* A.P. Rajendran (400-600)
* K. Vetrimani (601-672)
}}
| creative_director = [[T. G. Thyagarajan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Aishwarya
*Sujeeth
*Akshitha Boopiah
}}
| theme_music_composer = Ganesh Ramana Kiran
| opentheme = "Kaniponnu Nenjatheya"
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 672
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Selvi Thyagarajan
* T.T.G. Thyaga Saravanan
}}
| cinematography = K. Sudhakar E.Manikandan
| editor = M. Muthuganesh B.James C.S.Rajapradeep
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2017|3|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2019|7|12}}
| screenplay = S.K. Sukimoorthy I.Ashokan
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
}}

'''''Sumangali''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama starring Aishwarya, Pradeep (replaced by Sujeeth) and Akshitha Bopiah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/sun-tv-telecast-3-new-serials-prime-time-045055.html|title=சுமங்கலி புது சீரியல்|date=4 March 2017 |publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> It was produced by [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] and directed by K. Vetrimani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=A4UkO6CCnLE=%20&ShowType=banner|title=Sumangali Serial Page|publisher=www.sunnetwork.in}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anu is a poor, free-minded girl who will do anything for people who are right and handles all relations. Santhosh a rich-arrogant business man who is self-centered, haughty and arrogant. At their first meeting he hates Anu. Their lives take a new turn as husband and wife. After marriage, the story is how they both live together.

== Cast ==
;Main
* Aishwarya Ramsai as Anu Santhosh / Raja Rajeswari, Santhosh's wife
* Sujeeth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/59515/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Kannada-actor-Sujeeth-becomes-hero-in-Sumangali-serial.htm|title=Sujeeth becomes hero in Sumangali|date=23 May 2017 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> as Santhosh, Anu's husband
* Akshitha Boopaiah as Nithya Duraipandi, Santhosh's ex-lover; Duraipandi's widower

;Recurring
* [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]] as Selvam, Renuka Devi's housekeeper.
* [[Sushma Nair]] as Charu, Anu's cousin
* Sri Vidhya Shankar as Nagamma, Anu's foster mother and Nithya's biological mother.
* Deepa Netran as Parvathi, Santhosh mother
* Ilavarasan as Vedhanayagam, Santhosh father
* Purusothaman as Barani, Anu's cousin
* Navin Kumar as Mani, Anu's uncle
* Sathish as Kumar, Anu's foster brotheramd Nagamma's son
* K. Veera as Rajalingam, Anu's uncle.
* Uma Rani as Meenakshi Sankarapandi, Nithya's mother-in-law.
* Santhosh as Muthupandi, Sankarapandi's 2nd son.
* Syamantha Kiran as Vasanthi, Muthupandi's crush and Kamakshi's daughter.
* Veena Venkatesh as Renuka Devi, Anu's aunt.
* Akila as Bhanu, Renuka Devi's daughter-in-law.
* Srilatha as Kamakshi, Vedhanayagam's sister.
* Vaani as Nithya's grandmother
* Jenifer Rechaal as Devi, Anu's worker

;Former
* Divya Ganessan as Anu Santhosh / Raja Rajeswari, Santhosh's wife (Replaced by Aishwarya).
* Pradeep as Santhosh, Anu's husband (Replaced by Sujeeth).
* Varshini Arza as Nithya Duraipandi (Replaced by Akshitha Bopaiah).

== Casting ==
* Actress Divya Ganesh landed of Anu
* Later on Aishwarya was replaced for the role of Anu.
* Actor Pradeep was selected to portray the lead role of Shanthosh,
* Later Kannada TV Actor Sujeeth was replaced role of Santhosh.
* Actress Varshini Arza was selected to portray the second lead role of Nithya. Later her character was replaced by Akshitha Bopaiah.
* Actor Ilavarasan was selected to the role of Vedhanayagam (Santhosh Father) and Deepa Nethran was selected to the role of Parvathi (Santhosh Mother) Gemini is joined as Sankarapandi role playing as calm and sadistic villain.
* Divya Ganesh As Anu (Later Replaced By Aishwarya)

== Production ==
The series was directed by K.Shiva. It was produced by [[Sathya Jyothi Films]], along with the production crew of 2001–2012 [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] Serials Gopuram (2001–2002), Varam (2002–2003), [[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]] (2003–2009), [[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|Kalyanam]] (2009), [[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]] (2009–2012) and [[Aan Paavam (TV series)|Aan Paavam]] (2012).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Sathya Jyothi Films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Narayana

2026-02-14T12:00:17Z

Shayne2017: updated intro after review

{{Short description|Epithet of the Hindu deity Vishnu}}
{{about|form of Vishnu|the divine sage|Nara-Narayana|other uses|Narayan (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:Sheshashayi - Laxminarayan by DHURANDHAR MV.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] as Narayana resting on [[Shesha]] on [[Kshira Sagara|celestial waters]], accompanied by his consort [[Lakshmi]], 20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]]]
{{EngvarB|date=July 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Narayana''' ({{Langx|sa|नारायण}}, {{IAST3|Nārāyaṇa}}) is one of the forms and epithets of [[Vishnu]]. In this form, the deity is depicted in yogic slumber under the [[Kshira Sagara|celestial ocean]], symbolising the [[masculine]] principle and associated with his role of creation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leeming |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&dq=narayana+form+vishnu+creation&pg=PA278 |title=Oxford Companion to World Mythology |date=2005-11-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028888-4 |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/%C5%9Br%C4%AB-k%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a-vijaya/d/doc82124.html | title=Invoking Auspiciousness [Chapter 1] | date=14 August 2014 }}</ref> He is also known as [[Purushottama]], and is considered the [[Para Brahman|Supreme Being]] in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvuDlhpvvHwC&pg=PA268|title=The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture|page=268|author=John Clifford Holt|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=2008|isbn=9788120832695}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIviDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|title=Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology|page=110|author=Jon Paul Sydnor|publisher=ISD LLC|date=29 March 2012|isbn=9780227900352}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC&pg=PA28|title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana|page=28|author=C. Mackenzie Brown|publisher=SUNY Press|date=29 August 1990|isbn=9780791403648}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAg3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA748|title=The World's Religions|page=748|author1=Peter Clarke|author2=Friedhelm Hardy|author3=Leslie Houlden|author4=Stewart Sutherland|publisher=Routledge|date=14 January 2004|isbn=9781136851858}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Narayan Aiyangar states the meaning of the [[Sanskrit]] word 'Narayana' can be traced back to the [[Manusmriti|Laws of Manu]] (also known as the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', a ''[[Dharmaśāstra]]'' text),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217324|title=Essays on Indo Aryan Mythology|last=Narayan Aiyangar|date=1901|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217324/page/n196 196]}}</ref> which states:

{{blockquote|The waters are called narah, (for) the waters are, indeed, the offspring of Nara; as they were his first residence (ayana), he thence is named Narayana.|source=Chapter 1, Verse 10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/manu/manu01.htm|title=The Laws of Manu I|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>}}

This definition is used throughout post-Vedic literature such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03188.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXVIII|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> 'Narayana' is also defined as the ' [[Purusha|primeval man]]',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/n.html|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary -- n|website=faculty.washington.edu|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507150839/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/n.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 'Supreme Being who is the foundation of all men'.<ref>[[Harivansh]], Adhyay 88 shlock 44, also, Manu Smruti 1:10 " The Law Code of Manu", Published by Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280271-2}}, page 11</ref>

*'Nara' (Sanskrit नार) means 'water' and 'man'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=nAra&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'nara'|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*'Yana' (Sanskrit यान) means 'vehicle', 'vessel', or more loosely, 'abode' or 'home'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=yana&direct=au&anz=100|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit 'yana'|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

L. B. Keny proposes that Narayana was associated with the [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]], and ultimately, the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], prior to his syncretism with Vishnu. To this end, he states that the etymology of the deity is associated with the Dravidian ''nara'', meaning ‘water’, ''ay'', which in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] means "to lie in a place", and ''an'', which is the masculine termination in [[Dravidian languages]]. He asserts that this is also the reason why Narayana is represented as lying on a [[Shesha|serpent]] in the sea. He quotes, "This Nārāyana of the Āryan pantheon seems to be the supreme being of the Mohenjo-Darians, a god who was probably styled Ān, a name still kept in [[Tamil literature]] as Āndivanam, the prototype of the historic [[Shiva|Siva]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFQ9DgAAQBAJ&dq=narayana+dravidian&pg=PA70 |title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-88920-743-1 |pages=70–71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&dq=narayana+dravidian&pg=PT48 |title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-362-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=narayana+dravidian |title=The Book of Vishnu |date=June 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306762-7 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==

In the ''[[Vedas]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]'', Narayana is described as having the divine blackish-blue color of water-filled clouds, four-armed, holding a [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]] (lotus), [[Kaumodaki]] [[Gada (mace)|gada]] (mace), [[Panchajanya]] [[shankha]] (conch), and [[Sudarshana]] [[Chakram|chakra]] (discus).

=== Hinduism ===
[[File:Badami Cave Temples 51.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Narayana at the [[Badami Cave Temples]] in [[Karnataka]]]]
{{Main|Hinduism}}

As stated in the epic ''[[Itihasa|Itihāsa]],'' the ''[[Mahabharata]]'':

{{blockquote|<poem>I am Narayana, the Source of all things, the Eternal, the Unchangeable. I am the Creator of all things, and the Destroyer also of all. I am [[Vishnu]], I am [[Brahma]] and I am [[Shiva|Shankara]], the chief of the gods. I am king Vaisravana, and I am Yama, the lord of the deceased spirits. I am [[Shiva|Siva]], I am Soma, and I am [[Kasyapa]] the lord of the created things. And, O best of regenerate ones, I am he called Dhatri, and he also that is called Vidhatri, and I am Sacrifice embodied. Fire is my mouth, the earth my feet, and the Sun and the Moon are my eyes; the Heaven is the crown of my head, the firmament and the cardinal points are my ears; the waters are born of my sweat. Space with the cardinal points are my body, and the Air is my mind...

...And, O Brahmana, whatever is obtained by men by the practice of truth, charity, ascetic austerities, and peace and harmlessness towards all creatures, and such other handsome deeds, is obtained because of my arrangements. Governed by my ordinance, men wander within my body, their senses overwhelmed by me. They move not according to their will but as they are moved by me.</poem>|source=''Mahabharata'' (translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, 1883-1896), Book 3, Varna Parva, Chapter CLXXXVIII (188)<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03188.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXVIII|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>|sign=}}

As per texts like the ''[[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Garuda Purana]], and the [[Padma Purana]]'', Narayana is [[Vishnu]] himself, who incarnates in [[Dashavatara|various avatars]].

According to the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', he is also the "Guru of the Universe". The Bhagavata Purana declares Narayana as the [[Supreme Personality of Godhead]], who engages in the creation of 14 worlds within the universe [[Brahma]] who is Deity of [[rajas]]-[[Guṇa|guna]], himself sustains, maintains and preserves the universe as [[Vishnu]] by accepting [[sattva]]-[[Guṇa|guna]].Narayana himself annihilates the universe at the end of ''Maha-Kalpa'' as Kalagni [[Rudra]] who is presiding deity of [[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]-[[Guṇa|guna]].

According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Purusha Sukta]], [[Narayana Sukta]],'' and the ''[[Narayana Upanishad]]'' from the ''Vedas,'' he is the ultimate soul.

According to [[Madhvacharya]], Narayana is one of the five [[vyuha]]s of [[Vishnu]], which are cosmic emanations of God, in contrast to his incarnate [[avatar]]s. Madhvacharya separates Vishnu's manifestations into two groups: Vishnu's vyuhas (emanations) and His avataras (incarnations).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=A. |date=2009-03-02 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook. Edited by Edwin F. Bryant. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hip002 |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=124–126 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hip002 |issn=1756-4255|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Vyuhas have their basis in the [[Pancharatra]]s, a sectarian text that was accepted as authoritative by both the [[Vishishtadvaita]] and [[Dvaita]] schools of [[Vedanta]]. They are mechanisms by which the universe is ordered, was created, and evolves. Narayana possesses the [[Caturvyūha|chatur-vyuha]] aspects of Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, who evolve one after the other in the development of the universe. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Krishna]] is also synonymous with Narayana and [[Arjuna]] is referred to as Nara.<ref>''Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems'', Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar. Published by Asian Educational Services, p.46.</ref> The epic identifies them both in plural 'Krishnas', or as part incarnations of the earlier incarnations of [[Vishnu]], recalling their mystical identity as [[Nara-Narayana]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hiltebeitel, Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The ritual of battle: Krishna in the Mahābhārata |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |isbn=0-7914-0249-5 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=vwWGX08JAx8C&pg=PA61 p61]</ref>

Narayana (as Krishna) is also described in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as having a universal form (''[[Vishvarupa]]'') which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception or imagination.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://vedabase.net/bg/11/3/en1 |title = Bhagavad-gita As It Is Chapter 11 Verse 3 |publisher = vedabase.net |access-date = 10 May 2008 |last = Prabhupada |author-link = Prabhupada |first = AC Bhaktivedanta |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014652/http://vedabase.net/bg/11/3/en1 |archive-date = 15 May 2008 }} "see the cosmic manifestation"</ref>

In the [[Narayana sukta|''Narayana Sukta'']], Narayana is essentially the supreme force and/or essence of all: ''<nowiki/>'Nārāyaṇa parabrahman tatvam Nārāyaṇa paraha'.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=॥ नारायणसूक्तम् सार्थ ॥ - .. Narayana Sukta .. - Sanskrit Documents |url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_vishhnu/narayana-sukta.html?lang=sa |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>

Narayana's eternal and supreme abode beyond the material universe is [[Vaikuntha]], a realm of bliss and happiness called [[Moksha|Paramapada]], which means the final or highest place for liberated souls, where they enjoy bliss and happiness for eternity in the company of the supreme lord. Vaikuntha is situated beyond the material universe and hence, cannot be perceived or measured by material science or logic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm |title=Sapthagiri |access-date=21 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515224306/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm |archive-date=15 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sometimes, [[Ksheera Sagara|Kshira Sagara]], where Narayana or [[Vishnu]] rests on [[Ananta Shesha|Shesha]] in his reclining ''ananta shayana'' form,<ref>{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2QRu5-rVZgC&pg=PA15 |title=Signs & Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Their Origins and Meanings |date=2008-06-02 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-1-4053-3648-2 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref> is also perceived as ''Vaikuntha'' within the material universe.

The ''[[Śruti]]'' texts mention Narayana as the primordial being who was present even when [[Brahma]] and Ishana ([[Shiva]]) were not present. He is conceived as the Supreme Soul in the texts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upanishads.org.in/otherupanishads/47/1|title=Upanishads}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
The ''Mahāsamaya Sutta'' (DN 20) of the [[Pali Canon]] mentions a deity by the name ''Veṇhu'' (Sanskrit: ''Viṣṇu''), though the text suggests that this name may also signify a class of deva. He also appears in the ''Veṇḍu Sutta'' (SN 2.12) as ''Veṇḍu'' where he addresses [[Gautama Buddha]] by celebrating the joy experienced by those who follow the [[Dharma#Buddhism|Dhamma]]. He also makes brief mention of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SN 2.12: With Vishnu —Bhikkhu Sujato |url=https://suttacentral.net/sn2.12/en/sujato |website=SuttaCentral |access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

[[Mahayana Buddhism]] elaborates on the character of this deity, where he is often called ''Nārāyaṇa'' ({{zh|c=那羅延天}}; {{bo|t=མཐུ་བོ་ཆེ།}}) or more rarely, ''[[Narasiṃha]]'' ({{lang|zh|納拉辛哈}}) and ''[[Vāsudeva]]'' ({{lang|zh|婆藪天}}). Literature often depicts him as a [[Vajradhara]] ({{lang|zh|金剛力士}}). He is present in the [[Womb Realm|Womb Realm Mandala]] and is among the twelve guardian devas of the [[Diamond Realm|Diamond Realm Mandala]]. He is associated with [[Shravana|Śrāvaṇa]] in esoteric astrology.<ref>{{cite web |title=那羅延 |url=http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6 |website=Digital Dictionary of Buddhism |access-date=25 December 2019 |date=2009}}</ref> His queen consort is Nārāyaṇī.<ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |url=https://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=482 |title=The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra |date=2005 |publisher=BDK America, Inc. |translator-last=Giebel |translator-first=Rolf W. |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613152801/https://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=482 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is said to have been born from [[Avalokiteśvara]]'s heart.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter Alan |last2=Tulku Yeshi |title=The Basket's Display |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-051-004.html#title |website=84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha |access-date=25 December 2019 |date=2013}}</ref> The [[Buddha]]s are sometimes described as having a firm vajra body like Nārāyaṇa.

The [[Yogacarabhumi-sastra|''Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra'']] describes him as having three faces with a greenish-yellow complexion. He holds a wheel in his right hand and rides upon a [[garuḍa]]. Chapter 6 of the [[Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)|''Yiqiejing Yinyi'']] explains that he belongs to the [[Kāmadhātu]] and is venerated for the acquisition of power. Chapter 41 adds that he has eight arms that wield various "Dharma weapons" (''dharmāyudha'') with which he subjugates the [[asura (Buddhism)|asuras]].

He appears as an [[Interlocutor (linguistics)|interlocutor]] in several [[Mahayana sutras]], including the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra|Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]'', ''Sarvapuṇyasamuccayasamādhi Sūtra'' and the ''Nārāyaṇaparipṛcchā Dhāraṇī''.

He is also mentioned in several places in the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'', one of the ''[[Sutras]]'' that describe the life of [[Gautama Buddha]]. It is said that because the Buddha is "endowed with the great strength of Nārāyaṇa, he is called the great Nārāyaṇa himself."

The [[Chinese Manichaean]] manuscript ''[[Moni Guangfo]]'', a syncretic religious text incorporating both Buddhist and Manichaean elements, considers Nārāyaṇa ({{lang-zh|t=那羅延|p=Naluoyan}}) to be one of the Five Buddhas, with the other buddhas being [[Zoroaster]], [[Buddha in Manichaeism|Śākyamuni]], [[Jesus in Manichaeism|Jesus]], and [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]].<ref name="MaWang2018">{{cite journal | last1=Ma | first1=Xiaohe | last2=Wang | first2=Chuan | title=On the Xiapu Ritual Manual Mani the Buddha of Light | journal=Religions | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=9 | issue=7 | date=2018-07-09 | issn=2077-1444 | doi=10.3390/rel9070212 | page=212 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Jainism ===
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2025}}{{Main|Jainism}}

[[Balabhadra]] and ''Narayana'' are mighty half-brothers, who appear nine times in each half of the time cycles of the [[Jain cosmology]] and jointly rule half the earth as half-chakravarti. Ultimately ''Prati-naryana'' is killed by ''Narayana'' for his unrighteousness and immorality. Narayana are extremely powerful and are as powerful as 2 Balabhadras. Chakravartins are as powerful as 2 Narayanas. Hence Narayanas become half-chakravartins. Tirthankaras are much more powerful than Chakravartins. In Jain ''Mahabharata'', there is a friendly duel between cousin brothers [[Neminatha]] (Tirthankara) and Krishna (Naryana) in which Neminath lost to Krishna without any effort at all. There is also a story of Neminatha lifting the conch of Krishna and blowing it without any effort. The Jain ''Mahabharata'' describes Krishna's conflict with [[Jarasandha]], who he kills.

==Literature==

Narayana is hailed in certain parts of the ''[[Vedas]]'' like the ''Narayana Suktam'' and the ''Vishnu Suktam''. He is also hailed in selective Vaishnavaite ''[[Upanishads]]'' like the ''[[Narayana Upanishad]]'', ''[[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]'', and the ''[[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Narayanastra – Defending Vaishnavism as the supreme Vedic position|url = http://narayanastra.blogspot.in/|website = narayanastra.blogspot.in|access-date = 21 October 2015}}</ref>

The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' relates an episode where Narayana grants Rudra (Shiva) a boon. The destroyer deity seeks two boons. Firstly, he wishes to be the greatest of the devotees of Narayana, as well as bearing the reputation of the same throughout the world. Secondly, he desires the ability to offer salvation to whoever seeks refuge in him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-09-26 |title=Nārāyaṇa Grants Boons to Rudra [Chapter 2] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365433.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The prowess of Narayana is described in the ''[[Ramayana]]'':<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-27 |title=The Combat between Vishnu and the Rakshasas [Chapter 7] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424768.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Narayana, like unto a luminous cloud, with his excellent shafts loosed from His bow, as so many lightning strokes, exterminated those rangers of the night with their hair dishevelled and streaming in the wind. Their parasols broken, their rich apparel torn by the shafts, their entrails ripped open, their eyes wide with fear, those warriors, throwing away their arms, fell into a frenzy of terror. Resembling elephants attacked by a lion, those night-rangers with their mounts emitted cries whilst fleeing from that Primeval Lion [i.e., Vishnu’s incarnation as Nrsimha—half man, half lion], who pursued them.|author=[[Valmiki]]|title=''[[Ramayana]]''|source=Book 7, Chapter 7}}

[[Ramanuja]]'s prayer of surrender to Narayana in the ''[[Sharanagati Gadyam]]'' of the ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' was and is significant to his Sri Vaishnava adherents, as it became a model prayer for future generations. In this prayer, Ramanuja describes Narayana to be the "beloved consort of [[Lakshmi|Sri]] and of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] and [[Niladevi|Nila]]". He is stated to reside in his abode of Vaikuntha, where he assumes the role of the creation, preservation, as well as the destruction of the universe. Narayana is extolled to be the same as the Ultimate Reality, [[Brahman]]. He is regarded to be the refuge of all creation, the master of spiritual as well as material entities, as well as the dispeller of the miseries of his devotees. He ends his prayer by saluting Narayana and his consort Sri, to whom he surrenders to his "lotus-like feet".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |title=The Tamil Veda Pillan Interpretation Of Tiruvaymoli J Carman And V Narayanan |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press. |location=Chicago, IL}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|File:Narayan Temple on Narayanhiti palace premises 01.jpg|Narayan Temple on Narayanhiti palace premises, Kathmandu, Nepal
|File:Sridhar Narayan statue.jpg|Oldest Sridhar Narayan statue at Naksaal, Kathmandu
|image:Royal Barges National Museum - 2014-02-25 - 004.jpg|The bow of [[Royal Barge Procession|Royal Barge Narai Song Suban]] HM [[Rama IX]] of Thailand, it carved an image of Narayana riding a [[Garuda]]
|file:Bangkok National Museum - 2017-04-22 (43).jpg|Sculpture of Narayana around 14/15th century, found at the [[Devasathan]], inner Bangkok, Thailand
|image:Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg|Sculpture of Narayana ride a Garuda built in Khmer art style in front of InterContinental Bangkok, [[Phloen Chit Road]], it is one of the most respected Hindu shrines in the [[Ratchaprasong]] neighbourhood alike [[Erawan Shrine]]
|image:Indian - The Recumbent Vishnu and the Creation of Brahma - Walters W906.jpg|Drawing of sleeping Narayana on [[Sheshanaga]] while the four-headed [[Brahma]] springs from his navel
|file:Bangkok Airport 06.JPG|Statue of Narayana in [[Thai art]] style stands on [[Mount Mandara]] within [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]], Samut Prakan, Thailand
|file:Bangkok National Museum - 2017-04-22 (016).jpg|Khmer lintel depicting Narayana sleeping upon the Sheshanaga in the middle of [[Kshir Sagar|Milky Ocean]], [[Bangkok National Museum]]
|title=}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Adam Kadmon]]
*[[Bhagavan]]
*[[Bhakti]]
*[[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu]]
*[[Hari]]
*[[Hiranyagarbha]]
*[[Jagannath]]
*[[Kshirodakasayi Vishnu]]
*[[Mahavishnu]]
*[[Narayana sukta]]
*[[Pangu]]
*[[Parabrahman]]
*[[Paramatma]]
*[[Pausha]]
*[[Ranganatha]]
*[[Sankarshana]]
*[[Vaikunta]]
*[[Vishnu]]
*[[World egg]]
*[[Salakapurusa]]
{{div col end}}

{{Pancaratra}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nārāyaṇa}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514020114/http://www.chennaionline.com/festivalsnreligion/religion/religion33.asp Name of Narayana even at the time of death can save a great sinner, Ajamila.]
* http://www.ayurvedacollege.com/articles/drhalpern/om_namo_narayanaya Om Namo Narayana and Ayurveda

{{HinduAvatars}}
{{Burmese nats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Names of Vishnu]]

[[ja:那羅延天]]

Dineshsinh Kushwaha

2026-02-06T15:33:53Z

Shayne2017: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Dineshsinh Kushwaha''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dineshsinh Rajendrasinh Kushwaha(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAPUNAGAR(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6257 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Bapunagar East Assembly constituency in [[Ahmedabad district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Bapunagar Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Dineshsinh Rajendrasinh Kushwaha Wins From Bapunagar , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bapunagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568145 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kushwaha is from [[Bapunagar]], Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Rajendrasinh Kushwaha. He studied Class 12 at D. A. Patel Technical High School and passed a technical course in the year 1987.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kushwaha won from [[Bapunagar Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 59,465 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Himmatsinh Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 12,070 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0649.htm?ac=49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205165903/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0649.htm?ac=49 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bapunagar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dineshsinh Rajendrasinh Kushwaha Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/bapunagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563305.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Dineshsinh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]

Narmada River

2026-02-04T09:16:41Z

Shayne2017: added page and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|River in central India}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Narmada
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| name_othennr =
| name_etymology =

| image = Narmada River Jabalpur India.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Narmada River at Bhedaghat, Jabalpur, India
| map = [[File:Narmada river map.jpg|250px]] [[File:Narmadarivermap.jpg|250px]]
| map_size =
| map_caption = Maps showing the course of the Narmada, selected tributaries, and the approximate extent of its drainage area
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Jabalpur]], [[Narmadapuram]], [[Budhni]], [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]], [[Narsinghpur]] [[Harda]], [[Mandhata]], [[Omkareshwar]], [[Barwaha]], [[Mandleshwar]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Barwani]], [[Mandla]], [[Bharuch]], [[Rajpipla]], [[Sinor, Gujarat|Sinor]] ([[Vadodara District]]), [[Dabhoi]] ([[Vadodara District]]), [[Karjan]] ([[Vadodara District]]), [[Dharampuri]]

| length = {{convert|1312|km|mi|abbr=on}}approx.
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1447|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= Garudeshwar<ref>{{cite web
| title = Narmada Basin Station: Garudeshwar
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
| url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853200.html
| access-date = 2013-10-01
}}</ref>
| discharge2_min = {{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|1216|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|11246|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}

| source1 = [[Narmada Kund]]
| source1_location = [[Amarkantak]] [[Plateau]], [[Anuppur district]], [[Central India]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|22|40|0|N|81|45|0|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1048|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Gulf of Khambhat]] ([[Arabian Sea]])
| mouth_location = [[Bharuch District]], [[Gujarat]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|39|4|N|72|48|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left = Kharmer, Burhner, Banjar, Temur, Sanair (Saner), [[Sher River|Sher]], [[Shakkar River|Shakkar]], [[Dudhi River|Dudhi]], Sukhri, [[Tawa River|Tawa]], Hather, Ganjal, Ajnal, Machak, Chhota Tawa, [[Kaveri River, Madhya Pradesh|Kaveri (MP)]], Khurkia, Kunda, Borad, Deb, Goi, Karjan
| tributaries_right = Silgi, Balai, Gaur, [[Hiran River (Madhya Pradesh)|Hiran]], Biranjo, Tendoni, [[Barna Dam|Barna]], [[Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kolar (MP)]], Sip, Jamner, Chandrakeshar, Khari, Kenar, [[Choral River|Choral]], Karam, Man, Uri, Hathni, [[Orsang]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Narmada River''' ({{ipa|hi|nəɾməd̪aː|ipa}}), previously also known as the ''Narbada'' or anglicised as ''Nerbudda'', is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh and [[Gujarat]] in India and is known as their lifeline due to its contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the [[Amarkantak|Amarkantak Plateau]] in the [[Anuppur district]] in Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional boundary between [[North India|North]] and [[South India]] and flows westwards for {{convert|1312|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} before draining through the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] into the [[Arabian Sea]], {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} west of [[Bharuch]] city of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nvda.nic.in/nvda.htm |title=Narmada Valley Development Authority, NVDA, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Narmada Basin, Narmada Water Dispute |publisher=Nvda.nic.in |date=1985-07-16 |access-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528090902/http://www.nvda.nic.in/nvda.htm |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rivers/narmada.html|title=Narmada River Map}}</ref>

It is one of only two major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the [[Tapti River]]. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a [[rift valley]], bordered by the [[Satpura]] and [[Vindhya]] ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries. Other rivers which flow through the rift valley include the [[Damodar River]] in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and Tapti. The Tapti River and [[Mahi River]] also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh ({{convert|1077|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}), and [[Maharashtra]], ({{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}), ({{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}) (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra ({{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}) and then the border between Maharashtra and Gujarat ({{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}) and in Gujarat ({{convert|161|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}).<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://nca.gov.in/nb_geogr.htm |title=Narmada Control Authority |publisher=NCA |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Maris Erythraei]] (c. 80 AD) called the river the Namnadius (Ναμνάδιος),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00523.html#id05144 |title=paragraph 42 |publisher=Ntz.info |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]] called it Namadus (Νάμαδος) and Namades (Ναμάδης)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=N:entry+group=1:entry=namadus-geo|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), NAARDA, NAARDA, NAMADUS|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> and the [[British Raj]] called it the Nerbudda or Narbada.<ref>11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nerbudda |volume=19 |page=388}}</ref> Narmada is a [[Sanskrit]] word meaning "The Giver of Pleasure"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary |url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/ |publisher=Sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>''

== Course ==
[[File:Amarkantak.jpg|thumb|right|Narmada Kund, Narmada's origin at [[Amarkantak]]]]
[[File:Narmada River .jpg|thumb|Narmada River at Tilwara Ghat, [[Jabalpur]]]]
[[File:Omkareshwar1.JPG|thumb|Narmada River in [[Omkareshwar]]]]
[[File:Dhuandhar falls4.JPG|thumb|Narmada River flowing through a [[gorge]] of [[Marble Rocks]] in [[Bhedaghat]]]]
[[File:Dhuandhar falls2.JPG|thumb|Side view of the [[Dhuandhar Fall]]s seen during the [[monsoon]] season]]

The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the [[Narmada Kund]]. It is located at [[Amarkantak]] on the Amarkantak Plateau<ref>{{cite book |title=India: Physical Environment |publisher=NCERT |date=March 2006 |page=27 |chapter=3: Drainage System |isbn=81-7450-538-5}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /> in the [[Anuppur District]], on Shahdol zone of eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>Chadhar, Mohanlal (2017), Amarakantak kshetra ka puravaibhava, SSDN, Publisher and Distributor, New Delhi, {{ISBN|978-93-8357-509-1}}</ref> The river descends from Sonmuda, then falls over a cliff as the Kapildhara waterfall, and meanders, in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands, up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]] and [[Mandla]], {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} further southeast, the course is comparatively straight, with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards [[Jabalpur]]. Close to this city, after a fall of some {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}, called the [[Dhuandhar Falls|Dhuandhara]] (the fall of mist), it flows for {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, in a deep, narrow channel through the magnesium [[limestone]] and [[basalt]] rocks, called the [[Marble Rocks]]; from a width of about {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}, above, it is compressed in this channel of ({{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting with the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the south. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the [[Fault scarp|scarps]] and the [[Satpura Range|Satpura hills]].
[[File:Bhedaghat1 (Hsk007in).jpg|thumb|right|[[Marble Rocks]] alongside Narmada River]]

Emerging from the [[Marble Rocks]] the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, with an average width of {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite [[Hoshangabad|Narmadapuram]]. However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about ({{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the [[Satpura Hills]].<ref name=EB1911 /> Among them are: the [[Sher River]], [[Shakkar River]], the [[Dudhi River]], the [[Tawa River|Tawa]] (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. [[Hiran River (Madhya Pradesh)|The Hiran]], the [[Barna Dam|Barna]], the [[Choral River|Choral]], the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north.

Below [[Handia, Madhya Pradesh|Handia]] and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. [[Omkareshwar]], sacred to [[Shiva]] is an important place of worship in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the [[Kaveri River, Madhya Pradesh|Kaveri]] join it below the [[Khandwa]] plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} below [[Nemawar]], and Dadrai, {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}.
[[File:Narmada river.jpg|thumb|right|Narmada River at full flow during monsoon in [[Bhedaghat]]]]

A few kilometres further down in [[Barwaha]] the Narmada enters the [[Mandleshwar]] plain, the second basin about {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} long and {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} up to Markari falls is met with a succession of [[cataracts]] and [[rapids]] from the elevated table land of [[Malwa]] to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Below Makrai, the river flows between [[Baroda|Vadodara]] district and [[Narmada district]] and then meanders through the rich plain of [[Bharuch district]] of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, [[gravel]]s of nodular [[limestone]] and [[sand]]. The width of the river spans from about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} at Makrai to {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} near Bharuch and to an estuary of {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} at the [[Gulf of Cambay]]. An old channel of the river, {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} to {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in [[Vadodara district]] of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The [[Amaravathi River|Amaravati]] and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The tidal rise is felt up to {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}. The river is navigable for vessels of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and [[shoals]] at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic [[Banyan tree]], which covers {{convert|10000|m2|acre}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Narmada basin ==
[[File:1 Narmada River and a Bridge Gujarat India.jpg|thumb|Railway Bridge on Narmada River at Bharuch, Gujarat]]
The [[Narmada Valley Development Authority#Narmada Basin|Narmada basin]], hemmed between [[Vindhya]] and [[Satpura]] ranges, extends over an area of {{convert|98796|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}} and lies on the northern extremity of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (82%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra (4%) and in Chhattisgarh (2%). 60% of the basin is made up of arable land, 35% is forest cover and 5% is made up of other types of land such as grassland or wasteland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Harish |last2=Chakrapani |first2=G. J. |date=2005-08-01 |title=Temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment load in Narmada River Basin, India: natural and man-made factors |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-1314-2 |journal=Environmental Geology|volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=579–589 |doi=10.1007/s00254-005-1314-2 |bibcode=2005EnGeo..48..579G |s2cid=129789728 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the entire course of the river of {{convert|1312|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> [[Dhupgarh]] (1,350 m), near [[Pachmarhi]] is the highest point of the Narmada basin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/|title=A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada|date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering parts of [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]] and [[Seoni district|Seoni]], (2) The upper plains covering parts of [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]], [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Narmadapuram district|Narmadapuram]], [[Betul District|Betul]], [[Harda District|Harda]], [[Raisen district|Raisen]] and [[Sehore district|Sehore]] districts, (3) The middle plains covering parts of [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]], [[Khargone district|Khargone]], [[Dewas district|Dewas]], [[Indore district|Indore]] and [[Dhar district|Dhar]], (4) The lower hilly areas covering parts of [[Barwani district|Barwani]], [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udepur]] and [[Narmada district|Narmada]], and (5) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada, [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]], and parts of [[Vadodara district]]. The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of [[alluvial]] [[clay]]s with a layer of black soils on the surface.<ref>[http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/271.pdf], ''nwda.gov.in'', {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304065702/http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/271.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

The valley experiences extremes of [[hydrometeorological]] and [[climatic]] conditions with the upper catchment having an annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] in the range of {{convert|1000|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}} to {{convert|1850|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}} and with half or even less than half in its lower regions ({{convert|650|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}}–{{convert|750|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}}); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry [[deciduous]] [[teak]] forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Geology ==
About 160 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangea broke into two large masses. The northern part was Laurasia and the southern continental mass was [[Gondwana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neuß |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVQzAQAAQBAJ |title=Narmadāparikramā – Circumambulation of the Narmadā River: On the Tradition of a Unique Hindu Pilgrimage |publisher=BRILL |year=2012|isbn=9789004230286 }}</ref> Between the two continents, a large sea, [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] existed. Presently the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] have taken the position of the ancient [[Tethys Ocean]]. The Gondwana was intruded by few large [[marine transgressions]]. A deep gulf or sea existed along the [[Sindh]]-[[Baluchistan]] and [[Kutchh|Kutch]]. At one time, a marine ravine penetrated the very centre of Peninsular India through a narrow inlet along the present valley of Narmada. During this time [[India]] was divided into two halves by narrow strips of marine transgressions and there was no land communication between the Peninsular and northern India. Along the Narmada Valley, several patches of sediments have been deposited which contains ancient remains of animals. These fossils are similar to those found along the tracts of [[Tapti River|Tapi river]]. Such similarity probably suggests that even about 3 million years ago, Narmada and Tapi were confluent and the separate fate of these two rivers was decided by recent earth movements. The [[Bhedaghat]] falls of Narmada, near [[Jabalpur]], was probably created during one such movement. The Narmada Valley is a [[graben]], a layered block of the [[Earth's crust]] that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal [[fault (geology)|faults]], known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of the Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan [[Table (landform)|tableland]], the streams from which flow into the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]].<ref name=EB1911 />

== Significance in Hinduism ==
{{anchor | Significance | Hinduism }}

[[File:Temple in Maheshwar.jpg|thumb|A scenic view of Maheshwar Temple on the banks of Narmada River]]
[[File:Omkareshwar Temple 03.jpg|thumb|Omkareshwar Temple on the banks of Narmada River]]

===Deity status ===
Like the Ganges, the Narmada River is a goddess and a river in Hinduism. The [[Matsya Purana]] states that all of the banks along the Narmada are sacred.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |location=New York |pages=268–270 }}</ref> [[Ptolemy]] called the Narmada River 'Nammadus' and the author of the [[Periplus]] called it 'Nammadios.'<ref name=":0" />

There are many stories about the origin of the Narmada River. According to the Rewa Khand, the Narmada was created from Shiva's perspiration while he was performing penance on Mount Riksha.<ref name=":1" /> Due to this, the Narmada River is known as Shiva's daughter.<ref name=":1" /> In another legend, two teardrops fell from the eyes of [[Brahma]], the creator of the universe, which yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the [[Son River|Son]].<ref name=":0" />

Narmada is also said to have been engaged with the [[Son River|Sonbhadra]], another river flowing on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. According to the [[Puranas]], the Narmada is also called the Reva, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narmada River |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/narmada-river |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=India Water Portal Hindi|date=22 December 2008 }}</ref>

The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess Muktidayani, or liberating mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Hinduism |date=2018-01-01 |title=Insight: The Benevolent Narmada River |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/insight-the-benevolent-narmada-river/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Hinduism Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Adi Shankara]] met his guru [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]] in Omkareshwar, a town on the banks of the Narmada.<ref name=":2" />

===Source of sacred linga pebbles===
{{anchor | Linga | Pebble | Pebbles | Banalinga }}

Narmada is also considered sacred because of the pebbles known as [[banalinga]] that are found on the river bed. The pebbles are made up of white quartz and are linga shaped.<ref name=":0" /> They are believed to be the personified form of Shiva and there is a popular saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" which means that 'Shiva is in the pebbles of Narmada'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Omkareshwar and Maheshwar: Travel Guide |date=2011 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |pages=13–27}}</ref>

===Pilgrimage===
{{anchor | Pilgrimage | Parikrama | Narmada Parikrama}}

'''Uttarvahini Panchkoshi Narmada Parikrama''' (literally "Northward-flowing 5- Narmada Circumbulation"), is a yearly month-long a significant religious pilgrimage dedicated to the Narmada River, spans a 14-kilometer path beside the Narmada River in Gujarat's Narmada region on a stretch of the river is notable for its unusual northward flow, a direction considered exceptionally sacred in Hindu beliefs. Pilgrims traditionally traverse this route on foot, visiting important riverbanks known as ghats, including Shaherav Ghat, Rengan Ghat, Rampura Ghat, and Tilakwada Ghat. More than just a physical act of walking around the river, this parikrama offers an immersion into the cultural heritage of central India, providing insights into the local ways of life, customs, and religious observances. The Puranas state, ''"Ganga Snane, Yamuna Paane, Narmada darshane, Tatha Taapi Smarane"'' meaning ''"liberation is attained by bathing in the Ganges, drinking the water of the Yamuna, having darshan of the Narmada, and remembering the Tapi"'', i.e. "while bathing in the Ganges and drinking Yamuna’s water are sacred, merely having darshan of the Narmada is believed to bestow liberation". Of the 150,000 rivers in the world, 400 are in India, Narmada is the only river in the world venerated through a sacred[[parikrama]] or the river.<ref name=parn1>[https://thenewsmill.com/2025/03/gujarat-uttarvahini-panchkoshi-narmada-parikrama-set-to-begin-on-march-29-14-km-spiritual-journey-to-last-a-month/ Gujarat: Uttarvahini Panchkoshi Narmada Parikrama set to begin on March 29, 14 km spiritual journey to last a month], thenewsmill.com, 27 Mar 2025.</ref>

The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brill.com/narmadaparikrama-circumambulation-narmada-river |title=Narmadāparikramā – Circumambulation of the Narmadā River |publisher=Brill |access-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917222019/http://www.brill.com/narmadaparikrama-circumambulation-narmada-river |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake.<ref name=EB1911 />

The Uttarvahini Narmada Parikrama, a significant pilgrimage, involves a 14-kilometer circumambulation along the Narmada River. This journey can commence at either the Rampura ghat or Tilakwada. Starting from Rampura ghat, pilgrims proceed along the riverbank towards Tilakwada, crossing a temporary bridge at Saherav before arriving at Rengan ghat. To complete the circle, they then cross the river by canoe. Alternatively, the parikrama can begin in Tilakwada, leading devotees through Rengan and Rampura, then via Saherav, ultimately returning to Tilakwada. Regardless of the starting point, the devotees traverse a seven-kilometer stretch on each side of the river, totaling the 14-kilometer sacred walk.<ref name=narmp1/>

Many [[sadhus]] and pilgrims walk on foot from the [[Arabian Sea]] at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a {{convert|2600|km|adj=on}} walk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mukti4u2.dk/narmada_river.htm |title=Narmada River |publisher=Mukti4u2.dk |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The sacred Narmada parikrama|journal=Tattvaloka|date=September 2018|volume=XLI|issue=6|publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Mahaswamigal Educational Trust|location=[[Sringeri]]|issn=0970-8901|last=Natarajan|first=Padmini|pages=53–5}}</ref> Important towns of interest in the valley are [[Jabalpur]], [[Barwani|Barwaha]], [[Narmadapuram]], Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and [[Rajpipla]] and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Chausath Yogini Temple, Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of [[Baji Rao Peshwa]] and [[Bhimbetka]], and among the falls are the [[Dhuandhar Falls]], Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nca.gov.in/nb_place_falls1.htm |title=Narmada Control Authority |publisher=NCA |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

The pilgrimage, which is held in Hindu month of [[Chaitra]] (Late March to April), at least 100,000 daily pilgrims for a month, or at least 3 million pilgrims over the duration of the event making it one of the [[List of largest peaceful gatherings|largest peaceful gatherings in the world]].<ref name=narmp1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-narmada-uttarvahini-parikrama-devotees-stranded-overcrowding-weekend-9943906/ Narmada Uttarvahini Parikrama: Collector urges devotees to avoid weekends as thousands left stranded due to massive rush], Indian Express, 15 Apr 2025.</ref>

== Ecology ==
[[File:Amarkantak3.jpg|thumb|Forests of [[Amarkantak]]]]
[[File:Bark of Lagerstroemia parviflora.jpg|thumb|Bark of ''Lagerstroemia parviflora'']]
[[File:Tigress with cubs in Kanha Tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|Tigress with her two cubs in [[Kanha National Park]]]]

The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of {{convert|169900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}} consists of dry [[deciduous]] forests. The [[ecoregion]] lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast [[monsoon]], and the drier forests and [[scrubland]]s of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to the south and [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]] to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} ''[[Teak|Tectona grandis]]'' is the dominant canopy tree, in association with ''[[Coromandel Ebony|Diospyros melanoxylon]]'', Dhaora (''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]''), ''Lagerstroemia parviflora'', ''[[Terminalia tomentosa]]'', ''Lannea coromandelica'', ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'' and ''[[Boswellia serrata]]''. [[Riparian]] areas along the regions' rivers and streams, which receive yearg– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'', ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' (Jambul), ''[[Syzygium]]'' ''Heyneanum'', ''[[Salix tetrasperma]]'', ''[[Homonoia (plant)|Homonoia riparia]]'', and ''[[Vitex negundo]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Narmada Valley Dry Deciduous Forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/narmada-valley-dry-deciduous-forests/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=One Earth |date=15 December 2021 }}</ref>

The ecoregion is home to 76 species of [[mammal]]s and to 276 bird species, none of which are [[endemism|endemic]].<ref name=":3" /> About 30% of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the [[Vindhya]] and [[Satpura]] ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within [[protected areas]], including [[Bandhavgarh]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], and [[Sanjay National Park]]s.

Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following: [[Kanha National Park]] located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the [[Tiger]]. Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Sulkum and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of [[Asia]], which has been described vividly by [[Rudyard Kipling]] in his famous creation ''[[The Jungle Book]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-12 |title=Kanha National Park, India |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/national-parks/kanha-national-park.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-21 |title=Kanha National Park: Follow Mowgli's Footsteps – Europe Up Close |url=https://europeupclose.com/article/national-park-kanha-kisli-india/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=europeupclose.com}}</ref>

[[Satpura National Park]], set up in 1981, is located in [[Hoshangabad district|Narmadapuram district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its name is derived from Satpura hill ranges (Mahadeo hills) and covers an area of {{convert|524|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}} and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, provides {{convert|1427|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}} of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, [[leopard]], [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], bhedki, [[nilgai]], four-horned [[antelope]], [[chinkara]], [[gaur]], [[wild boar]], [[Dhole|wild dog]], [[sloth bear]], [[black buck]], fox, [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], [[Indian giant squirrel]]. There are a variety of birds. [[Hornbill]] and [[peafowl]] are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly [[Sal tree|sal]], teak, [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|aonla]], [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]], [[Aegle marmelos|bael]], [[bamboo]], and a variety of [[grass]]es and [[medicinal plants]].

Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity.

[[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]], Dindori National [[fossil]]s park Ghughuya is situated in [[Dindori district]] of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of [[Mandla District]] (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park is an area that spreads over {{convert|274100|m2|ft2|abbr=on|1}}. Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also, but they lie outside the national park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6.5 crore-year-old fossil in Ghughua – Vikas Kumar – The Sunday Indian |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/65-crore-year-old-fossil-in-ghughua/14/12889/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=thesundayindian.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124701/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/65-crore-year-old-fossil-in-ghughua/14/12889/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-25 |title=Fossil National Park: An official website of Dindori-District, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=http://www.dindori.nic.in/fnpghugua.htm |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225181005/http://www.dindori.nic.in/fnpghugua.htm |archive-date=25 February 2013 }}</ref>

The Pachmarhi [[Biosphere Reserve]] covers part of three civil districts viz., Narmadapuram, [[Betul District|Betul]] and [[Chhindwara]] of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is {{convert|4926.28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}. It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km2), Satpura National Park ({{convert|524.37|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}), and [[Pachmarhi Sanctuary]] ({{convert|461.37|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}). [[Satpura National Park]] comprises the core zone and the remaining area of {{convert|4501.91|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}), surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of [[floral]] and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes a large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/conservation/pdf/21.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – AD021full.doc |work=gisdevelopment.net |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the [[Amarkantak]], the [[Bagh Caves]] and the [[Bhedaghat]]. In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] three new protected areas may be created, which are, a) the Narmada National Park (496.70 km2), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km2) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km2) comprising a total area of {{cvt|788.57|km2}}.<ref>[http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/Rufford%20Final.doc Rufford Final] ''www.ruffordsmallgrants.org'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819205020/http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/Rufford%20Final.doc|date=19 August 2008}}</ref>

[[Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary|Shoolpaneshwar]] Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about {{convert|607|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}, comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including [[eagle]]s and [[hawks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nca.gov.in/faq1.htm |title=Narmada Control Authority |publisher=NCA |date=3 June 1987 |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.traveltoworld.com/india-travel-guide/509/shoolpaneshwar-sanctuary-gujarat/ |title=India Travel guide |publisher=India.traveltoworld.com |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619212557/http://india.traveltoworld.com/india-travel-guide/509/shoolpaneshwar-sanctuary-gujarat/ |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Anthropological and archaeological sites ==
The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue excavations in response, and transplanted a number of temples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mparchaeology.org/narmcons.asp |title=Department of Archaeology |publisher=Mparchaeology.org |access-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227141449/http://mparchaeology.org/narmcons.asp |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss.<ref>{{cite web|author=J. Neuss|title= On the Loss of Cultural Heritage in the Narmada Valley|publisher=[[Berliner Indologische Studien]]|date=2012|pages=195–248|url=https://www.academia.edu/3110800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130409232445/http://www.academia.edu/3110800/On_the_Loss_of_Cultural_Heritage_in_the_Narmada_Valley|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-09|access-date=2014-03-03}}</ref> Many Dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada valley. The first dinosaur fossil in India was discovered in 1828 by [[William Sleeman]] at [[Jabalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhedaghat-Lametaghat in Narmada Valley |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6531/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> In 1982 fossil remains of ''[[Rajasaurus narmadensis]]'', which lived in the [[Cretaceous|Cretaceous Period]], was discovered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=Shrikala |title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism |publisher=Mayur University London |year=2014 |location=London |pages=134–140 }}</ref>

The [[Narmada Human]], an extinct hominin species was discovered near Hathnora village in [[Sehore district]] in 1982, and is one of the earliest hominin bones in South East Asia. Other evidence or early hominin activity, including tools, have been found along the valley <ref>{{cite journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202122313/https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2013.4|title=Nature|journal=Nature India |date=17 January 2013 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2013.4 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2013.4 |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2 December 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== River development ==
The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as {{convert|33210000|acre.ft|km3}} of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Sutlej]] rivers, which feed the [[Indus]] basin. The 75% dependable flow is {{convert|28000000|acre.ft|km3}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nca.gov.in/rti_index.html |title=Narmada Control Authority : Homepage |publisher=Nca.gov.in |access-date=2014-03-03}}</ref>

=== Sardar Sarovar Dam ===
{{Main|Sardar Sarovar Dam}}

As one of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest structure to be built. It is the second largest concrete dam in the world in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the [[Grand Coulee Dam]] across the [[Columbia River]], US.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-biggest-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-september-17-4843132/ | title= PM Modito inaugurate world's second biggest dam on September 17 | date=14 September 2017 | newspaper=The Indian Express | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/narendra-modi-inaugurates-sardar-sarovar-dam-170917123309247.html | title=Narendra Modi inaugurates Sardar Sarovar Dam | date=17 September 2017 | publisher=Al Jazeera | access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref> It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large [[hydraulic engineering]] project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectricity multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. After a number of cases before the [[Supreme Court of India]] (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014 the Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}} to a final {{convert|163|m|abbr=on}} from foundation.<ref name=go>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/978064.stm|title=BBC News — South Asia — Go-ahead for India dam project|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sardar Sarovar Power Complex|url=http://www.nca.gov.in/power_index.htm|publisher=Narmada Control Authority|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330085818/http://nca.gov.in/power_index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Water dispute ====
Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters began in 1945 to 1946 by A. N. Khosla who was the chairman of the Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC). In 1948 the Khosla Committee recommended that further investigations be carried out on four of the seven proposed sites. The four sites included Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and the Broach Barrage and Canal Project.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Khagram |first=Sanjeev |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv3mtbqn |title=Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2004 |pages=67–76|jstor=10.7591/j.ctv3mtbqn |isbn=9780801442285 }}</ref> In 1951 CWNIC was renamed Central Waterways & Power Commission (CWPC) and in 1957 a senior member of the CWPC selected further investigations to be completed at Navagam, a site that fell under the Broach Project. Navagam eventually became CWPC's preferred site because the geography allowed the dam's height to be raised higher. In 1960, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Irrigation and Power consultant team recommended that the Navagam Dam height be raised in one phase and that the drought prone areas in then Bombay State (modern day Saurashtra and Kutch regions) receive irrigation.<ref name=":4" />

On 1 May 1960 [[Bombay state]] was separated into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Navagam Dam site and Broach Project fell under the newly formed State of Gujarat and further development and planning was given to the Gujarat State government.<ref name=":4" /> The Gujarat State government began planning studies for harnessing Narmada's water past the Punasa site in Madhya Pradesh. At the same time, the Government of Madhya Pradesh was also finalising a separate report for the Punasa Project. The competing plans led to inter-State [[water conflict]]s to arise because the Narmada did not have enough water supply to meet the requirements as planned by the two states. This began inter-State conflicts that went on for several years until 1963 when the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat arrived at a set of compromises called the Bhopal Agreement. Gujarat State ratified the agreement but Madhya Pradesh did not, which led to another impasse.<ref name=":4" />

To break the logjam, a high-level Committee was appointed by the [[Government of India]] (GOI) in September 1964. In 1965, the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin, which involved construction of 12 major projects in Madhya Pradesh and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat. Gujarat endorsed the proposal, but Maharashtra did not. After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem, in 1968 GOI agreed to establish the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) under the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] of 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley.<ref name=":4" />

After ten years of deliberations and taking into consideration the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole, the NWDT gave its verdict after assessing all the reports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of NWDT {{!}} Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited |url=https://sardarsarovardam.org/history-of-nwdt.aspx |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=sardarsarovardam.org |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019031804/https://sardarsarovardam.org/history-of-nwdt.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=1993 |title=India's Narmada River Dams: Sardar Sarovar under Siege |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645096 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=968–984 |doi=10.2307/2645096 |jstor=2645096 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Location Plan of projects in Narmada basin.jpg|thumb|Layout of Water Resources Development Projects in the Narmada Basin in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh]]
Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing, the height of dam, benefit sharing and the mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation, particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam.<ref name=":4" />

The social movement [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] (NBA) was formed to address environmental concerns and rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people. The movement created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=1985: Narmada Bachao Andolan |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/india-at-75-epochal-moments-1985-narmada-bachao-andolan/article65730806.ece |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref> This resulted in the Bank conducting an Independent Review Mission (IRM) in 1991 of the Sardar Sarovar Project and identified several recommendations.<ref name=":5" /> However, the IRM's report was neither accepted by the [[Government of India]] or the [[World Bank]]. Finally the Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from the World Bank loan and would complete the project with national resources.<ref name=":5" />

The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement ''pari passu'' with the raising of the height of the dam through '''Grievance Redressal Authorities''' (GRA) in each of the party states. The court's decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000, after 7 years of deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits.<ref>[http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=17165] ''judis.nic.in'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603033602/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=17165|date=3 June 2008}}</ref>

==== Narmada Canal ====
{{Main|Narmada Canal}}
[[File:Narmada canal.jpg|thumb|Waters flowing from Narmada Canal]]
The [[Narmada Canal|Narmada canal]] brings water from the Sardar Sarovar dam to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The canal is 532 km long, with 485 km in Gujarat and 75 km in Rajasthan. The Narmada canal has helped both states supply water to arid regions of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] for irrigation purposes. The Narmada canal had covered over 68 percent of the proposed villages (6,513) by 2010 in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Canal fully functional; villagers cheer as Narmada water approaches Kutch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/canal-fully-functional-villagers-cheer-as-narmada-water-approaches-kutch-8013596/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good news: The Narmada canal project miracle in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/good-news-the-narmada-canal-project-miracle-in-rajasthan-1782801-2021-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=India Today|date=23 March 2021 }}</ref>

=== Indirasagar Dam ===
{{Main|Indirasagar Dam}}
[[File:Indira sagar dam 0003.jpg|thumb|[[Indirasagar Dam]] on Narmada River]]
The Indira Sagar Project (ISP) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country. The project is located near Punasa village, in Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam, {{convert|653|m|ft}} long and {{convert|92|m|ft}} high with gross storage capacity of the reservoir of {{convert|12.22|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and live storage of {{convert|9.75|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} to provide an annual irrigation potential of {{cvt|1,690|km2}} and a generation of 1000 MW of [[hydropower]]. The project also ensures supply of {{convert|60000|acre.ft|m3|abbr=on}} of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district. In accordance with NWDT award, an annual regulated flow of {{convert|8120000|acre.ft|km3|abbr=on}} shall be released to the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP), ex-Maheshwar Project. The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The dam and the powerhouse have been completed, but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court, Jabalpur from R&R consideration. All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from the eight units of 125 MW capacity, each commenced from January 2004.<ref>[http://nca.gov.in/forms_pdf/isp_report.pdf] ''nca.gov.in'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303175627/http://nca.gov.in/forms_pdf/isp_report.pdf|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* {{annotated link|Narmada Pushkaram}}
* {{annotated link|3rd Narmada Bridge}}
* [[Bhadbhut barrage]]
* [[Sacred waters]]

== Bibliography ==
* Srivastava Pankaj (2007). ''Jungle Rahe taki Narmada Bahe''. (Hindi). Narmada Conservation Initiative, Indore. 
* Weir, Shelagh. ''The Gonds of central India: The Material Culture of the Gonds of Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh''. London: British Museum, 1973
* {{cite book |author=Geoffrey Waring Maw |title=Narmada, the life of a river |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1991 |publisher=[[Marjorie Sykes]]}}
* {{cite book|author1=Yoginder K. Alagh|author2=Mahesh T. Pathak|author3=D. T. Buch|title=Narmada and Environment: An Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3psrAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Har-Anand Publications}}
* {{cite book|author=K. Sankaran Unni|title=Ecology of River Narmada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00jcLwUPhrwC&pg=PA7|year=1996|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-765-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Water close over us: A journey along the Narmada |author= Singh Bal Hartosh|publisher=HarperCollins India|year=2013|isbn=978-9350297056 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* parikrama narmada maiya ki book by shree amrutlal vegad {{in lang|en|gu}}
* Tire Tire narmada book by shree amrutlal vegad {{in lang|en|gu}}
* Narmada Waters Dispute Tribunal Award (NWDTA)
* Reports of Irrigation Commission, 1972.
* ''[[A River Sutra]]'', by [[Gita Mehta]]. Vintage Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0-679-75247-1}}.
* Sharma, Bhasha Shukla – Anthropomorphism of River Narmada: A cultural study of A River Sutra. ''The Criterion: An International Journal in English'' 3.3 (Sep 2012). Web.
* Sharma, Bhasha Shukla. "Mapping culture through A River Sutra': Tribal Myths, Dialogism, and Meta-narratives in postcolonial Fiction." ''Universal Journal of Educational and General Studies''. 1.2. (February 2012)

{{Commons category}}
{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Narmada River| ]]
[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Aulacogens]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]

2012 Indian Grand Prix

2026-01-25T07:27:36Z

Shayne2017:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Grand Prix race report
| Type = F1
| Country = IND
| Grand Prix = Indian
| Previous_round = 2012 Korean Grand Prix
| Next_round = 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
| Details ref = <ref name="formal">{{cite web|title=2012 Formula 1 Airtel Grand Prix of India |url=http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/india_880/circuit_diagram.html |work=Formula One |access-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001111237/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/india_880/circuit_diagram.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref>
| Fulldate = {{Start date|2012|10|28|df=y}}
| Year = 2012
| Race_No = 17
| Season_No = 20
| Image = Buddh Circuit 1.svg
| Official name = 2012 Formula 1 Airtel Indian Grand Prix
| Location = [[Buddh International Circuit]] [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| Course = Permanent racing facility
| Course_km = 5.125
| Course_mi = 3.185
| Distance_laps = 60
| Distance_km = 307.249
| Distance_mi = 190.916
| Weather = Fine, Dry, a little hazy and a little dusty<ref name=weather>{{cite news|title=2012 FORMULA 1 AIRTEL INDIAN GRAND PRIX (Race) |url=https://f1standings.net/races/2012-indian-grand-prix-6038e886eedfc8465599a50b |work=f1standings.net |publisher=[[F1standings]] |date=28 October 2012 |access-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref>
Air Temp {{convert|30|C}}<ref name=weather/>
 Track Temp {{convert|36|C}} dropping to {{convert|31|C}}<ref name=weather/>
| Attendance = 65,000<ref name=attendance>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-grand-prix-organisers-upbeat-despite-attendance-dip/1023517| title=Indian Grand Prix: Organisers upbeat despite attendance dip|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
| Pole_Driver = [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| Pole_Country = Germany
| Pole_Team = [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| Pole_Time = 1:25.283
| Fast_Driver = [[Jenson Button]]
| Fast_Team = [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| Fast_Time = 1:28.203
| Fast_Lap = 60
| Fast_Country = UK
| First_Driver = [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| First_Country = Germany
| First_Team = [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| Second_Driver = [[Fernando Alonso]]
| Second_Country = Spain
| Second_Team = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Third_Driver = [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]
| Third_Country = Australia
| Third_Team = [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| Lapchart = {{f1Laps2012|IND}}
}}

The '''2012 Indian Grand Prix''' (formally known as the '''2012 Formula 1 Airtel Indian Grand Prix''')<ref name="formal"/> was a [[Formula One]] motor race held on 28 October 2012 at the [[Buddh International Circuit]] in [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="7Dec calendar">{{cite news|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/12/07/united-states-grand-prix-remains-unchanged-2012-f1-calendar/|title=United States Grand Prix remains on unchanged 2012 F1 calendar|first=Keith|last=Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|date=7 December 2011|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> The race was the seventeenth round of the [[2012 Formula One season|2012 championship]], and marked the second running of the [[Indian Grand Prix]].

[[Sebastian Vettel]] started the race from pole position.<ref name="VET pole">{{cite news|title=Vettel leads all-Red Bull front row in India|first=Sam|last=Tremayne|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/103772|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=27 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> Vettel won the race for the second consecutive year,<ref name="VET win">{{cite news|title=2012 Indian Grand Prix result|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/28/2012-indian-grand-prix-result/|first=Keith|last=Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|date=28 October 2012|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> but despite leading every lap of the race, he was denied a [[Grand Slam (Formula One)|Grand Slam]] when [[Jenson Button]] set the fastest lap of the race. The organisers of the race invited [[shooting sports|sport shooter]] [[Gagan Narang]], who won a bronze medal for India at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]], to wave the chequered flag.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tribute to a champion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/a-tribute-to-a-champion/article4042271.ece|work=The Hindu|date=29 October 2012|access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> [[Fernando Alonso]] and [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] completed the podium by finishing second and third.

==Report==

===Background===
[[Sergio Pérez]] was taken ill ahead of the race, forcing [[Sauber]] to run test and reserve driver [[Esteban Gutiérrez]] in his place for the first free practice session.<ref>{{cite news|title=Esteban Gutierrez to stand in for Sergio Perez in FP1|first=Sam|last=Tremayne|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/103702|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=26 October 2012|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Pérez was able to return to the car for the second practice session. [[Valtteri Bottas]] once again ran in place of [[Bruno Senna]] at [[Williams F1|Williams]], while [[Giedo van der Garde]] drove [[Heikki Kovalainen]]'s [[Caterham F1|Caterham]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vettel leads the way as practice begins in India|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/26/2012-indian-grand-prix-practice-result-fp1/|first=Keith|last=Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|date=26 October 2012|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] was the centre of controversy over the course of the weekend when they displayed the flag of the [[Italian Navy]] on the nose of the [[Ferrari F2012|F2012]] in support of the Italian sailors held by Indian authorities over a [[Enrica Lexie case|shooting incident]] that resulted in the deaths of two Indian fishermen in February 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Grand Prix: Ferrari court controversy with Navy sticker as Indian government refuses to release marines|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/9636218/India-Grand-Prix-Ferrari-court-controversy-with-Navy-sticker-as-Indian-government-refuses-to-release-marines.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=26 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

Tyre supplier Pirelli brought its silver-banded hard compound tyre as the harder "prime" tyre and the yellow-banded soft compound tyre as the softer "option" tyre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pirelli reveal tyre choices for final three rounds |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2012/10/13931.html |publisher=Formula One |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929163542/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2012/10/13931.html |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>

Following track invasions by stray dogs in [[2011 Indian Grand Prix|2011]], race organisers took precautions by installing ultrasonic devices around the circuit to deter animals from accessing the circuit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhu|first=Jasvinder|title=India F1: Buddh International Circuit 'dog proof'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20080958|access-date=27 October 2012|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

===Free practice===
The first practice session was run without incident. [[Sebastian Vettel]] set the fastest time, despite having spent most of the ninety minutes of the session in his garage. [[Jenson Button]] was second, three-tenths of a second behind Vettel, with [[Fernando Alonso]] in third, a further tenth of a second behind.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sebastian Vettel goes quickest in first practice|first=Simon|last=Strang|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/103709|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=26 October 2012|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Vettel was fastest in the second session as well, setting a time one tenth of a second faster than teammate [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] and six-tenths of a second faster than [[Fernando Alonso]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sebastian Vettel stays on top in second practice|first=Simon|last=Strang|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/103718|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=26 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> The under-used surface of the circuit caused problems for several drivers, with [[Felipe Massa]], [[Romain Grosjean]], and [[Bruno Senna]] all spinning throughout the session, though all three were able to continue running without forcing the suspension of the session.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vettel extends his advantage in second practice|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/26/2012-indian-grand-prix-practice-result-fp2/|first=Keith|last=Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|date=26 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> Vettel was once again fastest in the third practice session, two-tenths faster than Button and Webber.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull complete practice sweep|first=Sam|last=Tremayne|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/103766|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=27 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

===Qualifying===
[[Force India]] ensured that their cars were first on track for the first part of Saturday's qualifying session. [[Kimi Räikkönen]], [[Felipe Massa]] and [[Bruno Senna]] set the early pace while the [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]s and [[McLaren]]s stayed in the garage waiting for the track to become more grippy once rubber had been laid down. [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] attempted to improve [[Fernando Alonso]]'s lap time by making Massa run in front of him on the straight so he could use the slipstream to gain extra top speed. Alonso's lap, however, was not faster than Massa's and the drafting idea was not used later in qualifying, presumably because it did not work. Massa was on a quick lap after this, but accelerated too much out of a corner and spun his car around; he recovered and returned to the pits. Once the Red Bulls and McLarens had set their lap times, the [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]] of [[Jean-Éric Vergne]] was left in eighteenth and therefore not within the top seventeen slots times required to make the next qualifying session. He set a lap time, but it was only good enough to move up one place. His teammate, [[Daniel Ricciardo]], was the driver who progressed to Q2 himself when he pushed Vergne back into the eighteenth qualifying slot. Once again, the [[Caterham F1|Caterham]]s, [[Marussia F1|Marrusia]]s and [[HRT F1|HRT]]s occupied the three final rows of the grid. [[Vitaly Petrov]], whose car had needed some last-minute repair just before the session had begun, qualified in nineteenth place and his teammate [[Heikki Kovalainen]] ended up twentieth after spinning the car round on his final lap and running back across the track before getting stuck in the gravel. [[Narain Karthikeyan]] qualified in twenty-third place for his home Grand Prix, just one-thousandth of a second slower than [[Pedro de la Rosa]]. The Marussia cars of [[Timo Glock]] and [[Charles Pic]] ended up twenty-first and twenty-fourth, and last, respectively. Every car excluding the Red Bulls, McLarens, Ferraris and Lotuses used the softer compound 'option' tyre in the session. [[Williams F1|Williams]] driver [[Pastor Maldonado]] set the session's fastest time.

The second part of qualifying began under yellow flag conditions because Kovalainen's stricken Caterham was still being returned to the pits. Every driver set a time not long after the flag had been lifted, and many returned to the pits not long after this. There was a flurry of lap times being set at the end of the session, and it was not certain which drivers had made it through until after the chequered flag was waved as every driver but Vettel, Webber and Hamilton came back on track. [[Kamui Kobayashi]] qualified his [[Sauber F1|Sauber]] in a disappointing seventeenth place, while his teammate made it into the final session of qualifying. It was the same story for [[Romain Grosjean]], [[Bruno Senna]] and [[Michael Schumacher]] who all failed to make Q3 after their teammates did. They lined up on the grid in 11th, 13th and 14th respectively. The Force India team was disappointed at their home race, with [[Nico Hülkenberg]] and [[Paul di Resta]] only taking the twelfth and sixteenth spots on the grid respectively. At least one of their two drivers had qualified within the top ten at each of the last ten races. Daniel Ricciardo out-qualified Vergne for the thirteenth time in 2012, putting his Toro Rosso in fifteenth position on the grid. [[Jenson Button]] completed the final lap of the session to give himself the second fastest time behind Vettel.

Seven teams were represented in Q3, but the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] of [[Nico Rosberg]] elected not to run and consequently took tenth place on the grid. [[Sergio Pérez]] and [[Pastor Maldonado]] did well to qualify their cars in eighth and ninth positions; the [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] of Räikkönen was in front of them in seventh. The session was split into two informal phases, with cars choosing to make two attempts at a good time. [[Sebastian Vettel]] made a mistake on his first flying lap and ran across turn 7, but he set a lap worthy of pole position on his following attempt. [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] set a lap half a tenth slower, initially in front of Button, Alonso and Hamilton. Both Red Bulls abandoned their laps at the very end of the session, as Vettel set a too-slow first sector, and Webber ran wide at turn 3 whilst running behind the McLarens. Vettel took pole position for Red Bull's third consecutive front-row lock-out. It was the first time Red Bull had had three front-row lock-outs in a row, and the first time any team had done since McLaren did in {{F1|2007}}. [[Lewis Hamilton]] set the last lap of qualifying to move his car up to third on the grid, only two-tenths behind Webber. Button qualified fourth in front of Vettel's main title rival Alonso and Massa qualified sixth. This meant that the cars lined up two by two, with Red Bulls taking the front row, McLaren taking the second and Ferrari taking the third. It was only the third time in the {{F1|2012}} season that no penalties needed to be applied before the start of the race.

===Race===

[[Sebastian Vettel]] took a dominant win, which was his 4th consecutive one ahead of [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'s [[Fernando Alonso]] who got past [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] when the latter suffered from a [[Kinetic energy recovery system|KERS]] problem in his [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]. [[Lewis Hamilton]] closed up to Webber but couldn't get past and had to settle for 4th place. After this race Vettel extended his Championship lead to 13 points over Alonso.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/20115603 | title=Vettel wins to extend title lead | work=BBC Sport }}</ref>

===Post race controversies===
There was speculation in the media that the chaotic Indian customs regulations might have cost [[Fernando Alonso]] the race. This was because [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] could not get certain crucial auto parts and equipment flown into India because of the complex paperwork associated with Indian customs.<ref name="alonsofrust">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/did-indian-customs-cost-alonso-the-title/article4055265.ece| title=Did Indian customs cost Alonso the title?| work=[[The Hindu]]| date=1 September 2012}}</ref>

A significant drop in race day attendance was noticed, as the number of fans attending the race dropped to 65,000 (from 95,000 in the previous year). Formula One president [[Bernie Ecclestone]] stated that he was not worried and that attendance is always high in the first year and tends to go down in the second.<ref name=attendance/>

There was also some discontent between Ferrari technical director [[Pat Fry]] and Alonso, when Fry stated on Twitter that "In order to be where we wanted and where we were capable of being, we needed to be perfect today and we weren't", after Alonso qualified fifth behind the [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bulls]] and the [[McLaren]]s. Alonso apparently took this as a jibe against his driving skills, and the Ferrari management had to prevent him from responding to it publicly.<ref name="alonsofrust"/>

==Classification==

===Qualifying===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%"
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Qualifying position}}
! {{Tooltip|No.|Number}}
! Driver
! Constructor
! Part 1
! Part 2
! Part 3
! {{Tooltip|Grid|Final grid position}}
|-
! 1
| 1
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:26.387
| '''1:25.435'''
| '''1:25.283'''
| 1
|-
! 2
| 2
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]
| [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:26.744
| 1:25.610
| 1:25.327
| 2
|-
! 3
| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.516
| 1:25.816
| 1:25.544
| 3
|-
! 4
| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jenson Button]]
| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.564
| 1:25.467
| 1:25.649
| 4
|-
! 5
| 5
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Alonso]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:26.829
| 1:25.834
| 1:25.773
| 5
|-
! 6
| 6
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Felipe Massa]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:26.939
| 1:26.111
| 1:25.857
| 6
|-
! 7
| 9
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kimi Räikkönen]]
| [[Lotus F1|Lotus]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:26.740
| 1:26.101
| 1:26.236
| 7
|-
! 8
| 15
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.179
| 1:26.076
| 1:26.360
| 8
|-
! 9
| 18
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Pastor Maldonado]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| '''1:26.048'''
| 1:25.983
| 1:26.713
| 9
|-
! 10
| 8
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Nico Rosberg]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.458
| 1:25.976
| No time
| 10
|-
! 11
| 10
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romain Grosjean]]
| [[Lotus F1|Lotus]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:26.897
| 1:26.136
|
| 11
|-
! 12
| 12
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| 1:27.185
| 1:26.241
|
| 12
|-
! 13
| 19
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Senna]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:26.851
| 1:26.331
|
| 13
|-
! 14
| 7
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Michael Schumacher]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 1:27.482
| 1:26.574
|
| 14
|-
! 15
| 16
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.006
| 1:26.777
|
| 15
|-
! 16
| 11
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| 1:27.462
| 1:26.989
|
| 16
|-
! 17
| 14
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kamui Kobayashi]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.517
| 1:27.219
|
| 17
|-
! 18
| 17
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.525
|
|
| 18
|-
! 19
| 21
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vitaly Petrov]]
| [[Caterham F1|Caterham]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:28.756
|
|
| 19
|-
! 20
| 20
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Heikki Kovalainen]]
| [[Caterham F1|Caterham]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 1:29.500
|
|
| 20
|-
! 21
| 24
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Timo Glock]]
| [[Marussia F1|Marussia]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:29.613
|
|
| 21
|-
! 22
| 22
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro de la Rosa]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.592
|
|
| 22
|-
! 23
| 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.593
|
|
| 23
|-
! 24
| 25
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Charles Pic]]
| [[Marussia F1|Marussia]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.662
|
|
| 24
|-
! colspan=8|[[107% time]]:1:32.071
|-
! colspan=8|Source:<ref name="VET pole"/>
|}

===Race===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! Pos
! No
! Driver
! Constructor
! Laps
! Time/Retired
! Grid
! Points
|-
! 1
| 1
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Sebastian Vettel]]'''
| '''[[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]'''
| 60
| 1:31:10.744
| 1
| '''25'''
|-
! 2
| 5
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Fernando Alonso]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 60
| +9.437
| 5
| '''18'''
|-
! 3
| 2
| {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]'''
| '''[[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]'''
| 60
| +13.217
| 2
| '''15'''
|-
! 4
| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Lewis Hamilton]]'''
| '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +13.909
| 3
| '''12'''
|-
! 5
| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Jenson Button]]'''
| '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +26.266
| 4
| '''10'''
|-
! 6
| 6
| {{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Felipe Massa]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 60
| +44.674
| 6
| '''8'''
|-
! 7
| 9
| {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Kimi Räikkönen]]'''
| '''[[Lotus F1|Lotus]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]'''
| 60
| +45.227
| 7
| '''6'''
|-
! 8
| 12
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Nico Hülkenberg]]'''
| '''[[Force India]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +54.998
| 12
| '''4'''
|-
! 9
| 10
| {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Romain Grosjean]]'''
| '''[[Lotus F1|Lotus]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]'''
| 60
| +56.103
| 11
| '''2'''
|-
! 10
| 19
| {{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Bruno Senna]]'''
| '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]'''
| 60
| +1:14.975
| 13
| '''1'''
|-
! 11
| 8
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Rosberg]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 60
| +1:21.694
| 10
|
|-
! 12
| 11
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
| 60
| +1:22.815
| 16
|
|-
! 13
| 16
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 60
| +1:26.064
| 15
|
|-
! 14
| 14
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kamui Kobayashi]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 60
| +1:26.495
| 17
|
|-
! 15
| 17
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 18
|
|-
! 16
| 18
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Pastor Maldonado]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 9
|
|-
! 17
| 21
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vitaly Petrov]]
| [[Caterham F1|Caterham]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 19
|
|-
! 18
| 20
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Heikki Kovalainen]]
| [[Caterham F1|Caterham]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 20
|
|-
! 19
| 25
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Charles Pic]]
| [[Marussia F1|Marussia]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 24
|
|-
! 20
| 24
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Timo Glock]]
| [[Marussia F1|Marussia]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 58
| +2 Laps
| 21
|
|-
! 21
| 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 58
| +2 Laps
| 23
|
|-
! 22
| 7
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 55
| Gearbox
| 14
|
|-
! Ret
| 22
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro de la Rosa]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 42
| Brakes
| 22
|
|-
! Ret
| 15
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 20
| Collision damage
| 8
|
|-
! colspan=8|Source:<ref name="VET win"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2012 FORMULA 1 AIRTEL INDIAN GRAND PRIX - RACE RESULT |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2012/races/24/india/race-result.html |publisher=Formula One |access-date=3 February 2024 }}</ref>
|}

==Championship standings after the race==
His fourth consecutive win enabled Vettel to increase his advantage over Alonso to 16 points heading into the final three rounds of the season. While Räikkönen remained third with 173 points, Webber overtook Hamilton for fourth in the standings, meaning that the three drivers behind Vettel and Alonso were only covered by eight points. Despite their big deficit towards Vettel, all of the top five drivers still remained in contention of winning the Drivers' Championship. Meanwhile, Lotus was mathematically eliminated from contention regarding the Constructors' Championship, whilst Red Bull increased the gap to Ferrari to 91 points, with 129 points still up for grabs.

{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
;Drivers' Championship standings
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! Driver
! Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Sebastian Vettel]]*'''
| align="left"| 240
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Fernando Alonso]]*'''
| align="left"| 227
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Kimi Räikkönen]]*'''
| align="left"| 173
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]*'''
| align="left"| 167
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Lewis Hamilton]]*'''
| align="left"| 165
|-
!colspan=4|Source: <ref name="Championship standings">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/2012/inde/championnat.aspx|title=India 2012 - Championship • STATS F1|website=statsf1.com|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
|}
{{col-2}}
;Constructors' Championship standings
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! Constructor
! Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|AUT}} '''[[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]*'''
| align="left"| 407
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]*'''
| align="left"| 316
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]*'''
| align="left"| 306
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lotus F1|Lotus]]-[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]
| align="left"| 263
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| align="left"| 136
|-
!colspan=4|Source: <ref name="Championship standings"/>
|}
{{col-end}}

* '''Note''': Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
* Competitors marked in bold and with an asterisk still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{F1 race report
|Name_of_race = [[Indian Grand Prix]]
|Year_of_race = 2012
|Previous_race_in_season = [[2012 Korean Grand Prix]]
|Next_race_in_season = [[2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]]
|Previous_year's_race = [[2011 Indian Grand Prix]]
|Next_year's_race = [[2013 Indian Grand Prix]]
|Previous_promotional_trophy_winner = [[2011 Indian Grand Prix]]
|Next_promotional_trophy_winner = [[2013 Brazilian Grand Prix]]
}}
{{F1GP 10-19}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Grand Prix, 2012}}
[[Category:2012 Formula One races]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian motorsport|Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Indian Grand Prix|2012]]
[[Category:October 2012 sports events in India|Indian Grand Prix]]

Servotech

2026-01-17T18:20:52Z

Shayne2017: Started Basic Post V1.

{{short description|Indian renewable energy company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Servotech Renewable Power System Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{NSE|SERVOTECH}}}}
| ISIN = INE782X01033
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004}}
| founder = Raman Bhatia
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[New Delhi]],
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| industry = [[Renewable energy]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Charging station|Electric vehicle charging infrastructure]]
*[[Medical devices]]
*[[Rechargeable battery]]
*[[Solar energy]]
*[[Wind energy]]
}}
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| equity_year =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
* Rebreathe Medical Devices India Private Ltd.
* Servotech EV Infra Private Ltd.
* Servotech Sports & Entertainment Private Ltd.
* Techbec Industries Ltd.
}}
| homepage = {{URL|servotech.in}}
}}

'''Servotech''' (also known as '''Servotech Renewable Power Systems Limited''') is an Indian [[renewable energy]] company, headquartered in [[New Delhi]], India.

== History ==
The company, established in 2004 as Servotech Power Systems Limited, manufactures solar-related products and has expanded its operations into the development of AC-DC chargers for electric vehicles. It is also involved in the production of ultra-fast DC chargers and home AC chargers. Initially, the company began its business with the introduction of [[sine wave inverter]]s for both commercial and domestic applications. In addition to its core solar offerings, the company is into manufacturing of LED lights, solar streetlights, and solar-hybrid inverters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Vipin |date=5 July 2024 |title=Informerics Ratings - Servotech Power Systems Limited |url=https://www.infomerics.com/admin/uploads/pr-Servotech-PowerSystems-5july24.pdf |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Informerics Ratings}}</ref> In 2017, the company went public, listing on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]]'s SME platform on August 24 and in 2021 it migrated to NSE mainboard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=NSE |title=List of companies for Migration to main board in Emerge - NSE India |url=https://www.nseindia.com/companies-listing/raising-capital-public-issues-emerge-selecting-a-migration-to-main-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327172439/https://www.nseindia.com/companies-listing/raising-capital-public-issues-emerge-selecting-a-migration-to-main-board |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=NSE India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 65 SME stocks transferred to the mainboard in the last 3 years, these are the top 3 performers leading the way |url=https://upstox.com/news/market-news/stocks/over-65-sme-stocks-transferred-to-the-mainboard-in-the-last-3-years-these-are-the-top-3-performers-leading-the-way/article-115108/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=upstox.com |language=en}}</ref> And, in December 2024, it rebranded itself to Servotech Renewable Power Systems Limited in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Servotech Power Systems rebrands as Servotech Renewable Power System - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/servotech-power-systems-rebrands-as-servotech-renewable-power-system/116487690 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Multibagger stock: Delhi-based EV charger maker Servotech gets nod to change name - Details |url=https://www.etnownews.com/markets/multibagger-stock-delhi-based-ev-charger-maker-servotech-gets-nod-to-change-name-details-article-116442970 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, [[Errol Musk]] joined the company as a member of global advisory board of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanrajani |first=Rachna |date=2025-05-28 |title=Errol Musk to visit India as Servotech Power Systems Global Advisory Board Member in June - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/errol-musk-india-visit-servotech-power-systems-global-advisory-board-member-ws-l-19611819.htm |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Servotech has a manufacturing capacity of 300,000 units per month at its facility in Sonipat, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhija |first=Mohit |last2=Kansal |first2=Nitin |date=21 February 2018 |title=Rating Advisory for Servotech Power Systems Private Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/Servotech_Power_Systems_Private_Limited_November_09_2016_RR.pdf |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[CRISIL]]}}</ref> As of March 2024, company building a new manufacturing plant dedicated to producing Power Modules, Control Circuits, and PLCs — key components used in EV chargers. Initially, this new facility will have the capacity to produce 24,000 power modules per year, with plans to scale up production to 240,000 power modules annually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Servotech Power Systems sets up facility to produce EV charger components - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/servotech-power-systems-sets-up-facility-to-produce-ev-charger-components/108304389 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Project EnerMAAS ===
The ''EnerMAAS'' project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, will run for 2.7 years. To support this initiative, Servotech has partnered with LESSzwei GmbH to develop fully solar-powered EV charging infrastructure for micromobility in Germany. The project will introduce AI-driven BIKE-Port charging stations, each capable of charging four two-wheelers with a total solar-powered output of 3.3 kW. Servotech will manufacture 100 units, deploying two stations in 50 cities, while LESSzwei will develop the AI and application components.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Anupama |date=2024-12-09 |title=Servotech Power Systems surges on solar EV charging network in Germany |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/servotech-inks-pact-for-solar-powered-ev-charging-network-in-germany/article68964202.ece |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Sports ==
The company owns the ''Servotech Siliguri Strikers'' team in the [[Bengal Pro T20 League]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=Siliguri Strikers unveiled as newest franchise of Bengal Pro T20 League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/siliguri-strikers-unveiled-as-newest-franchise-of-bengal-pro-t20-league/articleshow/110014351.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |last=Naik |first=Nikhil |date=25 October 2024 |title=Top stocks in India's EV charging megatrend |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/ev-charging-stocks-infrastructure-top-stocks-servotech-power-systems-share-price-multibagger-stocks-11729830735325.html |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}
*{{cite journal |last=Raj |first=K. Aravind |date=September 2024 |title=Powering India's Electric Future: The Rise of EV Charging Infrastructure and Servotech's Strategic Play |url=https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/17 |journal=Open Access Cases |volume=1 |issue=3 |issn=3067-0349 |access-date=23 March 2025}}
*{{cite web |title=Technical Analysis of Servotech Renewable Power System |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/market-stats/stocks-servotech-renewable-power-system-share-price-nse-bse-s0004906 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}
*{{cite web |title=Servotech Power Systems Ltd. Analyst Estimates & Ratings |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/in/xnse/SERVOTECH/research-ratings |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Kevin B. |date=February 2025 |title=Charging Ahead: Driving India's EV Revolution in Rural Areas |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/101764 |journal=IndraStra Global |volume=11 |issue=2 |eissn=2381-3652 |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]]/[[SSOAR]]}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Energy companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle infrastructure developers]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle industry]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Magizhini Manimaaran

2026-01-08T00:19:30Z

Shayne2017: new redirect

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Magizhini Manimaaran
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Magizhini Manimaaran
| native_name = மகிழினி மணிமாறன்
| alias =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2012–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Magizhini Manimaaran''' ({{langx|ta|மகிழினி மணிமாறன்}}) is an Indian folk and playback singer in the [[Tamil film industry]] who got a break as a playback singer in the film ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''.

==Personal life and early career==
Born in Malaipuram in Kanchipuram district, Maghizhini's parents were farmers. She became a member of the [[Buddhar kalaikuzhu]] folk troupe, where she became a ‘parai’ drummer and met her husband Manimaaran.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/drummerwoman-makes-it-big/article4471623.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=D. | last=Karthikeyan | title=Drummer-woman makes it big | date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Song
|-
| 2012
| [[kumki (film)|kumki]]
| Tamil
| Soi Soi
|-
| 2014
| [[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]
| Tamil
| Ucchi Malai Kadu
|-
| 2014
| [[ Eppothum Vendraan]]
| Tamil
| Ethana Murai
|-
| 2014
| [[Veeram (2014 film)| Veeram]]
| Tamil
| Jing Chikka Jing Chikka
|-
| 2015
| [[ S/O Satyamurthy]]
| Telugu
| "Super Machi"
|-
| 2015
| [[ Soorathengai]]
| Tamil
| Otha Paarvai Parthu

|-
| 2016
| [[Maari (film)| Maari]]
| Tamil
| Thappa Dhaan Theriyum
|-
| 2017
| [[ Arasakulam]]
| Tamil
| Valarum Kodi Valara
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2013
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[kumki (film)|kumki]]
| Soi Soi
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html | title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 | work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | date=16 January 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053627/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html | title=Winners List 2012 | work=Ananda Vikatan | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053936/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[Edison Awards]]
| Best Folk Song
| [[kumki (film)|kumki]]
| Soi Soi
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite episode | title=6th Edison Awards | series=Edison Awards | date=10 February 2013 | network=[[Astro (television)|Astro]] | location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>

|-
| 2013
| [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| Mannin Kural Female Vocalist of the Year
| [[kumki (film)|kumki]]
| Soi Soi
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Introduction | publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094729/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Nominations | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094922/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Winners | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094940/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2013
| rowspan="9" | [[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |Best Singer – Female
| rowspan="9" | [[kumki (film)|kumki]]
| rowspan="9" | Soi Soi
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="9" | <ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms | title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations | work=The Times of India | date=6 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705054901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms | title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... | work=The Times of India | date=4 November 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705054859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manimaaran, Magizhini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kashmiri paper

2026-01-01T11:28:35Z

Shayne2017: put up new details!

{{Short description|Kashmiri handmade paper}}
{{for|Kashmiri papier-mâché art|Kashmir papier-mâché}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox textile
| title = Kashmiri paper
| image = Depiction of Guru Nanak from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript on Kashmiri paper, Patiala.jpg
| caption = {{lang|ks|Koshur kagaz}}
| type = [[Handmade paper]]
| material = [[Rag paper|Rags]], [[hemp paper|hemp]], [[sunn hemp]]
| method =
| process =
| location = [[Kashmir]]
| introduced = 15th century
| manufacturer = [[Kashmiri people]]
}}
'''Kashmiri paper''' ({{langx|ks|Koshur kagaz}}) is a [[handmade paper|handmade]] [[paper]] from [[Kashmir]]. Introduced in the [[15th century]], the paper was renowned for its white color, smooth texture and lack of imperfections, features uncommon before the [[paper machine]].<ref name=ACD>Desvergnes, Amelie Couvrat. (2023). Nineteenth-century Kashmiri Paper: Victor Jacquemont's Account of an Unparalleled Craftsmanship. Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin, 9(1-2), 25–28. http://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.14090</ref>

== History ==
{{further|Samarkand paper}}
In the 15th century in the [[Kashmir Sultanate]], [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great]] granted ''[[jagir|jagirs]]'' to [[Samarkand paper|Samarkand papermakers]] to establish a domestic paper industry. Other Northwestern South Asian papermakers, or ''kághazis'', claimed lineage from Kashmiri papermaking for prestige, such as the ''kághazis'' of [[Sialkot]]. ''Kághazis'' were majority Muslims as [[rag and bone man|rag-picking]] was taboo among Hindus. By the 19th century, ''kághazis'' across the [[Indian subcontinent]] struggled to compete against the rise of [[jail industry]], imported paper and [[paper machine|mechanization]].<ref name=Lanzillo>{{Citation |title=The Kághazis’ Story: How the Indian Papermaking Industry Evolved, Declined and Transformed |last=Lanzillo |first=Amanda |date=12 April 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/history/kaghazis-india-papermaking-industry |place=India |publisher=The Wire |last2=Kumar |first2=Arun}}</ref><ref>Desvergnes, A.C., Helman-Ważny, A. Sialkoti paper used by Pahari artists: raw materials and fibre analysis. Herit Sci 12, 268 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01360-9</ref><ref>Parray, M.Imran. “Divorcing Religion and Politics: Journalistic Field in Early Twentieth-Century Kashmir.” Media History, vol. 28, no. 2, May 2022, pp. 199–213. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.1901564.</ref>

Kashmiri paper saw some resurgence with the 20th century [[Swadeshi movement]], but has largely remained a niche industry.<ref>Kumar, Aparna. “Notes on a Fragment: Zarina’s Dividing Line.” Art History, vol. 47, no. 2, Apr. 2024, pp. 246–79. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1093/arthis/ulae015.</ref><ref name=Lanzillo/>

== Production ==
Kashmiri paper is a [[rag paper|rag]] and [[hemp paper|hemp]]-based paper. [[Crotalaria juncea|Sunn hemp]] was sometimes favored over [[hemp|true hemp]]. Constituent fibers are beaten, [[retting|retted]] in [[lye]], then sun-bleached into pulp cakes. The cakes are dissolved into a [[slurry]], screened with a [[deckle]] in two layers, then pasted on a wall to dry. The dried sheets are [[sizing|sized]] in a three-part process: first, the paper is abraded; second, [[rice flour]] is worked into the paper; and finally, the surface is [[burnishing (pottery)|burnished]]. The sizing process can be repeated multiple times for higher grade, glossier finishes.<ref name=ACD/>

== See also ==
* [[Kashmir papier-mâché]]
* [[Samarkand paper]]
* [[Lokta paper|''Lokta'' paper]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Paper]]
[[Category:Kashmir Sultanate]]
[[Category:Indian art by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:15th-century introductions]]

{{JammuKashmir-stub}}
{{AzadKashmir-stub}}
{{Material-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}

Maaligai

2025-12-29T03:02:26Z

Shayne2017: enhance content additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{short description|2021 Indian Tamil period thriller film directed by Dil Satya}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maaligai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Dil Satya
| producer = Kamal Bohra Rajesh Kumar
| writer = Dil Satya
| starring = [[Andrea Jeremiah]] [[Karthik Jayaram]]
| music = Sri Krupa Mahesh Mahadev
| cinematography = K. Ramsingh
| editing = Greyson A. C. A.
| studio = Shanthi Telefilms Bhavani Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|29|df=y|Hindi [[Zee Cinema]] release}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maaligai''''' ({{translation|Mansion}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[period film|period]] [[thriller film]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2019-04-11|title=Maaligai gave me scope for various shades of acting: Andrea Jeremiah|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110419/maaligai-gave-me-scope-for-various-shades-of-acting-andrea-jeremiah.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827140138/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110419/maaligai-gave-me-scope-for-various-shades-of-acting-andrea-jeremiah.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-14|title=Andrea Jeremiah's next is Maaligai|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/andrea-jeremiah-next-maaligai-5675331/|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165304/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/andrea-jeremiah-next-maaligai-5675331/|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by Dil Satya and starring [[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[Karthik Jayaram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrea's next titled Maaligai|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/09/andreas-next-titled-maaligai-10967.html|access-date=2020-09-14|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=9 April 2019|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930094525/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/09/andreas-next-titled-maaligai-10967.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] S. Shanti
* [[Karthik Jayaram]] as Vishnu / Vishnuvardhan
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as King Vikramaditya
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as O. K. Kumar
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Vishnuvardhan's uncle
* [[Manobala]] as Power Paandi
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Shanti's father
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Shanti's mother
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Arthi Krishnan
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as storyteller
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2019 and was supposed to be made in Kannada by director Dil Satya and produced by Hindi producers, but it was made as a Tamil film due to [[Andrea Jeremiah]]'s popularity there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrea plays a cop and a princess in 'Maaligai' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/andrea-plays-a-cop-and-a-princess-in-maaligai-imagegallery-kollywood-tekrx6gjdcbaf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410220702/http://www.sify.com/movies/andrea-plays-a-cop-and-a-princess-in-maaligai-imagegallery-kollywood-tekrx6gjdcbaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=manimegalai.a|title=2 வேடத்தில் நடிக்கும் ஆண்ட்ரியா!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/andriya-acting-duel-role-movie-pq2762|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ta|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928160707/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/andriya-acting-duel-role-movie-pq2762|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
Dil Satya and [[Karthik Jayaram]] from the Kannada film industry forayed into Tamil cinema through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-10|title=ஆண்ட்ரியாவுக்கு விஜய் ஆண்டனி கொடுத்த பட்டம்|url=https://gtamilnews.com/maaligai-press-meet-news/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=G Tamil News|language=en-US|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928161326/https://gtamilnews.com/maaligai-press-meet-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jayaram-karthik-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-malligai/articleshow/68835400.cms|title=Jayaram Karthik to make his Kollywood debut with 'Malligai'|date=11 April 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 May 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529090434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jayaram-karthik-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-malligai/articleshow/68835400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andrea plays an ACP, who upon investigating a palace learns about her past as a princess.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-10|title=தமிழ் சினிமாவின் சகலகலாவல்லி அவர்தான் - விஜய் ஆண்டனி|url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2019/04/10205727/1236626/Vijay-Antony-Speech-in-Maaligai-movie-function.vpf|access-date=2021-09-28|website=maalaimalar.com|language=Tamil|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928161513/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2019/04/10205727/1236626/Vijay-Antony-Speech-in-Maaligai-movie-function.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref> She accepted the role since she got to play two characters, which is rarely offered to heroines.<ref name=":0"/> [[K. S. Ravikumar]] accepted the film due to cinematographer K. Ramsingh, whose mentor Ashok Rajan worked on many of his directorial films starting with his second film ''[[Cheran Pandian]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite web|title=கஸ்தூரியைக் கிண்டலடித்த கே.எஸ்.ரவிகுமார்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/162987-.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=12 April 2019|language=ta|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928160706/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/162987-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was shot in [[Baroda]], Chennai, Jaipur and Kochi.<ref name=":1"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Omkara<ref>{{Cite web| title=Andrea with Dance Master Shivashankar during Maaligai Movie Omkara Song Shoot | url=https://maheshmahadev.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Andrea-with-Dance-Master-Shivashankar-during-Maaligai-Movie-Omkara-Song-Shoot.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529175403/https://maheshmahadev.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Andrea-with-Dance-Master-Shivashankar-during-Maaligai-Movie-Omkara-Song-Shoot.jpg | archive-date=2024-05-29}}</ref>
| music1 = Mahesh Mahadev
| lyrics1 = [[T. Rajendar]]
| extra1 =
| length1 =
}}

==Release==
The Hindi dubbed version was released on 29 October 2021 on [[Zee Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/maaligai/0-0-1z531960|title=Watch Maaligai (Hindi) Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5|website=ZEE5|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129175852/https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/maaligai/0-0-1z531960|url-status=live|date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11469726}}

[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Meitei language in Assam

2025-11-27T22:15:44Z

Shayne2017: created a pg!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Meitei language in Bengal]], for [[Eastern Bengal and Assam|historical Assam]] was a part of [[Bengal Presidency]] for some time}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Meitei language in Assam ({{small|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯁꯥꯝꯗ ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|অসামদা মৈতৈলোন}}|}}}})
| altname = Manipuri language in Assam ({{small|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯁꯥꯝꯗ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|অসামদা মণিপুরী লোন}}|}}}})
| nativename = Meiteilon/Manipuri lon
| acceptance =
| image = Meitei language.svg
| imagescale =
| imagealt =
| imagecaption = [[Meitei language]] written in [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali script]]
| pronunciation =
| states =
* [[Cachar district]]
* [[Dima Hasao district]]{{efn|though not declared official language status of this district}}
* [[Hailakandi district]]
* [[Hojai district]]
* [[Karimganj district]]
| region = [[Barak Valley]] and [[Brahmaputra Valley]] {{small|([[Dima Hasao district]] and [[Hojai district]])}}
| creator =
| created =
| setting =
| ethnicity = [[Meitei people]]
| era =
| speakers = 300,000 (2024 estimate<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>)
| date =
| dateprefix =
| ref = 
| refname =
| speakers2 =
| revived =
| revived-category = 
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| family = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan family]]
| fam1 =
| fam2 =
| fam3 = 
| protoname =
| ancestor =
| ancestor2 = [[proto-Sino-Tibetan language|proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor3 = [[proto-Tibeto-Burman language|proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
| ancestor4 = [[:simple:Ancient Meitei language|ancient Meitei]]
| standards = Standard Meitei (Standard Manipuri)
| stand1 =
| stand2 = 
| dialects =
| listclass =
| dia1 =
| dia2 = 
| script =
* [[Meitei script]]
* [[Bengali script]]
* [[#Meetei Yelhou Mayek|Naoriya Phullo script]] (specific to Assam)
| sign =
| posteriori =
| nation =
{{IND}}
* [[Assam]]
| minority =
| agency =
| development_body =
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam]]
* [[Department of Manipuri, Assam University]]
| iso1 =
| iso1comment =
| iso2 = mni
| iso2b =
| iso2t =
| iso2comment =
| iso3 = mni
| iso3comment =
| lc1 =
| ld1 =
| lc2 = 
| ld2 = 
| iso6 =
| isoexception =
| linglist =
| lingname =
| linglist2 = 
| lingname2 = 
| glotto =
| glottorefname =
| glotto2 = 
| glottorefname2 = 
| aiatsis =
| aiatsisname =
| aiatsis2 = 
| aiatsisname2 = 
| guthrie =
| ELP =
| ELPname =
| ELP2 = 
| ELPname2 = 
| glottopedia =
| lingua =
| lingua_ref =
| ietf =
| map = Linguistic map of Northeast India English Native.png
| mapscale =
| mapalt =
| mapcaption = Meitei (highlighted in green) is official in four districts of Assam state, besides its neighbors.
| map2 = Meitei language distribution.png
| mapalt2 =
| mapcaption2 = Meitei (highlighted in dark blue) is recognised as an official, educational and indigenous language in Assam, besides in [[Manipur]].
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = 
| module =
| notice = IPA
}}
[[Meitei language]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|মৈতৈ লোন}}|Meitei Lon}}), officially and formally known as [[Manipuri language]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|মণিপুরী লোন}}|Manipuri Lon}}), is one of the [[official language]]s of the [[state government of Assam]]. It serves as the additional official language in all the three districts of the [[Barak Valley]] ([[Cachar district]], [[Hailakandi district]] and [[Karimganj district]]) as well as in the [[Hojai district]] of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam Cabinet gives nod to recognise Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-gives-nod-to-recognise-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts/article67881260.ece|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2024-02-24|title=Manipuri Language Approved As Associate Official Language For Four Assam Districts|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/24/manipuri-language-approved-as-associate-official-language-for-four-assam-districts/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Meitei speaking people started living in Assam as a result of migration from [[Manipur]] due to the [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]] (literally, [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Seven Years' Devastation]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri speaking diaspora in Assam By Rafe Ahmed|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_speaking_diaspora_in_Assam_By_Rafe_Ahmed.html..|access-date=2024-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
[[File:Map of Barak Valley.jpg|thumb|Meitei language speakers have a notable presence in the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam.]]
[[File:Hojai in Assam (India).svg|thumb|Meitei language speakers have a notable presence in the [[Hojai|Hojai district]] of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra Valley]] of Assam.]]

Meitei language speakers live in all the three districts of the [[Barak Valley]], [[Cachar]], [[Hailakandi]] and [[Karimganj]] districts, as significant minority population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mishra|first=Awadesh|date=1999-01-01|title=The Manipuris in the Barak Valley: A Case Study of Language Maintenance'|url=https://www.academia.edu/1059019/The_Manipuris_in_the_Barak_Valley_A_Case_Study_of_Language_Maintenance|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri speaking diaspora in Assam By Rafe Ahmed|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_speaking_diaspora_in_Assam_By_Rafe_Ahmed.html..|access-date=2024-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> According to the [[Ethnologue]], it also has a notable presence in [[Dima Hasao]] district, besides those of the Barak Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/|archive-date=24 July 2019|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> It also has a notable presence in the [[Hojai district]] of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMUCO interacts with Meiteis and Meitei Pangals in Assam|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/amuco-interacts-with-meiteis-and-meitei-pangals-in-assam|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Samom|first=Sobhapati|date=2018-05-22|title=Assam's Hojai to host Wari-Leeba festival from May 24|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assams-hojai-host-wari-leeba-festival-may-24.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US|quote=According to Repertory of Wari Leeba Manipur, the arts form of Wari-Leeba is slowly dying in Meitei inhabited areas of Bangladesh and Tripura while it is picking up in places like Hojai and Cachar in Assam.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Public meeting at Hojai Assam on ST status to Meetei 20211004|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2021.Public_meeting_at_Hojai_Assam_on_ST_status_to_Meetei_20211004|access-date=2024-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Writing systems ==
=== Meitei Mayek script {{anchor|Meitei Mayek|Meetei Mayek}} ===
In 2024, the State Cabinet of the Government of [[Assam]] approved the [[Meitei script]] to be used in the education of [[Meitei language]] across all the academic institutions of Assam.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-12|title=Cabinet nod to Meitei script in educational institutions|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/cabinet-nod-to-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions/articleshow/108431069.cms|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Statesman News|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam govt's nod for inclusion of Meitei script in schools of state|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/assam-govts-nod-for-inclusion-of-meitei-script-in-schools-of-state-1503278318.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=The Statesman|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tribune|first=The Assam|date=2024-03-11|title=Meitei script to be introduced in educational institutions of Assam|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/meitei-script-to-be-introduced-in-educational-institutions-of-assam-1524916|access-date=2024-05-17|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref>
It was done to help the students interested in the [[Meitei literature]] (also known as [[Manipuri literature]]) to know better about the subject.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam government mulls to introduce Meitei script in educational institutions of the state|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-government-mulls-to-introduce-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions-of-the-state-928558-2024-03-11|access-date=2024-05-17|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam: Government Considers Introducing Meitei Script in Educational Institutions|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-government-considers-introducing-metei-script-in-educational-institutions|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Sentinel Assam|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam government approves introducing Meitei script in educational institutes|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-mulls-introducing-meitei-script-educational-institutes.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Meetei Yelhou Mayek script {{anchor|Meetei Yelhou Mayek|Meitei Yelhou Mayek}} ===
{{Main|Naoriya Phulo script}}

[[File:The vowel and consonant letters of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by Naoriya Phulo for writing Meitei language.jpg|thumb|The vowel and consonant letters of the [[Naoriya Phulo script]] (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by Naoriya Phulo for writing Meitei language]]

A unique form of writing system called "[[Naoriya Phulo script|Meetei Yelhou Mayek]]", distinct from the general [[Meitei script]], was developed by [[Laininghan Naoriya Phulo|Naoriya Phulo]] in [[Cachar]], [[Assam]]. This script was used to write Meitei language in certain cultural contexts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Yelhou Mayek / Naoriya Phulo script|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/meeteiyelhoumayek.htm|access-date=2024-05-17|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-19|title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them.|url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/meetei-yelhou-mayek/|access-date=2024-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Linguistic movements ==
{{Further|Meitei language movement}}
[[File:Manipuri language movement in Assam — Meitei language movement in Assam — demanding Meitei language (alias “Manipuri language”) to be made an additional official language of the Government of Assam — ongoing since 2020.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the successful historical [[Meitei associate official language movement|movement demanding Meitei to be made an official language of Assam]]]]

In Assam, many people had organised a [[Meitei associate official language movement|language movement, demanding that Meitei language]] be made one of the official languages of Assam, besides [[Assamese language]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Next possible language riots in Assam Manipuris vs Assamese By Yambem Laba|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Next_possible_language_riots_in_Assam_Manipuris_vs_Assamese_By_Yambem_Laba|access-date=2024-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> As a part of the movement, in 2023, they walked more than 300 km long march, as a sign of protests demanding their democratic rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2023-03-12|title=Manipuri organisation starts long march in Assam for its democratic rights|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipuri-organisation-starts-long-march-in-assam-for-its-democratic-rights/article66610355.ece|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same year, [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], the titular king and an Indian member of Parliament of [[Manipur]], wrote a letter to the government of Assam, to look into the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pothashang|date=2020-09-24|title=MP Sanajaoba urges Assam CM to include Manipuri language as associate language of Assam {{!}} Pothashang News|url=https://pothashang.in/2020/09/mp-sanajaoba-urges-assam-cm-to-include-manipuri-language-as-associate-language-of-assam/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Pothashang|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, the government of Assam approved the request, by declaring Meitei as the additional official language of four districts of Assam, namely [[Cachar district]], [[Hailakandi district]], [[Karimganj district]] and [[Hojai district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam Cabinet gives nod to recognise Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-gives-nod-to-recognise-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts/article67881260.ece|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2024-02-24|title=Manipuri Language Approved As Associate Official Language For Four Assam Districts|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/24/manipuri-language-approved-as-associate-official-language-for-four-assam-districts/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

Meitei speaking people from Assam also work on the [[Meitei classical language movement|language movement demanding that Meitei be given the officially recognised classical language status]] by the Union Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html}}</ref>

== Education ==
The [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]] (SEBA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam HSLC Exam Routine 2023 Revised SEBA To Conduct All Class 10 Language Papers Including English On April 1|url=https://www.india.com/education/assam-hslc-exam-routine-2023-revised-seba-to-conduct-all-class-10-language-paper-including-english-on-april-1-after-assamese-paper-leak-himanta-biswa-sarma-5950004/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=www.india.com|language=en|quote=In addition to Assamese, the other MIL subjects are Bengali, Bodo, Hindi, Manipuri, ...}}</ref> and the [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]] (AHSEC) provides Meitei language education in the schools of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AHSEC COMPLETE SYLLABUS|url=https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/index.php/hs-2nd-year-syllabus/|website=Government of Assam}}</ref>

[[Assam University]] of [[Silchar]] has a "[[Department of Manipuri, Assam University|Department of Manipuri]]", providing education up to [[PhD]] degrees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amntcsvt76kC&dq=department+of+Manipuri+Assam+University&pg=PA75|title=Development and Problems of Higher Education in Barak Valley and Karbi Anglong Areas of Assam|last=Bazeley|first=Brinda Rymabai|date=2006|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-89233-25-9|pages=75|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&dq=department+of+Manipuri+Assam+University&pg=PA61|title=Handbook of Universities|last=Kumar|first=Ashish|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0607-9|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> [[Gauhati University]] also provides Meitei language education as an independent subject.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Manipuri+Gauhati&pg=PA80|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|date=2000|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-790-0|pages=80|language=en}}</ref>

Meitei language education is offered having independent departments for the language, in different colleges of Assam, including but not limited to the [[Cachar College]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Manipuri {{!}} Cachar College, Silchar |url=https://www.cacharcollege.ac.in/manipuri.html#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Manipuri,%20Cachar,as%20well%20as%20Manipuri%20Literature. |website=}}</ref> the Gurucharan College,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Manipuri {{!}} Gurucharan College, Silchar |url=https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/dept-of-manipuri.html |website=}}</ref> the [[Lala Rural College]], [[Hailakandi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri |url=https://www.lrcollege.org/Manipuri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904072238/http://www.lrcollege.org/Manipuri/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 4, 2016 |website= |language=en}}</ref> the Patharkandi College,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview {{!}} Department of Manipuri {{!}} Patharkandi College |url=https://pkdc.ac.in/department-of-manipuri.html |website=}}</ref> the [[Janata College]], Kabuganj, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Manipuri – Janata College |url=https://janatacollege.in/department-of-manipuri/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Literature ==
Starting from 2020, the [[Government of Assam]] provides a financial support of {{INR Convert|5|l|year=2020}} every year to the [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], a group that works for the development of [[Meitei literature]] (also called [[Manipuri literature]]) in Assam as well as other [[Meitei people|Meitei]] populated states.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2020-09-27|title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Moreover, the government also gave {{INR Convert|6|c|year=2020}} for the development of Meitei [[language corpus]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2020-09-27|title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece|access-date=2024-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Language day ==
[[File:Meitei language day — 20th August — ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ (Meitei Mayek transliteration of the Classical Meitei language translation “Meiteilon-gi Numit”).jpg|thumb|Meitei language day — 20th August]]

In Assam, [[Manipuri Language Day]], also known as [[Meitei language day]], is celebrated, like it is done in other states every year. The event is celebrated to honour the day on which Meitei was made an official language recognised by the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]. The notable groups that celebrate the event are [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]], [[Department of Manipuri, Assam University]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-09-15|title=26th Manipuri Language Day observed|url=https://assamtribune.com/26th-manipuri-language-day-observed|access-date=2024-05-17|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html}}</ref>

== Cinema ==
Meitei language movies are often shown in different film festivals in Assam, including the
[[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] (BVFF), in [[Guwahati]].
In 2023, a Meitei language movie named "[[Nine Hills One Valley]]", directed by [[Haobam Pabankumar]], was shown in the event.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarma|first=Krishangi|date=2023-12-24|title=Nine Hills One Valley is a poignant portrayal of present-day Manipur|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/12/24/nine-hills-one-valley-is-a-poignant-portrayal-of-present-day-manipur/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>

"Phisakhol" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯤꯁꯥꯈꯣꯜ}}|}}) is the first Meitei language movie having its debut in the [[Silchar]] city of the [[Barak Valley]] in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phisakhol becomes first Manipuri digital film to debut at Silchar : 16th oct17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..161017.oct17|access-date=2024-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|date=2017-10-16|title=Phisakhol becomes first Manipuri digital film to debut at Silchar – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.in/2017/10/phisakhol-becomes-first-manipuri-digital-film-to-debut-at-silchar/|access-date=2024-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Associations and organizations ==
The following groups took active participation in the historic [[Meitei associate official language movement]] in Assam:
* All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Make Manipuri an associate official language of Assam' campaign continues; AMSU backs MYFA : 25th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..250720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net |quote=All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU) has endorsed the movement carried out by Manipuris in Assam, demanding the recognition of Manipuri language as an associate official language of Assam.}}</ref>
* Assam Manipuri Meira Paibi Lup<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=Stir to include Manipuri as associate official language in Assam |url=https://assamtribune.com/stir-to-include-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-assam |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Assam Manipuri Sahitya Parishad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demands to Include Manipuri Language in APSC Exams Raised |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/demands-to-include-manipuri-language-in-apsc-exams-raised |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>
* All Assam Manipuri Muslim Youth Front<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=Stir to include Manipuri as associate official language in Assam |url=https://assamtribune.com/stir-to-include-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-assam |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
* All Assam Manipuri Students Union (AAMSU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Manipuri associate official language of Assam: AAMSU : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..220921.sep21 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdesk |first=Time8 |date=2021-09-22 |title=AAMSU demands Associate Official Language status to Manipuri language |url=https://www.time8.in/aamsu-demands-associate-official-language-status-to-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AAMSU for Associate Official Language status : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..220921.sep21 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Guwahati Manipuri Coordination Committee (GMCC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demands to Include Manipuri Language in APSC Exams Raised |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/demands-to-include-manipuri-language-in-apsc-exams-raised |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Manipuri Youth Front of Assam (MYFA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Assam: Youth body demands recognition of Manipuri as associate official language |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-youth-body-demands-recognition-manipuri-associate-official-language-404906-2020-07-01 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Manipuri language official: MYFA : 14th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..140720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognise Manipuri language as Assam's associate official language : MYFA |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/1239/recognise-manipuri-language-as-assams-associate-official-language-myfa |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Union of Association of Manipuri Writers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union of Association of Manipuri Writers backs MYFA's movement : 03rd aug20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..030820.aug20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Youth's Action Committee for Protection of Indigenous People (YACPIP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=YACPIP appeals Assam Govt to include Manipuri Language as Associate official Language : 15th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..150720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Manipuri Literary And Cultural Forum]]
* [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]
* [[Meitei poetry day]] ([[Manipuri poetry day]])
* [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]]
* [[Meitei scheduled language movement]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Meitei language}}
{{Wiktionary|Meitei|Manipuri}}
{{Wikivoyage|Meitei language}}
{{Wikibooks|Meitei language}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Official languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]

Rasika Mathur

2025-11-25T11:19:27Z

Shayne2017: starting new data

{{short description|American actress/comedian}}

'''Rasika Mathur''' is an American [[actress]]/[[comedian]] best known for her recurring role on the original version of ''[[Wild 'n Out]]''.

==Early life==
Mathur was born in [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada, to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] immigrant parents from [[India]], but grew up in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]] and attended Albright Middle School in [[Alief, Texas]] and [[Alief Elsik High School|Elsik High School]].<ref name="souri">Souri, Ranjit (Jun 15, 2006). [http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=b48cdf0620fe080721fddb538957cfae Funny Brown Female.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813120146/http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=b48cdf0620fe080721fddb538957cfae |date=2006-08-13 }} ''India Currents''</ref> She discovered her comedic side in seventh grade, after a teacher asked her to feed her dog while she was away: "That teacher soon said to me, 'Take my acting class' and I did, and it was amazing. I got to free up my inner weirdo. Once we got to draw masks, and everyone loved the lion I drew. Something was always in me, roaring quietly, ready to be unleashed. (Ha, that was a cool metaphor.) Soon, out poured all the funny voices, silly characters, and hilarious wit that had built up inside me."<ref name="souri"/>

At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], she studied creative [[advertising]] with a minor in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and was active in the Student Association.<ref name="souri"/>

==Comedy career==
After college, she moved to [[Chicago]] and worked as a [[copywriter]] at a large advertising firm, while at night she studied [[improvisation]] at [[The Second City]] Training Center: "I day-jobbed and had an improv affair with Second City by night. Still have the hickeys to prove it."<ref name="souri"/> She also performed with ''Stir Friday Night!'', a Chicago-based Asian American [[sketch comedy]] troupe.<ref name="Yalamanchili">Yalamanchili, Pavani (June 2005). [http://niralimagazine.com/2005/06/one-woman-show/ One Woman Show.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321011311/http://niralimagazine.com/2005/06/one-woman-show/ |date=2007-03-21 }} ''Nirali Magazine''</ref>

After moving to LA to film a pilot that did not get picked up, Mathur faced difficulty:
<blockquote>Now I was living out of the trunk of my car. Mooching. Being broke. I mean broke like, you want to go out to eat late night with friends and you’re holding back tears reading the menu, having to make sure the side of eggs is really $1.49 and not $2.49, ’cause otherwise you just won’t eat. The vine I was trying to swing to wasn’t quite in front of me yet, so sometimes I had to grab a hold of air. To make ends meet I had to cater waitering. Being a children’s party clown or [[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]] with a football-shaped head. Serving whiny, bandaid-on-their-forehead customers at [[Starbucks]] at 5 a.m. Graveyard shifts at [[Dr. Phil (TV series)|Dr. Phil]]’s studios. It was a nightmare. But I also realized that I needed to keep my eyes open to the comedy in all those situations, and back-pocket it to use on stage, like during shows at IO-West, or in improv classes at the [[Groundlings]]. That kept me going.<ref name="souri"/></blockquote>

She continues to perform stand-up around the country. She appeared on the show Wild'N Out on MTV2, where she kissed Lauren Flans, another former cast member.<ref name="leslie">Leslie, Joey (April 11, 2006). [http://www.wkuherald.com/media/storage/paper603/news/2006/04/11/News/Qa.Rasika.Mathur.Comedian.And.CoStar.Of.Mtvs.Wild.n.Out-1843579.shtml?norewrite200608300503&sourcedomain=www.wkuherald.com Q&A: Rasika Mathur, Comedian and Co-star of MTV's Wild 'N Out.]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''WKU Herald''</ref> Her influences are [[Christopher Guest]], [[Chevy Chase]], ''[[Three Amigos]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (the [[David Spade]] years) ''[[In Living Color]]'', [[Adam Sandler]], The Count, [[Ben Stiller]], [[Vince Vaughn]], [[Woody Allen]] and [[Diane Keaton]].<ref name="souri"/>

=="The Sari (W)rap"==
Mathur's debut musical comedy album, "The Sari (W)rap", was released in November 2010 on Rukus Avenue Records.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = I Don't Practice Enough
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = The Threading Salon Chronicles
| length2 = 2:08
| title3 = Threading Rap -- A Song For Hairy Girls
| length3 = 1:55
| title4 = Back That Thing Up
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Borders
| length5 = 1:20
| title6 = Indita Mia (Let Me Lube You)
| length6 = 6:33
| title7 = The Indian Irish Drinking Song
| length7 = 2:54
| title8 = My Guitar Teacher Is White
| length8 = 4:51
| title9 = Cricket
| length9 = 0:40
| title10 = We Love You England
| length10 = 4:19
| title11 = Cremation
| length11 = 4:53
| title12 = Punctuation
| length12 = 0:39
| title13 = Wedding Disaster
| length13 = 4:31
| title14 = I Think I'm Gonna Kama Sutra
| length14 = 5:48
| title15 = Their Satanic Majesties Last Guitar Lesson
| length15 = 1:38
| title16 = The Sari (W)rap
| length16 = 2:27
}}

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''Next!''
| Various
| TV movie
|-
|rowspan=2| 2003
| ''[[Melvin Goes to Dinner]]''
| Extra
|
|-
| ''Comedy Central Laughs for Life Telethon 2003''
| Adopted Girl
| TV movie
|-
| 2004
| ''Missing Sock''
| The Guru
| Short
|-
| 2005
| ''Don't Fear the Reaper''
| Hooker with a Heart of Gold
| Short
|-
|rowspan=2| 2006
| ''Totally Real TV''
| Susan
| Short
|-
| ''BBQ Bill''
| Rasika
| Video short
|-
| 2007
| ''Deserted: The Webseries''
| Sanjina
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008
| ''[[Cloverfield]]''
| Party Goer
|
|-
| ''An Inconvenient Penguin''
| Dr. Sumi
| Video short
|-
| 2009
| ''Nilam Auntie: An International Treasure''
| Nilam Auntie / Laxmi Harjoshi
| Short
|-
|rowspan=2| 2010
| ''[[The Taqwacores (film)|The Taqwacores]]''
| Fatima
|
|-
| ''Blowout Sale''
| Customer
| Short
|-
|rowspan=3| 2011
| ''The King's Speech Parody LOL''
| Herself
| Short
|-
| ''[[Crazy, Stupid, Love]]''
| Emily's Assistant
|
|-
| ''Doctors Without Boundaries''
| Dr. Hari Pasi
| Short
|-
| 2012
| ''Just for You''
| Girl With Flowers
| Short
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Shotgun Wedding (2013 film)|Shotgun Wedding]]''
| Violet
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Rubberhead''
| Bride #3
| TV movie
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[3 Non-Blondes]]''
| Herself
| Series Regular
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Stacked]]''
| Sally
| Episode: "Beat the Candidate"
|-
| 2005-2007; 2013; 2020
| ''[[Wild 'n Out]]''
| Cast Member
| Season 1-5, 15
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Free Ride (TV series)|Free Ride]]''
| Deeta the Waitress
| Episode: "Up the Aunty"
|-
|rowspan=4| 2007
| ''[[The L Word]]''
| Student #1
| Episode: "Livin' La Vida Loca"
|-
| ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
| Female Indian Friend
| Episode: "Kept a Guy Locked in a Truck"
|-
| ''[[Carpoolers]]''
| Barista
| Episode: "Down for the Count"
|-
| ''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]''
| Bank Teller
| Episode: "Protection"
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Childrens Hospital]]''
| Nidhi
| Episode: "Frankfurters. Allman Brothers. Death. Frankfurters"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The McCarthys]]''
| Barista
| Episode: "Cutting the Cord" & "End Games"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Will & Grace]]''
| Trish
| Episode: "Sweatshop Annie & The Annoying Baby Shower"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[Abby's]]''
| Customer #2
| Episode: "Backup"
|-
| ''The Dead Sullivan Show''
| Guest/Poet
| Episode: "Tim Tipton's "Rhyme Without Reason" 003"
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1728680}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060809225303/http://www.mtvdesi.com/news/story.jhtml?id=1527710 Rasika Mathur profile] on [[MTV Desi]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070321011311/http://niralimagazine.com/2005/06/one-woman-show/ One Woman Show], Nirali Magazine, June 2005
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182113/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/nick_cannon_wildnout/cast_member/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=4759#/ontv/dyn/nick_cannon_wildnout/cast_member/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=4759 Rasika Mathur profile on Wild 'N Out]
*[http://www.precipiceproductions.com Precipice Productions]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082606/http://deserted.tv/ Rasika Mathur in Deserted ("Lost" Parody) Webisodes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120514/http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=b48cdf0620fe080721fddb538957cfae&this_category_id= "Funny Brown Female": Interview by Ranjit Souri in ''India Currents'' magazine]
*[http://bollywood.buzzine.com/2010/01/international-musical-comedy-icon/this_category_id= "International Musical Comedy Icon": Interview by Parimal M. Rohit in 'Buzzine' magazine]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Rasika}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Houston]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ottawa]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Comedians from Houston]]

Rajahmundry Circar

2025-11-24T15:00:57Z

Shayne2017: starting a article

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajamundry Circar
| settlement_type = [[Circar]]
| native_name =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Golconda Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Hyderabad State]]
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type =
| seat = [[Rajahmundry]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
}}'''Rajahmundry Circar''' or '''Rajahmundry Sarkar''' was one of the five [[Northern Circars]] in the [[Golconda Sultanate]], Deccan subah of [[Mughal Empire]] and later in the Nizam's dominion of Hyderabad.<ref name="golconda">{{Cite web |author=Haroon Khan Sherwani |date=1974 |title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=655}}</ref> The Northern Circars were the most prominent ones in the Deccan subah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXxXJEVuQVwC|title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|date=1915|page=235}}</ref> Eastern Ghats near [[Pentakota]] village were considered the northern limit of the Rajahmundry Circar<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Alexander Dalrymple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJdeAAAAcAAJ |title=Memoir on Watering the Circars |publisher=George Bigg, London |year=1793 |page=5}}</ref> while the southern limit was demarcated by the Godavari river.

== Etymology ==
During Qutb Shahi, Mughal and Nizam rule it was referred in official records with name Rājmandrī<ref name="IrfanHabid">{{cite book |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Buo9AQAAIAAJ |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index |publisher=Centre of Advanced Study in History, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |page=60 |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> and the same name was anglicized in the British colonial era as ''Rajahmundry'' or ''Rajamundry''. ''Circar'' was the English spelling of [[Sarkar (administrative division)|''sarkar'']], a Mughal term for a district (a subdivision of a ''[[Subah (province)|subah]]'' or province), which had been in use since the time of [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1486–1545).<ref name="Moreland2011">{{citation |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |title=The Agrarian System of Moslem India: A Historical Essay with Appendices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7Fr34r66ZcC&pg=PA75 |pages=74–75 |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-02828-8}}</ref><ref name="Regani1988">{{citation |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |title=Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC&pg=PA152 |page=152 |year=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1}}</ref> A sarkar was further divided into [[Mahalla|Mahal]]s or [[Pargana]]s.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Akhter |first=Nasrin |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Sarkar |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar}}</ref>

== Geographical extent ==
The [[Eastern Ghats]] near [[Pentakota]] village were considered the northern limit of the Rajahmundry Circar beyond which was the Chicacole Circar.<ref name=":0" /> The southern limit was bounded by Ellore circar with the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] river demarcating the boundary. The Northern Circars were five in number: Chicacole ([[Srikakulam]]), Rajmandri ([[Rajahmundry]]), Ellore ([[Eluru]]), Mustaphanagar ([[Kondapalli]]) and Murtuzanagar ([[Guntur]]).

==Early history==
During [[Vengi Chalukya]] era, [[Rajamundry|Rajahmundry]] was the capital from the reign of [[Rajaraja Narendra]], and later during [[Kakatiya]] rule it was a fort. Rajahmundry may have been among the 77 administrative territories during Kakatiya's reign.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Raghunadha Rao|last=P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENuAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient and Medieval History of Andhra Pradesh|isbn=9788120714953|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1993|page=70}}</ref> During the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], after the fall of [[Kakatiyas]], Rajahmundry province fell to the invading armies of Ulugh Khan (later [[Muhammad ibn Tughluq]]) around 1324AD. In the same year, one of the oldest Mosques in [[Madras presidency]] now known as ''Royal mosque'' or '' {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Pedda Masīdu}}'' ({{langx|te|పెద్ద మశీదు}}) was built here by the natives. That mosque bears still an inscription that it was built by one of the commanders of Muhammad ibn Tughluq.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Yashoda Devi|last=V.|url=https://ia802608.us.archive.org/31/items/AfterTheKakatiyas/AfterTheKakatiyas.pdf |title=After the Kākatīyas|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi|year=1975|page=30}}</ref> Later a reconquest was launched by chieftains such as [[Musunuri Nayakas|Prolaya Nayaka]], [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]] and liberated this province from Tughlaq rule. Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka discovered near [[Pithapuram]]{{refn|group=note|Pithapuram is an ancient city. it was the capital city of Eastern Chalukyas before they shifted to {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Vengi}} (Now known as {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Pedavegi}}) and finally to Rajahmundry.}} gave valuable insight into the situation of Telangana (including Andhra Pradesh){{refn|group=note|Until medieval ages the names 'Telangana' and 'Andhra' both used to name the Telugu lands. While the latter is much ancient name that was existing even during the Vedic era, the former name is a portmanteau of {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Telanga}} ({{langx|te|తెలంగ}}, lit. 'Telugu') and {{transliteration|ur|ISO|āṇemu}} ({{langx|te|ఆణెము}}, lit. 'land'). However, in due course of time, the current [[Telangana]] remained under different Muslim dynasties until 1948 and the current [[Andhra Pradesh]] got gradually absorbed by the [[British Raj]]. At first, the [[Northern Circars]] got ceded to them by Nizams during the mid-eighteenth century, and ''Ceded districts'', now referred to as [[Rayalaseema]] got ceded after a few decades. Even today one of the dominant agricultural castes is referred to as {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Telaga}}. During the [[French India|French rule]], the people of [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] caste in the [[Yanaon|French colony of Yanam]] have been referred to in the French official records as {{lang|fr|Telinga}}.}} aftermath of the fall of Kakatiyas and mentions the ordeals faced by the people during Tughluq rule.<ref name="Vilasagrantrefence">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06115/page/n9/mode/2up|title=Epigraphia Indica|publisher=Archeological Survey of India|language=English|year=1987|volume=XXXII (1957-58)|page=239}}</ref> Later, Rajahmundry was ruled by Reddies. During their rule, Rajahmundry was first a sub-capital ({{transliteration|ur|ISO|Upa-Rājadhāni}}) and later became the capital town.<ref name="DandapataReference"/> Later it passed to the Gajapatis of Orissa.

==Gajapati Era==
Rajahmundry was retroceded by [[Srikrishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] to the Hindu rulers in [[Orissa]], the [[Gajapatis]] as part of a peace treaty after his successful conquest of eastern provinces in 1512. After a martial alliance with Gajapatis, Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the [[Krishna River]]; this made the Krishna River the boundary between the Vijayanagara Empire and Gajapati Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Jayasree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbtAAAAMAAJ |title=Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar |publisher=Navrang |year=1991 |isbn=9788170130840 |page=21 |quote="Krishnadevaraya returned all the territory north of the river Krishna to Prataparudra Gajapati."}}</ref> During Gajapati era, Rajahmundry was then organized as a ''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Daṇḍapāṭa}}'' ({{langx|te|దండపాట}}){{refn|group=note|A {{transliteration|te|ISO|Daṇḍapāṭa}} is an administrative unit under a {{transliteration|te|ISO|Daṇḍa-parīkṣā}} or {{transliteration|te|ISO|Daṇḍanāyaka}} in the Oriyan historical records}} with 21 ''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Sthalās}}'' (rough equivalent to ''Parganas'').<ref name="DandapataReference">{{cite magazine |title=మాతల్లి గోదారి|edition=Sri Subhanu Samvastara Pushara Pratyeka Sanchika (2003 Godavari Pushkara Special Edition)|language=Telugu |url=https://ia801800.us.archive.org/35/items/maatalli-godavari-sri-subhanu-samvatsara-pushkara-pratyeka-samchika-by-t-t-d-special-edition/Maatalli%20Godavari%20Sri%20Subhanu%20Samvatsara%20Pushkara%20Pratyeka%20Samchika%20By%20T.T.D.%20Special%20Edition%20In%20Telugu_text.pdf |magazine=Saptagiri |location=Tirupati |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|pages=67 |date=2003 |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

The 21 {{transliteration|te|ISO|Sthalās}} of Rajahmundry {{transliteration|te|ISO|Rājya}} or {{transliteration|te|ISO|Daṇḍapāṭa}} during Gajapati era were 1. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Palnāḍu}} ({{transliteration|te|ISO|Prōlanāḍu}} or [[Pithapuram]]), 2. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Bodasakurru|Bōḍasakur̥r̥u]]}}, 3. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Ponnāḍu}} (Ponnada), 4. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Nandipūḍikoṭṭām}}, 5. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kimmūru}} ([[Peddapuram]]), 6. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Bikkavōlu}}, 7. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Ithakota|Ītakoṭa]]}}, 8. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Korukonda Mandal|kōrukonḍa]]}}, 9. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Araṭlakōṭa}}, 10. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Cōḍavaram}}, 11. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Injaram|Viñjavaram]]}}, 12. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Muramalla|Murumaḷḷa]]}}, 13. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Cāgalnāḍu}}, 14. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Mollēru}}, 15. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Rājupūḍu}}, 16. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Sarvasiddhi}}, 17. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Rāyavaram}}, 18. {{transliteration|te|ISO|[[Kakinada|Kākināḍa]]}}, 19. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Salapāka}} (Selapaka), 20. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Tāḷḷapāka}} (Tatipaka), and 21. {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kōṭa}}.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Subrahmanyam |last=R.|title=Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |publisher=Andhra University, Waltair|year=1957|pages=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Dipti |last=Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2007|isbn=9788172111953|pages=52–53}}</ref> Each of these sthalas had a ''Sthala Karaṇam'' ({{langx|te|స్థల కరణం}}) who maintained the accounts and held the title ''pātra''.

Each of these {{transliteration|te|ISO|Sthalās}} are further divided into some revenue villages referred to as {{transliteration|te|ISO|grāmās}}.

==Qutb Shahi Era==
The administration during the [[Golconda Sultanate]] could be traced back to the provincial divisions as arranged in the erstwhile Bahmani sultanate and Tughluqs. During the Tughluq era, the Deccan provinces were divided into four provinces called ''shiqs'', which the later Bahmanis referred to as ''tarafs'', lit. directions.{{refn|group=note|Bahman Shah continued the Tughluq administrative system but his son Muhammad Shah brought the modifications such as changing shiqs to tarafs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chitnis |first1=Krishnaji Nageshrao |title=Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMcIu7kL42MC|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |date=2003|isbn=9788171560622|page=51}}</ref>}} Each of these tarafs was divided into ''sarkars''. Similarly, each sarkar is organized into ''parganas'' and each pargana into villages, also referred to as ''mauzes''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chitnis |first1=Krishnaji Nageshrao |title=The Nawabs of Savanur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKjl5BftcdwC |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |date=2000|isbn=9788171565214|page=127}}</ref> Even after Bahmani sultanate disintegrated into the Deccan sultanates this administrative arrangement continued.

During Qutb Shahi era, Rajahmundry sarkar was existing and had 24 [[Pargana|paraganas]].<ref name="golconda"/>

==Mughal Era==
{{Further|Hyderabad Subah}}
The Mughals annexed the [[Golconda Sultanate]] during the late seventeenth century in 1687 and organized it as ''Subah of Deccan''. Rajahmundry was one of the 22 sarkars within that Subah.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|url= https://archive.org/download/godavaridistrict01frhe/godavaridistrict01frhe.pdf|title=GODAVARI DISTRICT GAZETTEER (reprint)|author=William F. R. Hemingway|year=1915|pages=29}}</ref> The Suba of Deccan (or Hyderabad) was also divided into two administrative regions, ''Farkhurda Bunyad Hyderabad'' and the ''Karnatak Hyderabad''. The latter was popularly referred to as ''[[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]'' during the [[British Raj]] and was further divided into Balaghaut and Painghaut regions. The sarkars of the Farkhunda Bunyad Suba Hyderabad are 1. Muhammadnagar ([[Golconda]]), 2. Kolas ([[Kaulas Fort|Kaulas]]), 3. Khammamet ([[Khammam]]), 4. [[Koilkonda]], 5. Kanlore, 6. Devarkonda ([[Devarakonda]]), 7. [[Nalgonda]], 8. [[Bhongir]], 9. Pangal ([[Panagal, Nalgonda district|Panagal]]) , 10. Merak ([[Medak]]), 11. Malangur ([[Molangur]]), 12. Mustafanagar ([[Kondapalli]]), 13. Ellore ([[Eluru]]), 14. Rajmundry ([[Rajamahendravaram]]), 15. Elgandal ([[Karimnagar]]), 16. Warrangal ([[Warangal]]), 17. Machlipattan ([[Machilipatnam]]), 18. Nizam Pattan ([[Nizampatnam]]), 19. Shikakol ([[Srikakulam]]), 20. Murtazanagar ([[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]).

During the Mughal era there 17 parganas<ref name="IrfanHabid"/> comprising 24 mahals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayeem|first=M. A.|date=2016|chapter=MARITIME TRADE AND GROWTH OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN PORT CITIES OF COLONIAL ANDHRA: A STUDY OF MASULIPATNAM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ|title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad, Volume 1|pages=30|publisher=Hyderabad Publishers|isbn=9788185492230 }}</ref> It can be noted that the terms ''Mahal'' and ''Pargana'' have been used interchangeably. However, there is an important difference between these two terms.{{refn|group=note|A pargana denoted a fiscal-cum-territorial unit comprising some number of villages and was under a Faujdar.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Banglapedia Trust, [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pargana|title=Pargana|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> On the contrary, a Mahal is purely fiscal unit.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Banglapedia Trust, [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mahal|title=Mahal|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> A pargana might include more than one mahal and not vice versa.}}

Information about the list of the parganas are available from [[Sawānih-i-Deccan]], a Persian work compiled by Munīm Khan, a military commander during the era of [[Asaf Jah II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2O07AQAAIAAJ|title=Journal: Humanities. Section A., Volumes 33-36|publisher=University of Madras|year=1961|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfNLEAAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Research on the Role of Libraries, Archives, and Museums in Achieving Civic Engagement and Social Justice in Smart Cities|author=Taher Mohamed|publisher=IGI Global|year=2021|page=110|isbn=9781799883654 }}</ref> The parganas of Rajahmundry sarkar are 1.Haveli Rajahmundry, 2.Arnalwarikonda, 3.Agarhar-o-sarwar, 4.Palawal (Palivela), 5.[[Bodasakurru|Borsakur]], 6.Belhapur, 7.Chirlapalli, 8.Chankalinar (Chagalanadu), 9.Choddarham (Chodavaram), 10.Dudilodi, 11.Salwarikota Wokripalli, 12.Ainkota ([[Ithakota]]/Enugula Mahal), 13.Karkonda (Korukonda), 14.Kalibaradsowalbar, 15.Palwarikota, 16. Karmor ([[Peddapuram]]) and 17.Molair (Mulleru).<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Syed|first=Dawood Ashraf|type=Doctoral thesis|chapter=II|url=https://archive.org/details/MughalAdministrationOfTheDeccan16581707WithSpecialReferenceToMaharashtra|title=Mughal Administration of the Deccan 1658-1707 (With Special Reference to Maharashtra)|publisher= University of Poona|year=1987|page=80|access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> During Mughal and Nizam rule the word ''Haveli'' implied capital or headquarters of a Circar.<ref>{{Cite book|author=T. T. Roberts|date=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8JCajCNE4QC|title=An Indian Glossary: Consisting of Some Thousand Words and Terms Commonly Used in the East Indies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108027052}}</ref>

Other resources to know about the administration divisions during the Mughal rule and early Nizam rule were ''Dastūr-al-amal-e-shāhanshāhi'' (1781) by Munshī Thākur Lāl,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzUDwAAQBAJ|title=Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires|author=Nandini Chatterjee|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|page=127|isbn=9781108486033}}</ref> and ''Deh-be-dehi'' (c.1705) by Md. Shafīq.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ|title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.|author=M. A. Nayeem|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=1985|page=100|isbn=9788172243258}}</ref>

==British Era==
The British assumed direct administration of the Northern Circars in 1769 which was later merged within the [[Madras Presidency]]. The British records mention that the Rajahmundry Circar had 17 Parganas when they have acquired but many additional territorial dependencies were added either by conquest or policy. Also, they mention that very few of the original 17 can be traced during their time.<ref name="IngeramParagana">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coIfAAAAYAAJ|title=Madras Presidency|author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the East India Company|publisher=J. Higginbotham|year=1966|page=210|via=Google Books}}</ref>

A partial list of parganas mentioned by English resident at Injeram during 1794 include [[Mandapeta]], [[Nidadavolu]], Biccavolu, [[Tuni]], Vellakota, Changalnanda, [[Kadiyam|Cadeam]], [[Pithapuram]],<ref>{{cite book|year=1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnRfAAAAcAAJ|title=The Asiatic Annual Register, Or, a View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, Volume 6|page=29 |publisher=Debrett}}</ref> [[Ithakota|Itakota]], [[Katrenikona|Catrevukona]], [[Mummidivaram|Moomidivaram]], Peruru, Tatipaka, Peravaram, Vanapally, [[Achanta]], Aravilly, [[Injaram]] and [[Narasapuram]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ajjarapu |first=Venkata Raman Rao|year=1958|chapter=Chapter II|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91Q7AAAAMAAJ|title=Economic Development of Andhra Pradesh, 1766-1957|page=20 |edition=Second |publisher=Popular Book Depot}}</ref>

Later the British have reorganized this circar as [[Godavari District|Godavari district]] within the [[Madras Presidency]]. Rajahmundry town was made the headquarters of Godavari District but the Collector shifted to [[Kakinada]] in 1859.<ref>{{citation |author=Kenneth W. Jones |title=Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whMLdd8F_xAC&q=kakinada |page=152 |year=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-07-9140-828-5}}</ref> An alphabetical list of villages and Taluks were prepared during British era for whole Madras presidency.<ref>{{citation |title=Alphabetical List of Villages in Taluks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAS-LbAx0R4C |year=1992 |publisher=Asian Educational Services (Reprint) |pages=294–331}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of the Mughal Empire]]

Unchahar Express

2025-11-21T07:57:45Z

Shayne2017:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Unchahar Express
| logo = Unchahar Express at kurukshetra.jpg
| image = Unchahar express.jpg
| first =
| caption = Unchahar Express At [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] & [[Chandigarh]]
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction||Prayagraj Sangam}} (PYGS)
| stops = 39
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} (CDG)
| distance = {{convert|890|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 19 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12231/12232 [[Lucknow–Chandigarh Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14217 / 14218
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14217 / 14218 '''Unchahar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] zone that runs between {{stnlnk|Prayagraj sangam Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Chandigarh}} in India. First run on track on 1986.

It operates as train number 14217 from Prayag Junction to Chandigarh and as train number 14218 in the reverse direction. Earlier it used to start from Prayag Junction.

==Coaches==

The 14217/18 Unchahar Express presently has 2 AC II Tier, 3 AC III Tier, 6 Sleeper Class, 6 Second Class Seating & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) LHB coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 14217/18 Prayag–Chandigarh Unchahar Express covers the distance of 913 kilometers in 19 hours 20 mins as 14217 Prayag–Chandigarh Unchahar Express (47.22 km/h) and in 18 hrs 15 mins as 14218 Chandigarh–Prayag Unchahar Express (48.48 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.
[[File:Lucknow Chandigarh Express - AC 2 tier coach.JPG|thumb|Unchahar Express – AC 2 tier coach]]
[[File:Lucknow Chandigarh Express - SLR coach.JPG|thumb|Unchahar Express – SLR coach]]

==Routeing==

The 14217/14218 Unchahar Express runs from Prayag Junction via Kunda, {{stnlnk|Unchahar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Unnao Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}, {{stnlnk|Phaphund}}, {{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Shikohabad}}, {{stnlnk|Firozabad}}, {{stnlnk|Tundla}}, {{stnlnk|Aligarh}}, {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}}, {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Narela}}, {{stnlnk|Sonipat Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Panipat}}, {{stnlnk|Karnal}}, {{stnlnk|Kurukshetra}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}} to Chandigarh.

==Traction==

A [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from the [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] hauls the train from Prayagraj Sangam till Chandigarh Junction.

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|access-date=2014-05-30|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Chandigarh-Allahabad-Unchahar-Express|title=Chandigarh Allahabad Unchahar Express: Latest News, Videos, Photos|work=Times of India|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-trains-to-be-discontinued-from-dec-20/|title=Two trains to be discontinued from Dec 20|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2755&id=0,4,268|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=nr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/info_arrv.htm|title=Official Website of Chandigarh Administration|publisher=chandigarh.gov.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unchahar Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation

2025-11-20T14:12:45Z

Shayne2017:

{{Short description|Electricity transmission and distribution company in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image = CESCOM Mysore.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Kuvempunagar]] division CESC office in [[Mysore]]
| trading_name =
| native_name = ಚಾಮುಂಡೇಶ್ವರಿ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸರಬರಾಜು ನಿಗಮ
| native_name_lang = kn
| type = [[Public utility]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Electric power|Power]]
| predecessors = [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation]] [[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited]]
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|2005}}
| founder = 
| hq_location_city = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served = {{plainlist|
* 27,858 square km.
* [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
* [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
* [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
* [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
* [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
}}
| key_people = Chairman
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|{{increase}} {{INR}}2,991.06 [[crore]] (2015–16)|{{INR}}2,882.25 crore (2014–15)}}
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| profit = {{Unbulleted list|{{decrease}} {{INR}}7.92 crore (2015–16)|{{INR}}40.27 crore (2014–15)}}
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 5,066
| num_employees_year = March 2013
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|cescmysore.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited''' ('''CESC''' '''Mysore''') is a company that provides electricity to five [[Districts of Karnataka|districts]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|State]] of [[Karnataka]]. It was carved out of [[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited]] in 2005 and has its headquarters in [[Mysore]]. It is an [[State-owned enterprise|undertaking]] of the [[government of Karnataka]].<ref name="kp1">{{cite web|title=Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited Profile|url=http://knowledgeplatform.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Chamundeshwari-Electricity-Supply_1st-Prize.pdf|publisher=knowledgeplatform.in|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
Electricity was distributed in the five districts of [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]] by [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation]] (KPTCL) since its formation in 1999 to 2002. [[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited]] (MESCOM) was one of four companies that was formed in 2002 from KPTCL, and it distributed to these districts. CESC was carved out of MESCOM in 2005 to meet the increasing demand for power.<ref name="kp1"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=16–29 February 2008|title=Business of power|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2504/stories/20080229506110700.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> Kodagu was added to its jurisdiction in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=11th Annual Accounts for the Year 2015-16|url=http://www.cescmysore.org/images/Annualreport/WD-137-CESCOM-Eng-Print.pdf|work=Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation|accessdate=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308044415/http://www.cescmysore.org/images/Annualreport/WD-137-CESCOM-Eng-Print.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Energy|Companies}}
* {{Official website|www.cescmysore.org}}

{{Power Plants of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Electric power distribution network operators in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{Energy-company-stub}}

Cadaver (2022 film)

2025-11-18T04:17:06Z

Shayne2017:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cadaver
| image = Cadaver Poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = Anoop Panicker
| writer = Abhilash Pillai
| producer = [[Amala Paul]]
| starring = [[Amala Paul]] [[Harish Uthaman]]
| cinematography = Aravind Singh
| editing = San Lokesh
| music = Ranjin Raj
| studio = Amala Paul Productions
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{film date|2022|08|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 123 Minutes
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Cadaver''''' (transl. Corpse) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[police procedural film|police procedural]] [[thriller film]] directed by Anoop Panicker and written by [[Abhilash Pillai (screenwriter)|Abhilash Pillai]]. The film was produced under the Amala Paul Productions banner. The film stars [[Amala Paul]], with [[Riythvika]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Thrigun]], [[Harish Uthaman]] and [[Athulya Ravi]] in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Ranjin Raj with cinematography handled by Aravind Singh and editing done by San Lokesh. The film was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 12 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Amala Paul-starrer 'Cadaver' to release on OTT |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/22/amala-paul-starrer-cadaver-to-release-on-ott |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724145703/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/22/amala-paul-starrer-cadaver-to-release-on-ott |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=DT Next |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title='கடாவர்' படம் வெளியாகக் கூடாது என பலரும் மறைமுகமாக உழைத்தனர்: அமலா பால் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/837940-amala-paul-speech-at-cadaver-movie-press-meet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810133842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/837940-amala-paul-speech-at-cadaver-movie-press-meet.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Cadaver OTT Release : അമല പോളിന്റെ കാടവെർ ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോമിൽ സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് തുടങ്ങി; എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/cadaver-movie-ott-release-amala-paul-starrer-started-streaming-in-ott-platform-disney-plus-hotstar-102290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812162900/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/cadaver-movie-ott-release-amala-paul-starrer-started-streaming-in-ott-platform-disney-plus-hotstar-102290 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts off with a mystery man abducting and cruelly murdering Salim Rahman, a chief [[Cardiothoracic surgery|heart surgeon]] at a reputed JC hospital in the city. Bhadra Thangavel, an expert [[Pathology|pathologist]], aids the city's [[Deputy superintendent of police|ACP]] Vishal in handling the case. Alongside, we also witness a prisoner, Vetri, in prison, who had already vowed to kill Salim Rahman by drawing his portrait on the walls of his cell. As this news leaks out, the commissioner and the pathologist are left with no choice but to interrogate Vetri.

Despite being in captivity, Vetri manages to kill his second target just as he vowed. This shocks the entire city, and they realize someone is helping him from the outside. Later, the film revolves around Vetri, his late wife Angel, and their connection to the case. Angel was actually pregnant at the time of her death, and the autopsy done was by none other than Salim Rahman. Bhadra raises a question with Vishal as to why a heart surgeon needs to conduct Angel's autopsy as her cause of death was due to blood loss from her head. That is when they find out that something is fishy with Angel's autopsy: the autopsy has never been done, and her heart is missing.

Vishal is transferred to another city, and Bhadra thinks over the case. It is then revealed that Bhadra met Angel before on a bus. She was returning back from a village to Vetri. Angel shows a locket to Bhadra in which she wants to keep miniature photos of her marriage with Vetri and their unborn child. After some days, Angel returns from the hospital and meets with an accident due to a chain snatcher. She is severely injured, and Vetri immediately takes her to a hospital where Salim Rahman works. It is shown that the baby was taken out from her womb, and Salim Rahman removed her heart for transplantation into a wealthy patient's body. A hospital nurse, Priya, takes away the baby for disposal only to find it crying suddenly. She takes the baby to her home and takes care of her.

Vetri, thinking his wife and child are dead, mourns for them. After a few days, Bhadra finds Angel's autopsy file while teaching students and finds a worker over there suspicious as he stares at Angel with grief. She questions him and finds out that he is Priya's father. He tells Bhadra about what had happened. She asks Priya's help in exposing the crimes. Initially afraid, Priya decides to serve justice for Angel. She sneaks into Salim's office, but Salim finds her and attacks her with his father and Dr. Abraham Abel. Priya, though wounded, helps Bhadra by telling her the names of the people who are responsible for Angel's death but succumbs to her injuries. Bhadra teams up with the church father and Priya's father to expose the crime to the society. The church father guides Vetri, who is then in prison, about what to do.

All the murders were not actually committed by Vetri, but by Bhadra. She punishes everyone according to the punishments given in puranas. Soon proper investigation is opened, and the crime is exposed. Vetri, now free from all charges, talks with Bhadra about his life ahead as his wife and child are dead. Bhadra gives Vetri a locket, which he opens and finds his and Angel's picture with the picture of Bhadra's daughter. The locket was actually the one Vetri had gifted Angel. Bhadra takes in the baby after Priya's death and raises her as her own. Vetri hugs his daughter with emotion. It is shown after a few days that students are afraid to conduct an autopsy over a dead body and Bhadra talks about the cadaver (dead corpse) being humiliated by not conducting an autopsy on it. It is revealed that the body is Ali Rahman's.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Amala Paul]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Badra Thangavel
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Vishal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Munishkanth]] as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Michael
* [[Thrigun]] as Vetri
* [[Athulya Ravi]] as Angel
* [[Riythvika]] as Priya
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Dr. Salim Rahman
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Dr. Abraham Abel
* [[Velu Prabhakaran]] as Ali Rahman, Salim Rahman's father
* [[Vinod Sagar]]
* Palani
* Jaya Rao
* Gajaraj as Gajaraj
* Vaishnavi Pillai
* Jai Anand as Inspector
* Pasupathi Raj as Jail Superintendent Paramasivam
* K. R. Saravanan as Minister
}}

== Production ==
The film's shoot started in 2019.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1113472930040623104 |user=amala_ams |title=My 1st movie as producer will hit the silver screens soon. It's special cuz I'm joining hands wit my manager Pradeep as the co-producer #cadaver is a forensic investigational thriller. It's a risk tat needs to be taken cuz scripts like these deserve the awe of the audience 😇🙏💕 |author=Amala Paul |author-link=Amala Paul |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816011542/https://twitter.com/amala_ams/status/1113472930040623104 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul unveils first-look poster of her maiden production venture Cadaver |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/26/31860/amala-paul-unveils-first-look-poster-of-her-maiden-production-venture-cadaver |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816011550/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/26/31860/amala-paul-unveils-first-look-poster-of-her-maiden-production-venture-cadaver |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film was earlier planned to release in theatres,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Amala Paul's 'Cadaver' will wait for theatrical release |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amala-paul-s-cadaver-will-wait-theatrical-release-132094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816011551/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amala-paul-s-cadaver-will-wait-theatrical-release-132094 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> but it was released directly on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cadaver release date: When and where to watch the murder mystery starring Amala Paul online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/cadaver-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-murder-mystery-starring-amala-paul-online/ca34e04f5c840 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816011542/https://www.ottplay.com/news/cadaver-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-murder-mystery-starring-amala-paul-online/ca34e04f5c840 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title=Amala Paul's Cadaver to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/21/amala-pauls-cadaver-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-32937.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728025448/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/21/amala-pauls-cadaver-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-32937.html/ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film had an OTT release on 12 August 2022. A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "''Cadaver'' sets up the milieu and its characters quite well".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=12 August 2022 |title='Cadaver' movie review: Amala Paul's murder mystery doesn't grip you, but there are positives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cadaver-movie-review-amala-pauls-murder-mystery-doesnt-grip-you-but-there-are-positives/article65761449.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815132326/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cadaver-movie-review-amala-pauls-murder-mystery-doesnt-grip-you-but-there-are-positives/article65761449.ece |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=கடாவர் Review - த்ரில்லருக்கான களம் மட்டும் போதுமா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-review/839868-cadaver-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815030328/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-review/839868-cadaver-movie-review.html |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> A reviewer from the [[Times of india|Times of India]] opined that "Cadaver is thrilling in parts".<ref>{{Citation |title=Cadaver Review: Cadaver is thrilling in parts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/cadaver/ottmoviereview/93453076.cms |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/cadaver/ottmoviereview/93453076.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Indiatoday.in|IndiaToday]]'' wrote that "Sincere Amala Paul fails to save bland investigative thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Cadaver Movie Review: Sincere Amala Paul fails to save bland investigative thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/cadaver-movie-review-sincere-amala-paul-fails-to-save-bland-investigative-thriller-1987220-2022-08-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812212854/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/cadaver-movie-review-sincere-amala-paul-fails-to-save-bland-investigative-thriller-1987220-2022-08-12 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt11102262}}

[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Frederika Menezes

2025-11-11T14:11:08Z

Shayne2017: added info

{{short description|Indian author, poet and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Frederika Menezes
| image = Frederika Menezes, author from Goa, India.jpg
| caption = Menezes in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|36|2016|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[Panjim]], [[Goa]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|poet|artist}}
| language = English
| period =
| awards = [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]] (2016)
| genre =
| subject =
| notable_works = ''Unforgotten'' (2014)
| signature =
| years_active = 1996–present
| website =
}}

'''Frederika Menezes''' (born 1979 or 1980)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian author, poet, and artist best known for her book ''Unforgotten'', a love story for young adults published in 2014. Her poem ''"The Different Normals"'' has yet to be included in the English textbook of the [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (GBSHSE).<ref name=":1">
{{cite news
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/36081344.cms
|title = Life lessons from a personal story of always seeing the bright side
|work = The Times of India
|date = Jun 5, 2014
|first = Jonathan
|last = Rodrigues
|access-date = 2018-11-21
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181121081505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Life-lessons-from-a-personal-story-of-always-seeing-the-bright-side/articleshow/36081344.cms
|archive-date = November 21, 2018
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa-Board-to-introduce-new-subject-in-psychology/109380.html
|title = Goa Board to introduce new subject in psychology
|work = Herald Goa
|access-date = 2018-11-13
|date = Dec 12, 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113171800/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa-Board-to-introduce-new-subject-in-psychology/109380.html
|archive-date = 2018-11-13
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Frederika Menezes was born in either 1979 or 1980, to physicians, Jose Menezes and Angela Fonseca e Menezes and grew up in [[Altinho]], [[Panjim]]. She was diagnosed with [[cerebral palsy]] when she was one year old. She has been a supporter for the cause of the differently-abled.<ref name="Observer2017">{{cite news
|url = https://www.goanobserver.in/2017/04/01/frederika-menezes-shows-way/
|title = Frederika Menezes shows the way!
|work = Goan Observer
|date = Apr 1, 2017
|first = Tara
|last = Narayan
|access-date = 2018-11-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170216/https://www.goanobserver.in/2017/04/01/frederika-menezes-shows-way/
|archive-date = 2018-11-13
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="GoaStreetsPoetic2018">{{Cite web|url=https://goastreets.com/frederika-menezes-poetic-colours/|title=Frederika Menezes: Poetic Colours |last=Gutkin |first=Steven |date=Dec 17, 2018 |website=GoaStreets.com|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> Menezes completed her schooling at People's High School, Panjim in 1996.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Menezes began writing poetry when she was encouraged by her teacher to do a class project, and it was at that point that she discovered her passion for writing poems.<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/special-educators-the-lifeline-of-resource-rooms-and-special-schools/
|title=Special educators – the lifeline of resource rooms and special schools.
|last=
|first=
|date= Feb 26, 2016
|work=[[The Navhind Times]], Kurio City
|access-date= Nov 22, 2018
}}</ref>

Menezes's other literary works include ''The Portrait'' (a collection of poems, published in 1998), ''The Pepperns and Wars of the Mind'' (a fantasy novel, published in 2003) and ''Stories in Rhyme'' (which was a book of verse for children, released in 2014).<ref name="Observer2017"/> She is also a budding artist. She does her paintings digitally (on a tablet, smartphone or PC), using only one finger.<ref name="Triumphs2018" /> Some of her paintings include ''The Grieving Madonna'', ''Tourada'', ''Mother Sea'' and ''First Kiss''.<ref name="GoaStreetsPoetic2018" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Menezes was awarded the [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]] Award in Literature in 2016.<ref name="Triumphs2018">{{cite web
|url = http://goastreets.com/the-triumphs-of-frederika-menezes/
|title = The Triumphs of Frederika Menezes
|work = Goa Streets
|date = Oct 19, 2018
|first = Steven
|last = Gutkin
|access-date = 2018-11-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170317/http://goastreets.com/the-triumphs-of-frederika-menezes/
|archive-date = 2018-11-13
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Her first book received praise from the late [[Dr. Abdul Kalam]], the then [[President of India]]. She was also given the opportunity to recite from her book of poems in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], in front of him.<ref name=":0">{{cite news
|url = http://goastreets.com/frederika-menezes/
|title = Frederika Menezes - Triumph of A Literary Spirit
|work = Goa Streets
|date = Jan 28, 2016
|first = Charlane
|last = Pereira e Rebello
|access-date = 2018-11-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170324/http://goastreets.com/frederika-menezes/
|archive-date = 2018-11-13
|url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2019, Samraat Club, Panjim, felicitated her at her home on the occasion of International Women's Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=49946|title=Frederika Menezes felicitated at her home in unique initiative|website=The Goan|date=Mar 13, 2019|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

Also in 2019, Menezes was invited as a Chief Guest for an art exhibition of the Mouth and Foot Painting Artists Association (MFPA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/art-with-a-difference/|title=Art with a difference |work=The Navhind Times |date=Feb 22, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> was chosen by the [[Election Commission of India]] to be the "disability voting icon" for [[North Goa district]] during the [[2019 Indian general election]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/dedicated-facilities-for-persons-with-disabilities-in-goa-draws-more-voters/article26923053.ece|title=Goa: Dedicated facilities for persons with disabilities draws more voters|last=Kamat|first=Prakash|date=Apr 23, 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and spoke at TEDxPanaji<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/tedx-panaji-2019-to-unveil-unique-goan-ideas-119041700658_1.html|title=TEDx Panaji 2019 to unveil unique Goan ideas|date=2019-04-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/31985|title=TEDxPanaji {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> on optimism, positivity and determination.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Frederika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Invading the Sacred

2025-11-09T17:22:16Z

Shayne2017: put up new info!

{{Short description|2007 book on Hindu Studies}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Invading-the-Sacred-2007-FRONT-COVER.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption =
| author = Krishnan Ramaswamy Antonio de Nicolas Aditi BanerjeeF
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = 
| publisher = [[Rupa & Co.]]
| pub_date = 2007
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 545
| isbn = 978-81-291-1182-1
| oclc = 162522146
}}

'''''Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America''''' is a book published in 2007 by [[Rupa & Co.]] which argues that there are factual inaccuracies in [[Hindu studies]].<ref name="outlook-banerjee">{{cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Aditi |author-link=Aditi Banerjee |title=Invading The Sacred |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?234969 |work=Outlook |date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=M/s Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ramaswamy |first=Krishnan |title=Invading the Sacred |url=http://www.littleindia.com/life/1832-invading-the-sacred.html |work=Little India |date=August 17, 2007 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives |page=13 |first1=Mark |last1=Singleton |first2=Jean |last2=Byrne |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |series=Routledge Hindu Studies Series |isbn=978-0-415-45258-8}}</ref> The editors of the book are Krishnan Ramaswamy, [[Antonio T. de Nicolás]], and Aditi Banerjee.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comparative Theology: Deep Learning Across Religious Borders |page=172 |author-link=Francis X. Clooney |first=Francis X. |last=Clooney |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-7973-7}}</ref> The book has contributions from [[Arvind Sharma]] of [[McGill University]], [[S. N. Balagangadhara]] of [[Ghent University]], psychoanalyst [[Alan Roland]], Yvette Rosser, [[Ramesh N. Rao]], Pandita Indrani Rampersad, Yuvraj Krishnan, and others. [[Rajiv Malhotra]] played a large role in drafting most of the book's content. He stated that through this book, he intended to bring attention to, and provide a counter-argument to, the prevalent Freudian psychoanalytical critiques of Hinduism in the [[American Academy of Religion|American Academy of Religion's]] RISA group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Malhotra |first1=Rajiv |title=Invading the sacred |url=http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/invading-sacred |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721151144/http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/invading-sacred/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Invading the sacred: Book launch event |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtiARMXwI0Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/CtiARMXwI0Q |archive-date=2021-12-21 |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After the [[The Hindus: An Alternative History#Court case in India|controversy]] surrounding [[Wendy Doniger]]'s book ''[[The Hindus: An Alternative History]]'' erupted in India, the authors decided to make it freely available online as it critiques a major part of her work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America |url=http://rajivmalhotra.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Invading-the-Sacred-Final.pdf |access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001112/http://rajivmalhotra.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Invading-the-Sacred-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Documenting protests and disputed studies==
The book documents essays, critiques and surveys of western scholarship on religions and traditions in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sacred Is the Profane: The Political Nature of Religion |first1=William |last1=Arnal |first2=Russell T. |last2=McCutcheon |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=9 |isbn=978-0-19-975711-4}}</ref> The book also contains critiques of European ideas as applied to Indian culture. The last sections chronicles how key academic establishments in United States have responded.<ref name="foreword">{{cite book |chapter=Foreword |first=S. N. |last=Balagangadhara |title=Invading The Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-291-1182-1}}</ref> The book documents protests that are not only of cognitive or factual basis but also often about interpretations. Critics of academics claim bias or gross errors in some aspects.<ref name="preface">{{cite book |chapter=Preface |first=Arvind |last=Sharma |title=Invading The Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-291-1182-1}}</ref> The book also disputes the studies by [[Wendy Doniger]], [[Jeffery Kripal]] and [[Paul Courtright]]. It also critiques the efficacy of the excessive use of [[Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]] in [[hermeneutics]] which some of these studies rely on.<ref name="outlook-banerjee"/>

==Reception and reviews==
''Invading the Sacred'' was positively received by ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=East fights back 'sacrilege' by West |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-east-fights-back-sacrilege-by-west-1107011 |first=Smita |last=Deshmukh |date=30 June 2007 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> as well as the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Book review: Hinduism pundits or Hindu baiters? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/book-review-hinduism-pundits-or-hindu-baiters/article1-1237706.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2014}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> According to Balakrishna, writing for ''FirstPost.com India'', the book "is perhaps one of the most definitive works that aid our understanding of the exact state of affairs in [[Indology]] in the US academia in general and the scholarship of the likes of Wendy Doniger in particular," in addition to Rajiv Malhotra's pioneering criticisms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |title=Why the Wendy Doniger episode is not a free speech issue |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-wendy-doniger-episode-is-not-a-free-speech-issue-1388751.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref>

===Anantanand Rambachan - ''International Journal of Hindu Studies''===
[[Anantanand Rambachan]] reviewed the book for the ''International Journal of Hindu Studies''.<ref name="Rambachan">{{Citation |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |title=Review. Reviewed Work: Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America by Krishnan Ramaswamy, Antonio de Nicolas, Aditi Banerjee |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |date=April 2008 |pages=96–98 |jstor=40343852}}</ref> Rambachan notes the concerns of American Hindus with perceived negative portrayals of Hinduism and the consequent fear of disregard for Hindu practitioners. A major concern is the ''Freudianization'' of the parlance of Indology. Rambachan acknowledges the need to take care of these concerns, but also notes that Hinduism should not be overly idealized:

Rambachan also notes that most scholars are deeply committed to an honest study of Hinduism, and that their work "sustains an
interest in the academic study of Hinduism that is unmatched elsewhere in the world." According to Rambachan, there is a tension "between those who study religion in this way and the needs of [the] faithful," but the task of the academia is not "the formation and nurturing of the Hindu faith in a new generation of Hindus." According to Rambachan, "Hindus in the United States must work vigorously to build institutions and offer opportunities to young Hindus where Hindu identity is meaningfully cultivated and encouraged."

===Rahul Peter Das - ''Orientalistische Literaturzeitung''===
[[Rahul Peter Das]] wrote an extensive review in the ''Orientalistische Literaturzeitung''.<ref name="Das">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Rahul Peter |title=On the Study of Hinduism in the USA, and the Issue of adhikāra (Orientalistische Literaturzeitung) 106.3 |date=2011 |pages=151–168}}</ref> Das also notes that the main concern is with "Freudian, often vividly sexual, interpretations."<ref name="Das 2011 152">Das 2011, p.152</ref> According to Das, "particular attention is paid to Doniger's sexualisation of mythology, Kripal's portrayal of Ramakrishna (Rām'kṛṣṇa) as homoerotic, and Courtright's sexual interpretation of Gaṇeśa."<ref name="Das 2011 152"/> According to Das, criticism of "Freudian psychoanalysis as a surrogate religion" are as old as psycho-analysis itself, and the criticism of ''Invading the Sacred'' is therefore not surprising.<ref name="Das 2011 153">Das 2011, p.153</ref> In critique of the book, Das notes a "failure to distinguish properly between academia and public life outside this."<ref name="Das 2011 153"/> Das further notes that
{{quote|... there are clearly many Hindus, in the USA or South Asia, who do not condemn the methods and findings of those criticised in this book, which means that either the claim of Invading the Sacred to be speaking for Hindus as such has to be retracted, or else such Hindus have to be denied their authenticity, maybe even their Hinduness.<ref>Das 2011, p.155</ref>}}

Das also notes a lack of academic qualifications, and a lack of scholarly rigor, by the authors of ''Invading the Sacred''. He raises concerns with the author's inability to use primary materials: {{quote|we find recourse not to the evaluation of the original primary reference material, but only to translations, and even these sparingly. The main discussion takes place on a secondary or even tertiary plane and even that on the basis of a rather limited referential basis.<ref>Das 2011, p.160</ref>}}

Das further notes that "[n]ot only sound analysis of primary sources, but adequate consideration of secondary sources too is essential. Here too the publication has serious deficiencies."<ref>Das 2011, p.162</ref> Das also notes that "no real epistemological and categorical discussion takes place at all," and that there is a " lack of categorical rigour."<ref>Das 2011, p.164</ref> And he notes that the authors seem to be unknown with the broader field of Indological studies: {{quote|... the very academics in North America who would a priori be expected to be regarded as the principal authorities on textbased studies on Hinduism ... and their works are passed over in silence, which is truly amazing considering the wealth of philological South Asia related competence in North American universities. This shows a serious lack of knowledge and comprehension about academic text based studies related to Hinduism in this region of the world, and is a major flaw in this book. To me, it demonstrates a lack of serious study of the academic structures being criticised, invalidating many of the pronouncements on Hinduism Studies in America as such.<ref>Das 2011, p.165</ref>}}

A further critique is the homogenisation of "Hinduism", which "some see as typical for diasporic communities."<ref>Das 2011, p.166</ref>

Das concludes with the notion that "this publication ushers in a new era, that the forces it unleashes will remain active and gain strength ... it will probably lead to a long-term process impacting the study of Hinduism in the USA," and notes that the real debate should not be a political debate, but a debate on the one-sidedness of text-based Indological studies.<ref>Das 2011, p.168</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hindu American Foundation]]
* ''[[Being Different]]''
* ''[[Breaking India]]''
* ''[[Hinduism Invades America]]''
* ''[[Indra's Net (book)|Indra's Net]]''
* ''[[Kali's Child]]''

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |first1=Krishna Kirti |last1=Das |first2=Gaura Keshava |last2=Das |title=A Review of Invading the Sacred: Understanding and Misunderstanding Hindu Tradition |url=http://samprajna.org/node/37 |work=Samprajna.org |date=December 9, 2008 |publisher=The Samprajña Institute |access-date=2015-04-09}}
* {{cite journal |first=Rahul Peter |last=Das |author-link=Rahul Peter Das |title=On the Study of Hinduism in the USA, and the Issue of ''adhikāra''- |url=https://www.academia.edu/12092547 |journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung |volume=106 |issue=3 |year=2011 |pages=151–168 |issn=0030-5383 |doi=10.1524/olzg.2011.0023}}
* {{cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Bhasyam G. |title=Launch of ''Invading the Sacred'' - A book that matters |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev488.html |work=[[Narthaki.com]] |date=August 7, 2007 |access-date=2015-04-09}}
* {{cite web |last=Raman |first=Varadaraja V. |title=Invading the sacred: An analysis of Hinduism Studies in America Edited by Krishnan Ramaswamy, Antonio de Nicolas, Aditi Banerjee |url=http://acharyavidyasagar.wordpress.com/2010/03/06/invading-the-sacred-an-analysis-of-hinduism-studies-in-america-edited-by-krishnan-ramaswamy-antonio-de-nicolas-aditi-banerjee/ |work=V.V. Raman's Spurts of Thoughts |date=March 6, 2010 |access-date=2015-04-09}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.invadingthesacred.com/}}

[[Category:2007 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Hinduism studies books]]
[[Category:Rupa Publications books]]